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EP10 1/122
Sedimentation Mechanisms
Deposition by water, wind or ice (or gravity)
Alluvial
River deposits (fluvial)
Deltaic, shallow marine
Deep marine (turbidites)
Wind laid deposits (aeolian)
Lake deposits (lacustrine)
Ice related deposits (glacial)
Growth in position by organic processes
Platform carbonates
Coral reefs
Precipitation from solution
salt
gypsum
anhydrite
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EP10 2/122
lake
forest
deep marine
margin & slope
beach
barriers
delta
tidal
flat
meandering
river
braided
river
swamp
shallow
marine
deep marine
fans
alluvial
fans
shelf
sands
The Clastic World
Governed by:
Gravity
Climate
Provenance
Sediment supply
Subsidence and (eustatic) sea level changes
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EP10 3/122
Badwater fan, California
Alluvial fan
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EP10 4/122
Rivers
Meandering river
Braided river
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EP10 5/122
Braided rivers
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EP10 6/122
Meandering river
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EP10 7/122
Point bars
Oxbow
lake
Crevasse
splay
Chute
Fluvial Genetic Units
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EP10 8/122
Kanuti river Alaska
Meandering River
Point Bar Deposit & Oxbow lake
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EP10 9/122
Meandering River System
1
a
3
6
5
c
5
b
5
b
1
b
1
c
6
6
7
c
o
n
g
l
.
c
r
s
.
m
e
d
.
f
i
n
e
m
u
d
Sand
0
75 150
(API)
Gamma
Ray
1
a
6
a
3
5
c
1
b
1
c
6
c
6
b
Vert. scale: approx 1:200 Vert. scale: approx 1:200
1
a
2
1
b
1
b
1
c
5
a
3
4
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EP10 10/122
Alluvial
fan
breccias
New
meander
belt
Avulsion
Clay
plugs
Meandering river systems
Meandering stream deposits showing linear sand bodies oriented down the
depositional slope. These porous facies are laid down by the meander belts, and
are enclosed within impermeable floodplain shales.
Vertical accretion
deposits
Meander belt built
up above floodplain
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EP10 11/122
Main Deltaic Environments
CONTINENTAL
DEEP MARINE
COASTAL
SHELF
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EP10 12/122
Wave-Dominated Delta System
Barrier Sands
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EP10 13/122
Niger Delta
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EP10 14/122
River-Dominated Delta
Mississippi delta
(bird-foot delta)
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EP10 15/122
Wave-Dominated Delta System
Nile Delta
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EP10 16/122
Tidal Delta
Lena Delta (Siberia) Ganges Delta (Bangladesh)
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EP10 17/122
Lower to Upper Shoreface Sands
Cliff ~8 m
Thin bedded sandy
heterolithics, 45 cm core
Lower Shoreface
Upper Shoreface Offshore
Fair weather wavebase( FWWB)
5-10 m
Stormweather wavebase( SWWB)
15-25 m
Lower Shoreface
Upper Shoreface Offshore
Fair weather wavebase( FWWB)
5-10 m
Stormweather wavebase( SWWB)
15-25 m
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EP10 18/122
Shoreface Sands
Hummocky Cross-Stratification
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EP10 19/122
Shoreface Deposits - Book Cliffs,
Price Utah
Shoreface deposits showing lateral continuity (ca. 5 kms)
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EP10 20/122
Log response & resolution in
Lower shoreface thin beds
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EP10 21/122
Thin-bedded Heterolithics
4.80
Champion 204 Core - UV Light
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EP10 22/122
Mouth bar
Mvoti Estuary Kwazulu-Natal
by Andrew Cooper
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EP10 23/122
Barrier bar
Mvoti Estuary Kwazulu-Natal
by Andrew Cooper
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EP10 24/122
Distributary channels
Ganges Delta (Bangladesh)
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EP10 25/122
Distributary Channel Sand
12m
Small-scale, single storey distributary channel sand - East Kentucky
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EP10 26/122
Incised Valley Depositional
Sequence
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EP10 27/122
Sediment movement
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EP10 28/122
Re-deposition of sediments in deep water
Sequence of Major Events
Slope channel
Channel levee
Fan lobe
Fan channel(s)
Canyon
Shelf
Delta
Fan
Deep Marine - Turbidite Reservoirs
Depositional Overview
Debris slump, slide
500 - 3000 m water
10-100 km
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EP10 29/122
Indus Fan
Benin-major
5
0
0

m
s
2 km
5
0
0

m
s
2 km
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EP10 30/122
Turbidites in the Ainsa basin (Southern Pyrenees)
Channel Heterogeneity
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EP10 31/122
Aeolian Deposits
tank of sand ?
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EP10 32/122
Desert environment
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EP10 33/122
Namibia
Linear Draa
Stellar Draa
Interdune (flooded)
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EP10 34/122
Interdune Sabkha
Areas
interdune
Tidal flood surface, and associated sedimentary
structures, Guerrero Negro, Mexico.
Photo courtesy Steven G. Fryberger.
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EP10 35/122
Carbonate Environments
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EP10 36/122
Carbonates
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EP10 37/122
What can I see when I look at a
carbonate rock?
Grain
Cement
Pore
Matrix
(lime mud)
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EP10 38/122
Mln Years
360 318 300 250 200 145 65 0
Carbonate producing organisms:
evolution trough time
Cenozoic Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Penn. Miss
Calcareous Algae
Sponges
Bryozoa
Stromatoporoids
Tubiphytes Foraminifera
Rudists
Corals
Phylloid Algae
After J ames, 1983

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