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Sperry-Sun
HALLIBURTON
1.1.1
Introduction
Drill strings are subjected to forces of tension, torsion and bending when drilling a well. Designing
a drill string to accommodate these forces requires knowledge of the physical characteristics of the pipe
and the terminology used to identify these characteristics.
1.1.2
Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to
Define the term "pipe grade" and list the four commonly used grades of drill pipe.
Identify and define the three weight titles associated with drill pipe.
Explain how drill pipe is classified by inspection and list the five drill pipe inspection classes.
1.1.3
Applying sound engineering criteria to the selection of tubulars can help prevent failures as oil
wells become deeper and environments more harsh.
The strength of tubulars, such as drill pipe is defined by a combination of pipe grade, weight, size
and condition.
1.1.4
Pipe Grade
Grade indicates the yield strength of the drill pipe. There are four commonly used grades of drill
pipe. These are:
E-75
X-95
G-105
S-135
There are four grades not in general use. These are:
D-55
N-80
C-75
V-150
The grade of drill pipe can be specified with or without the number following the letter. For
example, either "Grade E" or "Grade E-75" is correct.
The numbers in the pipe grade specifically refer to the yield strength of the pipe. For example,
grade G-105 pipe has a minimum yield strength of 105,000 lb/in (psi).
Yield strength
Grade
E-75
X-95
G105
S-135
Min
psi
75,000
95,000
105,000
135,000
Max
Mpa
517
655
724
931
psi
105,000
125,000
135,000
165,000
Mpa
724
862
931
1138
Tensile Strength
Min
psi
Mpa
100,000
689
105,000
724
115,000
793
145,000
1000
1.1.5
Pipe Weight
The pipe weight must be considered, as it is part of the hook load on the derrick. This effects the
depth a rig is capable of drilling to safely. It is important that the specific weight of drill pipe is referred to.
Drill pipe is listed under three different weight titles. These are nominal weight, plain end weight
and approximate weight.
Nominal Weight
Drill pipe is purchased and referred to by its nominal weight. The nominal weight is the pipes
"given name" and refers to the wall thickness of the pipe it does not refer to its actual weight.
Plain End Weight
Plain end weight is the weight per foot of a non-upset, non-threaded and non tool-jointed piece of
pipe.
Approximate Weight
This is the average weight per foot of a joint of complete drill pipe. It includes the non-upset
section, the upsets and both tool joints. The approximate weight depends upon the size and type of tool
joints on a piece of pipe. This is the value used in hook load calculations.
Weight Comparisons
The following table shows the weight comparisons for a 5" G-Grade drill pipe with a nominal
weight of 19.5 lb/ft, a 0.362" wall thickness and H-90 connections
Size
Wall Inches
5"
0.362
Nominal
Weight lb/ft
19.5
Plain End
Weight lb/ft
17.93
Approximate
weight lb/ft
22.32
1.1.6
Pipe Size
API drill pipe is designated in terms of its outside diameter on the non-upset sections. There are
eight different sizes. These are: 2 3/8", 2-7/8", 3-1/2", 4", 4 1/2", 5", 5-1/2" and 6-5/8"
1.1.7
Pipe Class
Once drill pipe has been used, normal wear and other use related defects cause the pipe to
loose some of its original strength. API has developed inspection criteria to determine the extent of
damage. These criteria are used to assign the pipe to "classes" according to the extent of the damage.
The inspection examines the following conditions with all the criteria having to be met for a drill pipe to
gain the specific class.
OD wall wear
Fatigue cracks
There are five classes of drill pipe indicating the amount of wear a joint of pipe has sustained
during its lifetime.
New
Premium or class 1
Class 2
Class3
Scrap
All new drill pipe becomes premium class as soon as it is used. New drill pipe indicates it is
directly from the manufacturer and has never been used. As soon as a joint of new pipe is picked up for
use on a rig it is re classified as premium or class 1 pipe. Interestingly this allows the manufacturers a
broader set of tolerances with the pipe having to conform to the requirements for Premium grade rather
than the new specification.
Class
OD
Pipe
ID
Wall
Torsional
Yield ftlbs
Tensile
Yield lbs
OD
Tool Joint
ID
M/U TRQ
ft.lbs
New
Premium
5.000"
4.8552"
4.276"
4.276"
0.362"
0.290"
57633
45199
553833
436150
6.5000"
5.9062"
3.250"
3.250"
25724
21914
Class 2
4.7828"
4.276"
0.253"
39166
378605
5.8125"
3.250"
19244
2.2
2.2.1
Introduction
This section covers the theory of the mechanical limits of drill pipe.
2.2.2
Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to:
Define the terms limit of elasticity, limit of plasticity, and yield strength, tensile strength and torsional
strength as they relate to drill pipe.
Explain the effect of yield strength, surface finish, environment and tension have on the endurance
limit of the drill pipe.
2.2.3
Tension
Drill pipe is designed to lower, support and raise large loads. The application of a load, which
must be supported causes tensile stresses in the pipe.
2.2.4
Elasticity
One important property of steel is that, under certain conditions of loading it is elastic in nature
and can be stretched and once the load is removed it will return to it's original size and shape.
The elastic nature of steel is difficult to measure without the aid of instruments.
The elastic behaviour of steel is extremely important when designing and load bearing steel
structure or part.
If a bar of steel L cm long and A square cm in cross sectional area is fixed at one end and a load
P applied to the free end the bar will stretch or elongate a small amount, e. If the load P is removed, the
bar will return to its original length.
This type of non-permanent deformation is called elastic deformation and elasticity is the
property which permits a material to deform under a load and return to it's original shape once the load
is removed.
Within the elastic range of a material, if a load P is applied to the bar the bar will elongate a small
amount. If more weight is added to the load P, the increase in elongation will be proportional to the
weight added. For any successive increase in load, there will be a corresponding proportional increase
in elongation (Hookes Law).
So, for each increase in stress, there will be a corresponding proportional increase in strain, and
when the stress is removed the strain disappears and the bar returns to its original length.
The maximum stress that the bar can take without becoming permanently deformed is known as
the elastic limit.
2.2.5
Plasticity
The elastic condition has a limit and at some point of loading when the load is removed the bar
will not return to its original length but will be longer than it was originally. The bar is then permanently
deformed or plastically deformed. The amount of deformation is referred to as the permanent set.
Plasticity is the ability of the material to assume permanent deformation without breaking.
The plastic limit is the point of highest stress the material can withstand before failure occurs
this is also the tensile strength of the material.
Elastic Deformation
Plastic Deformation
e
P
P
Permanent
Set
2.2.6
Proportional Limit
The proportional limit is the greatest stress a material is capable of sustaining without deviating
from the law of proportionality of stress to strain (Hookes Law). In metals, the elastic limit and the
proportional limit practically coincide.
2.2.7
Yield Point
The yield point is the stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting elongation. For Oil
field tubulars this elongation is 0.2%. This is the value referred to in the drill pipe grade G-105 pipe has a
minimum yield strength of 105,000 psi. It is also referred to as the yield strength.
0.2% elongation or permanent set is established to allow a standard to measure deformation.
The only way of proving a material has reached its elastic limit is to deform it beyond the elastic limit.
2.2.8
Tensile Strength
As a material enters the plastic range, exceeding the elastic limit, the material becomes
stronger from work hardening. This means a higher stress is required to further deform the material.
This continues until the maximum stress the material can withstand is reached. This is referred to as the
Tensile strength. Once the tensile strength of a material is exceeded the material will rupture.
2.2.9
When drilling a well the main concern is how much can we pull on a string of drill pipe. The yield
strength and tensile strength then become very important. From the previous discussion it is obvious
that the stress must be kept below the materials tensile yield point. This point is referred to as the tensile
yield strength or maximum allowable hook load for the drill pipe.
A - Proportional Limit
or Elastic Limit
B
S
T
R
E
S
S
B - Yield Point or
Yield Strength
C - Tensile Strength
D - Elastic Range
E - Plastic Range
D
STRAIN
=
=
=
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe.
Then:
Ym
OD
ID
=
=
=
436,150 lb.
Solution:
2.2.11 Torsion
One of the functions of the drill pipe in addition to supporting load is to rotate the bit and BHA.
Rotation causes torsional stress to be imparted to the drill string. Wall friction, stabiliser hang up and
other down hole conditions will increase the torque required to rotate the tube. If the torque becomes too
great, the tube may fail.
0.096167 J Ym
D
Ym
J
D
=
=
=
Q
Where:
( /32)(OD4- ID4)
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe.
Then:
Ym
J
=
=
105,000
( / 32) (4.85524 - 4.2764 )
45199 ft/lb
Solution:
Qt
(0.096167 J)
D
Ym - (P)
(A)
Where:
Qt
J
D
Ym
P
A
=
=
=
=
=
=
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe supporting a tensile load of 100,000 lbs.
Then:
J
D
Ym
P
A
=
=
=
=
=
Solution:
Qt =
=
=
0.4305
105,000 -
100,000
(( /4) (4.8552 - 4.276))
102202.88
43995 ft / lbs
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe supporting a tensile load of 200,000 lbs.
=
40167 ft / lbs
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe supporting a tensile load of 300,000 lbs
=
32808 ft / lbs
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe supporting a tensile load of 400,000 lbs
=
18017 ft / lbs
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe supporting a tensile load of 430,000 lbs
=
7563 ft / lb
For API 5", G-Grade 19.5 lb/ft, premium grade drill pipe supporting a tensile load of 436149 lbs
=
81 ft / lbs
10
2.2.14 Fatigue
Usually a drill string is designed for its capability to withstand tensile loads under static
conditions. This takes into account yield strength, tensile strength and maximum hook load.
Most failures occur not through tension failure but through fatigue failure.
Fatigue is failure resulting from the progressive growth of irregularities to major cracks caused by
the repetitive cycling of stresses.
In many industries where fatigue failures limit the life of equipment, industry standards have been
established which permit the design of equipment to operate at stress levels, which assure indefinite life
free from fatigue failure. Additionally equipment can be designed to operate at certain stress levels for a
finite period before failure occurs. These designs will incorporate various periods of peak loading above
the average stress level.
Most failures in drill pipe occur while rotating or when picking the pipe up off bottom immediately
after drilling rather than when pulling on stuck pipe.
2)
Most failures occur within 4 ft of the tool joint at either end of the pipe.
3)
Failures are frequently associated with severe pitting on the inside of the pipe, and these cracks
appear to have started from the inside. Multiple cracks are frequently observed in severely pitted
pipe failures. Progressive crack growth is indicated.
4)
Failures that appear to originate from the outside of the pipe are usually associated with slip marks
or surface damage. Progressive crack growth is indicated
5)
Even when failure occurs as a result of pulling on stuck pipe failure frequently occurs in a location
where fatigue cracks have developed but not progressed to failure.
11
12
From these plots, the stress level below which failures do not occur is called the endurance
limit. At stress levels above the endurance limit failure will occur at a predictable period in the life of
part.
Grade
D-55
E-75
S-135
Elongation
Minimum Yield
strength, psi.
55,000
75,000
135,000
Rupture minimum
Tensile strength,
psi.
95,000
100,000
147,000
Ratio Minimum
yield to minimum
tensile strength
58%
75%
91%
13
14
Additional factors are the sharpness of the bend the pipe is rotating in and the amount of tensile
load on the specific area of the drill pipe. The sharper the angle and the greater the tension the faster
the drill pipe fatigues.
15
Appendix
Sigma
Ultimate (psi)
100000
130000
160000
175000
Sigma Min
Tensile Yield (psi)
75000
105000
135000
165000
M. Elasticity
(psi)
30 x 10^6
30 x 10^6
30 x 10^6
30 x 10^6
Density
lb/gal
65.4
65.4
65.4
65.4
Poisson's
Ratio
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Aluminum
Al 2014-T6
64000
58000
18000
for 2.0 x 10^6 revolutions
10.6 x 10^6
27 @ 29
with TJ steel
0.33
Titanium
Ti-641-AV
130000
120000
40000
17 x 10^6
33 @ 35
with TJ steel
0.35
HW 1340 MOD
HW 4145H MOD
95000
140000
55000
110000
20000
20000
30 x 10^6
30 x 10^6
65.4
65.4
0.3
0.3
100000
110000
15000
15000
30 x 10^6
27.7 x 10^6
65.4
65.4
0.3
0.3
Class
New
Premium
Class 2
OD
5.000"
4.855"
4.783"
ID
4.276"
4.276"
4.276"
Wall
0.362"
0.290"
0.253"
Class
New
Premium
Class 2
OD
4.500"
4.366"
4.298"
ID
3.826"
3.826"
3.826"
Wall
0.337"
0.270"
0.236"
Class
New
Premium
Class 2
OD
3.500"
3.352"
3.280"
ID
2.764"
2.764"
2.764"
Wall
0.368"
0.294"
0.258"
Class
New
Premium
Class 2
OD
2.875
2.731"
2.657"
ID
2.151"
2.151"
2.151"
Wall
0.362"
0.290"
0.253"
DC 4145H MOD
DC 15-15LC MOD
Sperry-Sun
HALLIBURTON
Sperry-Sun / Brazil
Appendix
Tube Size ID
inches
mm
2 3/8
1.995
1.815
50.7
46.1
4.85
6.65
2.441
2.151
62
54.6
6.85
10.40
2.992
2.764
2.602
76.0
70.2
66.1
9.5
13.3
15.5
3.958
3.826
3.640
100.5
97.2
92.5
13.75
16.60
20.00
2 7/8
3 1/2
4 1/2
60.3
73.0
88.9
114.3
Nom Weight
lbs/ft
Tool Joint
OD range
ID range
3 1/8 - 3 3/8
2 7/8 - 3 3/8
1 3/4 -2
1 3/8 -2
3 3/4 - 4 1/8
3 1/8 - 4 1/4
2 1/8 - 2 7/16
1 1/2 - 2 5/32
4 5/8 - 4 3/4
4 1/8 - 5 1/4
5 - 5 1/2
2 11/16 - 3
2 1/8 - 2 3/4
2 1/4 - 2 9/16
5 3/4 - 6 3/8
5 7/8 - 6 3/8
6 - 6 5/8
3 1/4 - 3 7/8
2 3/4 - 3 3/4
2 1/2 - 3 5/8
127.0
4.276
4.000
108.6
101.6
19.50
25.60
6 3/8 - 7 1/4
6 3/8 - 71/4
2 3/4 - 3 1/2
2 3/4 - 3 1/2
5 1/2
139.7
4.778
4.670
121.4
118.6
21.90
24.70
7 - 7 1/2
7 - 7 1/2
3-4
3-4
25.20
8 - 8 1/2
4 1/4 - 5
6 5/8
5.965
Sperry-Sun
HALLIBURTON
Sperry-Sun / Brazil
Appendix
Nominal
Size
inches
Type Upset
and Grade
ID
inches
2 3/8
6.65
7.11
6.99
EU-G105
EU-G105
NC26(IF)
SLH90
3 3/8
3 1/4
1 3/4
1 13/16
2 7/8
10.40
11.09
10.95
11.55
11.26
EU-G105
EU-G105
EU-S135
EU-S135
NC31(IF)
SLH90
NC31(IF)
SLH90
4 1/8
4
4 3/8
4 1/8
2
2
1 5/8
1 5/8
3 1/2
13.3
14.71
14.06
14.92
14.65
EU-G105
EU-G105
EU-S135
EU-S135
NC38(IF)
SLH90
NC38(IF)
SLH90
5
4 3/4
5
5
2 7/16
2 9/16
2 1/8
2 1/8
4 1/2
16.6
18.36
18.79
18.62
19.00
EU-G105
IEU-G105
EU-S135
IEU-S135
NC50(IF)
NC46(XH)
NC50(IF)
NC46(XH)
6 5/8
6 1/4
6 5/8
6 1/4
3 3/4
3
3 1/2
2 3/4
19.50
22.62
21.93
23.48
22.61
IEU-G105
IEU-G105
IEU-S135
IEU-S135
5 1/2(FH)
NC50(XH)
5 1/2(FH)
NC50(XH)
7
6 5/8
7 1/4
6 5/8
3 3/4
3 1/4
3 1/2
2 3/4
5 1/2
21.90
25.38
26.50
IEU-G105
IEU-S135
FH
FH
7 1/4
7 1/2
3 1/2
3
6 5/8
25.20
28.20
IEU-G105
IEU-S135
FH
FH
8 1/4
8 1/2
4 3/4
4 1/4
29.63
Sperry-Sun
HALLIBURTON
Sperry-Sun / Brazil
Appendix
Grade
New
Premium
Class 2
New
Premium
Class 2
E-75
X-95
G-105
271569
343988
380197
212150
268723
297010
183398
232304
256757
9054
10163
11106
7274
8822
9879
6268
7785
8822
S-135
488825
381870
330116
14965
12569
10768
Grade
New
Premium
Class 2
New
Premium
Class 2
E-75
330558
260165
225771
16997
12085
10647
X-95
418707
329542
285977
17765
15035
12813
G-105
S-135
462781
595004
364231
468297
316080
406388
19829
22436
16546
21230
14288
18083
Grade
New
Premium
Class 2
New
Premium
Class 2
E-75
X-95
G-105
S-135
395595
501087
553833
712070
311535
394612
436150
560764
270432
342548
378605
468778
18838
22345
25724
31703
15776
19919
21914
28381
14083
17497
19244
24645
Sperry-Sun
HALLIBURTON
Sperry-Sun / Brazil
Appendix
2014-T6
Premium
Class 2
New
3 1/2"
4"
4 1/2"
5"
297660
313490
373520
442420
230490
244640
291570
345910
198300
211350
251890
299160
20160
25480
33310
44750
15360
19690
25740
34690
Drilco
Mechanical Properties
Tube Section
Tube
Center Elevator
Upset Upset
Nominal Tube Dimensions
OD
OD
(in)
(in)
Nom.
Wall
Size
ID Thickness Area
(in)
(in)
(in)
(in)
3
4
4
5
5
6
13130
16930
22150
29890
2
2
2
3
3
4
0.625
0.719
0.875
1.000
1.063
1.063
5.645
7.410
9.965
12.566
14.812
18.567
4
4
5
5
6
7
3
4
4
5
5
6
Tensile
Yield
(lb)
Torsional
Yield
(ft-lb)
310,475 18,460
407,550 27,635
548,075 40,715
691,185 56,495
814,660 74,140
1,021,185 118,845
Tool Joint
Connection
Size
(in)
OD
(in)
ID
(in)
Tensile
Yield
(lb)
NC 38 (3 IF)
NC 40 (4 FH)
NC 46 (4 IF)
NC 50 (4 IF)
5 FH
6 FH
4
5
6
6
7
8
2
2
2
3
3
4
675,045
711,475
1,024,500
1,266,000
1,349,365
1,490,495
Approx Approx
Torsional Make-up Overall Overall
Yield
Torque Length Length
(ft-lb)
(ft-lb) Pin/Box (ft)
17,575
23,525
38,800
51,375
53,080
73,215
10,000
13,300
21,800
29,200
32,800
45,800
30/27
30/27
30/27
30/27
30/27
30/27
Sperry-Sun
31'-0"
31'-0"
31'-0"
31'-0"
31'-0"
31'-0"
HALLIBURTON
Sperry-Sun / Brazil
Appendix
Grade S
135
80
45
30
21
20
cycles
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
Used Maurer points on S-N curve and solved for exponent b from Eq. 2 to
approximate single equation curve for cycles between 100,000 and 1,000,000.
5. Practical Oilfield Metallurgy book page 96
grade S S=29,000 at 2,000,000 cycles
grade E S=26,000 at 1,000,000 cycles
6. API RP7G:
S-135, Sb=20,000 [1-St/145,000]; St = tensile stress
7. Fatigue Testing of Drill Pipe, G.Y.Grondin SPE 1994
from Lubinski Grade E ;
Non-ferrrous materials
(e.g Al or Cu alloys) ( e @ 108 cycles)
10 6
log N f 108
Schematic representation of S-N curves for ferrous and non ferrous materials.
Sperry-Sun
HALLIBURTON
Sperry-Sun / Brazil