AC-AC

Converters
Control de Maquinas Elctricas
Equipo 4
AC-AC Converters
converters convert AC electrical power of one
frequency into AC electrical power of another
frequency.
This kind of converter also has the capability to
control the load voltage amplitude.
Classification


Phase control: AC voltage controller
Integral cycle control : AC power controller
AC Controllers PWM control: AC chopper
On/off swiitch: electronic AC switch


Phase control: thyristor
Frequency converter cycloconverter.
(Cycloconverter) PWM control: matrix
converter.


AC voltage controllers

Is an elelctronic module based on either thyristors,
TRAIACs, SCRs, or IGBTs.
Converts a fixed voltage, fixed frequency alternating
current (AC) electrical input supply to obtain variable
voltage in output delivered to a resistive load.

AC Voltage controllers
On-and-off control
In an on-and-off controller, thyristors are used to
switch on the circuits for a few cycles of voltage and
off for certain cycles, thus altering the
total RMS voltage value of the output and acting as a
high speed AC switch. The rapid switching results in
high frequency distortion artifacts which can cause a
rise in temperature, and may lead to interference in
nearby electronics. Such designs are not practical
except in low power applications.

AC Voltage controllers
Phase angle control
In phase angle control, thyristors are used to halve the
voltage cycle during input. By controlling the phase
angle or trigger angle, the output RMS voltage of the
load can be varied. The thyristor is turned on for every
half-cycle and switched off for each remaining half-
cycle. The phase angle is the position at which the
thyristor is switched on. TRIACs are often used instead
of thyristors to perform the same function for better
efficiency. If the load is a combination of resistance
and inductance, the current cycle lags the voltage
cycle, decreasing overall power output.

AC Voltage controllers
Example of phase angle control

AC Voltage controllers
Applications:
Lighting control
Varying heating temperatures in
homes or industry
Speed control of fans and winding
machines

Frequency Converter
Is an electronic or electromechanical device that
converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency
to alternating current of another frequency. The
device may also change the voltage, but if it does,
that is incidental to its principal purpose.
Frequency convereter

Thyristor cycloconverter
converts a constant voltage, constant
frequency AC waveform to another AC waveform of
a lower frequency by synthesizing the output
waveform from segments of the AC supply without an
intermediate DC link
The amplitude and frequency of converters' output
voltage are both variable. The output to input
frequency ratio of a three-phase CCV must be less
than about one-third for circulating current mode
CCVs or one-half for blocking mode CCVs
Frequency converter
Matrix Converter
Is an AC/AC converter which offers a reduced
number of components, a low-complexity modulation
scheme, and low realization effort.
The matrix converter consists of 9 bi-directional
switches that allow any output phase to be
connected to any input phase.
Transformer
A transformer consists of two
windings of wire that are
wound around a common
core to induce tight
electromagnetic coupling bet
ween the windings. The core
material is often a
laminated iron core. The coil
that receives the electrical
input energy is referred to as
the primary winding, while the
output coil is called the
secondary winding.


If an alternating electric
current flows through the
primary winding (coil) of a
transformer, an
electromagnetic field is
generated that develops into
a varying magnetic flux in the
core of the transformer.
Through electromagnetic
induction, this magnetic flux
generates a
varying electromotive force in
the secondary winding, which
induces a voltage across the
output terminals. If a load
impedance is connected
across the secondary winding,
a current flows through the
secondary winding drawing
power from the primary
winding and its power source.

Ideal transformer
Ideal transformer with a source and a load.
N
P
and N
S
are the number of turns in the primary
and secondary windings respectively.
The circuit diagram left shows the conventions
used for an ideal, i.e. lossless and perfectly-
coupled transformer having primary and
secondary windings with N
P
and N
S
turns,
respectively.
The ideal transformer induces secondary
voltage V
S
as a proportion of the primary
voltage V
P
and respective winding turns as given
by the equation:

Core form and shell
form transformers
Core form = core type; shell form = shell
type
Closed-core transformers are constructed
in 'core form' or 'shell form'. When windings
surround the core, the transformer is core
form; when windings are surrounded by the
core, the transformer is shell form. Shell form
design may be more prevalent than core
form design for distribution transformer
applications due to the relative ease in
stacking the core around winding
coils. Core form design tends to, as a
general rule, be more economical, and
therefore more prevalent, than shell form
design for high voltage power transformer
applications at the lower end of their
voltage and power rating ranges (less than
or equal to, nominally, 230 kV or 75 MVA).

APPLICATIONS

Transformers are used to increase voltage
before transmitting electrical energy over long
distances through wires. Wires have resistance
which loses energy through joule heating at a
rate corresponding to square of the current. By
transforming power to a higher voltage
transformers enable economical transmission of
power and distribution. Consequently,
transformers have shaped the electricity supply
industry, permitting generation to be located
remotely from points of demand. All but a tiny
fraction of the world's electrical power has
passed through a series of transformers by the
time it reaches the consumer.
Transformers are also used extensively
in electronic products to step-down the supply
voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain. The transformer also
electrically isolates the end user from contact
with the supply voltage.