Ijnaoe 2013 0159

SNAK, 2
Correspondin
This is an Ope
Attribution No
which permits
medium, provi

M
ABSTRACT
tion in about
weight plate
in waves and
Tank of the U
shore wind tu
KEY WORD
ACRONYM
CB
CG
FOWT
MSL
RAO
INTRODUC
Recently,
number of off
ting 3~5MW
made in the B
Several re
studied a 1.5-
man (2010), J
submersible a
waves. Hydro

2014
ng author: Hyun
en-Access artic
on-Commercial
unrestricted no
ided the origina
odel test
wind
School
T: A new 5-M
t 50m water d
at the bottom
d wind were c
University of
urbine showed
DS: Spring-ten
MS
Center of buo
Center of gra
Floating offs
Mean sea lev
Response am
CTION
some floating
ffshore wind tu
rotor nacelle a
Beatrice Wind F
esearches on FO
-MW wind turb
Jensen et al. (
and barge subs
o Oil & Energy

nkyoung Shin,
cle distributed u
l License (http:/
on-commercial
al work is prope
t of an i
d turbin
Hyunky
l of Naval Arch
MW floating off
depth. Its subs
m. A 1:128 sca
carried out to
Ulsan. Its mo
d a good stabi
nsioned-leg (S
oyancy
avity
shore wind turb
vel
mplitude operat
g offshore win
urbines with fix
assembly (RN
Farm Demonst
OWT have bee
bine; Wayman
(2011) and Wa
structures of FO
y performed a

e-mail: hkshin
under the terms
//creativecomm
use, distributio
erly cited.
inverted
ne moore
young Shin,
hitecture and
ffshore wind tu
structure is a p
le model was
estimate moti
otions were m
ility and decen
TL); Floating
bine
tor
nd turbines (FO
xed foundation
A). The instal
trator Project (W
en made. Buld
et al. (2006), S
ang and Sweet
OWT. Also a f
scale 1/47 mod

n@mail.ulsan.
s of the Creativ
mons.org/license
on, and reprodu
d conical
ed by a s
Sangrai Cho
Ocean Engin
urbine moored
platform of th
built for the p
ion character
measured and
nt responses in
g offshore win
R
S
T
U
OWT) have b
ns have been in
llation of two
Wikipedia, 20
der et al. (2002
Sclavounos et
tman (2012) a
few floating wi
del test of a 5M

Int. J.
http
ac.kr
e Commons
es/by-nc/3.0)
uction in any
l cylinde
spring-te
o and Kwangj
eering, Unive
d by a spring-
he inverted co
preliminary en
istics of this p
the RAOs wer
n waves, wind
d turbine (FO
RNA Ro
STL Spr
TLP Ten
UOU Un
een developed
nstalled in wate
fixed offshore
13).
) analyzed a tr
al. (2007), Wa
analyzed variou
ind turbine mo
MW spar-buoy

Nav. Archit.
p://dx.doi.org/1
pISSN: 20
r floatin
ensioned
gjin Jung
rsity of Ulsan
tensioned-leg
onical cylinder
ngineering dev
platform in the
re compared.
d and operatio
WT); 5-MW;
tor nacelle asse
ring tensioned
nsion leg platfo
niversity of Uls
d and deployed
er depths less t
wind turbines
i-floater platfo
ayman (2006),
us tension leg
odel tests have
floating wind

Ocean Eng. (
10.2478/IJNAO
092-6782, eISS
ng offsho
d-leg
n, Korea
g was proposed
r type with m
velopment. Th
e Ocean Engi
The proposed
on of the wind
Model test; R
embly
leg
form
san
d in deep sea,
than 50m wate
s at 44m in wa
orm wind turbin
Jonkman et al
platform (TLP
been performe
turbine at Mar

(2014) 6:1~13
OE-2013-0159
SN: 2092-6790
ore
d for installa-
assive ballast
he model tests
ineering Wide
d floating off-
d turbine.
RAO.
while a large
r deep suppor-
ater depth was
ne; Lee (2005)
. (2009), Jonk-
P), spar, semi-
ed in wind and
rinteks Ocean

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Unauthenticated | 197.38.155.63
Download Date | 5/15/14 5:19 PM
2

Basin Laborat
submersible p
aerodynamic
submersible p
tests of OC3-
was moored b
To produc
farms with pl
interferences

In this pap
suggested to s
An inverted
center of bu
A tensioned

Model tes
teristics of mo
50m of water
MODEL TE
Floating offsh
Based on
with an inver
horizontal axi
cylinder to co
The inverted c
designed for l
at 23.6m and
limited extens

Fig. 1 A
atory in Trondh
platform, Wind
thrust forces.
platform (Wind
-Hywind were
by 3 catenary m
ce electricity w
lenty of FOWT
among them, b
per, a new sub
support a 5-MW
d conical cylin
uoyancy (CB)
d mooring line
sts with a 1/12
otions of the F
and the OC3-H
EST
hore wind tur
the OC3-Hyw
rted conical cy
is reference wi
onnect to the to
conical cylinde
low CG. The l
d CB locates at
sion of spring w
A FOWT mode
heim, Norway (
dFloat (Roddie
WindSea of N
dsea, 2013). Re
carried out at
mooring lines (
with higher effi
Ts, not a single
but also installa
structure of FO
W RNA, Jonkm
nder type with
with a spring t
28 scale ratio w
OWT platform
Hywind moore
rbine model
wind moored by
ylinder platform
ind turbine wit
ower base and
er was selected
large diameter
t 16.9m below
was installed in
el installed in
(Skaare et al. 2
er et al. 2010)
Norway was t
eynolds scale w
the wide tank
(Shin, 2011) an
ficiency at lowe
e FOWT. Then
ation cost lowe
OWT satisfying
man et al. (2009
heavy ballast w
to secure small
were carried ou
m in wind and w
ed by a STL at
y a STL in 320
m was designed
th 90m in hub
its lower one
d for achieving
of ballast botto
w mean sea lev
nside the platfo
wide tank.
2007). Principa
). In this mode
tested at Force
was used in wi
k, the Universit
nd moored by a
er costs in dee
n, FOWTs shou
er than those of
g both smaller
9). Its characte
weight at its b
l foot print and
ut in the Ocean
waves. Compa
320m deep.
0m of water (K
d for shallow
height. The pl
is an inverted
g high CB in sh
om plate incre
vel (MSL). Th
orm.

Fig. 2
Int.
al Power Inc. ca
el test, a disk w
e Technology
ind tunnel and
ty of Ulsan (U
a spring-tension
ep sea, howeve
uld require not
f existing FOW
foot prints and
eristics are as fo
ottom to ensur
d low dynamic
n Engineering
arisons are mad
Kim, 2011), th
water applicati
latform in Fig.
conical cylind
hallow water an
ases yaw inert
he model was
The inverted c
J. Nav. Archit
arried out a sca
was used inste
on a 1/64 sca
Froude scale i
UOU) on a 1/12
ned-leg (STL)
er, it is necessar
t only smaller f
WTs.
d lower installa
ollows:
re that center o
tensions with a
Wide Tank of
de between the
he scale 1/128 m
ions as shown
. 2 consists of
der with a large
nd the heavy ba
ia of platform.
moored by a S
conical cylind
t. Ocean Eng.
ale 1/67 model
ead of three bl
ale of tri-wind
in basin, respe
28 scale and th
(Kim, 2011).
ary to consider
foot prints to p
ation costs in 5
of gravity (CG)
a quick installa
f UOU to pred
e inverted coni
model of 5MW
n in Fig. 1. It is
two parts. Its
e ballast plate o
allast plate at th
. In this platfor
STL. Also a s
der type FOW
(2014) 6:1~13
test of a semi-
lades to obtain
turbine semi-
ctively. Model
he scale model
building wind
prevent mutual
50m of water is
) is lower than
ation.
dict the charac-
ical cylinder in
W wind turbine
s a three blade
upper part is a
on the bottom.
he bottom was
rm, CG locates
spring case for
WT platform.
3
-
n
-
l
l
d
l
s
n
-
n
e
e
a
.
s
s
r
Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:1~13 3

Fig. 2 illuminates its detailed drawing with a spring case inside. Principal particulars of the floating offshore wind turbine
are given in Table 1.
The model tests were performed in the Ocean Engineering Wide Tank, UOU (L B D D
w
= 30m 20m 3.0m 2.5m).
An artificial bottom plate (L B = 18m 2.0m) was manufactured to satisfy the shallow water boundary condition with 0.391m
in water depth. The model was installed at 15m downstream of the wave generator and a wave probe was placed to measure the
wave elevation as shown in Fig. 3.
Four passive makers were mounted on the tower of the model in Fig.1 to measure motions in six degrees of freedom by
eight VICON cameras (Fig. 3). Before the model test, wind speed was measured by 12 anemometers at the position where the
model would be installed. The wind generator produces mean wind speeds up to 10m/s. Its dimension is 2.0m in height and
3.5m in width. Test data was recorded in 100 seconds for regular waves and in 256 seconds for irregular waves.

Table 1 Principal particulars of FOWT.
Item Full-scale Model (1:128)
Water depth 50m 0.3906m
Rotor mass 110,000kg 0.0525kg
Rotor diameter 126m 0.984375m
Nacelle mass 240,000kg 0.1144kg
Tower length 77.6m 0.6063m
Tower mass 249,718kg 0.12kg
Tower top diameter 3.87m 0.0302m
Tower base diameter 6.5m 0.051m
Platform length 45.6m 0.356m
Platform top cylinder diameter 9.4m 0.073m
Platform top conical cylinder diameter 28.67m 0.224m
Platform weight plate diameter 22.53m 0.176m
Platform mass including ballast 6,732,000kg 3.21kg
Total structure mass 7,319,000kg 3.49kg
Draft with mooring lines 36.4m 0.284m
Center of buoyancy (from MSL) -16.9m -0.132m
Center of mass (from MSL) -23.6m -0.184m
Roll inertia of whole system (about MSL) 11.132E9kgm
2
0.324kgm
2

Pitch inertia of whole system (about MSL) 11.132E9kgm
2
0.324kgm
2

Yaw inertia of whole system (about MSL) 446.7E6kgm
2
0.013kgm
2

Number of mooring lines 1 1
Tensioned leg length 13.6m 0.107m
Tensioned leg diameter 0.128m 0.001m
Pretension of tensioned leg 9458KN 4.51N
Mooring point (from MSL) -36.4m -0.284m
Spring constant 670KN/m 0.041N/m
4

The princ
the platform f
of platform.

Load cases
The mode
amplitude ope
electricity mo
NREL 5-MW
Froude scalin
ipal dimension
for reducing su
Fig
el test was carr
erator (RAO).
otor is used for
W wind turbine.
ng, rotor speed
Fig. 3
ns are shown in
urge and pitch
. 4 Principal d
ried out in reg
Wave generat
r driving the ro
The 5MW win
and mean wind
Test set in oc
n Fig. 4. Four tr
motions of the
dimensions of
gular and irregu
tor produces 13
otor. In this tes
nd turbine rotor
d speed of mod
cean engineeri
triangle plates,
e platform. The
f model platfor
ular waves wit
3 regular wave
st, wind speed
r operates with
del test are dete
Int.
ing wide tank,
which are mad
ese plates were
rm and appen
thout/with win
es and 4 irregu
d and rotor spee
h rotor speed 12
ermined as her
J. Nav. Archit
, UOU.
de of light plast
e used to get la
dage (unit = m
nd and rotating
ular waves as s
ed are based o
2.1rpm at 11.4m
reunder:
t. Ocean Eng.
stic material, w
arge drag force
mm).
g rotor to obtai
shown in Table
on the rate win
4m/s mean wind
(2014) 6:1~13

were attached to
es at lower part

n the response
es 2 and 3. An
nd speed of the
d speed. Using
3
o
t
e
n
e
g

Rotor speed of scale model = 136.9rpm
Mean wind speed of scale model = 1.007m/s
Two load cases are defined as follow:
LC1: Regular waves, no wind, parked rotor
LC2: Regular waves, mean wind speed and rotating rotor

Table 2 Regular waves for LC1 and LC2.
Run
Full scale Model test (1:128)
Period
(sec)
Freq.
(rad/s)
Wave height
(m)
Period
(sec)
Freq.
(rad/s)
Wave height
(m)
1 7 0.90 2.56 0.62 10.15 0.02
2 9.42 0.67 2.56 0.83 7.55 0.02
3 10 0.63 2.56 0.88 7.11 0.02
4 12 0.52 2.56 1.06 5.92 0.02
5 14 0.45 2.56 1.24 5.08 0.02
6 17 0.37 2.56 1.5 4.18 0.02
7 21 0.30 2.56 1.86 3.39 0.02
8 24 0.26 2.56 2.12 2.96 0.02
9 26 0.24 2.56 2.3 2.73 0.02
10 28 0.22 2.56 2.47 2.54 0.02
11 30 0.21 2.56 2.65 2.37 0.02
12 32 0.20 2.56 2.83 2.22 0.02
13 34 0.18 2.56 3.005 2.09 0.02

ISSC wave spectrum was applied to 4 irregular waves as in Table 3. Based on these waves, 2 load cases were defined as
follows:
LC3: Irregular waves, no wind, parked rotor
LC4: Irregular waves, mean wind speed, rotating rotor

Table 3 Irregular wave conditions for LC3 and LC4.
Irregular wave
No Sea state
Full scale model Model test (1:128)
T
(s) H
(m) T
(s) H
(m)
1 5 9.7 3.66 0.857 0.029
2 6 11.3 5.49 0.999 0.043
3 7 13.6 9.14 1.202 0.071
4 8 17 15.24 1.503 0.119
6 Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:1~13

Where, H
s
is significant wave height and T
p
is peak-spectral wave period.
These irregular waves were produced during 256 seconds (about 48minutes at full scale). Comparisons between the theo-
retical wave spectra and the measured spectra are shown in Fig. 5. There is a good agreement between them.

Fig. 5 Theoretical and measured spectra for sea states 5-8.

RAO (Response Amplitude Operator)
LC1
Fig. 6 shows the RAOs obtained from model tests of the OC3-Hywind moored by a long STL in 320m of water and the
inverted conical cylinder moored by a short STL in 50m of water, respectively. The comparison is made to see how large the
motion of inverted conical cylinder is. In surge and heave RAOs, both FOWTs show similar responses. The pitch RAO of the
inverted conical cylinder is smaller than the one of the OC3-Hywind below 0.5rad/s. Both models have natural frequencies
around 0.26rad/s in surge and pitch. The heave natural frequency of the inverted conical cylinder is not clearly shown in RAO
because of large heave damping from the ballast weight bottom plate. Yaw restoring moment is very small because of one STL
0.E+00
2.E-05
4.E-05
6.E-05
8.E-05
1.E-04
0 2 4 6 8 10
m
2
/
H
z

Freq., Hz
Wave spectrum Sea State 5
Theoretical ISSC
Model test measured
0.E+00
5.E-05
1.E-04
2.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
3.E-04
0 2 4 6 8 10
m
2
/
H
z

Freq., Hz
Theoretical ISSC
Model test measured
0.E+00
1.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
6.E-04
7.E-04
0 2 4 6 8 10
m
2
/
H
z

Freq., Hz
Theoretical ISSC
Model test measured
0.E+00
5.E-04
1.E-03
2.E-03
2.E-03
3.E-03
0 2 4 6 8 10
m
2
/
H
z

Freq., Hz
Theoretical ISSC
Model test measured
Int. J. Nav. Ar

mooring line.
keep the turbi

LC2
LC2 inclu
and still be in
and the rotor-
speeds and bl
Due to wi
can be seen in
pitch and then
Fig. 8 pre
conical cylind
deep, except t
proposed inv
operation con
rchit. Ocean E
. In real sites,
ine operating in
Fig. 6 RA
the O
udes both wind
n dispute for ap
-thrust might b
ade pitch angle
ind and a rotati
n Fig. 7, the inv
n the wind turb
esents the RAO
der moored by
the peak in sur
verted conical
nditions, compa
Eng. (2014) 6:1
both FOWTs
n upwind direc
AOs of the inv
OC3-Hywind a
d and wave co
pplication in ba
be underestimat
es controlled p
ing rotor, the p
verted conical
bine system osc
Os of two mod
a short STL at
urge. Also, all m
cylinder with
ared with the O
1~13
need to emplo
ction.
verted conical
at 320m deep m
onditions. The
asin model tes
ted. Both thrus
roperly (Martin
latform drifts t
cylinder is drif
cillates around
dels in regular
t 50m deep are
modes of the i
h appropriate a
OC3-Hywind m
oy a torque-ba

l cylinder at 5
moored by a l
scaling law fo
st. Froude scali
st and torque c
n, 2011).
to a new equili
fted around 30
the new positi
waves, mean w
e smaller than th
inverted conica
appendages m
moored by a lon
alanced tension
0m deep moo
long STL in re
or aerodynamic
ing in this mod
can be represen
ibrium position
mm (3.84m at
ion by wave ex
wind speed an
those of the OC
al cylinder sho
moored by a s
ng STL at 320m
ned-leg and/or
red by a short
egular waves :
c loads of FOW
del test was ap
ntative of those
n and oscillates
full scale) in su
xcitations.
nd rotating roto
C3-Hywind mo
ow peak values
hort STL sho
m deep.
a yaw control
t STL and
: LC1.
WT has not be
pplied to produ
e in full scale w
s around the ne
urge and inclin
or. Responses o
oored by a long
s around 0.25r
ows decent pe
7
lling device to

een established
uce wind speed
with both wind
ew position. As
ned about 4 in
of the inverted
g STL at 320m
rad/s. The new
erformances in
7
o
d
d
d
s
n
d
m
w
n
8

Fig. 8
F
8 RAOs of the
320m deep m
Fig. 7 An exam
e inverted con
moored by a lon
mple of surge
ical cylinder a
ng STL in reg
e and pitch tim

at 50m deep m
gular waves, m
Int.
me histories in
moored by a sh
mean wind spe
J. Nav. Archit
LC1 and LC2
hort STL and t
eed and rotatin
t. Ocean Eng.
2.
the OC3-Hyw
ng rotor : LC2
(2014) 6:1~13

wind at
2.
3
Int. J. Nav. Ar

Comparison
Fig. 9 sho
in most of fre
that damping
with higher sc

Significant m
The behav
ponses at spe
Turbine, mod
ponse, the mo

rchit. Ocean E
between LC1
ows comparison
quencies. But,
near natural f
cale ratio shoul
motion
vior of offshor
ecified sea state
del tests were c
otion spectra w
Fig.
Eng. (2014) 6:1
1 and LC2
n results betwe
RAOs in LC2
frequency are n
ld be performe
Fig. 9 Compa
in regular
re structures in
es. In order to
carried out in i
were obtained a
10 Process of
1~13
een RAOs in L
2 are higher tha
not adequately
ed.
arison between
waves, mean
n irregular wav
o predict the sig
irregular wave
and their signi
f calculation o
LC1 and LC2. F
an those in LC1
y applied in mo

n RAOs in reg
n wind speed a
ves may be de
ignificant ampl
s (sea states 5~
ificant heights
of significant a
From that com
1 near natural f
odel test. To v
gular waves o
and rotating ro
escribed in term
litude of motio
~8). As shown
were calculat
amplitude of a
parison, RAOs
frequencies. Th
erify this phen
nly (LC1) and
otor (LC2).
ms of significa
on responses o
n in Fig. 10, fro
ed.
a motion respo
s in LC1 and L
his phenomeno
nomenon, anot
d
ant amplitude
of the floating
rom the capture
onse.
9
LC2 are similar
on is caused by
ther model test

of motion res-
offshore wind
ed motion res-
9
r
y
t
-
d
-

There is a small static drift motion in irregular waves because of the second-order drift force. The maximum static drift
motion is shown in sea state 8 as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 11.

Table 4 Static drift motion of 1:128 scale model in LC3 - only irregular waves.
Time
Static drift motion in mm (average values)
Sea state 6 Sea state 7 Sea state 8
55~87 sec -0.05 -0.294 -4.362
55~120 sec -0.046 -0.32 -3.84
55~151 sec -0.049 -0.34 -3.45

Fig. 11 Surge time history of platform in sea states 6, 7 and 8 of 1:128 scale model test (LC3).
-100
-50
0
50
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
S
u
r
g
e

(
m
m
)
Time sec
Model test - Sea state 6
55 sec 87 sec 120 sec 151 sec
-100
-50
0
50
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
S
u
r
g
e

(
m
m
)
Time sec
-100
-50
0
50
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
S
u
r
g
e

(
m
m
)
Time sec
Int. J. Nav. Ar

LC3
Fig. 12 sh
OC3-Hywind
models show
STL in 50m d
in both surge
shallow water
the case show
pitch response
responses in
(H
s
= 15.24m,

Fig
LC4
Fig. 13 sh
OC3-Hywind
pitch response
Hywind is ca
OC3-Hywind

Fig. 13 Sign
m
rchit. Ocean E
hows the signi
d moored by a
a small differe
deep are smalle
and heave tha
r depth. In larg
wn in Fig. 2. Th
e, compared w
LC1. Howev
, T
p
= 17s).
g. 12 Significa
and the OC
hows the signi
d moored by a l
e of an inverte
aused by a lon
d.
nificant motio
moored by a ST
Eng. (2014) 6:1
ificant motion
long STL at 32
ence in all mod
er in both surge
an those of the
ger excursions,
herefore the inv
with the OC3-H
er, these big
ant motion hei
C3-Hywind m
ificant motion
long STL at 32
ed conical type
ng STL. In sea
on height of th
TL at 320m de
1~13
height of the i
20m deep in on
des. In sea state
e and pitch, and
OC3-Hywind
the mooring sy
verted conical
Hywind moore
responses are

ght of the inve
moored by a lon
height of the i
20m deep in irr
FOWT are be
state 5~7, an

he inverted con
eep in irregula
inverted conica
nly irregular w
te 7, the signifi
nd a little larger
d. The inverted
ystem of conic
cylinder moor
ed by a long ST
only shown
erted conical
ng STL at 320
inverted conica
regular waves w
etter, but not in
inverted conic
nical cylinder
ar waves, the
al cylinder mo
waves. In sea st
icant heights of
r in heave, whi
d conical cylind
cal cylinder can
red by a short S
TL. And Respo
in very severe
cylinder moor
0m deep in on
al cylinder mo
with a rotating
n heave respon
cal type FOWT
moored by a
mean wind sp
oored by a sho
ates 5 and 6, th
f the inverted c
le, in sea state
der was moore
nnot extend be
STL has a sma
onses in LC3 l
e wave condit
red by a short
ly irregular w
oored by a sho
rotor under un
nse. The higher
Ts heave resp
STL at 50m d
peed and rotati
ort STL in 50m
he significant h
conical cylinde
8, larger in pit
ed by a short S
ecause the sprin
all surge respon
looks too big c
tions, especial
t STL at 50m d
waves : LC3.
ort STL in 50m
niform rated w
r surge respons
ponse are a litt
deep and the O
ting rotor : LC
11
m deep and the
heights of both
er moored by a
tch and smaller
STL due to the
ng is locked by
nse and a large
compared with
lly sea state 8
deep
m deep and the
wind. Surge and
se of the OC3-
tle higher than
OC3-Hywind
C4.
1
e
h
a
r
e
y
e
h
8
e
d
-
n

CONCLUSIONS
A novel concept of FOWTs, the inverted conical cylinder moored by a STL at 50m deep, was proposed for shallow water
applications. In order to estimate motion characteristics, scale model tests in regular, irregular waves and wind were performed
in the Ocean Engineering Wide Tank of the UOU.
Having the small responses and the small footprint, the inverted conical cylinder platform was designed with the ballast
weight bottom plate for both low CG and large yaw inertia, the inverted conical cylinder for high CB, the STL with a spring
case for both small dynamic tensions and the shift in natural frequency, and four triangle plates for small surge and pitch
responses.
An inverted conical cylinder type FOWT shows decent motions in most of load cases compared with the OC3-Hywind spar
model moored by a STL at 320m deep. Natural frequencies of an inverted conical cylinder type FOWT are around 0.25rad/s in
surge and pitch and around 0.19rad/s in heave. In LC1 (regular waves only), the RAOs of this model in natural frequency are
4.0m/m in surge, 0.7m/m in heave and 1.8deg/m in pitch. In LC2 (regular waves with wind and a rotating rotor), the effective
RAOs of this model in natural frequency are 6.2m/m in surge, 0.9m/m in heave and 2.8deg/m in pitch. When compared LC1
with LC2, the surge and pitch responses in LC2 are bigger than the ones of LC1 non-universally. The reason why this non
universal phenomenon is shown is that the inverted conical cylinder type FOWT has insufficient restoring moment in roll and
pitch direction to countervail thrust force by wind and a rotating rotor. And from the results of both LC3 and LC4, the responses
of an inverted conical type FOWT are small except for very severe wave condition, sea state 8.
The inverted conical cylinder drifts in a new equilibrium position due to wind and/or a second order wave effect and os-
cillates around the new position. The thrust in basin model test was scaled in Froude number and may not be comparable to the
one in full scale. In near future works, Reynolds number effects on the Froude scale FOWT should be clarified.
In both real sites and model basins, a torque-balanced laying construction for STL is needed to secure large yaw restoring
moments as well as yaw controlling devices.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
This work was supported by the New & Renewable Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation
and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge and Economy (No. 20124030-
200110).
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