[2012]

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
[Prospects for Pakistan]
Individual Research Paper
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MOTHER THEME
PAKISTAN'S ENERGY CRISIS AND WAY FORWARD
Pakistan is in the grip of an energy crisis that is seriously affecting all sectors
of the economy and even the society. Prolonged power-outages have become a way
of life; and have made life miserable for a large portion of the population, while
millions are facing uncertainty of livelihood. Today, despite having the capability of
producing !""" #$, the country is producing average %""" to &""" #$ due to
mismanagement. The power deficit oscillates between &""" #$ to !""" #$,
bringing the industries and the economy to a virtual halt. $ith the dwindling gas
fields and sharp increase in the prices of fuel, Pakistan is importing fossil fuels
'furnace oil( for generation of thermal power with foreign assisted initiatives like
rental power plants at an enormous cost in foreign e)change. The irony is that
despite the presence of enormous reserves of Thar *oal deposits, no serious efforts
have been made to tap them. +n the absence of +ran-Pakistan gas pipeline, the
possibility of gas turbines for power generation is also not foreseeable. ,n the other
hand, Pakistan is rich in hydro-electric potential but ma-or pro-ects have been
politici.ed for parochial interests. /ven the undisputed pro-ects have been delayed
painfully. +n addition, the country can generate electricity with the help of alternate
sources like nuclear, wind and solar energy; but the areas have not been e)ploited to
meet the deficit. $hile the potential is obvious, lack of foresightedness, inept
management, over dependence on e)ternal resources and lack of e)ploitation of
indigenous resources are apparently the ma-or reasons for this crisis. +nefficient
consumption, distribution and lack of conscious austerity culture in the lifestyles are
other oft-0uoted reasons for the acute shortage.
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*arryout an in-depth study of the e)isting energy potential and reasons of
crisis at hand, with a view to recommending short, mid and long term measures to
achieve self-sufficiency.
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SUB - THEME II
PAKISTANS ENERGY CRISIS VIS-A-VIZ OPTION OF EXPLORING ALTERNATE
ENERGY POTENTIALS IN THE COUNTRY
Pakistan is in the grip of an energy crisis that is seriously affecting all sectors
of the economy and even the society. Prolonged power-outages have become a way
of life; and have made life miserable for a large portion of the population. $hile
millions are facing uncertainty of livelihood, the e)isting energy crisis has brought the
industry and the economy to a virtual halt. $ith the rise of fuel prices across the
world, dwindling gas resources and perils of nuclear energy, the world is on the
0uest for various alternate energy resources and has been successful in e)ploiting
wind, biomass, hydrogen and solar energy. The irony is that Pakistan is blessed with
huge potentials of alternate energy resources like solar, wind and biomass etcetera,
however, no serious efforts has ever been made to e)plore them. $hile the potential
of untapped alternate energy resources is obvious, lack of foresightedness, over
dependence on e)ternal resources and lack of will to e)ploit these resources are
apparently the ma-or reasons for their non-e)ploration.
*arryout an in-depth study of the untapped alternate energy potential in
the country while highlighting various impediments in tapping them, with a
view to recommend viable measures to utilize these alternate resources to
produce sufficient energy to overcome the crisis.
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ABSTRACT
Pakistan is presently facing an energy crises and available electric power is
far less than industrial and domestic re0uirements. The problem of power shortage is
likely to be accentuated in the future as the likely out put will not be able to meet the
increasing demand. #oreover, the rapid decrease in fossil fuel reserves all over the
world, are also making the uninterrupted supply of much needed energy to the
developing world, 0uestionable. There is a dire need to find the solution of this
problem through e)ploiting the alternative sources of energy. 1enewable sources of
energy if harnessed can address our future energy needs. 2or e)ample, Pakistan
being located in solar belt has a vast potential of solar energy. 3tmospheric
conditions in parts of 4alochistan and 5indh favour generation of wind energy. $ork
is also under progress on other renewable technologies like 4iomass, 4iodiesel, 2uel
*ell and Tidal energy etc.
+n this paper, an endeavour has been made to analyse the potential of
renewable energy vis-6-vis potential energy re0uirements of Pakistan. 3fter having
discussed the future needs and energy strategy of Pakistan, an effort has been
made to evaluate the present status of renewable energies with special reference to
their prospects for Pakistan. 4efore giving out a few concrete recommendations,
certain functional barriers7 impediments in harnessing the renewables have also
been highlighted.
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PREFACE
The research topic focuses on opening new vistas to address our growing
energy needs. 5till being in nascent stage, concrete facts and figures are hard to
ac0uire. 8ata available with 3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oard '3/84( provided
an insight into alternate energy resources, potential and plans to harness it.
/)tensive net browsing and reading books on the sub-ect were also 0uite useful.
9oing through many of the articles and special papers written by renowned
intellectuals in newspapers, -ournals and lectures by e)cellent and level writers has
certainly helped enhancing understanding about the sub-ect. 3s the canvas of
research got enlarged, phenomenon of information overload emerged and, owing to
lack of 0ualification on the sub-ect, it was found difficult to condense this information
and personal ideas to limited number of words. :owever, an endeavour has been
made to draw a balance between the available reference material and personal
thoughts on the topic.
;ibraries of, latest /conomic 5urvey of Pakistan, articles by specialists and
research work from 3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oard '3/84( have been
instrumental in providing re0uisite reference 7 research material. 2inally, + e)press
my profound gratitude to my instructor for his continual supervision and intimate
guidance in development of this research paper.
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vi
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Abbre!"#!$% N"&e !% F'((
1/ 1enewable /nergy
3/84 3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oard
#T,/ #illion Tons of ,il /0uivalent
T*2 Trillion *ubic 2eet
$3P83 $ater and Power 8evelopment 3uthority
</5* <arachi /lectricity 5upply *orporation
#$ #ega $att
<$ <ilo $att
<$h <ilo $att :our
98P 9ross 8omestic Product
P= Photovoltaic
<# <ilometer
;,+ ;etter of +ntent
P*1/T Pakistan *ouncil of 1enewable /nergy Technologies
1 > 8 1esearch and 8evelopment
?/P13 ?ational /lectric Power 1egulatory 3uthority
913 9as regulatory 3uthority
<P< <hyber Pakhtunkhwa
94 9ilgit-4altistan
384 3sian 8evelopment 4ank
1/85+P 1enewable /nergy 8evelopment 5ector +nvestment Programme
P5, Pakistan 5tate ,il
Abbre!"#!$% N"&e !% F'((
95P 9eological 5urvey of Pakistan
3@>< 3.ad @ammu and <ashmir
*5P *oncentrated 5olar Power Technology
,913 ,il and 9as 1egulatory 3uthority
,#*s ,il #arketing *ompanies
?+, ?ational +nstitute of ,ceanography
25T 2uel 5aving Technology
#,A #emorandum of Anderstanding
?15P ?ational 1ural 5upport Program
P15P Pun-ab 1ural 5upport Program
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ser!"( C$%#e%#) P"*e N$
. Title +
%. #other Theme ii-iii
B. 5ub Theme ++ iv
&. 3bstract v
C. Preface vi
D. 3bbreviations and 3cronyms vii-viii
E. Table of *ontents i)-)ii
!. +ntroduction
F. 3im and 5cope %
". C+",#er - . E%er*/ Se0#$r $1 P"2!)#"%
a. ,verview.
b. P$3er Se0#$r I%)#!#'#!$%)
'( #inistry of $ater and Power.
'%( ?ational /lectric Power 1egulatory 3uthority.
'B( 3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oard.
4--5
B
B
B
&
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viii
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'&( Private Power +nfrastructure 4oard.
'C( Provincial and 3@>< agencies.
'D( Power utilities.
c. *urrent /nergy 5ituation.
d. Present Power 9eneration *apacity.
e. 2uture /nergy 2orecast.
f. A(#er%"#!e Re)$'r0e) . F'#'re E%er*/ Re(!"%0e
'( 5hifting Trends
'%( *hallenge to #eet.
'B( 5uitable 9eographic Gone.
&
&
C
C
D
F
F
"
"
.
C+",#er 6 . A(#er%"#!e E%er*/ S$'r0e) - Pr$),e0#) 1$r
P"2!)#"%
a. 1enewable7 3lternative 5ources.
b. S$("r E%er*/
'( Photovoltaic 'P=(.
'%( 5olar H Thermal /lectric.
'B( S$("r T+er&"( P$3er P("%# Te0+%$($*!e)
'a( 5olar /ngine 8ish Technology.
'b( 5olar Parabolic Trough Technology.
c. $ind /nergy.
d. 4iomass.
e. 4io-diesel.
f. 2uel *ell.
g. 9eothermal.
h. /nergy 9eneration from +ndus 8elta *reeks.
Re%e3"b(e E%er*!e) . C$%#e&,$r"r/ S#"#')
----7

%
%
%
B
B
B
B
&
&
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i)
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i. #ega $ind Power Pro-ects.
-. 4io 8eisel.
k. 4io 9as Pro-ects.
l. 5mall :ydro.
m. 5olar
n. Pakistan *ouncil of 1enewable /nergy 1esources
&
C
C
C
D
D
%.
C+",#er 4 . A%"(/)!) $1 P$(!0/8 I%)#!#'#!$%"( Fe"#'re)
"%9 B"rr!er) I&,"0#!%* Re%e3"b(e E%er*/ Ge%er"#!$% :
D!))e&!%"#!$%
a. +nstitutions and their 1oles.
b. P$(!0/ I%0e%#!e) b/ #+e G$er%&e%#
'( 2ocal Point for 1enewable /nergy 3ctivities.
'%( ?ational 1enewable /nergy Policy.
'B( #id Term Policy.
'&( ;ong Term Policy.
c. Policy #aking and +mplementing 4arriers.
d. I%)#!#'#!$%"( B"rr!er)
'( ;ack of *learly 8efined +nstitutional #andates.
'%( ;ack of *oordination between
Policy #akers, 1egulators and Atilities.
e. Re*'("#$r/ B"rr!er)
'( ;imited ,rganisational *apacity.
'%( ;ack of 2inancial 3utonomy.
'B( 2iscal and 2inancial 4arriers.
f. +nformation and Technological 4arriers.
-;-66
E
E
E
!
!
F
F
%"
%"
%"
%
%
%%
%%
B.
C+",#er < . Re0$&&e%9"#!$%)
64 . 6=
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a. ,vercoming Policy #aking7 +mplementing 4arriers.
b. ,vercoming +nstitutional 4arriers.
c. ,vercoming 1egulatory 4arriers.
d. ,vercoming 2iscal and 2inancial 4arriers.
e. ,vercoming +nformation and Technological 4arriers.
f. #iscellaneous 1ecommendations.
%B
%B
%&
%C
%C
%D - %!
&. C$%0(')!$% %F
C. A%%e>e) B" - BE
D. E%9%$#e) B!
E. B!b(!$*r",+/ BF
!. Me&$!r) $1 &/ Re)e"r0+ &" H &B

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ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES - PROSPECTS FOR PAKISTAN
I%#r$9'0#!$%
. The phenomenal pace of technological progress, which has brought about a
transformation in the world economy; is dependent on a countryIs own degrees of
self-reliance on the availability of conventional sources of energy. #odern energy
services are a powerful engine of economic and social development, and no country
has managed to develop much beyond a subsistence economy without ensuring at
least a minimum access to energy services for a broad section of its population.
5ubsistence energy supply and ensuring the efficient use of energy is one of the
ma-or challenges of the %st century.
%. Pakistan lacks in conventional energy resources e)ploration and spends more
than ! billion dollars on import of oil. +t has relied almost e)clusively upon fossil fuels
and hydroelectricity as its primary energy supplies. 4ecause of fast growing
economy and population the demand of energy is rapidly increasing. Pakistan is in
danger of facing huge deficits in the coming years and even at present the primary
energy supplies are not able to meet the e)isting demand in proper way.
B. ,wing to above mentioned reasons especially the high energy cost 7 energy
shortages, the national growth is not at par to its potential. The fossil fuel forecast will
further compound the problem unless Pakistan finds an alternative. 1enewable
energy resources can provide a viable alternative to overcome the shortages in
e)isting energy supply system. 3lthough interest in this sector as part of national
energy supplies is growing, but need of the hour is to reali.e the problem of energy
shortage in its entirety and make a strategy which should capitali.e on e)ploration7
development of renewable energy resources. $e need to have a paradigm shift in
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the energy production from the traditional resources to the more sustainable and
environment friendly renewable resources, while bringing an affordable strategic
balance between cost effectiveness and environment friendly sources.
A!&
&. To +dentify 7 assess the potential of alternate energy resources in Pakistan
with a view to recommend measures to harness these sources in order to overcome
e)isting and pro-ected energy short fall.
S0$,e
C. This paper will be discussed under following chaptersJ-
a. C+",#er I - /nergy 5ector of Pakistan.
b. C+",#er II - 1enewable7 3lternative 5ources of /nergy -
Prospects for Pakistan
c. C+",#er III - 3nalysis of Policy, +nstitutional 2eatures and
4arriers +mpacting 1enewable /nergy 9eneration 7 8issemination
d. C+",#er IV - 1ecommendations.
e. *onclusion.
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4
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CHAPTER . -
ENERGY SECTOR OF PAKISTAN
D. Oer!e3 . /nergy is identified as one of the four ma-or drivers of growth.
Pakistan realising the importance, is making concerted efforts to speedup the
development of energy resources so as it may effectively contribute to the nationKs
economic growth and well-being. The four ma-or components of governmentIs
strategy for energy sector development includeJ-
f. +ncreasing energy supplies to meet the growing demand.
g. /)panding and upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructure.
h. +ncreasing end use energy efficiency.
i. #a)imum indigeni.ation.
. P$3er Se0#$r I%)#!#'#!$%)
-
. The following institutions are of relevance in
facilitating electricity generation, transmission, and distribution in PakistanJ-
a. M!%!)#r/ $1 W"#er "%9 P$3er . #inistry of $ater and Power is the
e)ecutive arm for all issues relating to electricity generation,
transmission and distribution, pricing, regulation, and consumption in
the country, and e)ercises this function through its various line
agencies as well as relevant autonomous bodies. +t also serves to
coordinate and plan the nationIs power sector, formulate policy and
specific incentives, and liaise with provincial governments.
b. N"#!$%"( E(e0#r!0 P$3er Re*'("#$r/ A'#+$r!#/ . The ?ational
/lectric Power 1egulatory 3uthority '?/P13( was established under
Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric
Power Act, 1997, to function as an independent regulator and ensure a
transparent, competitive, commercially-oriented power market in

httpJ77www.aedb.org7Policy71/policy.pdf
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Pakistan. The 3uthorityIs main functions include, inter alia, issuing
licenses for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power;
establishing and enforcing standards to ensure 0uality, safety, and
proper accounting of operation and supply of electric power.
c. A(#er%"#!e E%er*/ Dee($,&e%# B$"r9 . The 3lternative /nergy
8evelopment 4oard '3/84( was established as an autonomous body
with the aim of promoting and facilitating the e)ploitation of renewable
energy resources in Pakistan. The 3/84 is tasked with implementing
government policies and plans, developing pro-ects, promoting local
manufacturing, creating awareness and facilitating technology transfer
and coordinating all associated activities.
d. Pr!"#e P$3er I%1r")#r'0#'re B$"r9 . The Private Power and
+nfrastructure 4oard 'PP+4(, which includes representation from each
of the four provinces of Pakistan and 3@<, acts as a Lone-windowI
facilitator for conventional private sector power generation pro-ects,
including 1/ hydel pro-ects of more than C" #$ capacity.
e. Pr$!%0!"( "%9 A?K A*e%0!e) . Provincial and 3.ad @ammu and
<ashmir '3@<( governments support the implementation of renewable
energy pro-ects within their geographical -urisdiction, either on their
own or in collaboration with the 3/84.
f. P$3er U#!(!#!e) . /lectricity utilities in Pakistan comprise nine
separately corporati.ed distribution companies serving different regions
of Pakistan and a private integrated company, the <arachi /lectric
5upply *orporation '</5*(, serving the <arachi metropolitan area. +n
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addition, there are four generation companies and $3P83 :ydel
$ing. *ontrol of power transmission and despatch is allocated to the
?ational Transmission and 8ispatch *ompany '?T8*(.
%. C'rre%# E%er*/ S!#'"#!$% . 3 profile of Pakistan primary energy
resources shows its dependence on conventional energy resources. +ts share in
energy supply mi) is highly dependent on oil, li0uid petroleum and natural gas. The
primary commercial energy supplies during recent years were DB. million tons of oil
e0uivalent '#T,/(
%
. The share of natural gas in primary energy supplies was &!.!M
B
followed by oil B.&M, hydroelectricity ".DM, coal E.BM, nuclear electricity .M,
;P9 ".DM, and imported electricity ".M.
ENERGY SUPPLIES AND CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE AND SECTOR
<

%
httpJ77www.research.org.pk78atabank7/nergyM%"andM%"renewableM%"energyM%"scenarioM%"of
M%"Pakistan.pdf
B
Pakistan /nergy Near 4ook %""
&
Page %", Pakistan /nergy Near 4ook %""
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B. Pre)e%# P$3er Ge%er"#!$% C","0!#/ . Presently, the electricity generation
capacity in Pakistan is %",F%% #$
C
. This is not enough to meet our electricity
demands and with an average increase of around """ #$ per year in this demand,
the problem will continue to grow. The high dependence on oil import has a huge
negative impact on economy and energy security of the country. The natural gas
reserves are not in great position either with proven reserves of %!.D% trillion cubic
feet 'T*2(. 3t this production level PakistanIs reserves would finish in %& years. The
measured coal reserves are in large 0uantity 'B,B"B million tons(. :owever, currently
coal is not playing a noticeable role in PakistanIs current energy mi).
ELECTRICITY INSTALLED CAPACITY BY TYPE
C
Pakistan /nergy Near 4ook %""
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=
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ENERGY FLOW CHART - 65-5
7

D
Pakistan /nergy Near 4ook %"", :ydrocarbon institute of Pakistan, #inistry of Petroleum and
?atural 1esources.
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&. E%er*/ F$re0")# . PakistanKs economy is undergoing significant changes
since FF!-FF. The real 98P fluctuated from C.M in %""%-"B to %.&M
E
for the fiscal
year %""- 'decline mainly attributed to devastating floods in year %""(.
3lthough, both the demand and supply of energy has been increasing for the last
decade and a half, the per capita consumption of energy in Pakistan remains low.
3ccording to the year %""- /conomic 5urvey, there is a plan to increase the
installed capacity to B&,""" #$ by %"B" with a cumulative capacity of "D""" #$.
I%)#"((e9 "%9 P$3er C","0!#/ F$re0")# B65-5 #$ 6545C
=

C. A(#er%"#e Re)$'r0e) . F'#'re E%er*/ Re(!"%0e
a. S+!1#!%* Tre%9) . The conventional energy sources have remained
the energy sources of choice of the world for centuries. ?ow, there has
been a growing recognition of the dangers inherent in e)cessive
consumption as reserves of fossil fuels would not last very long. There
has been a growing world opinion in favour of looking at alternatives to
conventional sources that would ensure eco-friendly sustainable
development and energy security.
b. C+"((e%*e #$ Mee# . 4iggest challenge facing renewable energy
technologies is to e)cel in state of the art technologies, where more
E
Pakistan /conomic 5urvey %""-, 2inance 8ivision, +slamabad, Pakistan.
!
/conomic 5urvey %""-.
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renewable options can generate energy at cost; competitive with
conventional sources. Pakistan has wide spectrum of high potential of
renewable energy sources 'conventional and non-conventional(, which
have not been ade0uately e)plored, e)ploited or developed.
c. S'!#"b(e Ge$*r",+!0 Z$%e . Pakistan has total land area of
!"",""" kmO. The offshore /)clusive /conomic Gone covers over
%B,DE& kmO in the 3rabian 5ea. *onsidering the geological setup,
geographical position, climatological cycles and the agricultural
activities, various renewable resources are technologically viable and
have bright prospects to e)ploit commercially in Pakistan.
CHAPTER . 6
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES . PROSPECTS FOR PAKISTAN
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D. Re%e3"b(e: A(#er%"#!e S$'r0e) . Pakistan has a large resource base
for employing 1/ for meeting its energy needs. The best technologies for the
Pakistani market are solar; mini, micro and small hydro power plants; biogas and
wind power plants. 5olar potential in the central parts of the country is significant.
PakistanIs hydropower potential, based on the report of the Planning *ommission is
over B!,""" #$
F
. ;arge potential for smaller hydropower pro-ect i.e. micro, mini and
small hydropower plants 'less than C #$( e)ists especially in the northern areas of
Pakistan. The four key strategic ob-ectives
"
for developing PakistanIs renewable
energy resources includeJ-
a. /nergy 5ecurity.
b. /conomic 4enefits.
c. 5ocial /0uity.
d. /nvironmental Protection.
E. S$("r E%er*/ . Pakistan

is located in the 5un 4elt. The mean global

irradiation fall on the hori.ontal surface is about %""-%C" watts per meter cube in a
day. This data shows that the solar energy is abundantly available in Pakistan and
may be used in principle to replace fuels in all sectors of the economy.
a. P+$#$$(#"!0 BPVC . 5tudies conducted by the $orld 4ank and some
national agencies in Pakistan suggest that P= power systems become
competitive with conventional energy sources for small power
applications such as for telecommunication in remote areas. +f
installed, about %" #$ P= installations will generate an average
F
Promotion of 1enewable /nergy, P1/93, Pakistan *ountry 1eport, 3pril %""&
"
Page D, Policy for 8evelopment of 1enewable /nergy for Power 9eneration, 9overnment of
Pakistan, %""D.

*ol 8r ?asim 3 <han, P5olar /nergyQ. *hapter &.

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B%.FC million k$h of energy annually on a BCM annual plant factor.
5ince the cost of implementing the option is much higher than the
benefits available, the implementation of P= option has not met any
considerable success over the years.
b. S$("r T+er&"( . E(e0#r!0 . 5olar thermal technologies collect the sunIs
radiant energy to create a high-temperature at the source that can be
converted into mechanical energy. These technologies are currently in
the development and demonstration phase in the country.
c. S$("r T+er&"( P$3er P("%#) Te0+%$($*!e) . 5olar Thermal Power
Plants technologies are anticipated to provide electricity independent of
national grid, throughout the year. There are two types of 5olar
Thermal Technologies that are mature and being installed in many
countries. These technologies areJ-
'( S$("r D!)+ E%*!%e Te0+%$($*/ . 3 solar dish7 engine
system utili.es concentrating solar collectors, concentrating the
energy at the focal point of the dish. The engine is coupled to an
electric generator to convert mechanical power to electric power.
'%( S$("r P"r"b$(!0 Tr$'*+ Te0+%$($*/ . The solar radiation
incident on the parabolic trough is reflected on to a receiver tube
in which flows the working fluid. This fluid is heated up to B""
R*. This fluid is further used to produce steam to run the steam
turbine. 5team cycle power plants, up to !" #$ capacity using
parabolic trough collectors.
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!. W!%9 E%er*/ . 3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oard '3/84( has
planned to generate C M of total national power generation capacity 'FE"" #$( by
year %"B" through wind energy technologies. The wind mapping of coastal areas of
5indh and 4aluchistan provinces, conducted by the Pakistan #eteorological
8epartment, has uncovered a natural wind corridor in 5indh between 9haro and <eti
4andar, e)tending up to :yderabad with potential of C",""" #$.
F. B!$&")) . 4y FF%, biomass fuels were providing energy e0uivalent to
F,%CD T,/, which was e0ual to about %EM of PakistanIs total energy supply
%
. 3s
per livestock census, there are &D.DF million animals 'buffaloes, cows, bullocks( in
Pakistan. 3ssuming C" percent collection, the availability of fresh dung would be
%BB.&C million kg per day. Thus .DE million cubic meters of biogas per day can be
produced through bio-methanation, meeting cooking needs of %F.% million people.
". B!$ D!e)e( . 4iodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from
renewable resources. 4iodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel to create a
4iodiesel blend or could be used directly. +t can be used in compression-ignition
'diesel( engines with little or no modifications.
. F'e( Ce(( . The fuel cell technology pro-ect was started in fiscal year %""C-
"D. The main ob-ective of this pro-ect is to familiari.e the various aspects of basic
fuel cell technology. 8evelopment of :ydrogen prototype is a revolutionary step; as it
is a turning point for the vehicle technologies that are currently being used. +t is non-
contaminating and reduces the dependency on e)ternal conventional fuel imports.
%. Ge$#+er&"( . The 9eological 5urvey of Pakistan '95P( has conducted a
number of studies to estimate the potential of geothermal resources of the country.
%
:/55, FF&
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The total potential available from this resource is estimated to be less than ,"""
#$. This option is not feasible for Pakistan due to high costs of investments
involved and limited number of focused sites.
B. T!9e E%er*/ Ge%er"#!$% 1r$& I%9') De(#" Cree2) . Pakistan has a
coastline of about ,""" km with comple) network of creeks in +ndus deltaic area
e)tending over an area of E" kms. ;imited surveys carried out by the ?ational
+nstitute of ,ceanography '?+,( <arachi show that about "" <$ power can be
produced from these creeks altogether.
A(#er%"#!e: Re%e3"b(e E%er*!e) - C$%#e&,$r"r/ S#"#')
&. To meet the growing demand of energy and to achieve the target of FE""
#$
B
generation by the year %"B", the 3/84 has taken various initiatives. Ander the
remote village electrification program; 3/84 is to electrify E!E& remote off grid
villages in the 5indh and 4aluchistan provinces. Ander 3/84 3ct, enacted on #ay
%"", 3/84 now has the mandate to implement pro-ects in addition to its
authori.ations.
C. Me*" W!%9 P$3er Pr$De0#) . 3/84 issued seven letters of +ntent ';,+(
for wind power pro-ects; one for C" #$ pro-ects, two for " #$ pro-ects each, three
for C #$ pro-ects each and one for %.& #$ wind power pro-ect in 9haro area.
3/84 is currently facilitating twenty one pro-ects having capacity of C" #$ each,
which are at different stages of development. 2easibility studies for C" #$ wind
power pro-ects each have been completed by seven +PPs taking the total to
seventeen completed feasibility studies. +n order to mitigate country risk, 3/84 has
B
*hapter C '/nergy(, 5urvey of Pakistan 1eport %""-%"
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arranged 3sian 8evelopment 4ankIs Political 1isk 9uarantee facility for wind power
pro-ect developers.
D. B!$9!e)e( . The government has given a target for replacement of C percent
of total annual petroleum diesel consumption with 4iodiesel by the year %"C and "
percent by %"%C. 3/84 has engaged Pakistan 5tate ,il 'P5,( for furthering the
?ational 4iodiesel Programme and provided a production plant of biodiesel to P5,.
The cultivation has now risen from around two acres in %""C to more than DC" acres.
PakistanIs first ever commercial 4iodiesel production facility with capacity of
producing !,""" tons of 4iodiesel per annum has been setup in <arachi.
E. B!$ G") Pr$De0#) . ?ew Gealand based firm has completed the pilot phase of
the biogas pro-ect at ;andi *attle *olony, <arachi. The full scale plant is estimated to
generate up to C" #$ of electricity and C"" tons of organic fertili.er per day.
!. S&"(( H/9r$. 3/84 is actively working to install "B hydro power
plants in <hyber Pakhtunkhwa '<P<( and 9ilgit-4altistan '94(, with the total cost of
A5S F.C #illion. 3nother pro-ect for %C" plants is under preparation for same areas.
/ight small7 mini7 micro hydro pro-ects have been initiated under the 1enewable
/nergy 8evelopment 5ector +nvestment Programme '1/85+P( with the support of
3sian 8evelopment 4ank '384(. These pro-ects are being implemented with an
estimated cost of A5S BF.C #illion. 3/84 initiated a program in small hydro sector
with the 9TG support. Ander this program, 2easibility 5tudies for top %C hydro sites
with the cumulative capacity of %!&.& #$ has been completed.
F. S$("r . 3s a first phase, 3/84 plans to electrify &"" villages. &F villages in
5indh have already been electrified where B""" 5olar :ome 5ystems are installed.
5treet lights and billboards consume around &"" #$ of power, which can be taken
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off from the grid by converting these loads to solar. 3/84 has also initiated pilot
program under $orld 4ank assistance to study viability for replacement of
conventional water heaters with 5olar $ater :eaters. 5olar P= Parks of small to
medium capacity '-" #$s( in dispersed locations will ensure reliability and
efficiency of the national grid. 3/84 has issued C ;,+s of cumulative capacity of B
#$ for installation of 5olar P= parks in 5indh and 5outhern Pun-ab.
%". P"2!)#"% C$'%0!( $1 Re%e3"b(e E%er*/ Te0+%$($*!e) BPCRETC . Pakistan
council of 1enewable /nergy Technologies 'P*1/T( has been ac0uiring and
updating knowhow imperative for the promotion and mass propagation of 1enewable
/nergy Technologies. =arious technological knowhow have already been adapted
and indigeni.ed by the *ouncil in the field of 1enewable /nergy Technologies.
3chievements of P*1/T during year %""- are appended at 3nne)ure 3.
CHAPTER . 4
ANALYSIS OF POLICY8 INSTITUTIONAL FEATURES AND BARRIERS
IMPACTING RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION: DISSEMINATION
%. I%)#!#'#!$%) "%9 T+e!r R$(e) . +n Pakistan, various public and private
sector institutions are working for the promotion, dissemination and development of
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1/ sources and their relevant technologies. 3lthough, the institutions that have been
working under different ministries and private sector have performed useful work,
they do not effectively interact and collaborate with each other. 3s a result, there is a
significant overlap in their 1>8 activities. 3lso, the progress on development of 1/
alternatives was relatively slow initially due to lack of technical awareness and
e)perience, but now it is improving fast with better understanding of the particular 1/
sources and their relevant technologies.
%%. P$(!0/ I%0e%#!e) b/ #+e G$er%&e%# . The 9overnment of Pakistan
has recently taken few good initiatives to promote renewable sources of energy.
These include development of a draft ?ational 1enewable Policy in ?ovember
%""%
&
. 4rief descriptions of policy initiatives undertaken are as followJ-
a. F$0"( P$!%# 1$r RE A0#!!#!e) . +n order to integrate the efforts for the
ade0uate development of 1/ sources and relevant technologies, the
9overnment of Pakistan created the Pakistan *ouncil of 1enewable
/nergy Technologies 'P*1/T(
C
with a mandate to promote 1/ in the
country. ?ow, although P*1/T is serving as a focal point in Pakistan
for the effective development of 1/ technologies, most of the work in
1/ area in the country is fragmented. +t is being carried out on a Pbits
and piecesQ basis; and does not fit into a consistent framework.
b. N"#!$%"( Re%e3"b(e E%er*/ P$(!0/ . The harnessing of 1/ is
hampered by a number of constraints. $hile these constraints may
have been broadly identified, a comprehensive implementable action
plan and focused proposals based on e)periences of other countries,
&
+nstitutional *apabilities and 4arriers 1elevant to P1/93 H PakistanJ %""%
C
ibid
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have yet to be formulated to address these issues. 5alient features of
PPolicy for 8evelopment of 1enewable /nergy for Power 9eneration,
%""D
D
Q cover following featuresJ-
'( +nviting investment from private sector for +ndependent power
pro-ects '+PP(.
'%( 5et firm targets for development of 1/ technologies in Pakistan.
'B( /stablish incentives re0uired for promotion of 1/ technologies.
'&( *reation of legal organi.ation to promote solar energy at
national level.
'C( 8evelopment of human resource7 infrastructure at national level.
'D( 3ll policies to cover renewable energy resources without
conflicting interest of the other energy technologies.
c. M!9 Ter& P$(!0/
-;
. The policy will help boost the growth of the
domestic 1/ industry by %"&. The #edium Term Policy goals areJ
'( :armoni.e efforts of various 9overnment bodies in developing
31/ resources.
'%( +ncrease deployment of 31/ technologies in Pakistan.
'B( +ntroduce investment friendly incentives.
'&( ,ptimi.e impact of 31/ deployment in underdeveloped areas
by integrating energy solutions.
'C( Promote productive use of energy for income generation.
'D( :elp in broad technical and operational capacity building.
'E( 2acilitate establishment of a domestic 31/ manufacturing base.
D
httpJ77www.aedb.org71/Policy.htm
E
httpJ77www.aedb.org7midtermpolicy.htm
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'!( Promote research and development of indigenous 31/
technologies and local manufacturing.
d. L$%* Ter& P$(!0/
-=

'( 1/ will be mainstreamed7 integrated within the nationIs energy
planning process.
'%( 1/ energy producers will be gradually e)posed to full
competition from alternative sources.
'B( 1/ use at the rural and urban household level will become
widespread, served by local manufacturing and service base.
%B. P$(!0/ M"2!%* "%9 I&,(e&e%#!%* B"rr!er) . The recent energy planning
process in Pakistan can perhaps be summari.ed as response to a series of crises.
1ising energy demand and oil prices have added substantially to the countryIs oil
import bill. To meet the future challenges, governments in past had been talking
about using renewables but despite the development of a number of energy policies
and plans, the priority accorded to the renewables sector in Pakistan remains low.
%&. I%)#!#'#!$%"( B"rr!er) . The development of effective institutional support
is essential for the development of renewable energy pro-ects, as the technological,
awareness, financial barriers and competition from entrenched conventional energy
resources cannot be surmounted without guiding, promoting and facilitating both
private investment and user acceptance of renewable alternatives. The fact that the
institutional roles of the various organi.ations working in the field of alternative7
renewable resources of energy, have often overlapped and varied over time is
!
Policy fort 8evelopment of 1enewable /nergy for Power 9eneration, 9overnment of Pakistan,
%""D.
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65
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reflective of the lack of policy focus and priority accorded to renewables in the
national energy planning process in Pakistan.
a. L"02 $1 C(e"r(/ De1!%e9 I%)#!#'#!$%"( M"%9"#e) . 8ifferent
countries have adopted varying policy and institutional approaches
towards renewables. 3n emerging trend is to set the broad priorities,
ob-ectives, targets and incentives at the federal level, and leave the
policy and implementation details at the state or local level. +n Pakistan,
overall responsibility for the development and promotion of renewables
has been assigned to #inistry of 5cience and Technology.
b. L"02 $1 C$$r9!%"#!$% be#3ee% P$(!0/ M"2er)8 Re*'("#$r) "%9
U#!(!#!e). 3 review of past institutional practices in the country
clearly demonstrates that the institutions responsible for the
development and implementation of renewable pro-ects have largely
acted independent of each other. ;ack of coordination between
$3P83 and the 1>8 institutions especially in the fields of providing
subsidies and other regulatory measures coupled with inter institution
rivalries are few of the glaring e)amples in hand.
%C. Re*'("#$r/ B"rr!er) . The basic purpose of a regulatory authority is to
facilitate the governmentIs ob-ective of encouraging private sector participation in the
economy. ,n this account, the main functions of such an authority would include
ensuring that the interests of the investor and the customer are protected through
impartial decisions based on transparent principles, practical investments and a
move towards a competitive economic environment. The regulatory process itself
can be both a hindrance and a benefit to the commercial e)ploitation of renewable
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resources. ,n the positive side, the presence of a simple and efficient regulatory
process can help resolve disputes that arise during the course of negotiations and
define investment and operational parameters. 2ew of the barriers in regulatory field
being faced by regulatory authorities are appended belowJ-
a. L!&!#e9 Or*"%!)"#!$%"( C","0!#/ . Prior to the establishment of
?/P13, there was little e)perience of running a regulatory authority in
the power sector in Pakistan, and staff with sufficient regulatory
e)perience was not available in the country. 3 number of employees
were appointed on short-term contracts, and there was a general lack
of long-term interest and commitment in view of the insecurity in
employment.
b. L"02 $1 F!%"%0!"( A'#$%$&/ . These authorities depend on annual
government allocations for meeting their operational e)penses.
8ependence on annual handouts, which are sub-ect to conflicting
priorities and interrupted disbursement, makes it difficult for these
authorities to e)ecute independent decisions and make optimal use of
the resources available for their growth and development.
c. F!)0"( "%9 F!%"%0!"( B"rr!er) . The government offered an attractive
package of fiscal and ta) incentives to private sector developers of
thermal power generation under the FF& Policy. These incentives
were partially withdrawn under the FF! Power Policy that focused
mainly on the establishment of hydel capacity through private
investment. The fact that the government was not able to attract any
investment under the FF! Power Policy demonstrates that fiscal and
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ta) incentives are of critical importance to developers of renewable
energy in the current economic and business environment in the
country.
%D. I%1$r&"#!$% "%9 Te0+%$($*!0"( B"rr!er) . 3 most significant impediment
to the development of renewable energy resources is the lack of information on site-
specific demand for energy and the level of e)ploitable renewable energy resources
as well as the cost, potential availability and performance of renewable energy
systems and technologies. =arious potential stakeholders in the development of
renewable energy resources in the country, including policy makers, regulators,
utilities, renewable developers and suppliers of technology, are handicapped by this
lack of knowledge and current information on renewable resources. 2ew specific
information gaps are listed belowJ-
a. ;ack of information7 awareness among policy makers and regulators.
b. ;ack of information on energy supply and demand at dispersed level.
c. ;ack of information on utility cost of supplying energy.
d. ;ack of information on resource potential.
CHAPTER . <
RECOMMENDATIONS
%E. Oer0$&e P$(!0/ M"2!%* "%9 I&,(e&e%#!%* B"rr!er) . 1esource
ac0uisition practices completely ignore renewables resources; with the result that
energy plans for the future are reliant mainly on e)panding the supply of non-
renewable fossil fuels. 5imilarly, subsidies on the gas and power supplied by state-
owned utilities to residential customers render renewable technologies uncompetitive
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in these markets. The government, power and gas utilities, and regulators need to
adopt and properly implement least-cost planning in resource ac0uisition. 3t a
minimum this meansJ-
a. Planning and Pavoided-costQ methods should be capable of identifying
the real value of available renewable resources.
b. Transmission, distribution, reliability, and other cost savings associated
with location of dispersed renewable resources should be identified.
c. Planning and investment decisions should take uncertainty and risk
into account, and select a mi) of diverse resources.
d. /nvironmental benefits of renewable resources should be considered
in resource planning and ac0uisition processes.
e. #ethods of reflecting the comparative financial risks of different
resources should be included in the planning process.
%!. Oer0$&!%* I%)#!#'#!$%"( B"rr!er) . 3n institutional framework should be
formulated to address the institutional barriers. 2ew recommended features of
proposed institutional framework are appended belowJ-
a. The #inistry of 5cience and Technology should formulate a new
1enewable /nergy Policy which should confirm the commitment of the
government towards the development of renewable resources, set
directions and targets for capacities and investments, and list
incentives and support that the government will offer to the utilities,
investors and consumers.
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b. #inistry of $ater and Power should enhance its institutional capacity to
provide one-window facility to private investors interested in setting up
renewable energy-based power pro-ects.
c. The provincial governments should be consulted for pro-ect approvals
by federal institutions while developing the capacity in the provincial
planning and development departments for assessment of renewable
pro-ects and of conformity with provincial developmental priorities.
d. The P*1/T and 3/84 should work closely with the ?9,s and rural
support organi.ations to ensure that technology packages offered are
compatible with the local conditions in which the technologies are to be
applied.
%F. Re0$&&e%9"#!$%) #$ Oer0$&e Re*'("#$r/ B"rr!er) . 3n assessment
of issues and barriers in the regulatory process indicates a need for immediate
attention to the following areasJ-
a. T+e P$(!0/ Pr$0e))
'( The development of policies and establishing criteria for the
determination of tariffs for purchase of power from renewable
resources should be done in consultation with ?/P13.
'%( ?/P13 should develop its capacity for evaluating tariffs for the
purchase of power from renewable sources.
b. F'%0#!$%!%* $1 NEPRA . The institutional capacity of ?/P13 should
be strengthened by streamlining staffing procedures to ensure that
capable and 0ualified staff can be hired on permanent positions.
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c. S,e0!1!0 Pr$!)!$%) 1$r Re%e3"b(e) !% #+e NEPRA Re*'("#!$%) .
;icensing procedures for renewable pro-ects should be simplified and
data re0uirements should be reduced to lower the cost of the
regulatory process for the developers.
B". Re0$&&e%9"#!$%) #$ Oer0$&e F!)0"( "%9 F!%"%0!"( B"rr!er) . The key
incentives suggested includeJ-
a. /)emption from payment of income ta).
b. /)emption from import duties and ta)es.
c. Protection against foreign currency risks.
d. ;oan funds to provide concessionary financing to developers of
renewables.
e. +nvestment ta) credits.
f. 3llowance for accelerated depreciation.
B. Re0$&&e%9"#!$%) #$ Oer0$&e I%1$r&"#!$% "%9 Te0+%$($*!0"( B"rr!er) .
+nformation specific to viable renewable energy technologies, such as wind, solar
and biomass, needs to be made easily accessible both to increase general
awareness and acceptability as well as to aid potential investors and sponsors of
such pro-ects. +n particular, for the promotion of the wind power market in Pakistan,
the following elements re0uire attentionJ-
a. Provision of a suitably designed national wind resource mapping
program, improvement of meteorological stations, and publication of all
historical and future data in computer-readable format.
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b. *apacity building in technical re0uirements for establishing commercial
wind farms, including proper wind analysis and plant design,
construction and manufacturing, and operation and maintenance.
c. +nformation dissemination on policies, incentives, technologies and
operation of wind power schemes to increase general awareness,
acceptance and interest in the local adoption of this resource.
d. Me9!" C"&,"!*% . 3 mass media campaign be initiated to motivate7
educate the general public on uses of renewable energy and removing
their misconception.
e. De&$%)#r"#!$% U%!#) . 5ome demonstration units in the shape of
solar street lights and solar parks are already working at few places,
but they show only a very limited use of renewable resources of
energy. :owever, there is a need to establish certain demonstration
units like small industries etc to motivate the public sector to invest in
this energy sector.
M!)0e(("%e$') Re0$&&e%9"#!$%)
B%. U)e $1 S$("r S#ree# L!*+#) e#0 . The city governments be motivated and
encouraged for the installation of solar lights and other appliances on public
buildings, parks, streets etc.
BB. C$&&'%!#/ Pr$De0#) . 2ew community pro-ects for the use of solar
energy have been initiated in <P<, 5indh and 4alochistan. 4ut, there is a need to
increase the number of these pro-ects so as the people living in remote areas can
benefit from this source of energy. 5olar Thermal Power 9eneration using
concentrated solar power technology '*5P( is a viable option because of its
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promising potential. These power plants of medium to large capacities '"-C" #$(
can be installed in 5outhern Pun-ab and /astern 5indh and 4aluchistan because of
the availability of water.
B&. A##r"0#!e I%e)#&e%# P$(!0!e) . 9overnment must facilitate the investors in
order to attract ma)imum capital for 1/ technologies through friendly policy
initiatives. 5alient of such policies can beJ-
a. 3ttractive policy to include wind risk coverage, buy back guarantee,
liberal political risk coverage and liberal fiscal 7 financial incentives.
b. 2acilitation for procurement 7 lease of land for wind farms.
c. /nvironmental issues dealt with by 3/84 on behalf of investors.
d. 3ttractive tariff offered.
e. 3vailability of infrastructure for setting up a manufacturing facilities.
BC. F$r&'("#!$% $1 B!$ D!e)e( P$(!0/
a. 9radual introduction of bio-diesel fuel blends so as to achieve a
minimum share of CM by volume by year %"C and "M by %"%C.
b. ,il #arketing *ompanies ',#*s( to purchase 4io-8iesel '4-""( from
4io-8iesel manufacturers.
c. 9overnment to provide buy back guarantees to 4iodiesel producers at
a price determined by ,913, by making it mandatory for public sector
vehicles running on diesel to use 4iodiesel.
d. 3ll imported plant, machinery, e0uipment and specific items used in
the production of 4iodiesel shall be e)empted from *ustoms 8uty,
+ncome Ta) and 5ales Ta).
e. Pilot pro-ect to be scaled up after success.
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C$%0(')!$%
BD. The 9overnment of Pakistan has identified energy as one of the four ma-or
drivers of economic growth. 3ccordingly, continuing efforts are being made to
improve energy supply support system and infrastructure to enable e0uitable access
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to energy to all segments of the society. $hile the 9overnment of Pakistan has paid
a lot of attention to the e)ploitation of conventional sources of energy, the
development of renewable sources of energy is still in its nascent years and these
resources have almost a negligible share in the overall energy supply system of the
country. The government has taken a few good policy initiatives to promote
renewable sources of energy including the creation of national focal agencies like
3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oard '3/84( and Pakistan *ouncil for 1enewable
Technologies under the #inistry of 5cience and Technology. :owever, numerous
technical, financial, institutional and policy barriers continue to hamper the
willingness and ability of relevant institutions to undertake these pro-ects. $hile
these constraints may have been broadly identified, a comprehensive implementable
action plan and focused proposals, based on e)periences of other countries
particularly in similar geographical pro)imities and economic settings have yet to be
formulated to address these issues.
A%%e>'re A
COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SUPPLIES
-A

F
/conomic 5urvey %""-%"
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ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
65

A%%e>'re B
ACHIEVEMENTS OF PCRET
%"
/conomic 5urvey %""-%"
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. The net installed capacity of different renewable energy systems
%
are as
underJ
a. +nstalled CB! #icrohydel Power Plants 'C-C" <$ capacity( with total
capacity of E.! #$.
b. E",""" houses electrified.
c. +nstalled CC small wind turbines '".C <$ to " <$( with total capacity
of D<$ in 5indh and 4alochistan, electrifying CD" houses and F-
coast guard check posts.
d. +nstalled B"" 5olar P= systems with total capacity of "" <$
electrifying C"" houses, mos0ues, and schools, %DC-street lights.
e. +nstalled &""" 4iogas Plants and developed D-models of efficient
smokeless cook stoves.
f. "",""" mud stoves have been built in rural houses; saving BDC"" tons
of fuel wood per year.
g. +nstalled % solar dryers with total capacity of C%B" <g7day fruit.
%. P= is economical source of electric power for remote areas. 3 total of about
DC"<$ of P= has been installed in the country. #ore recently P*1/T has electrified
three villages of 4aluchistan using wind7 P= 7 diesel hybrid and solar home light
systems. 3nother four villages are in the P*1/T pipeline for electrification. /mpower
*onsultants of ?ew Gealand is working to bring affordable electricity to poor villagers
of 9awadar area in 4aluchistan province. 8etailed design and e0uipment purchasing
is now underway.
%
httpJ77www.pcret.gov.pk
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B. P*1/T, in FFC, launched the 2uel 5aving Technology '25T( pro-ect to
conserve energy at a domestic level. +t reduces the familyKs consumption by B"-&"M
and eliminates smokes. The *ouncil has so far installed7 disseminated more than
D",""" energy conserving stoves all over the country and has provided training in
construction and use of such stoves to the workers of various ?9,s and local
population.
&. Pakistan *ouncil of 1enewable /nergy Technologies launched a pro-ect in
FED-EE for the design, development and the installation of micro hydro power
plants. Ap till now over B"" micro hydro power plants with generation capacity
e)ceeding B #$ have been installed. 3nother pro-ect that will utili.e the hydropower
of the canals to produce the electricity on micro scale is at its development stage.
C. 2or the purpose of harnessing wind energy, a pro-ect, now in its final stage,
has been initiated to produce wind maps for the coastal areas of 4aluchistan and
5indh. 3bout B" wind water-pumping machines have been installed during FED-!!.
#anufacturing capability of such windmills also e)ists in the country. 3t the same
time, another pro-ect B& small wind turbines for power generation is being initiated
by P*1/T.
D. 5olar drying is largely and effectively being used in ?orthern #ountains of
Pakistan. The dry product is packed and sold in the market at higher prices. 2our
community si.e solar dryers have been planned to be installed by P*1/T in date
growing areas of Pun-ab, 5indh and 4aluchistan.
A0+!ee&e%#) 9'r!%* Ye"r 65-5
66

E. S$("r
%%
Part D, Pakistan /nergy Near 4ook %""
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a. "" 5olar lights fabricated and handed over to P# 5ecretariat for
onward distribution to flood affected people.
b. %"" solar lights fabricated and handed over to ?ational 1ural 5upport
Program '?15P( for the flood effected people.
c. ,n the re0uest of Pun-ab 1ural 5upport Program 'P15P(, P*1/T has
submitted a proposal for the solar electrification of houses to be built
for flood effected people in ! districts.
d. 3n #,A has been signed with private entrepreneur for manufacturing
of solar water heaters. The product is available in the local market.
e. 5olar thermal devices available for commerciali.ation areJ-
'( 5olar cookers '4o) > *oncentrated types(.
'%( 5olar dryers '"-C kg, "" kg, C"" kg(.
'B( 5olar desalination units 'C-" liters7 day, &"-C" liters 7 day(.
f. P*1/T developed facilities for testing of Photovoltaic 'P=( Panel
Testing, Photovoltaic 'P=( Panel /nvironmental and 4attery Testing.
g. 5olar 5ystems +nstallation at P*1/T :ead ,ffice, +slamabad
h. C $atts to <$ 5olar :ome 5ystems development by P*1/T for
commerciali.ation.
!. M!0r$-H/9e(
a. 2easibility78esigning completedJ B".
b. *ivil $ork completedJ %C.
c. *onstruction of Power :ouses completedJ %".
d. #:P plants installedJ !.
e. 9eneration capacity installed plants '!(J &%C <$.
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f. /lectricity generated per annumJ %&!%""" <wh.
g. #arket Prices electricity generated7 annumJ R)E 6<E=6 &!((!$%.
F. S$0!$-E0$%$&!0 I&,"0#
a. :ouses electrifiedJ %!"&.
b. /mployment generatedJ BD.
c. 3nnual *,
%
abetmentJ "&%&& kg
%
.
d. *ivil #ilitary ;iaison *ell, Technical :ead0uarter, #ingora 5wat has
re0uested P*1/T to install #icro-hydel plants in 5wat. P*1/T has
deputed a team to conduct feasibility survey of the area.
". B!$*")
a. Cm
B
plants under constructionJ C" ?os.
b. Cm
B
plants installedJ "D&.
c. 3nnual production of biogasJ .F& million #
B
.
d. 3nnual production of fertili.erJ .DE million kg.
e. 3nnual saving 'biogas(J 1s. DF.F million.
f. 3nnual saving 'fertili.er(J 1s. D.E million.
g. Total annual savingJ 1s. !D.D million.
h. *, gas abetmentJ &.E million kg.
i. P*1/T has installed B" large si.e biogas plants of "-&" m
B
capacity
in private sector for lighting, cooking, irrigation and power generation.
-. ,n the re0uest of P?15, P*1/T has commissioned a community si.e
biogas plant in #u.affergarh. 3n #,A is likely to be singed for
installation of community si.e biogas plants in C" villages of Pun-ab.
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k. #75 /co-green *ompany ;td has re0uested P*1/T for installation of
family si.e biogas plants in rural areas of Pun-ab.
l. $$2 has re0uested P*1/T to sign an #,A to install family si.e
biogas plants in rural 5indh with their financial support.
A%%e>'re C
PCRET - LIST OF PRO?ECTS
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47
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. Pr$De0#) C$&,(e#e9
64

Pr$De0# B'9*e#
BM!((!$%C
S#"r#!%* C$&,(e#!$%
8evelopment of 1ural 3reas through
promotion of 4iogas Tech
%%."% @une %""% @une %""C
/lectrification of 1emote *oastal =illage
using $ind /nergy
B%.!" @une %""% 8ecember
%""C
8esign 8evelopment and
8emonstration of <aplan Turbine
C." @anuary
%""C
#arch %""E
Pilot 5cale Production of 5olar *ells and
#odules
BE.& @uly %""C 8ecember
%""!
Testing ;aboratory for Photovoltaic 'P=(
and 5olar Thermal 3ppliances
%."" 8ecember
%""&
8ecember
%""E
*ommunity 5olar 8ryer ".DCD @une %""C #arch %""!
/lectrification of 1emote =illages of :illy
3reas through installation of E"
#icrohydel Plants
B!.!" @une %""C @une,%""F
8evelopment of ;ow Power :igh
+ntensity 5olar ;ights
D.EE @anuary
%""D
8ecember
%""F
/lectrification of *ommunity *enters in
1emote 3reas through 5olar /nergy
%!.CF" @uly %""C 8ecember
%""F
1ural /lectrification using 5olar /nergy BE.C" 2ebruary
%""C
8ecember
%""F
%. O%-G$!%* Pr$De0#)
Pr$De0# B'9*e#
BM!((!$%C
Ap gradation of facilities to produce 5ilicon 5olar #odules up to &!.&F!
%B
httpJ77www.pcret.gov.pk
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!"k$ annual capacity 'revised on %""F(
Provision of /lectricity to /arth0uake /ffected 3reas Through
+nstallation of "" #icro :ydro Power Plants
B%.%CD
8evelopment and Promotion of 4iogas Technology for meeting
domestic fuel needs of rural area and production of 4io-fertili.er
!F.%"
Ap gradation and /)tension of P*1/T 2acilities at +slamabad
*entre
&!.EBD
8evelopment and +nstallation of #:P plant at *anal 2all for
8emonstration and *ommercial 3pplications.
E."&%
2easibility 5urvey for /stablishing of :igh Purity Pilot7+ndustrial
5cale 5ilicon Production Plant in Pakistan.
B.D&

ENDNOTES
. httpJ77www.aedb.org7Policy71/policy.pdf
%. httpJ77www.research.org.pk78atabank7/nergyM%"andM%"renewable
M%"energyM%"scenarioM%"ofM%"Pakistan.pdf
B. httpJ77www.aedb.org71/Policy.htm
&. httpJ77www.aedb.org7midtermpolicy.htm
C. Pakistan /nergy Near 4ook %"", :ydrocarbon institute of Pakistan, #inistry
of Petroleum and ?atural 1esources.
D. Pakistan /conomic 5urvey %""-, 2inance 8ivision, +slamabad, Pakistan.
E. Promotion of 1enewable /nergy, P1/93, Pakistan *ountry 1eport, 3pril "&.
!. Page D, Policy for 8evelopment of 1enewable /nergy for Power 9eneration,
9overnment of Pakistan, %""D.
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F. *ol 8r ?asim 3 <han, P5olar /nergyQ. *hapter &.
". :/55, FF&
. *hapter C '/nergy(, 5urvey of Pakistan 1eport %""-%".
%. +nstitutional *apabilities and 4arriers 1elevant to P1/93 H PakistanJ %""%
B. Policy fort 8evelopment of 1enewable /nergy for Power 9eneration,
9overnment of Pakistan, %""D.
&. httpJ77www.pcret.gov.pk.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
. +ftikhar 3hmed 1a-a. P5olar /nergy 1esources of PakistanQ, *hapter , p-B.
%. Pakistan /conomic 5urvey %"", /nergy, 9overnment of Pakistan, 2inance
8ivision, /conomic 3dviserKs $ing, +slamabad, Pakistan.
B. 4rigadier 8r ?asim 3 <han, P5olar /nergyQ, *hapter &.
&. Promotion of 1enewable /nergy, /nergy efficiency and 9reenhouse 9as
3batement 'P1/93(, Pakistan *ountry 1eport, 3pril %""&.
C. /nergy 4ook, %"", #inistry of $ater and Power.
D. 4iogas technology to light up villages in PakistanJ <arachi 83$? 5cience-
dot-com maga.ine, 5eptember &, p. > D-EJ :assan, #.A., %""%.
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E. 8evelopment of renewable energy technologies in Pakistan - an overviewJ
Pakistan *ouncil of 1enewable /nergy Technologies, #inistry of 5cience >
Technology, p-BJ :assan, #.A., %""%.
!. $ind mapping of Pakistan, %""J <han, ?.3. - +nternal pro-ect report of 5olar
5ystem ;ab., *ollege of /lectrical > #echanical /ngineering, 1awalpindi, Pakistan.
F. 8evelopment of renewable energy technologies in Pakistan - an overviewJ
Pakistan *ouncil of 1enewable /nergy Technologies, #inistry of 5cience >
Technology, p-BJ :assan, #.A., %""%.
". Pakistan 4eyond *risis 5tateJ by 8r. #aleeha ;odhi, %".
. Petroleum /)ploration and Production Policy %"%J #inistry of Petroleum and
?atural 1esources, 9overnment of Pakistan.
%. /nergy and 1enewable /nergy 5cenario of PakistanJ #unawar 3. 5heikh, %D
@une %""F.
B. Policies by 3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oard, %"%.
Me&$!r) $1 M/ Re)e"r0+ $% FA(#er%"#!e E%er*/ . Pr$),e0#) 1$r P"2!)#"%G
. 3n individual research topic was awarded to each participant.The mother
theme given to my syndicate was P/nergy *risis in Pakistan, 1easons and
#easures to address the +ssueQ. The topic for syndicate focused on harnessing of
alternate sources of energy in Pakistan with a view to overcome e)isting shortfall.
#y research work started with sketching out a broad outline 'framework( of the
paper.
%. $ork done by P3lternative /nergy 8evelopment 4oardQ was of immense
value to my research as it not only provided the present status of renewable
energy pro-ects but also provided an insight into their future plans. 3n article in
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the recent book; PPakistan 4eyond *risis 5tateQ by 8r. #aleeha ;odhi was 0uite
ob-ective in the present energy re0uirements of the country and losses incurred
due to mismanagement. +t also chalked out the future course of action including
dependence on alternate means of energy to boost our present and future
re0uirements.
B. Pakistan *ouncil for 1enewable /nergy Technologies 'P*1/T( under the
#inistry of 5cience and Technology has its own website. +t focuses on the
technologies available in the market, the research and development pro-ects
undertaken so far and the pilot pro-ects initiated under government supervision or
through collaboration of international non-governmental organi.ations '?9,s(.
&. P/conomic 5urvey of Pakistan %""-%"Q, published each year by
#inistry of 2inance had a complete section on energy. This report is instrumental
in stipulating countryIs consumption of various types of conventional fuels and the
drain it is causing on the national e)che0uer due to import of crude oil. /nergy
through nuclear power did not figure out as a ma-or factor due to its trivial input.
3lso an increase in use of natural gas was observed in previous years due to
enhanced usage of compressed natural gas '*?9( in the automobiles. The
impact of introduction of alternate energy pro-ects did not figure out as significant
in the overall energy matri) of the country.
C. PPakistan /nergy Near 4ook H %""Q published each year by ministry for
Power and $ater has tabulated our countryIs energy re0uirements and forecast
till %"B". +t also emphasises the shifting trends towards alternate energy.
3ccording to the fact file, if only ".%CM of the area in 4aluchistan is converted into
a solar park, it will be enough to meet the energy re0uirements of the whole
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country. PPolicy for 8evelopment of 1enewable /nergy for Power 8evelopment -
%""DQ by 9overnment of Pakistan spells out short, mid and long term policy
ob-ectives for development of alternate energy infrastructure in the county. +t
focuses on attracting foreign investment in the initial few years through attractive
incentives and ta) cuts, followed by capacity building and later mainstreaming
alternate energy technology into national power and energy structure.
D. Publications by P#inistry of #inerals and ?atural 1esourcesQ were also
handy in identifying our over reliance on conventional fuels coupled with their
future availability. +t was interesting to note that our Pso calledQ huge reservoir of
proven gas reserves with present consumption will only last for ne)t % and a half
decade. ,ur geo thermal data as a result of recent surveys conducted reveals
that any investment in this sector will not yield dividends due to low potential.
E. 8uring analysing e)isting procedures to introduce alternate technology, +
came to the inference that there are various agencies playing their part earnestly
but lack coordination at the top most tier7 hierarchy. 3lso ?ational /lectric Power
1egulatory 3uthority '?/P13( has been kept out of the loop while signing
#emorandum of Anderstanding '#,A( with +nternational Power Producers
'+PPs(. 3lso media publicity, mass advertisement and encouragement through
government funded programs leave much to be done. ,ur solar data puts the
country within the ranks of countries receiving ma)imum solar radiation
throughout the year. :owever, till now we are unable to harness even a tiny bit of
this immense resource. +nvestment only in solar field can fulfil our re0uirements
for many years to come.
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!. $ind data pro-ects vast wind corridors in 5indh and 4aluchistan area
where wind turbines can be installed. 3lthough survey has been carried out, still
real work is left to be done. +t also needs sincerity and seriousness by the
government and a long term action plan with result oriented stages at different
tiers. There are many developed countries in the world which at present have
successful renewable energy pro-ects thereby reducing dependency on fossil
fuels. This is also resulting in reduced carbon dio)ide emissions thereby
providing clean environment.
F. 5elected articles from the newspapers also assisted in identifying the
bureaucratic wrangling and other allied issues. $hile sifting through tons of
material on the sub-ect, + understood that 3llah 3lmighty has blessed Pakistan
with immense potential of natural resources. $hile other nations are making
ma-or headways, Pakistan is still miles away. $hile population keeps increasing,
the resources are diminishing at alarming pace. +t is about time for us to gear up
and initiate serious efforts.
". +n the end, the research carried out over a period of many months
e)panded my hori.on and allowed me to face the hard core facts. +t also
stimulated my mind to think of innovative solutions and ideas to address the
problem. /nergy like economy is a ma-or growth indicator of any country. +t is
only though a stable energy platform, that a stable economy and a stable nation
can be built. +t is encouraging to note that in recent years, many bold steps have
been taken in right direction. +f current policies are only maintained, it will result in
significant leap into renewable energy technologies. + earnestly appreciate the
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support of my directing staff as well as colleagues during the course of my
research and e)pect this paper to be of some value to the readers.
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