Sintesis Filtros

Analogue Filter Design
Module: SE2A2 Signals and Telecoms

Module: SE2A2 Signals and Telecoms
Lecturer: James Grimblebyy
URL: http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~stsgrimb/
email: j.b.grimbleby reading.ac.uk j g y g
Number of Lectures: 5
Reference text:
Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated
Circuits (3rd edition)
Sergio Franco Sergio Franco
McGraw-Hill 2003 ISBN 0071207031
School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering Slide 1 James Grimbleby
Analogue Filter Design Analogue Filter Design
Reference text: Reference text:
Design with Operational
Amplifiers and Analog Amplifiers and Analog
Integrated Circuits (3rd ed)
Sergio Franco Sergio Franco
McGraw-Hill 2003
ISBN 0071207031 ISBN 0071207031
Approx 43 pp o 3
Analogue Filter Design Syllabus
This course of lectures deals with the design of passive and
Analogue Filter Design Syllabus
active analogue filters
Th t i th t ill b d i l d The topics that will be covered include:
Frequency-domain filter approximations q y pp
Filter transformations
Passive equally-terminated ladder filters q y
Passive ladder filters from filter design tables
Active filters cascade synthesis
Component value sensitivity
Copying methods
Generalised immittance converter (GIC)
Inductor simulation using GICs
Analogue Filter Design Prerequities Analogue Filter Design Prerequities
You should be familiar with the following topics:
SE1EA5: Electronic Circuits SE1EA5: Electronic Circuits
Circuit analysis using Kirchhoffs Laws
Thvenin and Norton's theorems
The Superposition Theorem
Semiconductor devices
Complex impedances
Frequency response function gain and phase
The infinite-gain approximation
SE1EC5: Engineering Mathematics SE1EC5: Engineering Mathematics
Filters are normally used to modify the frequency spectrum of
Filters are normally used to modify the frequency spectrum of
a signal and are therefore specified in the frequency domain:
Gain
(dB)
Max pass-band gain
Min pass-band gain
Max
stop-
Max stop-band gain
Min pass band gain
p
band
gain
log(freq)
g
og( eq)
Stop-band
edge
Stop-band
edge
Pass-band
edges
g g g
The design procedure for analogue filters has two distinct
The design procedure for analogue filters has two distinct
stages
In the first stage a frequency response function H(j) is
derived which meets the specification derived which meets the specification
In the second stage an electronic circuit is designed to e seco d s age a e ec o c c cu s des g ed o
generate the required frequency response function
Filter circuits can be constructed entirely from passive
components or can contain active elements such as
operational amplifiers
Frequency-Domain Filters
The design of frequency-domain filters usually starts by
Frequency Domain Filters
The design of frequency domain filters usually starts by
deriving a low-pass prototype filter normalised to a cut-off
frequency of 1 rad/s q y
This prototype filter is then transformed to the required type p yp q yp
and cut-off frequency:
Low pass Low-pass
High-pass
Band-pass Band-pass
Band-stop
This procedure results in a frequency response function
which meets the specification
An ideal normalised sharp cut-off low-pass filter has a
p p
frequency response:
Gain
|H(j)|=1 0 |H(j)|=1.0
Angular
0 0
Unfort natel s ch a filter is not realisable and it is
=1.0
frequency
0.0
0.0
Unfortunately such a filter is not realisable and it is
necessary to use approximations to the ideal response
The frequency response function of a circuit containing no
The frequency response function of a circuit containing no
distributed elements is a rational function of j :
n
n
a a a a
H
) j ( .. ) j ( ) j (
) j (
2
2 1 0

+ + + +
=
n
n
b b b b
H
) j ( .. ) j ( ) j (
) j (
2
2 1 0

+ + + +
=
The first stage in the design is to choose suitable values for
the order n and the coefficients a
0
..a
n
and b
0
..b
n
Five different approximations will be considered: Butterworth Five different approximations will be considered: Butterworth,
Chebychev, Inverse Chebychev, Elliptic and Bessel
Butterworth Approximation
The B tter orth appro imation gain is ma imall flat
The Butterworth approximation gain is maximally flat
That is to say the gain in the pass band (below =1) is as flat That is to say the gain in the pass-band (below =1) is as flat
as possible
The gain falls off monotonically in both pass-band (below
=1) and stop-band (above =1) =1) and stop-band (above =1)
The gain of a Butterworth filter of order n is give by: The gain of a Butterworth filter of order n is give by:
H
1
) j (
n
H
2
1
1
) j (
+
=
Gain
Gain
(dB)
0
-3
g
s
log(freq)
=1 =
s
Butterworth Approximation Butterworth Approximation
The poles p
k
of a Butterworth frequency response function
are given by: are given by:
k k k
y x p j + =
where:
k
y
k
x
k k

) 1 2 (
cos
) 1 2 (
sin

=
=
n k
n
y
n
x
k k
, , 2 , 1
2
cos
2
sin
K =
= =
Values of k from 1 to n are substituted into this formula
giving the n poles
The poles of the B tter orth response p p p are
The poles of the Butterworth response p
1
, p
2
, ... , p
n
are
then combined to give the Butterworth frequency response
function: function:
1
) j ( ).. j ( ) j (
1
) j (
2 1 n
p p p
H

=

The Butterworth approximation is an all-pole response The Butterworth approximation is an all pole response
That is, the numerator consists simply of a constant and That is, the numerator consists simply of a constant and
there are no zeros
3rd-order Butterworth approximation:
6
) 1 2 (
cos j
6
) 1 2 (
sin

+
=
k k
p
k
k p
k
6 6
k p
k
1 0.5 +j 0.866
2 1 0 +j 0 0 2 1.0 +j 0.0
3 0.5 j 0.866
Poles of H(j):
(j )
0.5 + j 0.866 0.5 j 0.866 1.0 + j 0.0
Combining the poles:
) 0 1 j ( j0 866) 5 0 j ( j0 866) 5 0 j (
1
) j ( = H
1
) 0 . 1 j ( j0.866) 5 . 0 j ( j0.866) 5 . 0 j (
=
+ + + +
1
) 0 . 1 j ( 1.0) j ) j ((
2
+ + +
=

1.0 2.0j ) j ( 0 . 2 ) j (
1
2 3
+ + +
=

What order n is required to meet specification?
Gain (dB)
0
-3 -3
g
s
log(freq)
=1 =
s
s
The gain g of a Butterworth filter, expressed in dB, is given
b
by:
) (1 l 20
) j ( log 20
1/2 - 2
10
n
H g =
) (1 log 10
) (1 log 20
2
10
1/2 - 2
10
n
n
+ =
+ =
The stop-band edge is at
s
, and the stop-band gain is
) (1 log 10
10
+
required to be less than g
s
dB:
n n 2 2
l 10 ) (1 l 10
s s
n
s
n
s s
n g
g

10
2
10
2
10
log 20
log 10 ) (1 log 10

+
s
s
g
n
10
log 20


s
10
log 20
Example:
p
Pass-band gain: g
p
-3 dB
Stop-band gain: g
s
-40 dB
Pass-band edge:
p
= 1.0
Stop-band edge:
s
= 1.5
Using the formula for the filter order:
5 1 log 20
0 . 40
log 20
10 10
=
s
s
g
n
36 . 11
5 . 1 log 20 log 20
10 10
Thus a Butterworth approximation of order 12 is required to

meet the specification
p
Response of 12th-order Butterworth approximation:
Response of 12th order Butterworth approximation:
n

(
d
B
)
g
p
-3 dB
G
a
i
n
g
p
g
s
-40 dB
p
= 1.0
p
s
= 1.5
Frequency (Hz)
1 0
0 01
Frequency (Hz)
1.0
0.01
Chebychev Approximation
The Cheb che appro imation gain oscillates bet een 0
The Chebychev approximation gain oscillates between 0
dB and g
p
dB in the pass-band (below =1)
In the stop-band (above =1) the gain falls off
monotonically monotonically
The Chebychev approximation is not a single The Chebychev approximation is not a single
approximation for each n, but a group of approximations
with different values of the pass-band ripple g with different values of the pass band ripple g
p
Like the Butterworth approximation, the Chebychev Like the Butterworth approximation, the Chebychev
approximation is an all-pole response
Gain
Gain
(dB)
0
g
p
l (f )
g
s
log(freq)
=1 =
s
Response of 6th-order Chebychev approximation:
Response of 6th order Chebychev approximation:
n

(
d
B
)
g
p
-3 dB
G
a
i
n
g
s
-40 dB
p
= 1.0
1 5
s
= 1.5
Frequency (Hz) 1.0 0.01
q y ( )
Inverse Chebychev Approx Inverse Chebychev Approx
The Inverse Chebychev approximation gain falls off
monotonically in the pass-band (below =1)
In the stop-band (above =1) the gain at first falls to - dB,
d th ill t b t dB d dB and then oscillates between - dB and g
s
dB
The Inverse Chebychev approximation is not a single The Inverse Chebychev approximation is not a single
approximation for each n, but a group of approximations with
different values of the stop band ripple g different values of the stop-band ripple g
s
The Inverse Chebychev approximation has imaginary zeros The Inverse Chebychev approximation has imaginary zeros
Inverse Chebychev Approx
Gain
Gain
(dB)
0
g
p
g
s
log(freq)
=1 =
s
Response of 6th-order Inverse Chebychev approximation:
Response of 6th-order Inverse Chebychev approximation:
(
d
B
)
g
p
-3 dB
G
a
i
n

g
p
g
s
-40 dB
p
= 1.0
p
s
= 1.5
Frequency (Hz) 1 0 0 01
Elliptic Approximation Elliptic Approximation
The elliptic response gain oscillates between 0 and g
p
dB in
the pass band (below =1) the pass-band (below =1)
The gain in the stop band (above =1) oscillates between The gain in the stop-band (above =1) oscillates between
g
s
dB and - dB
The elliptic approximation has imaginary zeros
For a given filter specification the elliptic approximation gives
the lowest order frequency response function the lowest order frequency response function
Elliptic Approximation
Gain
Gain
(dB)
0
g
pp
g
s
log(freq)
=1 =
s
Response of 4th-order elliptic approximation:
Response of 4th order elliptic approximation:
(
d
B
)
g
p
-3 dB
G
a
i
n

g
p
g
s
-40 dB
p
= 1.0
p
s
= 1.5
Time-Domain Response
Unit-step response of 6th-order Chebychev:
Time Domain Response
Unit step response of 6th order Chebychev:
1.0
)
g
(
t
)
Time
0.0
1 0s 3 0s
Time 1.0s 3.0s
Bessel Approximation
The Bessel appro imation is sed here a freq enc domain
The Bessel approximation is used where a frequency-domain
filter is required which also has a good time-domain
behaviour behaviour
All filters generate a frequency dependent phase shift All filters generate a frequency-dependent phase shift
In a Bessel filter the phase varies approximately linearly with In a Bessel filter the phase varies approximately linearly with
frequency and the different frequency components are
delayed by the same amount delayed by the same amount
A time-domain waveform is therefore delayed, but is not A time domain waveform is therefore delayed, but is not
seriously distorted
The Bessel approximation has an all-pole frequency
response function:
a
H ) j (
0
=
I th hi h f li it
n
n
b b b b
H
) j ( .. ) j ( ) j (
) j (
2
2 1 0

+ + + +
=
In the high-frequency limit :
a
H
0
) j (
The coefficients are related to Bessel functions:
n
n
b
H
0
) j (
The coefficients are related to Bessel functions:
0 0
b a =
)! ( ! 2
)! 2 (
i n i
i n
b
i n
i
=

)! ( ! 2 i n i
Response of 8th-order Bessel approximation:
Response of 8th order Bessel approximation:
(
d
B
)
G
a
i
n

(
G
Unit-step response of 8th-order Bessel:
Unit step response of 8th order Bessel:
1 0 1.0
t
)
g
(
Time
0.0
1 0s 3 0s
Time 1.0s 3.0s
Low-Pass to Low-Pass Low Pass to Low Pass
Transformation
This transformation shifts the cut-off frequency to
0
:
0
j
j

0
=
0
=1.0
Transformation
Design example: A Chebychev low-pass filter is required with
th f ll i ifi ti the following specification:
P b d i 3 dB Pass-band gain: g
p
-3 dB
Stop-band gain: g
s
-50 dB
Pass band edge: f = 1000 Hz Pass-band edge: f
p
= 1000 Hz
Stop-band edge: f
s
= 2000 Hz
This corresponds to a normalised low-pass filter with
p
=1.0,
=2 0
s
=2.0
Transformation
Normalised low-pass filter:
P b d i 3 dB Pass-band gain: g
p
-3 dB
Stop-band gain: g
s
-50 dB
P b d d 1 0 Pass-band edge:
p
=1.0
Stop-band edge:
s
=2.0
This specification can be met by a 5th-order Chebychev
approximation with 3 dB pass band ripple:
6265 0 . 0
) j (
3 4
= H
approximation with 3 dB pass-band ripple:
06265 0 ) j ( 4080 0 ) j ( 5489 0
) j ( 415 . 1 ) j ( 5745 . 0 ) j (
) j (
2
3 4 5
+ + +
+ +

H
06265 . 0 ) j ( 4080 . 0 ) j ( 5489 . 0 + + +
Transformation
Applying the low-pass to low-pass transformation with
0
=21000=6283:
6265 0 0
j
415 1
j
5745 0
j
6265 0 . 0
) j (
3 4 5
=

H
j j
6283
j
415 . 1
6283
j
5745 . 0
6283
j
2

06265 . 0
6283
j
4080 . 0
6283
j
5489 . 0
2
+
+

) j ( 10 705 . 5 ) j ( 10 686 . 3 ) j ( 10 021 . 1
6265 0 . 0
3 12 4 16 5 19
+ +
=

06265 . 0 ) j ( 10 493 . 6 ) j ( 10 390 . 1
) j ( ) j ( ) j (
5 2 8
+ + +

Transformation
5th-order Chebychev low-pass with cut-off frequency 1000 Hz :
(
d
B
)
G
a
i
n

(
G
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Low-Pass to High-Pass Low Pass to High Pass
Transformation
This transformation converts to a high-pass response and
shifts the cut-off frequency to
0
:
j
j
0
j
=
0
=1.0
Transformation
Design example: A Chebychev high-pass filter is required
with the following specification: with the following specification:
Pass band gain: g 3 dB Pass-band gain: g
p
-3 dB
Stop-band gain: g
s
-25 dB
Pass-band edge: f = 2000 Hz Pass band edge: f
p
= 2000 Hz
Stop-band edge: f
s
= 1000 Hz
This corresponds to a normalised low-pass filter with
p
=1.0,
s
=2.0
p
1.0,
s
2.0
Transformation
Normalised low-pass filter:
Pass-band gain: g
p
-3 dB
Stop-band gain: g
s
-25 dB
Pass-band edge:
p
=1.0
Stop-band edge:
s
=2.0
This specification can be met by a 3rd-order Chebychev
i ti ith 3 dB b d i l approximation with 3 dB pass-band ripple:
2506 0
2506 . 0 ) j ( 9284 . 0 ) j ( 5972 . 0 ) j (
2506 . 0
) j (
2 3
+ + +
=

H
Transformation
2506 . 0 ) j ( 9284 . 0 ) j ( 5972 . 0 ) j (
2506 . 0
) j (
2 3
+ + +
=

H
Applying the low-pass to high-pass transformation with
) j ( ) j ( ) j (
0
=22000:
2 3
2506 . 0
) j ( = H
2 3
2506 . 0
j
12566
9284 . 0
j
12566
5972 . 0
j
12566
) j (

H
3
j j j

3 2 4 7 12
3
) j ( 2506 . 0 ) j ( 10 167 . 1 ) j ( 10 431 . 9 10 984 . 1
) j ( 2506 . 0

+ + +
=
) j ( ) j ( ) j (
Transformation
3rd-order Chebychev high-pass with cut-off frequency 2000 Hz :
)
n

(
d
B
)
G
a
i
n
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Low-Pass to Band-Pass Low Pass to Band Pass
Transformation
This transformation converts to a band-pass response
centred on
0
with relative bandwidth k
2
:
+
0
j
j
0
j
j

= =1 0
=
0
=1.0
Low-Pass to Band-Pass
10th-order Chebychev band-pass centred on f=1000 Hz
Low Pass to Band Pass
Transformation
10th-order Chebychev band-pass centred on f=1000 Hz
2
=4:
(
d
B
)
G
a
i
n

(
G
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Low-Pass to Band-Stop Low Pass to Band Stop
Transformation
This transformation converts to a band-stop response
centred on
0
2
:

0
j
j

+
0
0
j
j
=
0
=1 0

0
1.0
Low-Pass to Band-Stop Low Pass to Band Stop
Transformation
10th-order Chebychev band-stop centred on f=1000 Hz
2
=4:
)
n

(
d
B
G
a
i
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Passive Filter Realisation Passive Filter Realisation
Passive filters are usually realised as equally-terminated
ladder filters
This type of filter has a resistor in series with the input and a yp p
resistor of nominally the same value in parallel with the
output; all other components are reactive (that is inductors or
capacitors)
Passive equally-terminated ladder filters are not normally
used at frequencies below about 10 kHz because they
contain inductors
Passive Filter Realisation
Equally-terminated low-pass all-pole ladder filter:
R
R Input Output R Input Output
This type of filter is suitable for implementing all-pole
designs such as Butterworth Chebychev and Bessel designs such as Butterworth, Chebychev and Bessel
Order = number of capacitors + number of inductors
Order number of capacitors + number of inductors
Alternative equally-terminated low-pass all-pole ladder filter:
R
R Input Output R Input Output
This type of filter is suitable for implementing all-pole designs
such as Butterworth Chebychev and Bessel such as Butterworth, Chebychev and Bessel
Order = number of capacitors + number of inductors
Order number of capacitors + number of inductors
Equally-terminated low-pass ladder filter with imaginary
Equally terminated low pass ladder filter with imaginary
zeros in response:
R
R Input Output
This type of filter is suitable for implementing an Inverse
Chebychev or Elliptic response
Alternative equally-terminated low-pass ladder filter with
Alternative equally terminated low pass ladder filter with
imaginary zeros in response:
RR
R Input
Output p
This type of filter is suitable for implementing an Inverse
Chebychev or Elliptic response
Low-pass filters can be changed to high-pass filters by
Low pass filters can be changed to high pass filters by
replacing the inductors by capacitors, and the capacitors
by inductors: y
R
R Input Output p p
designs such as Butterworth, Chebychev and Bessel
Low-pass filters can be changed to band-pass filters by
replacing the inductors and capacitors by LC combinations
L
C
L
C
L
2
1
=
C
C
2
0
C
L L
C
1
L
C
2
0
=
where
0
is the geometric centre frequency of the
passband
replacing the inductors and capacitors by LC combinations
R
R
Input Output
designs such as Butterworth, Chebychev and Bessel
Component Value Determination
Suitable component values can be determined by the
Suitable component values can be determined by the
following procedure:
1. Select a suitable filter circuit
2. Obtain its frequency-response function in symbolic
form
3. Equate coefficients of the symbolic frequency-
response function and the required response
4. Solve the simultaneous non-linear equations to
obtain the component values
A simpler procedure is to use filter design tables
A simpler procedure is to use filter design tables
Normalised low-pass Butterworth Normalised low pass Butterworth
(R = 1.0 ,
0
= 1.0 rad/s):
n C1 L2 C3 L4 C5 L6 C7
2 1.414 1.414
3 1.000 2.000 1.000
4 0.765 1.848 1.848 0.765
5 0.618 1.618 2.000 1.618 0.618
6 0.518 1.414 1.932 1.932 1.414 0.518
7 0.445 1.247 1.802 2.000 1.802 1.247 0.445
Design example: a 5th-order low-pass Butterworth filter with
Design example: a 5th order low pass Butterworth filter with
cut-off (-3 dB) frequency 2 kHz
Normalised 5th-order Butterworth low-pass filter:
1 1.618H 1.618H
Input Output 1 Input Output 1
0.618F 0.618F 2.000F
Scale impedances: multiply resistor and inductor values by
Scale impedances: multiply resistor and inductor values by
k, divide capacitor values by k
Choose k = 10000
10k 10k 16.18kH 16.18kH
Input Output Input Output
61.8F 61.8F 200F
S l f di id i d t d it l b k
Scale frequency: divide inductor and capacitor values by k
where k = 22000 = 1.25710
4
10k 10k 1.288H 1.288H 10k 10k 1.288H 1.288H
Input Output
4 918 F 15 92 F 4 918 F 4.918nF 15.92nF 4.918nF
Response of 5th-order low-pass Butterworth filter:
Response of 5th order low pass Butterworth filter:
(
d
B
)
G
a
i
n

Frequency (Hz) 10000 100
Frequency (Hz) 10000 100
Component Value Determination Component Value Determination
Normalised 1 dB ripple low-pass Chebychev
(R = 1 0
0
= 1 0 rad/s): (R 1.0 ,
0
1.0 rad/s):
n C1 L2 C3 L4 C5 L6 C7 n C1 L2 C3 L4 C5 L6 C7
2 0.572 3.132
3 2.216 1.088 2.216
4 0.653 4.411 0.814 2.535
5 2.207 1.128 3.103 1.128 2.207
6 0.679 3.873 0.771 4.711 0.969 2.406
7 2.204 1.131 3.147 1.194 3.147 1.131 2.204
Design example: a 3rd-order high-pass Chebychev filter with
Design example: a 3rd order high pass Chebychev filter with
1 dB ripple and a cut-off (-3 dB) frequency 5 kHz
Normalised 3rd-order Chebychev high-pass filter:
0 919F
1
1
0.919F
088 . 1
1 Input Output
0.451H
p p
0.451H
216 . 2
1
Scale impedances: multiply resistor and inductor values by k,
divide capacitor values by k
919F
Choose k = 1000
1000
919F
1000
Input Output p p
451H 451H
where k = 25000 = 3.14210
5
29 25nF
1000
29.25nF
1000
Input Output p p
14.36mH 14.36mH
Response of 3rd-order high-pass Chebychev filter:
Response of 3rd order high pass Chebychev filter:
(
d
B
)
G
a
i
n

Frequency (Hz) 100k 1k
Frequency (Hz) 100k 1k
Alternative Configuration
Design example: a 3rd-order high-pass Chebychev filter with
Design example: a 3rd order high pass Chebychev filter with
1 dB ripple and a cut-off (-3 dB) frequency 5 kHz
Normalised 3rd-order Chebychev high-pass filter:
0 451F
1
0 451F 0.451F
216 . 2
1
0.451F
1
1 0.919H Input Output 0 9 9 p p
088 . 1
1
divide capacitor values by k
Choose k = 1000
1000
451F
1000
451F
1000
451F
1000
451F
919H Input Output 9 9 p p
where k = 25000 = 3.14210
5
1000
14.36nF
1000
14.36nF
29.25mH Input Output
Component Value Sensitivity
5th-order 3dB ripple low-pass Chebychev equally-
terminated ladder filter with cut-off frequency 1000 Hz:
B
)
a
i
n

(
d
10% variation of
components values
G
components values
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Active Filters: Cascade Synthesis
The frequency response function is first split into second-
Active Filters: Cascade Synthesis
The frequency response function is first split into second-
order factors
2
) j ( .. ) j ( ) j (
) j ( .. ) j ( ) j (
) j (
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
+ + + +
+ + + +
=

b b b b
a a a a
H
n
n
n
n
...
) j ( ) j ( ) j ( ) j (
) j ( .. ) j ( ) j (
2
2
22 21 20
2
2
12 11 10
2 1 0
+ +
+ +
=
+ + + +

a a a a a a
b b b b
n
... ) j ( ) j (
...
) j ( ) j ( ) j ( ) j (
2 1
2
22 21 20
2
12 11 10
=
+ +
+ +

H H
b b b b b b
Each factor is implemented using a second-order active filter
... ) j ( ) j (
2 1
H H
g
These filters are then connected in cascade
Active Filters: Cascade Synthesis Active Filters: Cascade Synthesis
If the response to be implemented is derived from an all-
pole approximation then the second-order factors will be of
i l l (H ) b d (H ) hi h (H ) simple low-pass (H
lp
), band-pass (H
bp
) or high-pass (H
hp
)
form:
a
2
2 1 0
0
) j ( ) j (
) j (

b b b
a
H
lp
+ +
=
2
2 1 0
1
) j ( ) j (
) j (
) j (

b b b
a
H
bp
+ +
=
2
2
2 1 0
) j (
) j (
) j ( ) j (

a
H
b b b
h
=
+ +
2
2 1 0
) j ( ) j (
) j (

b b b
H
hp
+ +
=
Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
C
1
Sallen Key Low Pass Filter
R
1
R
2
Output
Input
C
2
2
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
1
) j (
T T T
H
lp
=
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
2
2 1 2
: where
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
C R T C R T R R
T T T
p
= = =
+ +
Resonance Frequency and Q-factor
1
Resonance Frequency and Q factor
2
2 1 2
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
1
) j (

T T T
H
lp
+ +
=
Sallen-Key:
Standard response:
2
) j ( j
1
) j (

= H
lp
2
0
0
) j ( j
1
+ +
Q
Thus:
2 2 1
2
2
1 1
T
Q
T T = =
0
2
0
Q
1 1 1 T
or:
2
1
2 0 2 1
0
2
1
2
1 1
T
T
T
Q
T T
= = =

Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
Gain(dB)
Sallen Key Low Pass Filter
20 dB
2 = Q 10 = Q
0 dB 0 dB
2
1
= Q
-20 dB
12 dB / octave -12 dB / octave
Frequency (rad/s)
1000 10000 100000 100 10
-40 dB
Frequency (rad/s)
Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter
R
1
Sallen Key High Pass Filter
1
C
1
C
2
O t t Output
Input
R
2
2
2
2 1
) j (
) j (
T T
H
hp
=

2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
2
2 1 1
: where
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
) j (
C R T C R T C C
T T T
hp
= = =
+ +
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter
Gain(dB)
Sallen Key High Pass Filter
20 dB
2 = Q 10 = Q
0 dB 0 dB
2
1
= Q
-20 dB
12 dB / octave
2
12 dB / octave
Frequency (rad/s)
1000 10000 100000 100 10
-40 dB
Frequency (rad/s)
Rauch Band-Pass Filter
R
1
Rauch Band Pass Filter
1
C
2
R
2
C
1
Output
Input
2
1
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
) j (
) j (
T T T
T
H
bp
+ +

=

2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
2
2 1 2
: where
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
C R T C R T R R
T T T
= = =
+ +
Rauch Band-Pass Filter
Gain(dB)
Rauch Band Pass Filter
40 dB
10 = Q
20 dB
5 = Q
2 = Q
0 dB
Frequency (rad/s)
1000 10000 100000 100 10
Frequency (rad/s)
All-Pole Cascade Synthesis All Pole Cascade Synthesis
Design example: 5th-order Chebychev low-pass filter has
numerator and denominator coefficients:
a
0
= 0.06265 b
0
= 0.06265
0 0 b 6 493 10
5
a
1
= 0.0 b
1
= 6.49310
-5
a
2
= 0.0 b
2
= 1.39010
-8
a = 0 0 b = 5 70510
-12
a
3
= 0.0 b
3
= 5.70510
-12
a
4
= 0.0 b
4
= 3.68610
-16
a = 0 0 b = 1 02110
-19
a
5
= 0.0 b
5
= 1.02110
19
The frequency response is factored into second order The frequency response is factored into second order
sections by finding the poles (there are no zeros)
The poles are the roots of the equation obtained by setting
the denominator polynomial to zero:
-9.01110
+2
+ j3.75110
+3
9 011 10
+2
j3 751 10
+3
-9.01110
+2
- j3.75110
+3
-3.46310
+2
+ j6.07010
+3
3 463 10
+2
j6 070 10
+3
-3.46310
+2
- j6.07010
+3
-1.11510
+3
+ j0.0
The frequency response is of 5th-order so that the factors
are two conjugate pairs of complex roots and a single real are two conjugate pairs of complex roots and a single real
root
All-Pole Cascade Synthesis
Conjugate pole pairs are combined:
All Pole Cascade Synthesis
j g p p
-9.01110
+2
+ j3.75110
+3
9 01110
+2
j3 75110
+3
-9.01110
2
- j3.75110
3
3 2
) 10 751 3 j 10 9 011 (j ) j ( + = D
3 2
) 10 751 . 3 j 10 9.011 (j
) 10 751 . 3 j 10 9.011 (j ) j (
+ +
+ =
D
2 2
2
) j ( =
3 2 2
2 2
) 10 751 3 ( ) 10 9 011 (
) j )( 10 9.011 10 9.011 (
2
+ +
+ +
7 3 2
10 488 . 1 ) j ( 10 802 . 1 ) j (
) 10 751 . 3 ( ) 10 9.011 (
+ +
+ + =
+ +

The denominator of the 1st-order section:
The denominator of the 1st-order section:
3
10 115 . 1 j ) j ( ) j (
+
+ = = p D
Dividing through by 1.11510
+3
:
4
Frequency response function of 1st-order filter:
) j ( 10 966 . 8 1 ) j (
4

+ = D
eque cy espo se u c o o s o de e
) j ( 1
1
) j (
RC
H
+
=
Thus:
) j ( 1 RC +
4
10 966 8

= RC
Let R=10 k; then C=89.66 nF.
10 966 . 8 = RC
Denominator of the 1st 2nd-order section:
Di idi th h b 1 488 10
+7
7 3 2
10 488 . 1 ) j ( 10 802 . 1 ) j ( ) j (
+ +
+ + = D
+7
:
2 8 4
) j ( 10 718 6 ) j ( 10 211 1 1 ) j (

+ + = D
Frequency response function of 2nd-order filter:
) j ( 10 718 . 6 ) j ( 10 211 . 1 1 ) j ( + + D
1
2
2 1 2
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
1
) j (

T T T
H
lp
+ +
=
Thus:
3 8
5
2
4
2
10 054 . 6 10 211 . 1 2

= = T T
Let R
1
=R
2
=10 k; C
1
=111 0 nF C
2
=6 054nF
3
1
8
2 1
10 110 . 1 10 718 . 6

= = T T T
Let R
1
R
2
10 k; C
1
111.0 nF, C
2
6.054nF
Denominator of the 1st 2nd-order section:
Di idi th h b 3 696 10
+7
7 2 2
10 696 . 3 ) j ( 10 926 . 6 ) j ( ) j (
+ +
+ + = D
+7
:
2 8 5
) j ( 10 706 2 ) j ( 10 874 1 1 ) j (

+ + = D
Frequency response function of 2nd-order filter:
) j ( 10 706 . 2 ) j ( 10 874 . 1 1 ) j ( + + D
1
2
2 1 2
) j ( ) j ( 2 1
1
) j (

T T T
H
lp
+ +
=
Thus:
3 8
6
2
5
2
10 369 . 9 10 874 . 1 2

= = T T
Let R
1
=R
2
=10 k; C
1
=288 8 nF C
2
=0 9369nF
3
1
8
2 1
10 888 . 2 10 706 . 2

= = T T T
Let R
1
R
2
10 k; C
1
288.8 nF, C
2
0.9369nF
Complete cascade synthesis of Chebychev active filter:
111.0nF 288.8nF
10k
10k 10k
10k
10k
10k
89 66nF 6 054nF 0 9369nF 89.66nF 6.054nF 0.9369nF
Input Output
General Cascade Synthesis
If the response is not deri ed from an all pole appro imation
General Cascade Synthesis
If the response is not derived from an all-pole approximation
then the second-order factors will be of general form:
2
2
2 1 0
) j ( ) j (
) j (

a a a
H
+ +
=
2
2 1 0
) j ( ) j (
) j (

b b b
H
+ +
Rauch or Sallen-Key second-order filters are unsuitable and
a more complex filter configuration must be used a more complex filter configuration must be used
The ring-of-three filter (aka the bi-quad or state-variable The ring of three filter (aka the bi quad or state variable
filter) can be used
5th-order Chebychev low-pass implemented as a cascade
of active Sallen-Key sections:
(
d
B
)
G
a
i
n

(
G
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Frequency (Hz) 1000
Copying Methods
Copying methods are ways of designing active filters with
Copying Methods
Copying methods are ways of designing active filters with
the same low sensitivity properties of passive equally-
terminated ladder filters terminated ladder filters
The starting point for all copying methods is a prototype The starting point for all copying methods is a prototype
passive filter
This is then copied in some way which preserves the
desirable properties of the passive filters but which p p p
eliminates the inductors
The copying method that will be described here is based on
inductor simulation
Positive Immittance Converters
V
I
1
Z
4
V
1
V
I
1
Z
4
Z
V
3
3 2
4 1 3 1
Z Z
Z I V V + =
Z
3
Z
V
1 3 2
3
2
3 2
2
3 1
Z
Z Z
Z
V
Z Z
Z
V V
+
+
+
=
Z
2
V
2
1 0
0
2 1
Z Z
Z
V V
+
=
Z
1
V
1
Z
0
1
4 1 3 1
Z I V V + =
3 2
3
2
3 2
2
3 1
Z Z
Z
V
Z Z
Z
V V
+
+
+
=
0
2 1
3 2 3 2
Z Z
Z
V V
Z Z Z Z
+
=
+ +
Substitute to remove V
2
and V
3
:
1 0
Z Z +
2 3
3 2 2 3 3 2 1
) ( Z V Z V Z Z V + = +
0
0 1 3
1 2 3
) (
Z
Z Z Z
V Z V
+
+ =
0 1 3
1 4 1 1 2
0
) (
) (
Z
Z Z Z
V Z I V Z
+
+ =
0
Z
Multiply both sides by Z :
Multiply both sides by Z
0
:
) (
4 2 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 2 0 1
Z Z Z I Z Z V Z Z Z Z V = +
) (
) (
3 0 3 1 1
4 2 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 2 0 1
Z Z Z Z V
Z Z Z I Z Z V Z Z Z Z V
+ +
= +
Remove cancelling terms:
The impedance Z of the PIC is given by:
4 2 0 1 3 1 1
Z Z Z I Z Z V =
The impedance Z
i
of the PIC is given by:
4 2 0 1
Z Z Z V
3 1
4 2 0
1
1
Z Z
Z Z Z
I
V
Z
i
= =
Inductor Simulation
Let Z Z Z and Z be resistors of al e R and Z be a
Inductor Simulation
Let Z
0,
Z
1 ,
Z
2,
and Z
4
be resistors of value R, and Z
3
be a
capacitor of value C:
2
3
3 1
4 2 0
j
j /
CR
C R
R
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
i

= = =
or:
3 1
j / C R Z Z
2
where j CR L L Z
The PIC therefore simulates a grounded inductor of value
2
where j CR L L Z
i
= =
The PIC therefore simulates a grounded inductor of value
CR
2
By correct choice of R and C the PIC can be made to
simulate any required inductance.
y q
Copying Methods
5th order Cheb che high pass passi e filter
Copying Methods
5th-order Chebychev high-pass passive filter:
10k
9 134nF 7 015nF 9 134nF
10k
9.134nF 7.015nF 9.134nF
Input Output
4.178H 4.178H 10k
Let R=10 k; then: Let R 10 k; then:
F 10 178 . 4 H 178 . 4
8 2
= = C CR
Copying Methods
5th-order Chebychev high-pass active filter:
Copying Methods
9.134nF 9.134nF 7.015nF
10k
10k 10k
p
u
t
O
u
10k
10k
41.78nF 41.78nF
I
n
p
u
t
p
u
t
10k
10k
10k
10k
10k
10k
10k
10k
10k
10k
10k
Copying Methods
3th-order elliptic high-pass passive filter:
Copying Methods
3th-order elliptic high-pass passive filter:
1k
395nF 382nF
1k
Input
Output
815nF
1k
2.29H
Let R=1 k; then:
F 10 29 . 2 H 29 . 2
6 2
= = C CR
F 10 29 . 2 H 29 . 2 C CR
Copying Methods
3th-order elliptic
Copying Methods
3th-order elliptic
high-pass
active filter:
815nF395nF 382nF 1k
active filter:
1k
Input Output
2.29F
1k
Input Output
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k
Analogue Filter Design Analogue Filter Design
J. B. Grimbleby, 19 February 2009

Sintesis Filtros

Cargado por

Información del documento

Descripción original:

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Sintesis Filtros

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Analogue Filter Design

Module: SE2A2 Signals and Telecoms

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering Slide 17 James Grimbleby

Thus a Butterworth approximation of order 12 is required to

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering Slide 78 James Grimbleby

También podría gustarte