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Chapter 2.

2
Algebraic Functions
Functions
Functions
( )
A from to is a relation
from to where to each , there
correspo
function
exactly nds such that
, .
one
f
a A
b
A B
A B
a
B
b f


no two
A func
order
tion is a se
ed pairs hav
t of ordered pairs in
whi e the
same first compo
ch
nent.
Example 2.2.1
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
Example 2.2.1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
2
function
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.
1. 1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10
2 not a funct . 1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2
3. , 2 5
ion
function
function 4. ,
x y y x
x y y x

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
2
5. , 5
1,2 and 1, 2 are
both in the relation
6. , 5 1
7. , 6
0,6 and 0, 6 are both
in
not a function
function
not a f
the relat
unct
n
on
i
i
o
x y x y
x y y x
x y x y
+ =

= +
+ =

( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
8. , 3
0,0 and 0, 1 are both
in the relation
9. , 5
5,1 and 5,2 ar
no
e
t a function
not a function
functi
both
in the relation
10. , on
x y y x
x y x
x y x y
>

=
=
( )
{ }
( )
2
2 2
11. , 4 2
12. , 1
4 9
function
not a function
x y y x
y x
x y
= +


=
`

)
( )
{ }
( )
2
2 2
11. , 4 2
12. , 1
4 9
function
not a function
x y y x
y x
x y
= +


=
`

)
( )
{ }
( )
2
2 2
11. , 4 2
12. , 1
4 9
function
not a function
x y y x
y x
x y
= +


=
`

)
( )
{ }
( )
2
2 2
11. , 4 2
12. , 1
4 9
function
not a function
x y y x
y x
x y
= +


=
`

)
Notations
Notations
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
If is in a function, say then
we say that .
can be replaced by ,
,
, .
f x y
y f x
x y x f x
=
Notations
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
If is in a function, say then
we say that .
can be replaced by ,
,
, .
f x y
y f x
x y x f x
=
( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

( )
{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Given , 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 3 2 1 13
2,13 2, 2
f x y y x
y x
f x x
f
f f f
= = +
= +
= +
= + =

Vertical Line Test
Vertical Line Test
A graph defines a function if each
vertical line in the rectangular coordinate
system passes through at most one poi
on the gr
nt
aph.
Example 2.2.2
Example 2.2.2
Use the vertical line test to determine
if each of the following graphs represents
a function.
1.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.2
Use the vertical line test to determine
if each of the following graphs represents
a function.
1.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.2
Use the vertical line test to determine
if each of the following graphs represents
a function.
1.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.2
Use the vertical line test to determine
if each of the following graphs represents
a function.
1.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.2
Use the vertical line test to determine
if each of the following graphs represents
a function.
1.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.2
Use the vertical line test to determine
if each of the following graphs represents
a function.
1.
function
2.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 2.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 2.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 2.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 2.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 2.
function
3.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 3.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 3.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 3.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 3.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 3.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y 3.
not a
function
Algebraic Functions
Algebraic Functions
can be obtained by a finite combination
of constants and variables together with
the four basic operations, exponentiation,
or root extractions.
Transcendental Functions
Transcendental Functions
those that are not algebraic
Polynomial Functions
Polynomial Functions
( )
1
1 1 0
General Form:
...
Domain:
If 0, the polynomial function is
said to be of degree .
n n
n n
n
y f x a x a x a x a
a f
n

= = + + + +

Polynomial Functions
( )
1
1 1 0
General Form:
...
Domain:
If 0, the polynomial function is
said to be of degree .
n n
n n
n
y f x a x a x a x a
a f
n

= = + + + +

Polynomial Functions
( )
1
1 1 0
General Form:
...
Domain:
If 0, the polynomial function is
said to be of degree .
n n
n n
n
y f x a x a x a x a
a f
n

= = + + + +

Polynomial Functions
( )
1
1 1 0
General Form:
...
Domain:
If 0, the polynomial function is
said to be of degree .
n n
n n
n
y f x a x a x a x a
a f
n

= = + + + +

Constant Functions
Constant Functions
( )
( )
( ) { }
Form:
, where is a real number.
Graph: Horizontal Line
y f x C C
Dom f
Rng f C
= =
=
=

Constant Functions
( )
( )
( ) { }
Form:
, where is a real number.
Graph: Horizontal Line
y f x C C
Dom f
Rng f C
= =
=
=

Constant Functions
( )
( )
( ) { }
Form:
, where is a real number.
Graph: Horizontal Line
y f x C C
Dom f
Rng f C
= =
=
=

Constant Functions
( )
( )
( ) { }
Form:
, where is a real number.
Graph: Horizontal Line
y f x C C
Dom f
Rng f C
= =
=
=

Constant Functions
( )
( )
( ) { }
Form:
, where is a real number.
Graph: Horizontal Line
y f x C C
Dom f
Rng f C
= =
=
=

Constant Functions
( )
( )
( ) { }
Form:
, where is a real number.
Graph: Horizontal Line
y f x C C
Dom f
Rng f C
= =
=
=

Constant Functions
( )
( )
( ) { }
Form:
, where is a real number.
Graph: Horizontal Line
y f x C C
Dom f
Rng f C
= =
=
=

Example 2.2.3
Example 2.2.3
( )
( )
( ) { }
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3.
3
f x
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
=

Example 2.2.3
( )
( )
( ) { }
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3.
3
f x
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
=

Example 2.2.3
( )
( )
( ) { }
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3.
3
f x
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
=

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.3
( )
( )
( ) { }
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3.
3
f x
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
=

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.3
( )
( )
( ) { }
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3.
3
f x
Dom f
Rng f
=
=
=

Linear Functions
Linear Functions
( )
Form:
where and are real numbers, 0
Domain:
Range:
Graph: Line
y f x mx b
m b m
= = +

Linear Functions
( )
Form:
where and are real numbers, 0
Domain:
Range:
Graph: Line
y f x mx b
m b m
= = +

Linear Functions
( )
Form:
where and are real numbers, 0
Domain:
Range:
Graph: Line
y f x mx b
m b m
= = +

Linear Functions
( )
Form:
where and are real numbers, 0
Domain:
Range:
Graph: Line
y f x mx b
m b m
= = +

Linear Functions
( )
Form:
where and are real numbers, 0
Domain:
Range:
Graph: Line
y f x mx b
m b m
= = +

Example 2.2.4
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Example 2.2.4
( )
( )
( )
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 3 4. f x x
Dom f
Rng f
= +
=
=

x 0 -4/3
y 4 0
Quadratic Functions
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
Quadratic Functions
( )
2
2
Form 1:
Graph is a parabola.
0: opening upward
0: opening downward
4
Vertex: , or ,
2 4 2 2
y f x ax bx c
a
a
b ac b b b
f
a a a a
= = + +
>
<
| |
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
Form 1:
Symmetric with respect to:
axis of symmetry
4
if 0
4
4
if 0
4
y f x ax bx c
b
x
a
Dom f
ac b
Rng f y y a
a
ac b
y y a
a
= = + +

=
=


= >
`

)


= <
`

)

Example 2.2.5
Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

Example 2.2.5
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) { }
2
2
2
Find the domain and range then
sketch the graph of 2 4
4 2 1, 4, 2
4 1 2 4
4
vertex: , 2,6
2 1 4 1
6
Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
f x x x a b c
Dom f
Rng f y y
x
= +
= + + = = =
| |

= |
|

\ .
=
=
=

( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
2 x =
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
y
( )
( )
2
4 2
vertex: 2,6 Axis of symmetry: 2
f x x x
x
= + +
=
x 1 3
y 5 5
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4 1 2 5
3 4 3 2 5
+ + =
+ + =
2 x =
( )
( ) { }
6
Dom f
Rng f y y
=
=

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