Chemical Engineering and Processing 50 (2011) 11521159

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Chemical Engineering and Processing:
Process Intensication
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Local heat-transfer coefcient of immersed cylindrical surface in uidized and
vibrated uidized beds
M.S. Bacelos
a,
, C.F.S. Camargo
b
, A.M. Silveira
b
, J.T. Freire
b
a
Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo, Departamento de Engenharias e Computac o, Programa de Ps-graduac o emEnergia, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km. 60, CEP 29.932-540, So
Mateus, ES, Brazil
b
Universidade Federal de So Carlos, Departamento de Engenharia Qumica, Programa de Ps-graduac o em Engenharia Qumica, Rod. Washington luiz, Km. 235, C. P. 676, CEP
13.565-905, So Carlos, SP, Brazil
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 31 March 2011
Received in revised form2 September 2011
Accepted 8 September 2011
Available online 16 September 2011
Keywords:
Fluidization
Heat transfer
Vibrating-uidized beds
Fluidized beds
a b s t r a c t
Due to the good airparticle mixing couple with the high heat and mass transfer rates, uidized and
vibrated uidized beds of particles have been widely used for many chemical engineering processes
involving particulate systems. On the other hand, in practice, for using such beds in the treatment of
heat-sensitive materials (i.e., polymer, food products) the installation of heat-exchange surface within
the bed are needed to provide indirect heat as well as prevent thermal degradation. Therefore, this
paper presents an investigation to determine the local heat-transfer coefcient in uidized and vibrated
uidized beds (by expressing Nu
0
vs. Re) operated with glass ballotini particles ranging from 500 to
1100 m, in diameter. The data show that, at a given air velocity, the local heat-transfer coefcient
obtained in the vibrated uidized beds is signicantly higher as compared to those of uidized beds.
In addition, vibrated uidized beds can achieve higher local heat-transfer coefcients as the particle
diameter is reduced from 1100 to 500 m and the vibration dimensionless (1 ) is increased from 1 to 3.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Fluidized bed dryers have been commonly used for the drying
of wet particulate and granular material as well as slurries, pastes
and suspensions in beds of inert particles (size ranging from 50
to 2000m) which uidization regimes can be achieved. In addi-
tion to drying, uidized bed has found wide ranges of industrial
applications in various industries for mixing, granulation, coating,
chemical reactions and combustion [1].
Vibrateduidizedbeds (VFBs) have become increasingly impor-
tant in practical applications as they cover a different range of
operational conditions, when compared to the conventional u-
idized beds. In regard to cost effectiveness, the choice of vibrated
uidized bed as a contactors is competitive in large-scale produc-
tion with conventional uidized bed [25], spouted bed [610],
rotary [1116], tunnel [17] and continuous tray [18], as VFBs can
be operated in the presence of uniform (size ranging from 10m
to 10mm) or particle size distribution (reference, binary, at and
Gaussian mixtures) [19,20]. As well, for good solids mixing cou-
pled with satisfactory gasparticle contact, VFBs can promote rates
of heat and mass transfer to the system comparable to the other
contactors.

Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 27 3312 1568; fax: +55 27 3312 1618.
E-mail address: marcelobacelos@ceunes.ufes.br (M.S. Bacelos).
Among the advantages of introducing mechanical vibration in a
conventional uidized bed is the possibility of the decrease in the
minimumuidization velocity, bed pressure drop, volume of dead
regions, channeling, and bubble formations. In addition, uidiza-
tion of cohesive, adhesive, and pasty material becomes feasible in
such beds [2124].
The great challenge of increasing the thermal efciency in the
dryers is to reduce the loss of sensible heat with the exhaust
air stream. In uidized bed dryers, by adding internal heaters or
immersed tubes in the bed, the heat is indirectly transferred to the
drying material and the uidizing air streamuidizes the material
andcarries over theevaporatedmoisture. Therefore, this minimizes
the quantity of air and its sensible heat required for the drying.
Moreover, for operating conditions not suitable for uidized
beds (drying of particle size less than 50m), where vibrating
uidized bed regimes is achieved, immersed tubes or internally
heated column surface can be used, as the heat transfer coef-
cient increases with the decrease in the particle size. This is due
to large interfacial surface heating area available in the bed when
small particle size particles are used [2327].
Mickley et al. [28] were the rst researchers to deal with the
determination of local heat-transfer in uidized beds by using a
thin platinum foil on a vertical tube and monitoring its tempera-
ture changes. In sequence, Tuot and Clift [29], Fitzgerald et al. [30],
Baskakov et al. [31], Gloski et al. [32] and Wu et al. [33] have used
such technology, which differs fromthat of Mickley et al. [28] in the
0255-2701/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cep.2011.09.003
M.S. Bacelos et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 50 (2011) 11521159 1153
Table 1
Operating conditions used.
Parameter Value
dp (m) 500, 700, 1100
h (cm) 9
A (m) 810
3
1 () 0, 1.0, 1.77, 3.0
F (Hz) 5.57, 7.41, 9.65
u (m/s) 0.2
a
, 0.3
b
, 0.45
c
Re () 239, 354, 358
0 (

) 0, 45, 90, 135, 180

a
Packed bed regime.
b
Loosen packed bed at the vicinity to attain minimumuidization regime.
c
Minimumuidization regime.
material and geometry of sensor and electric circuit used for main-
taining the platinumresistance heaters at a constant temperature.
By analyzing these pioneering researches on local heat-transfer in
uidized beds, it can be stated that local heat-transfer is signi-
cantly affected by the uid dynamics characteristics of the bed and
the platinum resistance heaters are the most efcient sensor to
obtain local heat-transfer coefcients.
As noted, heat transfer in uidized beds with horizontal tubes
has been experimentally investigated by many researchers. How-
ever, with respect to the heat transfer in vibrated-uidized beds,
there is only little information about local heat transfer in the liter-
ature, considering the overall heat transfer coefcient for suchbeds
have been examined. For vibrated uidized beds with coarse inert
particles, Xuejun et al. [34] proposed a dimensionless mathemat-
ical model to predict the local heat-transfer coefcients between
beds and immersed horizontal tubes, and results were compared
to the data obtained in a two-dimensional vibrated uidized bed of
glass beads with 1.83mmaverage diameter. The results showthat
the values of theoretical prediction are in good agreement with
experimental data, thus the model is able to predict the local heat-
transfer coefcients betweenvibrateduidizedbeds andimmersed
horizontal tubes reasonably well, and the error is in range of 15%.
In the late of 2000s, Camargo [35] has developed a platinum
sensor which is maintained at a constant temperature by an
electronic control circuit. Then, instantaneous local heat-transfer
coefcients are obtained by measuring bed temperature and the
power required to hold the platinum sensor temperature con-
stant. This sensor was used for measuring the local heat transfer
in uidized beds with particles and the experimental data obtained
presented a consistent results as compared to those reported in the
literature by Kurosaki et al. [27].
Based on the promising data of local heat transfer obtained
with uidized beds, the experimental investigation was extended
its operation into the vibrated-uidized beds of particles suit-
able for attaining uidization regime. Therefore, this paper aims at
determining the local heat-transfer coefcient of immersed heated
surface in uidized and vibrated uidized beds and investigating
the effect of operating conditions of beds on the local heat-transfer
coefcient.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Material
The local heat-transfer coefcient was obtained using the oper-
ating conditions presented in Table 1. Such conditions were chosen
because they were similar in particle size, Reynolds number, and
vibration dimensionless to that of other researches mentioned in
literature reviewed on the subject, permitting to compare the data
obtained here to those reported in the literature. In addition, the
choice of such particles diameters, ranging from 500 to 1100m,
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of experimental equipment: 1, blower; 2, bypass
valve; 3, globe valve; 4, orice ow meter; 5, pressure transducer; 6, motor; 7,
air entrance; 8, spring, 9, immersed heater; 10, signal conditioning module; 11,
temperature controller; 12, computer.
is due to both uidized and vibrated uidized beds regimes can be
achieved.
2.2. Equipment
Fig. 1 shows the experimental equipment used, which comprise
a uidized and vibrated uidized beds with a 0.12mdiameter and
0.5mhigh acrylic cylindrical column, an air compressor to blowair
into the beds, a owrate orice meter to measure the air inlet ow
rate, test cylinder to measure the local heat-transfer coefcient and
manometers to measure the total bed pressure drop. In addition,
pressure transducers were used to capture analogical pressure sig-
nals of both the bed and the ow-rate orice meter. Pressure and
thermal data were logged in a computer. The data of pressure were
processed by a supervisory system, which consists of a condition-
ing module, an acquisition board, and software for calculating the
local heat-transfer coefcient. Dataof thermocouples andof electri-
cal resistance fromtest cylinder were processed by Delphi program
language. Such apparatus was used for determining the local heat-
transfer coefcient of test cylinder immersed in the bed of specic
size of spherical particles, as can be seen in Table 1. For different
owregimes achieved, the transparent-acrylic column permits the
visual tracking of air bubbles and particles in the bed. The bed col-
umn was vibrated in the vertical direction by means of an eccentric
mechanism. This mechanismadjusts theamplitudeof vibrationand
a mechanical controller located on the axle of the electric motor
allows for adjustment of frequency of vibration. The acceleration,
velocity and amplitude of vibration of the systemgenerated by the
imposed vibration are monitored by a piezoelectric accelerometer
and frequency of vibration is measured with an optical tachometer.
2.3. Test cylinder
Fig. 2 shows the test cylinder with 0.025mdiameter and 0.05m
length used to obtain local heat-transfer coefcient in uidized
and vibrated uidized beds. The cylinder is built of brass due to its
good thermal conductivity (111W/m K) and is equipped on its sur-
face with the platinumsensor and internally with a 3.3!electrical
resistance connected to 0.001A accuracy Ammeter for measuring
the electrical current.
This test cylinder is composed of a small quartz piece, as
schematically shown in Fig. 3. Such quartz piece is covered on its
surfacebythinplatinumlmconnectedtoanelectrical circuit. Such
platinumsensor is oneof themost important components of instru-
ments used in this research paper. According to Wu et al. [33], this
1154 M.S. Bacelos et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 50 (2011) 11521159
Fig. 2. Test cylinder (dimensions in mm). (a) Viewof cylinder; (b) side viewof test
cylinder.
Fig. 3. Sketch of quartz surface supporting platinum lm heater element (dimen-
sions in mm).
Voltage
Source
Sensor
Aquisision
board
Computer
RF
RF
V1 V2
Fig. 4. Sketch of electrical circuit used to adjust suitable sensor temperature.
sensor must be able to attain the following conditions: good accu-
racy in determining of platinumsensor temperature and heat ux,
low mass and platinum lm surface area to obtain fast and accu-
rate monitoring of values of local heat-transfer coefcient; sensor
surface need be tangential to the brass-cylinder one in order to be
seenas aperfect continuumof cylinder surface, as showninFig. 3. In
addition, as recommended by Wu et al. [33], for covering platinum
on quartz surface, a thin lmof platinumsolution fromEngelhard
Industries Liquid Bright Platinumis used. Details on preparation of
platinumlmsupportedonquartz surface canbe foundinCamargo
[35].
To prepare the platinum lm on quartz surface, copper wires
wereconnectedtotheoppositeborders of thelmusingconductive
gum. One wire was connected to a voltage source and the other to a
reference electrical resistance (known resistance) as schematically
represented by sketch shown in Fig. 4.
The voltage source drives electrical current through the circuit,
consisting of platinum sensor and the reference electrical resis-
tance, in direction of ground wire causing heating in the sensor.
The voltages on sensor (V
1
and V
2
) can be logged in computer by
means of an acquisition board and a computer. Based on reference
electrical resistance, R
F
, the current, I, owing through circuit, can
be calculated as well as the sensor resistance (R
S
) by the following
equations:
l =
v
2
R
F
(1)
R
S
=
v
1
v
2
l
=
R
F
(v
1
v
2
)
v
2
(2)
Preliminary tests showed that platinum sensor resistance (R
S
)
presented a linear relationship to the temperature to which sen-
sor was being subjected. Therefore, by changing voltage source on
electrical circuit sensor, sensor temperature was adjusted to 70

C.
When sensor is subjected to a suitable electrical current (e.g.,
reaching the temperature of 70

C) the power lost by platinum

sensor can be expressed by:
Q =
v
2
(v
1
v
2
)
R
F
(3)
where, V
1
is the electrical voltage before sensor on the circuit in
Fig. 4, V; V
2
is the electrical voltage after sensor on the circuit in
Fig. 4, V; R
F
is the reference electrical resistance, !.
However, by using the Newtons law of cooling, the local heat-
transfer coefcient can be expressed by the following equation:
h
0
=
Q
u (1
S
1
L
)
(4)
where h
0
is the local heat-transfer coefcient, (Wm
2
K
1
); Q is
the power lost by platinum sensor, (W); a is the local area of the
M.S. Bacelos et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 50 (2011) 11521159 1155
Fig. 5. Angular positions for which h
0
was obtained.
platinumsensor, m
2
. T
S
and T
L
are the temperatures of the sensor
and the bed, respectively, (

C).
2.4. Experimental procedure
Initially, the bedis lledwithone size of the glass bed(i.e., Ballo-
tini) shown in Table 1 and then, the valve is opened to allowthe air
to enter into contact with the bed until the uidized bed regimes
are attained. The procedure of slowly decreasing the inlet air veloc-
ity is adopted to determine the minimum uidization conditions.
This velocity varies from one that characterizes the fully uidiza-
tion velocity to zero. This procedure assures a good data replication
of thebedpressurebygeneratingdataat thesamedegreeof particle
packing. The minimumuidization velocity (V
mf
) is dened as the
lowest air velocity at which the uidization regime is attained and
the pressure drop connected to this velocity is assumed to be the
minimumuidization pressure drop (^P
mf
). Thus, by adjusting the
operating conditions of bed for attaining the vibrated uidized bed
regimes, as specied in Table 1, the local heat-transfer coefcient
(h
0
) can be obtained as described by Eq. (4).
Moreover, Fig. 5 shows the angular positions of the platinum
sensor placed inside the particle bed with respect to the direction
of air ow. The air owdirection is represented by an arrowshown
in Fig. 5. This test cylinder was immersed in the bed of particles
and xed on a distributor of circular cross section, consisting of a
0.002mthickplatewitha30%openareamadeupof 0.003mdiame-
ter slots. Ascreenwith400mdiameter (e.g., smaller thanparticles
used) was placed just above this plate to gain more homogeneous
distribution of air ow.
3. Analysis and discussion
3.1. Local heat-transfer coefcient in uidized beds
Fig. 6 shows the local Nusselt number (Nu
0
) for a uidized bed
with particles of 500mdiameter as a function of angular coordi-
nate (0) and of Reynolds number (Re). In general, it can be observed
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
N
u

(
0
)
Re=239
Re=358
Re=534
Fig. 6. Nu
0
as a function of 0 and Re for uidized bed with dp =500m.
in Fig. 6 that the value of Nu
0
signicantly changes with the angu-
lar position of the cylinder immersed in the uidized bed, thus
revealing signicant differences in local heat exchange. This is due
to the behavior of airparticle uid dynamics in 0-degree direc-
tion around a heated cylinder permitting better or poor contact
either between immersed heated surface and particle or between
the immersed heated surface and particle air-free gaps, [36]. For
this bed of inert particles, the higher values of Nu
0
as a function of
Re were found to occur at different angular positions. For Re =239,
the maximum value of Nu
0
was obtained for 0 =0

. By increas-
ing the Reynolds number to 358, this maximum was observed to
occur at 0 =90

, while for Re =534, the value of Nu

0
had its maxi-
mum at 0 =135

. Such values of the Reynolds number refer to the

velocities at the packed bed, loosen packed bed (in the vicinity to
attain minimum uidization), and minimum uidization regimes
previously identied in the uidized bed characteristic curve (see
Table 1).
On analyzing the data in Fig. 6, it can thus be stated that for the
lowest air velocity (Re =239), the maximumvalue obtained for the
local heat-transfer coefcient corresponds to the stagnation point
due to the contribution of convective heat transfer exerted mainly
by the air since under this experimental condition, there is not a
considerable movement of inert particles around the heated cylin-
der. This behavior of heat transfer achieved for Re =239 is similar to
that of air in crossowabout a cylinder heated surface (i.e., without
being in contact with particles) [36]. Hence, for Re =239, the rate of
heat transfer decreases with the angular direction from 0 to 180

as the extent of airparticle layer around the cylinder increases.

This probably explains such a behavior of the local Nusselt num-
ber which tends to decrease as airparticle change fromstagnation
region (i.e., 0 =0

) to the point of 0-degree equals to 180

. More-
over, such a behavior is also similar to that described by the owof
air past the exterior surface of a cylinder heated surface using low
Re numbers [36].
In addition, in Fig. 6, as the air velocity increases (Re >239), the
value of local Nusselt number is observed to increase across the
entire cylinder circumference. Under these conditions, air bubbles
are expected to start moving across the surface of the cylinder and
the particles begin to move signicantly. It can be inferred that
this movement of particles is what causes the shift of the position
of the maximum local heat-transfer coefcient toward the lateral
surface of the cylinder (i.e., in the range of 0-degree from stagna-
tion point from 0 to 90

) with the increase in the Re from 239 to

1156 M.S. Bacelos et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 50 (2011) 11521159
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
N
u

(
0
)
Re=239
Re=358
Re=534
Fig. 7. Nu
0
as a function of 0 and Re for uidized bed with dp =700m.
358. In this case, for this range of Re, visual observations showed
airparticle movement in the bed to have occurred from the bot-
tomupward, i.e., for 0 between 0 and 90

, thus conrming the heat

transfer data obtained in Fig. 6. As well, for Re >239, at the 0-degree
90 and 135

, respectively, it is assumed that the decrease in the

maximum value of Nu
0
is due to the stagnant particles located in
these positions. The air bubbles, eventually generated, are not suf-
cient to efciently remove these particles as compared to the lower
region of the cylinder (0 <90).
Furthermore, for the greatest value of the air velocity achieved
into the bed (Re =534), the maximum value of local heat-transfer
coefcient is found to occur around angular direction equals to
135

. Under this condition, the bed attains the uidized regime and
the particles movement is quite intense. It can be inferred that the
coupled effect of both mixing and particles sliding on the surface of
the cylinder occurs inthis regionmaking it a regionof short particle
residence time, while a similar situationdoes not occur at the topof
the cylinder. The local heat-transfer coefcient at the top (0 =180

)
is lower than that obtained at 0 equals to 135

. This airparticle
behavior are in agreement to those reported by Kurosaki et al. [37],
which schematically described the mechanisms of heat transfer
between airparticle and heated cylinder surface.
For 700mparticle diameter, Fig. 7 shows that the higher Nu
0
values are observed to occur on the lateral surface of the cylinder
(i.e., 0 =90

), except for the lowest value of Re =239 attained in the

bed (referring to the packed bed regime). This is due to the appear-
ance of region of high particle mixing on the lateral surface (0 =90

)
which could be visually observed in the bed.
Ontheother hand, incontrast tothebehavior of maximumvalue
of Nu
0
for uidized beds with 500m particle diameter in Fig. 6,
beds of d
p
=700min Fig. 7 shows that, for Re =534, the maximum
value of Nu
0
is found to occur at 0 =90

. This can be explained as

being due tothe fact that the smaller particles (d
p
=500m) exhibit
a higher degree of circulation and agitation in bed as compared to
the larger ones (d
p
=700m), considering the same Reynolds num-
ber (Re =534). Such an airparticle uid dynamic behavior of beds
with 500mparticle diameter promotes a vigorous movement of
inert particles in the sliding region of the cylinder (0 =135

) thus
increasing Nu
0
in this region, as can be seen in Fig. 7.
Furthermore, the comparison of the maximumNu
0
attained in
Figs. 6 and 7, for both beds (with d
p
equals to 500 and 700m,
respectively) at Re equals to 534, shows that Nu
0
is higher at the
top of the cylinder as compared to those at the stagnation point,
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
N
u

(
0
)
Re=239
Re=358
Re=534
Fig. 8. Nu
0
as a function of 0 and Re for vibrated uidized bed with dp =700mand
at 1 =1.
suggestingthat thedecreaseinparticleresidencetimeinthis region
has agreater contributiontothelocal heat-transfer thananincrease
of convective heat transfer exerted mainly by the air at the stagna-
tion point.
Moreover the data of local heat transfer of immersed surface in
uidized beds with glass beads (ballotini) particles were compared
to the data obtained by Kurosaki et al. [27]. These authors obtained
local values of Nu
0
for a 4cmdiameter cylinder immersed horizon-
tally in a rectangular uidized bed (259100cm) with a 16cm
static bed height.
Comparing the data obtained by Kurosaki et al. [27] with those
of this present research, it can be noted that there is similar ten-
dencies for the dependence of Nu
0
on the angular coordinate and
the Reynolds number, even considering the differences among the
systems. Data fromKurosaki et al. [27] were obtained with bed par-
ticles of d
p
=400m and Reynolds number equal to 213 and 393.
It was veried that, data fromthese authors, obtained for Re =213,
present a similar behavior to that of this researchusing d
p
=500m
and Re =239. In addition, data from Kurosaki et al. [27] obtained
for Re =393 are also comparable to those of this research using
d
p
=500m and Re =358. Thus, the comparison proves that the
data of this research are consistent with those reported by these
authors.
3.2. Local heat-transfer coefcient in vibrated uidized beds
Fig. 8 shows the results of Nu
0
as a function of angular coor-
dinate for vibrated uidized bed with 700mparticle diameter at
1 =1. It can be seen in Fig. 8 that, under this operating condition, an
approximately similar trendof Nu
0
vs. 0 is also observedinFig. 7 for
the conventional uidized bed with the same particle diameter. By
analyzing data in Figs. 7 and 8, for uidized and vibrated uidized
beds operating at the lowest air velocity (Re =239), respectively, it
can be seen that the value of Nu
0
for 0 =0

is larger than for 0 =180

,
conversely to what happens to the highest air velocity (Re =534).
Therefore, the differences between the values of Nu
0
at the cylin-
der top and the stagnation point depend on the air velocity and
are more pronounce for the low air velocities, where packed bed
regime is achieved in both beds studied. Such a behavior of heat
transfer for the bed without vibration presented in Fig. 7 must be
related to the fact that, for low velocities, there is a greater effect
of convective heat transfer of the air at the stagnation point. As the
air velocity increases (Re >239), the particle movement becomes
M.S. Bacelos et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 50 (2011) 11521159 1157
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
N
u

(-)
0
0
; 45
0
; 90
0
; 135
0
; 180
0
Fig. 9. Nu
0
as a functionof 1 and0 for vibratedanduidizedbeds withdp =1100m
and at Re =534.
the dominant process in the heat exchange since at the top of the
cylinder the particles tend to have a shorter residence time at high
velocities.
Concerning the effect of vibration on the behavior of Nu
0
in
uidized beds, it can be veried in Fig. 9 that, at all angular posi-
tions, the vibration causes an increase in the local heat-transfer
coefcient, reecting in the increase of the Nusselt number, when
compared to the bed without vibration. In addition, for both u-
idized and vibrated uidized beds with 1100mparticle diameter,
at the highest Reynolds number (Re =534), it canbe found the same
behavior of Nu
0
with the airparticle in crossowabout a cylinder
surface, reaching the maximumNu
0
at 90

and minimumat 0

for
all range of vibration dimensionless studied. This behavior can be
attributed to the intense particle movement in the bed under this
operating condition, which causes the lateral of cylinder (i.e., at the
0-degree 90 and 135

) to be submitted to regions more favorable

to heat exchange.
Moreover, for all angular directions of the test cylinder, it can be
noted in Fig. 9 that peak of the local Nusselt number is attained for
the intermediate value of vibration dimensionless (1 =1.8), then
after a sharp decrease in Nu
0
values is observed. This trend of
sharp decrease in Nu
0
for 1 >1.8 can be probably explained due
to the particle free-air lm established around platinum sensor
surface, which blocks the contact of particles in crossow about
a cylinder heated surface, thus reducing the rate of heat transfer
in the entire circumference of the sensor. Furthermore, for all par-
ticles investigated, the higher values of Nu
0
is located at 1 =1.8
as depicted in Fig. 10. This is in agreement with data (not shown
here) of the overall heat-transfer coefcient obtained by Camargo
[35].
Fig. 10 presents the behavior of Nu
0
at the top of the cylin-
der as a function of 1 for the studied particle diameters. For all
particles, it can be veried in Fig. 10 that the vibration causes an
increaseinNu
0
. Inaddition, for 0<1 <1, it canalsobenotedthat the
increase in Nusselt number is higher for smaller particle diameters.
As expected, the smaller particles are used, the larger interfacial
surface heating area will be available to promote high rates of heat
transfer between the particles and immersed heating area in the
bed.
With respect to the sliding cylinder region near 135

, in general,
it canbe observedinFig. 11that, for values of Re =239, the contribu-
tion of vibration (from1 =1.8 to 3) to the increase in Nu
0
becomes
less pronounced; whereas, for Re >239, the difference between
values of Nu
0
for 1 =1.8 and 3 becomes larger. Furthermore, the
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
N
u

(-)
dp=500m
dp=700m
dp=1100m
Fig. 10. Nu
0
as a function of 1 and dp for vibrated and uidized beds at Re =358 and
0 =180

.
550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
N
u

Re (-)
= 0
= 1
= 1.77
= 3
Fig. 11. Nu
0
as a function of Re and 1 for vibrated and uidized beds with
dp =500mand 0 =135

.
vibration achieved in the bed turns out to play a major role in the
heat transfer rates as 1 is increased until reaching the value of
1.8, as the higher values of Nu
0
are attained as shown in Fig. 11.
This implies that, at this position of the cylinder, probably the slid-
ing of the particles might increase the thermal conductance of the
boundary layer formed around between cylinder and airparticle
owing through the layer for the value of 1 equals to 1.8. When
the vibration is increased to 1 =3, the particles are in a state of
greater agitation, being largely sustained by air owcausing sliding
of the particles in this region of the cylinder to be less pronounced.
At this operating condition (1 =3), the bed is more aerated and
the particles tend to stay in an air cushion and consequently, the
cylinder is replaced by a larger particle free-air lmon its surface,
acting as a resistance to heat ow thus, decreasing the value of
Nu
0.
4. Conclusions
Comparing to the uidized beds, for all range of air velocity and
vibration dimensionless investigated, the vibrated uidized beds
1158 M.S. Bacelos et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 50 (2011) 11521159
presentedasignicant increaseinthelocal heat-transfer coefcient
for the entire cylindrical circumference. This is attributed to the
loosenparticle bed as well as the good airparticle mixing achieved
by vibrated uidized beds.
In general, with respect to the heat transfer in vibrated uidized
beds, as particle diameter decreases, ranging from500 to 1100m
in diameter, the local heat-transfer coefcient increases with an
increase in the air velocity and vibration on the beds. In addition,
the maximum Nu
0
attained in the vibrated uidized beds were
located at 1 equals to 1.8. For higher values of 1, the contribu-
tion of vibration on the increase in the Nu
0
is less pronounced
as Re increases. On the other hand, for 0<1 <1.8, the increase
in the Nu
0
is greater as particle size decreases, suggesting that a
reduction of particle diameter should increase the ratio of inter-
facial surface heating area available per unit of bed volume and
facilitate the contact between the heater and vibrated airparticle
bed.
Moreover, such results imply that performance of vibrated u-
idized beds on heat transfer is competitive with uidized beds
composed of suitable particles (i.e., d
p
<1000m) and state that
vibrated uidized beds can be used in practical applications com-
monly used for uidized beds.
Acknowledgement
Theauthors wishtoexpress their gratitudetoConselhoNacional
de Desenvolvimento Cientco e TecnolgicoCNPq for its nancial
support in carrying out this research.
Appendix A. Nomenclature
A amplitude of vibration [m]
a local area of the platinumsensor [m
2
]
D cylinder diameter [m]
d
p
particle diameter [m]
f vibration frequency [Hz]
g gravity accelaration [m/s
2
]
h
0
local heat-transfer coefcient in the angular direction 0
[Wm
2
K
1
]
I electrical current [A]
h bed height [m]
k
f
air thermal conductivity [W/(mK)]
Nu
0
Nusselt number in the angular direction 0, dened by
h

.d/k
f
[]
Q power lost by platinumsensor [W]
Re Reynolds number, dened by ud/D []
R
F
reference electrical resistance [!]
R
S
sensor electrical resistance [!]
T
S
sensor temperature [

C]
T
L
bed temperature
u supercial air velocity, calculatedusing the inside column
diameter [m/s]
V
1
electrical voltage before sensor on the circuit in Fig. 4 [V]
V
2
electrical voltage after sensor on the circuit in Fig. 4 [V]
Greek symbols
1 vibration dimensionless, dened by (a2f)
2
/g []
0 angular position on the heated cylinder surface [

]
D kinematic viscosity air [m/s
2
]
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