KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (EME-504)

QUESTION BANK (UNIT-1)
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
1. Write general three-dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates for unsteady
state. Explain the significance of thermal diffusivity in it.
2. Write general three-dimensional heat conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinates for steady
state without heat generation.
3. Write general three-dimensional heat conduction equation in pherical co-ordinates for steady
state without heat generation.
!. "escri#e in detail a#out the factors affecting thermal conductivity.
$. "efine critical radius of insulation and derive equation of critical radius of insulation for
cylindrical and spherical system.
%. "erive an expression for temperature distri#ution in a solid sphere with qg is heat generated per
unit volume through out the sphere uniformly.
&. Critical radius of insulation has to #e considered only in case of cylinders and spheres and not for
plane walls. Comment.
'. "iscuss electrical analogy of heat conduction.
(. "erive a general 3-dimentional heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates. Write three
different forms of this equation #y assuming)
*sotropic material
*sotropic material+ no heat generation
*sotropic material+ no heat generation and steady state.
1,. Write a short note on thermal conductivity of gases.
11. Explain the concept of -og mean area.
12. "erive the equation for total heat transfer rate through a hollow cylinder having inner and outer
radii r1 and r2 respectively. *t.s inner and outer surface temperatures are /1 and /2 respectively.
/here is no heat generation and its conductivity is constant.
13. Write short note on) effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of good conductors.
1!. how that the temperature profile for heat conduction through a wall of constant thermal
conductivity is a straight line and in the presence of a heat source it #ecomes para#olic.
1$. how that temperature variation for heat conduction through a cylindrical wall having uniform 0 is
logarithmic.
1%. 1 reactor2s wall+ 32, mm thic0+ is made up of an inner layer of fire #ric0 304,.'!W5m06 covered
with a layer of insulation 304,.1% W5m76./he reactor operates at a temperature of 132$
,
C and the
am#ient temperature is 2$
,
C.
a8 "etermine the thic0ness of fire #ric0 and insulation which gives minimum heat loss
11!.% mm+
2,$.!mm
#8Calculate the heat loss presuming that the insulating material has a maximum temperature of
12,,
,
C. (1% W5m7
1&. 1 wall of a furnace is made up of inside layer of silica #ric0 12,mm thic0 covered with a layer of
magnetite #ric0 2!, mm thic0. /he temperature at the inside surface of silica #ric0 wall and
outside surface of magnesite #ric0 wall are &2$
,
C and 11,
,
C respectively. /he contact thermal
resistance #etween the two walls at the interface is ,.,,3$
,
C5W per unit wall area. *f thermal
conductivities of silica and megnetites #ric0s are 1.& W5m0 and $.' W5m 0+ calculate.
/he rate of heat loss per unit area of walls+ and q4$32%.(W5m
2
/he temperature drop at the interface 1'.&
,
C
1'. 1 furnace wall of thic0ness of ,.$ m having an average thermal conductivity of 1.! W5m0./he
wall is to #e insulated with a material with thermal conductivity of ,.3$ W5m0 so that the heat loss
will not exceed 2,,,W5m
2
assuming that the inner and outer surface temperatures are 1!,,
,
C and
2$
,
C respectively+ Calculate the thic0ness of insulation required. t4,.11$m
1(. *nner layer of steam #oiler furnace is made up of 2$ cm thic0 fireclay and a layer of $, cm thic0
red #ric0. /he wall temperature inside the furnace is 1,,,
,
C and that on outside wall is
$,
,
C."etermine the amount of heat loss per square meter of furnace wall.30 for fire
clay4,.$33W5m0 and 0 for red #ric04,.& W5m06. 94''&.$W5m
2
#8 *t is desired to reduce the thic0ness of the red #ric0 layer in this furnace to half #y filling in the
space #etween the two layers #y diatomite whose 04,.113:,.,,,23/3W5m06.Calculate the
thic0ness of the filling to ensure an identical loss of heat for the same outside and inside
temperatures. t4'3.2mm+/24%'3
,
C+/343%&
,
C.
2,. /he total thic0ness of a furnace wall+ which is made of an inner layer of fire #ric0s covered with a
layer of insulation+ is 32 cm./hermal conductivities of fire #ric0 and the insulation are ,.'! and
,.1% W5m0 respectively. /he furnace temperature is 132$
,
C and the temperature of surroundings
is 2$
,
C.Calculate the thic0ness of the fire #ric0 and that of insulation for minimum heat loss
through the wall. 1ssume that the maximum temperature in the insulating material should not
exceed 12,,
,
C. t1411.!%cm+t242,.$!cm
21. 1 plate made of material of thermal conductivity 1, W5m0 is heated from #ottom surface at
constant rate such that the upper surface+ which is exposed to the surrounding+ is maintained at
constant temperature of 2$,
,
C./he upper surface convects and radiates heat to the surroundings.
/he surrounding temperature is 11,
,
C./he convection coefficients and radiation factor are
respectively &$ W5m
2
C and unity. Calculate the temperature gradient #etween upper and lower
surface of the plate. dt5dx41.,&
,
C5mm
22. 1 #oard of composed of three layer+ middle #eing of pac0ed saw dust 304,.,2W5m06 with the side
layer made of plywood each of 2 cm thic0ness 304,.12 W5m06./he three layer are ;oined together
#y #olting using four steel #olts of 1 cm diameter at the corners 304!, W5m06.Calculate the heat
flow per m
2
area if one surface is at 3$
,
C and the other at 2,
,
C. 94!.1%W5m
2
23. 1 refrigerator having inside dimension of ,.$m<,.$m #ase and 1.,m height is maintained at
%
,
C./he walls of the refrigerator are maintained are constructed for two mild steel sheets 3 mm
thic0304!%.$W5m06 with $, mm glass wool insulation304,.,!%W5m06 #etween them. /he average
heat transfer coefficients at the inner and outer surface are 11.% and 1!.$ W5m
2
0 respectively. /he
surrounding temperature is 2$
,
C.=ind the rate at which heat must #e removed for the interior to
maintain specified temperature and the temperature at outer surface of the refrigerator.

943'.3W+/s423.(!
,
C
2!. 1n insulated pipe is carrying steam. "etermine the heat loss to the surroundings per meter length
of the pipe considering 3a6 the effect of convection heat transfer from inside and outside surface of
the wall 3#6 >eglecting the convection heat transfer effect. 1ssume the following particulars.
*.". of the pipe 4 1, cm+ Wall thic0ness41 cm+ /hic0ness of insulation43 cm+ /emperature of hot
fluid41,,
,
C+ /emperature of surroundings42$
,
C+0 for steel4$' W5m0+ 0 for insulating
material4,.2 W5m0+inside heat transfer coefficient4&2, W5m27.?utside heat transfer
coefficient4(W5m
2
0. a41!3 W5m0+ #4232.' W5m0
2$. 1ir at (,
,
C flows in a copper tu#e 3043',W5m06 of ! cm inner diameter and with ,.% cm thic0
wall which is heated from outside #y water at 13,
,
C.Calculate the rate of heat transfer if unit
surface conductances on air and water side are 22, and 3%,, W5 m
2
0 respectively. 1fter some
period a scale of ,.! thic0 3042W5m06 is deposited on the outer surface of the tu#e. =ind)
a. /he rate of heat transfer in this situation 94'13.($%W5m
#. /he overall heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface @o41,&.(%
c. /emperature drop across the scale deposit dt4(.2&
,
C
2%. 1 hot gas at 33,
,
C with convection coefficient of 222W5 m
2
0 is flowing through a steel tu#e of
outside diameter ' cm and thic0ness 1.3 cm.*t is covered with an insulating material of thic0ness 2
cm+having conductivity of ,.2 W5m0./he outer surface of insulation is exposed to am#ient air at
2$
,
C+with convection coefficient of $$ W5 m
2
0. Calculate)
a. Aeat loss to air from $m long tu#e 943',2.%13 W
# /he temperature drop due to thermal resistance of the hot gases+ steel tu#e+ the insulation layer
and the outside air dt142,.2
,
C+ dt242!&.1&
,
C+dt34,.($
,
C+dt!43.',3
,
C
/a0e conductivity of steel4$, W5m0.
2&. 1 steel pipe line304$,W5m06 of *" 1,, mm and ?" 11, mm is to #e covered with two layers of
insulation each having thic0ness of $, mm. /he thermal conductivity of first insulation material is
,.,% W5m0 and that of the second is ,.12 W5m0.Calculate the loss of heat per meter length of pipe
and the interface temperature #etween the two layers of insulation when the temperature of the
inside tu#e surface is 22$
,
C and that of the outside surface of the insulation is $,
,
C.
2'. 1 mild steel tan0 of wall thic0ness 12cm contains water at ($
,
C./he thermal conductivity of mild
steel is $,W5m0+and the heat transfer coefficient for the inside and outside the tan0 are 2'$, and
1,W5 m
2
0+respectively.*f the atmospheric temperature is 1$
,
C+calculate+
i./he over all heat transfer coefficient @4(.&32W5 m
2
0
ii./he rate of heat loss per unit surface area 9514&&'.$'W5 m
2
iii./he surface temperatures of the tan0 /14(!.&3
,
C+/24(2.'%
,
C
What thic0ness of glass wool insulation 304,.,!W5m06 should #e provided outside the tan0 so as
to restrict the rate of heat transfer to 1,,W5 m
2
B.
2(. 1 1, cm ?" steam pipe carrying saturated steam at 13&3 0pa 31.3&3 C>5 m
2
6 is lagged to 2,cm
diameter with magnesia 304,.,&W5m06 and further lagged with laminated as#estos of thermal
conductivity ,.,' W5m0 to 2$ cm diameter. /he whole pipe is further protected #y a layer of
canvas. *f the temperature under the canvas is 2,
,
C+ find the mass of steam condensed in 2! hours
per meter length of pipe. >eglect thermal conductivity effect of the pipe material.
C43&'(0g5day
3,. 1 steam main 2$, mm in diameter3?"6 and 22$ m long is covered with $, mm of high
temperature insulation304,.,($W5m06 and !, mm of low temperature
insulation304,.,%$W5m06./he inner and outer surface temperature as measured are !,,
,
C and
$,
,
C repectively.Calculate
i./he total heat loss per hour 2%$$1$%'0;5hr
ii./he total heat loss per m
2
of outer surface 2!2.%$0;5 m
2
iii./he heat loss per m
2
of pipe surface !1&.3&W5 m
2
iv./he temperature #etween the two layers of insulations. /2421$.22
,
C
31. 1 $, cm diameter pipeline in the 1rctic carries hot oil at 3,
,
C and is exposed of surrounding
temperature of -2,
,
C.1 special powder insulation $, mm thic0D having a thermal conductivity of
,.,,& W5m0+ surround the pipe. /he film heat transfer coefficient on the outside of the pipe is
12W5 m
2
0.Calculate the rate of heat loss from the pipe per meter of length+ neglecting thermal
resistance of the pipe line. 95-411.(3W
32. 1 standard iron pipe having $cm inner diameter and 2.$mm thic0ness is insulated with magnesium
insulation304,.,2W5m06./emperature at the interface #etween the pipe and the insulation is
3,,
,
C./he permissi#le heat loss through the pipe is %,,W per meter length of the pipe and the
outer surface of insulation is not allowed to exceed 1,,
o
C.*f the thermal conductivity of the pipe
material is 2,W5m0.Calculate the minimum thic0ness of insulation required and the temperature
of inside surface of the pipe. t4,.12cm+/143,,.!$
,
C
33. /wo ! cm diameter stainless #ars+$ cm long+ have their surfaces ground to a surface roughness of
2.$! micrometer. /hey are pressed together end to end with a pressure of 2, atm+ due to which a
thermal resistance of 2.%!x1,
-!
m
2
05W is created #etween them. /he assem#ly is exposed to an
overall temperature difference of 1,,
,
C.Calculate the axial 3one-dimensional6 heat flow and
temperature drop across the contact surface.
Conductivity of steel42,W5m0. 9423.'%W+dt4$.,1$
,
C
3!. /wo aluminum plates $ mm thic0 with ground roughness of 2.$! micrometer are #olted together a
contact pressure of 2, #ars. /he overall temperature difference across the plates is ',
,
C.Calculate
the temperature drop across the contact ;oint. /he contact resistance of this ;oint is estimated as
,.''x1,
-!
m
2
05W and thermal conductivity of aluminum is 2,2 W5m0. d/4$1.2
,
C
3$. 1 hot gas at !,,
,
C flows through a long metal pipe of 1, cm ?" and 3 mm thic0 having 043,
W5m0.Cineral wool insulation 04,.,$ W5m0 $, mm thic0 is wrapped around it. =ind the heat loss
per unit length and temperature of exposed surface of insulation.Eiven+hi43, W5m
2
0+ho41,
W5m
2
0+surrounding air temperature42$
,
C. 95-41$1.2' W5m