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Pile Dynamics and Shear Wave 2014 Pile Dynamics and Shear Wave 2014
Geotech Efathama
Pile Dynamics and Shear Wave 2014
Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Bandung 16-17 June 2014
RukanSunter Permai Blok D20
J akarta Utara, 14340
Telp. +62-21-29384721/22 Fax. +62-21-29384720
Email: aksan@geotech-indonesia.com
www.geotech-indonesia.com
Picasso lady inthemirror, Source: googlesearch
Bored pile as deep foundation
has becomes practice for deep
foundations which need high
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Why Integrity?
capacity and stiffness.
Most common integrity test
conducted in Indonesia are Pile
Integrity Test (PIT) and Cross-hole
Sonic Logging (CSL) which both
have their advantage and
limitations.
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Pile Integrity Test (PIT) is aneasy andquick
integrity testing. It doesnot requireany special
preparation, andcouldbedonetoalmost bored
pile with top surface has been exposed and
consist of so nd concrete PIT onl needs
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
consist of sound concrete. PIT only needs
small hand-held hammer, accelerometer to put
on top of pile and a data acquisition unit to
showthesignals.
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Equipment
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
PIT-X (Wireless)
PIT-FV (Wire)
( )
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Bersihkan material
yg mengganggu
atau beton yg
retak;
Tulangan tidak ada
(jika
memungkinkan);
Buat spot yg rata
untuk pengujian.
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Real data is not perfect, so data enhancements play an
important part in evaluating low strain integrity tests
Raw data (dasar untuk evaluasi tidak ada)
Apply Filters
-0.15
0.00
0.15
0.30
cm/s
Vel
Pil e: PIL0TE 1 - 6: #2 MA: 1.00
MD: 6.36
LE: 40.00
WS: 4250
LO: 0.00
HI: 0.0
PV: 0
T1: 32
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 m
T1 Toe
LO (WL), HI (PV)
-0.15
0.00
0.15
0.30
cm/s
Vel
Pil e: PIL0TE 1 - 6: #2 MA: 30.00
MD: 6.36
LE: 40.00
WS: 4250
LO: 0.00
HI: 600.0
PV: 0
T1: 32
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 m
T1 Toe
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Palu 0.5 kg (L= 30m, D=1.8m) Palu 9 kg (L= 30m, D=1.8m)
center
north
west
Hammer yang lebih berat kadang membuat pengujian pada tiang
berukuran besar dan tahanan selimut besar menjadi lebih mudah
Coba menggunakan variasi hammer berbeda saat pengujian.
east
south
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Palu 0.5 kg
Tanpa Kerusakan Tiang dengan indikasi kerusakan sekitar permukaan
Palu 3 kg
Panjang gelombang awal mempengaruhi evaluasi data.
Pada gelombang yg panjang, kerusakan tiang ter-
superimpose sehingga terlihat seperti gelombang awal saja
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
KriteriaPengujian
A Tiang Bagus
Pantulan ujung tiang jelas terlihat ,tanpa ada kerusakan.
B Tiang Rusak
Terdapat identifikasi pantulan yang sangat jelas di area sepanjang tiang,
tanpa pantulan ujung tiang; lakukan uji tambahan atau uji ulang.
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
C Tiang dengan kemungkinan rusak
Indikasi adanya kemungkinan kerusakan pada tiang, ditandai dengan adanya pantulan
di ujung tiang namun juga disertai pantulan lainnya yang merupakan penampakan
dari perubahan impedansi tiang
Besarnya pengurangan dapat ditentukan dengan PROFILE , Metode dan PIT-S
D Data yang kurang sempurna
Data tanpa pantulan ujung tiang; dapat disebabkan oleh tahanan tanah yang sangat
kuat, tiang yg terlalu panjang (L/D>50), atau adanya pembesaran pada tiang
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Advantages:
1. Speed
2. Random Check
3. Price
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Limitations:
1. Ratio L/D
2. Highly Interpreted
3. Cant locate defect in cross-section
4. Data quality depends on soil condition
5. Gradual damage foreseen
6. Slime not detected
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Tarik probe
dari dasar
hingga
permukaan
Turunkan probe
hingga ke dasar
pipa
Turunkan probe
hingga ke dasar
pipa
Cross-hole Sonic Logging (CSL), the
second known integrity test in Indonesia
needs steel tubes attached to bored pile
inner steel cage before concreting. CSL
use two hydrophone (transmitter and use two hydrophone (transmitter and
receiver) insert to the pipe filled with
water and pulled together from tip of
pipe access to top pipe.
Receive Receive Transmit
Isi pipa akses
dengan air
Bersih/tawar
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Equipment
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Signal
Basic data
Arrival Arrival
(wave speed) = ( tube spacing ) / (arrival time )
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Basic Interpretation
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Canary Wharf Testing Feb 2001
Pile 462 (7-1)
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Canary Wharf Testing
Pile 448 - large shell defect
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
G d/S ti f t (G)
KriteriaPengujian
Good/Satisfactory (G)
FAT increase 0 to 10% and Energy Reduction < 6 db
Questionable (Q)
FAT increase 11 to 20% or Energy Reduction < 9 db
P /Fl (P/F) Poor/Flaw (P/F)
FAT increase 21 to 30% or Energy Reduction of 9 to 12 db
Poor/Defect (P/D)
FAT increase >31% or Energy Reduction > 12 db
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
1. Show and discuss Flaws or Defects in report
2. Address Flaws if affect more than 50%of profiles
Proposed Guidance Proposed Guidance
2. Address Flaws if affect more than 50% of profiles
3. Address Defects if affect more than one profile
4. Flaws or Defects for entire section need repair/replaced
Addressing Flaw or Defect means: (at least one of following)
1. evaluation by tomography if the concern is localized
2. excavation if near ground surface
3. core drilling if deeper location (pressure grout, etc)
4. repeat CSL tests after longer wait time (curing issue)
5. other test (low strain, high strain, thermal integrity)
6. repair or replacement
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Kapan pengujian sebaiknya dilakukan? Kapan pengujian sebaiknya dilakukan?
day 1 day 1
ASTM D6760 suggests test after 3 days
(French norm requires test after 7 days)
ASTM D6760 suggests test after 3 days
(French norm requires test after 7 days)
day 2 day 2 day 3 day 3 day 4 day 4 yy yy yy yy
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
7/12
first test
8/19
no real change
Tremie
Gravel
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Drilled shafts have less redundancy and higher risk.
It is critical that each shaft perform satisfactorily;
thus, practically:
1. CSL accesstubesinstalledineveryshaft inspireshighqualityinstallation.
Steel tubes preferred for wet cast shafts; PVC for dry cast shafts. Fill
tubeswithwater after casting.
2. CSL testing accurately locates multipledefects by depth or quadrant and
isnot limitedbypilelength. Testingcost islow.
3. AutomatedDefect Analysis canassess concretequality usingarrival time
and/or signal strength (energy) and provides numeric and graphical and/or signal strength ( energy ) and provides numeric and graphical
presentations.
4. Shafts with no defects need no extra analysis, or full section defects
requirereplacement or repair,.
5. Shaftswithlocal defectscanbeanalyzedby3Dtomography.
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
CSL Finds:
defects on direct perimeter path
multiple defects: by depth and quadrant
soft bottoms if tubes go to bottom
Limitations:
cannot find defect if not on direct path
cannot find defect outside cage (e.g. bulges)
may not find small defects in center of pile
Other considerations:
putting tubes in shaft inspires better construction
needs access tubes; if too few tubes, can miss defects
steel tubes are preferred
not sensitive to surrounding soils or pile length
evaluate data using arrival time and signal strength
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Thermal Integrity Profiler (TIP), performed
by means of Thermal Wires and Thermal
AcquisitionPorts(TAPs). TheTIPsystemreads
concrete temperatures during curing using
either Thermal Wires
TM
embedded in the
concrete. In the present case four Thermal
Wires were embedded in the concrete of the
test shaft andeachonewasattachedtoaTAP.
Thermal Wires consist of temperature sensors
spaced every 300 to 500 mmalong the delivered
length of a wire. Thermal Wires were attached
symmetrically and distributed approximately
uniformlyaroundtheinner diameter of eachshafts
reinforcement cage prior to cage placement in the g p g p
drilled hole. Once the cage was set and the
concrete poured, a TAP box was attached to each
wireanddataacquisitionbegan.
During curing of the concrete, the hydrating concrete generates heat,
increasingthetemperatureintheshaft. Every 15minutes, theTAP units
automatically recordedthemeasuredtemperatureat eachsensor location
alongthelengthof eachwire, generatingaprofileof temperatureversus
depthfor theThermal Wirelocationsat eachincrement of time.
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Bored Pile.
Diameter : 1.0m
Shaft length : 48,2m
Theoretical Volume : 37.7m
3
Actual Volume : 41m3 Actual Volume : 41m3
Rebar sections : 8D25 vertical bars in 5 sections.
No. of wire : (4) The Thermal Wire was
delivered in full length of 144 foot sections without any
spliced between constructed cages.
Installation time : following the steel reinforcement
placement; no extra time was required to install the
Thermal Wire.
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
TIP test shows bulge in upper section of shaft
(NW portion)
Later Excavation verifies TIP analysis
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Slice at bottom
TIP Finds Soft Bottom in Southwest portion of Shaft
Defect goes undetected by CSL
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
TIP found something here which is
not showed by other test method
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Perfect shape
pile head
A bit exposure and
Pile head early conditions (24 Pile head early conditions (24
hours after casting). hours after casting).
Smile everywhere Smile everywhere
Looks whats
under those
concrete
p
you can see the ribs
behind all the perfect
muscle before
Pile head conditions after confirming the
TIP result, we crush the good shape
concrete and found this condition
Pile head mock-up
and its completely
segregated at its
concrete cover
Now, Lucky we have
TIP now
BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
Advantages
Use temperature vs. depth vs. quadrant
Test early after casting (speeds construction) 12 to 48
hours (depends on diameter) ou s (depe ds o d a ete )
Evaluate concrete quality, or cover & alignment
Avoids CSL issues: debonding, bleeding
Only reports significant defects
Limitations
Best use: Drilled shafts (or augercast piles)
Preplan access tubes or thermal wires Preplan access tubes or thermal wires
Can test only during early curing
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BASICS PIT CSL TIP CONCLUSION
TIP presents many advantages over other integrity test for bored pile
The most advantage is its possibility to fully evaluate pile cross-section
inside and outside reinforce cage.
TIP could perform in any length and independent to surrounding soil
resistance; which in PIT could highly affect the test result.
TIP analysis is very quick and its interpretation does not subject to the
tester.
Installation is quick and easy with almost no delay time unlike when we
install the access pipe for CSL test. Imagine when we face a difficult soil
where time limited the bored pile construction, yet quality need to assure.
Testing result done in not more than 48 hours, and this means efficient to
project time schedule.
Sometimes we create our own problems ! Sometimes we create our own problems ! Sometimes we create our own problems ! Sometimes we create our own problems !
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THANK YOU
Any Questions?
Geotech Efathama
Telp. +62-21-29384721/22 Fax. +62-21-29384720
Email: aksan@geotech-indonesia.com
www.geotech-indonesia.com