Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Definitions
Inheritance the transmission of genetic information in the form of genes from one generation to
the next
Gene a length of the genetic material DNA that codes for the manufacture of a particular
protein. It can be copied and passed on to future generations e.g. amylase enzyme, collagen of
skin.
Chromosome a molecule (strand) of DN associated !ith proteins consisting of about "###
genes inherited as a unit e.g. the $ and % chromosomes.
Allele one or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same position on a chromosome
e.g. I
, I
&
, i of human blood groups.
Genotype the genetic makeup of an organism, the alleles for a particular gene that the organism
has e.g. I
i.
Phenotype the characteristics (physical features or chemical makeup) of an organism e.g.
blood group, cat coat colour. 'he en(ironment may affect the phenotype e.g. human skin colour,
height
Homozygous ha(ing t!o identical alleles of a gene e.g. I
&
I
&
. 'he organism !ill be pure
breeding as it can only pass on one form of an allele
Heterozygous ha(ing t!o different alleles of a gene e.g. I
I
)
genotype gi(es a blood group phenotype of group as I
*i
ecessive allele + the allele that is only expressed in the phenotype in the absence of the dominant
allele e.g. ii
gi(ing ) blood group, ) is recessi(e so I
i I
* i
I
I
&
& I
D I
&
I
&
I
&
&
I
&
i & I
&
* i
ii )
'hree babies !ere born at the same time in the same !ard at a hospital and there !as some confusion as to the
parentage so each parent and child !as tested to determine their blood group.
'he result !as6
;arent &aby
Name 3ale &lood Froup 8emale &lood Froup Eode Name &lood Froup
4eek & &
4it & & E )
Gech ) ) F
Dra! ;unnet :<uares for each ;arental crossA can you determine the parentage of each of the babies9
8or !hich baby can !e not be sure of the genotype9
Ean &lood Froup alone determine parentage9
1he inheritance of gender,
Gender (male or female) is determined by chromosomal inheritance. 'he ,-
rd
pair of chromosomes $ and % is
called the heterosomes because they (ary in appearance and genetic content.
2emales contain t/o 3 chromosomes, males ha(e one 3 and one 4, the % chromosome determines maleness but
does not contain any alleles that match any genes on the $ chromosome.
Dra! a ;unnet :<uare to sho! !hy there is an e<ual chance of a male or female baby from reproduction in a
human.
'ex)Inherited 1raits,
Eertain traits, examples are Haemophilia and ed)Green colour blindness, are inherited on the 3 chromosome,
there is no e<ui(alent allele on the % chromosome so the ;henotype of the indi(idual !ill be affected by the
gender. &oth 1aemophilia and 4ed+Freen colour blindness are recessi(e mutations that are due to a mutant gene
!hich pre(ents the manufacture of a protein needed for red=green colour (ision or the clotting of blood.
5se the follo!ing notation6
$ normal $ chromosome
% Normal % chromosome
$C + affected $ chromosome
7ork out the Fenotypes and ;henotypes to complete the table belo!6
Fender Hision Fenotype Notes
$%
4ed+Freen colour blind
Normal
Normal Earrier
$C$C
ns!er the follo!ing <uestions using ;unnet :<uaresA
". If a red+green colour blind male has one daughter !ith a normal sighted female !hose family has no
history of colour blindness, !hat is the probability that their fourth grandchild !ill be a colour blind male if
her partner is a normal male9
,. 'sarina lexandra !as a carrier of 1aemophilia. 7hat is the probability that her haemophilic son ;rince
lexander had the affliction9 1ad he sur(i(ed, could he ha(e passed the affliction on to his sons9