Optical Fiber Telecomunications Volume VIB: Systems and Networks Ivan Kaminow

An optical transmission system is a part of the transport layer in a service providers

network. The transmission system carries information on optical channels, which have
certain protocols, such as SONET or OTN containers to encapsulate the user data and
provide network management functions. The optical channels are carried across the
network via an optical fiber infrastructure. The channel capacity, which governs how much
information a channel is able to carry across the network in a unit time, and the number
of channel in a strand of fiber determine the total transmission capacity a fiber link
provides. The channel capacity has been growing to keep up with traffic demands over the
past several decades. Initial optical transport networks mainly served telephony services,
which required very little bandwidth.
Un sistema de transmisin ptica es una parte de la capa de transporte en la red de un
proveedor de servicios. El sistema de transmisin lleva la informacin en los canales
pticos, que tienen ciertos protocolos, tales como SONET o OTN contenedores para
encapsular los datos de usuario y proporcionar funciones de gestin de red. Los canales
pticos se realizan a travs de la red a travs de una infraestructura de fibra ptica. La
capacidad del canal, que regula la cantidad de informacin de un canal es capaz de llevar a
travs de la red en una unidad de tiempo, y el nmero de canal en una hebra de fibra de
determinar la capacidad de transmisin total de un enlace de fibra proporciona. La
capacidad del canal ha estado creciendo a mantenerse al da con las demandas de trfico
en los ltimos decenios. Las redes de transporte pticas iniciales sirvieron principalmente
servicios de telefona, lo que requera muy poco ancho de banda.
The implementation history of optical transport channel capacity standards and Ethernet
port speed standards is shown in figure 1,b. The Ethernet port speed has grown from
10Mb/s to 100 Gb/s with a 10 x incremental (except for the 40 GbE standard) while the
optical channel capacity standards have grown from 155 Mb/s (OC-3) to 100 Gb/s (OTU4)
with a 4x incremental (except the 100 Gb/s standard).
La historia de aplicacin de las normas de capacidad de canal de transporte pticas y
estndares de velocidad de puerto Ethernet se muestra en la figura 1, b. La velocidad del
puerto Ethernet ha crecido de 10 Mb / s hasta 100 Gb / s con un 10 x incrementales (a
excepcin de la norma GbE 40), mientras que las normas de capacidad de los canales
pticos han crecido de 155 Mb / s (OC-3) a 100 Gb / s (OTU4) con un incremento de 4x
(excepto el estndar Gb / s 100).

Figura 1: Normas de capacidad del canal de transporte y velocidad de los puertos Ethernet

As the channel capacity of commercially available optical transport systems reaches the
unprecedented level of 100 Gb/s, it is interesting to review the history of optical channel
capacity evolution and speculate what is going to happen after this.
Here, an optical channel is referred to as a unit of capacity, into which optical transport
systems load traffic data and carry it from one node to another node via light paths. The
channel capacity is referred to as the amount of traffic the channel is able to carry in a
unit of time. For example, an OTU2 optical channel in the optical transport network (OTN)
protocol is able to carry about 10 Gb/s of traffic across a transport network, in which 10
Gb/s is called its channel capacity.
A medida que la capacidad de los canales de los sistemas de transporte ptico disponibles
en el mercado alcanza el nivel sin precedentes de 100 Gb / s, es interesante revisar la
historia de la evolucin de la capacidad de canal ptico y especular sobre lo que va a pasar
despus de esto.
Aqu, un "canal ptico" se refiere como una unidad de capacidad, en el que los datos de
trfico de carga sistemas de transporte ptico y llevarlo de un nodo a otro nodo a travs
de trayectorias de la luz. La "capacidad de canal" se refiere como la cantidad de trfico del
canal es capaz de llevar en una unidad de tiempo. Por ejemplo, un canal ptico OTU2 en la
red de transporte ptico de protocolo (OTN) es capaz de llevar cerca de 10 Gb / s de
trfico a travs de una red de transporte, en el que 10 Gb / s se llama su "capacidad de
canal"


Even though optical channel capacity has passed the 10 Tb/s level
in research reports, the highest channel capacity available for
commercial deployment is 100 Gb/s today. The standard for 100
Gb/s transport channel capacity, OTU4 in ITU-T G.709, and that for
100 Gb/s Ethernet port speed, 100 GbE in IEEE 802.3 ba, was
finalized in 2010; the research work focusing on 100-Gb/s channel
capacity was initiated many years ago.
In the early 1990s, high-speed modulation and high-speed electrical
signal processors were not available and at that time 100-Gb/s
channels were mainly constructed by using OTDM approaches
(Type 2 channels). For example, a 100-Gb/s channel was generated
via 8x OTDM and polarization multiplexing, with a 6.3-Gb/s
modulated signal as the speed.
A pesar de que la capacidad del canal ptico ha pasado el 10 Tb / s
en el nivel de los informes de investigacin, la capacidad del canal
ms alto disponible para su despliegue comercial es de 100 Gb / s
hoy. El estndar de 100 Gb / s de capacidad de canal de transporte,
OTU4 en UIT-T G.709, y que por 100 Gb / s de velocidad del puerto
Ethernet, 100 GbE en el estndar IEEE 802.3 ba, se termin en
2010; el trabajo de investigacin se centra en la capacidad / s canal
de 100 Gb se inici hace muchos aos.
A principios de 1990, la modulacin de alta velocidad y
procesadores de seal elctrica de alta velocidad no estaban
disponibles y en ese momento de 100 Gb / s canales fueron
construidos principalmente por el uso de enfoques OTDM (Tipo 2
canales). Por ejemplo, una / s canal 100 Gb fue generado a travs
de 8x OTDM y multiplexacin de polarizacin, con una seal de 6,3
Gb / s modulada como la velocidad.
The bandwidth limitation of optoelectronic devices also prevented
the detection and processing of the high capacity channel
electrically in the early development stage. To handle OTDM 100G
channels, in many cases, all optical signal processing technology
was used. For example, all-optical processing was a key enabling
technology for data packet header recognition and packet
switching of an experimental 100-Gb/s channel. The OTDM
approach for 100G channel designs was not successfully
commercialized, partially due to the introduction of Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), technology in the late
1990s and partially due to transmission difficulties of short optical
pulses in fiber. At the time when DWDM technology was
introduced, even though each DWDM channel might not be able to
provide a channel capacity as high as 100 Gb/s and a typical DWDM
channel capacity was 2.5 Gb/s or 10Gb/s ,
La limitacin de ancho de banda de los dispositivos
optoelectrnicos tambin impidi que la deteccin y el
procesamiento de la canal elctricamente de alta capacidad en la
etapa temprana de desarrollo. Para manejar canales OTDM 100G,
en muchos casos, se utiliz toda la tecnologa de procesamiento de
la seal ptica. Por ejemplo, todas las pticas de procesamiento era
una tecnologa clave para el paquete de datos de reconocimiento
de cabecera y de conmutacin de paquetes de un experimental de
100 Gb / s canal. El enfoque OTDM para los diseos de canal 100G
no se comercializ con xito, en parte debido a la introduccin de
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), la tecnologa a
finales de 1990 y en parte debido a las dificultades de transmisin
de pulsos pticos cortos en fibra. En el momento en que se
introdujo la tecnologa DWDM, a pesar de que cada canal DWDM
podra no ser capaz de proporcionar una capacidad de hasta 100 Gb
/ s canal y una tpica capacidad de canales DWDM fue de 2,5 Gb / s
10 Gb/s,
The overall capacity of a DWDM system could easily surpass the
capacity a single OTDM 100Gb/s channel could provide and
therefore the OTDM approach to build 100G systems did not
attract enough attention from the industry.
After turning to the new millennium ETDM technology once looked
promising for 100 G channels as a result of significant progresses in
optical and electrical components. These components had much
wider working bandwidths than before.
A 107 Gb/a binary NRZ channel was generated directly from a
modulator with a 107Gb/b electrical driving signal. This type of
binary 100G channel successfully traveled over 1000 Km fiber in
labs. Such ETDM 100 G channels have also been tested in live
networks several times. For the first time NRZ 107 Gb/s channel
transmitted over 160 km field installed fiber using vestigial
sideband modulation. The trial results showed a high tolerance
toward narrowband optical filtering by using the modulation
format. Eight 107-Gb/s NRZ channels with a channel spacing of 100
GHz were demonstrated over 500 km of installed standard SMF in a
service providers network. In the trial a spectral efficiency of
1b/s/Hz was achieved for a link composed with spans of high losses
and realistic PMD values.

Since both the electrical and optical components are working at
their extreme conditions for an ETDM NRZ 100G channel, the
binary ETDM approach may not be suitable for commercial 100 G
products. In addition, using a binary modulation format is not
spectrally efficient in principle. To reduce the symbol rate and ease
the requirements for the component bandwidth, multi-level
modulation was introduced to construct ETDM 100 G channels.
Differential QPSK (DQPSK) modulation format has been fully
studied for 100 G channel designs. The DQPSK has four modulation
levels, therefore each symbol represents two data bits and symbol
rate is half of the data rate. In experiments a 107 Gb/s DQPSK
channel was designed with a symbol rate of 53.5 Gbaud.

The signal traveled over 2000 km in a lab environment successfully.
To verify the performance of the channel in a real network, a field
trial was conducted with this channel in a global service providers
long haul network.
Figure 2.5 shows the configuration of field trial.
In this first 100G field trial with live traffic, a 504 km long haul
network route between Tampa and Miami, Florida, equipped wig