1

Strength of Materials
TENSION TEST ON A MILD STEEL ROD USING
UNIVERSEL TESTING MACHINE
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To conduct the tension test on the given specimen (M.S.rod) and to determine the following
Youngs modulus
Yield stress
Ultimate stress
Normal breaking stress
Actual breaking stress
Percentage elongation
Percentage reduction in area

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Universal Testing Machine
Extensometer
Mild steel specimen
Screw gauge and scale
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of the given specimen is measured using screw gauge.
2. The gauge length is marked on the specimen using dot punch.
3. Suitable load range is selected in U.T.M and dial pointer is adjusted to zero.
4. The specimen fixed with extensometer is fixed between the tension grips and extensometer
dial is adjusted to zero.
5. The specimen is loaded and extensometer readings are noted at regular interval.
6. The extensometer is removed and the specimen is loaded further and the load at yield point,
ultimate load and breaking load are noted.
7. After the breaking load, the specimen is removed from the grips and final gauge length and
diameter of the specimen at the breaking point are measured.
8. A graph is drawn by taking load (stress) along the Y-axis and elongation (strain) along the
X-axis.


2
Strength of Materials
FORMULAE USED:
1. Youngs modulus (E) ...N/mm
2

2. Yield Stress Load at the yield point Cross sectional area] .N/ mm
2

3. Ultimate stress [Ultimate load Cross sectional area]....N/ mm
2

4. Normal breaking stress[Breaking load Cross sectional area].N/ mm
2

5. Actual breaking stress[Breaking load C.S Area at the failure]N/ mm
2

6. Percentage elongation [L
1
-L
2
L
2
]*100
Where
L
1
=Original length in mm
L
2
=Final length in mm
7. Percentage reduction in area [A
1
-A
2
A
1
]*100
Where
A
1
=Original C.S Area in mm
2

A
2
=Final C.S Area in mm
2


RESULT:
1. Youngs modulus =
2. Yield stress =
3. Ultimate stress =
4. Normal breaking stress =
5. Actual breaking stress =
6. Percentage elongation =
7. Percentage reduction in area =






3
Strength of Materials
DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON A MILD STEEL ROD
EXPT. NO.: DATE :
AIM:
To determine the ultimate shear strength of given specimen (M.S rod) by conducting
Double shear test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Compression testing machine.
Double shear arrangement
Vernier Calipers
PROCEDURE:
1. Diameter of the specimen is measured and fixed in the double shear arrangement.
2. The specimen is loaded in the compression testing machine and ultimate load is noted. (i.e.
load at which the specimen fails).
3. The procedure is repeated for different specimens and ultimate shear stress is calculated.
FORMULAE USED:
Ultimate shear strength of the specimen= P/ (2*A) N/ mm
2

Where
P= Ultimate load in N
A=C.S Area of the rod in mm
2

OBSERVATION:
Least count of the Vernier = 0.02mm
TABULATION:
Sl.No
Diameter of the rod
(mm)
Ultimate Load
P(N)
Ultimate shear stress
(N/ mm
2
)


RESULT:
Ultimate shear strength of the given specimen=

4
Strength of Materials
IMPACT STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
(CHARPYS METHOD)
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen using Charpys method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Impact testing machine
Test specimen calipers etc.,
MACHINE CAPACITY:
The testing machine available in the lab can expand up to 300 Joules of energy on the
sample.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust the pointer reading with the pointer carrier when the pendulum swings freely.
2. Fix the pendulum hammer at the collar of the testing machine. Now the pointer should read
300 Joules.
3. Without the specimen, drop the hammer so that its swings freely. Note down the energy loss
due to friction.
4. If there is no energy loss, the pointer should read zero.
5. Refit the hammer in the collar and place the Charpy test specimen in the anvil.
6. Drop the hammer to break the specimen and obtain the energy absorbed in fracturing the
specimen.
OBSERVATION:
Material of the test specimen :
Size of the specimen : mm
Type of notch : U-Shaped
Total depth of notch : mm
Width of notch : mm
Radius of semi-circle : mm
Distance of the notch from one end : mm

5
Strength of Materials
TABULATION:
Sl.No
Loss of energy
due to friction
(N-m)
Energy to
break friction
(N-m)
Actual energy
required
(N-m)
Area of
Specimen
(mm
2
)
Impact Strength
(N-m/ mm
2
)


RESULT:
The Impact strength of given specimen by Charpys method is












6
Strength of Materials
IMPACT STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
(IZODS METHOD)
EXPT. NO. DATE:
AIM:
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen using Izods groove.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Impact testing machine.
Izods accessories.
Test specimen calipers etc.,
MACHINE CAPACITY:
The testing machine available in the lab can expand up to 164 N-m of energy on the sample.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the striker firmly at the center of percussion of the hammer with the screws.
2. Swing the hammer freely to note down the energy loss due to friction.
3. Fix the test specimen in the specimen support, with the notch facing the striking
direction and tighten the clamp screws.
4. Read the pointer scale (164 N-m).
5. Release the striker by operating a lever and break the sample.
6. Bring the pendulum to rest by applying brakes.
7. Read the pointer and read the scale value. This is the energy required to break the
specimen.
8. Remove the broken specimen and the striker.
OBSERVATIONS:
Dimension of the test piece : mm
Type of notch : V-Notch
Angle of notch : 45
0

Depth of notch : mm
Distance of notch from one end : mm

7
Strength of Materials
FORMULAE USED:
Impact strength of the material =Energy required to break the specimen/C.S. Area at
notch point

TABULATION:
Sl.No
Loss of energy
due to friction
(N-m)
Energy to
break friction
(N-m)
Actual energy
required
(N-m)
Area of
Specimen
(mm
2
)
Impact Strength
(N-m/ mm
2
)


RESULT:
The Impact strength of given specimen by Izods method is.










8
Strength of Materials
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To find the Brinell Hardness number for the given metal specimen.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Brinell Hardness Testing Machine
Metal Specimens
Brinell Microscope.
FORMULAE USED:
Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) = 2P / { D* [ D - ( D
2
d
2
) ] }
Where,
P = Load applied in Kgf.
D = Diameter of the indenter in mm.
d = Diameter of the indentation in mm.
DESCRIPTION:
It consists of pressing a hardened steel ball into a test specimen. In this usually a steel ball
of Diameter D under a load P is forced in to the test piece and the mean diameterd of the
indentation left in the surface after removal of load is measured. According to ASTM (American
Society for Testing Materials) specifications a 10 mm diameter ball is used for the purpose. Lower
loads are used for measuring hardness of soft materials and vice versa. The Brinell hardness is
obtained by dividing the test load P by curved surface area of indentation. This curved surface is
assumed to be portion of the sphere of diameter D.

Where
D = Ball diameter
d = Impression (indentation) diameter
P = Load
9
Strength of Materials
TEST REQUIREMENTS:
1. Usual ball size is 10 mm + 0.0045 mm. Some times 5 mm steel ball is also used. It shall be
hardened and tempered with a hardness of at least 850 VPN. (Vickers Pyramid Number).
It should be polished and free from surface defects.
2. Specimen should be smooth and free from oxide film. Thickness of the piece to be tested
shall not be less than 8 times from the depth of indentation.
3. Diameter of the indentation will be measured in two directions normal to each other with an
accuracy of + 0.25% of diameters of ball under microscope provided with cross tables and
calibrated measuring screws.
PROCEDURE:
1. Specimen is placed on the anvil. The hand wheel is rotated so that the specimen along with
the anvil moves up and contact with the ball.
2. The desired load is applied mechanically (by gear driven screw) and the ball presses into the
specimen.
3. The diameter of the indentation made in the specimen by the pressed ball is measured by the
use of a micrometer microscope, having transparent engraved scale in the field of view.
4. The indentation diameter is measured at two places at right angles to each other, and the
average of two readings is taken.
5. The Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) which is the pressure per unit surface area of the
indentation is noted down.
TABULATION:
Sl.No. Material
Load
(Kg-f)
Diameter
of the Indenter
(mm)
Diameter of the
indentation
(mm)
Brinell Hardness
Number
(BHN)




RESULT:
Thus the Brinell hardness number of the given Specimen is

10
Strength of Materials
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To determine the Rockwell hardness number for the given metal specimen.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine.
Indenter
Metal Specimen.
PROCEDURE:
1. Test piece is placed on the machine.
2. Hand wheel is rotated; thereby raising the test piece up against the steel ball indenter till the
needle of the small dial is against the red mark. This applies minor load.
3. Major load is applied by pressing the crank provided on the right hand side of the machine.
Time is given as 30 seconds so as to make the load reach the specimen fully.
4. When the penetration is completed, the crank is turned in the reverse direction thereby with
drawing the minor load but the leaving the major load applied.
5. The pointer moves further and becomes stand still. This reading is taken as Rockwell
Hardness Number C scale.( HRC)
6. Hand wheel is rotated and the test piece is lowered.
TABULATION:
Sl.No. Material
Load
(Kg-f)
Indenter
Scale
Trial Number
Rockwell Hardness
Number
(HRC)
1 2 3



RESULT:
Rockwell Hardness number of the given specimen is as follows:
1. Copper = ----------- HRC
2. Brass = ----------- HRC
3. Aluminium = ------------ HRC.

11
Strength of Materials
TEST ON SPRINGS
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To conduct test on spring to determine the following:
Stiffness
Modulus of rigidity
Strain energy stored per unit volume.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Spring testing machine
Tension spring (close coiled) & Compression spring (open coiled)
Vernier caliper

FORMULAE USED:
1. Stiffness of spring (K)=w /
Where,
=Deflection of spring in mm
W=Load applied in N
2. Modulus of Rigidity= 64 WR
3
n/ d
4
*.N/mm
2

Where,
W=Load applied in Newton
R=Mean radius of spring coil = (D+d)

/ 2
n= Number of turns in the coil
E=Youngs modulus of the spring material
3. Maximum energy stored per unit volume = 0.5 x W
max
x
max.
N-mm
Where,
W
max
=Maximum load applied...N

max
=Maximum deflectionmm
PROCEDURE:
1. By using vernier caliper measure the diameter of the wire of the spring and also the
diameter of spring coil and count the number of turns in the coil.
2. The spring is fixed between the grips and load is applied (tension in the case of close
coiled spring & compression in the case of open coiled spring).
3. A graph is drawn by taking load along the Y-axis and deflection along the X-axis and
modulus of rigidity is calculated.
12
Strength of Materials


OBSERVATION:
To determine the wire diameter, and coil diameter of spring (each 3 readings)
Diameter of spring coil (D) =
Diameter of spring wire (d) =
Number of turns in spring=
Least count of Vernier =0.02mm
TABULATION:
Sl.No
Main Scale Reading
MSR
(mm)
Vernier scale reading
(VSR)
VSR x LC
(mm)
Total reading =
MSR=(VSRxLC)
(mm)






13
Strength of Materials

TABULATION:
To determine the load versus deflection (min 12 readings)
Sl.No
Load
(Kg-f)
Scale readings
(mm)
Deflection
(mm)
Modulus of
rigidity
(N/mm
2
)
Stiffness
(N/mm)





RESULT:
Under compression test on open coil helical spring
Modulus of rigidity(N) =
Stiffness of spring (K)=
Maximum strain energy stored per unit volume =

Under tension test on close coil helical spring
Modulus of rigidity (N) =
Stiffness of spring (K)=
Maximum strain energy stored per unit volume =



14
Strength of Materials
TORSION TEST
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To conduct a torsion test on the given specimen to determine the following
Modulus of rigidity
Yield strength
Modulus of rupture in tension

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Torsion testing machine
Scale
Micrometer

FORMULAE USED:

1. Modulus of rigidity of sample, T/J=C/L=FS/R
For J=I
XX
+I
YY
For J= (bd
3
/12) + (db
3
/12)
Where,
T=Twist moment or torque
J= Polar moment of inertia
Fs=Shear stress
R=Outer radius of the specimen
C=Modulus of rigidity

2. Modulus of rupture, Fs=T*R
Where
T=Tmax
PROCEDURE:
1. Using the micrometer, measure the diameter (d) of the specimen in four places.
2. Accurately measure the length (l) of the specimen after securing the specimen into the
machine.
3. After selecting the suitable scale on the machine adjust the initial torque and angle of
twist reading to zero.
15
Strength of Materials
4. Up to 10 degree angle of twist applied the torque by hand and note down the torque and
angle of twist.
5. From 10 degree to 20 degree angle of twist, apply the torque by hand and note down the
torque for every increment of 2 degree twist.
6. The machine may be operated electrically and note down the readings at 10 degree
intervals.
7. Repeat the same procedure until the specimen fails.

TABULATION:

Sl.No
Torque
(N-mm)
Angle of twist
Modulus of Rigidity
(N/mm
2
)
Degrees Radians




RESULT:

The Modulus of rigidity of the given specimen is =
The Modulus of rupture of the given specimen is =





















16
Strength of Materials
DEFLECTION TEST ON BEAMS
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To determine the Youngs modulus of the given material of the beam by observing the
deflection on a simply supported beam with central point load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Beam deflection apparatus
Rectangular section of beams
Scale to measure deflection
Screw gauge/Vernier caliper or a Scale
FORMULAE USED:
Y=WL
3
/48EI
Where,
W is the load
Y is the deflection
E is the youngs modulus
I is the moment of inertia of the given section.
PROCEDURE:
1. The selected span length is measured with the steel rule and marked on the beam
section.
2. The breadth and depth of the section are measured by using steel rule accurately with
the Screw gauge/Vernier caliper.
3. The beam is supported over the marked span length.
4. The beam is subjected to gradual loading at the center and deflection for every known
load is noted.

RESULT:
The youngs modulus of the given beam section is =




17
Strength of Materials
STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING ROSETTE STRAIN GAUGE
EXPT. NO. : DATE :
AIM:
To determine the value of youngs modulus of given aluminium using Rosette strain gauge
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Cantilever aluminium beam
Strain measuring system
Weight
Strain indicator
Vernier caliper
FORMULAE USED:
=

Where,
P Load is Newton
b Breadth of beam
t Thickness of beam
- strain
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the cantilever beam with the train indicator using cables (with respect to colour of
specimen)
2. Plus the main closed to the 230V , 50Hz supply switch on the instrument then switch on the
function to at position
3. Two the function switch to road position
4. Adjust zero in potentiometer and is the display bits 000
5. Then the function switch to road position to energe 0000
6. Applied the load, display additionally shows for the w respond strain for the corresponding
load



18
Strength of Materials
Model calculation:
Strain

= micro strain x 10
-6
x 4
= . 10
-6
x 4
Tabluation:
Sl.No Load
(kg)
Load
(N)
Micro Strian
10
-6

Strian 10
-6
x 4

Youngs modulus
N/mm
2

1.
2.
Mean =

RESULT:
Thus the modulus of given aluminium specimen using
Rosette strain gauge = N/mm
2