With the invention of the battery (Allessandro Volta, 1800), the generation of a magnetic field from

electric current (Hans Christian Oersted, 1820) and the electromagnet (William Sturgeon, 1825) the
foundation for building electric motors was laid.
In 1827, a Hungarian priest named nyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating
devices which he called lightning-magnetic self-rotor
and in 1828, he demonstrated the first device which contained the three main components of
practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator.
The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British
scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric
motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas
Davenport, which he patented in 1837.
In 1824, the French physicist Franois Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields,
termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in
1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor.
In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through
the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic
field and winding currents to generate force within the motor.
In certain applications, such as in the transportation industry
with traction motors, electric motors can operate in both
motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce
electrical energy from mechanical energy.

F=ILB=qvB
Newton =(Ampere)(Meter)(Newton/(Ampere x Meter))
=(Coulomb)(Meter/second)(kilogram/(Coulomb x second)

Highly permeable steel laminations are placed inside the cast-
iron frame. Winding passes through its slots.

When three-phase current passes through the windings, it
produces a rotating magnetic field.

To understand this phenomenon much better, consider a simplified
three-phase winding with just three coils.

A wire carrying current produces a magnetic field around it. For
three-phase ac current, the magnetic field changes orientation
in a rotating manner.

The speed of the rotation of the magnetic field is called the
synchronous speed.

Assuming a closed loop conductor is inside it.

Since the magnetic field is fluctuating, or in this case
rotating, electromotive force will be induced in the conductor
according to Faradays Law.

The emf will produce a current through the loop.

A similar phenomenon happens in an ac motor.

As in the previous case, current will be induced in the bars of
the rotor.

This then makes the rotor rotate.

Thats why this ac motor is called an induction motor;
electricity is inducted in the rotor by magnetic induction
rather than direct electric connection.

There are two main types of AC motors: Synchronous and
Asynchronous Motors.

ASYNC SYNC
Speed Nm > Ns
Higher Load, Slower Motor
Nm = Ns
Not dependent on Load
Starting
Torque
Has its own
self-starting torque
Requires auxiliary means
to start motor
Efficiency Less Efficient More efficient
Cost Less Cost More Cost


A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and
unlike magnetic poles attract each other.

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates
an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil.

By switching the current on or off in a coil its magnet field
can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the
current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic
field can be switched 180.

DC Motors can be classified as brushed or brushless.




BRUSHED BRUSHLESS
COST Low High
RELIABILITY High Low
CONTROL OF
SPEED
Simple Controllers Complicated Speed
Controllers
MAINTENANCE High Low
LIFE-SPAN Short Long
EFFICIENCY Low High


MEMS

The invention of the first transistor in 1947 by Willian
Shockley paved the way to more innovations such as the invention
of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby in 1958.

The idea of small computing components did not stop on
transistors.

In 1959, Richard Feynman gave a speech called Theres Plenty of
Room at the Bottom at the annual meeting of the Americal
Physical Society at Caltech.

In this famous lecture, Feynman laid the conceptual foundations
for the field now called nanotechnology when he imagined a day
when things could be miniaturized when huge amounts of
information could be encoded onto increasingly small spaces, and
when machinery could be made considerably smaller and more
compact.

Eventually, such idea was implemented and used as the first
single chip microprocessor was introduced by Intel in 1971.

Then, in 1982, the first technical publication of LIGA
technology revealed all significant features and properties.

LIGA is a German acronym that stands for Lithographie,
Galvanoformung and Abformung, and when translated it means
lithography, electroplating and molding. LIGA is a three stage
micromachining technology used to manufacture high aspect ratio
microstructures.

LIGA had evolved as a versatile technology, which sparked
interest for semiconductor manufacturers. This gave birth to the
development of Microelectromechanical systems.

Finally, in 1986, a proposal was submitted to the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency that first coined and used the
term Microelectromechanical systems or MEMS.

The fabrication of MEMS evolved from the process technology in semiconductor device
fabrication, that is, the basic techniques are deposition of material layers, patterning
by photolithography and etching to produce the required shapes.

In one viewpoint MEMS application is categorized by type of use.
Sensor
Actuator
Structure
In another view point MEMS applications are categorized by the field of application (commercial
applications include):
Inkjet printers, which use piezoelectrics or thermal bubble ejection to deposit ink on paper.
Accelerometers in modern cars for a large number of purposes including airbag deployment in
collisions.
Accelerometers in consumer electronics devices such as game controllers (Nintendo Wii),
personal media players / cell phones (Apple iPhone, various Nokia mobile phone models,
various HTC PDA models)
[16]
and a number of Digital Cameras (various Canon Digital
IXUS models). Also used in PCs to park the hard disk head when free-fall is detected, to prevent
damage and data loss.
MEMS gyroscopes used in modern cars and other applications to detect yaw; e.g., to deploy a
roll over bar or triggerdynamic stability control
[17]

MEMS microphones in portable devices, e.g., mobile phones, head sets and laptops.
Silicon pressure sensors e.g., car tire pressure sensors, and disposable blood pressure sensors
Displays e.g., the DMD chip in a projector based on DLP technology, which has a surface with
several hundred thousand micromirrors or single micro-scanning-mirrors also
called microscanners
Optical switching technology, which is used for switching technology and alignment for data
communications
Bio-MEMS applications in medical and health related technologies from Lab-On-Chip to
MicroTotalAnalysis (biosensor,chemosensor), or embedded in medical devices e.g. stents.
[18]

Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) applications in consumer electronics (primarily displays
for mobile devices), used to create interferometric modulation reflective display technology as
found in mirasol displays
Fluid acceleration such as for micro-cooling
Micro-scale Energy harvesting including piezoelectric,
[19]
electrostatic and electromagentic micro
harvesters.
Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer including Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic
Transducers
[20][21]
andCapacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers.