Fundamental Units

S. No. Fundamental Physical Qty. Units Symbol

1. Length metre m
2. Mass kilogram Kg
3. Time second s
4. Electric Current ampere A
5. Luminous Intensity canadela Cd
6. Temperature kelvin K
7. Amount of Substance mole mol

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Conversion Table

.c
Length Area Volume Mass
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 m = 39.37

ce
1 ft = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft
12 in = 1 ft
3 ft = 1 yd 1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 6.102 x 10 4 in.3
1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 10.76 1 ft3 = 1728 in. 3 = 2.83 x 10 -2 m3
1000 kg = 1 t(metric
ra
1 km = 0.621 mi ft2 1 liter = 1000 cm 3 = 1.0576 qt =
ton)
1 mi = 1.609 km 1 ft = 0.0929 m = 144 0.0353 ft 3
2 2
1 slug = 14.59 kg
in.2 1 ft3 = 7.481 gal = 28.32 liters =
1 mi = 5280 ft 2 2 1 u = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg
1 in. = 6.452 cm 2.832 x 10 -2 m3
m

1 = 10-10m 1 gal = 3.786 liters = 281 in. 3

1 m = 10 -6 ml = 10 4
xa
.e

Force Velocity Acceleration Pressure

w

1 mi/h = 1.47 ft/s =

5
1 N = 10 dyne = 0.447 m/s = 1.61 1 bar = 10 5 N/m2 = 14.50 Ib/in. 2
1 m/s2 = 3.28 ft/s 2 =
0.2248 Ib km/h 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 76.0 cm Hg
100 cm/s 2
w

1 Ib = 4.448 N 1 m/s = 100 cm/s = 1 atm = 14.7 Ib/in. 2 = 1.013 x 10 5

1 dyne = 10 -5N =
2.248 x 10 -6 Ib
w
1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s 2 =
3.28 ft/s N/m2
30.48 cm/s 2
1 mi/min = 60 mi/h = 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 = 1.45 x 10 -4 Ib/in.2

88 ft/s

Time Power Energy

 1 J = 0.738 ft.Ib = 10 7 ergs
1 cal = 4.186 J
1 hp = 550 ft. Ib/s =
1 year = 365 days = 1 Btu = 252 cal = 1.054 x 10 3
0.746 kW
3.16 x 10 7s J
1 W = 1 J/s = 0.738
1 dy = 24 h = 1.44 x 1 eV = 1.6 x 10 -19 J
ft.Ib/s
103 min = 8.64 x 10 4 s 931.5 MeV is equivalent to 1
u
1 kWh = 3.60 x 10 6 J

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WORK

Work done by CONSTANT FORCE:

An object undergoes displacement‘s’ along a straight line while acted on by a force F, the angle

.c
between isq. Then work done is
W=

ce
ra
Fig (1)
m

a) Work done as such has no relevance until the c ommenced force is maintained.
b) Work is scalar quantity (as indicated by dot product).
c) Unit of work is Joules 1J = 1Kgm 2/s2
xa

d) Dimension of work is [ML 2T-2]

Other units of Work:

.e
w
w
w
CENTER OF MASS:

It is the point in a system which behaves as though the entire mass of system is concentrated
there and its motion is same if the resultant of all forces acting on the system were applied
directly to it.

Mathematically:

om
.c
Co-ordinates of Center of mass:
ce
ra
m
xa
.e

Where is total mass

w

Position Vector of Center of Mass:

w

Where are position vector of i th particle.

w

NEWTONS LAW OF GRAVITATION :

It states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proport ional to the square of the
distance between them.
Force is direct along the line joining the particles and towards other particle.

where G => Universal gravitational constant.

om
=> Unit vector joining two particles.

° The gravitational force between two particles forms an action reaction pair.
° If we consider a system which has both boies as its constituents then the net force becomes zero
.

.c
° The magnitude of the forces acting is same on both bodies but direction is opposite.

ce
Simple Harmonic Motion:

It is a motion that repeats itself after regular time interval such that the force acting on it is
directed towards a point over the linen (which it executes motion) and the force is also
ra
proportional to displacement of particle from that fixed point.

where
m

k = force constant
= a positive constant
xa

m = mass of particle
x = displacement

Thermal conductivity:
.e
w
w
w

Consider a solid bar of thickness d and area of cross -section A. The left side of bar is maintained
at QA temperature and right side at QB

Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature after some time, the temp of each
section becomes constant with time. This is known as steady state.
In steady state, if Q Amount of heat crosses through any cross section in time T, then

and

or,
K: coefficient of thermal conductivity.

Electric Charge:

om
It is an intrinsic property of protons and electrons, proton and electron are smallest unit of
positively and negatively charge.

The S.I.unit of charge is Coulomb.

.c
Some properties of charges:
1) Like charges repel while unlike attract.
2) Charge is quantized multiple of charge on an electron.

3) Net amount of charge in a system is conserved.

ce
ra
Coulomb’s Law:

1) Force between the two charges =

m
Where r = separation between q1 and q2.
xa

And k = where = permittivity of the medium.

Vector form-
.e
w

Capacitance and Capacitor:

w

Charge (Q) on a capacitor is proportional to the applied Voltage, h ence Q  V or Q = CV.

w

Where C is called capacitance of the conductor. It depends upon geometrical shape and size of
the conductor.
If V = 1 volt, then Q = C, hence capacitance of any conductor will be numerically equivalent to
that charge which makes its potent ial equal to 1 volt.

Unit of capacitance is ‘Farad’:

1 Farad = 1 coulomb/1 volt.

= coulomb/ (joule/coulomb).

= coulomb 2/joule.

om
= (ampere x second) 2 / ( Newton x meter).

Electric Current:

.c
Where q is the charge flown in a finite time t. S.I unit of electric current is Ampere (A).

ce
ra
The direction of is same as direction of current. If a uniform current i moves over an area S and
is in same direction as area vector then,
m
xa
.e
w

So i is a resulting from the dot product of and .

Drift Velocity - It is defined as.

w
w

Where e = electron charge.

m = mass of electron
E = Electric field

= average collision time.

Current and drift velocity :- We can express a relation in current and drift velocity as,

where n = Moving charged particles per unit volume.

A = Area of cross section perpendicular to current flows.

Temperature dependence of resistivity and resistance.

om
.c
ce
KIRCHOFF'S LAWS

(1)Junction law
It states that the net current ente ring a junction is equal to net current exiting that junction.
ra
Or, Algebric sum of the current is into any junction is zero.
m
xa
.e

In this fugure,
i 1 + i 2 = i3 + i 4 + i5
w

2) Voltage/Loop Law
It states that algebric sum of the potential drop around any closed path is zero.
Sign Convention:
w

When we travel through a source in the direction from to+, the voltage is considered to be
positive, when we travel from + to.
For Battery
w
 = VB - VA = + E

VB - VB = - t

For resistance

om
.c
= VB - VB = - IR

VB - VA = + IR ce
ra
Meter Bridge
m
xa
.e
w
w
w

Since the wire is uniform, therefore, R AC and RCB are proportional to l 1 and l2 respectively.
Thus,

or X=

Magnetics (Magnetic Field):

om
Magnetic Force:
The magnetic force ( on a charge q moving with velocity ina magnetic field is given both
in magnetude and direction, by

= q( x )

.c
ce
The Biot and Savart Law :
Consider an infinitesinal element of length 'dl' of a wire carrying current I. The magnetre field
d at P because of is given by the law:
ra
Magnetic field due to current in a straight line:
m
(Secondary Information)
xa
.e
w
w
w

at P due is =
l = R cot , dl = - R cosec2d , r = R cosec

MAGNETIC FLUX:

om
.c
ce
ra
The magnetic flux experents total magnetic lines of forces passing through a given area. If the
magnetic field at an element as shown in the adjoining figure is , the magnetic flux through the
element is:
m

Here = Perpendicular vector to the surface and has a magnitude equal to the area ds.
xa

= Angle between and at that element.

Thus, total magnetic flux through the = B =

.e

Surface is the sum of the contributions from the individual area elements =
w

MATHEMATICS
Complex Numbers:
w

1. Addition:- (a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) - i(b + sd)

w

2. Subtraction: (a + ib) - (c + id) = (a - c) + i(b - d)

3. Multiplicatioin :(a + ib)(C + id) = (ac - bd) + i(ad + bc)

4. Division:
provided at least one of c& d is non - zero

PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE
(i)

om
(ii) z is purely real (both sided equality)

(iii) is purely imaginary

.c
(iv)

ce
(v)

(vi)
ra
m

(vii)
xa

(viii)

Arithmetic Progression (A.P):

.e

A sequence of numbers is said to be in A.P when difference is constant for all

w

n  N. This constant is called common difference. If a the first term and d the
common difference of the A.P then,
w

1) nth term tn = a+ (n-1) d.

w

2) Sum of n terms
Geometric Progression:
A sequence is a G.P when its first term is non -zero and each of its succeeding term i s r times the
preceding term. The fixed term r is known as common ratio of G.P.

om
If a is first term of an G.P and r its common ratio then,

1) nth term .

.c
2) The sum of first n terms

ce
ra
Harmonic Progression (H .P):
m

The sequence a 1, a2, ------ an is said to be a H.P if is an A.P.

xa

The nth term of a H.P (t n) is given by .

.e

Quadratic Equations:
w

An equation of form = 0 where a, b, c e C is called quadratic equation.

w

 If a = 0 then one root is and other root is

 If a=b=0 then both roots are .
w

In general roots of equation are given by

Where is known as Discriminant.

Nature of roots:
1) The quadratic equation has real and equal roots if D=0.
2) The quadratic equation has real and distinct roots if D>0
3) The quadratic equation has complex roots with non -zero imaginary parts if D<0.
4) p+iq is a root of quadratic equation if p -iq is a root of equation.

Logarithms:

om
Important Formulas

1. logaa = 1.
2. logany1 = 0.
3. logca = logba.logcb.

.c
4. loga(m.n) = log am + logan

ce
5. loga(m/n) = log am - logan
6. logamn = n logam.
ra
Binomial theorem:

If n is a +ve integer and x1 y are 2 complex number the n .

m

(x + y)n n Cr xn-r yr
xa

= nCoXn - nC1 Xn-1 y + nC2 Xn-2 y2 +............+ n Cn yn

Similarly (x - y) n = nCoXn - nC1 Xn-1 y + nC2 Xn-2 y2 +.......+ (-1) n n Cn yn

.e

The coefficients n Co, nC1, .................nCn are called Bionomial coeff.

w

Probability:
w

Equally likely - If two events are called equally likely if none of the events have preference of
occurence of other .
w

Mutually exclusive :- If occurence of one event rules out lthe ocurrence of other .

Exhaustive :- Set of event in experiment is said to exhaustive it nothing happen than those listed
possible out comes can occur as a consequence of the experiment .

Total out comes of experiment is called sample space .

A; 'm' out comes favour the occurence of event A .

P (A) =

om
P( ) = complement of A P (A c)

P( )= = 1 - P (A)

.c
P(A) + P( )=1

Functions:
ce
ra
Let A B be two non empty sets & F is a relation which associates each elemenet of set A with
unique element of set B, then F is c/d a function from A to B.
m

Set A is called domain of F & B be the co domain of F.

Set of elements of B, which are images of elements of set A is c/d range of F.

xa

F : A B ("F is function of A into B")

If a A then element in B which is assigned to 'a' is called image of 'a' & denoted by F(a).
.e
w
w

let A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

w

So, F(a) = 2, F(b) = 3, F(c) = 5, F(d) = 1

No. of Function (or Mapping) From A to B :

Let A = {x 1, x2, x3, .......... , x m} F:A B
& B ={y1, y2, y3, .......... , yn}

om
Then if each elemenet in set A has n images in set B.
Thus, total no. of functions from A to B = nm

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

.c
1. Constant Function: If range of function f consists of only one no. then f is c/d constant
function.

ce
Range = { a }
domain x R
ra
m
xa

2. Polynomial function: A function y = f(x) = a 0xn + a1xn- + ...... + an where a0, a1, ....... an are
real constants & n is non -ve integer, then f(x) is c/d polynomial function. If a 0 = 0, then n is
degree of polynomial function.
.e

Graph of f(x) = x 2

f(x) = x 2 is called square function. Domain R

w

Range R+ {0} or [0, ]

w
w
Graph of f(x) = x 3:

f(x) = x 2 is cube function

domain R
Range R

om
.c
(3) Rational Function: It is ratio of two polynomials
Let P(x) = a0xn + a1xn - 1 + .......... + a n

ce
Q(x) = b0xm + b1xm - 1 + .......... + b m
ra
Then f(x) = is a rational function if Q(x) 0
Domain R {x | Q(x) = 0}
i.e. Domain R except those points for which denomiator = 0
m

Graph of f(x) =
xa

f(x) = is called reciprocal function with coordinate axis as asymptotes.

Domain R - {0}
Range R - {0}
.e
w
w
w

Graph of f(x) =
f(x) =
Domain R - {0}
Range (0, )

om
(4) Irrational Function: Algebraic function containing trems having non -integral rational
powers of x are c/d irrational functions.

.c
Graph of f(x) =

f(x) = Domain R+ {0} or {0,

Range R+ {0} of [0, )
)

ce
ra
m
xa

Grafh of f(x) =
.e

f(x) =
w

domains R
Range R
w
w
 om
(5) Identity Function: The function y = f(x) = x for all x R c/d identity function on R
Domain R

.c
Range R

ce
ra
m
xa

Trignometry:

Important formulas
.e

(1) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B .

w

(2) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

w

3) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

4) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

w

5) tan (A + B) =
6) tan (A + B) =

7) cot (A + B) =

8) cot (A + B) =

om
9) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin(A - B)
10) 2cos A sin B =sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)

.c
11) 2cos A cos B =cos(A + B) - cos(A - B)

ce
12) 2sin A sin B =cos(A + B) - cos(A - B) ra
13) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
m

14) sin C - sin D = 2 cos sin

xa

15) cis C + cos D = 2 cos cos

.e

16) cos C - cos D = 2 sin sin

w

GEOMETRY:
w

CIRCLE
w

Equation of circle -
(x - h)2+ (y - k)2 = r 2

x2h 2 - 2hx + y2 - 2ky + k 2- r2 = 0

x2+ y2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0

Center

om
Genreal second degree equation-
ax2+ by2 + 2hxy + 2yx +2fy +C = 0
this equation refresent circle when,
a = b,h = 0 , g 2 + f2 C

.c
Equation of circle in different forms -

ce
(1) Centre(h 1K) radius a :-

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = a2
standard form (when center is origin) :-
ra
x2 + y2 = a2
(2) Center (h,k)and pass through origin -
x2 + y2 - 2hx - 2ky = 0
m

(3) Center(h,k) and touches the axis of x-y

x2+y2- 2hx - 2ky + h2= 0
(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = k2
xa

or, x2+ y2 - 2hx - l2ky + h2 = 0

(4)Center(h,k) and touches the axis of y -
x2 + y2-2hx -2ky + k2 = 0
.e
w
w
w

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = h2
or, x2+ y2- 2hx - 2ky +k2 = 0
Circle which touches both the axis: -

Equation of Hyperbola

om
.c
ce
The standard equation of hyperbola is:

where b2 = a2(e2-1)
ra
m
Equation of parabola
xa
.e
w
w

The standard equation of parabola is :

w

Y2 = 4ax
Important properties
(i) Vertex 0 (0,0)
(ii) Focus s(9,0)
(iii) Foot of directrix (-9,0)
(iv) Directrix x + a = 0
(v) Equation of catus rectum x = a
and length of Latus retum = 4a .
(vi) Axis y= 0.
(vii) Extremiofies of latus retum (91 2a) & (91 -2a)

Section Formula:

om
(1) Integral division: If R(x, y, z) is point divid ing join of P(x 1, y1, z1) & Q(x 2, y2, z3) in ratio of
m : n.

Then, x = ,y= ,z=

.c
(2) External division: Coordinates of point R which div ides join of P(x 1, y1, z1) & Q(x 2, y2, z2)

ce
externally in ratio m : n are ra
LIMITS :

Theorem on Limits:
m

Let and . If l and m exist then,

xa

1) .
.e

2) .
w

3) Provided m  0.
w

4) Where k is constant.
w

5) If f(x)  g(x) then l  m.

6) .
7) If f(x)  g(x)  h(x) for all x.

and then (Squeeze play/ Sandwitch Theorem).

Some Standard results on limits:

1)

om
2)

3)

.c
ce
4) ra
5)
m
6)
xa

7)
.e

8)
w

9)
w

10)
w

Differentiation:

Standard Formulae of Differentiation:

1)

2)

3)

om
4)

5)

.c
ce
6)

7)
ra
8)
m
xa

9)

10)
.e
w

11)
w

12)
w

13)
14)

15)

16)

om
CHEMISTRY

Faraday's I st law of electrolysis: Mass of any substance deposited or liberated at any electrode
is directly proportional to quantity of electricity passed.
If Wg of substance deposited on passing Q coulombs of el ectricity. then,

.c
W W=z z electrochemical equivalent
If current of camperes is passed for t seconds, then
Q=cxt

W=z = zct

ce
ra
Faraday's II nd law: When same quantity of electricity is passed through solutions of different
electrolytes connected in series , weights of substances produced at electrodes aredirectly
proportional to their equivalent weights.
m

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Al3+ + 3e- Al

xa

two moles of electrons produce one mol of Cu, 3 moles of electron will produce 1 mol. of Al.
Total charge of 1 mol of electron = 1.6023 x 10 -19 x 6.022 x 10 23
= 96490 coulombs = 1 Faraday.
96500 Cmol -1
.e

Note: If n electrons are involved in electrode rxn, passage of n. faradys of electric ity will liberate
1 mol of substance. - 1 faraday deposits 1 gm equivalent of subatance.
w

z=
w

Eq. wt = x 96500
w

Electrical energy in jouls = V(volts) x Q(coulombs)

Transport No.: Fraction of current carried by an ion is c/d its transport No. As current by an ion
depends upon its speed.
Transpost no. of cation, n c =

Transport no. of anion, n a =

Conduction: Reciprocal of electrical resistance.

C= or a =

om
It unit is siemen (S) or ohm -1

Specific Conductivity:

.c
R

R= specific resistance.

ce
ra
Relationship between equivalent conductivity & specific conducvity:

If vol. of sol. containing 1 gm equivalent of electrolyte is V cm 3.

m

Eq. conductivity = Specific conductive x V

eq = Kv x V
xa

If conc. of sol. is c gm equivalent per litre, then,

1 gm eq. will be cm3.

.e

eq = Kc x = Kc x
w

Molar Conductivity:
w

m = Kc x = Kc x
w

Specific Conductivity:

K=cx
Specific conductivity = conductance x

Kolilrausch law: Limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte (molar conductivity at infinite

diution) is sum of limiting ionic conductivities of cation & anion each multiplied with no. of ions
present in one formula unit of electrolyte.
eg. for AxBy =
or
Eq. conductivity of an electrolyte at infinite dilution is sum of two values one depending upon
cation & other upon anion.

om
eq = +
& Ionic conductivities at infinite dilution.

.c
Acidic power Order Why ?
Farther the (–I) group

ce
III < II <
1. (Cl), lesser the acidic
I
strength
I < II < Farther the (+I) group,
2.
ra
III greater the acidic power

—CH3 is electron
m
II < I < donating and
3.
III — NO2 is electron
attracting
xa

—CH3 is electron
II < I < repelling; decreases
.e

4.
III acidic strength of
phenol
w
w

— OCH3 group
III < I < contains +M effect
5.
II and decreases acidic
w

poer.
 — NO2 is electron
attracting; III is more
I < II < resonance stabilised
6.
III than I and also than II.
In I, only inductive
effect is operative.
sp2 hybridised carbon of
I, II are more el-
ectronegative hence
I > II > acid strength is inc-

om
7.
III reased. Benzylic
(C6H5CH2) is more
stab-ilised than allylic
(CH2==CHCH2).
Effect of one —COOH

.c
on the other decr-eases
I > II > as its distance between
8.

ce
III > IV them increases,
(COOH)2 is maximum
acidic.
ra
II < III < —NO2 is electron
9.
I attracting (–I effect)

—OH shows electron

m

withdrawing nature at o
- and m - and electron
repelling at p -, o -
xa

III < II <

10. isomer due to
I
intramolecular bonding
in salicylate ion is
stronger than m -
.e

isomer
III < II <
11. —do—
w

I
I < III < —NH2 is electron
12.
w

II donating.

Section B
w

Basic power Order Why ?

 lone pair on N is not used in
resonance of -electrons in I.
In II lone pair of the ring is
1. I > III > II
itself used in delocalisation
while that of outside ring in
III.
—OCH3 is strong electron
donating group. This is due to
ortho effect, all the aniline are
2. I > II > III > IV
less basic than p-substituted
aniline due to steric

om
hindrance.
I (hyper conugation and
induction) II (induction) IV
3. I > II > III > IV (ortho effect), ortho effect

.c
normally decreases basic
nature.

4. ce
II > I > III
In II there is sp3 hybridised C,
In I, sp2. NO2 is electron
ra
withdrawing.
m
lone pair on N is used in
delocalisation of -electrons in
aromatic amines while
xa

5. III > I > II cyclohexyl is electron

repelling (III); in II, lone pair
on N is used by two benzene
ring.
.e

NO2 is electron-withdrawing,
thus nitro-anilines are less
basic than aniline. IV is less
w

6. I > II > III > IV

basic than III because —NO2
is closer and exerts a stronger
w

inductive effect.
w
 phenyl and —COCH3 are
7. III > I > II electronwithdra-wing and —
C6H5 < COCH3

Electron donating nature of

om
8. I < II < III C2H5 > CH3 So more basic
strength.

.c
9. I < II < III ortho effect in I.

ce
ra
10. I < II < III ortho effect in (I)
m
xa

General series Order Why ?

There is intermolecular H-
.e

bonding I. III has weak force

1. I > II > III
of attraction and is most
volatile.
w

Intramolecular H-bonding in o-
2. B.P. of o, m, p-nitro phenol o<m<p
isomer makes it more volatile.
w

Reactivity of ... with Tollen’s reagent —CHO group is easily

oxidised compared to keto
w

3. I > II > IV > III

group due to redusing
hydrogen.
 Reactivity of ... with Fehling’s solution
4. I > II > IV > III —do—

Extent of hydration of
Aldehydes are more hydrated
than ketones. Halide makes C
5. I < II < III < IV

om
of carbonyl group more
electropositive.

Electrophilic nature of ........ for

.c
nucleophilic attack CH3 group decreases +ve
6. I > II > III charge on C hence nucleophilic

ce
ra attack.

Reactivity of isomeric 1°, 2°, 3° butyl due to stability of intermediate

7. 3° < 2° < 1°
halide towards elimination (E1 or E2) carbocation
m

Dehydration of Alcohol leading to increase in

xa

conjugation due to dehydration

8. IV < I < II < III is more easily dehydration is
more easily dehydrated. IV is
vinylic, hence least.
.e

9. Stability of
w

Substituted alkenes are more

w

stable.More the alkyl groups

I < II < III < IV
are attached to the doubly
< V < VI
bonded carbon atom more
w

is the stability.
 Stability of
II is more substituted than III
10. I < III < II (More hyperconjugation more
stability)

Stability of
IV is vinylic while in
11. III > II > I > IV
conjugative, II allylic.

om
Stability of
III is 3° allylic and II is 1°
12. I < IV < II < III
allylic

.c
More the stability of

ce
Dehydration of
13. 3° < 2° < 1° intermediate, greater the
1°, 2°, 3° isomeric butyl alcohol
reactivity of chemical reaction.

Boiling points of I, II have H-bonding but

ra
14. II > I > III electronegativity of O > N
hence H-bonding in II > I

Formation of
m

I > II > III > IV greater the stability, easier the

15.
(easiest I) formation of perticular species.
xa

Reactivity of C—H bond (abstraction of

16.
H)
.e

I < II < III < IV Vinyl < methyl 1° < 2° < 3° <
< V < VI allylic
w
w

Leaving nature (tendency) of ... in SN

reaction.
w

I < II < III ~ IV If acid is strong, its conjugate

17. < V < VI < VII base is weak and greater the
< VIII leaving tendency.
 Rate of esterification of the following As the size of the substituents
acids with MeOH on the —C increases, the
I > II > III > IV
18. tetrahedrally bonded interme.
>V
diate becomes more crowded
and these slower the rate.

Relative reactivity of ... with electrophile

19.
in SE reaction

om
I > II > IV —CH3 is o-, p-directing and
> III > V responsible for activation.

.c
Relative reactivity of these compunds
ce
ra
with electrophile inS E reaction
—CH3 is o-, p-directing due to
activation while —COOH is
20. II > I > III > IV
m-directing and deactivating
m

group.
xa

Relative reactivity of ... with electrophile

As the number of sp 3
in SE reaction.
hybridised C atoms separating
.e

the ring from the positively

21. II > I > IV > II
charged substituent increases,
deactivating effect decreases
w

due to less electronegativity.

is best able to donate

w

Activating effects of the following o, p - electrons there by giving a very

directors. stable uncharged intermediate.
w

22. II > I > III

In cross conjugation
diminished its ability to donate
electrons to an arenium ion.
 Relative reactivity of ... towards S N1 Intermediates are benzylic
reaction cations. So CH 3O(electron
repelling) gives greater
23. II > I > III
stability through delocalisation
while NO 2 (electron attracting)
decreases stability.

Relative reactivity of ... towards S N1 and

SN2 reaction S N1 :
SN1 : 1° < 2° < 3° alkyl halide
III > II > I
24.
S N2 :

om
SN2 : 3° < 2° < 1° alkyl halide
II < II < I

Relative reactivity of ... with E + —NO2 deactivates benzene

25. II > I > III
(electrophile) in S E reaction. ring for S E

.c
ce
ra
Order of S N2 reactivity of alkoxide
26.
nucleophiles
m

SN2 reactivity is suseptible to

I < IV < V < III steric hindrance by the
< II nucleophile as well as by the
xa

size of alkyl group.

.e
w
w
w