Grammar Index

Lesson page page grammar structure

1 9 10 everyday greetings
12 daily expressions
13 useful conversations
15 sentence structure (Topic wa) (Subject ga) + description
2 20 24 conjugation and function of 'desu' N + desu
N + desu ka?
N + dewa arimasen / ja arimasen / ja nai desu
N wa doko / dochira desu ka?
N wa nan desu ka?
3 31 34 question with a question word Nan-ji desu ka?
Nan-gai desu ka?
Nan-nin desu ka?
Nan-sai / O-ikutsu desu ka?
Ikutsu desu ka?
34 demonstratives for places koko / kocchi / kochira, soko / socchi / sochira, asoko / acchi / achira
column1 39 39 when eating and typical response
39 question with a question word Ikaga desu ka?
4 41 44 question with a question word Ikura desu ka?
44 demonstratives for things kore / kocchi / kochira, sore / socchi / sochira, are / acchi / achira
kono+N, sono+N, ano+N
44 question with a question word Dore / Docchi desu ka?
45 question with a question word Dare / Donata desu ka?
Dare no / Donata no desu ka?
5 54 57 polite forms and plain forms of 'desu' Ame desu. / da.
Ame deshita. / datta.
Ame dewa arimasen. / ja nai.
Ame dewa arimasen-deshita. / ja nakatta.
57 polite forms and plain forms of -i-adj Atsui desu. / Atsui.
Atsukatta desu. / Atsukatta.
Atsuku arimasen. / Atsuku nai.
Atsuku arimasen-deshita. / Atsuku nakatta.
58 polite forms and plain forms of -na-adj Kiree desu. / Kiree da.
Kiree deshita. / Kiree datta.
Kiree dewa arimasen. / Kiree ja nai.
Kiree dewa arimasen-deshita. / Kiree ja nakatta.
59 adverbs which express degree Kyoto wa totemo kiree-na machi desu.
Kyoo wa amari atsuku arimasen.
60 question with a question word Doo desu ka? / deshita ka?
61 question with a question word Donna + N desu ka?
6 66 69 subjective feelings (watashi wa) Ringo ga suki desu.
Yoko-san wa Nihon ryoori ga tokui desu.
70 feature or attribute of a topic Lisa-san wa Nihon-go ga mada heta desu.
Yoko-san wa kami ga nagai.
70 connecting two sentences Yoko-san wa wakakute genki da.
Mari-san wa genki de shinsetsu da.
Watashi wa Amerika -jin de, kare wa Igirisu-jin desu.
7 77 78 question with a question word Itsu desu ka?
79 plain forms and polite forms of verbs Benkyoo-shimasu. / Benkyoo-suru.
Benkyoo-shimashita. / Benkyoo-shita.
Benkyoo-shimasen. / Benkyoo-shinai.
Benkyoo-shimasen-deshita. / Benkyoo-shinakatta.
80 creating a polite form from kuru / kimasu, suru / shimasu
the dictionary form of a verb taberu / tabemasu, au / aimasu
80 verb sentence(vi) (Topic wa) (Subject ga) + V
Hataraku.
80 verb sentence (vi) (Topic wa) (Subject ga) + destination ni + V
going / entering Shinjuku ni iku.
81 question words with 'some-' nani-ka / doko-ka / dare-ka / itsu-ka / dore-ka
'any-' in a negative sentence nani-mo / doko-mo / dare-mo / dore-mo
81 verb sentence (vi) (Topic wa) (Subject ga) + place being left o + V
leaving Heya o deru.
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Grammar Index
8 86 88 verb sentence (vi) subject ga + V
existence Hako ga aru.
88 verb sentence(vi) viewpoint no + position ni + S ga + aru / iru
existence Teeburu no ue ni keetai-denwa ga aru.
89 thing / person + counter -ko -dai -hon -nin -hiki -kai
89 verb sentence (vi) T wa + S ga + V
ability or requirement Ken-san wa Nihon-go ga wakaru.
91 question with a question word Dono-gurai desu ka?
9 95 98 verb sentence (vt) object o + V
with an object Koohii o nomimasu.
98 verb sentence (vt) place / thing ni + object o + V
changing the position Heya ni kodomo o iremasu.
place / thing kara + object o + V
Heya kara kodomo o dashimasu.
99 verb sentence companion + to, means + de
expanding sentences tomodachi to, takushii de
column2 104 104 adverbs of time, amount, frequency, companion and degree
10 108 110 verb sentence place e + purpose (= V-stem) ni + motion verb
purpose of motion Hibiya e eega o mi ni iku.
110 how to create V-nai
110 inviting s.o. to do s.t. V-masen ka? / V-nai?
V-nai invitation Ikimasen ka? / Ikanai?
V-mashoo / V-(y)oo
Ikimashoo. / Ikoo.
113 one's desire N ga hoshii (to omoimasu)
Kuruma ga hoshii (to omoimasu).
V-tai (to omoimasu)
Hawai ni ikitai (to omoimasu).
column3 121 121 on the phone moshi-moshi,
column4 123 123 asking what s.o. wants to drink N wa ikaga desu ka? / doo?
11 125 127 how to create V-te
128 V-te order / request / offer V-te / V-nai de
V-nai negative order / request / offer Kaite. / Kakanai de.
12 133 135 V-te V-te, V-te, -masu / -mashita
listing actions in sequential order Okite, tabete, dekakemasu.
135 question with a question word Doo-yatte -n desu ka? / iku no?
136 reason and result Netsu ga aru kara, kaerimasu.
13 141 143 semantic classification of verbs
143 V-te V-te iru
1) an action in progress Hon o yonde imasu.
144 2) a current state Tokyo ni sunde imasu.
145 3) a repeated action Mai-asa jogingu-shite imasu.
4) an action has not taken place Mada hiru-gohan o tabete imasen.
152 154 giving and receiving things ageru / kureru / morau
14 Watashi wa Mari-san ni hana o agemashita.
155 V-te giving and receiving favors V-te + ageru / morau / kureru
Mari-san wa watashi ni koohii o irete kuremashita.
column5 163 163 asking a favor Kopii o totte kuremasen ka?
15 164 166 V-te 1) permission V-te mo ii (desu)
Nonde mo ii (desu).
166 2) prohibition V-te wa dame desu / V-cha dame
Nonde wa dame desu. / Nonja dame.
167 3) lack of obligation V-nakute mo ii (desu)
Nomanakute mo ii (desu).
168 4) obligation V-nakute wa dame desu / V-nakucha dame
Nomanakute wa dame desu. / Nomanakucha dame.
16 176 178 how to create V-ta
178 V-ta 1) listing examples V-tari V-tari suru
in random order Yondari kaitari shimau.
2) giving advice V-ta hoo ga ii (desu) yo
Oyoida hoo ga ii (desu) yo.
179 V-nai giving advice (not to do) V-nai hoo ga ii (desu) yo
Oyoganai hoo ga ii (desu) yo.
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Grammar Index
17 183 186 chart of plain forms
188 casual conversation Taberu? Un, taberu.
189 making adverbs from adjectives
189 question with a question word Dooshite -n desu ka? / -n da? / no?
column6 197 197 expressions with adjectives
18 198 200 complex sentence [S1 ga + V] + conjunction + [S2 ga + V]
200 condition that brings about B to, A
a non-controllable event or state Doa no mae ni tatsu to, doa ga aku.
202 obligation V-nai to dame (desu) / ikemasen
Shukudai o shinai to dame. / ikemasen.
19 209 211 non-complete and complete aspect V-(r)u / V-ta
211 order of two consective actions V-(r)u mae ni,
1) before Neru mae ni ha o migaku.
211 V-ta 2) after V-ta ato de,
Shawaa o abita ato de, gohan o taberu.
211 experience V-(r)u 1) sometimes V-(r)u koto ga aru
Nihon-go no Nyuusu o miru koto ga aru.
212 V-nai2) sometimes not V-nai koto ga aru
Nihon-go no Nyuusu o minai koto ga aru.
212 V-ta 3) once V-ta koto ga aru
Nihon-go no Nyuusu o mita koto ga aru.
20 218 220 V-ta- V-ta-ra,
time sequence Shigoto ga owatta-ra, gohan o tabemashoo.
220 V-te- V-te mo,
contrary result Sotsugyoo-shite mo, hatarakimasen.
220 V-ta- V-ta-ra,
time sequence in the past Asa okita-ra, yuki datta.
221 V-ta-conditional 1) verb (moshi) V-ta-ra,
Ame ga futta-ra, uchi ni imasu.
2) -i-adj (moshi) -i-adj-ta-ra,
Samukatta-ra, hiitaa o tsukete.
222 3) noun & (moshi) N / -na-adj + datta-ra,
-na-adj Hima datta-ra, asobimashoo.
222 V-te- (moshi / tatoe) V-te mo,
contrary result Moshi ame ga futte mo, oyogimasu.
222 V-ta- QW + V-ta-ra ii (desu ka)?
asking advice Dare ni kiita-ra ii desu ka?
21 228 230 one's belief, guess, opinion or hope (T wa +) [S ga + plain form] + to omoimasu
(watashi wa) Kare ga kuru to omoimasu.
231 quoting what s.o. said T wa + [S ga + plain form] + to itte imashita
Lisa-san wa ashita konai to itte imashita.
22 239 241 time condition using an adjective, i-adj + toki,
a noun or a state verb Atsui toki, shigai-sen ni ki-o-tsukete.
noun / -na-adj + toki,
Gakusee no toki, takusan asobimashita.
state verb + toki,
Amerika ni iru toki, kyooshi deshita.
242 time condition using a verb 1) non-completeV-(r)u + toki,
Gohan o taberu toki, 'itadakimasu' to iimasu.
2) completed V-ta + toki,
Gohan o tabeta toki, 'gochisoosama' to iimasu.
243 3) progressive V-te iru + toki,
Gohan o tabete iru toki, tanoshiku hanashimasu.
23 246 248 modifing a noun using a verb V + N
tabete iru hito
248 modifing a noun using a sentence [S ga + V] + N
Watashi ga kinoo mita eega
249 how to use a noun modified by a sentence
24 255 257 nominalizer which turns a verb V + koto (infinitive) / V + no (gerund)
into a noun taberu koto / taberu no
257 function of nominalizer
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Grammar Index
25 264 266 the comparative A yori B no hoo ga + adj
A yori B no hoo ga + adv + V
Lisa-san yori Hana-san no hoo ga se ga hikui.
267 comparative question A to B to docchi / dochira ga + adj?
A to B to docchi / dochira ga + adv + V?
Jon-san to Ken-san to dochira ga hayaku kimasu ka?
268 negative comparison A wa B hodo + negative adj
Mari-san wa Lisa-san hodo me ga ookiku nai.
269 the superlative X (no naka) de, Y ga ichi-ban + adj
X (no naka) de, Y ga ichi-ban + adv + V
Kisetsu no naka de haru ga ichi-ban suki desu.
269 superlative question X (no naka) de, question word + ga + ichi-ban + adj?
X (no naka) de, question word + ga + ichi-ban + adv + V?
Kisetsu no naka de itsu ga ichi-ban suki desu ka?
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