B i DC T i i B i DC T i i Basic DC Training Basic DC Training

Basic DC Training Basic DC Training

DC system philosophies
Basic DC system build up
Basic dimensioning
Earthing
Basic DC Training Basic DC Training
DC system philosophies
Basic DC system build up
Basic dimensioning
Earthing
DC system philosophy DC system philosophy
DC systems for telecommunications are built up on the N+1 DC systems for telecommunications are built up on the N+1
principle for reliable power supply. This is achieved by using
multiple number of rectifiers & batteries that share a common
l d A ifi f il b f il ill i hi load. A rectifier failure or battery failure will in this case not
cause loss of power supply.
DC system philosophy DC system philosophy
Component choice
Fully automatic functions
Dimensioning with redundancy N+1
Minimum two batteries per plant
MTBF for a rectifier: at least 40 years
DC system philosophy DC system philosophy
Central Power
The traditional way to supply
power for telecommunication
Integrated Power
The power system is completely
integrated into each cabinet
Switch Room Power
Systems that reduce costs for
installation and engineering
Basic DC Training Basic DC Training
DC system philosophies
Basic DC system build up
Basic dimensioning
Earthing
Basic DC System Basic DC System as c C Syste as c C Syste
AC
DC
Rectifier DC Distribution Unit
DC to Load AC Mains
Battery Connection Unit
Load Disconnect Unit
Battery Connection Unit
Battery
DC Power DC Power Block Diagram Block Diagram C o e C o e oc ag a oc ag a
Demo for DC Power in BTS Demo for DC Power in BTS e o o C o e S e o o C o e S
Basic DC System Basic DC System -- Rectifier Rectifier
Converts mains to regulated DC,
ripple and noise on output must meet
telecommunications specifications.
Rectifiers are sized in watts or ampere
with regards to output capacity.
Typical rectifier sizes are from ~300W up
To ~10 kW.
Rectifier DC Distribution Unit
AC
DC
DC Distribution Unit
DC to Load AC Mains
Load Disconnect Unit
Battery Connection Unit
Battery
Basic DC System Basic DC System -- DC distribution DC distribution
Distributes DC to telecom equipment
Via circuit breakers or fuses
Fuse / circuit breaker ratings from 1A to 800 A
AC
DC
Rectifier DC Distribution Unit
DC to Load AC Mains
Battery Connection Unit
Load Disconnect Unit
Battery
Basic DC System Basic DC System Battery connection unit Battery connection unit
Connection point for batteries
Fuse / circuit breaker ratings from 50 A to 800 A
Rectifier DC Distribution Unit
AC
DC
DC to Load AC Mains
Load Disconnect Unit
Battery Connection Unit
B tt Battery
Basic DC System Basic DC System Load disconnect unit Load disconnect unit
Disconnects the load at the end of battery
Discharge to protect the battery from deep discharge.
Automatic disconnect and reconnect is achieved by Automatic disconnect and reconnect is achieved by
using contactors.
Contactor ratings vary from 50A to 1200A.
Rectifier DC Distribution Unit
AC
DC
DC to Load AC Mains
Load Disconnect Unit
Battery Connection Unit
B tt Battery
Basic DC System Basic DC System Supervision unit Supervision unit
Supervises and controls system specific values
such as:
- Float voltage
Ch lt - Charge voltage
- Over voltage limit
- Under voltage limit
Supervises and controls automatic functions
such as;;
- Battery charging
- Temperature controlled charging
- Battery test
- Load disconnect
Alarm log Alarm log
- Active alarms
- Alarm history
Measurement and display of
- System voltages - System voltages
- Distribution current
- Battery current
- Alarms
Interface for remote monitoring
- RS 232
- TCP/IP
Basic DC System Basic DC System -- Battery Battery
The battery is the sole source of energy when the rectifiers are
not operating due to mains failure or rectifier failure.
A battery stores energy through a chemical process. Batteries
are rated in ampere-hours (Ah). European and Asian batteries are p ( ) p
normally rated at the 10 hour rate (C
10
) while American batteries
are normally rated at the 8 hour rate (C
8
).
C
10
example
A battery rated 1500 Ah will be able to provide 150 A of constant
f h h current for 10 hours, 150 A x 10 h = 1500 Ah
Basic DC System Basic DC System -- Battery Battery
A lead acid battery is built up of battery cells,
a lead acid battery cell is always 2V.
A number of battery cells are often combined
48V battery string
in a shared container, this is referred to as a battery block.
Standard battery blocks are 4V, 6V, 8V, 12V & 16V.
A number of battery cells or blocks are connected in
series to form a battery string.
+ -
+ -
6V battery block
+ -
+ - + -
+ -
+ -
2V cell
+ -
6V battery block
(2V+ + 2V 2V) + - + -
Basic DC Training Basic DC Training
DC system philosophies
Basic DC system build up
Basic dimensioning
Earthing
Basic Dimensioning Basic Dimensioning - - Rectifier Rectifier
Constant power rectifiers
l d i @ Customer load is 150 A @ 48 V or 7200 W
We intend to use a 2900 W rectifier
Number of rectifiers will be: 7200 / 2900 = 2.5 = 3 Rectifiers
N+1 redundancy is normally required which means that the total N+1 redundancy is normally required which means that the total
Number of rectifiers will be 3 + 1 = 4 Rectifiers
Basic Dimensioning Basic Dimensioning - - Battery Battery
Customer load is 150 A or 7200 W and the required back up time is 2 hours
Normally two battery strings or more are required for maintenance reasons
and safety This is a customer requirement and safety. This is a customer requirement.
End of discharge voltage is normally 1.80 V/cell (1.80 x 24 = 43.2 V)
Manufactures data sheets shall always be used when dimensioning
Constant Current Method
150 / 2 = 75A(each battery string shall back-up ~75A for 2 hours)
Constant Power Method
7200 / 2 = 3600 W (each battery string shall back-up ~3600 W for 2 hours)
3600 / 24 = 150 W/cell
EB Range
Data Sheet
Adobe Acrobat 7.0
Document
Data Sheet
Click to open
Basic Dimensioning Basic Dimensioning - - Battery Battery
From the data sheet we know that an Emerson EB4 6V200Ah battery can
b k back-up;
76.7 A per string for 2 hours to final voltage 1.80 V/cell
Two strings can back up 2 x 76 7 = 153 4 A(load is 150A) Two strings can back-up 2 x 76.7 = 153.4 A (load is 150A)
or
146 W/cell for 2 hours to final voltage 1.80 V/cell
One string can back-up 146 x 24 = 3504 W
Two strings can back-up 3504 x 2 = 7008 W (load is 7200 W) g p ( )
Use 2 x 200 Ah batteries
Basic Dimensioning Basic Dimensioning DC Distribution DC Distribution
DC distribution sizing is done according to the loads that are going to be supplied
As a rule of thumb a circuit breaker shall not be loaded with more than 80% As a rule of thumb a circuit breaker shall not be loaded with more than 80%
of its rating during normal operation (~54 V).
Example;
Maximum normal load on a 10Afuse/CB is 10 x 0 8 = 8A Maximum normal load on a 10A fuse/CB is 10 x 0.8 8A
8A @ 54V = 432W => 432W @ 43.2V = 10A
Telecom loads are constant power consumers which means that the current will
increase as the voltage drops (during battery discharge).
Normal float voltage is ~54V
End of discharge voltage is 43.2 V
54/43.2 = 1.25 = ~25% higher current at 43.2V compared with 54V
Voltage drop Voltage drop
DC Cable Size DC Cable Size
- Voltage drop
A=IL / (KU)
A cable area (mm2),
I total current (A)L cable length (m)
K the conductivity factor. Kcopper=57.
U permissible voltage drop in the cable
For the distribution safety, the voltage drop in the cables
connecting battery and load can not exceed 3.2V.
- Current density
A= I /Jj
A----- Cable area (mm2), A Cable area (mm2),
I total current (A)
Jj-------Density of economic current A/mm2
Jj = 3A/mm2 (2-3.5A/mm2) j ( )
Basic DC Training Basic DC Training
DC system philosophies
Basic DC system build up
Basic dimensioning
Earthing
Earthing Earthing
All objects within a telecom site shall be bonded together to a common point, this
common point is referred to as the MET (Main Earth Terminal). The MET shall
then be connected to the earth electrode. A site with non-conforming or
non-existent bonding will be subject to large variations in the earth plane during
lightning storms and other disturbances, which can lead to equipment failure
and/or personal injury.
Earth electrode impedance shall be in accordance with local or operator rules, but
th 20 h never more than 20 ohm.
Earthing Earthing
Earthing Earthing Single point Single point
Protective Earth
Protection of people and equipment against accidents like electrical shocks p p q p g
and fires caused by faulty electrical tools or equipment.
Building Earth.
Protection of buildings against damage because of thunder lightning and
potential differences.
TelecomEarth Telecom Earth
The establishment of an accurate earth plane to be used as zero signal
reference.
Thank you