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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

_____________________________________________________________________
Program : Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Hons)
Course : Numerical Method with Applications
Course Code : MEC500
Lecturer : Dr. Siti Mariam Binti Abdul Rahman
Semester : March July 2014
_____________________________________________________________________

Assignment / Project Report

ASSIGNMENT REPORT
WATER TANK FOR SMALL RESIDENT

No. Student Name ID Group
1.

MUHAMAD FARID ARIFFIN BIN MOHD YUNUS 2011271642 EMD6M4A

Submission Date: 20 June 2014

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 3
3.0 OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................................... 4
4.0 SOLUTIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 4
4.1 DESIGN .......................................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION ................................................................................................................. 5
4.3 NUMERICAL SOLUTION ................................................................................................................. 6
5.0 RESULTS............................................................................................................................................. 8
6.0 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 10
7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION......................................................................................... 11
8.0 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................ 12




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1.0 BACKGROUND

A water tank is a container for storing water. The need for a water tank is as old as
civilization, providing storage of water for drinkingwater, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression,
agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as
well as many other applications.

Conlex Enterprise has been on the map of the water storage industry since the 1980s. Over
the years of becoming the professional Malaysia water tank manufacturer, the Conlex Group is
currently made up of 4 subsidiaries namely Shinglex Timber Trading Sdn Bhd (a hardware shop
established in 1985), Conlex Enterprise Sdn Bhd (a water tank factory founded in 1988) , Gallex
Precision industrial Sdn Bhd (set up in 1989) and Surimaju Sdn Bhd Trading (establish at
2010). Water Tank, Septic Tank, Flora Tank, PE Tank and many others, all under the roof of The
Conlex Group.
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

As a practical student, I was asked to design a spherical tank to hold water for a small residential
area in TTDI Jaya. The volume of liquid it can hold can be computed as


Where
V = volume (m3)
h = depth of water in tank (m)
R = tank radius (m)(standard specification=3m)

As safety requirements the tank are equip with a sensor. The design must have to be labeled at
different height as follow:-
80% of the maximum volume enough storage
40% of the maximum volume not enough storage


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3.0 OBJECTIVES

a) To design a spherical water tank
b) To find the desired height to be labeled in the water tank
c) To compare numerical methods
4.0 SOLUTIONS
4.1 DESIGN

The design that was made:

Schematic diagram for the design

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4.2 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION

Maximum volume
V
max
= (6
2
)
= 36
= 113.0973355

For 40 % of volume

0 = [ 3Rh
2
h
3
] 0.4 (3) V
max

0 = [ 3(3)h
2
h
3
] 1.2 (36 )
h
1
= 8.385659248
h
2
= 2.597586463
h
3
= -1.983245711 ;

For 80 % of volume
0 = [ 3Rh
2
h
3
] 0.8 (3) V
max

0 = [ 3(3)h
2
h
3
] 2.4 (36 )
h
1
= -2.715649331
h
2
= 7.438493683
h
3
= 4.277155647 ;

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4.3 NUMERICAL SOLUTION

FORMULAE
Comparison Of The Characteristics Of Alternative Methods For Finding Root Of Algebraic Equation
METHOD TYPE GUESSES
CONVER-
GENCE
STABILITY
PROGRAM
MING
COMMENT
Direct Analytical

Graphical Visual

Imprecise
Bisection Bracketing 2 Slow Always Easy

False-
Position
Bracketing 2
Slow/
Medium
Always Easy

Modified-Fp Bracketing 2 Medium Always Easy

Fixed Point
Iteration
Open 1 Slow
May
Diverge
Easy

Newton
Raphtson
Open 1 Fast
May
Diverge
Easy
Requires
F'(X)
Modified Nr Open 1
Fast
(Multiple)
May
Diverge
Easy
Requires
F'(X) & F"(X)
Secant Open 1
Medium
(Single)
May
Diverge
Easy
Initial
Guesses Do
Not Have
To Bracket
The Root
Modified
Secant
Open 1 Medium/Fast
May
Diverge
Easy

Brent Hybrid 1 Or 2 Medium
Always (For
2 Guesses)
Moderate Robust
Muller Polynomials 2
Medium/
Fast
May
Diverge
Moderate

Bairstow Polynomials 2 Fast
May
Diverge
Moderate


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Relative True Error
% 100
*
x
x
x x
t


Relative Approximate Error
% 100 x
new
old new
a
x
x x

Accuracy

The desired accuracy or prespecified tolerance is defined as :
)% 10 5 . 0 (
2
x
p
s


If
s a
is satisfied, the approximation is said to be accurate at least to p decimal places.
Therefore for 3 decimal places :
% 05 . 0
s


FALSE POSITION METHOD (FPM)
Estimate the root using
) ( ) (
) )( (
u l
u l u
u r
x f x f
x x x f
x x

Evaluate the following
a) IF f(x
l
).f(x
r
) < 0 root lies in lower sub interval
SET x
l
= x
l
& x
r
= x
u
for the next iteration
b) IF f(x
l
).f(x
r
) > 0 roots lies in upper subinterval
SET x
r
= x
l
& x
u
= x
u
for the next iteration
c) If f(x
r
) = 0 you have found the root! So stop!
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FIXED POINT ITERATION (FPI )
Simple fixed-point also called one-point iteration or successive substitution. Developing formula for
simple fixed-point iteration:
This is done by rearranging the function f(x) = 0 so that x is on the left side of the equation,
x = g(x) is the formula for new estimate root x
i+1
using initial guess x
i
.
Express x = g(x) in iterative formula to predict a new value of x.
x
i+1
=g(x
i
) Formula for simple fixed-point iteration
5.0 RESULTS
GRAPHICAL METHOD

For 40%

For 80%
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(for 40% of max volume)FPM
Iteration
Approximate
error
True error Solution
1 0 0.49935117 2.584615385
2 0.520585841 0.021345795 2.598140938
3 0.022250806 0.00090481 2.59756296
(for 80% of max volume)FPM
Iteration
Approximate
error
True error Solution
1 0.00000000000 1.00170198459 4.32000000000
2 1.18260869565 0.17879229780 4.26950842214
3 0.18013805165 0.00134818244 4.27721331086
4 0.00135837078 0.00001018819 4.27715521124
(for 40% of max volume)FPI
Iteration
Approximate
error
True error Solution
1 0.00000000000 1.95039716552 2.38513917600
2 5.03137393605 3.31400778566 2.51150224538
3 1.94369081377 1.39747965558 2.56128572064
4 0.80390293603 0.59838717159 2.58204283883
5 0.341421778 0.257845735 2.590888697
6 0.146605155 0.111403904 2.59469265
7 0.063246267 0.048188115 2.596334735
8 0.027339558 0.020854258 2.597044756
(for 80% of max volume)FPI
Iteration
Approximate
error
True error Solution
1 0 4.424273313 4.087922591
2 1.40395560285 3.06332543975 4.14613244997
3 0.94309616084 2.14041545489 4.18560674650
4 0.64541711396 1.50470999676 4.21279685840
5 0.44723176185 1.06222885976 4.23172246534
... ... ... ...
11 0.055315687 0.13655197 4.271315107
12 0.039333457 0.097256767 4.272995824
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6.0 DISCUSSION

As we can see from all the solution there are 3 answer either for 40% or 80% of water
storage. By observing the schematic diagram the given radius for the spherical water tank is
3m. Thus the diameter is 6m. While the is no negative in length. Hence we can conclude
that :
0
Therefore the answer are (analytically):
h at 40 % = 2.59758643
h at 80 % = 4.277155647

while the numerical answer at accuracy of 0.05% are :

graphical method (imprecise):

h at 40 % = 2.64
h at 80 % = 4.26

False-Position Method
h at 40 % = 2.59756296
h at 80 % = 4.27715521124

Fixed- Point Iteration
h at 40 % = 2.597044756
h at 80 % = 4.272995824


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7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

a. All the problem have been solved analytically and numerically
b. The value of height at specific percentage were obtained
c. The three methods were compared in the mat lab. It can be observed that
i. The value get from graphical method is imprecise.
ii. FPM obtained the answer at accuracy of 0.05% much faster than FPI
d. The problem were solved successfully for each method
e. For RECOMMENDATION . if there are problems similar as this problem and
numerical analysis is required, FPM is recommended as compared to FPI.

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8.0 APPENDIX
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%GRAPHICAL METHOD
h = -4: 0.02 : 10; %setting up the limit of graph and interval
r = 3;
Vmax = 36*pi;
R = 0.8;
F = -pi*h.^3 + 3*pi*r*h.^2 - R*3*Vmax
plot (h,F)
hold on %plotting 2 graph together
y = zeros (size(h)); %setting up the equation as the same size as x
plot (h,y)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%SOLUTION USING FALSE POSITION METHOD

%BRACKETING THE ROOT FROM THE GRAPH PLOTTED BEFORE
hL = 4; %assigning the lower value
hU = 5; %assigning the upper value
%to find roots at other point just change the upper value
%and lower value (bracket the other root)
tolerance = 0.05; %set up the tolerance at 3 d.p
h = -4: 0.02 : 10; %setting up the limit of graph and interval
r = 3;
Vmax = 36*pi;
R = 0.8;
F = @(h) -pi*h.^3 + 3*pi*r*h.^2 - R*3*Vmax; %assigning the function

for i = 1: 100 %start looping

xr = hU - (F(hU)*(hL-hU))/ (F(hL)-F(hU)); %False-Position Formula
root(i) = xr; %saving the values of xr at respective iteration

%SETTING UP THE FALSE-POSITION METHOD CONDITION
limValue = F(hU)*F(xr); %first condition
if limValue < 0
hU = xr;

else if limValue > 0 %second condition
hL = xr;

else %first stopping criteria
disp (xr) %displaying answer
'is one of the roots of equation'
break
end

end
if i == 1 %calculating true error at first iteration
%true error formula
%the true value change as the root change
et(i) = abs ((4.277155647- root(i))/ 4.277155647*100);

end

%calculating true error and app error at respective iteration
if i > 1
et(i) = abs ((4.277155647 - root(i))/ 4.277155647*100);
%approximate error formula
ea(i) = abs((root(i)- root(i-1))/root(i)*100);
if ea(i) < tolerance;%second stopping criteria
disp (xr)%displaying answer
'is one of the roots of equation'
break
end
end
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%SOLUTION USING FIXED POINT ITERATION

h0 = 2; %first initial point - assume nearest to the solution
%obtained from the graph
tolerance = 0.05; %set up the tolerance at 3 d.p


%Rearrange the function f(x) = 0 so that x is on the left side
%of the equation.
r = 3;
Vmax = 36*pi;
R = 0.4;
g = @(h) sqrt((1/(-3*pi*r))*(-pi*h.^3 - R*3*Vmax)); % first equation
arrangement

for i = 1:101 % start looping
root (i) = g(h0); %starting iteration
h0 = root(i); %assigning the next value of Xi

if i == 1; %calculating true error at first iteration
%true error formula
%the true value change as the root change
et(i) = abs ((2.33950945 - root(i))/2.33950945 *100);
end

%calculating true error and app error at respective iteration
if (1 < i) && (i < 100)
et(i) = abs ((2.597586463 - root(i))/2.597586463 *100);
%approximate error formula
ea(i) = abs((root(i)- root(i-1))/root(i)*100);

if ea(i) < tolerance; %Stopping criteria
fprintf('Solution is %f \n', (root(i)))%displaying answer
break
end
end

%assigning statement for diverge iteration
if i > 100
fprintf('Solution did not converge to within precision = %d in %d
iterations \n', tolerance, 100)

end

end

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%