David Bordwell - The Films of Carl-Theodor Dreyer (1981)

The Films 0/
Cor/-Theodor Dreyer
The Fihns of
CadTheot/or Drever
DAVID BORDWELL
Un"""it)' of C.li~~ "" 1_

Lo.", An~d..., , Lood,,,,
""'.''''Y -
Uni,w' iI)' "r C. lilorn;" fu ..

& 'rkok'Y . nd Loo Angolo" Cali/Ofnia
Uni,'.",ih' 0/ C. lilom" P",,",,, Ltd ,

l<)nd(m ,
F. ngl.nd
C 1981 by
The
R~.".n"
01 ,he Uni".",;ly 01 C. lil"",i.
Printt-d in the Unired 51'''''0/ Americ.
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c"._ .. ..... ..... "'..
""",w," , ""'-MI
..... , .... "' <:-I.,...."... """)'. '
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,""'................
, D"Y",<:-I""'-_ . I _ _ ,
""',.- O). ,lI>OYI8,., m.n ru'''l<

""'_. ~"'7
To Kristin
"Bitt /ie's a 'oU krittik: ai~tl,e?"

"Ym;, but /,e5 alw a 'umdperker. ..
'AI,h."
George Hnr;m"", 1939
COllteltts
"
AC Kt>OWI EOCMnflS
>.i
A NOTE ON VERSIONS Of DRF.YER'S FIlMS
Hi ORDfT
bY. The M irad e
fi)
W.
ThCAlrjra' iW jgn
I!ii
51>'''''''''''
ZIl'
1l10GR'''HIC A,] f!I MQ(;RAP"V
PRQH! FMATIC I INmrs
Admow/etigmmts
5i"", no 0"'" .,"'". I>o<A .kmo.', I must th.a nk my col_
labQr,Hor>.
T...'o ,um"...". gran .. from ,1>0 U niv~r.H )' of \\'i""""in_
M.dh<m C " du.'" School ~""IW5 pro"ide<! by
.. wr.1 p""p1e. Eilo." ,,, 1'00"'",,'. Ch.rt... Si've,. r><! John
Gartenberg: at lhe Museum of Modem Art ooope ... ,>d 1><-.
Y(H'Id II\< d<m.nd, ro/ duty Amok! Jorobs. of ,hoe """"a"'"
Aj.y film,. go'" me acre .. '0 IYndsome prints of Gm",d
ond 0 .....'. which h. ~ i " ,;bu' ., in 35mm; Loon 5.>1,,,,.,, of
Sonded Stora&, courteously let me wmk on In. premi.... ,
Gene W.lsh .00 Am)" Hu, .. d , Ihe" of Cont<>mPO"'JMcC,.wHiIl FHm<, !I'''" me ace"" to 16mm print. of
[) ... y~(., .tE
~Im .
D. ,joj Al wn, Bod!> Rohma n , and
M. 'Y
Agn ... \lea<h m.de it p"',ibie for m. to mok frome enI. rg"""'" .. on inlegrot port of th i' book . Te ..... d. Lo u"" i.
kindly ,,,,,oJ.,.d on I.. ,i.n . rtide for me, ".hil<- Trilby Gu... ken did 'he same for .." -,,,,1 D.,nish !IOureo. , S..,phen
H~.. h helpeJ me obta in m.",";"'1 from .1>d U.ni;h m....... I, ""'pod me!l'" book., Ia
bQred J",.,n.ly 0,",,' the songs . nd f""m. in
"nd
..."""",d q"""ions . b"u' D. n;;h rep...,.;!uce Ir. "",. from Day of
Whim. OrJtr, and G<TlfUII, for whkh Palladium Film' is til<
pcodoction a nd diotribution ..,u~. 'The sam< th.nk. go ' o
0 ,< s."."t of N ur<\;'!' F~~., An '''"~K,n wl'h """ "Ing
Bend""n pmvO:led no' only info.m"""'n .bout 0..)"",
_inS hobi .. bu, . 1", delightful trip to dri",,-in
the.,"" TI>o.nb . w. go k> Lit;'n~ lIol,inkol . nd.he newo
J"P'" PoIililnr for ponniMion to reprod,,"" photogra ph. of
,,,,,fUll,
Dt<1'"',
low deep debt ' 0 'he , .. If of the O. ni,h Film Ar

chi,,,, Karen ~ ~inJly guid..>d me 'h"",#o , he hb..,y; Ib
M"", ), SO"" ". Iuab!< adv""" Am., Krogh', ",,,,ini,,,,,nc..
, uSll",1'ed "",,,orch hypott.e>e" Jan u, B,urour .,nd Lui""
Roos help<'d me find photograph' .nd dippi ngs; A.""
Ma lmk j"" c.tmly adjusted l>er "'hed u'" to my ' 'g.u",,,
.nd Thor 1'Iyd_ . urrendered his 5teenbe<:k viewing mao
chine fOJ """b on end.
An ,.,ticr ' ....". ... n ul ' n " b.,><)k WO; " Lgurou,"y
f"'rl<-d. <, I';('i,< " m~ time, F"-'<l 5il" . .. "ed "'" from
""lT ing enq'dopedia, .nd I><lpeJ "'" get ".ned oro .hi.
""", ,,,10 . More .."".,,,1)', I ho,'", "' .....,fin..,! 1m", th~ . J,ice
of """0 ...1,"'k::.S .... j. Doogt.s Gumery took l ime to d i,
",,,' ,t-., ooonomKw"te,l of Dreyer'. c.""" .nd ,uAA""",j
,...... ral fru itful hJ,pothe .... , Serafi n, B.,hrick, M,""",n
T,mm, .nd 0""" W.ld"",n
""' pful ,nbci,,,, 01 '''"
,h'pter oro o", of W",'h . Sri.!" Ros<", .....y "n 0tJ,>,
, h.peJ m)' thinking in .""eral W"", I!.!rbara I'o<c', "'0"
on ,I>e """" film. he, hetp in ..",ioing ....-."', rtic ..... nJ
her
my ma"u script h.w sub,;t.nt;"lIy im
pro..-.'<1 'hi' book, M)' g,otHud" '0 f;dw. rd Branig.n, fur
<'M ny di"""".,n> "I Dr,.),", .n d of d"""" in 8""",. 1. i
prof"""d; thi, "", """, ,,'ilt ""t bo.' in hi' h, nd' ,
f,,,.., 1 "-Wi"" an .mi.bl~ , de".". ting rntiq"", My ed itor.
E"""t C. lTenboeh, go, 'o w;'" coun..,1, ,r.! te.. ma,, " script
"' t"'at",j to .uperb COP)' editing by ,t-., h.ppi ly n' ''''od
Peter Ore)",. To my
.nd ,i""tS. t .1"'\o'Si>;<: fut.
r"'j<od ,loa' ""I'" "'" In"" ,he", "" ,,~,," , f.;n.t l), t ", ,, ,,
,h . n ~ Knotin Tl>ompson . 5he g.",,, me aid .nd oornfo, t
,he pul lc'"
sa'"
roo,,,,,,,,,, on
w"". ...
1'""'''''
r.m.
D"' Ld flordw"l l
f"'",.'Y 1~79
A Note 011 /4;rsiol1s of Dreyers Films

No filmmaker'. wor\.: ha. been """" m"til.ted fur
Engli,h -Ia ngu.ge .udience . Titleo h,,'. ""en
changed, intertitle> ,.",'';''on , ,hots ""hufn.d . u.
"..,.", .It i",n", d'A" <;!'Cul., .. in ...
differm,
vef!.iotts, ,he """" ob;oct.""bie o.lng n .. notorious
,'ersion prep.red by \.(J 0 ..... in 1952 . I b<lie," ,hat no
comrie'" print 01 ,,'" lilm h ye1 beEn found. The
A"",,..,. " print of V""'I'Y' i> distributed by R.>ymonJ
Ron.u"" 'hi' P"' tiel>< (", ..'enge<! (rom Frendo.,
C<!nn..n, .nd Englisn prin,,) lad . .."0 .. 1 <"",;.1
shot nd sceneo. o.~ ofW",th ;. know".bro.>d in a
British ,'ersion m.odc for th film's initial foreign ",.
I.... , in , hi. wtSion. the I).m;,h te>t of ,he Dieo !,~
ocmll ha, """" "'p .. ,ed by a n English translah"" of
,,,,.1
II>.! f)"'ili), lalin poo'm ; un/ortun.>leiy. lhe o";g'nol
Ie., w.,
f,,,,,,
Don'')'
completely difl.",,,.
,1>0, .... Iin
f"J"ffi. n.. wrire, and reader of . book on D<rye,."
film. 'f< " o n unusual di .. <lvont.ge; whAt print ... o
....;... bI<> moy bo i"""mp"'''' or inaccurate
As much os _ihl<, ,hi. book retu"" ~, II><> originol ""' ... F.... '. I ",I", to m"", bl F.ngIi'h ' .. n".'ion
of their OrigiN] htl"'.Thu, D" $l.ol.+re din H"Sfnj be"""'" no' .".. M.."" of tn. Howe"' bu, ThOll 51,.11
H""", Th~ Wife; I).. c.ww.f'm is
"w"" 0...,
no'
Anoth' bu. TIt< Sligm<'iud On,.,. I ho'" kept o nly

O,,ul in it. oriS'''''' nani.h. ";,,,," it i. bett., I;no ... n by
Ih., ,itl. ,h.n .. '"Tn. Word:' ~nd . the prin'. pre-",r,..,d at ,he Don;'h Film Ar<hive permit u. to "'''
our analpes upon ." ,"-,nhc ,ersion. oi mo" 0/
Drey""" films, All my qootation. and sOOt cit.tion.
.'" ", ...'<1 upon tl><> .. o"hh'e prin ... with on. excep_
tion . TI><> DMlish Film Archi"e prin, oi L1 Hru~,"
d ... n: has been ."",mbicd from ma ny dilknm .
prin", while it ron .. in 000s ma.ing fmm a ny <)th."
'""IOn . it i till not compiete. My ,,,,,I)"i, oi
d ... '" i, ,hu. b.>..:d "" m,' Own wril"'n reconstruction
I",",,,
a.
I",,"",
,,( ,I><> ~nli,.., (,Im,

.
Fin.lly. ,I><>,.., ar<" the illmtrotion . Mo.t books on
cinema do no' di,tinguish prod ochon "ill, (pr.olo
gr,ph. ,aken during rtlm ing) I",m i.a"", enl'rg<"_
men" dori,'ro from tl>< lini<hod r.. m. Virtually . 1I 'he
pOOtographs in this book,,,, uncropp<'<1 fro_ ,>n'
l.ngemen" ma.l. from 35mm prints 01 ,,,.. film.
Wn.n I.. "", .nla'gem~n" <",,10.1 "'" be ubI.ined
( .g.. Imm 0>ut"IX"'. Tim, . which so,,";"., <>nl)' in
I,.grru."'''), or who" ,ho Gu. ti,y of '''" .. riS'",, ' print
p""'<'T1lod Ih~ .. king of frame <'T1la.-gements, production .. ill, haW been used,
Dre:)ler!s Illterest
\\'h.t in '",'"" do<> ,he "ud~ of . d irector's f,lm. hokl for
uS tod.),?
It j. evident that film itid. ", Con no 1008"" content
it",l! ".. ith itemizing a co,.,.". th<matic p""""""pOlion. or
with ll'OCing diredo,s pro~iorul b;og;r.phy_ AI ilS
P"'SffiI'lOge. r'lm "tidy i, rightly <"n<.nwd with larger
;,"Yeo. W. won! to """"in;", the f,lm medium in ils
'p<'<if06ly. \\',. "an' to ''''''''' MW fLlm . may b< pmd",.
lively analyzeJ. IW wont ~) ,'>Om;"" !>ow <i"...". COn fun<'om hi.torkally. From lhe st.ndpoint of ,hi. book, the
in"'"," of C.rlThrodor Dreyer'. film. I;'. neither in .he;,
, h.:-malic unity nor in .heir ",.timony to. unique peroonal
,-j"",,_ O ... y"'" work d,im. our ot"'n'ion today bo:-e> u .. it
Imp<>'t.l". problerru for to. "udy 0/ ci""ftU rt.
indu5iry. anll hi>l<lrical J'1'l'S"- lio'" ",oy "' na ly'"
Ore)' , fLlm. a, narrative and <!J-'I;'ti< ,y.tem.? How do
,"" film, ,..,10", to dominant """"'phon. "f ",h,.a, ci""", ...
and doo.' Who,
do ''''' film.
IQt ",,"'ompumy fil mmoki"S' Thi' """'k ...,k, '0 .pify ond ."sw",
11""" q""<t~, _ A. 'ho oq...<t ,,r study, O"'y ...... work
counts for a lot in wh" follow;, but I hop" tha, tho .. ad ..
will join me in >eeins ttw, work .. op<nins onto a brooder
anal)";' of cinem,'ic d i..,.,u .... M folm hi.tory.
r--
;"'pI"";""'
}u,..,
d,.Slicolly chol l""ging w.~ . II "'" ,.aM '0 e"-'mine ."""

film<. we m,," "" I""panod w disc. rd .... in h.bitual
wa)'. of 'hinking and con""",' ,""",' concept> adeqo"e to
,o. GU'-""ion, ,he lilm< ., . J , ....11 try '0 , how ,tw, D",yer'.
film"", king loy. dQ,,'n ;""' ,,,,,h 0 <hall<nS" and 'hat ,,"
need """. fr~'h w. y. 01 m ..'ing it,
Critical writing ha, generally ignore;! u-., problem,
pooed by Dr-e)....-'. work . T1w '-1.",nd "I . ~"" r "igm._
,i,ed by .. If - ~t .. in' . e"en '''If-de. ' ruction,
<"",ted
,he myth 01 Dreyer ,he dour 0. .... a>"lie and imrta<aN<.
Th" kg.-nd ha" how"wr. blocked our unders'anding
01 ,Ile conmcting p.....u""-p"rsonal. ind",triol
in , .... , ,o""r. Simitarly, d i !<u"'~' 01
the film; b<f""" Lot HIss"" do! I""''''' d'''", (m8) ha". ,,,,, ...'<1
them apprentice work<. or prefiguration' of 'he g"" 'n" .. to rome. I\'e ha,'e not =mined ,he fLtms for 'Ileir
r~"tion to film """'ice of
sikm' "' . Moot .,o,''''''''y.
hoW 1.lkn back on ortl\odo' in'"'P"'.'joo, oi ,,..,
~,. m. jor"'" '''mo-/"",., d'''. VO"'JI!I" D4)I of W""h.
Onkl. ond &",..d. Sine" it i,,,,, , _
10.0 'hat crih"ol
<Iud)' of D",y'" ",.t<, i' i. wor,h ...... "' ining ",h)'
typical interp .. ti"e po<itlon' do not come to grip" wi1h the
h.,
II
,,'~ ""I;", ~
.ha, <rihc-ol ",udy in 'er""" "'i'h foimmaki ng,

will <halle"S" , .....
w'p' W ~ u,,,.lIy ""P"'t..,,~ """' . S",.h ~''''. ",'"..
Teod)' <o'ego";'" . nd conl",n, 0" ""'n kll" wi' h ,ho limi ... of
oor OTdi",,~' thinking. " '~nI_go,*, '~pN''''''''.J, 'h<';o, . ",
' Iw "S' which mo"" oS ""'''' romforubk with 'ho on _
I,milior. W" may""', no"'"",,r. "" ",.dy '0 "'" ,he dio,uming
"I film, wo con', .,,,,,ily label. I ,ugg"st ,ho' ",, 'tain
wor" 01 ' Iw moJo", ci ..... m. (among ,1wn1 film. 01 0'0,
MtrogochL B"""'n . nd T.ti). while op!"r.ntly "'" experitncnlal in any u,ual ",noe. work. a nd work on ... , in
w, ought to ' ' I'<' "' ,h., ""rt. in folm,
,id.
,n.
w.
,h_
<hal"'n~'
~
THE CHALLE.I\'GE OF DREYER'S WORK
..,.,hetic
_,ha, op<"'''''
'h.
folm>~.
i" lor one i","'nce, bIWJI)' relig"'u, .. ading 0/

'he Ia' e film" """" .."'n""ly"" ou' by Amed ... Ay~,
Fur Ayln" , .... film. commit ,hem .. l... '" 'inSie projt:
'n, "",,,I .. ion 01 ''''' 'piri,u.l . \\'o"king w;.hin. medium
boond ,0'P"'" .nd ,ime, n",y'" ... k, '0
"i. ib.,.
m."
<"en p<1F"b-\e, dimen. ""'. ber,-",J "","'e e , p"";""''''. Ayi,,-.
P","""ts 'ho ..~ ... oo . ,,,,,,,u", 01 ,he la,,, Him , unWed

by m.... p ny.ic~1 <on<~m' . I,'h)"", 'ho ,~withi "
~Im' so boonded, so confined ' " I' is. dosed ."'. which is,
~owe""" tr.,'..-sed by in,"ibl~ 1o"",". ""'8 ..... 'ic <om","
whkh 0rpooe or llow into on~ .nu' her, Thi' sp<" por_
00', like a 'pong<' "'hkh, ""cording '0 tM mom..,,' .bsorb<
or "Iu." " .. ou' m),,"'OOuo Hoid ... , Hence ,he .pace
has been d.rif...d >nd .imf>lifoed only '0 ma~e it, ma;;netit
,n..""
, O.......'S '....,...EST
mQ'" ' p",,,,n' . "_m,

'''''' 'P"'" "'" undergo""
an ,'nl''l!''men" in o
fin.lly IU "'' ', ', 'i"", ",,,",,,,u'"
forol.
.;!.,.
""'we,
und., .n ~lectron mk""""p<, ,he .... ng.

,i' u>t.d wi'hin i'.'" WI\;o' "f 'he "-"'PO'-" ' hy'hm of d", ...
film'? " is [WI ",h., octi" .nd utilil.ri.n l'hy'hmJ uf
everyd.y life. The mino"', whkh ","" . r<> not th.,.. of Ilw
chronometer Of ,he "'lephone 'ime-dock , II is. ,im(' uf Ilw
50121. ",hkh .1", ~, to h ..~ undersone a gt"'" <'T1 I' 'l!''me'" '''' Cin<"",.,k .pace .nd ';me, tl>e f,!m>' .ubj<cts,
lhem'" oft g<>o<l . nd o,il_.n w ho>", '" p"",<n' . spiri,u. 1
"ision : "Wh., the bod)' i, to ,h. >oul. w h.t the " ":t."",n,,
. ... to gr~ , ",ho' the word i< to toougM, th film, oft
Drey .. a", 1<>. mysterious world wh",h normaUy .-.c."...
us, They e~;" only I<> ......1 I<> US unpeKei,'ed presence>
""y<>nd ''''' lim.,. ,,; ou, everydAy world .'" Cri,k;.m mo",
t1 h ~",.1 ,h.n th i' i, hard '" find, bu , ,,'h., is ;mportan,
;, the "")' in ",hkh tlw ...liS""" Ir. "", uf ",fe",""" P""
milS Aylre I<> t",,, ,he five late f,Ir", .. "nif"'; 'p;'ilu.1
,"''''men' .
If ,he ",Iigiou, poothon .. res .... ,he ooul m 'er ' he body.
'''''''' i hum."i" ",oJing of Drey .. wh",h takes i"'"
g.>n f""" 'ho;: I, .. """no in
when Mikkol an,,,..,rs
platilud,.,.
Inge"-' dOp" ....'<l llQuL "Bu' j k",ed he,
wen"' Fo. m.ny ",it.,. D"'Ye' Iso ",. 'ist in ... rch
of ,he ,.,.,re" of humon n.'ure, The humanist posit""',
p",.,.. bly I h~ " nc whkh o..,y." him..,lf ..-Quld sha,-."
"""crt""",,, "iii ....,. I~ ta", r,l.... . , unihed. u,ualiy by
c<n"" ,,,,",,,=: " hoMo< and duty
Io"'.nd ",,"";'
" 'he "". ,h,,,,,h,,,,, of 'he ..... Ie ,rld the life-. ffirmotion of
,he Ie"",.,"';, "a f.,,1 .k'mOl'Li.." of lhe hu .... n indiviodu.d,
llOgic "",<>!!nition of .. If-",.Ii",t""' ." For Tom Mil"",
Dreyer'. work .mbod"" primill'" ."i,OO .. tuw.rd..-om<'T1
In love: "A, ,I>" naturo l "'um: of . U blis>, ,t.. D"'}.."
heroine i, .dored , ., tempi"''' who sin, .nd c. u ....
I<> 'in ,,&"in" ,he m.n-tn.>de taw, of punt'n;;m. ",,-. i,
made I<> ' ''ffer; and in cit "", c... , !he uncon..-iou.Jy w~'ld,
power Ih., " inbred, inc. kut.bIe. purely . "",,",,'u.-.I.'"
Milne'. fin ol ph .."" .hows how tho hUnYni" ",.><ling
can ... il)' .lid. in'o the rd'giuu' On . a.rtM"'m)' Amen
su.1 celeb,., ... D"'Y" the ",. Ii", but .da, ,hat h i' i, ".
re.li.." witoo,,' i"'ntie,, .. , whkh
itseli I<> 'ho
,,-orld .. to h.unted dom. in ... Je.n 5emoIu', . f",.
. uggesllng I"" humon <on'"-'luelKe' of til< <h .."".,,' . uf_
ferings, add" 'The ronJemn"i"n of a will 'urned from ,
"'n"" of """tion .. , find. it> redemption in 'he
fun of humon will ..ocia .. " "'ith GOO : " Al'hoogh P""
"0.1)' ,,
.bo",
0'*"
ve",.. ....
"p<>J1'
""It.
ponen .. uf 'he humanis, position ha,'e devo,ed ",lollvel),

lilli. c""rem
.,..,I)'zln8 ,he ILIm. p.-eciwly, Philippe
r .. ,-,oin'. minute <ludy "f o.-"yd<
'u".in< lhe hu
....ni ..
'hrough .n . 11egori<.1 reoding (e .g .. e,,"'ri<>r'o
- .... 'u"', in"'riors - cuitu re, mov""",n' Ief,w.rd i. ""1\'
. hve, mov.men l ris;htw,rd is posil;v~, "",v.ment in ".pth
'0
.ty'"
'-l<'"
i,
"v...i,,:)'
'I'heJ-e i" r,nall)" ,he pusitiun which ..reS.... D"'Y"' ''''"

..,,,h,,,,,. AI'hough Su,realisl, .K\'U.."J Lo I\iso:iorr d. J",,""<
d'Me of p"""Oosity, ''''' mo., 'ooJughgoing cha'll" of ,hi
,,,' ha, bNn
by Robin Wood, For Wood, O"'Y~('
religiosity ,uffoc.t. . . nd hi, hum.ni'm i. blood", ... "In
D",y.., f""" "'p...,..ion is p<Of;,..,..i,..,ly "ifled and de_
,,,Iormen l, in ,he lrue sen"" hero""." impossible,
Dreye(. God; 80d of 'Thou .halt
and his """rna,
for .11 i" e~tr"",d;""ry d i,,;nc'ion. i. ess<"'i.llly dea' h"""n'ed ."" In lhe I.'e film., Wood "edore<;, hum.n ,;t,lity "ri<s "p. surr"'_ by tlw "p<rw,,", .... ill" thai "'10 .....
.11 .. "'" .....1""~n .-" S'y'" and """,,live ~ibi, empty
.,-oJem;';;"" . Fot tho "''''' .-.I ",,,to,,'ly manageable
.rt, Dreyer ha, ",,,,,ndered boIh vit.lity .nd profundity.
r,..,h of ,_
In t <'l'",,,t ~ ,n ,.....,,, k> "'~ ;.-...dt.' IUd'" I<>
tn. . lubbum Jifflcul' .... of ,he film. , Eac h position is based
on ' he ... umpllon of cohe",,,,,,, .nd in",,,,,1 "ni,y_
religiou " hum. n;",,,, , " "'","'K. E.><h IS""""'" ~.'pl . ln'
,w')' ,he down righ' ,t... g<n<'>S of D .. ye(' work. Let u'
.dm;' from the . t.rt ,h., ,n. fil m. pooe extraordinary ""r,.ti,~ problems. Who, oc,,,.lIy h'p,..n, in V.... ~,! How
Joe. the ,up<m.Io,.1 op<"te in Day of Wrath! Wh. , ju' tif.... Inger'. re.u,,,,clioon in a,d.I? T""", a", .100 ,he pro!>lem. o[ style_ maniac.II)' f""C;'" c. "", .. wo,\:, decor ,h.,
~",,-,--d IS ",,,..Ii
fu ""'ion" h.,.. t", ..,ting, "" ""US "dit_
inS pattern . Tlw "w" physi<:.1 ~ding of 0.-.),<,(, wo'"
tumpS ""'.. f"'l> indiOCrimin.",ty log"lw, a , indice' "f.
"'nS'nJ"nt "i,;"n, Io<tk .... h"'h discOu"!!'" u, from
.Mlyzlog Ihem p"-"is<ly. Th~ ""'''''''''';., i"' '''pM.hon
""""S"i= 'Il< Iorm.!I oddity of til< fdms, bu, ..eo Ihis ""
m.re dl."OOration, The hum. ni .. reading can try '0 ju"ity
. uch i""gul.ri' .... on gtO\lnd. of characterization or ')'ffibut ' his lead. conly 10 "'ph i" .... , Do ,he came ..
mo."",en" in I'...PJI' or O"<t yield psychologic.1 in,igh .. ? Doe. ,he lighting on Gertrud ",11 u, .ny,hing ' oou'
he,) C.n we ""ploio ,he """,ed .nd upSide..lo .... n fmming<
in
d'''", pSychok>gic.lly.nd .ymbol",.lIy l lf "'e.,,,
d<tennlned ' 0 fond psychologica l tNli.m, we c.n "'lu""u
. n)"hing iOIo ''''' cha,..:",r_revel. ,ion mold , 1'1>0 "''''''..
"""led
no,:
V"
""Ii"",
J"'""'
mov""","t; in V""'~T w"uld then '''lI8'''t the "labyrinth

of o"vid Gray's mind"; the white de<:or of I"'""" d' AI("
might "s)"m\>.>li,. the my'tical purity 01 tm- martyT. vi. ... ":.,, tn sum, the p...".!"",lnan t inte'Pret.t""' imply
""plain '00 much.oJ di;crimi""", to<> ht'le . II)' u,ing the
comm..",pl""" ~f film critici<m, ".., have comfornbly
dOTnl."<ticatc'<! Dre)""r'. film .
\\'hat we mu,t ~nize i. ,he c",t of ron"",king fotm
aoJ .tyle for """h imp""".., . ,><1 b.! ..... 1 "",. ning" A,
)"n.thon Cullt-, .... in1> ~u t. 0'" d""",nd torcohererl<:" in
t.-t mu>t n<>t prematu,ely calKel the ways in ",hich (he
t .. t define. it. un;quene>" "We c~n 'ty ' 0 ~vo>d p",mat "'e
foredo.u"" to allow the te~, to diffo",n '", '"
f""" ",-.
din,ry languoS", to gro n' """imum ooop" 'Q t1>< pl.oy of
formal I... ,ure nd ...m.nti< un<.rt.inn.-.: ' " II ".., re.!d
the film ... "about" ~ slippery "'Iigiou> '" l"'y<hoIog;'
cal "."", we ought I<) ",. Ii" ha, thi' in fin itely .Ia"ic
principle 01 in'e'p""""'n p.y. ,n., r"'" of in'ipidity. I
, hall.ty to.huw tha, the f,Ims' primary Impononce i, no!
the".. ,., but 1<,,,,,0} and ,..r<tpl .... l. If we poy .''''n'''''',
D",}"e" ,.te (,Im, work upon u, by their ",,~lc i ".n( ",.
1" .. 1to ~II in con,,,nt"'n.1
An.ly.is ",,'eal. tha, ' he
Cdmera mo" " m~"1> in V.ml'~ ' in,'oke p'yc hol"6ical
mot;,..... n only to reject it; thAt on< func'ion of the fr.m
ing< in ''''''''' d'JI" i, to dec", ... , oot inc",a.., ",aIL.m;
th., o.y '" W",II> ', .Iow"".. 0/ lempo is no' moti ... t<-J by
mood, 1"''''''''. or milieu; . nd ,hat Oukr, and c.r""d'S
construction of 'f""".nd .i"... often "and b>.emiow;ly
ol"rt from
or ''''''''>tic ""ma nd " In"",d 0/ argu ing .bou ' which in 'erprEti,'e pooition is rtght, w' am )lO in
mo'" kt,owl<"dgo by mo"ing to. more
h'el, by
_ing the "nit)' "'10.-.-1 by .11 'h"", I"" ition, ., i.,.,lf
only" con""l"""'" of. la.-g..'T P"""""- In, ...0<1 of '''um <lam ping down . rt. in in te ,p"";,.
ing of'<kor a "d
. pp,,"us, "'e mish' look .t these film' "' p"""ntingl,r06-0/ ".-.I~, . nd ",oOI<m. of intorpr<t.tion . 11'< might pooit
them a. dynam" "".lih"s in ", h"h "" " ,.1 lorma l ,}'''em,
~p<"", _ "" ",.hm . . h.m,on;"O"'Y, oon"-'ti",,,, di ..... n _
. n"y. nw.e film' c. nno' be eA,ily t .-.-I, Only by """S'
niLing ,II< P""'~' of art to O\Otrun our familiar ~xpl . _
na'ion. am ,," ockoowledS" th. t film. am chanS" ,he
,,'ay. "'. Iook . t ' hem. thin bou' them, talk about 'h<-ro.
D"'Y~( ' "c>,k mo k. , u, "" .,.;tici:;m diU.,,,,ndy.
In . n ,","nsiv. attack on ,he .... If.ind ulge"""''' of ...
Clrinoist, )ohn Simon cit... mome n' in ,he fdm ", h"h " 'as
inrornpn>hen,ibl< . nd I"'u"",, porentl><ticall)' to make a
"""If
"'.y._
""".Ii,'.
,b<tr"",
,ho"
I"",
,ignif",.n' com pLl int ' "lhe d i,hon"". <"."s w"" " ''',,,
.oou
. lI, i, ooJ mention
film. by G,><I.o,d . , if the)'
F"'"
l<"<tly lucid
, uch :lCene, ,"", We .hould, I
,~hc,
w O",
n."~ r
th ink, S"ner.lize S imon', grie,-.' n, ... cri'ic will oflC-n

",,,to .bou, ,I>< """t d i,turbing mm._ be ,he)' by God.ro.
B,....""n, Ozu , T.t " or Snow _ ~, il ,he)' we", .. If
<vKion,ly cle., and oohe",n._ [qu.ti ng ..." .he'icoroer with
comfnrt.bl< .idi_, <titici,m seldom take; its . tarting
poin' ' he difr"ul ti<-< And str.ngen.", 01. film, To do '"
in'-oI .... IIon."o/, Simon "'W"", bu, i, aoo i",'ol""" 0
",'illingn... to let .he d i"urbinS- di>orienh ng ka 'u ",. of 0
film work upon u., Gi,'on the i"""plicdble, the c"' ,, can
confront it dirtly,
to explai n it '''''y
tn., ",."if<>lO_
~, "j _.,..-t un"); not t" in'<rpr<' it a, if it ""'" an
"Ue,."", in .n " ... teli< I<)ng'"', bu. ,.,her to de"",,,,, ... ,,,.
d isplay, and , itu.to tha, .trange""", Thi> book ""U"'ts
th.t we <.n analyze 'he challenging "r. ngene .. of
Dreyer', film. by d r.wing o n ,he in'ighl< 0/ Ru"ian For
m.li" poe'ics and """ """, k in that tr><fition_" TIw ,'.Iv"
0/ .hi, a pp~h ca" .m~.-ge only in the COlo'''' of
'pific . ""1),,,,, , but he", it m. y be wonhwhil. I<) ,ketch
""t"""", "'...,'" why Fonnali.m ,,-ill "" u..,ful in underM.ndins cinema in 5"ne,.1 and Dre)"" in particula,.
Tt m.y "-""m odd tha, an an.ly. i, of cinem. ,hould
d,.,, u .... n ron<ep" frum lit",.ry the",,-. 'The fa" i" how_
..... r, tlk" while Formoli" .hoory w.. ot Ii", applied to
Ii..,,,,y .... ,t>, it """ upon goneraloesthetic principle. , The
fu nd. men,,1 ",mrtion i, 'hOI ort i n . 11.ir 01 p""-""pbon, and OS ,ueh it pre..,nt. the P""""v" ",ith problem, of
u nity a ,>alt"rn, within the work, 'u<h .. oompooi'''''' in 0
I"'inting. ",nal. fom, in onu.", or ,",,,,,Hi,,, in "'''''''''
Un ity ai,,, eme'S'" from the.rt ""rk', rel.tion ,he hi<
' ory of .he .-.-lium . Thu. ootwen''''n,.nd the a rt work'.
,, ~ of othe, ",'Ot. , lead
' 0 "'f"'Ct unity. YEt the Formali,,, .1", "...,....J ttw import."", 01 di, unity in ae<thelic
eXf"'''''''''~_ Th~ fo re. of dn or;"'. from .hocks .nd dL"ut
I"" ,,,,,," whi<h it g iv._' .., ",-" I~_n-"p'""'_ v; ~ "', Shk"'v y
c.ll"" this ",I""""",, " ..".nge""-"'." "dcl.m iliori"."",:
"m. king-'tra nge," " One of tl\< most "'(und hypo!_ of
f""""lbt 'heory i, thot drt" drive ,,,,,, .-.1 unif"", '''peti_
~n(e i , ","".ntly in\emlrt"" by '''''''co, "",,,un<, a nd
di,k" a';"n;. While "'0 find p""em, ",ithin. ""i"'; ng " , .
",na '. 0' a Him , w 1". rond drA'tic " ;"Ia,i",,,. of tho>e
pa,terns 010' .'",ntion io<u~ on the pdkh 0/ pain ' of.
difr..... ,,' te<ture, on the comp"lIing di'.M.""' , on '''''
no'
a,
u.
'0
Dl.EYU.,. ' NTEREST
"""neo ,""t don', q ui'e m . A. ShI;lo",ky """": ' 'There is

'ordd in an. yet no! a single column 01 G",,\: """pie
, tand, e )(M,ly in ... proper order: p<>ctic rhythm" . imi
Lorly dioorderod rhythm: '" D""nity is .Iso per<:ei"ed in
,he .rt work' , ",Lotion 10 othe, works_ TIl< , .. t den"", i"
.h.ng<neM "'" by imitating ".dition but by vd.>ti ng
it _by b",aking co<wention" "",rdering tried elemen".
'",,1Iffing OUT "I"'<ta'ion" In a U, Fum"",m ', ron<eption
of.rt otrusgIe betw".n tabl. unity .nd a dr"amic
estr.ngemen,
u .. lul""", tho, ' ran><end, .ny p.<rtiru.
I. r m<dium_
A gen.T.1 guol of 'hi< boo\:, 'hen, is to ,,,,",,,' """. ,he
hosic ae>the,ic principle' of the Fonn. li" ".dition c.n help
uO "udy ";n.m.. . We ha", on """,,'I<!nt opportunity 10 "-""
,he.., prirocip .... beeau", nlm i. I'<'r e"",lle"",. Ill<'<lium
",lie. upon pc""'p'ion. (The very illusion of ",o"e
ment in ";no-n.. "'," upon pen."pt""l ~_) film
study
too long lobo~ undcr ,he ''''a)' of litcr.ry in
te'P"'tali<m; we I<no' h<lw 10 du "reading'" of fil m', bu,
we ho"" seldom .,.,min! row film as. mIium C"""teo
u<\ique modo of .."hetk "perie"". ' 'n' .. p ~ .tio n.
",.rch for o, .. riding uni'ie> c.n ignore 'ne di,uni,"".
narls, ond g.p" 01 a work Formalism "'." ,ha, ,he unity
pri""; 1' ,hema'ic ",adings is part 01 to,,' process Of
..,sthetic percep.ion. Thu, interpre",.ion ~i'''' way 10
mode of cri'ic"",
to bring out the natuf<' and
ron""'l"elKe. 01 ,he fLIm' , owrall dynamic.
MOrt' speciflColly. Form.li>rn will help uS k'i'h Dreyd,
worl: boa"se ''''' .. Iient problem. which 'hat wor k J>O'<"
in""h'e u' pcrcep,,,,,Uy. By insisting on ,he in'e,pJ.y of
unity and di,unity, the "';lting ", .. ,;un, of p"k'm to ma ..rial" and .n. ",to ,ion of the.rt "'OIl: to historical norm"
Form. li.m ",-oid. ,he "arro,..ne .. of ,hematic "",dings .nd
ofle,.. 0 ""y to . ..uly """, Dreyd. ,, 1m. challengc u . My
purpose. '''''no """,t 10 offcr. fourth or fLlth ",ading 01
Dreyer bu, 10 .... m ine ''''' ""sthe.ic iso ueo hi' wor\: r.;"",_
ho
,ho,
h.,
.ho. "",\:,
SO ME CR1TICAL CONCEPTS
Wi,h the help 01 a Form.I", Irame of referelKe, then, "e
can iden.ify """"
that Dreye(, film, are of in ....,.,. 1o
u. too.y, If "" .re to .void sim ple oonption of D",yer
., ",litary ,-;,ion'ry, we need 10 us< th< <oneept of
.!rip in lresh w.y. \\\0 sho"k! al"" si'u"e t"" t, lm, histo';
cally; 'hi> wiU
a notion of !ri.",liullwl.s",.md ... t, If
k'e ... to .n.lyze ."" film oomple_ ..,,,he.", .),.lCm .
we need concep" of fa"" and 01 "1""""";"". Si""" 'n i,
,...y.
"",hoT
""I"""
bool: tTie< 10 mdicat. Dreyd. val"" lUI CUrren' film .tudy,

I .hoold e>.p .. m at .he ou'",' ho,.. I intend '0 construct .nd
use the"" ooncepts,
Author. C""k'mPO<' ry "'uk'u(' criticism h. , "'ugh!
to ",pI_ ''''' au,hor .s pc""n by the "o ".hor"' as a group
of Im,. T"" minima l ""nd"."" for ,hiH.tCgory a", ,'cr
i(,ab .. ,i;;na'u", on 'he "''' ("di"",,-d bj-' John Ford" ).nd
some OO.mIl"" , .. it< of
iorm, . nd'o r .tyle . To ..."""
extent. 'his bool:
cohe",""" of te-<tUTal f.a'"''''
du.ltling . rouod Dreyc(s ";gM''''''. Yet I ,h.1I not.
.. D.-."d' ,,,lely d.", of hlm._ rart of 'he ink' .... of
Dreyer'. work lin in it< ",I" ion to f'lm hi.lOry, and the
OIdina')' no'ion of " . utnor.hip" 00". not ""'p us situ.te
hi' film. in ,,," , " i"ory. Ilori, l;,,,,... hev>ky "uAA""" th.t
'he " u'ho,i. ' p"rson.f ity "" ron,id.>rcd 0 mn"ruct cn'otod
not only tJy the ort ,,or"
1,.... bu,
tJy ot lle ' his
k>ric.1 I""""," Wh .. ;,. importan' for art h i""'Y i, not
Byron bu, hi> biographical lej;end . ''''' Byronic; not Sh.w
bu' 5I1.ovi. ni",,: not. WagneJ', ho"s< bu' the Bayreuth
mystique. o..)"'r, '00, h his biogr.phkalleg<>nd, c",atod
I""" his prOOu.;.ion pract""" ond hi> pronouncements '"'
" t""tie . 'f we con';'/<'I . ",hori.al p"""'nali'y in ,hi
""n ... w~ con link ''''' fLlm, 10 history in I",," .... )'5. \\'H.n
ali;, k.- in>-la""", wha' hi,turic,,1 fuOOior\s w""' lulfdled
by Dre),e(. decLlred ol'J'O'IDon to """,-production ,tu dio fdmmal:ing, TIl< .u,hor, then, ;, not. only a group of
film. bu,.loo, and differen.ly, an id 1 figu",: Dreye( , his
.oric.l statu' invo l,'e> no. only the film. bu. theDr<yr"n .
lIi"ori,,1 bo<l:S",und oeI. Cruci.!1 to 'hi> rook .. the
.,.... m p,.:m ,h.t D-w y,"-' ",(Or. p ..
c.... in ''''ique
.nd .. lien' I",tu"-,,. Bu. how to identify '''''m 1 How, ~ven ,
do ,",'e mark ",lie""'> The. ha, "'-'<>n a
p,obk:'" in
diSC"";"". "f D....,..". ""'"' of which h.,,, "";"d up(On
Ii..
or p"n~ sty". Such '.nn "',
h""",,,..... plainl)' ",lation. 1 and oomp.!rotive. 11 m.k", no
S<n'"
>pc.k of ""n"",,,den,,1 '" p",,;f>eJ .tyle unle ..
" . . und,.,;'.nd, whot i, '"nSmd.d (Or purif.. d . 'f >och .
"""p.!r>lil'c """hod i. cno.en , ,,"ho, ;, tl<'eded i." b.>.:k
lI,ound "" ogains' "" hich ""c <an der."" Dre),,,,,-, d;fh.",,,,,,,,,
Th;, rool: """on i",.. Dreye(, work ., oc' of d~,'ia'ion .
lrom """'c hi,k>ric. lI), d~ r.ncd norm within 'hc ..,me
Ill<'<lium . If mm. f""lucntly ;o..1e our ..,,,h,,,ic pcrcep.lon,
t"" diOlutN."". "f"'n are"" In>ln " "",h b..1w,,",n ,he r.bu
.nd domlna n, p'''''ic< . Tlu, io, Ou ' hoockgrourul ..." c.n bo.'
"""" other fi'm st)'1<-_ Alt hough s<"er.' , hoi>< . ", p;:oi.
ble h""" 1 .... 11 pic. a hoockgn>Und "" whkh , ,h.1t ".11
",he d . "ic. 1 HolI)'Wood .,;""",.:'
'iwm.,
."ume-s .
11,."' ..
,,,,at
.1""
h'''' ...
""n"
"""""",,,t
,"",,,,,,.t;,,,.,
"'.-ro,
'0
Why 'hi' "'n"rue'? Hi"orically, i, i, .. 0""" proxima,.

. nd po...tinen', n ',., h, ~ . """'Io.<lS< "f , .... d",,,,IoP'""n,
"I cin"",ahc 10"",. If I....,., is on ordin.ry cinem.'ic uo'ge" for ,he fifty yt".TS of Dreye~H."",,r. i, i. 'Il< n.urati,c
and "yli"i< prindpleo of , .... A_.n ci.....,... . Th is book
"templ; 10 show Ih~ " . 1"" of ';'u,nng' filmm.ker in .. I.
"0" 10. model of 1)'".,. , ".il; 01 .... n.'i". ,.'ure fll""
... "''''''' 1920.nd 1960,
One <,",ion ,_,IS i, .. lf, My itCWun' of '''' cI.,..,.1
cinema"' ",ill to.. moolel. no' , col"'chon of irulocli,..,
gener.li"",io",. hery ac'ual film .ubruin ,I>< model ce,
I.in p~o~ ; no folm 'UCCl"ed. in "",,",ins , .... model . Bu,
,hi. doe. not make 'he p.lradigm .h.,,,, fon y ei.,.",. no"
ron>phOl1 of a " Hollyw""" film'" "'" hi'lOric. 1 ~,
,.""". regis",,,,d """ ""')' in film. bu ,'" in , .... re>timony
of """"'nwri"", . nd "' .... r studio peroonnel. (Hence my
",fe"'nee< to manual nd "-"<ipe hook> "'hi<h "a'e cerlain
... umpt""" qUi'e blun,'Y.) T.... model col. <lass",. 1 n .....
ji". or>""" pmposed ;n ch.op"'r 'h..... ,nd '''''' 01 . cta..ic. 1
'I"ti.1 .tyle in ch.pt<r !<xlI.re "",.n' to h,,'e .he sam<"
"'pomatory s"'", as ,he concepts of cI.ssicism or bdroqU'-"
in , .... hi,to')" of !"inting or mu . ic: ,h.y ,re u .. ful for ..
t.blish ing ,he nom" .nd con.'.nlion. 01 domin.n, "yli.. ",
proc.""" of period
The model of cI."ic.1 film will .... ,p us m."" 011 ...
lien' structures of Dre).,,~. work, i' "'ill .1", sugges'
0"'-" of Ih< ch;'{ in""","" of IN, IV(Id I..,. pr<'<iseIy in ito
"'otic", to ,h. ~k gmund..-1. 'n loci. ciear refcrenc... to
the cl.,sical norm' are em ... dded in Dn-yer. I.", films.
The cit,o,ion. 01 o)-.Iine continuity in r.. I1=iom M
d''-\, the c.mera mo,'ement OCf005 , .... e ngra Ving in ~""' _
I'Yr, ,he .naly,ic.1 '-"<ii.ing ol , .... ,um,c';"n in o,drl .nd 0/
,he bdnq"'-"' in Gt,'",d _ oil glance ., ,n. '"normal'" "cay 01
.hooting a >cene. In 'hi> way. ,he form 01 e..,h of ,n...
'lm. is hom 01 a "'"gslc wi.h ,he impl.n't"J 11Orm. The
""1m i,
whoU)' "'''''''." i, i, cit.d . if only
b< con
t.sted,
Fo"", Obviou>l)', '''''ugh . imply ""'ins do"","'n.
from nonn, i, in,ufficimt: we ",-,- gr p 'h< ",,,,i'i,'"
as wclf ,he "''gO'i'''' one.'h< ""n",ruo;'ion "f a
""'" work agaiM' , .... background. For in"."",. both Yo,,,_
ji", Ozu .nd locGu,'S T. ti sy""",",.,,,. lIy ....1. ", ,he ",110"
rule" of editing, bu"h<i, film Slyle. diller dra ..icolly. W"
need, in short. , "''''''-"P' 01 foIm fonn
A, , 00\'0 men'ioned, ~ormali" ..,.,he,ic .heory en_
rou"g<-"' U. 10 "'" fom> 'he dy""m", ",la'ion of uni'y '"
di,unity in , .... 'pecta""", perception. This "",a n, ,ha,,,,oo
'0
'ha,
i"'""'
no'
""'''''-'ft'
'0
o.n",,' 'pl;, lorn> from "con"'n' " (e"ef}1hing in a film h ..

10"..,. , lunO';"nl .nd ,ha, we ''''lUi''' con.cep' of aes,he
lic <y5temS wo'king wi.h;n .he foIm . To gr.sp , .... dyNmic
of Dreyer, work, we must .noly~ ...".. 'h~ film. pre;s
.ow.rd p.."'""-"<l ".bility. ond ,hen how other 10K.. di.
,u ro 'hi' ''''\>iIiI}'.
'n v.,.tching D",yer'. film, we hoi"..,. on ,he one hand.
,he ""pre.,"", 01 "",.. i,'c uni'y; lou, how i, 'hill unity
><hi<"edlln 'his hook, my .n.ly..,. will concentr... on lhe
uni'y "",a,."J by ,,,,,,,, "" .. 01 formal pcinciple .
1 Los".1 I',,"rip/<> of ",s,miz>llio'''' Mo.1 fdm, .re "1lK,u",,* by """"" k>gic: '"""nomic ("~'"' foIm tabula'ing
.~ of "",,,,,flie$). ' hel<lt'K:of (e .g . f"'lem;c ><lduc_
ing .rgumen .. in I. vo, "I ,.."inS I", . ",,"'in ""ndi_
dale). '" c.u .. ' (' ,g" n,IT.tiv. film), AI"",,' . 11 01
Drey.~. foIms, b<ing na ... 'iv~ . .., ruled by. c .,..
ofl, k>g;c. We can 'pedfy lunhor, 'hough. Wha , ~inds
of cou.. 1.S"nlS .'" ';g"if"",n" (Cha,..,.",,? s.:.:;,,'y' A
prime "",,'er-~ . g .. God?) IIh., degrees 0/ <au",ily
.rc I"'-""-"n,l (00.. one can .. moti," " 0 ... ell'1 Several dice .. ?) Are ,he", repe'i'ion., varia'ion" cone, panslon, or c
Ihroughou,
.he n ...atiye? Are ,here ,ubplots or Mrra,i,'",-withinna". i"c. which p.>rollel 0' translorm ,he prino:iple ,",r
..,ive Su.ch ~""". ' ". m. y b< . , ...'11 01 .ny
in
a~y medium; .;""......... d ling wi.h ci""rn', _
mn" a"., ,,\: ho", ,he .pecifIC.lly cinematic me.-ln' 01
came ..",orl. mi"",,.m,<. edi'ing. and (lund .re u"";
Ii. "', ..... logic_I !"" . ", . I'o'~ ,,",II f,nd ,h.o, i" O"-'Y"'"
lilm., n .... 'i,." tog;< ";."',,,. ch".c", .. wi,hin an im _
p."""n. 1<", .. I ",h<ml<-(ndt"J by N.",..,. 1.-0"'. ~"d God)
N .... ';..... ".,..,"'" downp'.Y indi,idual psychology,
and ..,;",bhsf> "..""", 01 .,.,.-..:, "pp<"""'" . nd
"'pi.>cement> .
2, T""I""'u poimipk< of " rgo"iz>lticn, Here il i; n.c<" "uy to
draw upon the Ru .. ian Form.lis,,' di"inction """"..,n
fllbula ,ond
or wha' ha. u.ually been ".n.la,ed . ,
"o.ory.nd "pIo'." The '"""ry"
na ,,>live " , n.~"
"f ",'en"
by c ....,li,y and in 'ime, The
"plo," is ,he Wo)' , ...... ~".n .. are oc,u.lly
in
,ho telling.'" Mo;, plo ... tor e.. mple. b<gin i" m<ri"" '"
and gradually supply intonn"ion .oou, earlier "ory
e,'en' , . Flaohb..ck "'pe.,ed "",nes. ellipses brupt
omi ...ion limil<>d "",in" 01 "iew, chally na ... ,oro_ all
, ....... '" ",ay. IM, .he pIo' m.nipul,, ,he p"""nta
lion 01 ''''')' ov<"'''. A ddc,<ti,'e ..Ie playo on ,he pIo"
'1<1')' d i"inction by wi,hholding ("("rlain ''''ry ",-"nlS
It.,,,.
....,..,I1"'" ".,,,.m,
"."'.Ii....,
'";.t.
,,,,,,,,,,,1<'<1
"f.
P"''''""''''''
D ....... -S 1NJ'[.E5T
sud,., tht> p"'nnin& "f tht> cri"",; not "ntil to. end of
to. f>Io1 ,re to. crue;"1 e.,I)' ""'}' ",-en" re'''''led . A
""'.. oomp"~ c>.arnple wouid ... Cit",." """... whos<
plot .ummari>es much 01 tho film,.tory in t.. "",w,
reel and then rerelis key ,tory """nt. ~ <xp.>n.;",ly
through tnc recollect.,n, <>f Kane'. awri& ......
It is impo, .. nt to ""to two tn ingo_ Fi .... t. the.tory if
nOl th. narTati,. in.."...., primiti'''' form, pe,ha!,", to<
ani" might fi ... t II...., onvi..,ned it , The I"'_,'er ron
"rue," the story ., he 0' ,ho g""" along; it i
b.><kg""'n.;! .!I"in" wh'.eh'n. 'wi". and tu m' "f plot
must be ",.d , Serond ly. in <i""", ic ""trativ tI .n,>
d""n. of r,lm technOq"" may be brought to bN,"pon
.he ,to,y. Editing, <am . .. wo,\;', mr","-ffl -'''''', and
""" nd ""y .tll""i<ipate in """Sl,mting the plot.
Th~ 'l"'}'lpl<>l J i'tin<fur> ""tps u' study how . fit",
<.... tl.. na rr.hv~ timt-, n-..- p<>'Sibitit;,,;. , G"'. rd
Genet ... has pointed OU', include <min, "","/;."" and
fm/um<y." Event. in ""'}' ord"" run 1- 2- 3, but t""
I'M may p"""nt
""'nlS In any ""I .... """ (by
f\a,hb.lc .... tt.,hfo,ward" "'c.), T"" du,a oon 01 ,to,y
.'on" may be "lIided by to. plot (e .g" t.... o yoa ... pre
..,mod in two hoW" , <",ponded by !he plot (e ,g .. two
min"te "donro to .,....,nty). 0' !repl con'inoo". (e,g ..
.... here two minu~ in the .to')" <"qual. two m;nut<>< in
the plot) , And 'he 1,"'1"""0" of .."n" in 'he "'''"Y mo)
be vo"""r.ty ;"die. k<I, tory "Wnt (>C('U"'ng .........
may .... hown "0'1,,. ", ,""wn ""..."., ti m , In ( i ' _
K_, fur ~,",mple . """t "f 'he .toY), 0"''''' ",hOoh ou,
""'" " " .hown once in Iht- pM (th. n""" 01 """. t ;,.~
cu..m. O. "" ~""w it), but ;om tul)' " . . nlS wh'.eh
(>C('U, only"""" in the .tory .'" .hown """,,,I h"""
( .g" S" ..n'. 01""" I"'"m...... ). Tn. ,.. ri.ob"" "I..,.-d."
du"h,,m, and rn.-.,,,,,n('y ht-Ip uS to d ; ";n~u;AA dilk"'''''
..,mpo,,1 pri""ipl<>s orga ni,;ng 'he ",,,o ti,'o , SL><h
c-.tegO,",' permit uS t" ",n,id", how O,,-"Y"(' film,
<h."'<teh,''.eally stru<tu", tim., II'" ,""II..., ho", 'he
film.
a "'''''po,.1 J".nninism ,hot <uk'S bo'h
r.tory and plot .nd (i" Iht-I.t~, f,lm') "'-.'" t"" ". ri.ol>f<os
01 .torylpkot dUWKm c. n o-<e.t. a "minimal d""m."
",hOon . ~, ..... down 'ho.' 'p<"<,. to'" \'''''';ng ..t.
t_
ge"''''''
3 Sp"'",ll"i~
of "'X""~,.," ,
F;rYlI)", ".., c>n """,;de,
ho", a ",,,>live film ron",,,,,,. 'P<"'" .nd 'p.> 'iai ",la

,"",s , I AA.II ... discu.sing , " - ,,'S"ni>.ing phnc;p'"
in ...>me det>il. si nc film', 'I"t;' 1
d.p"nd,
upon ,he us< of ouch film "_"hnOq"'-"''' ..i ........""",
.y."""
(lightin,. "",'m'!.., . ..,,,ing. beh.t,.iot a nd p~n" 01

t n. figu",), .. ",... work (dist.""., .ngle, ,t iol
mobility). Nitin"" .nd ,""u"d, Ou, ."" I~";. of Ore)""".
film. wilile.d "S '" ""n, iJ~".' 0"" puin t ," . nut",""
'he depth <... ,.1 w",~ ;n til< <I.,,'.eal cinem.,
", -""",,, ro",.. ntion.l u,"". of the moo;l. camora, til<
principle. of continui'y ..Jiting. arod tr.. lunctions 01
lighting and decm in constructing 0' "",Iu.ing 'I""ial
",t.oon . Since FOnIldlism
,r.. pe""plu.llo",.
of ,he an work. ,hi. 'heory
u. 'l""if)' .... '" the "",,,"'
tidl qualit;", of <""""""ie spa" alf<oct <>0, "'p<ri."",,",
Irnpor .. n, a, unity is, Dre)'d, "","" ("Ompel. ' he ,,"t'.e to
1",,",ul'l< '''ateg;,,; 01 ""'thl1i< disunity. Much of t .. eM
that .he ,.rious
Ienge of h i. fdm, comes from , ..
som 01 organization do no' ,.,. ,ly ",,,,h. In p.>niocut.r,
g.>p op<n. up ""'_>o>n ,h., k>gO:" """"u,,, "f U",
action a nd 'he "'8.ni.. ,~ .n d ti "", and 'p.>", IVhi'" t1><
d.,sic. l cine",", .llow. 'paoc~.nd ~_ to be ,,'Vn;.t("d o nl)'
to Ir.n,m i' na"ati,'. ;n/orn"'ion, n",),."... ciM"" 0/' 0"
,.die.lly ..
"",,,,"i,'o from ci""","ie s p.>".nd time.
W, ... ",.t<hing tho ,tory un Md, and .uddenly we ... nut
w.tching it an)' more; the .lyle fling. u. into 'p.>tL11 and
t.",poro.l p~,"". tIw.[ ong.>ge our I"'''''plion fo, !.heir
o,,'n .. ~e . The ct.," of system. wit hin .Ik- wOfk produce.
diffICult"" . nd we need '" ide n'ify ,h. ,';ewing problem
wo onrountot_
In th;" " 'oy, co"""p" of b.><. ground .. , a""lo"" ." ou,
.nalysis sp<"<ily ",ruin lojl;""l cond itions 10' ,he .pee.
t. tof, m"'- The F,,,,,,. li;! dP p~h a" "me' b<,'h (onlot
mi'), ,,ith 'he ba<kgn)und "" and do"iati"n, fnom ;', b<~h
. nd in",mal ronnie'; it
u .....
thai .... ,"'-to: !",""'ption ""'in . ~ bet",,,,,", "'!I"nization
and d;""g.>n;""tion , Wo.re f ."il;", w;,h ,he ",~.,n
om "1"";"'.:' of.n
mu;! "' .. "pun .. nne unilying
ptin<ipl<o. Ye' onity cao be oonc<i,"'<1.s. """""",nt , J.n
Muk.afov'ky ,uMo"" "Un ity .hould "'" be understood 0'
""",-~hing
a, romp""" n. """"y, """ dy,",m'.e ...
problem with ",h'.eh tn. "' O, ~ """Iron" III< "iew..-r,"" If
dl",,;"n t.tion ond di<tu,bonco, wh., Shklo,,,ky c.lI,
"n)ughened p<ICeption:' choracterize the 'pKtato,',
..,,'hehc "'I""ri."",., 'he otitic <an a i",1ose the ,"',.. P'",.
"'1"0.1 c"".' For in .....'''., f"Jinting ou' 'h. hi;!"he. ,
b.KkgrounJ ... , p<1'mits u, '0 go ;!.. ighl h' wMI. ,' ;",,'<t
.. ~ in ,he con,'ont.,ns 01 ,he cla,.ioc.1 "roem. "'ill find
problema';", dilf",olt , ","'0'1 "ung..",m"""]" in O"-'Y""
film. , Ot .!I"i n, ' 0. ro<><ep' of I"",, a. a dynamic in.ot
m,"-
"t"res.
o .....
,,'.y.
"".-t,",o
,w.
in"''''''' ",-.h,,,,,,,,,,
.1..., ...
"",ks
,""'.e,
,ha,
""lion 01 'f''''m. nelf" u, ' f""dfr wfw", a film c",ate,

in",UiSibility, and wfw", fifm " . ru to fo"'ground it>
disoni.;..., Tfw cri.ic, I bel"" .. , .hould "" ...,k to """,I,'e
fw .. probkm' 0' wi.n .fwm .way; I ..... 11 .ry simpfy 10
indica", how lhey .re c"",.ed, and wha hey imply fOl
D",Y"(' in ...,. o u. now.
R.p~"lotion.1 oy.t.m, A """" upon p<1'C<ption
mign. be thought tu mi!itate .gain" m~.n i n&' Yet t"" mo d.t .. ,umption i; tn.t in an, me.ningdepend' upon percep'ion, The an work d"",
exist . impfy.o .ransmi. a
m..... ~ ; if it did, .fwl'< would be no diffe",,,,,,, bel",""n an
nd ordin.ry info"". ,ion.1 disrour ... An is primarily.n
engagement of ourwl,,,, wiln ""I<ri.ol, .nd form. , W.
' .... fl_ how tfw art work utili"" I'<preoen"'tion bu. al""
.. n.di ..... u. '0 its limi". ''Tfw Llngu.ge 0/ P<"'''Y:'
Shkkwsky remind, us, Hi", . , semi-cump"'h.n'iba.
no.
0,....""
bee."...
R.p"'""n,.'ion i. impor"'n' for u,

him d"",
"""k to ""'y something," But that ph,.,. .Iread)' implies
.n ffiHty-.n idea, an ",*"t,
of off.iTS-which
anteda"" tfw a .. ,,"'o.k and which 1M ,",'or\< "re.p"''''''''''''
The !.-alin ",or oj ""P"""",OII",,, ""-''''. both "to .how".nd
" to bring bioc~ ," ., hich indica~ \I", diff"ul ty'
ion i, O""e a di'pl.y,' spect.>dc for .
f<'OOwry, the ",turn of on .bstonl "".ity, Rpreoent.ltion ..
r..,,, problem.,ic wfwn "'. "... from di.pl. yed to""" tu
. bstont meaning, R.p", .. nt.tion bewmt<, tmubl<""m.
when .h I""'S" i. blo<ked I'"'" mo, nins i, ol"'l"") 0'
",hen ,fw pd"'~ ..,.,Im .nd.... (,fw proceos heo>rneo ci.cuLu, with one lon'. moaning bo""""ing only. pf"".
hold by . noth., token) . Tr.. dition. within p"in"ng. tfw .. I'<,
IHeta"'"" .nd cinenu <o"'titu,. ,ep"""n..,tion.1 systems:
roher-ent w . )'S 01 e>"bH,hins ."""ta,o,i.1 pooitions (e ,s ..
v,riolo, poin,-<>f-"iew d",'u.) .nd of .igoifyins .I<>n' en" .,. (.ruth , ",. Iily).
On ,he one h.nd, Dreyer'. f,lm'.re """"""n,.tion.):
Ihey ofle, irrug'" .eU stories. Sine< we .. ooci.>'e .".nt
gam" "'"' ~ w;tI,. ,du .. t ul "'p"""n t.t;'on " ' ~S"tlH", ""
rna)' be I'<1<1<l.>n' to .Jmit .ha, D"'yd. fifm. can ch.ll<nge
u,
mtJ<h . One ""old poin l 001 how 'M ",Iigiou, , ui>j.d ...... lIer of "",er,1 tilm. p"rtly anchors ,hem in "'1)'
ron,..ntio ....1 meaning>. 0, one could ,how, as we shan
1.>."-",, 'M' 0..,)'.(0 fifm, U,,", wri'''''' Langu.ge to ,alify.he
imp'''''' .... t cau"'~m t .... t rul", t"" non ... i,..,; .. wri'",n te"
inte"""" .he .... .-rativ. w<>tId in ,.Iotion to Ii""'..... nd
' oloorita"'" "",.ning<. Bu' il ... works ,'ioLate t"dition ..
".te
"'P"'S""'"
''''''''''tor,
.nd.
'''I)'
.'J't'Cl
often .. tfw)' t,an>mit it. ,w "ugllt '0

thot a film m.y
both . ccept .nd negate tr.dition.1 ,"p'~"'n,.liun . 1
,trategies. Dreyor'. lator f~"" do thi. , intermittently 001
'yst.matic.lly posing problem. for "'pre.. n ,.. ion .
Firsl, ,he tendency of ,n.-.. m"" to pun cinematic ,ime
.nd sp"'" .way from cau..,1 struetul'< mak<s cinemo vis,
ibk a , opn:ifi< "'p"""'nlational 'f'tem . tn Ordtl 'nd G<r'''''', in I"'t, . n ". n'hologic. I" """'Sy ."rv~ys ,he d""",-"
of'he d."ic.1 "yl<, . nd., .fw sa.". Ii"", def,n"" that sty'"
""Iy o ne of cinem.'. rep.,...n'otio ... t option . tn odd;
d'Arc, Dory '" W.. th, ,nd 1)nU.
lion, "" /lI<I.,., ok
bring to tiSht cert. in difficult"'s in ",IiSiou< "'p",
"n"'ional ;;.;:fwm"', tfw interf."'IK"S acWS; sy'k'm' (,fw
"'Md ,,,''us ,he imoge), ,fw or"'1""""'" and .rbitrari"",
of moaning I.ho book). fw potential infinity of "'pre",nta
'ion. hen wr..,n ,~tigiou. di""",u",, i. "'~ ""n" .. 1. .he
film.' I.. """t dyn.mic. ronti nu ~ to "'plore """h
VO"'I'Y' ron"met. it. n.rrati"" ... Sluso, in imoge<, upon
tfw p"",,;"en' wON (omniscienl n.rr.tor, bool<), ",hile
G<rl",d offers i""lf as ,'eri'able repertol)' of "'P"'.Ia"on.1 sy"o"" - .fwo.,.,, music, ". i"ting, ocience ,
fi""a,ure _ all of which constantly di'pf..., each olh"". Finally, ''''' La .. films lCerlrud;n particula,) ,.i.. . pdrtic>JLar
probicm , tho. of."" .",ningle.. '~p"-"",nla"m. By ,ph
ti ns cin<>miOtic
from n.rr.ti,," lu,"",'ion, by ..,"ing ",p.
,esent>tional'yst.m' in ten""" ",i.h ""'" .not""r, .nd by
broachins 'he i.. ,,,, of th" emply te", ' ''''
~tm. 'h row
up oo.t.>cle. to ",,,,-,,ntional I'<odinp of rep", .. nt.tio",.
Th;, m.,.". .h nur .....1), ... will e>drni"" .he ',/ncliot!.
01 "'p",.. nta.ion ;n O"'y .... ~Im'. h'....,..:1 of ' imp!)' ",. d
ing tfw f,lm', " .. mUS' """sid.. t"" '''''Y
of reada'
bility which they rropose. At times we .hall ha,e to p" ~'"
0'''' expficit meanings_ I"" I\illTati""ly .ignW".nt, tr.., 00,."',;.Iy . ymbolic - in oNer to.;.I; whal "". ,,,,'fw ';goifo.
c ...,. .nd
obviou""",, , A, 011><..- """"""" w< """tt
t"".. to pick ou, .mbigu;oo, not to re>o(", them oot tu 0'"
",hat _
rurrc-s 'hey .. ,Ye, At ;till
"""",-",lS,
"'" ,hatt . imply
' 0 1'0"" ' 0 moment< of 1r."'S"'.'ion. ronnict, omission, incon.Istenc)', and loos_ momenlS
",hon "'pres<n IO'ion fal ..... a nd Ifw film jolt. u,.
NOn< of ,fw orit.,.1 c->I,*,"", men.ioned .., for can "n
oily be isolated from
rdation '0 ooci.>t practice . Yet
one of ,fw m""
cri'iri>m, of fo ...... li" tf>c,,,y
ho, """" th. t i' d;,,,,,, .. . .. from ",,;"1 ideology, Tfw . t.....
on p<1'C<p",n, it is <.. i_d, 're'" ,fw ,'ieWet" tr.., isoLa d indil'Mlu. t. h : k<!d in rapt .pp"'fwn .... n ,,/ .r.., ".
I""''''
pn""""'"
wrm
!.l'.
,,'ITO,
t""
ha,..,
""'>m.',
I"'"i,,,,,,.
ot"",
c."
w",k. How, then. <"On f""""list theory ,itut.lte an art ""Ofk
app~h
sociall~ ,
<i""", ;" in "itu'ion . How We petcriw. film

"-,, """Sum" <in"mo. An o",ly';' of 0),,,
The most common 1.)"" <)1 idoo'<)g;".' a""y,is <""""n

h.~ "" .nbjt m.tt." tn.",., 0'
action in
gen.,.1 "'n",
1' J <h"",l<.ding
"""a""
en,;';;...., "a,
n.. .......
<an !'fa;" ~ of W"'lh OS ""Jng "In 1.,"Of of'" f..'mini;m. 0'

denouoo. 0nIrl p'oece 01 "rnystir""tion:' Dreyer's fdms
.re ro",ly touched by .IKh ,..,.ju.cti"" m>dinll': .. "".
writer in tn. M.",ist journ.1 Ci"'rh",., puts;1: "Of rou""
U",,,, a ", ..""" <10.. ';" fit",. whOch ..... . ,"'. S'N' r.lm.
(ij,..,...",o .nd O"'Y"r'.!o. exompl<):'"
n.. domain of in''''ti;;;otion which F""".lism h.,
"f""""d up <' n ",I.", <in<"m. k> <OCiety in two preci>e ..... ys.
Fi,.., M.",1st """n.tic th>ry poin .. out that KIeoIogy
it often transformed through the .... I.ti".1y autonomous"
""""""'" 0/ art. Art is ","' ..."<1 '" ~ bu' "'nrot to.
.."jucro to it, .nd an .ocrount 01 the ",l.ot.,.., mn;t ;""lnd.
I"rti<ul.o. _ tho-tic dynom;.,s 01 the wor\;. f-I<re Formal
ism <.n he 01 U". n.e
on the medium, "" tn. 1"',.
""pt",,1 .ctivity of .n. on system. in h.annony or roll;s;on.
"" til< diff<l",nt function. of ,tructu", .nd . tyle .... ithin his
torical ron ,~ tion.-.och theoreticol ~pts help u. 10' pc<irI" wiy' in which
medi.l1CS so<lal idooiogy,
~Ir, by _"""'ins th<- 'r'""" .,.nd rn . ... ,.;.,) un
do,p;nning. <>I til< 'pe<'ator', experie","", til< Fonnalist
tt,,,
,.11:
,Ire>.
al'
,uggost ","",,0 """ .. I implications "I the

h"",
.ff..,..
".",10(0.:'
.he ",lo .;.,,,s 01 .he 1;lm. ' 0 con"""PO"'Y no""" 'he nlm"
formal dyrwmics, and thei, ,,"o,k on rep....." .. tion con
help u, S"'P how th.), con c,,"lI.nl!" ond c"""U OU'!K>dolly .h.apcd ,,"bi .. 01 film ,';"",;ng. It i , in .he realm of
..,stlwti< P'"""'rI;"n, "'" id<'<llogOcol tll<",., ,hat 'lKh
"id",li,t"' him. . . Orrye,'. haw p",,id..d mod~l. lor
.vo,,"edly m.tetiaJi" f,lmm.,k.,., Iii- /em lu< GOO.nl
.nd /e.nM.r;' Straub.
Au .hor, b.Kkground .. t, forni, repre""'tation, _ .. I
function, _ ,II< .. concept> al.., riot til< dh'i.icm of this
book', cnticalla""r. n.. next <harle, will .itu.te O,,),d.
biogr.ph.,.1 leg.nd wit hin Euro!""n film history, Chap
,h"",.n<! I."" ,,"'ill con,id", .he cha.",,"'ri"" tonn..l
.. ,"teg;-. of' hoe r.I",. mod. bolo", 1927. In chart"' fi,,,, I
...ill Introduce til< probl<",. 01 10"" .nd "'p ....'s 'm .. hon
po....J by thoe fi,~ major I.", f,l m'." A sep""'" <hlp"" i<
",",'_
to .""h of the .. foIm . A fin.1 <hap"" rmpos<"S
""". "'.y. to und,,>'.nd
use. "f Orry.r'. f.lm,.
Th")"ghout, J . ""11 ... .-.;"., 'M'" pn\ble"" of "ruet"""
'0,.,
t""
""d
romp"'h<n~ion
importance
(Of
th.t
u. toda)'.
m.~~
DreY"'$ wM\< vi "'ntrol
At, Author and His Legmd

w.
hen bo("",
study 'he films, O"'y<r in" iI ... ,. onu, ...1
m.. " .... d<>.
intores!. For "ne thin;;. ~i' " ..... '
velopmen' of ,he cinEma from 1'112 to 1968, (""" (." rut it
melodrom,tk. lly) M.""""" of Pig Idlty t" U Chinoiso'
M""""", lIIlO"gh D"'Y~"
I<>ng. it
haNI}' continuo,,' , By tho tim. "" ~;".;I, h.
t~. di"""or
who w.IS in""",tins p"rtly t. .... 01
d>i 00/ do.
During ,he "" . hirty.fi\".,
of hi, lit", "" mad~ <mly
fou, I 'umlength film.and a handful of . Mrt doc"""",
I.""" hi. unfini. I>o.>d P"*"" (M",!!
M..J",. ,,,.,)
.,,, mcrre r.m"", thon mony di"""'''' rompk:t<'<l (,lm .
After hi. _ond film. D~'" I""ked the ",""uri!)' 01
1\01,""",1 indu,try. and worked in c;.,,,,,.ny, ""andi"",i>,
. <td F"nc~ _ Hi, ;",Ia,.,,, i, ..'en rr>e>re ",m.,I;.,bIe when
you ""nsOd.r how many 01 he< ~urope.n )n'~mpo""",
.,-.n'u. lly .:am< 10 Hollywood: Murruu. Lang. ehri, ....,,
"'n, Sj/I$",\m , ;;.ilb. Ophu'" .,'en R.",,;, orui Bu"""I . Ii
only ru, ~i. ",,,,,,<Ic!bi.) ."lituJ", DrcY"'~""" ~I ..orically,ignirlCOn' ,
Our ro .. , facl _ ."" 'p"n 01 hi> c"'''''''- pro,id ... til<
pr<"<Ond i'i<>n 10, ou, inquiry. The _ond l.oct need. a n.Iyzing. Con " .. . "riOO", D",ye,', """,ion to ".g.ui<s 0(
p" .." ... lil)" In U,,, ...",dlnl biog,aphy. Ebb< N""IJIo>d'"
de,,"," boy . h flod ~ """ fos'", i.mil)" and a """ng
m.n "'00 "'I~ . 1 "1I"""n. N .. ,."..",,'. acroun' 0( t.)W
D,ey .. ",ft hi,
lhe G",o'
T""'g"rh Com
polny ~., berome f.m"""
0 ... J4y /u had to "'~''''f''''Y Ih. old ","",unIOn' d"".,
into 'hf fi""""'" ,""ull>. Whm 'J~ "'-i po...-J ,It<! .InJ
'p'''' '''''
C>r.,." ",.,
w.,
",hat""
Y"'"
w.,
S,,,.,,.
,,,,w.,
1""'"
J",~
..I ",Off
., JioS
N''''''m
in I/o, 8""'" <,,11., "iI/O
i" .i, of
m," ... dk.11y "rod $1m. ,,,,,.!m08

171", "'" po'nl.-d q.""y" Ih' 1008 "'0." of ~"gt X""!!.
",", ........k.-d fii, doling!:k ",.....1 ~., . ood /u
",;a "Uh. ,_in ..it .. ",,,I",," ,,, vritk "oJ ""'..;,."
The.,. !I"" ""' m~ u/ook ,i1<": ~""h, Y<>U"8 eM wil"
III, ~,iJ." "'pm; . .. 1m IIi< ,,'"nO , "i/Jish 1' ",id
oo'"ing; "'" u"" "'~ffilm< f>y . frt/i"8 of """0'. H, COtIld
",,' .-id h imMlf of I)" II>,. ~hI 'hoi h'
dl1)l
",""i"..... '''' oM
"'ig'" "
,,""J
'""" ""J "'Y '" """ fift!l !/'"" y<>unS'"' '""" h;"'sdje
'1"'h<!<t Y"" iWt my 1'1<": H, 'C<.g.w hi< po;l ...rt ""''"'"g
"'Ihou,
""'I.
."~ iJ,.. of 01""1 It<! "",,/d de

1, it su~.l ng 'hot such. young ID1In would _ \; ind. _
pendenc<, li",1 in III< comparal;"e lreedom 01 journalism
and lhen in 'he "ill ",1. ti,.ly un<li;dplined r,lm lou,i""",?
In I~i. oecounl, Ill< gaps in Dr.y"" COl"'" .... '" wilfully
o1"'ned up by. m.ln 01 ,Iubbom certain ly and infinit imal
patiene .
For ou, purpooe., """e,..". til< .... n<Iard caree, >ce""n" will no. sume . Un<I"",,,ooing dt\<.1t'I.1<'''' fonn in
hislory ,hould nol ""I uf"Jn biograp~)-intim.t., un",
,OOrized. 0' othe,wi,.,. Inslead. til< most fruitfu l concep_
ti, ... ,,1 .u,ho"hip ,,ill ~'Il< "'biOS'.p"""'] kg.... d." Ilori'
Tom"h~,"Y w';t." '-0.., '*'ST>phy Ihol I, "..,Iul 1,,'1l<
H,e,.ry n i,lOrio ... i , not .he .u,ho" currirulum viI.!< or the
'n .....,;liga'''''' -uunl 01 hi, Iii . Whol Ill< lit.ra!}' hl_"'n
",. lIy """d, is lhe biographicol "'s< nd CfNt.<! by lhe .utoo, him"'I!. Only .u,h 0 "'S" nd i file",,!! foci:" Simi
larly. "'.. e.n ,itu.t.. rdmm.lke,, ""ork in film ~ist"'Y by
",udying ,he pe""n. c""'ted by .he
in hi, public
pronoonecrn<nts. in hL. ,,"riling', and in hi' d",lins, ,,"ilh
,I>e film in<lu",!),. Orson Wei",. c(J"",'rucied one pe,oo,.. ,
How."" H.,,k, . ""'Y Uil!..""n' otW. How.'..... ,ul>jlj,.,
,,.n " I I~ nt.,,",, . ,u.c~ . kgond .... y ap1"'-', th.1 "' ~... nd
~., on ("'i<"< ti,~ loneh"n In, hi"ori<. 1,itu>!,,", . TI>e b;(,_
g" phir..J ~'j\<. ... d may justify prt.<lu<bon d,,,...,,,, ~<>d <,cn
<,<".1". 'pont_ ...... ,u> lheury uf Ih< .rtb', p"octrc.. Mo.c
imp"""nl, th~ biograph ic.I I"8end i "'oy in w~ic~ . u
,f,.,,,' hip 'ignir"'. n,ly . h.p'" om p'ro.'p'ion 01 lhe w",.
C ... I.d by Ill< fil mm.'''' .nd othe, I""", (t'" pm.<,
dnerhi .... ). ,he ""w.p~ic. I' ''8.nd " n d ...."",in, 00'" "",.
",t.,uld'" ",. J the film,.nd I... " ..... , . \\'~ d" "'" <""'"
in"""en' 10 ,he film', ,nd
leg.nd c.... ,h.pe hQ,,"
we
Hy "",,'. n", ou'lin, .,/ I!.I, Itge nd is cit" .. nough;
D",y., lhe one incomJ ptib'" <l i""",,<: the ",a ... whose
com mitmenl "'os 10 "t, not oo,in,,,,, lhe d iT<."<'or whQ,
.rti"
"iI''''' I"""".
fn<..-"
..
.... A<mIO" M<D IUS LEGelD
after , .."n, dA",. wuulJ m.1u! omly fobn. he w."",..J to

,,",!<e. ~ve" il I~al me..nl he locked support for Ihe film' he
.,I<!;
w."ted mool 10 make, Soch legend

u. 10 ....
Dreyer'. film,. especiaf!y lhe ble,
purely
i"" objec'" ,,'orb 01 ,he frfmmaker "'00 would not rom
prom;.;., hi> p""""'" ,'i>;'m. OUI ta i> no'
punc,,,,,,
Ihis 1"8""d . if .... ",uld ",pi.." i' ,",'i,h.n o y ' ruth.
bu, r.t"'" 10 an. ly'" the legen<!" hi.l0ncol .nd ant",,,,,,
lunc"",,,.
We net'd 10 IX"'" 'hree son. 01 questions. Fi",. we net'd
.pily the .i'",,'ion
which ,he biogr.ph",.1 legend
",.ponded . Wha, conere'e circumstance. conlronted ,he
r,lmmoker when he entel"t"d Ihe ",.Im of film production?
W. need no' go I. . . . Shklo",ky's claim , .... , ",I><
"",.1Or i imply tl>< geome'ric.l point 01 in"'....-.:tio<> 0/
1-... 0p",. ti"g outside 01 him"" in o, d,, ' 0 proP""" Ih.1
Dreye' enlel"t"d an objectively constiluted ."""lion in
whkh ecr>nomk . "",tal. and ..,lI>etk 10"'" operated.
Secondly, ..... can.sk ,,h., d;ffrculti<s 'h
idcn hr..,.
in hi. or hor his,orical si'ua'ion. Wha, are ,I>< ... Ie material ,I>< outworn habi". tl>< dic .... ' which ,I>< .rtist ..,i
upon? We.", not king 1>'1><,1><, ,I><
,'jew 01
.ituation j. mrrcc1 in """" ,bsolu ,o ",no<, only "',""Oe'
,ha, "lew col><"" wi,h 'Il< biographbl legend, Thirdly. wo
CO " """ t),", "'!!".-d >. ,I",W "',Ih
pu.- .'y ' "",no,
How """'" the him""' .... , "'" ~ .. or he, work as . I,ering
the h;'''''''''1 .il""ticm. tran,forming .tand.rdized mate
'-;"1,1 I.... '''''uld not "'pt. ' imple I.. n;mission of influ
,,,,,",,,, tou , dy".mic ..,_
rook-rop""!)" pr.octice
by the ,rthlf. "",,,k, .... Yuri Tyn;""""
of li'eratu""
W","" prop!< 1,/k .ro.1 "'Iilmi>y lrodilion"' or ",""",.
,ion" , , .
u,,,,,U~ im'gi""
kind of "",ig"' Ii""
/<lin ing ' !"'Ins'" ,"" ""nl.,kYof' gi","
u'ilh.n
Q/Jrr """ As il
loo"gh. l/ri".~, 'r< mu," ow",
>mph lli,n 111,1. It i< ""I, "",U", of ""'Ii""ing ....
S/",igl,l/in,. k<t r.O", "''' of Iling ""I ond ""shins off
frum gil"" p"i"' ...... ""'Ui< . . . , rocli in,I""", of
li".,..']/
p..1 .mI "'""""I 'I"'II.~1e
ing d". ,,,,dion ." I" (lIJ unity ,,,,I "'''' n'",I",ct ...
cu' of Ihe (lIJ ,km",I:! ,'
Or')''''' t>iogr.phk.l lej;enJ "",k. to clear, 'pM< In., i'
..,If nd in "" doing i' mu" di.wS". ",.". n);" no.! , ,,,,.
Ie .. CE,tain domin,n, mod.l.
The chOeI problem ",h",h Dre)' ;J""'if,,,J h'n);"J
up"" film', ... tu n .n, For Lum.,,,,. Mello's. ewn
F~ui H.d~. 'his problem did
" i,t. lIu, lor thooe men
0Il<'5."
""p,,,,.
'0
'0
'0
rt'"
.rti".
t""
""'''.0'1'
u,.,.
'">Y
'"!!S<"''
""'"e"
Ii'M"""
,u"""""" ...
in,,,...
1>0'
w""
.nd ... oo"",

~nk-I"t"d film di"""ing in tho ..."" nd de<ode of tho century. ,ho
wos ",ri,,, ... wit)' impl"'. ,"""
1m bOIh production pI""",ke ,nd """he'ic ,heory, How
could. medium"" obviou. ly m. ..pnxlu<.d. '"" del"""
don ' up"" moss .ud;"oc<, and.., ",led by com~
of/e, ,h. iooi,iJual. <h.once 10 o'pr,,., an .n;",ic ,;,ion?
110'" """Id medium'" tied 10 pulp hk-rolu"".oo mel<>dram.-. "'er """""'" 0"'" of Ihe '"high .rt,"?
"Tha, Dtey<'r .. w lho problem in ,hi. fight is ''''''''n by
oi, ,,-~"' .. tc.d otta<k uf"'n "", ... productiot1 f,lmm.king
O n~ p" rt.,.".,ly ",iden ' f"'''g< ".nd, ou' . In 1931 .
,,,,, H"lIyw...-.:l produ<'~'" ,y,tem .... , <om pleting i" """
""",ic .taooo.-.] ..... Iion. Qn,),,,, <Jaimed
,I>< i""r.,.oed
.pe<i;>liutioro 01 ,he Amorican cinema made it imposol.
bIe 1<Jt . fdm ' 0 b< one "",n', work, lrwl i..-id...,1 ~hvi'Y
..... ch>nnel<d inlo, burNu,,><y "I d~part""'n". ". O)m.
plic.ted .nd 'otalfy im per"'",,1 .dmin ;st"Iion : " Pr0duction dem.nded adh,,,,nce to f..ctury ",,.1,,1<-: "To
m. ~e a bad film is. wry >Iight crime OS ""mf"",d to ", .
"",ding by 0""' hour ''"' wo,k pL-m 01 ,he hofy 'Organild '
'io""" The ' omo, "I ,hi. cri'ique . ppe. r banal no ... : we
.. '" 00 long. . .hod .... to I<"m Ih.ot .land .-.] """,,",pol)"
c.pital technique. ,ueh as divis"", of 1.00.- and in k-n.;f",.
tion of the working d.y we", "",n .pplied to lhe cine"",
In<lu>lry, II", I... m.ny <II",,''''' ' wh" ""gan "w ~ "<>"00
1~1O. ,nd
..,ughl to m. ~ e t"," , inem n
lhe <un .
fl"" ""'ween film . , art .... or~ .rod commod1'Y I"<"'ntl
I"-"'h. d ifficull problem, !'erh.P" D."., would "',,'" II><
d ilfoculty ,,;,h , 'pec,,1 keen"",,, 1..S" .k ind""riali",
'ion co",," wry I..lto to Derun.rk i>Ome hi.k>d, ,," .rgue for
I..l,o. Jato lB'!O).,rod ,he ",,,,,,in. of a c,.1t "adihon
w<>u1J t...."" b,:-,-,n 'f'P-'ren' '0 young man 01 Dre),"'-,
'8".' In ony e,'on<- l)",),ds bOogr. phical leg<rod OUgh' 10
,oh.., the problem of ort in rna .. pnxlu<1ion .t two levels:
'h., of producti" n proct"'" .n<! that 0/ ..... f><ti< pro
oo""",,,,,,nl., Neill><r ",Iution i, I"t"dudble 10. simp;" or
direct c.u .. lor ,he fitr",. but bOI~ mu,t to. 'p;fil if
.,e to underst.od the historic.1 dy""mic "I Ore)',.-,'. C._r.
i,,,,.
,h.,
w""
.r!.
w,
CRAFTSMAN AND ARTIST (1919-1927)

8<-'"""n 191O.nd 1930. pnxl uchon offered ..,,'Oral poMibie
,,"oo k , i'u.ation< ,,, ''"' ~lmm.l.o,
Wi,hin ,ho< inJustry, "'" di"","', cou ld to. ""dor ron
troct to. firm. This wa. ,,,,. "",.t common ",Iu,ion,
2. In ignifl nt '..... n' of 1M fir>t option. 'f>< d irector
AN AtmtOK A"D HIS t~ G l'N"
">";",,,"
could cor"r""t him or """"II to a n

w ing <>f.
finn . Fo' compl<. ",o"",n rle' Wo,ld W.. I both
F"""" and G.nn.n)" ~.Io l"' d ,vQWedly ' .d " .~
<:>d, ",ithln tho inJust<y. Ex.omp"" "' ...... Id be the
c...rn.n f<lmm. ~ .TS ",ho w", ~ ed in the D.d. -Bio>kop
"n~ of UI. Of the french Impr""ionisl filmma ke .. in
their work lor rath< .nd G.oumon.,
3. ThE director could wo .... indel"'nden.')" by form ing.
rroduction comp.on)". fin.ncing the mrn by what....,'
mean> poosibi< .nd hiring l.>eilib., or pt.)'e" lrom
mAjor firm.. &amp"" w()I.lld be
(ilm, m.J. by
l'H~<1>;" , . nd fopste in in the I. .. 1920;,
4, ThE dil'<'Ctv, could join. group ""'king film, Oll"ide
.he indu",)" fu, ' peclfK arti"", 0' poIitic. 1 end . Thi'
ooIu'ion "d. coo.en by .he groups who m.ld. Su"".];"
film, like fL< My<tm", d, ChAl"," d" Dt or l<it;.t t' lm.
1i1o !<"hk IVam!",
.h.
D"",.r. """'" con.,;t u",", ""ri<d ..,"'" 01 ooIutio ... with

to the .. poosibili'ies. Newr w.althy himoeU, h.
oould drum up private fmancing fo, onI)" one film (VomPII')'
He refu.s.d the position 01 .vant.ganl. a.-m. or poIitic.1
filmma ker. In hi' ... ly """'"', O",~'er !<)Ok t"" fiTS'
option and 'imply WUTIld unde'''''''''''' with an indust')".
When ,hat ",lu6on w.o. no tonse' t.m.obi<, he ""-'&h' otMr
production p"', ibilitie., AUh<n<&h he MtW'he poosibility
of ",orking wi.hin an "anis'ic" .. gment of a major firm ,
by ' '''' end of tho silent <f. he had ..",ed on hlth ",Iu tion
tu the p ' - of .ho a n i.. in
to indu"".1 film
m.king.
r", d"... "'ally, the director ",ho rond""""-,, <om"",,,,;"1
film production b.>S,n by wo<l<ing 1<.- 'ho ><rond .... "" pn.lirK studio of h;, d,y, Ole 010.",,', N",dhl< Film. K<>TTlp.ogni . It ml):h t
that a count')" the size of Denmar~
",,,,Id no' sust.in . hUgo foIm ""terpri... bu. in ito golden
.go r;"n1i,k <<>TTlm. n,kd . n e.",,",,,,u, n"" ko.~_ By o,,'n ing
the ....,.. m,king film. qudly . od ch<'opl)', ond ex""~hng
popul., ,ubj,,"" .nd S"n_, 0 1"-""0" fotm bL"."", ,he
nlOr of tl>< domestic fi lm t,.od~. At it; I"', k (. ,,,und 1913)
Notd;,k ",tained tou"""n hund.-..d holl-ti"", W(Kk .-;. Tlw
OOIl1po"y ~ithe, ab>orbed it> chi<-! coml"'tHo.-; 'Of d ,,,,,~
them " ut of 00";"",. by luring '''''y thei, 1"',,,,,",,,,1, In
1~ 1l !\:otdi,k prodocM 77 of the '19 film. mad~ in Denmark: in 1912 i. mad~ tOJ out of 160.' The rompony'.
s",.,,., "'''' ''g'h, ho, ... ",..". 1.1y in it. Ilouri'hing e~po"
busin .... , O l""n', fi lm. """" "KIely di"'i~u ted in ee ....
-rect
",,.,;0"
..,.,m
11
many ("'he", the <omp.ony owned a cm:uit of t"". t"',),

F,.nc<, Engl.od nd t ~ e UnH<J St.,. Wi.h ",.n,,,4 "I
dome";" ......,u~ .nd . n "p'nding in"''''''';o ....1
keto Nordi""
.1>1" in 191) 1<) 11"""" "",fots of J,200.!lll
krone" it; . II-ti",o high '
In 1.1",., p.on. the firm o"'ed it, .ucceo, to it. willing"""
'0 'pp""I .o. ""SO pubk Since film ",as ,,",w pfirrurily.n
en' oru in""'n t bu,i""", it be<am< evOden. that cinema
(ould promaNy exploit n.rr.otiw. In ]910 fte, Foto,,,,,,,,',
..:ces.,fu l Whir< 5",,", T...... ran tony minu ... in .,n8th.
Nordi' k began turning out much iong'" nims, ,,'h;.,h vi,
tu.lly ."u"l< romantk melo<h.ma. and
, ..., <"- I.",e _ ",hile abo copying the Americ.on w.stem
.od tho h i,Wk.f epic_ Tho comp. ny'. ,~I.y gen""
we",.he ..,...,.a.." nobility f.lm. " 'hich dealt with.he pee.
cadillos of the uPl"" d .... . nd the "60h.rn;',," folm, 1 _
"'ith tho _ . r n of op><",,", . rtt ..., and <irrus I"'tform
~. The formu laic nat""" of 'ho 1'>onli. k gen"", m.y be
gaugro b~ tho form', "'KI<ly puN"""", "",I.. fOO" .,,,,,,,n
wfit."," 0"" 0/ w h ",h <omrn.nd;; "The plot , h. ll ta ke
pl.oce in.he pre..,nt and ..1",1 with '.Ie".t<d society:
whkh d ~al "'ith tho low.r cia...,. and with farme", will
...... ' be "'p'ed ."
n-.c, Dani<l1 cine"'" .1", ",Ii<:<! upo" .!ap bon . Nor
dis k ad'p'ed 101,,<1<. by Dum . Ihck,>n., Sh.k<., .""on:, . nd
<)th ... ",<i' e" 01 internationa l populari' y, a, much out <>f tf>.e
"""'" to ",t.in wudJwid. mo<l>t. , ont 0/ ""ree' lOT
lite,.')" ".1 ..... Thi, ",.t"gy,' c""tempo,a,,' iKCOUnt tell.
U', .. .. ..,pponed by ,he cultiva.ed m.o. 0/ oociety . nd the
P '~ '" A ntm tn.>d~ lrom a fo"",uo work is ""lain to """i,"
a" ." "i". _~pta""', e,'en lrom too.e ",1>0 ",d inaril~
ron.Oder them.,< I,'eo opf""""l to fi lm:' " The """.,k , ug ge'" that Adapta tion' """8M..., ""train ",,"""'hip and
d ",w ' he uPl"',.nd m<ldle cia, ... to cinema. In poralld
I.. ho",. " ',,,,h,,k .1", "u.-..d it""lf of <enoin cultural
"'t....., 1>;' hirinH ",Iebn,.d " ' S" ><"''' '0 l"', r.,nn in ;t,
.>d.'plation., "
Th .. indu",}', demand 10' narrative mate".1 brought
in C.. I-n..,ooo, Dreyer. A joomali" 'ree;.,li';ng in ."ja.
t.,n p""~" counroom "'I"'rts, a nd witty .ketcho. of <~Ieb.
fit .... he rompooed .hrre "'rip" tor omall fi rm in .ho
~"''-; NI2_B. H~ then " 'cn' 0\..,. '0 N,mli >l film'
p.ort-tlmc worke, in Ml_ What probI<m. JOd he den"" in
tho .. <it<um , .. "" ' Guid." by hi. later ",'."",,, ",
w.,
m,,,
r;..:",
"
AN A UT""" AND HIS L.GEND
."""1",,, '0
mos,rruduc'''" rl lmm .l ki"g, "-e ""gil' ,,, 1")"

ho". Norui,k d i,id...,j product,," l.lbo[,
Dre)", CO 'CmJ "uJio rllm p~><luc'io" "o n cott)" r""''''
of ,ar;.,,,,,h,..,,,,,,,, ,I>< pl.lo "ing "ose I...'ip'; nl\' .nJ ,,...
""-"'uj..... ~og, (" ''''iog) hod 1>0",0 ""1"",.-.1. bo, ,,'" dil';
,ion of 1.00. "'os M ., p"";'",-.; , j would 1>0,,,,,,,,-,, s.., h i,
d ",;.... ",.,.d' pl'<d ",mew,,",' ," Qn., ",k w", ,hoo, "f wnr
i"g in "',,,,k.. , 5i""" film', "",rip'" migh' Oe o nl)" ,

'y""p>;' jot,a! dow" in ".,neil, the di",,'o, ",ouk! tn."ly
imp"""'" wh ile , 0."";"1> ,he SOC""_ Only .r"" ,he ,"",;ng
",,-n.' di,llog"'- ..... '-'1"-";'0'1' li lk'S "'OII"",,'<I,nJ 1""",..'<1,
D",)",'. _""d d uty, ,"1."."<1 to !otk' writin g. ",os film m"
5,~ most
tins, "'s_'on, 'h" iob wo, h. Tdly wMt
.... ,..... , """.' fil",,,1 ;n , ,iolWo' , l .. ~. o",,;nK co"", h, I,ttk_
i,,, "",,'.
AN
""'''' ,han " .....ding out b.kl .. kos. a...,mbh ng ,he fooIag~
in on intell igibk- orJ~r nJ ;n>ert;ng ' l>< ,i,le... D",Y"('
'hird and mos' importa n' function wa. ,ha, of li,oral)' ron
.ul"'nl. r.:e>rJi,k had nothing on ,he "".Ie 0/ ,he ,tory de
paftInen' wh",h HoIfywood "'ouk! develop. h....,. yoa .. 1.>.
'~r; >Om"""" had
. upervi .. .rnf'/>'ritmg. Working wi,h
other au,hors in. di",arded gypsy wagon on ,he t>:ordi",
lot, Dn.")"", oif"'<l 'htotJgh s ubmit"'<l "",nu",rip". "'rob,
,>rigi""l ",ript,. """o;",<l r,'m rig" " '" Cu""'n' lit,'''ry
"""oriol. ond adapl<.od ",,,,,I, . nJ pI. yo to fil m, D,,")d.
na"", appeal'> in 'l>< credit< of ' ,,"on')' Nord;", film. be
1913.nd 1919. bu, doubtle .. he "'",ked u<><n.>dil<.'d
on many more. In ouch ci=m'ta"""'. the beginnins of
DT<.")'e(, c. 1WJ defi ....>d h i. I.oor with in 0 li~rary, n'TT.'i,"~
conception of cinem.,
"A rna"..,iou. >chool. Drey.r I..>10r called ,he .. Ii",
Y"''''' of litemy w<>rk." Apl"rently. ,he pupil' ......on.
w.re .>crept.:lble to h i uperio .. , AltOOugh only ''''0 of h is
o<ril",>d film u,,",'o ;och 0"" i, . <ha,acle,;"", Nordi,k
'0
,,,','Cft
p""<luocr. _il"""", Hrmmt/igh(d m" l\roil.", MY''''!!;
".n
M.nlziu,. 1 '1l~) ;, thrillef full of wha' D. """ c.l led

"",nsalion," _ robberie.. .bduction.. trapdoors, ""r."
labo"torie.-<ulm ina,ins in.n e ' .......... n. Of no in '<" .. '
",i'h
to D"."y'(' "wn film' , 'hi' w"rk ;ho"" th."
he w.,.bk to oto<pI 'h<- ronfi".,. 01 the t>:ordi,k po;Iirih'
gon"" "'tJ MtJ V!.",,, (S u,mrd<r .-I ... " HollI"f Mad",n.
191~) i 1'OSOlhe, different. made from a "I;",,,ry d. " ",:'
Almost imm..>d",dy .f"'r he wa. hin.>d, Ore)'Of obtainc>d
the rights to !lenhe "on S utln.... mor.lizing pdCiflci"
no...,1. The film trod .... 0" 'h<- l iI~,a!}' ".'u, 0/ 'h<- souo by
bcj;in ning w;, h "''' S u""", at ncf d.-..k ".rh"g 'n "'fi';'
,he story we . ha lt ..,." Ca refully dc.. i!l"'--d h", ....u',.lHy
I'he sold", .. "'~.. unid",,' ;(iable un;(,..",,). Nro Mro V..o..
"'"'" wos on in~"", tionol
ewn though it ",.s ",.
Ie.oed af'or ,he beginning of World War I. It i . l ik~ly lhol,
,ho! (ilm .1""' ....-<1 ,he m.ny did .... ", 'nl;,,'., film, ,h",og"
"'h"," N",Ji,' hop<'<.I to "-'goin its cn.ombl i n~ intem-100n.l
rna,,,,",. The val"" which , .... r."" pl.o-d "" Ore),,',', 'p<'
(;"Iized lite",)" .Nlit;'" may be g""g<"<! by tl>< foct ,h .. in
1915, he began fvll-~"", ,,"ofk
Nordisk .I ~.200 ,,,,,,,,r
PC' )'O'f ptu' rommi,.ions. "'",,'n II", " '.'.as'> w. ~ (0< 0
Doni,h workman was lAW '""",r pe ' y".r,"
H",,'O"" holrmoniou.
working situ.,1ion might
h",, bo.."n in ""'ny ""1"-"<", ,",',' must be . 1"" (or ,he
r>""'ul.lr d iffoc:"lh~s "'h"'" . n .rt iSl id~n'if.,. , True, by
1'112 ,i>e D.n;'h frlm fi""s h.d nu' b.".. n ' """,ughly
""I'<"<'
umma AND mS UGt;ND
II
r.'io",li,,>d The o,..,rt.pping n.ture of Dn.}d' Nordi'"

dut;"s por<>bobly intrOOun'd hi",
",,,,,ral phil ..." of the
produc'"", prooe ... .rnd "''''ivmS IDl'Tl'lOS (n"" ""'" !""i'
"'" (C"-""'. 0.;:, 1916) ,ugg<">t ",1. ,;,""ly < , ~t.bor.tive
,",'o,k <i'u.'ion. No,'ofthe;"',. D",y'''' r(""~" ,,~' ''' ci,
cumocribed. A .rnptwrit~r. he worl.<l und,, 8,n",.nd
con",,!'Ship lim i'.tio ..... nJ he woold h.,'e....,n hi' ".",k
. 1... 1'<'<1 or ",.. ppo.>d
plY..,. of production, A ti
tie,. he wuuW h ..... ~ n><'d how (ootal\" could b< "'f>l.>ced
by an aIH nclu,i,'e in"'rtitle, He so". how cutting routd b..
<00>(' th<m>ughl}' '<"" ;''''; he Lo"" "",.11ed ,h." for an
00)."",,", film d i,,"Ctor ,,"ould
cnl)' Il50 ",LiO,",,"
He """,,Id ha,'e ..",n """" eac h "",I had 'c b< ru' '0 end
on a 'hril ling 00". SO ,ha, 'h<- ,udie"", would b< held dur
i n ~ ""I c!\.anSo.," In .n , D",},o(, job would h.,' hown
h im how Nordi", ,.n .o<rord;ng 'c t..C,ofy.ma nago"", nt
principle>
fnd.,,'<!. during D'O}'e" , yoa .. ,he",. Ne>rJi bo.'Came
much more o"",,"blly r.tion. t;;" .. d. Wurtd Wa, t ru'an
end to what """ c.l1c>d at th .. hm<- 'i>e "golden oge" of
Dan i.h film." Though 1913 had bo...,n a n."<'Ord )"~ .. 10,
r.:"rdirJ:, ,occ..'ed ing yoa .. ..,w tl>< rompany plungc'<! into
,,,,ady dod".>. De.pi'" Denn,.rk, neutrality, ,he war
" 'ip<<l "", m.ny of ,he Iowign ",.lIke .. on "'h",h r.:"rdi,k
dtpend<ed . Ru"" .nd Fra"'" Nn ....oJ D. ni,h films OS
pn),C'""ml,n",," In 1916 Nordi,k ",a. lo""'<l ,,, cto..;, it.
I\nl<";". " ,,((ico. tn 19t7 ,he """. firm 0/ Uf., bough' up
Noru;""', German
chain. ,. Lavi.hly prod~ "big
r.lm,_bo.'g; nn ing "'i,h .-I1!.!",i. (19lJl. a nd incl ud ing Illr
'0
" ba,",
'hoo'
,he",,..,
">'''"'',
f,,,
0re)1''''
"
~" ~IJTHO. AND HI5 LEG [ ~' D
A1mIo (1917) .nd Tht 5ty Ship n918)- Ia ....'<1 ., "-'Cap',,re an
int"mooon.l public no,,' mo", ;nt,-"",,-'~ prodOKtion plummdt,'<I: ID fil ms in 1916, 61
lilm s in 1917. ~~ film' in 1918. 3'J In 1919, ond ~ in 1920.' 11><'
,,-'suit ""~, """c",,, tish"'nin~ "I p,odOK'ion ' p"nd ing. On
,I><'
to
"" "<S h...t '" ri<l" in 'hird-d ... comr""'m.,",,, t ..Jr octo", "'~'" r>",od 'wo krone, or ","""."
The Danish fi lm ><hooI "'., in the .", ~", .-..l p"'ib,,,, ,,/
p"'l"ring its gradu.".. fo, fore ign emrk'm<n'; "ab<.ldd,
. tud"nts <a n .,,,n t"'"nt)' W 'h i"), nl.lrk. 1"" J.y, but Nord i,k " 'il l p"), onl)' ~\ ' . kmn." pc. day."" Thu. boeSJn an
,,><OO"S 01 tok nl 'hat al l bul emptied No.-..li, k, A,to Niel",, "
.nd n." di"-"<1o.-husbdnd Urrun G.>d h.od lef, bo{"," '''''
Waf, ond botw,..,n 1 91~.nd 1920 5Om,' 01 ''''' ~rm', b;gg". t
"'.Y 10<.'."",
._--
".f< "'cn! ..I,,'"'''''''', A ugust 810m , in
1917 le'kT 'o

Ol..,n, """,>d ''''' firm', d"d;"" to economic cau""" ,I><'
bu.i"," t)"""";.. ,,od. <eft,;n """,boe. of film., 00' "",.,
of ,hcm ,hould n', ha"" t-n m.me; ,hc ~ "d <a",,' w i.h ",hc
"gi nni n ~ "r .hc f"",ory.ma n"foe,u,", 01 films,""
50 " N""H<k Dreye. rouk! "".
~n """''''.''' 01
the d""",nd. of rom"""d.1 r,lm prod",'ion. Gi,,,, " ,hc..,
d<'fll"nds, ",uld on< c",,,1e aft ",orks.s "ad itio"" II)' run""i,"-.I' It "'d'
him
only ,he dif<Cw,', role
y ;, 'l ~ <od "n"ugh "m,mI 0"". ,hc pmdu.c'ion f"O"<'H '0
m.,k fil m .. wor\< of 'rI, Obviously in D.mm k 'I><' di~
",as ,ti ll ",m.-", h.!' , on<t,o ined, A' No.-disk .Il< di""'",,
h.>d h> .n," 'cr '0 ',,"0 ",",'n: .1>< producCf, H",1d Frost, .nd
the -,'ud" "'-'''''ger, \'Vi]""lm S""hr, "'M mad. budg ... ry
It.l,..,
,Ie" '"
'or
,It.l,
AN AUTHOR AND " ,S "CE"D
d<'d,ion., 01 rou"",. shooting had to be '''''''.p and la't

os po.,ible, The di""'to, might e.'p .. in tile """'" to tile "a,t
in ad ,'a""". bu, he "'ould prob.lbly not hold ,e"""""I, .
During filming. ,he dir'o, woulJ oo.>ch ,he ac'o!'> ('"Shu'
''''' d(>,,, ' Tum 'ofW) ."d .. ,>Co ''''' acto,", probobly dkl "0'
know 'ho I,,,,,, '''''}' "'~'" ' 0 'I"'<,k. ,he dinx'or woulJ ked
'""m ,he <li.Ios"" Wilen ,ho
wa, fin;,n...d. ,n.., mew
w~ u l d run in and pull d, ~,," t)....
W 'p" n' "" ",-,u ld
"ide Ihe "",,,,' ..IS in n, pi..: ",d ..:luTS w""ld b,,', 'h~" " y
chonge c"",,ume,"
Impromptu,. i' ",,"-'m ,n.., di,,'<'or'. ~>b r<maino.>d incom p.".I)' dofined; bec., u", pnKlooion ta.k> had n,,' be.>n
. , st"""y ."signo.'tjc ,,'ntrot r<>m.i""d "!",n, 5i""" In.., "'ript "'.. "I"'n
h lt l~ mo,e th.n pr<'d,. d;'kog""
be pn'!"r<'<1 by '''''
d i'<cto" 5< .. " ..,'" lum i.hed In"" w,"'n........ , .ntique
.'ore . and . tud io prop ,oom ond tile d ireclu, ",uk! lake
m L>;h h.OO in 'hi' ., he can.' w uld be turned to ttl<' di" "",,', """"fit in
the """wi it offered 0""' oKHng styk- a nd "'m,," S 'Kh
I"mud< in ,hi. rol<> IN Urban G.d to conclude th.:lt d'''pile
the in'."",ntion of many "",k. .... "'no"" is m",e d,-chi""
in ,d. ron to the ,.Iu,' "f ,h. ,,""k t "'n tho.: d i ~ "'h "
i,
The d i""h,,' ' 'pint ,..iill"'"" t". ",hobS <I",... ,""
''The ")'ing ~~,.,." w",,", 0"),,,, '0 Fms. in O<iot.;"
1917. "Ih.t when 0 m, n h be.>o in """ p<t fN fiw y .....
one mus' e i,,,,,, ad,'ance him 0' get rid ,>/ him. I wonde, il
my Ii"" yo" .. are nont 0I.."f' '' Ore)'er coo.e .m " pportu,,",
"""""n' , , ince J i'''';h>r, ~ ,,"-'Cn "'''l'ing :<I()rd i.k a.
q uickl)' a, h.ld ac'o". By 1919, AU~\L" 8 ~"" and A. \1'.
5on<!bet-g w.,~ tho< onl), m.jo.- directorS still ..." , king h"
the com!"n)'; ,he ",he" h.:Id gon" Genn.my or h,
I)., ,,i,h firm . 8y .he 'pring ,)/191S, lJr<y'" hod o""n pm
"",,,.J to 'h" 'dnk ,~ dirf(>r
0",),,.,-; fi"'t til,n, The I'rtSioIt.', c,",~kI " ....' )om with", ,"" d i" ""O<'.
rok', H" .... . ,bI<> h' "','"'" If><' ""uow.n<! II'nl<' h~ Ow "
ocripl. ,ina- he h.d boughl Itw righ" to ~ nlil F,.n",,',
no,'.1 when f><' .., .. a Ii' ..,,), "" n,,,It.n', The ocnpl
,dhered to i':ordi,k", gen'" of ,he upl"" -< .... melod,ama.
(SI"J ', m.""g<>' Stae l" is
to """. p.. i",1 Tho>
PrrSidmr OS '". SOIkl "'d loshiono.biIity fil m .")" AIIhough Drey., """-,,ted the r<rf''''''''''.lKIing t ,~,k a b..c.
",.t: "I I.,t ,he
do ,,'ha, ,hey lih'<l _ 1 ",as mo", in
"".n('
""t<.
",,,Id
a,
<."
'0
,"II''''
"pc'_'
..,'0"
0''''''
OJ
te,estM in ,'''' <om".. it;',n of tl1<' ;m,~., "" With an ",.

.ist.nt, "" pl,nned ,he
in delail,
" f IoBing.
.uOOrdina'e routi""')'
lrom w.,,'t>ou,.,. n..,
",a rched 1m ,he lumi,hinl:\' him",IP' In . um, Dreye,
... u;;ht .n "",u'u.1 degn.'C "f C< "" "'~
til< ",j..--.-"-><,,",.
IVhen T"" p",idml ~' fini.n..'<1 in 19lij. he "'fu ...'<1 ,,, at
"' n~ ,he ""'"n; n ~ ><n..'d uk:d ~,,",mI ; ,k p">d o,,",, , " M~
,,,,,k OS '0" de,,' '0 "" nd too "'riou,l), m(',ln' hIt "'" h> boo
bolhered by Ii''''"ing '" two diff.,,nl ,n<! unUnJ">tLl n,
"pinio<l'," ~ ' Tl\., ",I .-led literary ronsult."t """, disJ.in.
t"" opi,,;on, of hi' ,"",ploy... , f""" its tf><' roI,' (~ ",",'m
bl),.li"" "wk,. "nd d,i,,,, the m", os his ",,'n,
nw p,o,; u<Iion oj Uo-t"" f- Soll.,,-, ""'" I"'ml;"M
O",ye, to dofi",-' the ,'''",;n< ,'<Ige of Ihe p""bk-m " f m. k
ing 0
of.rt in the ntm indu ",)" Although (" " utin,
,';",,'M ,he proj<'d .. on 'ttempl tv ,,,!;ain ""rdbk',
f"rme, glor),." O",ye, ."1'".01<-.1 o pposilion: '"M'M!:,"
St:rh,. in hi" un"-",, itt;ns
I,,, '-""')'th ing youthful
, nd ne .... .. will doubt. ,." ",I;nd 'y r< ' ''"vpt,'d his bud get of
120.(0)
Ore)'" im"",rwd him 11 in p"-'F"""ion,
h" ,he iilm , H" Jooh>d 10'1I'.,d '" ",.rching "u' fu rnish
in8' and d""6nin8 the "''', "There "'ill il< 0 k~ "f work in
!iRd ing d ' ..... ings and pt."S"ph, in the libraries mat
I will take co", 01 m)'>"lf) ."~' But
th ,,,, mon'h, ,)/
"""riling the ><Iipt (" , ~" ,h., origin. 1 ..,..""ri", 1""",,"),
"'-'k'Cting ,t., ca.t . nd C"""'. a nd ",."."h ;ng t ho r.lm.
D"')'OT d,,,,",,'d that he "~,,,'d h.! w~, .. i,, hi. budget to
2-10.(0) krone'. Nordislc ",spond,', am"o n'
h< rout..! nut m.h' . r,lm " i"
",S", d tt>.rt" .,KI h"
doubt on thi- prod",,''''' .bility '0 juJg< ,he ,ilu"tion.
In hi. p""!",alio<l, , Dre)~', .. '" him",,'f a. ,,,,,,. in8 t" "'n
tml ,il< .,nti", production p,oce":
",IS
,"",,d
'>Ne' "'-'''0'
0'"''
,,-0,.
"",,,od
1m,,,,,,.
.f,",
'e,
"""t("
<A"
I J.,,,,,y 'Ira! ! '0" .'X"" 11r.. " ,WT Ir", ,",Ir !'''1''''''"'''
"",* tw. J.,,,,, in Ih" ","",,,., """ pmlubiy ""'~r t.;,,,,

I,,,, 0 dlrrrW, I\-rn AS 1~<,!"ffiI fo" diml!"" "" ! .'" ",",'
l,oI! 'h" ",,' ""'ug!' hi "'"'.;"" ,'''' C<nt",/ ~r.""i""
Did 'I"" ,,;Ilrim ,Ir., ,}" 1>1.0: l'iSS, rlr. gu,"", fo"'{ and
II., _,by< "'h"" I >h.II.", ."""Ii ..., in I.!y hJiJ aI
T<Od~
t.-m
in I.n",,,.! II..... Y"u oM Ih.- &0.
""I M","S<,'Ir"t I " .. ~ """.h,-,J "II ,.""' h""n I" ",de<
fi"" ,",smol Sourh"" ru"'p"'n, OS '-".-as m my S"",,i,"
'!"O)' a"d H,al ! h",,, go!!<" m 'njh>Iy """'''S I" ~"d
F,"", tv' my Fm",," ,Io".! .

M"""S" I",,,, J Ir.,.. /wt,
m!
,H",~ "'"' 1"ld 0" c;.-" .

.jW~x I" 0" Ii""'".
!."
_n. ," , "')
_tIOf ~ .,., """'Y ""'"' of ..,. ""I I ...... i<fI

-"':f .. ",,,,,"; I _ ...... "'.. of """'Y'~"'t oty>rlf.
oil 11< ..
t:-'"' io ~ ;gltn"""
,"", of _ing , film."""'.....,l'"'
0.......,
If O"'Y, <HI Nomi'" ohould I" r!. "'" w. ~. tl>< rea >e>n
""" Id bo
""om"k Film. Kom l"'gol wo,," to m.ke .
fi,...pn>dW:I(wltK:h io my e).... , .... ..".., hod fum)
wltilo my 8"'1" n... f."" """i<~ _ ......u........"
Nord;,..,.', ~po""e. whiclt c,"'" from 010 0Ikn h",,
M'li. .........plif'" ,ho, proI>Irm whiclt 0..,'" "",m",~ .
....., ,tw
1NdtJ. 1l1 c........ ~ 1M ~
~ity ro. """'~ ."" romp'''Y ",,,
fin.oncial
ri>k and .Il0l "" m,.;h lO' ";"&1< f,lm. I ,I.., darK' ,h.o, I
am '"
position ,h.o" l"'" Ie> iu<W> h",,'
""ond """",",,-eo in 'h.o' ",&,m .... y"" h.o,... ~'rd
yt>Ur5<"Il '0 romply wijh "'" ...."...,..,ir regul.'ion .... ""
01 .. " would 011eT no mow ,horn lSO.000 k.,....,'. On 2S
M.rth 1919. Drej-'" g.l"" i", "CI",uml"""" <Jf ",u~ do
nor
to """- m)..."f 10 , ul' iMDI'1ng 7(1,000 '0
100,000 k"""" . 1~, 'he..-/on,. '" 1/>< will <Jf the G.".
...AI Mo....!>" .0><1
lO "",,", .he f.lm iust ... yoo
... ,,1<'<1.
lho, .."", Iin>or.- tw
ooIomnI)' dftoy
ny ~ty fa-.he ~nbIwd rolm."" 11w .....1 day
.......... "", .. >I Dr<yoe'
he """,101 II.- ..ilhol ....." '''''''
0..,.." "'role b.>d ' 0 ,_" ,h.o, ",. hod _ ....
sIfIn<."lm .nd, now ",.11<,,,& ,1>.>1 tw m,,"
"I' .nr i<k.o 01 hio film, tw "'''''I",d budgt ,J ISO.OOO
~m""'. 010"" "'S""I ~.o _"" ,.00...0;"8""
E",o .fl.. ..,n .....' ''''''1*''''1, D'",)",',
,,' . ,1 ro",i nu." to eta,h wi,lt m...rroduffi<J" meth<o(!"
II,'
110. .. fo, ,he p<em;.ore In Os" 'M Ihe. ,"' ....1f
"-'<, <u' .nd ""","',a,ed II>< film.., 'M' ito <iglnol n.mnin~
, ..... " I "'" hooT> " .... fN""rd to ni ... ,) minu ..... AO!M:h
from _
.nd .n 0.10
'" ,ho,' "",.ndolou." Klftninll- 0..,... ",,,,,,-, Fmst ~ leO""
m"'"g pie .. ""ilh mdignoOOn
,n.,
..,.,.,"'"y ........,.,...
bel'.'
,,,,,It,
f., ...., c."
.,k,.."'"
!Iu,.,
os-
ad_.-,
.ha.
u-.. ....
g<'' '
<""".1""'"
.,.,,,,'<1
prtII"""'" _ti",
'"8 10-0",,,
'1"""
" io. I tit ....

h .. dlfl"':f'" .- .l1St r .... '"'"
'1" '" ~$ "" ,,,,,,., II{ .. ""'" _ fMf'fk<d oi:J:
_11,,0<" Y""' '" prod ..... . """~~
10
~..d
so ... fi .... OM "'" ""'~ ,"" ""'~""'~ II"
"b;t"y '"
"ml: ."d. -p,
Lock",,,,,,,
in
My rtIjWSI '" JIW'-. M .
if
II"" !J"'" i/o '1""' I"'tI Ie Itt
Itvmt "'i/l
........... , in ...,...._ """' otoI ,"", "" ,m,,",,"'"
,~Wfl h- ~
~otJ.or;, _ "",;../t",,'"
,114, ,114,
1'''''''''''''''
'''ym"' .." ""'"J "",
m,'
",,,t,., ""'Ii""
"PJ>l''''''y
f"",.
'114' ''''film''''''''
We: .... y .......... ,h.ol " >t. ,,""" .,.traonli...", .nd .... __
dlnaril)' fmil ....... 10<. Nordisk filmmobo, "' .... ~ Io<onlro!
_
hI> folm .... ,
in .not .... rooJ"' 'Y.
u-..... frr"" $.0 ... ', _ . "' o...y..(, L.., folm tOO' No<'
d ..... ~. I '..:IOB J",'l>tk ~ 11 10 N .,,,'ing: N"",
g.l,,< firm w . . dring; IPIc o.."i,n folm iI></"stT)' . . .
not ~II- """" V"""IIy, 1)0>""",'" "'
' ''''''''''' .......... 1)' iM,.Nlty. ~ I\uct",,_. ond
.~ tioing unem.~ . "8u. II..[~
riot><...-... is lhot Oro)....
u ....... ""lOll,.., ,,'" I'''...... m
whido ho, had definod , how to mal.oo .n ." ,,'ort; ;" Itw
<on"'" of ....... po<wJ_.
D"'}"'" <0 ....... in ,ho 1'-1200 ad<k'<l. filth .1t"m.I~'"
,I..- list "'hooh I prop<_ ~.~ ...... Du-Ioln did not ""'" 10
p-kds< ,he""",I,'"" 1"'"""",""'ly "' i~ firm."" ""<n
'u . " ... "i.lic ... inS" <>f
nnn: 1:>0, ... ilhe, did I~.,. h,i,..
lu I>t ind.p<nden ll ~ r,,,,,,,,,!,<!, "d,,,,,IO' mir.h' oper'''' un
a fil""by.fom Ns;o. "'orki"S"" oInSI< pt<>rK1 lou oinfll<'
"""p'nr "" ".""",,,,, "'~ mi .... ' b. ~bIo . n..
film ..... kn <o<rld ...... """". to ._he. rmn. perhaps .._
In onotI><,country. Althou&h 11Ii. ""uOOn
~ " ...... '" in ..... ~ . rIy do .. .-./ """"'I"'Ir him j>IOlI_ .
Th ...all..m,.,;,..., ....... o..y.e..n In...... tioruoI ".,~. flo
I"'"",,, !9lI).nd 192:6, tw .-..do ........ films in fi".., "",nm....
.ond no> "'.., film< 10< tho ........ (0",, _ , " '... ,.,., ,,'hidl
could Mrd ly ho,,,"- ~Im,.." l r.nanrilUy O\J . .. 8ul",
""urn ,ho ."'" ..... indop<<HItn, .
II. wi""; "pon pre<-oJtn" for 'hOI independ,""'"
The,.. ...... Griffilh, lho 1"..J1gm of ,he
<Ii"",
M. n..", ...... S-jOo<r6m . "'M "w I"'.haps ,he r.", in
S<~ndi .... "" '" "",I.,., lha . - ' On"", _.~,"tt ,il",. if
lhoy are 10 """e al 10.., ....... rol'u,AI "tu.."" Abo>.., .U
I"" .. "'M.nothot- o.m.., !loTI..... '" Cl\~. ""'~ ..
Drey<-t'. _ , In 1913 , ,ho "uk of ~;,J<'. ~
Cl\",,_ _ had ..1;"n """ ,ho lifty fi"" 0.. ..... Biog<'.J
i<oml"R"i- who .. ho d~ a.nd ... <nd In
m .... ; no. MY""'-> X (l'I1 l)'M NitI<' tt{ i1L<>tttg< (19m, In
o,r!)' 1'1.!0, ;",,10. lrom ,tw Nit'" ""... , Int", """" $.0,...
&,,j:. 0rey<1""'" C~,;."'n .." m,m figh'ing '0 ..or~
Ind"p"nd""H ly tJI ru"' ....,.,...1 ,,,.tr. i,,,", "In 0. ..........
h.,,, . l .... y. t-"
It (red""" po>iti,-..
....... 'M "'...... mil" "f'I'-"Nd_ Ilt'nj.min (hris'.""'-""
_ ..'.... <lid "'" .... nul..... '" h .. rom. t.,., w<>rl<ed lhom
"", .. i.~ <-. ", and .n.~ for "'VI)' ~tll>,> ol..... ~,.. " To
pruj<'<1<'<1
w""" "'...
w"
_I',,,IiL.. ..
'"
'N'
;'<0"''''''''_.
."tor>om<>u.
,,,-...tril.in5
fit,,,.
"'"""t"<'""'"
AN AUT" "" AND HIS LlGEND
.....,k inft",,~ amid an the .. fogu~ wouid m;;; the

poinl. Whal D"'l"'" .... d in lhe co""",, of Griff,tn. SjOStrom.
and Chri.,e....,n w~. a craft heritage oJ'l'O"i"l to the
rou.ini.<ed labor of manufac.uring fLlm product . Such
"$on "Iatti.be ." I.... ~'my ,,'0' . 1...-..<1)' N),lalgi< in 1920.
N'~ er\he""., D~"", "",,,, ... d h;" I.i,h in ' he film .rti .. n.
Ihe c..,.tor ",no m.ode one fdm from t"l' to bottom, _ins
H IhrtJoUSh evel)' ph."" of Ihe prod",Iion pro<.ss
The concoption of the director a ni .. n ,h_po"d prodoction h.lbi,. which "."uld remain ronol.nl 'hrougnoul
D"'yd. c.""" . E,'e l)' f,lm ", .. ed upon a mountain of preP-'''~'I)' ", ... ",h_ H~ would "",urnu"" o fiks of N)",".
elippinl;'. and photogroph" Pictu"", 01 cos'"""'s, fumi _
IUT~, "'tti,,&>, painUnl;', .nd ,,_,"", WQuid I."'r bo "..-d ' 0
.now tlo< st.ff and c." lhe 000'1 01 ttnages he ",anled, Preb<:n Thorn .. n nnll' Iha' fur M<'!Ito D",}"", rollo.'(k'd ma t.
,;'1"os if in p"'pa,. tion
lhe,n."" Tu ~ vcoid m,'(hani _
col 'plil b<:'",,,,,n "'rip'ing and ,hooling ph._, D",y"('
,.,..",,00. neve, menlioned c."", .. f'C"ilion> . nd .. , d~
tail" he would mob, the"" <I..,;.;.,. during filmiog_ fu w Ol", ;"d O"~ ' min"I;"" thot mo.t dit<'Ctor< "'Wid ....~. 10 .h"
crew. "Ewl)' nigh' I prep ... m y ,",OB; fur lhe "",t d.y. It ;,
"el)' imporlaul.o do Ihio. b",,.use il io only then Iho, yoo
kn",,"' you, octo" , nd you know tl>< "-~ h nB" exxlly and
..."" '!>ey .." pl..ced .od w!>e", lhe 'nYI(ha ir if, '-"'c: ..
Later in Ih;" chapter we shall _now Dreyer'. wurk with
acto .. dotermined ,he regimen 01 , hootin"" ~t Ihio poinl . il
i. onougn to ""'"
, f' or 1Lot... from Sat,"', "",*, part 0/
"i, biogr,phic. 1 Ic!!"nd included work me'hod, which "' jecl<ed lhe oroin.1)' di"ioo" 01 production bbo,
Drryer'. ";..., of I..... director os arli",n .1 .. , "'plain, II,,,
bewildoring v.... ty 0/ hi. fohn ",,,,k duting.to. 1920< . AI _
'''',ugh the", wOS some <ontinuity 01 <os. and ""'w (he
"'nded to u .. lhe .. me ,," de,igner, Jen, G. lind n~
fAvored Joh.lnne. Mcyer and M.,hild" Niet..m ... pl. y"")'
he WAS on lhe ",hole i!oI.!\ed, hopscotching lrom """nIl)'
to countl)'. "=king f"", _"'nee, Economic rond tlion, fo m.....! "a""I;"6_ T"" _''''". <i"" ...... 1\"'" d j r"do~ ",I.ti,"
freedo", to wo,k ;n lo",ign rount",-",_ M"", impo't.>nt, .he
[ur"p.. n f,h'rt indu,,1)' hod \"" )n ...... k. n by ,he p"",,'ar
in,.. io n 01 A",,--ric.n fLlms_ S""h u""-",,led condition.
gow tlirt h ,,, hof"'ful . mall firm . nd se' Ia.-go f,rm.
.,,.,,,hing fo, """"'thing ",hic h ,,'ould compete with .he
Hollywood prod""'_ DIlrin8.he 19200, Dreye, " '0' Able to
.ynchmn .... his urge. for indop<ndcn with , ho< goal. of
'he EU"'I"'. n <in"",._
fo,.
,Iu,
"
Tn """'" cl"'urn .... """" he WAO able to ovoid monopoly

(itmmal;ing . Itog<>tlwr, n-..", we", m."y sm. n f,rm. on
Ihe fring'" of the big oompan"", In 1921 to. mod. TIlt- S'igm.,tnt 0"", (or ,he tiny I'rimu,fllm 101 Serlin. u'ins _ ""
rompos<.'d prim.rily "f Ru,sian emiS"; octo ... n-.. firm
_m' "" .... , t<> h ..... mod" .""I ..... r ~Im . n.." f()llo"'ing
spring (ound Dreyer b.>ck in o.n""" k, "'he,,, the the,t",
owner Sophu. Mad .. n had formed a company t<> prod"""
new ,'e ..ion of 0"", "I"" Ti,"" which Dreye, ,00t t!>ot
,urn mer. For Viol"toria_Filrn 0/ Os\o Dreyer made Th, Eo1.k of
GIcmd.1 in lhe ""m""" of 1925, bu, the Nor.... egian f,lm inJust')' " . mA'Wnol. turning 010' "" Iy 1"'0 or Ih"", films,
Y'''' Ew n Ito. D'oi,h form rall><lium, " 'hi<h by 19:!S had
,urpo,sed Nordi'k, "'.. hordly a major foltt: its prod""l
con,i"cd . 1"",.. wholly of .. popu"" <omedy .. tie" .nd it
employed only une diTeclOT po"'..... n' ly. So it " 'AS unu,ual lOT Palladium t<> 'ron"" o.,"yer'. Tho" Sh41t 11o"",
Thy Wi" in 19:!S. During the .. produc'ion., he woo.bIe to
lolto..., lIOme of hi. moot ch .. oclerist'" habits, e.pocially lhe
roIk-ction and ""rutiny uf piclu"", p",-j.>in;nS t<> ' ",' 81,-..",
film'. m ,lieu. and the """I""lion of .m b; hou. "'" (a
Ru""n ,'iII.ge lor nu, S'ig""'ttnt 0"", '0'1 'por!menl
romplet. ,,ith fU",,'ioni"S plumbinp,. lW>ti"(;. .nd heoting
ro' Thou Sh.1t 1-1",." Thy Wif<l_ A. Ii",.,.. it " ",m., Ow)""
.. ,ught ou' ~n'n ' whi<h >uld no' h"" hired him on A "'g_
ula, ",.i.
On 'wo occ ion., D",),er did work for laTge-" " '" film
rompa n",,_ In t\>!9 S,,,n, ~ Filmindu",i launched on .,_
tompt to roml"". wilh Anwricon production . As part of it,
intem.tion.ol camp.oW>. it boughl ",ud.., l.ociti ..... in ltd
\e",p, lhe filmmaking ,ubtoro of C"ponh0S" n nd on _
!\"S"d Senj.min Chri"en"n .nd 0.9' During 1920
Chri''''n''n worked in Itenerup on IfWl" (Tior Witch, olso
lin",,"'n as Wilchc ..ft through tl" JIg"' ) ",hi .. Ore}'" ,,'ent t<>
Sw.den TO film 111< 1'0""",', 1'1 ..",,_ In '" "'''y tiUI
"Swe<!ioh Film," Ore)"r ""'OTd . .. hop" l!>ol Swo;<l"n, h,,"
ins o,,,ru <on o.nm.>.B;, would .!.o ,urpa" 11011)"'...00<1:
"Sw..o"n fw, for ,to. ,Ime [,clng ""'I)' <I.."..,. of k""pU>s.
lor . k,ng Ii"", to come, ,10< leAd ing f'C"ition it "". won,""
C i.on S"ensk Fitminclu"'ri', ambition . lhe firm migh'
wcll .... , . ""' inod Chri.",,,,,," .nd D"-"Y~" . Iong with
SiO'.ron-. ond Stil"" . Bu. it """"" Ii.ely
Dreyer, or
S .,nsi, or bo.h. we,,' un"'iII i"B 1o ronlin"" .heir .m.. """
in ' "" f..,., of .. decli ning ma,k~L
More lib, .he u..v.. from Sal,,"', Book ,anglo we",
D",)"lT'. ",[ali,... , wj,h .. "-",,nd tlig finn . In 1924 Dn:-yer
,Iu,
"
~"~ vnoo" ~"D
HlS lOC'''D
TI>< I"'''"m i, <"iden' , D",),,, either ."oid,'r su<h fim,. <>nly ",hoe n hoe
"",ld get ron.id,'" bk d i"",torial con'roI ow, t ... P'<>i'' '''
The ",htici<m 0/ '''''"'' fil m. _ open_,i, <or",'<I'" . nd rom,,,,,, .,. in the SjOs'rOm tradition. larmmn>pirlfilm, (",ham"", _
pl.ly m"","). ad.p'.''''n. 0/ popul.r play. _ roro,,;'u", .n
,It,'lnpt to tum to , rti ~'oc .-.I". nl'l* t;" diff.:nm, ,,'1>11<_
ing ,itu, tion; oIf,'fi'd by d;If"",n' ,,,ltu_. fly 1927 Dn:),'"
h.>oJ found , project rorntl1ens-u r., '" ",ith hi. d""",nd"
The s """"," ,,.- Thou 5,,"11 Honor n,y ""'i~ '" r.ri> prompt,>d
I,,", Soc'o) t~ G<""',"", "" Film, to m" ..... w;th h;m to fdm
''''''''' ,1'.1..-, 10< which,,", w.s giwn larj;e buJ~t and
In." nand. l-Ie h.>d .void,'<I ,ho pi,l,ll 0/ Hollywood.
w"",,,, (os 'h<' I...... of SiUst.-i;m .nd Chri<lcn"," .<-"""""1
one "",ldn'l do .nything ""II)' pe,",,,,",I. Ite had ",",,,-..11
in bfs:oming ,ho c,. ft"""n ",ilh
0/ the production
pm<t. . . . nd 'h< .rtist "'ho ,,"os err"tins rdms """,ad 0/
"", "ufac,uring 'h<m.
,,,,,,rol
prod"""'" SliD lrom flenj>min n"""'n,,,"',
W,.-......"
, .~g.
,10<
11920) ,
ON THE MARGINS OF FIL]I.! PRODUCTION

(1928- 1968)
oompl<' ed M" """I ro, ,),0 migh'y UI. 01 lI<r!in , like !,:",_
disk a nd SH'nsk, Ufo kt'ld. """_"",,,,,poI), in do~
l ilm rumme" . bul "ill ",.1<_ ,I>< Americ.n adv.nco
ne,vou,I),. Engaging Ore)"" _m. to ,,",,'e b<en PO" of.
,trato!\}' '0 inte,,,,,;"",);,,, Uf.', d ir,ori.l l person",,!.

('l'h< firm had al",. dy h ired Christen",n ye. , ""lore, )
Undo, Erich Pom""", ,upervi.ion, Ore)'" ,hot Miel,O</
10' o..:la-aio'kt.,p. '''"' "ti"ic"' ,,; ng of Ub th,' .Iso p'oduced Lang'. M"",,,"" .nd Nml""!:," films nd Murna" ',
Sehl"", Vogt/i:id, D",y." 'h<"-"'r lou nd , gDOd d".1 of ,he
' U'OflOm)' which he h.>d oooght:
for
film dime",.,
II><
ideol prod",,.,.
J,.-llim "'"
prot>saip . , ti,,~. "". ftc ,. I><
>wI
mi."," "'ill,
d,me/o.,
Nov.' "nJ .lIm h, u",,/d
II" "I
if "~'I'lhj"g ~ ....11 ,,~!J' I" <mil,'11
I>nSltily, In ",,,.ric ~""'I""" I" ",.ily y"ld<d 10 ",""d
'h, """";""",,,
A.".
....... ,"ch ..
'h,
",,., '0
."d
g,;,<""""", ..
1\.,,,,,... "'"
,.oJ, "" "';or
u,,"'d
",,,t,
w.,
o"ring t ....l><oo1ing of MiehO</, ,he ...

lhe l"""pt'Cl ,h ..
Dre),er might moke .nolh<r fd m lor Pomme,. But ,flo r
,'.1.-1,0</
rompleted, , di'p" '" ''''''' wh<n POOlm."
ch,nged til<' film', end ing without Dre)w', 'ppro".I," Alt hough ,he ""id<'TK<' i. ,ke'ch). i, ..... m. likely thot 'h< con" """"'y k"! t" P"'Ye'" "',ving Uf. .
w.,
A, til< end 0/ 'h< 19:!(l,<. O",y<:(' independo""" ",,, well

,)',,<"hro"i,"-.I ,,'itll "pp'\rtunit~"' in th" industry. LA ""'"""
de j"",", d... rr. fon.n(('<1 b)' . ron"","um. ond V.",Pl'" fi_
n.nced b).n indhid u,l. ",,,clud,"! ,he for;llw. I". )....,-;
o f his di,,-"'toria l car"",. 5 ub>equent d"".>d,.. """,,Id ' e" 1
-'<)mo.' 1"'0001,'m, ;n l,,-,nont ;n 1h< "",. of 1"",_1,,,,,,, di"""'".
l4!l>osiJH d" , .. ,,,,, d'Arr w.s l>.o<kt.-.l by Iorr,.. to ' S'" ~
""'" . n)' m,'", film rorn l"' ny. In. n . tt,mpt to cll<",k I""
'PH'ad "f A""'ric.n f.lms th"",lV' t... f:~ropeon """ ket.
'h<", we .. man)' .ttempt. to <",.te in'em.tio",,1 produc ,ion firm" 0"" .uch oonoorli um ,",'"
founded by
,h< G.nn.n ind u, tn.lim Vladim i, WenS"roff.nd Hugo
5Iin".,.. \\'ong.,roIl expl.ined \\'",Ii', ru~:
"'''''''ti.''
In <OCh [."'1""" ror", I,,!, IMrr ,",," Id 'pp<IIr ,,~')' 'f'Y'.

"''' o. Irro I'f1rclly d'r<r:mi film> ,
'"17<'<1, "'iII br
"'1_
foooml in ,,_'cd li/r ')' "';/r~ o. """f"Md ""(;OIly Oy _ ,1 " " g.... , "",,,,,,,I " 'n'/r"; II... br:!1 1;'1<
"'"" ofp ;n fO,."",t Ih' br:!1 ,1,11,;, 1.lm" IId ""'I'
,.OS>i,* .,,;"" CO" .. ";I '"m,"nd 'h<C"" .., vf ""h

fi l"" , .. 11" """ '10m' '" II,,,, film, " ';/1 br brluYrn
SI5(I,(U).nJ J1OO.(u)."
Soc"""
W. "i ..... ''''' prinei",, 1 b.>cke, 0/ '''''

G.',"".!< de
Films . ~nn founded b), ,;., Duke d ' A)'on. AI'hough IW.ti
AN AUTHOR ~ND H'S l[C~ ND
cwntu.lly diMol,'ed, the Soc",t. C.oo.l. ~,.,.bI<: to """ .

tinu< . '\pl'-''''ntly .tlil ><lhering '0 the "'eot; pI.n of P'oJ"ring r"" ~giou. film., ''''' So<io.~. CCnoiro le fina ncc'<l
Nrrp<>I!<M '''' 1"",I0r!
Eps'ein', Fini, T,moe, M.urice
Tou",",u"'o i'Equil"S'"' . nd Lo 1\..,., M
d'A"_ In
",.klns II"" ,0In>, Dnl)'<f wo, gi,en "' hat he 1.1"" ""lied ".
i"", II.ond .. , . ! dOJ .b-soiu'dy ,,'ha, I "'.nted .....
But ,he fi nanci. 1 I,il",. Qi 1-" ~."" M I"''''''' d ''' ", <u l
110" Dreyer'. roo""'pom,n Ir<"<'<l"", . AItOOugh he had
bn oommi"""ned t" .... ke
r,ln, j", ,he Soc",,"
CCnoir.le. ,he firm _ no", hurt b), the _
01 C . "" ...
NOp"ilom os ,,"ell _ brok. it. con"""t , D"'}... r ",.; thn ~"n
bad on h;, O,,'n "'""UK"', AI thi. time in F,.oo.-, P<',ron.g. filmmo king
not unu,uo! ; the Vicom", de N""iik-<
finan<e.-g . Shot in .
",ndown ch",:au " ';'" m."y no""",o .., V""'I'lI' "'.. .
.... .!el Qi ind"pendenl prod""'ion_ It could not, ",->"... "",
sua",nt"" Ore)'" ''''o<ly WQfk . By 1932, , fte, 'on film" lw
tnfrunted with tlw o iff""lt)' 01 m.I"'.;ning hi' 1.-...
dom in a (hanging European film indu.try.
no. "hoi)' o.-g'ni".'ion" . S'ins' which D,,,),e, ilod
" i",d in 193111<>W doml n. ted folm m.king in " irt".lly ."'~'
roun"}'. Alte, ,he coming Qi ><>und, monopoly con trol of
filmmaking .harply ;rocfN..d, Sound po'.nt. and tech
noiog;c~1 priorth". I=ed !Irn.lll finns ou, of busine .. ~ nd
irocreo<ed roruoIid. OOm. In ,he . il.n, cinema, a poly.
lingu. 1 tOlmm.k<), ",uld mow I""" country 10 <"'""'I)',
but SOund "roc"",,!,'eJ t~~ h.,cloning of n" ion. 1 bo unD"'yd. problem.'ic positio" . . . hi. tin" , i.
d,.mah" .. d bJ-' tk< ""c""ity "I making 'h"" ,.."ioo, Q/
1-'""I'lI' If"''''h, C""",", . nd English) . W ith. "'p"I.">On
h.,- being. fi""",," i ri,k .nd
rumm i''''''nt to
di",""o";'l con'roI, DT\'}'" "". me not onl)' indel"'nden l
bu' "'" u"""'p',yab\< . After I'.ml'll" lw ~ kl not ,omplete
film lot ten yea".
'u< ,h. ",.,,,(
,d".-.", fr'In' '9:12 '" '%S, D,cw' ..c.,
margin;ol '" ,,,.,-Id r.lm pn.!""'.' '' _ H~ "'0' .b"c ';-' m.h'
film, <only In unu,u. 1 (>I"'''''ic ,IKum>l,rK\'S. Tn Iq36 h.
be);.n Mwl d. with n . ll>n .nO French \>..:kinS- bo,' .f'e'
"".nths In 50.""",1., "', 'lui! 'lw P">i', bl.omlns the pn>d"""", IOf hiring a n iMl'proprid'e """"" '"
he""",,_ The rompl.in, 5" '" to sound l.m;l.", "The ""'0
"'00 sa' in
Sdpe,,';,;ng Ihings from . di, .."". "''',k it
Imp',.,lb", k" "'" '" fi ni'h 'lw fil m on which I hod don" . 11
c...-.,
I"'"'"'
.not"",
w.'
mad.,.
w"
d."".
tffi.><io",
0,,,
p"r '""
1'.".
..
'he important prepo'.'ion ."" By now tho l>i<>g,. ph ical

"'s,'nd i . mohl",
AIt~r M"J""du, p"'Y" f.,,'<1 ...",, .. 1 .It.' fno h ,'.
SOure ... "I fin. rocing, One pos.ibilioy wa, g,w"rnmen' ,,,b, OJy, .nO d"ring the 19-100, lw m.do .,,,,,,.1 . OOn docu'
men""", unde, D. ni,h gOlwnme", 5p"""''' hip . Bu, i"
go""r.I, " 'Of' ~ . " ',il.b'" "nly ",hen. ","001,. 1 him in
J ust~ J,'dd"'; ~, In ... " in ",h.t "' <a iled In tlw 19JOs
" r'e"ig<' pic,.",!" and wll.ot I, ,..,., ""a"", \;00"'" "' In"
".n film ."
~ of W,.lIl provides a oypical .""mple. W he n ,he
Germ.n im'.,ion 01 o.,,,,n.,,' in 19-10 cut oif the im,,,,n.tion Qi ",,,,,,,ican " nd French film>, ,he D.1 nioh f,lm ind ustoy hod to ptoduce more film. fo, d,,,,, .. tic con,umption.
D",}w , ti ll had .",,,,~h" ,)/ "",king ou,;;d< o.,,,,,,,, ,k, bu.
in tl><> .boeoo.- 01 ony i",eign ,,(iCl", he St.",mS to ha,'o
..nsed a n "pP',rtunlty: "N,,,,' ",ith .11 the
clo:>&ed ,nd . 11 tlw bo.-de" bIo.xked, I ",ondered "',w I "",OJ
g.t in"ol"ed in film ogoin,"" A~, m.' ing "'->rt go,'~mmen' doc"men'.,), to .ho", ,hat ..., muld >til l d i""",
D"'}'~, submilted script to No,d i, ' . Nomi" hesitated,
bUI r.llaJ; um """'p'ed, . nd p "'}'O< ,,'.S gil'on. r"", h.lnd
in p<od u<tion. It" <le''O''IKen""c com
rIe,.I;- on ,he "'ork , , . . I h.l,,, roon ;m'Qi,'ed ;n el'"~'
'ins'" d eta il,""
.fb" 0.,. of W""h, M " " " ,....,
jOrlhooming
Dunng. ""it to Copen n.g..n, tne S~ .d ; .h 1'''.;1."", C. A.
D)'ml;ng off"nod Drey.' the 0ppo,"un;ty ' 0 nMk,'. film;n
Sh:, ,,,,ltn . Pymling bough" play which [),,'}'('r " . n ... <1
10 film. bolt the ,,-",ult , Th" A>>p/, "'N'). "'., SO ,'",bo,
""ing .ha. it ployed '''' I)' '''''' ~ .YS in 5"-cd,'n _ hen 'hi,
pro""" h., bN,n gri.. Iof 'lw t>;('l!,dphic. 1 I"g<'nd_ D"1"'f
bun"-' life he d;"'""wed TUll ""1'/" am,
" 'I"," "kc-J ,!>uu' lI , he ,no",e"'" curtlv: "Th .. lilm
doesn"
P"'YO(' ""' 0 h., .u''''<i~'<i ' n.~ Iro)'/'
has slipp<d ou' d ;;gnt. .nJ " ... think 010""1 a. the film
loIlo"'ing DIlY o{1I'""o . M. ,",uit , D,,')"'" ...~cnd '1'"'0'
hi. ""'pu, in'o 1otb00ding ' <'n .)','.r inlen'.I" p'"'tice
which ""al l, "'h' t Roi><ft Craf' h., wnW'n "I \,', 'bt'm ;
"'He lim;ted hm...., tl ' 0 uil im.'" ron"'q","n,," ",d~, " "" _
pos ing the . ile",e "'" ,,.,Iy "'ithi" a ",o,k bul be'",,'n
work a nd ,he ",,~,:. , .
",.w,,,,.)..
In<.,,,
w.,
y",
e."'_""
,.n<
:to
AN AVl""" AND HIS lEel""
AI,., ,he wor, prosperit)" in .nothe, ""tion. 1dn<m. offered 0"-')'0'. I""", 0r ",,,uni,)"_ DU'ing ,il< ye.rs 1946
- ~8 . ,t.., F.nSji'h , in"mo w. , h, lIhy , ,,,,,,,,J num""'" 01
we,,, !>o:ing moldc.nd a"<'od.,,,," " ',,
h,S""'_
Tt.., S'wemmont <011.-.;1 ~" ""'". ~("'_'" ",00""""',
"',.,d ~ '''' ..., imp<~ " i/l ",riff, (on impo,' .d mm" a nd
(SI.bti,~ a ""'~ ",,,I fl nd<>(Cing 'Q'JX"d '~ "' . Acwml"nying thi> w lrend k)w."J h i,toric.1film nd od'pt."ion,
from Enl',li'h JilO,,,urdllmlJ V, lIaml,t, Gmrt Exporrt.,."",
Oln~ 1\"'1"1. II rthur f;1I"". wllo " . , , " " ,,,,,,inX ,h, "So
,;", o.."m., k" ",ri,,", "~'m , ,,, h."" o",.<)" "s<>d O,,"y~' ' 0
submi' , p" ,,,,,,,,, fo' M.'JI 5'"a" ' 0 Film T,.rd'.... I.'d . \Vith
hi' m .... 1thorouSh"",", O"'}w hod ""," r<~ the pen.od,
, nd h.and h i, ,on hod writhn.he ><Tipt in Engli, h . ,.,1\<.>,
to umdon in 19-16, he ",,",,>eJ ,,, Denm.,k hopelul.
bu, p""'P'".. .. I.d.'d " By 194$ '"'' boo n' io ,he Bnli,h ,, 1m
ind u,"y "'., ,,~,_
Ore)',,, "'~' )'ot a""' "" !'<'S'ibilitv open up "'ith hi'
pt.n. fo,. film "I ,t.< """" of i,",". _'Il """"" rm . ti ",..
lha, il< <<>" 'd gd ;; oa,"'i oi " 'it " ,he help of tno ,\"",nco"
, ...... ". prod",,-'T Bo.',i". O,,i . ThmuXh"", 'h<' eo,ly
19S(1,<, O"J"" >ltugglo.-d to mdk. ,h,' film, Th.' t ;mmg migh'
lI.w"",.".'<1 tisht, gil'" '' tI", 0"""0'"' "f Bi ..... 1op;<s" th,'
.."'" I~'ri.od. but finanrinR did no! <:Om(' th O'O tJ)!h In the
m<"n tj n~' 1><' ")o\lin",'<1 ", wti": .,,~ di n'" g(wen",,,,,,'
do<um" n'ori<s, anJ in 1951 he .. OS , "uf\'d "f . "".J)" m e""'" 'h'''''gh the a",.,J 01, tt..,. t,, "'""'S'>JShip"
The ~."r 195(1s we'" >,>mowh,,' "",,,,,lui
f<>r 'he
O."i.h r,I", ,,,du",<),_ n " ,,,, hod b<-e n d st~ody i""rn. '" i"
liek<, "-""'pIS during 'i>< p<"",-d; "g d",,;Od ,','o of. S"",,,,,, NiX!rI, ""d M"" '"Iie
"',,re yielding Bc' JI!Y"l".oit; " ..."', "'''b''''
n ..1 I" O"'Y"""
e",,,, "'0 ''''''" . .. i,lI . fa,,'y
"~"" , di,i";'", "f b b.,,_ TIl< pn.!"",". "'"' ... . m,,,i,,,,, l;
"",,,~ 0, U... di""..,,,, .. as " n ,.. h.";ul ... nd und." trodg<'t ,
"" ,,'0, !\",,,,,o ll y~" .",0.'_ The d ,"""", &,"'0"",0 tt.., .. d it
ing 01 II,,, lil", . O.n i,h p",docti()n .,,,, f.,"",d 'h<~,tin g
in <u o,""ui')" o. much . , possibk .' In , h<,rt. "' ... '" tt,.
ch.""" h) m. k~ r,lm d"; oom.' . k",g. 0",)....,- <"" Id "P'Jr '" v0O}' mLl<1I as a" .rt '"''
In _,,,,,h 0;""' '''''."",",. 01'<1<1 b"co",,' p'",ibt,. n .. S"" emmon' p.>id Oreyo, ' " p",,,.,,, th.' ",tip', dnd Odn "h
C ultur.1 Film proposed the idea ,,, Tag< N"il..,n of 1'.1
,,1m,
''''''C'
,, "i.i'
'i"""
11"""
"""hod,_
1ad'u",. who .g~ to fi n.""" 'Iw projo;<! ." f>n:.yw lIi ",ed
t"' l (he ,ubj<'<t was not .he 0"" he "~'ukl have c ...... n;
[\e,erti>cleo,. i>c resarded li>c project .s p"'p",,,ion fm lhe
Ch,i" film'' Ord,t won ....,b im fo, til< OJ.nish indu .. ry.
,,,,,,, j vin~ i"' .......'<1i.'e into"" h"n.1 di"~ bu ,,,,,, a"d .n
.",oro.t ,h.' W,," .. Film F.","".,. Tho In~,'p<'T>d"", dl""..
,,,, "f 'he >ik'nt ",0 fodd "'" "m, . n .rtfolm din """
e..",..j ""d,'d Dr0Y""-' ,'""" "n ....d .......
hi> molrgin.11 ",\Jhoo_, with pf'()dlKlior'l _ Asain fi",, 1'1<>'<1
by ". Ilod ium .nd ' ho' and "';ild qukkly. the film had
"""'" <II.""" 01 I><ing "..,I1"""'"ed In !<l" 'iS" art hou...,
Bu ' ", h"re"", i, 'Pp".,,<t G<"",d "' immediately
de"""noed .. tired . nd r..,t>Ie _ ol "" pons< .ha, h urt
Dreyer r.... nci.oUy 00 """ ,hon """" ..... lIy. Ho "'.. by now
,....",only.fi, nd ,n
t..",lt n; p"'"p""ti"" """""" Ijf the
Ch risl film worried tlat he ",'ou1d "'" I><.ble to complet.
.uch huge I"<>jecl . Fin."" ",I .upport (. 'MraclOllitic m"'
ture 0/ cart.1 fin.!"",.nd OJ.ni,h II""'mmenl sut..id}') fi
nally mme throu&" only. row dolY' 1><10'" he died _
Dr-eye,s NOW'phic. 1 legend , '''''n. ploced him in a
""riphe,.1 ",.il ion wi,h
' 0 t he iod ""O}'. He 1><.'."",
an indo""odenl d,,,-'<Io,. ,,"or"" 6
kmS' '"
c"""><t, "",king money I", 'his 0' , fod , pm j"", 10"" indio
,i<!U.'S 0' g",-.mme n's. ,nd ",,;ng '"pport.-.;l by I.>rg
ti"", or mo""'poly <apitol ,,"Iy when " """""n' of d .... p"1.ticm or ,mue"". s ""roott-ed him """.;n a u'onomy, Doubtless, oong anchored in Scandinavia limited
h i, choics. since indepe ndently n",,1'1<>'<1 produc'ion ,",'os
trongly ~ , .. bli.~ the .... s in , "y, France.
Dn:)'", "'" .,,,,, i" ",n.." ,,,'on ly y.'" .head of hi'
ti me, In 1930 hi> Ira-lance , ta.u, w r.", .nd .hu. p,..
,,,riou>; no. un.ilI950, wi,h the gene,ation 01 ",o"",,n, Tab.
1;,1[;" i, . nd A~tonion; . roulJ independent nlmmak< ... our_
vi,... by app"a)ing '0 i ~ 'emational .ud;'"",.,
""'>S'ng
P'''''
""1"-'"
w,tt,,,,,,
ne>""
AN AESTHET IC OF liXl'RESSI V1TY

O"'Y~"-' ""wo ph " ,,) "'S"n~ <n<omp'''''''' no< only p rod"ctiun p,.ct""," biJl . Iso a body of ".,,,,1d iorour .. , From
ai"''''1 the b<!;inni~ g of hi> c'l"",r. II< publi,~
ting 1.>I1h h i,
on dne","" When hi, ca""" laG!\ed in
tho 19300, t.., '00;' up film le";''''ing. The ,,,,,<i.. lizro pre ..
in l. ,,";"w,'<1 h im lepe. tedl), during hi.
Wha, all
,t.<", w"'-'!s ,,,,,,;I,,,,t,'<1 w .. no< l"ll -_ ' n theoO)' of
d nemo, R.. """ th,,!i"' rary m. n-<>-;Ou"",I"" "",,"arist
- CT~ .-.;I " bod~ of di>course 'hat ""'Sh. '0 define hi>
""'w.
"''"'Y' "" .
CO""",
AN AIJTtlOR AND "'S U'GEND
"
1"""''''''',
.rti.be
MO" g<,,,,',, lIy, O",)'or .""mpwd '" ",I...
to. problem. th. t ~ v''Y .n;" oonfronts-'" outworn
form" to. pen;""n' IradHioM, ,o.
of d i"ingu;,h .
10\1\ o",,'s 0"''' ",o.k, M"", ' p<rir".lIy, his d i><"urs.:;,d
d..,...,. ''''' probIL"" of ''''' art ",,<I< i" """'prud""b.1tI
fiimm,kinl\, As . ..... ull . hi' pronou",,,,,,,,nt' ""t hi> film;
in. p.!nicui.1r penpe<t;,-e. Ore)",', ..,,,he,ic p"-,<,,,p" are
of Ii"", theo",tica i in,"""" 00' they h.,,, .haped .tti
tud,.. ,o"'ard h i. work. To undon .. nd ,he h""',ic-.I lun.:
bo" of the !>i<w'phioc. , "-'Send. "'~ ",u" und,..--.t. nd to.
...th<>tioc p~pI' ",hich "" Jefended,
ay 1m, in hi' v;""" O.n;,h film I"ooo<lion .. . whol<
hod ""'''''''' cliche , 1J~ citc'<! in p.!rticular the Nordi,\; nobil i!)' fil"" and criticized 'oor relia ~ opon ,,,,,h melodroma,k del'ices a, "revohw. jum po from ,he fif'h fIoot,
.nd ,im il.r .. nsationali"",,"" H, """used U,., film i~d",
'ry of p.!ndoring IQ II", rna , ,",, a"" lrig ~ren ing ''''0)' ,he
in'cl lig<"\t5ia, F<>r O",},e" mekxlram. oc plo/, of phy,ical
oclion con.titu'ed outworn form, ",hioch h.d '0 be nega'e.!
by ~n "pplk.>'ion of ...."o.nd eui,u.-c,"
This co"""phon d _<1 " '.. ron,,",,'oti,.. by , t.nda,d, 0/
od,a"",.,! t",'nl ~'Ih-, nlu ry thinking. Like ,he French Imp"-",io,,i<l.a nd Griffo'h, rm.,y'" '.... Id to . ,;"w ",~ich "'"
no' 'NIl' oontompotory wi,h ' he " 'or.. of Bra<.]"" or Nc,,><>.
5<""",n""rl> or lI<-rg. Kafka 01 Apom.... i"'. In.toad 0/ look
ing 10 Ihe al'ant-g.ude in other ar", P!O!ln.... i"e li lm"",'
eT5 ' kippo.'<I. ge"",.'iort back IQ R"m.,,'ioc and S)'mbo/i<l
corx-.>ption. of art, Yuri Tyn;.,n"", "-",,.,k,, , . ,~ 'h(:
with ,he fal"'"" the grandson tum. 00' 10 ",.. mbk hi>
lVandf.,her.""
ShieHy 'p"aking, Dre)1" "'.> nol e,'on C<)ntempor.'Y
wi,h h .. contempor.rie" fur hi< ,hi"ki"!> -"" h im "I"' rt
from ,he ot.Iin trodi,;,,,, of
fi'm ,n.,>Ory. flo'" mOKh
dKl the <i""" ..
to
t"," ond the., .. ? ,1,1""", no, hing, <or.'"mpora'Y ,n.,,,,i'" ",ould haw rponded , Cin
,,'as d''''", yn"",," 0/.11 a<1, '" a n a ulo""""",;
. nd pu.-e.<1 ,los< to mu,ic, Ei'her ""y, cinema', di,tincT""... I.. ,,,,
.<><3 I<k .. ,"", "'.. ,,""""'k, But 10'
Dn:y'''. , i""",.
only on ."en,io" of the", MIS. Di,
P" "" about In." ,....""" of <i""".. d,.. II .......-ely wilh
t '-"Ch,,"l0~ ; hi . .. "helic proposed a ..,'um 10 b.l,ic hun .... ~
tlUth,. Cinorn .....ould be na"ati,' nd , 'pe<jr".l1y,
poyehological. 'The filmmalcer could coun'er to. "",10
dralUd'ic ~ 0/ ,he rommercial !",>d0C! by depictin~
profound and ,ul>ll" poy,hoIogic.' o"p""" "c.,._ "Art wI!
"-'P"""'" tho.> inner, and not lhe outer Ij!.:" If film ...,k,
"'.y.
"''' sw
"W" Iit,
,'fIl.
,he.,,,
w.,
sJ.,"'
A pmd octio,.,
"m lrom . n u"od<-nHf~..J N",d,,'

.... n.. ''''''ldm ..
'~
I..
',.~"",
dep,h. it must Jr.w "p',n ,he l"yct.>l<>gic>1 ..... p.!'

<"<Ce1"'n _ lj,oratu,,-, and ,"'", .." O",~'o r 00<" ddj",>d
fil m a. "a merging of
a nd drama in ''''' l<>tm 01 pioc.
lk org.."! poets and no"eli", to tl}' tOO r Nod; . t
ci"""... " nJ he t>.1;,,',d tha' lho.> >piri' of 5",,,i.lao.' )"
'''''al", W{>TIt ,hould "" tran,fe","! to Ihe ~n, SjOstrom
"''' , . ignifoc.nl din."to< ""<au", """ ""!}In to ..weh
a mong ,he moot out ".ndin~ ",or... of li'era'"ro,"" 'The
man ",ho wrob> ... rip" .nd i"t<<1i,,,,, ~..- N".di;' >ow
d nema OS <> plici'ly li..",y a nd Ihe.,ric.I,
With ,t.... ooming of "",md, D",}"" v;"w, bound 'he
d""ma ewn more closely to the
Alloough hj,
..",t....tio< of poycoologx:.1 ",. Ii.m ",;.ctt>d ,he e""S!I","ion
"I to..,,,, conwnlion, (.<1ifoc;"1 "'"', ",'assc',.1I,'<l .lC,i"8!.
"Si.-.c"
he id~n' ifoed cinema a, dopenden, upon
I define 'h" r".1 oound film a , a film <.ra"'" 0/ 10"'i".'ing
'"<\'S.....
""""I
,he.!,..,.
"'ge '0"",
by i .. f"y<ool<or;k.' <oo'cn', ;L, >loty, a nd
<"
",m.uk ,
alon<, ~'itIlOU ' o.lp from "'.ggor.,ed ""und df""ts. mu.j

<. 1 acromp.!nimen l, and in"",ted mu,ic.1 numbers, 'he
poychologic-'l pl.ly i, p.oo..bly ,,, b<, ron,;oc..,d 'he """t
sui'."'" m''''ria l.''''
'n 'hi"Mistence upon' ,he.tric. 1dne"",, ''''0 ,onden
cies , t,nd out , One i, generic. To ",h.1t the.tric.1 mode will
It.... gen"i"" ""lnd him co"'-""J'Ond l Lak' in hi, c.n...",
with hi. bio):.aphic.I J"g,'nd r."" I)' "".bJi.h<d . Dn.-yer'.
"
~N AVfHO" AND HI5 LEG.NO
I"'"n, .A.,..
. n,,,,",, .,,. in,a<i.obl\', " If s,,"'<>thing hnk<

V_pyt. ~ '" "'''''h n~ Gmn<d. it i. the loct th.t fitole b}'
li"'. \ am coming dose, .nd do.." to tragedy:'" fle ,,'rot<
of how I","", d..." and Day '" W ..lh mel Ari. to,Ie'. ",.
qui"""""" fo, ',ogic" unity nd
the bel;'! that
""",.,by ' film",,"", .... ""Id f,nd "t~ lorm ond , ty'" op'
prupriat~ to tragedy."" Nearly ~If hi, favoril< jd"" fo,
project. came from t,agic fi""ature (O"*>. Lighr i" ... " .
Mnk<!, M""rni..g _
.. El<ct,., O<.i" ~"d" Ill, Elm. ,
11';"''''''),'' Ore},,,,', e. t""m fo, the tragic genre is ",rared
to a oecond .. nden<)' in hi. ,e'thehe . He ,...,rtNi th.lt
t ...... tric.1 ad'rL' tio:>n ,,"ould raise the quality <JI iHm., "The
film h.1I therefore _ without Io>ing thei' filmic" iMi
vOlu.alit)' _ be lilted to the..,,,,,, ani;to< t. ....1 OS the mo>t
und~".. nding the.t .... porlorm. n"",," " It wo' lho good
lhealre lhal t"""tric,l cinenu in the "'gic mode .hould ;m
itale, " IVha t ,rtis'ic role would thi, ,,,,,.,ric., cine"", . , .
.ign to tt.! filmm.k",? It is no accident thot the ""ne 0/
d it<"<lo<i.ol lobo,
~.oc'J"'d Nordi'k's "t"",alizat"",
wa, _n b}' Orey"r .. the p,;,.il<'gl'<l a",. of c",.ti,.ity. For
h;m, 'h. film .rtist S<''''me,J C";'fIy tt.! staging, lighting,
d .. ign . nd po,1o".....,,,,. 01 the n.n.tiw ;><fun- in shon.
tt.! m.......,mr, AM just as Dre)~ r retu-' to defi,... a
p"int;n~ . styt. 'p"ft from it, U~ of fi~u..,. , '" cinema'ic
styt., ;n PUISU;1 "I ~um.n tnrth. would att~nd prim.,ily to
tt.! po"""''' Tf cinema's m ission i. to be na"ati'-e aM
p<y<oo"'s". t, " the cente, of to. medium ,tand. the
"'PT",,,,,J
g"",
",h,,"
.-
From Dre)"l'f" ",ritingo, hi, recorded corn"",n", and

his <lay .to-d.y direclorial p,.oetri, It.! actor '''''''8'-'0
,t.! bios"phical "'gend', m,," explicit . n.", to II>< prob.
!em of a rti"" .. I~ wit hin commodity produchon . IVha t
IV,It", s.,"j. m;" .. ",., cha,actffistic of lilmmaking_ the
f.oe t that to. acto, pt.oy' In . mach;"., . nd th.t hi< '" her
role i, built out of mo"y .matl bd, ,. t"'" th. n out of a >".
tin""" , porrotm,""",,-Drerer _~, to O'''Kome with a
oonpticm of the acto, <on,um"",t<>ly hum.n." In this
""I'I(>!ption . film studio could not rationalize c."lng,
,,;nco tl>< di"""', muot intuit the a<to( ......" ..,." "The
';", ;Iarity is the decisi," i"ue _ "",mely ,;",ilorily in
"WT<l to ",..nl>lity, chorocte" and tempo",nen!."" 0"",
ol-.<>8<n. tl>< octo, must """pre.." _ li""ally, P""" out.
m.i<e "",nif. ot - to. im.. , qualit ... which the director
ha, pe1'ive;l, l1'Ie difl"Ctor ol'Oid. the routi"" of rna,...
prod<><oon I.bor by mu,ing to formalize performallO!
" ' k' , Drey"' >mp,' 1'<"d tl>< d irector to A mOl,,-i!e, ".nding
'.nt,
by whi'" 'he .,"'" ON"" the perform."", from within.

"01> t of hi. own .lti"" "",ngth,"" All the famous D",)",
toctio _ .. tt;ng up """""n, . rouM Falron<,,; . living wilh
, .. t and crew while fdming V","~ r, ,hoohng
d'A'"
in <h ~. 1 o"k" objuring t ..... "'"' of. ""'S'phone in
tt.! ,,; I""t .r., tr.rrinS byst.nd'<lS frum It.! ""t, ",fu' ing to
b"'a" down a script into 'hots ,,,n developing tt.! long.
tai<e .hooting "ylo of hi. la"', )"'. - can be ..,.", . ,
'p""rfo< att~mph to <T<ot~ on intilIloK)', pre .. ure, . nd con
","',otion ~"n n g tl>< oct of folming 'hat would >unte, tr..
",,,ti,,,,, . nd sci>edu"'. of "udio fllmnuking, .. Dreye' be
l",'ed tMt through an .Imost my"ic.l rapport wi th his
P"')""" the directo, could ".n """nd 11'1< """,hm ic".1 m'
" ,. ;n" of "'.ss product .. ",
The Sign of thot tran><:endence, lhe . i ~ of hurrun ".
pre"i" i!}, "'ouk! be ,he 1",,_ CcrmJ"'"
",,,,,,J,..
1920: With the c"",lng of 'he I..,.t clo. ,"up lhe d0Y' ,-.I
t....' I\nm;>' ,,"' .... "'.~,. Film h.ld fo uM it> WO)' 10
human "'p"""ntahon."
1'12(, Eve')lth i"s " "m.n ;,
in the foe., ... l1'Ie
I~;, 'he m;no, of the "",I: thi, must """<>me the
slogon 01 the si"'nl .r . "
I9-IJ: Q-stu," ~ndo"", tl>e f..,., with ",ul, and loe;"1 . , .
p .... ion is ,n "xu"'",,,,,,.,.n, pi", '0 the 'po""n
,,'ord, ... Mim< i, the Q,;g;Mt m,-.n. '" ""p"",ion
of inner ",po"""",,_ "
1'155: The",;, nothing in tt.! "'orl~ tMt <an be <om>",,'"
to tt.! humon l><e . It;' ~ land one n<>"., ~
hI'<-'" 01 "'-ploring,"
19M What I _k ;n my film ' , what I want to <>ht.lin .;" .
I"'"o"ot;"n '0 my Kto,,' profound though .. by
me.". of tho;, most
e-.p", ..ion., Fo, thew
,'" th. "'P"'''''''' Ihol ...'.a' 'he
of the
po""n. hi. unoon"""" ' t...,ting, the "", .." . thot I;,."
in the depth of hi. S<I<>L Thi< is what i" te""" ....
abo,,, .n. not tt.! techn"!"" of tt.! <i""ma"
fo, Dreyor, It.! purity of f""ia l "P"'ss"", m'''''' ~<>nuine
artistry p"'. ibk in a m.o " prod"".~ .n_ 0"", filmed, the
repreoent.lhof'l of the ""ul ri_ abov~ tt.! contingency of
cinema a. oommoJity.
Cinematic ")"'" mtl<l then be p"t.t the ..." .. ,,~ of the
..:tor, For 0""' thing. tt.! o\oso> up off'" tt.! d ire::toT ""y
to magnify ["" .. I ""p"", .,n ."d " "-,,~,,, in"., dm na._""
For . nother. decor GOn .upport .rId in",n.i!y Iho ",,,,,I.'ion
of pel'>Onolily, CO"""I .."ling> """ put 'h, octo' into the
propo' mood : the "''' of I""'''' d 'A. .... . netors fe<l aJ if

'lley w.", h"ing ,he dr,,",,, D"'Y~' .poke oi. .implifying'
"-,, "" .. "to
ooly ,t.... ' hing; ,h. 1 """'ribute to ch.!,""",ruing the people," judkiou<ly ex,,",u ,ed, d""" con
"<1",,' ,he 'p"""'o(, 'Y'" towOfd wha' i> e> ... nlial in
""~ ry . ingle ,hoI _ usually, ,he acting,"" No wond~, .hal
D"')-eT' !\cript, contain .1"""" no .hot b",.kdown. or
note< ., to
poolho",. Henning Bend""n, ct"""a
.ographe, for 0""1 and GmTUd, fL'Col II, 'N' <:>nJy .fte, N'~
ing adiu,,,-'" '''''
. nd
,t.... "''''''' ...
Orryer start to plan how the ocene would be Ii" shot. arod
""," 'f)-", prirn.Ky 0/ ,he actor I'rui" other film t<chn;ques
In ,Iw eou" oi. hu"'-"n ""p",.. i,';ty.
Unde, 'hi' ..,,,he.k .he", I;." ,
enigm .
Wha, d"", ''''' dil'"" """_ f""" his scrip nd pl.yvn' Jt
,on only be ,he glimp'" ul ",.Im beyond orlli""ry "'peri~""" , "It i, n'-" tt-..- 'hing; in ",olity ,h. 1 It-..- di""'lo.- should
be ;n .. ""tt>d in bu, ,,'h~r ,t-..- 'pirit in and behind
,hings," M Why mUS' tt-..- c.lm whi..,..,.. 01 lhe deror be
"'oken by .... fo'" ~' " Th..., 'hing> .no lhe", for
'ymb<~k ",." "ns, Even if ,he symbol. conno' be "'><lily
understood . I bel;",'e ,ha' lhe dominan' mood oi. 'h~ dovelopmenl 0/ ,he achon on ,hi. purir..-d b.>ckground will
be .bIe to be ..,tuN imrll<'<lia'ely,"" Srylintion .rod ,bSIr.oc,ion 0/ Itshling. deror, ,rod perlormanc< (an "'-P"'"
whal wo ,d rod
ion c. nnol , The my.tk,] 'I""liry
oi. Dreye(, _thetk i, perf<octly lunctional, ><>Iving , .peri.
foc problem, The inett.ble e.nn<>! be m"' -prod'-""'<l.
D'<"j'.r's sthe,k Con .1", be .... n ju.tifying hi. ind.pendentt .fter Ie.ving Nordi,k Filmo, For an ind~pen.
don. d i""""" m.king film' in ,.""t)' 01 t'Conomk .nd
<ullunl . itu.tion., on
predk.,ed upon," .hi"",k . l, '''p'0>OCio1 human ....,nc~ .,,,,,.,. 0 u .. lul purpoo<,
l4nish ope""", SwMish p"'udo-Iol ~ .. Ie, Nor..-"s;',"
romance """~I, .1>< ".no<rij>l oi. , .... 1in medieval fra"",.
English horror . tory, Sc.ndin""'n pJ' Y'-oll <=mplify .he
fund ..... ntal "p",";w""" of lhe hu""n soul. The Iran .,....d,"t.l ..... """'" 1";"" 0",.." . , . " ' u,,,,-"
",60",1 d;f!"n,nreo, ,-isOon' ry .m, ",,,,,ling: time"","
truth. , Ho.,w ,,'.U .hi< biogr' phkal ~ "' a.npt,>d
""'y be judg<>d by . "".... .-1. mad. 1' f"'''''h cri'ic' in 1'n7,
whkh could ocru ..",]y have t-n written Iorty ~."
]a'er:
Of Do"M n.tion.lily a"d upbri"Ein.~ "", of S"~di'" <If.
<anI, C.,] D"Y'" no """" foIlow<,I!< ,i""",,';'; <tylt of
1/"", of"""'''''' in,'Ad, I!< o./""E' "'.
"'' 'W
carne,.
""I,
",""a_
,,,,10
"""""'Y
,.,ioci.....
..,.,,,.tk
""y"""
"'" ""'"'IJI
c"'''
of dim"' .. u'"" "",It .
"""" ~ty hum"" rim"" ,

m""'''ionol in ito ""'silo'lily '" oIll'f'JPk, of u~ ..tr;..,
roa, of U'Mtrt..,0' "",di,;"", "
Wilhin 1I'''lom film pmdu<tion, Dreyer <OT1,tru<ted "is."
,i. tic' f"",ln.li ty .nlund single probl.,,,,, .hal of . rt in
"... .. prodU<hon , Tu 'hi' P"""""", 'pif'" p,,>dtrtion
pr"'l;.:.,s .nd theore,k . 1 p"'C'pb would ron'tito", soIu,ion , The ide-o, inlonning t~ p'octice, ,rod prt"Cept>
challenged contemporary nom" by opplying a Roman'ic
concq>liot1 of vi""n.ry <",'ion .nd ... """,nden' vol""
twent.,th-<enlury .rt form, All 01 ",hieh i, not reducible
10 .. ying th .. Dreye(, .esthetic ".,w lmpl)' ",flected h;'
production circum,t.n"" , or th. t 0' young "",n he
bl""prinled.n ..,,,I><'k pro~t.nd "'loo t to Ii", it, Hio-10.-'.,.lIy, Drl"y~r lhe "","'" w defined 1' the m.n', expe~. ,ruin "",he,k .ssumplions curnon' in hi.
m ilieu, ond ,he ,,'Olution 01 tl>< Europe.n film indu'tn.-.,
ThaI .n .Iles< 10=. dld nol ... ally """h i. perhaps beot
indic.t'ed by ,he .. ,..,.,1dM"",II;". "'it hin .he biographical
legend.
0"" incon,i... ncy .""" il we c,,",ider ho ... Drt')le,
hoped
c"' ". cinema 01 Ii .. rary ,. Iue, It; rue ,h.,
",,,yon< of hi' ~1U'" film. wo. an ""p,.,;"n of r"lion
or d ram. yet no
m.te ....1 i. pure or lOW; i, alre.dy
co "",,, ~rt.;n hislorical w~ishl, The
lor Dr"y,,
f,lm. "',,'" .urpri,ingly """"'ser>rou . He "'., d .. ",,, '0
'umoI'he<~"'urJ f",ion .nd d,.m., g....... I1) in the
Sc.ndinavian re. li.t Iradition. n..,,,, is the 0'0,.1 posto I:
Kri,tof"r j.n",n', ..ory "'hkh """.m~ 1Jrt lit"",,', Widow
(c. 19(0)' jacob B. Bull', "",..,I17t, B,ioI< of Glomdori (1908),
'The", is ,he melodr.malk n""~I: Karl-Emil FlOnzoo'. 1Jrt
Pridnli (1883), Aage Mad~lung'. io< On, JLJwlh" (m2),
'The", i,.100 lhe fi"-<k--sii'<1t decadenc< of Hermann l!ang'.
Micharl (1'l(>I) . nd of Hi.lm., Soderberg', GmrlMl (19Ob)
Popul.nzoo ",. Iism in .he 'hea'", y",ldod S,.....-.J Rindom ',
comedy 17t, F"II 0(" Tyr"'" (1919, filmed .. n.," Shal, H""",
Thy Wi"l and H.n. W""Hen!Wn', l\lse",,"l'" linn,
1W<do"". fl9O!l, mmed . , Doy of W"''' l. Even the non Sc. ndi""v;.n ><>UKe. lend 10 be oi.lhe 10", run<.""n.h "''' 'ury : MOT" C"",lh'. s.:.rn.c.. of So/,m Il!l%l, the pu" ~ ""
.".,"" fur /.M'rtI ""'" Sol",,', 8ool; .nd Sheridon t. F. nu,
I" "Gloss v",lly (1872), foIrIl<'<l V"",py', Nor d>;l th~ ""''''....1 whkh Dreyer ad.pled ""W g"'" li"'ra'Y ''',U""
Nearly an oi. hi. "",n,.. were populor in ,n.;, 'irn~, bul
lhe)' a", 'oday conoidored minor II"n", wo.-l. '" kitoch
Eve n 'he mos' ""pee'ed originol sourceo _ Holge,
""'''''!I' ,......
'0
'0
.rrl,,',
"'''Ke'
"
...... Al1I1l0R ASO illS U C ND
Droclunann', nahon.Ii"", f.iry u k One< "I"'" T....

(1932), ond &ng',M" _ -.nioy
I.",., oN)' wi,hin Sc.ndin,,, ",, D... Y"r' . . ., '_
of un;,,, ....1 human e ...""" do.. not "9""'" with the ""ITOW
range of hi. -""'=<, roor doos h;. concern fur whot he had
called, in SjOs'rom', c,,,, "(he ".,.t out,tanding work. 01
literalu"," .~hit>it i,,,,11 in ,he .. ]""."'" of .""h mediocre
worko,
!n 0 ,im;l.l , ""y, .h.
01 the too .... '0 wh>eh D"",or
app"'kd
II,,, ""nUng of """.... wa, hardly 'ha' of;he
od,'.nero cur",n,. of h;, d.y. 11 must be "'m=lbered ,h",
d uring 'he oi""'"",'h .:.nlury ,he Dani,h ,heat'" had bc<n
a .. ~Id of ''''' N. ,ural;" 5Iyk E",,, ,he Norw.,p.n
""",n .nd ,I>< Swede S'ri<tdberg p..-m;'r\'d .., ..".1 01 their
....... imronant pl.ly' (T" Pit.." <1 So<;tt;o, A Doll" I!q_,
A" ["""~ of II" fI!opI<, Th<
.1-1;';' j./;'J in Copenhagen. Danish diro<1in'S and peno""" .. provided defini.
tive prod ",,'ion, of .ueh w.."k., rK! Strind berg ",t.Ni.1Ied
his Sc.nd,,,,,, .. ,, hperim.n"ITIwa"." in Copenhagen .
But wl><n F"-'nCh ond ~n produ<tion. "we .. pIoring
new ground, . d;lu ted N,tu"l;,m ront;nued to dom;"""
''''' Dan;, " the"'" 1'n'il .t Ie.;, 1920, D"'yer'. emphaoi> on
''''' octo, .rK! on "inn. r t"'th," h<>ing ,he P"""rto of
Shindboo.g,.nd B,.nd",,, N.,u,.)i" m. ,,;I........ ", ... ho><!
back to. conception of psycho!og;r'al 'Nli"" tl'l>t waS a1TNdy cliched on ''''' ... ge
But Dreyer', b;ogr.phK.llegeru1 nlu" be iudg..'<1 fun<_
t'oooall)' a. well. Moo, 'impi): "work,.o give u" I"'rt""' lar attitudo
,be film, . ~ega'i,'. I ); t~ Ieg<"TKI d~fines the
work by ,ojrt"" 01 Dr"}... r'. rffiI ..b_hi. avet5lon to ""' ....
prodoctlon filmma king, h o. d ;,ta,,, fo< ropul.r gen ..... ,
h o. ,tilf "'io<bon 01 the . udience, ("Comaou.Iy, I don't do
. n)'thOng '0 'pie. ... , he public. I "nly Ihin' of worl;iI1g
my",.), to a ooIut'ooo ,1'1>, .,,,i<f.,. my o.... n orti"", ron
"';'nce:')" PooiHvely, the legend ronstitu"," 'M film ,
unifOed, aulUnoml>U> works. Any
romp-rom ....
(18i!5), J(.,j Munk'o
.f""
0"'"
;,I.,
r,'Mr,
'0
t1.awo_,""
of I.N!.....
,1>0 ending of Mi<ha<I. ,he f.ilu," 01 n.... fu -
"" ."ribo...... to modd""""","
prod""~,, . Id.ally, ,he film,

.pring horn a ",.is .. n, .niotic ,';'ion .00 ""'k to Iran
_nd the e",,;..-o;nts of the film indu,lf)< It is no "'onder
tha' humanist .rK! religiou. reodiI1g< find Dreyer'. work
so massively unif!<d, oj"",
bios"phical I<j\ond ....-.rou,
"&'" u, '0 appro.och ,t..' film. k>oking for a co",,,,,nt ""rSoml
vision untoucho><! by
"'!\A1i of.he film indu.try;
In wa)', 'hat ,,'e ,hall o""mi"e, ",,,. in fote .. i"
Dreyer'. work do "Iu.", \.:i,h the p...""",I, "I ,he 1>;0.
graphical legend_ In P''''Ku'''r, ,he film, mo"" 1O,,.td
he,wily determined ",w.1I uni,y_ Bu' dra,d ng "" 'h~
legend m'('ri' ic' Uy .n,,,.,,, to" "".tly to i!, '''''y pmpos<.
11'''''n " ....... t"" film. again,j!"" 'lyle nd fonn. whi<n
dominotN' int.",.!ion . 1 filmma, ing duri ng D.. )"', ',
hi< work bewnw< !ro<,Ning in ""Y' 'h"t c. nnot be
""p1>i",-'<1 by 'he o"'h",', p,,, ... n . The (;Im,' dilfKul,ieo
,.lIy "nly p.rtly with t~ .... he1ic principle. which Dreyer
.rtico"'ted . Th. _Ihriic AutOnomy which ''''' legend
_ " i , <ompromi>ed by the prohlem. 'ha' ,he filnu 1"""_
Eorly in hi' c,''''',, wo,king ,",'i'hin cI."lcal premi..,.,
Dre)'e1 no",,'''''.,.. """ OOt>l<mpo .. ,)' roncoph on, of "" .
roti,,, ind cinoma , \vilh I""'''' d'Arc D"'Y'" gwn view "I
h i' "'o'k Ix>gin< to com. unstu<k. No mat"r ""'" f.i'hl"lIy
he o.li"H'<1 'ha' he
obe),ing.n """""tic of
",.Iism, I"'"'" d' >In: .nd
major film'
follow chal
i~ng~ domin.n t """'" of fitm "ructu,," .nd .t)'le tn pm
pie, and lund.m"",.] w'Y"',
There i. 'h", no .imp!< congru0r>C<
legend
.nd film . Working with. ron..,.".';,,, """"'''''' . nd
produc'ion
modoled 0 '" R<, .... n'K ",""'pt;"" ,"
' Il< .rti", D",y,-,'
of It"~, """I ,.~ icony mudem film. of his ""rio<!, NO! ''''' k,," ;n' c,,-,<'ing "I"-'<" ~
0."Y.' (0, u; today hong< "ron t""
the film. ron
.radid ' "~ ~~>gr.phKall''g<nd .
t""
t""
<"""',
w.,
t""
,IIa,
b,o,w"""
1"''><'' "'
<",.,0<1 """'"
,,'.y.
mod""
Early Films: Nttrrtttive Form

Thi nd ,.., ne" <haptcr ca nnot m inutely .n.lyze
Dreye" e.rly w"'~._ If I '''' to. rty f,l"" as a group. it
i. not be<: ..,,. I 'hink '""'" unw""hy of inJi,'idwl <... m i_
nation: ",d"'-"<l, some .u<h ~""m;",h"" oI.""h of , ...."" h. ,
"""n """"""I)' pre!",,'ion for the S""""lizotiono I ;hall
moM>. My t .... """,,,'0 di"'ngag<'!IOme common principle. of ""tt.li.... fu nchooing.
'!1-.e ""'.. 1.,1> upon oommon "rindp/, not oomm<>n
Ihmo ... Thi. ""'''.. ' .... , "'. can"'" reduce the film. to
too... >chErn>!k d""m ..... ",hOch ('fiti<. """.., ">dit.",,,Uy
10<.'00 '" Dreyer', ... ork , f.i,h W,,"U, dogm.>.
ou , confinement, fem.l ...,"us mole, du,y v~rsu' 10>....
Soch d""li'''' h.,.., .., .... I drawb.ocb. They .... uncomf<lft.bly otn..:1 .~~
They &.1 only "'ith the mIllS'
not their plots, n ...", p.oirinss <.n"," .ell u, hoow
<. u ..1patterning. . tory time, .nJ point vi """", fu",","'" in
Ore),,,,-, ",wk . In <>ther word" .uch du.liti.-. .... b.o~
"ron she<-rly lhem.1tic cotegon...'1<1 <on"", ~~plk. ' . 'h.
fit",,- formal f tvres. 8y wM' principle . . .... e won' '0
kno ..... do Ore)" , .,'y fdm' ~II lI><i, ''0 ..... ' Whal
~m' 01 n.".,iw logic and ,ime domin.",
lilm, nd
I>ow d Q ,ho.< . y.. em. in .. ,oct1
,,,->00,,,,, ","t_
".,;c,
","',ie....
.1><""
'y"
CLASSICAL HOLLYWOOD NARRATIVE

To .n''''", s uch G""""""" w. must "".11 ,ha, O"'yd>
early 0."'" corre'pond, . lmosl ~'",",ly .... il l> II>~ m"u,;,)"
01 II>< ,;kn' d nema.,.n art 10nn. "The y. .. thaI "" joined
~~N " , f"" " ;"'"
. ;d, wo, "'" ,,.. Y"" "r
Grilfith. M"*r"", of Pig AI~ . nd T/uo ,'01"" yo,t 1101.
J~' , Th<
M/il.,s ,\ I.
do I'JI-, . rod ,,.,,,
firs' worb of SjOslrOm , nd Shlle<. Wn.n 0",)'<"1" m>do hi'
fiT>' f"m in 191~ , 'h... len' <;"""" had .'",.><1y prodLK"<"d
the 1..1i." .f'":s, ,he ~a rly Griffi,h ftoa ,ure" ,I>< Feui!l.>de
..m.I, . ,I>< Ch.pI;n a oo Unde, shon. , Benjamin Chri,
te""',,', Mysr"""" X .nd N'gh' of Rt-t""S', .nd DeMille',
17H- c .... r. O"'}....... 1'nOs work coincided with ,n. golden
""''''Y
v..,.,,..,..
""'q"'''
vi F.um"...n not""" "Jw; ,nd tl>< in,ern.,ional ,u

I""mo<y of In. HoIly""ood ci ... nu . By l n6 Hollywooo's
oonc<rtion of. film domi...,tM most of the .... o,ld .
concej>lion .... e'" minori,y 0r',,,,,o, "..",,-~v.d.nd judged
in "' ... , ..... '" A"",,.;c-.n p'><h<~. II "". <onSlnK'. model
01 """,to,.., "_'un: in <..
lIolly"-o<>1 premis< 01 ,n. , a.,a ! ",,,old ., , .... ,
,I>< MtT,h,'e m"" "" ...."" . All qws~",, <
in tl><
01 tho::
I>< .n,we"-"<l by tl>< .nd; .n
<"'00'0" must ,,"" ,n.i, " ,.,'s." notnlng mol' be introduced
t ..... , " 'ill "'" ",," 'r ibu~ '" 'ne n.nali,,,, d.nouem<nt.
"The "..m.:1 photoplay 1..-.,.., no doubts, offors no ~xpl._
Mtion
not hing it ".Mot r,n;~h.'" (losu", i5 th""
not only ,n. ,im bon, .1 .... , .... m., ,","
u"med n.fT.ti,'~ . The ;toT;' d'p"nd, "I"'" being read as. rontinuou,
cM;" 0/ caus. . . nd eff"" .. , ,I>< I." elleet of an init;.,1 oau,",
defi nes tl>< enJ,
Wh"$Or\< 0/ c.u,"" pro"..1 tl>< story? I'rincipdn)" tl><
p.ycl>oloj;kdl tr.its of tl>< cha,.." ... , 0 - rule book .......
bluntly: " I" the motion_p;ctu,", plot, e,'.ry sit""'ion, e,ooy
cri,i., ",'ery
ing ''''p. mLJ.>' a';"" lrom $0"'" defin_
i""y und.r>'ood motiw on ,he P"" 0/ ,I>< cM,.."o, ron_
'rolling , .... , P"""ula, situ.tion, <ri. i. , 0' . d,'.ncing
''''p.''' n,., principk of psycht>logi<.1 ," ,, " 'i'y 'uoord i",,1\'0 im!"'""n,' 0' '''''''''0'0'' ," ,,_ (n.tuI<, oct; uf God.
the ,u".."",tu,.I) '" p"noonal cau ... _ c .... ,.><ters' feeling>.
,,'. nts, .nd 'houghts. Thio "",an, 'M' ,he n., ..
""iIl
,,,"": 0 p .. ~.!\"n j " or'" 'hot II .. "' '''' ''''c w,1l ")"'," ,,' ,ho>
protagon;"" >do... iring $Om< ".'e 01 . tt.i ..., ronlrontin;; <>1>" ..d e, 10 ,h. , d .. ire nd, u,...,n)" o,'ercoming 'I><m . II ,I><
pro"'gon;", ;" ",,'ive. strong, .nd gool..,rien,od, , ........ '''''
unity 01 a c.u ....1 c .... in _ 'he .. tisfoe'ion of <ie>ire_ w;1l
y"ld ,I>< closure 0/ ,I>< na",h,,,,
It i, ",,,,n,lal '" not.
this modol of ... " . tiv~ "mo_
'01,", .ubordin."', time and >iM"" to ,I>< c .... in QI
anol
off"" The ... " ch.p"" will .""mine how d . ..i<.ol <in<'
dg<"
Q,,.,,,,
,..,.1
""u""
" x.d
""".Ii"" "'u,t
J"''''
"f.
rrol':""
,i.,.
,ho,
<-. "..
mahc .1"'" i. conSlruc'ro , here " .., <an 'imply nole ho",
",.rra'iY< Ii""-' ""lu",,,,,,,,, '0 ,he mnh"" il), of ","uS< . 00 d
f."", eo .....!ity de',-".mi"", ' em",,,.' ro.tliou;' y by ."'" tin ~
,h.tt ,he ",d~. o f ..",nlS in 'i>< pi'" (.he "" .... ' '.on wo ,." .
,vunt ) mfn"", to tI'" " ,Je. ul ewnt< in ,he ;~"Y (the
1""""''''<1
,~ .''''n " ). .. Alw oy. "",k. '" rt.l in:'
not<'< """ """I'" "">ok. "'1h..1 the lollowin;; """'" i, the
!iCe"" ,h.t, f,~IoII'" r fec. runtinu it" ,n..u",.
ilI u
,ion ."" ,\ , I,,, du.ation ."e nlS <JI no ,"u",1 momen' "' ill
"". >bS<' n' ,or .l>b"" ,,,,d; in".,.,. I, will be In.' dy ,kipp.:d
in "n!... ~ , ..... so. 'he "",,,,,.1 <_ ",.1 .~ I.' io n' . Tim< i, fn..
q"""')Y C(jf\'",Ik>d by m n< of the d<>vi<t- of . d dlin<.>,
w"",,,,by d ",",ion fuse> i n'elli ~it>l~ with ,he ch. in 0/ cau,",
. nd dt..", . n.... "."", ~ " lif."' ". "',tm i"" ,,, """'''' pe .
""'tI) "'~m rli f... ho,,' ("."",l in wlhgibility d.,ennine< do
ro,;on, ., do .he endingo of nlm' ., d ine",n , S'<t,
eho ...... nJ A#~
Dre)'dS1"""imily to ,he
is o.,Hv o"ab
lished . Du'ing and .fte, World W.. , l. Amc,k.m nlm.
ba....-d upon ,Iteoe premi ...... ," roted EulOpe .nd Sc. n
.Ii". ,'" . In I..,.. simila. prin,c;pk.. "ore , I.udy infonning
EU"'I"'.n r'lmm>king. as Urbdn G.ds bo<,k fitm.n (p"b
liol1e ,irtu
.11)' a syt>OflSis of Ii>< ruk>s for "", npl.), rut1,trucl'i<m in
Holly" "'.;!
A film
uI "on " nd~"". M.bI,
.......:< (>/ , .,," " ond el*"",," wh;,oh m,,;t ,he,, . nd , ~ '".:
' "The plot 'hould "" .. ",11runt.i","su,,'
must b< ",h;",~"<1 "", ~ y n.,'u,,'. ,ho,...... "'" f.I, buI by
,h.."" ...... <l.<i""n , a nd ...... '.on . _prin;;;n;; {rum ,,,,i. ;n
..;......... Int""",,, nd ~, .. t,:, n..: 110,,' ,,/ limo must b<
hom<....."<1 to ' h<' ""lTO th', .cOOn. ond fla ,hb.o<k. m ust b<
min i", ....od . AS ..:riptwrit<.,-. D.~y ",,,,,t..f h,,,.., " ',,.1<0...1.
howe"" i nl" itiwl~, with t"" p' oIoc'~' dumin.nt in hi;
d,,'. Th.1 h i, "wn worl< mf"""s 10'''' modd ;S. thon.
h'~ly st.rtl;ng, B"t the v.ry f"" t th .. ~ , ~~ end "I IN.'
d ....od" Cad >ut..f ." co.ily 1,)tmuLa'c .h" prin,c;p'"
,ho, al",aJr ,he)' wono '"..""ming c. noni"'-"<l .
IV""" is in'o""ling. then , j , how Dnoyd. film, inlk<l and
",'end ,he d ,>m;t\.l n, p'act ""~_
"''I'"''''''
perf''''
,""."",1modd
".""';co...
""''"st,
."AA'-....
THE IMPERSONAL CAUSE

N."..,;," logic d" nt<lnd. 1""",,1 un ;<y. T"" """.ti .... m ".'
c"he..., . D"'yd. . . d ~ fil m,. Ii"" ,hri. Hnllyw<>Od ,,"\"-...... .
po,a';"., ".ill not adm ;1 ,he . rbit,,'; n., .. ,,( their unifying
opc,ation' , In... ead. lhey mmil'.'e their pn.... un." """aN
unil~ by 'pp<"dl t" <oM'en l"""'! 'ign' 01 """'un.'
50""" of ,ho .. 'Y'tem. d iff", in n" w.y fwm ,ito>N

in II", d .. ",ic., ""od~ L Li"" n~"" ........ ti"" ntm.. Oreyer"'
",o.k, "til",. "' ~ just ,.'" 01". ",. 1d",'''''~ but ""w,1. 'hus
.."" ' t<I<~ " m\i nin g" ,hod.
f o. one th;n~ . Dre)'er
hobit"ally dr.w, upon -..... in
wh;,oh traJilio .... ny
~mbu<ly t~ ...w_dNlh. ma.-ri.>g:t'. ,"u nion , ojl<-nc<, night.
,he ,king'~. doo,. the shlOWng ,J "Y.... "'<. n... Sligma.
,r:n;I 0t"I' e nd, with the image (>/ the cn.ro<teI< sitting in
g~m ,"""",",'. Th< Brik of ChndaJ clooe. with. wedding;
Midi/ , LIot.. from
;wk. nd TIt< III"",,', IV..,.,
<00 with the d .. lh 01 moin chor.,......_ In 11r Ill""""
W"""', Th< SligmatU;rd 0..,,;, 11>< Brik of G~"";"I nd Tho
SIMI, Iw..:". Th~ Wi,.,. the ""union of. f"iT of 10...... con
>tit""" ,he coTICl" ,"",n, n... r"""*,",, ;TlCI"""" 0 R'Un.""
wedding. .nd "".th in its ~ ... l mini"."' In oddition ,
the end i n~ 0/ ,he n.ITati, .. prope' 1TId)' to< stTffigt~
by the end"'s 01. fr.me 'Wry, . , when the b.",k 'huI, in
n... Pn<iJerrt.nd when Solan ~na lly "",d,..,. hi, ",w.,d in
Int.... frr>n
8mIr. venl. in the ,ndin;; ""'Y 01", ..
plrit!y cite the beginn ing. The fi"" l ..,idJo in 11,.. ~I
,"""'" in 'h<' ",me k"'.... .. the film', fi", death . The
fir>.l shoI of 11J<"
Widow in... in f""" th<' t,,., iow"
ganlOtiling in n.turol ><tMg; tho loS! l hot "'pI..1S 'hI'
""t!in)(, btU the I"w" .....
>lTOined ,00 ",riou" .nd
im ... , '"' IN.",,_ The ti",. ",,)0"(1, (>/ M i<...,t at" '"In .he
11""",011"" M.,!d, . t the ,ond,~. he film. thr j<>um.ol
i<l SII'i" ' ''''''IS up to Md....~'. 'F'''t"""", you. " .. ",or
cond,,"""'.
,.,.."'IS
'"'t...
Sat",-,
Ill"".,.,
w.
""III
i ,~,'
In >no'h,, ,,,.p'..... ""we" ,,,, O",)'dO films a", Guit~

"n",u.t In ,IK- <1.,."". , modd , ;m,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 <'uses (",
I.m i....,. ""';'1 p ..... u"'>. ",tu 1cO"''''''phe) proviole a cit("um.la nt.. 1b.o<kground, wh it. P'"""""t <. " ""' - ''''P'-,,''111
ch" """-,, P,)"<hology - pn'pel I"" n . rr>Ii,~_ In O"-'} ,
film,. '''1''""",,1 c. u,.1 sy,,,,m, p".,'.il. N"I ' '''', eh ",,
",,,,' p>y<holog)' is ."""'nt . Mi<h.,1 b.:It.y' Zon;t b",,"u,,:
,>I ;nl.ruati<,n w ;.h ,he
in Th. S,jg",.tb>i
""hi<.> ru ,he, to ""'0 Hann.h""" b..'C.u", he Io ,..,. "' ~
and"", on . Ch.t,aclero .. ill ",fleet. decido, ond .><:1 . 8Ul
Oreyor in",'" 1'"')~hologic.1 """"Ii'y into. wid .. ft."", of
",u.. 1n.>kn>,..,., """ ,hot ptC'detonnines the charao"',,' ac
"" k' on unus",, 1 d,'S"", . Thi' "idor pattorn m'~ ""
' nk'm.1 ." tho ,,,>tld ,)/ II", "" ..ali",,_ In Tit< 11>"",,',
WiJ( .. ,,~, k~m .""."Id [).om<' M.rga.~, . nd "'.,- I;"" hu,
"""",,..I '" th<' "Id F,,, .. ,n. ",id" ..
5"1,,,"
,nd M. ti '""'" to "".; in Ihi' w.y. ,he .... n.ti""
a
. h~ 'h", 0''''' .nd beyond ,he <ha .><", . . indil'iolu, 1d.,.i"",_
O. lhe I.rw--r <-, u.., 1 1o",", may
in ,on", .... ".ti,'~
1'''''''''''
0"".
""rod
""""r"
""'"
""i"
m<llTy' ",m",on') ro dOl."" ;",, tho! son'. d."i..iuns, In

Th<- Brill< o{ G_J.I, ,he chi<! _ t.><:1< 10 'h~ (Nm.lI" ,>I
Tu,," a nd S.rit is
",lu.., L Wilhi n ,he world of
tl>e>e narr.th'e" '""n, both I.,.. ''''' lam ily s hap<" c.u ..1
/ore<, l.1'g'" th.m the prot.goni,,"' p."",n.1 will' , s"ldo",
G""'tiolWd . the.., e.u".1ron"" i"ts .", ."uml to b..' cus
tomary, to be st"'ggi..'<.1 ag.in" bu, .,," iuod."",,,,.liy
chang.,,;,
T"'o
'ystcm. joi n "'ith ,he fo",., of " "' .nd f.m
ily to rortil)' na"..'i,', unity in tho...., film" One i. n.tu,e.
Most li"mlly, by , impl), d'",""in); ",,'u,.1 "'''in~., ,he
film' .ncho, H"" oorfOt;'-. in. cuHu r.I I)' stc"-"'yp! con
ception of h.HTIlony, D.-.yeT. earl)' f.lm, kI"ntil)' coun t'
..,,,ing' ...- ;,h romance: ,II three >eduction >c~ne ' in 11..
P~', ' he
of S;och k. and H.n"" lieb..' in 11"
SI'Xm"ti::nJ 0"", eYen the "'"' ru",1 ,hot in Mj("""'(, n..
moSl .1.00,-,1\> in"."'~, Tilt 8,01,> of GI<>m,1oI, ~ n ts
To,"', It"," for ~rit a. profou'1dly " ".1,,,,,1'" ToTO, pI.n'
ins ''1d pI"",i"g. is """",tl with the rth, whi'" 1I.,ri',
of ...", "iewl 'gain" brigh' 8"''' or birch.,., i """" ...'<.1
wit n g",,,,ing ,h;o!;" When ,he couple "retch (>Ut on the
gnm'1d or rid< 'hmugh the roun"pide , D"'Y~' cui> to
!<Jog
'hat hatm(Oni<c 'hem ",ith ,he l.1od.pe , ks,
o,-ertly, D",y~r'. o.rl)' r,lm. "'pre",nt n.h m' OS principle
of """"i,,, ordering, an a priori .y.tem whe",.,' .uthority
a'1d . uboni ...."'.'" p",do'ermilWd . nd roles.", _'8"'-'<1
to t>Id and )'''''ns, Dreyd ny li lms """",ble O"u's 10,.
[ilm' in implkitiy a ppealing 10 ' ' up.",.. t"'~ ",hkh suid",
indi""',,,, 1d"'tin;" inlO a col><,,' n, pa".'m,
Anothe, pe",.,i,'., i"'I"'"...,,,,1 ,"u.., 01""".' in 'I><..,
narrativeo, """ ",hkh ! mus! labol Chri>tianity, Like "the
,hythm
""'u"': Chris'ianity offers powerful motiv~ '
tion f<>f "'Tra ~ ". <losu,", So,,", of tl>e>e lilm, avow .
thorough~"UinS JOl"'ndo""" upon ChrisH.n religJosity:
the """,t obviou, inst.""" i, In"", from Sa"n', BooI;, in
whkh.he J.-.u tory become-> the p>t"'m lor , ubsjucn'
epi.oo,-"" But more into ......tingjy ,'1d more .ymptom
..... lIy, mos. '" ,he mm. typiu.lly ""n Chn,,;.";,y in . t
<m ly one 0'
str.'egic mome nt>. Aga in.'1d .gain, 'Ilt>
film. feel the"""; '0 cite Chri.t;"nity at lhe rnd, ro certify
the mm', conclu.ion . In'o. purdy >Kular n""ti,,, Ii~.
Mje""'J, oon.cemed only with the "'powu. world of Ii.
...wlt ,"i". , Df<'yor ..,ddenly inoe ... relig;.:lU' ico",,!\,
raphy: de Mon,h ;"u die. oiump<'c,,,, t )'.o",r. d""hl:..'<I, the dt"OOrochi"";,rn,, i. ",.
placed by crocif",- The d "oe 0/ 11.. BriM of GIm,daJ, "le
in ",hieh "'lig;"" ..,!ton. '"" he,rt of ..,Ifo,h fathe" an
1><, 1"""(0
0'"'"
<Om."'"
.s in 11.. P",iIInIl, "'hkh ""gin> wilh ,I>< imol!" of

d",S',mming ,I>< /ore<,
Viletor. fam ily tn.", mg, 1),
tha' m.lkc, o;och S"""ration "'P"" tl>< .. me m"Ia ' ." Tilt>
rtlm', cou ..1 principl< [NY ~" on "" i<lon' i/"'<.I with. pm';.
n.rr.Ii,'.; lnl... ""'" S.II."', 8<>.01: p","'nts /uu, Slon..'S.
'hn" of " 'hkh ','''n.>et ,he o.u ... 1 I'd " em. of the fi"', in.
ma n""" Wha, e...,tlv", the nature
of ,hi, wi<l," " u", II""",?
.
n..,., .-., /0, <m~ ,hlng, ;'''1'''""",,1
id,-",,'ifol
., primarily """ .. I: ,he law . nJ the r.mil)" D.-.;),o" c.dy
f!lms u.u,lIy rep"""nt 'h~ .0d,,1 '" wh" const"in ""
puni.hes, In n.., P,..;,u.,I, the I,w ~nt~r> qui'" lito"lIy: ' he
p"""gonist is. iudg<', fof'<'<."d '0 try ,he ca .. of hi< ill<gib
m.", ~. uW" d. murd", of "'" illegitima ,,, ruby, In".""",
Sal'." BooI; kl,,,,tif,,,, tl>< low"'" ('H'Ily with ,he ... ", bu,
.100 with the e,tabli,hed <huh, Sim il.,ly, In TIt, SIlK'
mat"-d ant>, the """",Uy ~et"rmilWd ,t"u' of the Russia n
Jew. "'-'<'OrnE' ,he p~it;"" for 'he ch."",,,,,.' "'-')"v .
;0" In, romk ".riat;"", Th<- Ill""",'. w...,.., .how. rom
munity eu.tom. forcing the young Soofron to ""'''Y <>Id
Dame M'rga"",
f.lm ily ti<" .1.., pro,'klo. """",I c,u", ro mot;,-"" "",,"'i,,, closure, In TOO" 511.1t Ho"", Thy Wifr, ld ., mothe,.'1d
an ,un' intorw"" ' 0 "",ke ld. 1<",'. the 'yra n"k.1 Vi~ t or.
In 'h"", ep;.oo",of l.Nm ""'" Sal""" &>01;, bmily ",,,,,,m
moti,'"'' ,he heroines' ded.ion to accept d",'h. Tht Pm;
dml baldly uoes the ad,'~ of K.,IViktor'. f. t"", I " N~"e,
im"",
,hu,
0.'
,1><""",,,,,,,'0""',,,,,,
'Y''''''''
,hoi,
01
'wo
"
EAIIL' m .M S, NAJtAATlVE fOlIM
1'IOt.l,,,,,,, ''''''
".n,, ,..,
GOO
lo,'c", un i'c-J. n.. A"..",,',
WidDw end , with .,..,.. h.i"'J io, "", ... ting Sol"'n.nd
Mori . Although "'ligion ;. not i"'nJOnifled in Tho" Sludl
Ho'lO' Thy Wife. ,.., scrip,u,.l ' id" Io<h in. from ,he O1J'_
, ide i' we ... 0 f""em for 'he film', >chon .nd f"""'"
"'rly for its ending. Perh.lp. moot "lOni,hing i. 'ho end of
n.. p..,;.u.,r. "'hich h.l . ...11ed ......,l ly 0" COI u ..' f""''''' <Ii
.. ", ... , .nd """'"r.I" ..,,.... Abruptly , K.lrl Vi." ... , bo)u'
'" kill him",l/, Dn.~' cut< ,,, po .... " gu" nl .inging
hymn pleod;ng fur J.. u. to g;'" u, ". bi.....-d d lh.".nd
,he film eondud .. "'ilh the \a .. poge of ,he book proclaim.
ing. "Glory '" God in ,he hig!..,."" Not hing eQuid
d,'"""''' .....'' , .... c""",,i,'" d,S...., 01 closu," ()/ ,,,,.,,,, ~drl y
film. 'hon 'ht'ir "'11" '" 'ummon up bonol ... Iigiou. Cu" '"
i "~,..,.. .n e"di"S . 'n."ady d,''''''''''''''! by o j"". c. u,.1
be,,,,,
...
factor.;.
The pre",n,. ';",,"f .. ,,~,. I imp'"",,,., <au .. ' orue .. -
....,....f. ",,' u,.l, ",ligi<..... -.toc"'l"..., ."'P'ho "'..... . nod

guiding ,he chor.cter;' beh ..'ior yield d""m' which
PlI' .... cIa>o",.1 premi"" ()/ closure to .n ""treme. The c.....
s",al him ,lri,", 10 be unified. bou t unnoticeably .," by ere
.hog . n .".,,><t "" .... ,...... "f iml"' ........ , <, u.,'" 'he O"'f'"'
film c", ..,.. not",>bl}' o!>'<l and i ..... ,< "'" ()/ n.IT.Ii'e pofallels, PI
'hoi P""'~""'''' PI StOry ond plot ~""" .nd '" veo1,'I'ongu.ge in ..... film,
Tho>
inkl'" . t>sio'a<' orde'" '" ".rr>liv<' c.u,.lity
portly
the film' ru' ouch ""'ph,,;, "" p." llel
.iluatio",. This t""tic i. > respon .. to. problem th., ron
fronted filmm.~ during the Io'e '"","" 00..' """" one
..... ,ch .... n.,i"" 10 the iffigth 01.
[Olm? Griffilh
hod pro"Oded two model" the n(",elis,,, .. 1e ",h"h e,.m.
contr ting ch.l'iKte" .nd ,ubf>lots into, ,ingl. epoch
ITh< Birth of Notion! , .nd the film of epiood .., buil, un lhe
eomporison '" differen, histotic.ol epoch . The fe.,ure [Olm,
of Inc< .nd o.Mille eonto,m to ,he """elis!ic mod.,
who", Toumeut'. _ n . Chri,,,,n .. n'. HWn, .nd
La"g', v". MWk Tod ..emrlify tho fdm ()/ .pisod... ~
eruei,l pui'" is 'hot both mod .. knit .hort n ,,,.. ~' "
tog<.~ho, by "",.n, ()/ ""pliOt p".llef, in ,h ... <w, or
1"'''''''''''
,;"w.,
bee,,,,,,
Ie.,"",
Lik< hi' c"nwmp'"arie<, On,),<" ",I ... upon po llel;';m

'" ... Iw ''''' problem of foiling out . learur,, leng.h film . The
P"" ..... ,'. f" ",ll<>lllo,hb.Kks mo,i,.te ,he I""", ""'Y' ond
'hilt< . mong ",,..,,,,1 poin .. of ,;"w gi, .. nr.. 5ligm"tiud
an..
.nd MichArl ",,,..,Ii .. ,,, "",.d.h . Li'" tnt""'-',

s.ton, Boc>k-on<' of ,he Ionges' .ilent f,1ms
m.d. in o.nm.rk _ .tring> togethe, tou, his,,,t'o<.ll"'riod.
on , .... bo,i, "I d istind "''''p.rison . hm ,he mo", c"",
pres,..; film', Ii... Th< 1\1"",,', Wid"", and nrc.. S"III/""",
Thy Wi/<, dOl"'nd upon potallol ron"ruc'ion, in "" Y' .hot
,,~ ,lull ....
In hi. early ",ork. O",yo, uoe' po ,.lId C"""""""'" in
d i,line' " ')S. Oit," clu,,,,,,., '" '~",'Km will be
<Ompo......J '" ...""',,, .nd tl> film will .lteffiOw b<tw~n
"n~ . nd the othe, ,,, J .. ". t .. f"talld to ou, notice. This is
often. f.irly k>cal clf"d, . s in 'h< ",eit., '" motif, th.t
iKOOInf"ny mos' ""n.h,,, ,itlLltionS in ....... "OIly film,
In TIk>u 5 ..11 Hmt Thy Wi/<, ld. is OOO1f"red 10 "", coged
bird , in n" S, jgm<lliud p,,.... H'n.,. i, ,omp"T\'d '" h",.is"" , wh it., ' ""
Sochk> is contro,,,,d to th< bntti<h
Foj~ in Mkhwl. tl>< ,ha,it(lc..s' .j'u"~"".T< ",,,,,t.ntiy
"'p"''''''' od in ,t.< .rt work' th.t ,mround ,hem. An
el.b,,,.,. "s.> '" soch .tot", f",,1Ie1< com", in n.. Bridt of
GI.J .... I, ",I><rein geography"''''''''' '0 ",.,.,.. the f"rolld,
het.... ""n Tore', anod Betit'. lomJ "... C"""';ng .nd ........ n ...
ing the ti,,", be,,,, ...,,, II", I.mit..... f,rm> berorne;. ril""f
i,,'<1 \\""u"" I""" P" ~'" in Ii"" ,>/ poe")' hol.ncing ,he
"vo s;d," ,d . n 'n~'''''sis; the ftlm', ge"",,1 lac\; ()/ lOT'
..... nl ",,",,"n'"m .. ""'. "'W'Y from its U\,;"enae on tig<'.
oust)' ma t,h i"S ,""h , j.",,;,.,.t Tore', f.rm wi,h . nother
at Il<ti t'.
Mot<' dynam", i, . ",",ond .. ,,' "f p.fOlid "'n.t""" ~m
we can c.lI rerl"",men'. Ho", ''''' . """"'t p."wrn of
"'~at""n i, m'rped out i" On~ f"rl ()/ t"" film, .nd the
pdf.llol ,i"",OOM de,'oiop .''"'I""n';''II)" 0 """'"' ()/ von..
'ion, on ,he initiol oct""". In,w. d ()/ .huttlins '" .nd ho 10
compore cha ,,,,,,o... 'he film """, I"..,.. the eh ..",,,,,,., lik.
fogu,..,. in. d.ne<. '" ""'''' I",m """ n'lTati," posi'"", 10
. ""'Ix~. follin~ role. """' '''d by olhe, chaTiKt .... Such <y '
d",.1 "'pLxemen' "",.titu"" Dreyer' .... moo ()/ the con
'~mpo .. 'Y film,~ ''P';od ... nr.. p..,;.u.,r ini'io'", thi,kind
()/ ",n.,,,,,,,,,,,,, . K,o".vik",,', fathe, oedue.,,; a wo,king'
ct." w""",n .nd h. s ", m,rry "",", '0 hi. l.tl><.' n""y
."",.; K.lrl Vikt ..... him .... ,; <eduCt" .' k>wer-<i, child . The po"llel. ",uld al"",,' he
ge"""ted mathem .. ically lrom ,he ,.liable> (nurry;not
marry, "''''d ough'''" <>tc.). A' 'h. do.., ,he unhdppy WM'
ding of K.l,lV,klOt', fath<, i, ,ul"'n<eded by ,he h.lppy
u.ro.. from
''''0
id,,,Ii",,,
wedding of Vic,o";ne, Karl.vOkIor'. father wrote hi, will

b<:f",~ dyins; K..rl _Vich" cump' ..... a f,,,--well ..."e a nd
cornmit< <uO;id~ . Such f"" Orr'l' <>i ",pI>"",nr rompel 0,
to inre..n
c. u<ol scheme I.rger than on)' indi,-K!
ual e .... r"""'r.
A .imi!." p""em of repl;oc.,ment ",Ie> the other ..,rly
film>, InO"" ~p"'" Tim,. the finale is built upon d"",i"lllg
,I>< prine".. into believing that there i, .noIher prince"
..... ing '0 marry another prince: of """"". , he and ' he
D, ni,h prince . '" .Iott.d 1<" 'he m.rn.~,," ,,,,,,-.
p ...... nlS Mich ... t. t.k""' .... , <Jl7-<>ro(", .rti>ti< po>i ~ on in.
""'TW ,," ,hall "".mi"" in the "",t chapter, In thI"" other
film <. the pott~ms 01 "'pl.men' de",""" ine ,'inu.lly .he
entif<" "'<TOIi, true.ure. and the..,,,.,,,.j to be examined
in. fi"., more de .. il
For .~, intricacy. no ... 01 the r~ms ,u'Pd" '" the
d"",ity 01 po .. t!.,t"m'.t wm~ in I.nrtor< f"""
/Jool.
n.. moti". oon fo' the pM.llel"m I.... in s.... n. power
to move.....",.. <liff.",ot "po<h' , God ch.rgeo s..t.n with
tempting m.nkind: fur e~ pe""" 1>'00 doe. not . ",,_
comb . 'oou>an<l YN" will be lif'ed from s.. .. n. "",.
'ence . E.xh 01 ,he mm. fOllr e pisode. po .. tlc4 'he "'he ....
fO ,ha. nalTa'ive !,, " em, of betr. y.1 '''1IWT\Ktt"d I ! voriotion' on a them<, n.. ~ e"",1 of the oction mn.i,,, 01 ill
phaseo: (I) s.. ... n di'gui ... him",a a tigure of . utoori.y;
(2) " char",,'er emerg..... poten';'1 tJ.i.",; ()) s..t.n
tempi< ,ho, Ch.,oc",,; (4 1 5<,,,,,, ""tion fuKe> the rnoroct.r
'0 d,'<kl,,; (5) Th. c.... ,.."., d,"(0;1 .., (6) The ,,",ult' of the
d..:>sion ,ta nd """a!od.
tn .he fi ..., opi.o,k S... o . , Pn, ri_ ">~"I\,ll)'
"'mpl< Judas
I~>u. , n.. Sp"ni,h . pisod. begins
to v. ry the ,o.me. Now we find tu" oct. of betr.y"'. on<
brief, ,he o,her prolonged, Firs' ,0. majordomo inform.
the Inqu;"ihon tha' Don Gomez ..... co,nmitted he "" y.
'fhe.n Satan. posing .. the Grand Inqu;,;,01, pom;u><l .. t h ~
monl: Don Fem.ndez '0
Don Ct>mI-,. Th<' """'~
plO"'" through to. '" pho .... 01 to. plO!tem "d he Hn.II)
..""umb" " ping t.. bett. bolo", re. tizing his cri"",.
Th him episode ring< .titt me", d u nge, <nO.he !>.o,",
oction , n...", phd..,..re p"""nted when Sa ... n impel!.
,he ,"",,'an' Joseph to betray hi. mist"'"'. c;.,nev"'v<' Mter
her dea 'h . oow"",r. Joseph is mUCK by remo ... and trieo
'0 .. '.., M,rie Antoine'''''. lif. _ in ,he proce .. ~yi.S the
'!as<" of temptation. deci,ion. and con""luences. [n ,he
Finnish >egm<nt. two fig"""'''' . gain c..t pot.nti.1
betJa)",._ the I".ri,,1 neighbor R,ut.niemi. ...il)" ,w.)"ed
0,,,,.11
M_
Sot,.,
00 """'Y
""'''y
".bo
by Sat.n, ,nd tn. fml,,,,,,,,if<! S iri , "'100

he,...,lf r.,her
'h.!n bEtr.y her hu.bond or he, country. Signmc.. nUy. 'he
fi .... woman
occopy the pooition of pot.nml tr.;lor!WgJ"" the plOttem of """,y.l; n,,,,erthd,,,", ,he O\w.lI po' _
tern
her .. t within . wO;l,", f",m" "f ",fe",,,,,,,, .han
.h ....... ch ..
psychology muld .
A, if ' hi, """. not enough. wi,hin """'" epi.ooeo of
u.n.; there.", p" .. Ud '"bplot> '" w~tt (e .g . in 'Il< Fi n
nish opi"';o . he , .. ngo."", of N,imi is in'o<iuro wi,h
,he Siri main pIotl, Such a de"", ,,'eave of pdr,11e1 Ii"", of
en.bto,. ,he ' "'wor
o.e"l1 po''''''' of
c,u""'ion in wh;,;h """,h cha,..:t".....>g.mlr;s' 0/ "J'O'"h .
porti<ip .....
Cydic. 1"'plac<."ment i. tre.t.d with m<>,.., v.ri"') in two
o,hor e.rl)" film, In Th<
Widow. the b k
cOO\p.rison-the po,.IM of DaTI\\' Margon>! (Sofwoslegal
wil<;) wi,h Ma,; (Sol",,, ', boo' mti>ed)_is .ubjo::cted to rich
comic ,.,riab..,n,. Drunk. S"I",n "-'" D."", M.,!\"", , .
be.u' ifu l )'oung wom. n (fiS'. Z-JI . On<. married and i"
D.me M.rgaret", oou",. Sof .... " pklts to .... pliK~ 0."",
M'rga"" witn M.ri. bu, Marg.ret, old "",0;1,.",.on' Gun vor ron"andy.>Cts otalking he ...... 5<,f", n
up
~ ! .ri 'i>f loom bu' Cunv()f ta~~, pia; SQf",n plan,
to ,isit M.ri ,ha, night. bu, at ,he I.. t minute M.rgaret
Om"", Gu",or.oo M.ri to ",'itch bed., The permutation.
toke """,boo, 'urn ",hen SoIren, 'hinking M'rga"" i. in
. ho:; H , hih, 'he t...ld,.,. ,,, nt.l kO hoe, f.tI; ;, is, 01 rou ....
M.ri "'he I.tt . Whe n Marga"" ",.IO<es , he;, 10"" .nd w;lI,
hoeroclf
die. ,ho:; p"ltern of "'pL>cemen' i, rompleted ..
Mari. in ,he ,'ery 10" , he,. duplic.> ..... Dam< M'rga"" (fiS'
'0
pi"".,
o<t."
ac';""
'0 e."""" .n
"",,,,m,
.ne." on
'0
~ -5).
Tho. Slu!jl Il_" Th~ Wi/< i. ,;mpte,. ""'''' .. nngen,

TIw folm comP""""' ,he .. tion ink> two d.Y'. ""p... td bJo'
month, .nd OIpniz., its p.,.I.,I, into two ""Ium,,;;
Befo .. and After, n.. reploce"",nts pivo' .round the
ehang..-d ot,itud .. of Vi~tor, Early in the film. [d . g~
.bou, her morning chores while Viktor sleep': I"er the
h~,,,\>t<d V'k,o' J"", ,he .. "", <I.""" . When Vi."" find
,he p"rio< fe""",,,,d w;.h dripp;ng bund,y hung up dry.
he ""","S"d; 10k, he Joe< 'he ;'u nd'J him .. l!. &,.-10"" he
"r,leIS that the we' boby boo .. ..,n "u'; ,I " ho:; fumbtingly
cloanS''' tho ruby". ~i .p"IS. At firSt he blow. ,mo'" ..
Td. . bi,dS; .,'""tu. lIy he
nd !..ed, .hem. A, ,"'"
point he
hi< daush ter. but I.te, he <loa..,. ho, in.
'piri' uf fun . Aoo "",,'he beginning "I ,he film he ON"'"
hi' .... n to " , nd in ,he rom ....; bu, .' 'he end. 'o)l<"t Id.
'0
.tri,,,,
w."'... .
It
... u~ nUolS, NAltUTIVE FORM
7. Thr_ ', w"",".
"""'-'gh Ih>tlx.~ h 1(.,I-ViU"r', [>the, . nd "'~ - Vi kt '" him",'f oed"" ..... """'n; boIh ..,.."... m u" U k<: p~ by
..",. m.nd be fi lmed from .n~ which """. til< w.t..
motil (fogo. 6---7). Sim n .~y, in Tht Ill"",,', Widcu'. Mari.nd
1)0"", M.~....1 m .. ", bo <on"'ntl)' li ke",..,! ''''''''gh ""me,
. hol """'position, " nd >s1"m< (fog, 8). II is no1 '''''''8n
tlul tn.", be w<l<ilng . t th.' beginnins.nd n,., end ing of
Tht P...... t; .hoI fo'
misN'tl..,-m, .nd ..>d i ~ng in.i,t th. t " " compa'" _h ..,..",,' , in.erpl.y . mong pOOl.
brid., groom , .nd I.n"" (figo. 9- 211.
im!"'''.n'' "" .... ~" . paralld.
tylisoc
pm<l u .. whieh will rua, ,-;"o,lIy .1I 01 D"'Y'''-' c. "",,,
.I,.m."io:m , If, in ord., 10 .,hibil ,he ".,"'Si""",... of.n
impersonal c... ",1 order, 'he film m ust P"'''n'
1",.1101 ,; ' .... ,\on . I ~ il m.. " ,I.., fond w.y to bring
lhe .. oxplicitly tu ou, "","_ . A, th.t particula, momenl
in film n;,,<>ty, In., mos,ff",,",'. "",.n, for doing '" w
cwsutting, Pe,n.", wh.ll o.-.y'" Ie.rned from Tht Birth
'" N.,;,. .nd In"",,,,",, "'as how
uoe . I"'mal;og
cfOM<utting ""' ,imply ""'pen..,ful off"", bul
.1;01.
1.1"",
b.ck, Vikto, m u51 ... nd i~ lhe come, hi",-",II. Th u, Vik_

tr.",lorrn.1oon is . ' pres..,.! pu rely Ih""'go lhe
n""nct'S of par.llel . it ualion .
Soch """""i"" par~ llol. c!aim o .. r . "onl"" . Il lhe """"
powerfully bK . .... D",y" Iu, ,..,god. ohot, .0><1 cuI I....
film with . n 0/ 10
lhem . In Th, "",idml. jl is nol
to,',
"""'ing
mot"......
.bo""""
'0
EUl~
'"
.......
fund.""", .. 1 tool 0( ""IT'~'"

,,;ng, > way of fo",
grounding p""llel O;lu.ohon. _ In nu, PriJrn1, <TO<s<u'hng
!unc'""""'o ",, "'Ilel motif< (." old " .." .nd young chilo
d",,,, pri"""". """"I'" .nd ","'ye"- N l'Kjuel). The
.Iilrt 0/ Th< /li""n', Wid"", <o"tr..ts 50",,,', slill-.;:hildi,h
impUMo (shots 0/ Sot",,, wondering.acros Lond.cape)
mMS, NAllJITTVE fOaM
JI
"
and ' .... demand.of ,lie pos;'''''' "" """"" (.he 'olhngchuf'<h.
"'U). Throughout ,he fLlms. ,he doublinll" .00 cydiou.l
~ .. "", "'f""$"I' tod Ihf<>l18h CI'05OCU"ing. Micha<j
ro ..... ,,!ly ju;;t.)'<JOCo ohoI. of ,he <>Id .rti" Zo"" in his
studio with ,hots 0/ M;,;ho<l d .. ",,,,,,,,. and .he film',
r"" .. ,.,." up"" po"... r/ul <msso:utling be, .... """ Zo-
"
....U flIMS, NAnJlTIVE I'OIlM
the m.."" lo"""! t1><' goal. "'stitutes the pri""''Y Ii"" of

oction , But , i""" Drey..-r'. d",,,,,le .. .", ,,,,,,k,..-d within
largeT <au,.1 .y.'em>. ,"" pm" goniS'" b;otrl< """" "'
i.'e . Things IIdpp< n to them ; tI.. y "'''''le, df..ct< 1'rlQ",
,lIdn ,hey ereat. ,auoes. n.. !",,,,,",uted marty .. in Lttn....
from S.1~n. Boot, Hann.ol.,be and he, family in 11r< SIig_IWJ On.. , .nd t"-' old
:!.oret in Mklwl a", d.fi"""
prinurily victims, In 0"" ""'" Tim" afto' It., pri"'''''
!lee. with the rrifK~ to the fo",.t, ,"" mo" solkT I"";,-,,Iy
in her new role. just as lda ooo"go<-> Vikto" !"'tty t",
men" In 11roo Sh.ll
Thy w,/<. Sotren aoo 5iri, in 111<
Ill,,",,', WiJuo.., must first . ubmit to <OCi.l1 law, ,""n to
n.atu,aILlw,.nd finally to a vag""ly C~ri,ti.n law, 5om<-lime elld,,,,,,,, will struggle against t"- e.u ..1 ,y"em in
wh"h he!.he i. enme.hed s when ViktoT and Victorine in
11r< P",idml 'ry '0 ""'ak f"", of ooci.ol a nd he~it.ry
to",.,. but.wn in t'-'i, robo.'lIion the eh. ,,,,,,, .. find them ..,Iv.. replaying f",.d ",t"'m . n.. p rotagonist'. most
common oct""< ,hu, of"", amount '0 <v.sion., COfl<'NI
"",nt. , and Aighl_ In
d""'rmi..oo world , t"-' moot
J:i. i", oction is to "fu",, lu ddine <>n.,.,lf pa"i"" and
t~ <I'><:>ose '0 Ji< . It."", D",y,," p" ~' s<"' i '" may rommit
.oicW;l< (ViKt< in 11r< Pr,..idml, Sin in tn, ... ), """'P' ma,
tynlum O,.. u. , Mo';"An, .. i""" o in /Lon""I, 0' w.sto away
(Zoret in M""",,I)_ .n I""", term i",,'ion. providing. i"';dentally, yet .oot"", "I< to, fI..... live clo.u..,. We <an, il
we like , interpret D"'Ye" p~iltion io, marty" .. "".
pressing,"""", personal vt.lon "" world -v""" but ou, inquiry I.,.d. u. 10 0' "",' th.ol no wo,ld v,",w pn"" isto 1"-'
film. In ",",ping hi. ""mlti""" II>< to"",,1 de"",oo. of
D",Y"" e"""'n mod. of unity "'-""'.i .... ' ed a ."",ir" "'''
of protogoni"_
."i..
"..r. d.ath <hombeT and Mieh..1 lying in the pri""''''.

mm, E"en in d.u"ropOObic a folm ThoJ. 5Io!11 fioooo,
Thy Wift, Drey., c.nnot ",fr. in from cutting ' ''''Y from
I ~.. ,"" .... to Vi't"" ""'vou, ",.ndffing> through to"'n.
In ,hi, ron"'"" troditional ero..cutting fo, ' " 'p"n ..
be<omes not oimply an isoIat<d effect but rather !he eulrni
""bon of the ,,,,tin! r...... ' y ......... of . 1""""..".... n.. F"'nul.
ti",,' . mob ollught., of 11r< StjX"'.t~ Onn, the .. pids
of 11r< BrioI< of GIom'}"I, .nd ,he fina l ",,,,,,, fo,
lii~" of Lttn'tS from Solan ', Boot ~ k>gical ""''''!''''<>NO
of .och fil"," ove,. 11 .lto""Hng ron'huebon, Ind.",.!, with
the ron,tan' k>-.ndlro ,hiit< of Th, B,j,k of G/omdoI, W~
may My that Dreye' ""'". .. til< ' ''''hniq'''' of o''''nding
the prindp., of p . .. I.,IKin to the editi~g of .1""", .wry
""I""nce , It ;.. ma,"'ry ,hat ",ill profoundly inform the
I.'e film. ,
Im!",,,,,,,,,,,,1 causal 'Y'''''''' and I"'",.oi"" ..,,,.,i.,.
pa,.il.,ls eha~ge .he ,""u. of the p"".goni.. _ The go.>l .
<>ri< nta'io~ of the Holly""""" hero . prin.... i,m" 0 d .... i'" to
"' ..... ke ei,m,",",,,,,,, . and ,II< d,'w "'pmen t of thi' desi .. ,
""'l"""""
H""",
,0<"
[n 111<
Ill...,..', Wi""""
the c .... ,.oct.,,' f""ivity i, mosl

yQung Sol",n jQ n"ar,), eld<rty
D."", M_'S'n1 , mol s<> ,he su n~nd, ... he, will to Ii,....
cle.rmg the woy for Sof",n ', union wilh M.ri. 11 misht ""
.. gued th., Sofret> is gool-<>rienloo - " "'.nl, 10 ",ed
M.ri_ . nd tho' his d"'iT~ molh',,,,, I . . b.t>ic mo ..... of
,he n,,,,,rive (dn:umv<nling 0' kiI[ing 0.. .... 1.1" 11"",,). It
i. import.ot howevo" Ih., SoI",n ..,hiev"" hi' goo[ ron
,>"" dioc<wotS
,!\c Ie",o,,' pIo,.nd bles ... their union, The ..,I <>f t.. film
- M,'ll""'''' de"h and fune .. L the couple's ""'Triage
- coml<" ,.. ~." ." portion, ,i"!.loriog Sol"'o', gool .
orient.>tion "'ithin lhe 1.rg<'T h .,""wo'~ <)/ """tu r. lly """.
"",.ry" rontinuity. And . 1 the film', d o.." Sof", ,, ""I
i,e, ,hoI 'his I.rgo' ~ ..... determined ""en hi,
r<>bellion . Allhough gool..m.nll.J p-rot.lg"" iS!, nla)' ...'JnC'
Ii,.,,,,
in , ..'" fd",.,
t..,i, beh.vio, ",,,,,in.
~"' ''.J ",ilhln. p<Wtd .ineJ "," u.. 1 h amewo,k.
The demotion of I. . pTOtlgoni" 0:.10 ..1 'gEnt i, only
ono oonseq""nce <>f D"'yd. ",'etdetermined "",,,.'i,"
fonn . Impe""",1
li') .nd ""rr,livo "",.II.llsm
.ffect "" ..... tive Ii""" He "" 0, ef ....,..' l><re. , .. premi,.,. 0/
Irw dominoo l d,mic~l pm . " " , oK'~ bvi )'\IS~N
,o"'atd g",.'er vi.ibili,y. Fo, one ' hing. Ore),e, .occepl. ,he
not;"n ,h. t plot ti_ ,""uld bring o u' .igo if",ant c.... 1
ch.in. On lhe .tory. Bul ,he p", .. nco of .""t,acl c.u,., 0'ders.nd ,ho profUSion 0/ "",rati,'o ""..1",1. mold ,ime inlo
""rtirul'''Mpe' ' Mos' ob"iously, ,he orde, in ,,'hich . tory
events .'" p ",.. nted can """. p... lkl" Here Orey'"
ohcn do,';"'''' from striel adhereTK<
chronologie.i "'dc, 1' pro" iding fLI. hback> ' 0 poin' ou, "",,11<1,. [n Tht
S,It"'"'<uJ 0. ... . 00 M i<h""', in"'rpot.>t<->hback> moti~. '" 'h...
in 0<,1><><10' '~u
y. Bu'" 10. .. O'l<
fi lm, Th , r""i/knt, C<... ,~, 'ym m,.,,,,ol di'!"'S";"n
<>f n.. hb.ocb 10 com""", tl>< ,h_ ge"",.'ion, u l K.. I_
Vi ~ ",r'. fam ily:
i . KarlNiklor'. fatho, "'nf""", hi. you ,h fu [ ,"OI'> to
. ' p,." , il i. u",,,,tm. t lu,
.,.rl""
'''n,
'rr<"
.1..,
c."....
'0
_m
..' ....
n'. oon
2. Ft..hback: K,." I.vik,o"-' f.,hor.nd mothe, ""-"' ,

and marry.
1. Karl.vik,o"-' la,he, dioo.
~, Thirty )"'ars
Ka,I Vik,<"
hi. you'hful
loti ..,>,
5, r-I. , hbo<k o Ko"_Vik",, m . ." .nd ab.!ndon.
Ia,."
"'(H'!l.In
6, KorlVik,o, ",,,,Iudes story.
",,,I,,,,,,,
7, Co"rt ' Victorine ",w.I, I>e, ",.",n lot killi ng l>er

child,
S. Fl>,hb.ock, . m," m""" . n~ . b.!n ~''''' Viclorine.
9. Court: Viclorine is bound 0'"'' lor ,rial.
B,ocke .. d, .Kh fl hb.ock ".nd. parollel ,o.he ",heI'> . nd
im""lI .
10 "'m""", lhem .. "'pelilion' 01 lhe "TOO<
c.o ....1 ",,"em,
U fL>,hb"d. c.n unil}' tl>e """ati,.." '" can glimP"'"
of .wnli '0 """"'. While .. riel f\.o,hlorw. rd, or" .~n'
from D,,,,.er', rdrru, he does ' ignal upcoming informa,ion
Wi,hin ,he . rory oclion, , host- d ue. u.u.lly lake ,he fonn of
p"'phc"ie" p.-.:-dictio" . ,.nd 'oreshaJ owing motir. . "I will
paint
he "'" mutd"",d 1' hi' ""''''' "'->" 8ru _
lu " ci, im' lore! in Mickotl. Ihu, pn>dicting hi. ~ '.
".,.chery. In In"", from
1Jooj,', Don Gomez'. d.b
bli n~ . in .",ol<>gy p<Tmit him '0 fo"'toll hi' own J ""h
In Too" Sh.llllotWT Thy W*. M.d. ,,'am. Vikror: "You'll
be p-ul ;n ,he rome, YOll""I!. rely on 'M'-" In
Tim" ''''' prine ~"'., into on old S"""",', mas<: , I!!'"
_nd ...... ho<)' fuw ..
01 hi",,,,II. nd ' '''' pn",,~ ..
m,~i"8 pot"",'
More ch."cte""glly, ,he 10"""" of th ings to """'"
;'1""1 from ou~ >d. the world oi I"" .101),. from ~ sou",", . ~
i"'I"''''''''' [ OS thot <)/ ''''' na".livc. . . u",l il y. Intcrtilles
Cn'.I~ on omniscienl
who C.n mow from p","nl
to ""., ("Now as. ,housand yeo" . go lhe "" ,.,f.1I ' ings
by ,he oM No",-'ogian "ilksfl"' . If we listen cloo<iy, i, tells
a lot abou, ,ho day. gone by" _ 111< 11>"",,', Wid"",) bu'
. i", from presen' to fu,ure I"Sa'an'. wo,. m u>! >!iil wn
tinuo"). Tho book , .... , ope'" Th, Prrsidmt d isplays a f.m
ily ,,..,,, .dwm.'ically "'p"-...,nting fu,u", lIen,,,.'ion, . A.
,"" st"t " I Mk~, .n ".-.:i.l;n><-' l"0pi>eO<'S 0' Ih rough
,he predic' ions 0/ an o,,,rrid ing na TT.Ii,'e in'elligEnce, ,he
plor, "NCri" ~ of.IO')-' cv<n lS .ha",.o , our
of a
p,,-,do,.',m'ft<d <0 0 ,.,1 ><h<,,,,, a nJ 't> ri~~",u. ", .. lid.
\\h., 'Il tho, pk~'.
01 'I>< d u,"io" ,II ",,,,.
e,'o",,' The ".rt)' film, pu"ue 'wo ' cndencie . 1\<,..,..
,ho' f,'m ., ",hok t!\c oct ion n.. )' .. " ,h o~... ""'cral
",."k, (Mkhocl, Thu" Shall Hu"'" Thy Wi". TI>< Bride .,
C/(>m./al). "",n'h. ('Th" 11>"",,', Wus.-..', 0"", UJ'''' 4 Tim,l.
)""'" (1'1,. SIw>"" ioId /)n<s), d""ad"" ITh< p",.i:knt), or cen_
'u";'" (I.t!ro from
lIooIJ, Soch ....te"..;ve til""'PO'"
permil O"'Y'" to demon",.. e ,he
01 ,he JUr
_"""oct
u,
C_,.,
So,".',
o."'.pot!"
''''' S''
"'''''0'
h.a,,,,
lo,..-",
",te""
,,,,,,I.,
.w." ,,,,,..
'"''''''0'''
Sa,,,,,',
1"'''''';'''-'''''''
ro,i",,' Ja,se-.c. ", cou .. 1uroe'" a nd <,.<lic.1 ,epl""'"",nts.

Y..t wH~ i n ,he.. <"",jd",.bl" du,ation>. Drey"' 1"0'"
uf'm on "I'f'<""d principl<. thot 01 cun",n".,ion , 'Though
,he 0,.,. 11 film may we" k;ng p<,.>d "I ti_. i' ch.,...
,,';stic.ny ",II'" S" '" d"al. '" l!'>ollong in'e,,,.I, """,rot<'
""""'" which occur in a reJati" . ly , hon 'I" n. n" Pwioknt,
fo, inst.ne<, jumrs a gap of 'hiny )"a" bet"' .... n i15 firs'
and """""d pa'''' k> pr=n.., ,he di,pa,;')' .nd still ,otain
ro,,,,,,n"a'''''' . ,he ..,,,,,nd pa" also
N<~ . Ih .. time
to """~ which could .... , ... b....n i" ",ned ink> tl>." &,p ,
Simil. ,ly. al'housh U.,... from Sara"', Book 'p,awls acror;,
""ntu,",". ,he fi"" ~pi ...>d. (I,"" ......... ) enn' ......... "'" 'han
d.y. ond Itw l." opioode (Finland ) un ly 0 k",' h"",;, In
it,
g ....... I. 'he eorly On')'" fil m P"""'" k> c...
""~"'" wi'hin 'hort '''' " . ....... n if that mea .... ""'Hting
long ' t..,d"" bet"' .. n >c~ne ' ,
In the light 01 tt.. temp',,, 1 ",c.ont .. ti<,n in D"'yd.
ca ,lie., ,, 1m . ~"ough' ,,, be <autiou, abou, mea.urtng hi.
deb, k> ,he Germ.>n ;"m_"I",lftlm , In lhe n,,,' ch.'p'er, \>'0
"' ill pu .. ue ,he 'fWkll implica,ion. 01 ;"m"",.,pi<I; fo r nm,'
il i, impart.n' " , """'i<k' i' . . . d"ma'u'llical dc,'''''' , In
... ~" 'e""i""" >gJ, II.... _ _ """,,I '>rigin,'lIy rd,'....ro ,,,
the d,.. ign ()f lhe phy.ical ,heat '~ . M., Rein h. ,d,, Litl",
The"", (op<"''<1 19(2) .00 K.m""''''pi<'i I-I<>u,,-' ("p"",,j
19(1to) .nd August Slri ndbe'g', Intima'" Theat"-' (t,p""''<1
1907) .... ,,'" e<>nmoc,,-'. "\\ '" k>oh'CI," ," plain, Slrind bet')!, "Im """II hou..,. b..nuse we 1I'.n,ed ,t..'
'0 be t.."rd in ,'wry co,,,,,, .... itho'"' h"d"g lhe octo," ,,,
.h"ul." In ,t..' ". , Iy 19200. ""wewl', ,",'hen Cui Maye,
"""sh' k>
a bm~film, he hod in mioo ~ lhe
ph)',ical 1.,)''''' ' "f ,he ,t..,.t", bu, foa,u,e, of """,tin'
strue'u,,-' and """,,-<,"-.x"C, c..~.."." s..d(>ul h., I"~n'ed
ou, ""',,,al f".,u,eo "I ,he "y"' _ f,>(u, on 1011'",..: 1... liie.
,orr"'''''''' of in'"";,,,,,,. ""n i;"""",n' ' 0. wrv few",,
ling . 00 a mnc"nlra lio,n ,,/ ,n., .>eli"n inhl a
Ii""-'
pan,' The mo ~" iamm"'''I,,,,lfil",' we",' mod" .t Ufo bet"",,," 1921 .00 1925. and it ~'., d"'ing hi> "'y 1II.',e ,ha'
D",y'" ma<1, Ah,/",d. ",n,id"n'" by rna,,)' ,,-, be .bm""'''P;''lp'I"", Though M;'/",d .;." " "'l"'~'''' it> .Kti"" in~)
",,,,,,,,'!'>ot na n'ow", bo:,und, " f locale th. n "'''' typical 01
D,,'yer', p"-"'iou, "'''' k. ,he nlm "io!ak'S mo" ,,/ ,he bmm"'plo'i conwnlio,," , (It 1>ke. pi..." , among ,t..' ric h. ,he
. k>ry OC<1Jpk" ""wral " .,"' . aoo ,he film con!.!i", m.m),
in' erhlle,, ) D",yer'o n,,,' film. Thou 51,.lt H""", Thy I\',{<.
d",'S stick . Imo" "nti,ely to """ 'I"n"",n' dOO to middle-
no,hes
nm''''.
"ok".
<"'.'"
_11.",
<t. " li/, bu, i' .bo:,,,nd, in in "'rtitl", .nd it, story ..,!ion
takes. mon,h, It _m,. then , th.", ,he iarmmmp;rlfilm"
in,i,,,,,,,,,, on ,he 'igid un itie, of time and p~ ronfirm<'d
~""in of Dreyer' Ireody e>.i .. ing teooencioes ' 0 comp05ing film os a ",I of comp...,....,,) ><e""s; bu, too.. ""'''''.
could "ill be "'pa,.ted by con,iderable ti",. 'I"M.
The", is 0 "" more way tho' causa l f"''''m, "nd pa,.I"'I, .,Ite, ,he film', 'rw'men' "I 'ime. The cl.!"ic. l model
"""k, ,,, ma r """ali"" logic on l" dU"'ion 00 mmmon
... ,I"t~ ,,, to ,''', p,,,blem "'0 <""t<> ,1.. dli ...... , (.copt I",
portio", ~ f Lt.n", fmm Sora" ', !l...t .00 'l'h< 5Ug ..oti=Ld
0.. .... D",ye, h.", lilt'" """""t'S<' ' 0 p"""""ly denned d~ad
Ii""" The " '."'" is ""id,' '' L il ,he . 1I""',"ing enn"ruction
i. to) ,""SS 1,,,,[ld . then
p, .. lId, ..,u " "ut be out~. d
" 'c;Sho"<l by ,ho' k".h, ,'d <_u,.1 ,'mpho",
d,'.dh",. In , h'od. Dn,},," "'nd, " , '"1''''''''-'''' ti m" _, . ~u
" t~>n '), nchroni,<'d ",ith th,' I.tge, <.usol ,tructut<, ,ha'
ru"-' the lilm , Th"", film. fi nd a ' ''''ting im.f:<" fo, thi'
imp"""",,1 'ime. n" Prmdml begi n. with KarlVi.",,...
fatt.., w, jji n~.nd glancing a' A ""'my hourgla" , II I ,he
fiTm'; ""d. a~,, ""'rlVi."" ~ .. kil led h im"di. 0 ...)',' , , ut;
b.Kk 10 ,he """,glass, n", sooo, stoppt'd-a. il the ""nds
"'' '' '"" 'n sill ing
the ,1,,,<1,,, the st",), ron<".....,.. In
L,~" {rum s,,1 .. ,'. &. ... the d"."h of Siri i, ju".f"""<I'o
,he ticking of a clock ", ith. t..' drt-,hapt'd ,,<OO ulurn . The
.., ,,'" ck" nd I'"ooul"m .. art up a' ,he """du.ion of
Thou 51.. 11
n,~ Wi" ,,, 'ick ()u l ,he ""ry tide " I the
iilm, In .,11 ca,,,,. du,at;,,,, is meJ'u,,'<i '" a "do..,,;l"
rhythm, mnl\'''''n, w;,h ,.... , im[,<r'''MI ,a...., 1 rh y'hm
'"''' rule. ,t..' "n,i", """,Ii",
,I."""
,,,,.,,oJ
f,,,
..
H,,,,,,,
THE BOOK
The d,,,,ica l n"rm, which ",e .... "" ,',,,m ;no<l im ply 0
mime,ic ."ump.i" n .,b.,u. ci""ma , As "'I'",." n'"'. ,,,,o.p"-'"-'nta,;',,,, a oum>&>", 'a king the p."''' of wha' i
"""""orily "t-nt _ d."ic. 1 n.urali"e "-"' 'v , uAA""
th .. it ,,'lay' ,'wnt> 01 non<i....'m" 'ic onk" The n .. n>!jon
~, " ",h w" """ i" he ",'~lI in g 01. "",;,,; " f .'"n15 ",mplet<'d
01..",""", th.'n on the ;cr,..,n (in I'fe. in im'giMtio,,).nd
Ih,' ;cr""n i, 'im ply the "'~ .. ry piKe-holde, lor ,he absen' e,'ent . In "'" ,,,,Iy film., Drey",
'hi' .umrlion. bu, he pu.II... iI~, ,he p<,in, ",he", iI b.'<t""'-'S ,'i;ibk
os an ."ump';(\n. by "",an, 01 ., do,''''' "'h",h ofbn d"",;
not,.. hi' n,n,Ii,, p""'''" ... ". Thai d,,''''''' ... n ,,,,,, lon guase ~ onl. ,,00 particularly a, "',Jk.
'><:"'-'"''
It would be re"""k.!bIe, of
<I"'''''', if lhe folm.!\od no
","",u",.. to l,ns ... S", , i""" the , i!..",' .,;"""'" ..... b;'uaffy
made u .. of bolh d ialogue and "'I""itory in ",rtitf... It is
worth noticing. however, """. ""If lhe ",,,.-dOegetic v"",,"
of the ordin.ry o~l""i'ory title wor~ . wilhin Dr.)""" im1"'""",,1 cau ..1 ""1>0",,,. The lIOufC~"'" n ..,.to, who in_
" ..du>s u, '" ,he .. h.,..,..".. ., ''"'' b..'1!in ning 0/ ovory
0..-1)" D"-1'e,- film hefl" po<ition them within .n 01..,,.,,,11
ing intolligibi lity. Such "",,,,,,Ie,.. in"'rtit!.." c. n e,'en .n
licil"'" Ih<.' IUmli"e ...hon . . . d<>cs t... t which begi n.
Mich... l, ""AI fo, ' f con d;" hopp)", fo, I iuw known . sre.t
I",,,"; ,he opig,aph how" o,"e, lhe enli", no,,,,'i,,,, befo",
il is r,,,,,Uy .pokn by Zorel. In
Vom""r. lhe
prOOlem of ,he "",n:o of ,LOCh
fo",.rd, in
t"" ... ny fil m s,
in rtill,,. "'p,.,...n,. ",.10'1 of
awn' ~'.. nl> wh"h
vi,ible only Ihrough lhe wrilton w<>rd
Mo,,' unu,.,..1 _nd mo."" powcriul i, '"" u.., of ,he ,)m
001 of lhe bool; '" .igni fy lhe .ulhority behi"" n"T'~""
"'r ...... n'."'''' . f<." ",n'u no. 'he ",.,k ... , ,1000 . , .n
emblo.>m of . Ireody romp"'to.od ",' ions, 1,'m po,,1 ron'in uity,
logical cohe",,,,,<, and ..".n g<>dly wisdom. ' 'The ido.'o " f
t"" bool<:' wril<.. J>cqu,", Denid" "j, the idea 0/ totality,
fini'" or infinito, of lhe signifier; Ihi, totali'y of lhe .ignifier
,a n onl)' be IOt.li,y if a ro".li,o,." ", Iity of ,he >ignifled
pn... i,,, it, w.tches owr its inscription' . nd its sign., is
independen ' of il in .n id"'lit)... Deri,-"d from a fou""ing
.nd p,,-"' i""'" unit)'. the booI< con"ilu ' .... a model of lhe
""'quo.:y of "oke" to 'ruth. Such. tr.><li'joo afford. D",)",
perlt'<, de,';';" fo, ",,,ati,'o "'p,.,..,n ",t;on
TIx'
~u .-anl<'-" , lel"ology "f ,Io<u, wh.:I ,
S.rthes ,.11. ". flo", of " 'ord; in U......'''' .. " "f .n ""n' '"
ido. which 'm,k,,, its w.J' ",w,rd its d.nouem<"' or ,ondu.io"," " W~ ""-" k>ok no furt"'" Ihon ,he r."t .hot o f
Dreyer'. Ii", film Wg, 22): ""nd, ope" , bool< .n, i,"" "Th,
P,,,OJrnI," ond en>" ing I"S" i"'mize lhe "'."il, for Ill<
lilm. r>:01 by accide"' do we c.1I lhe Ii" t portion 0/ . "'''
,he "ol"'n; n#:' Si"", i' i. or th is poinl t h.:lt our cn'ry i,
.,,1icit"", lho. "I"'n ing """om<, ,he "",,' ""pen" p.>rt 0/ 11>0
'(" t, ,fit, 'h ...."ho.,1d of go,.",,, u ....... rt.;n ly .nd ploy. Th,'
Pt,.;,m,1 imo"-""",Iy nod"""" ,ueh p l.y by ",.king 'h"
""''''pho< 1;",,.f; ' ho N>Ok, once op""'--.l. mo" ol'e"t""II)'
(~,... . A, Ih" film', ,.n<!. tl... "' '''k ind,..,d ""um,. Th<J ",,,,,.
ing" of. le,'- ' '''' ",,-,""'nt "'~"n il ' hu ts uS ou', ",ho.'n
w hu. It -;, t,adlt .."",lIy tho.' ",,-,m.,'n' 01 fonitudt> . nd
,h.
>clion 01 n ... Prtso.unl . we ,,-,,"e "-,,,n, J e-
I"'""'" .'/1.,..""
"""'''W'. ,''''
"""om<
u,"',.""'" rome.
lenni"". ito oooclu.ion in Cotu..,1. ",..!ld, and ",mpo.. 1

"'''"" B,,' lhe ""Pl""""'" of lhe book ",,,,~rd.~orm i ,,,,,"
.he end ing. odding, .orplu. 0/ rta inl)" ""ling oor ,e.Ji n ~ ..... ""p"'too . The book i . not in ,he lilm, in eflod, it ;'
'ho.' film, ",,<uring f", ou, ,,.><ling' ",mf""i><n,ivc tole>of_
ogy. W. >11>11 ,,-~ .he .. me It'nd,'Tl<}' ,,,It,n''-od in D",)'>',
",.jor I..~ rdm., .. p:ial ly V.mJ'Y' .nd D"JI oJ{ W,,"h.
The clevie.- 0/ the booI< embod;", lhe '''ry pri""p'" 01
imp"""n. 1 ,""", lily .10., guides D-r~)~'r' . no"oti,'" , The
epi.oo",
we
beromo only "Ie.w,," from 5.11" n',
""'ok." "'loy illustr'h",
pt"""pl , "Thou
henor Ihy wife." Dna ~I"'" Tim( i, bot h tille . nd
lhe ('''''''''I)'ped) bes inni ~ 01 k,1. 5orn<:limt"S II>e p,in .
ciple of "'riting will it",lf be dwrializod with ... IfIt, film
_ ,h< courtroom
in Th, P,.,;,u."I, lhe scribes in
Ud, .. - bol 1"""-' 're im.!;,", of . suciol bool<. no' 'e> be
ronfU>ed "'ith the tran"~nden t wo,d ,hat enc~ the
""".li,'o ac,lon. (TfIt, oppo<ilion 01 the two t)'1"" of wri,ing " 'ill be "",do mos' ",plicil in Day of W",th,)
.h., s.,,,
"""k',
,..,1,
"'1"'''''''
""'>k
""[T.ri,.
11\.ot ''''' ",,';' ,n of ,h,' "",,, i,,,;"n' """" is, f" ndaok''' '
tolly ,udoo-Chri"" n on" i. runfirmo.-.I by lhol lo n ~ "odi
1;',,, "'hcn.-by ,h,' fou ndin~ i n'oll ; ~ibili')' behind , ho.' boo>:
1: .'<"""", Cod, whom rnonh """"od ,he dr<:lal<i, 1"11,' "'he
dicl."', ,he ,,,,,,' I. whom ."i", in ,n., Chri>t;"n tr.><litian
"'p"""n,,'(! ..... rrying t.>Ok. "I n tt.. b..'ginning w he
",,,rd. dnd 'he ",,,n! ",d' ",i,h C"d." It i,'" 'hi' " odi.;,,,,
,0." "'" ,10,11 ~"",, in ,"', "", <"'p"". I""n in,,,,,,,," "f
,.
lAJIlY nLMS, NAnATIVE FORM
how idoologJ informs D"'yd. film., For no,,' iI ;. enough

how ",liS.,,,.s a ""u.. 1 >Il"'" ",,-,,1>0::, wilh lhe
uSoe of.n ",.. " "thing written text 10 def,ne the film" norThe ab>lr.>et causality of Dreye~ rly fdm' i,
.boQrbed into. ","""tes. ma"ertexl which .. 0""" expI'i", tM ><tion to",.nd po>lpon<."O .ny ratioMle for tl>o::
e>.rI.>nal.,,, .
The ",I ... nce of. fdm upon tl>o:: .uthori~' of tl>o:: word
'''pre...,. .ympt<>m.otic.lly tl>o:: problem of """rna .rt
which ,," .... , . '",.>oIy _0 Dreyer f><i"g. II cinema
to
its """' production origins . nd be<me lrue an.
Il< belie,-.,d, il muS' boSoe ilseli upon li'"r.t",., Ore)"r,
"ordi,k'. fonn.r liter.ry ron.ull>nt, tum. to the hto"I}'
10" to aulhon", cinem.t" unity. Wo "".11 h i. ocript for
$<I,,.,....J.ot JI ""'. "'hieh
" i I10 IIcnl>o:: ,on Su""", writ
in~ the no"ei "" .... ' ''',ut w _ on film . The ""ityol'",,
book , "''''''''''1>1''''' ."d
high .rt, I>cl ". 0<>1,,, ,he
pmbloim of """"'ie , . ,,,,, in . rommo","" indu"I}'
I, is ",,",'<>u>, lhough, th.t wri'''''' "ngu. g< <. n"'~ ""
f""tored in'" the cine"", wi,hou' ",m.ind... Film moy ,l>.orl,,"" word but i' """""'rily ' .. nMunn' it. Yet ''''' t.. n ..
form.tion work> in f.wr of Dreye~. """,,;"'., f", filming
the boo, p"rmit<.n impe"""'" ''''h"nl)' '" control !lOt
only causality bu, time. Tt.. book i. written '0 be tern
porally Ii~ . bu' " d<,... mfo ""'ll;" of ploy. MKhei
But", ",mind, u, th .. ,he ,,,.,.11 ,imultanoity of 'Il< book
II"" "",;'" ','d i. ;" .... "d ".11 . t ,,,,,,,," ) Joe. Yicld ",n. in
f"",dom ('" finll"" skip, go b.><~ , read in ""or><, Ok,) "
But filming ,o. book "'nd ..... it "'lon'lo,ly s u,,,,,,,,i", . nd
'hu, P"'S"ms our ruding lime . Dr<yd' filming of the
book ,Iou, yield n <",n g"'........ n.""' li....,.rity . r.!
unity ' han ''''' book itsdf cou ld. I'aradoxically, through
cinema.ic ",n,Io""",;"" of the book "'p<n<nla'ion,
",n.in of ~~, early film. seek '0 elf""" <in"",., to ...,
it a. a mere ""h,,10 lor a rigidly predetennined WOId,
10 "",;';"
"ti,..,..
"c"
'''''''1'''
"1"''''
a,
We can hen, !iCe ."",nc, ""y in whi.eh D",y""-s o~rly

,,1m, p.r.>ole .hei. olosu", pri""ip." . Tho film.' .bs.,oct
<""",I pa'''ms r.ise Ill< iss"" vi. I""" Idrg .. ' !\on per
.... n.1 psychology only 10 .. Ill. tt..~u... 'ion by f"', by d'
ing. ".dilion whe .. by ,he word i. only. ohadow.nd.
>ou"" ..... outhord'''rmi"", w!\ot we se<". f""u...,.o/ n.r
mi", ,iosufe.'" ""plained by .. r. ",nc. to.n .historica l
order which w' must ,imply ;>eeepl. The "'p"-",,,ntahonal
'y".m of Idnguag . . . book ,i" Id '''' the vie"w " ml<kr,
.u,*"t unified by the proc<->. 0/ following. t.". In ,he
carly films. the role of ,,-,itten Idngu.1l" is thu, f.idy sim
P"" it p-rovid",.n aU'i>orily for ' '''' imperS<ma1 causality.
pa .. l.. li,m, . nd 'empor.lily inlorming the n.ma,ive, The
late, films. """e,'er, will ,rouble ,he dc,,,,, by makin8 ' ''''
n.m.Ii'..... a whole
.round a """,oh 10. , I>c right
"'ord. , I>c correct ,".>oIi".... '''''
""t,
N.n.li"" logic ."d ' ompo,, 1",lati<>n'-lwQ "",lor ' y<tom, ope .. ti", io < ; n"m . _h.ov~ . "-.-ady helpt'd
<h """'ri Dn.')-- .~' "'''Y wo.k, to mOT" i" dif .. ",,,,,,,,
from ,he nonn' 0/ the p"riod . W. !\ove gone beyonJ
tt.. . imp" >OTt, 01 the"""K opposition. mentioned a' the
<>u",", 0/ 'his <hopter by id.nrifying a principle_ the
imp"""n. 1 ,,"uSoe-,,'hich ",.~ .-- the ",,,.,;,,,,', prod<l<lion_ 'he <","ion 0/ 1'. " 1",, . of lhe p""'goniot. 0/
.M of wnltc" t.."su.S< ' All 0/ '''''''''
ruuld , 0/ rum,"", t;.., ,he .... ~,.od . The ",.1 "".d, though. i,
.hem ., i" 1''''''''''' , set 0/ 'Y.tem, in dyn. m"
io"",
Bu, one olher 'f'tem ct..im. 0'" . " onbon . Wh.t Slrik..
u. mo>t upon .... ing ,he e.rly f"ms is ,10";. rl.>stic "",u'y.
Shol for .hot . 'M film. prim '0 I",nn , d'Jlr< con"i',,'"
rema,kable .. pIor.lion. 0/ how cinemati.e sp"'" m,y be
<omtru<led , .nd it i.
th"", explora'ion> th., we mu>1
""'" tum
",,-01,..,
"""".I<-d
u, '0
'i"""
",,,,,'u,,,.
'u """
""'' 'n,
'0
Early Films: The Cottstmctioll 0/ Spmt:

1\0'
ju" a, .he f~m< before r.. Atssiott d. ,'""", d'Arc do

que<",,", ,he p""";"', 0/ " . " ah,.., a nd k""po,.l "nity, SO
they do not .ttack dominant COfl<'<pIion> of the relotkm of
k> dnema'jc .~. Bu, jn .. a. the rly film>
moke ,;sible 'heir
",nd"nc;'. !oWOld doour~, SO """"
quolit;"" 01 Dreyer's.~ teo! "", .. in
of cJ."ic.1
pr..:,"". To und."tar.l how D"'Y"~ ' style works, "'0
"'<W '" , " mifl<' 00w ,he da"ic. 1 dnem. ,"'." .~_
""ITa';''''
0.,."
" pe<"
NARRAT IVE AND SPACE IN

THE CLASSICAL CI NEMA
What doeo it """" to claim lMl . pace is mob,'.te<! by n."r.,jv~ "ructure' In I!"n~ ... I,
'w COn
'"umo '''' ' i n artistic
loom not aU romp<m<n ts .re '-"In.1, lho" s Yun Tyni.> ,",v

ph, .... it. " . - f ....... , moy be put fu.watd. t
tI,. "'I"'''''
01 "'" <>1",--n,'" 111. domino,,1 . truetu", motk ..." '" iu "

"f.. " othe, """""res. fur .><ample, poetic tradition may
....qnh" ,hyme. and this mot;,..", the poem" choke of
word . Bon. Tomaohevsky h poin(oo out thaI. de,'ioc<'
""Y be rno!;\". t<.roaUy' (os Ipn<ti<o"ing in tl>o "".. . " "0<,11 00"SlnKtion), Of ". rti"kall)" (as. do,'''o ",,1I;ng .I'om'''''' to
it..10'
The ",""opl 01
iroli'I"'" ,it>k h>. n o""mi_
""~'" "f O"'ye(. ~.. Iy film" 'i n<~ 'I>or
",,"'pl.,
k' "<>,,teml"" " Y pnn<iples of film ronn . I. is apby 191~ tI" " ",d .';"'n _ duminan' """""ptioo
of ci"" ..... ,,, .ty. . ., unifood .y ..... m. In ,"- p ..""'"
sa ... Ill< prot.Im" Ih of Ilhng ' '''''Y. bu,
.h is onl)' 1"" of I"" malte, . 11w """" pn.... ing problem
01 'dli"g ' 'k',), '" film, rn.lppi"g' """ .h,.,
p""em ""'" ci .... m.h< "" .... ri.ol - ''''' moving i""'~ io
"""".nd Ii_ . n.. .... Iu,;"n f<> thol p">bk.",, "'os to d.,n ....
n.rr.ti".. logic OS thol dom;""n' lor', thol on~ w hich ",,,uld
runlrul film" lim< .nd . """", Ait., Ir><e, the "'1)' P'.I<tic~
of ' Iudio film prududion tended to 'reo' til< ,tory a. til<
"",'i".,,,,,, i.
",1.1''''''
"""'''' ,ho,
''''P''>', ""
b,,,,,, t""
bo.,.
pre' '',i,,,,,,, gi"o" "'hich was '0 be ,ra=ribed onto mm,

Ci""m_tic.""""
m~.n' of "",nilesting
I.ining rur'<drive,
In 'his w' y, 'Il< eI ... k.1 n. rr.ri"" ci"""", C.n be _ " "
".ing ",.li.tie . nd composil;"n. 1 ",ori,"rion to """,,""" ,
roherent, homogeneous "'P""""tation of ,~, Sp""" i.
closcl . nd unambiguous, <kfin.."<l by wri "<n ",... rial ('i.
Ik.. ) 0' e" .blishing 'oots, S~ i.runtin""u,. O,<n ""fOSS
.hoI ch.!nge., through .pplic.'ion. of U.. '.,is of oction"
Of I!(), rule, Ill< .hotJre''ef .... hot, In. ey"li"" molch,. nd
til< mab:h on ",,';"n . Sp.oce is b.ol. nced:!"- mi...",."cm.
the oingkl "h.!,oe"" . nd
grou(>O
",. lIy. Since .p.oce is , nOon)' , """..i"", fo, ""bon, i' rnu<l
no! be mo!h'.led ",rti,lkally:' d .."" c.lIing .lIenl;"n
to i1><1I; ,~ mu,t nol come fm,o..td 10 dist,,,,,1 from
'''' n'ITa,i,." Dew" fOJ e.. mple, .. moIivoled ",.list". lly
(a bank con,.ins desks and . . . ~l ,nd wmp06ition. lly
(props . .. u""d in til< act;"nl, Focu nd ligh Hng blu, and
dim b.o<kgn:mnds i" medium .nd clos<
of cha r.cto ... ;
just "nough b.ockgmund
h> . ",hor ,he fi Ku..,. in
, ~ , but lhol b.o<kground c. nnol cl.im .""nl;"" in its
o.... n right.' Filmk'r- I>e<orn<>s the """n~ of naIT" iv<
"",jo", "'h"h in 'Il<
cine"", me.1ft> chie fly figu",
"",,,,,,,,,,n'. 11w """,I, 'Il< ".polck comedy, ,he W","'rn.
'Il< od '."'u", film , 'Il< hi'l<:>ri<>l "pk. ""en the coonedy <>I
ma ,, ""r>, . 11 utili.., ,," [T. nv. 'P"'" ' 0 ' ,ite fu, ""wing
hunu"o, ,,,1,,,,,10, ",hicl.., '" .... '",.110"'. Sto,is .,,,,',,,
mo....,ly ,,, punchl.l" bodily oct jon . Finally. ' Il< 'p.><e of til<
,t.,,;,-. I <;""m. i nth",?""",rph" . Tho hum.n body be_
""m". 'Il< ""'>Su", "I .11 01""'-'0, .nd ,he "",,,,,-,to,, funisheo
"""..ti ," "",.n iog for ' "" di'ploy<'<l body. Th u. ""na'ive
o~ ,.,1." ..,. only"" dy"'''''' physic.1 ,,-,boo bul .1""
on ,n. hum,,, lace, "'h,, r. se.1 Iioni".."
.:ailed "t""
'J'rnbol . nd <I.nd.td 01 ,t.., unity 01 ''''' body . . II..
.ummit of. _nogr.phk PYTOmid." hp"",i"ily of tmso
and foce charse' oamti"" r - with hum.n ~"'. , In
ouch w'y', c.""".,,'ork, edi';ng. . nd ", i><-m '~ work
"""'.m< .
'''''''''
."d ,u,
'ym"""-
"T'''ge.
",,,,,i,,,
,hoi.
.ikt1,
h.,
"
'0moti,. ,., the ,u"""'in" ion of 'P"'" to na,uri,'e logic.

This is no, to ... ~ ,n., lhe .ystem .I .... Y" .uct<I" 10,
'""'" is ,I"..y. lhe F"". ibih,y 01 in.>dequa' . moIi,,"".,.
Cinema"<.pac< m.y , "uggle '0 J>llil ."laY from na .... 'ive
demands. ~rom
p"""i""(, poin' of v;cw. '!>ere i, not
onl)' 'I><'
bu,
n"kering .n ipp"" of ,~. film
im.~"' . ru,h .. us, twming wilh p"Keplual and ""snitive
a mbiguilies , n.. im.ge> mu.1 ~ >nst, n,')' ",. tched owr.
held in <heck. To ocro,m' lOT .och phenomena . Tyn;"nov
sa". moliv.tion in an .s a ""lI"'livc fo",e, tending
smoo,h out ,he stru!',Si< .mong f.oc,o .. ,' In ,he dnem.\,
Stephen Hea,h h.l. poi n"", ou' ,h.l, this <lruggle boo,,,.een
containmen' a nd di.p""'ion ari"" from " ,he rel.'i,,, un_
'po.'Cif"",;.m of li lm . nd ,ho:: <on""'l ucn ' n" ,-d for a ",or. of
.podf",. ti.(m . ~ " >pr<ifiw",,, pro<tJ."" I"""",," of sign. ling
_ s , "I morking lhem fo, rorIChon.' integral;''') it>
" ......... it we ", t" , ..., lho, "",,l Ing ,,/ "',.,.,. '" II... "'Wi
01 """',i.(m lrom "' hk h , in langua~, the novel begin ."
The 'Y"o'" i. ' ''''' b)' "rugglo, n."a,ive kogic ,he d "",
to ,o"'-,"; io.t. 'f'<'<", whil.
w ill
i,..nt e"'men'
not . 1",.)", lie p"ocelully b.>ck.'
11> f"n-going "utli".. ",main .
only a sl>tch;
$hall n ~ to. mplify ~
F~ ' no"', '"",.n,,, 1 poin'
i, th" On<Y'"
/"m hi"",}, just ",h~n ,he d."",.1
'pa,;"1 ,y.tem i> cond uding its d'-"elopmen" s.c.u .. of
'his, tho' sy"em .ffo"; nec..... ry b.>ckground for ,he
stylistic wo,k 01 hi> e.rly nlm. , I ,hall nol 'ry '0 exh.ust
, ..... film" "yl;'hc opeWion. , nor ,hall I di",,,,, 'll<
m.ny ""y' in which ,he e.rIy fLbn..re quite ord;",,!)' for
'heir day, J .nail indic.te onl)' , ........ re." which d iffer
marlo.edly and ;nl."",;ngly Jrom 'hi! parddign>, Not th"
,"" dill"",,,,,, i. d r."ic' in D "')'.,... c. rty film" ,lie ~""I of
a unif.,d, n ..... 'ivd)' oom p",hen>iblc 'p.><'< is h."dl)' in
G"""lon. Wh." we nnd iru;,e.>d is.n .dherence 10 general
premise. coupled with idio'yncr.,'" devi.tion, from
.podfoc ro,wen'ion., S,iII. ,he dev;",ion re nor .impl)'
h.phaz..>rd, tr.cy consUMe . unified 'p,';"lslj-'le, They"'.
.ul, lrom problem. of moti,.'ion cre.ted for tile c.nonized
y"em . u,t u. t.ke a ror><"f'<'e e""mple.
The . Iory of Tht fir""",', Widmv i, Ih i>, In o";er 10 get
po" in " iII'ge chur<h, Solren has hdd ro m. rry ,lie p ..";.
ou, pol""n', wife, D.me M.rgare,. SoI",n ha, smuggled
hi. mistress Ma ri ;n1o 'he pa""nase his ,i>ter, .nd , .....
young couple h.,,, !IOu)\h' to de,i.., way. '0 cirrum,'on!
Marga"" ",hlle t"'y w.it for he, '0 die, One day wh ile
both Ma 'ga"".nd M. ri.re in ,he loft Solre" boldly .hilts
"orr
I"".1,.,
'0
_.s
w.
<m"""
a,
'P""
I.,.,.
"I CO""'"',
,he I.dd"" ""ping to h.s",n ,he old ,,'oman', .nd . Bu, it i,

Mari
f. II . Our ' podmen "'-'Iuen' . how. Sof""" car
ryinS M.ri to 'he ""U", (~,,< . I. 2. ~ ) _ [h"", M.rgaret fol
Io",ing (fig>. J, 5, 6). nd S.-,I.-. n C<>Ilap'ing in grief (figo ,
7- 15) , SlyliM.,. ,,)', thi> ~go i> high l)' char",,"',;"ic of
Dreyer' .,1)' film"
In its roi'ing, ,he ""'luence ",lie, "pon ",m. hve .... ,.
h,.'ion. E.o<h ru, or,.." ,he ongoing oct;"'n, A, the
"f ' h<'
c"",,",utting d irectly compa"" Soften',
mow"",n" to Dan,e Mdlga"'''' ' Apart Irom ,he implied
tem po ..1. imu" .... i.y (... hil< Solf"'" ca rrie, Mari, M"gare'
follow,), ,he", is
rigou>1J' "rhyming" of 1oc.1es,
i">ioIt lit, bom (1. Solren;- J. M'rga"")
""I>idt
Iro~" (2. Sofren; - 5, M.rg''''')
i~sid<
,*",,, (4. So/rcn;_ b, M'rga'''')
T"" ,hy""," culmina' . ;n . hot 7, when Sohn and ~ I ..
11"''''' """~ a' Mari', bed . Ll,o , ,he im.ge of Soften in the
n.,,' room (10) i. in""nod be',,.,.,n im.l&", of Ma,II"''''' bt-.
,ide ~t"i 19 . 11 ). tt.,.. th<' ,ho' of SoI",n', lace
a'
,he momenl of m im"m ten.ion . lV""n M.'S-'""~,,.. h)
,he doorw.y
12) . he e'tablb"'" ,n .,i; uf """"" be
',,",..,n t.c ...,11 .nd SoI",n, C" tti n~ ro a ,~"_ .nWe (un
til< OIhor
0/ tt>.- duIi"" ' Y), D"')'~' !!'v"l' uJ' bi' <>I
cI.. "ical . hol'", ... , .. -o""". ''Yeli"".",. tch ed i'i~ g (Ill~ ) .
The o),olino <utting furthe .. the =:h.n!!" of !;L>""" tt""
l ~,d,
,he fLoal composi'lon (. ho, 15), Ih," mainl. ining
''''' ",Ie of editing in ohe"'a 'ing 'he de,'elop""' nl of ,he
w""
QU"""
"''1''''''''''.
.1", '''''
,Ir,
,It,
'pp<."
1."'"
.id.
'0
d""",.
The
",,*,,,.,,,,,,,
of ,he ",,,,,,,,,n'. ,hough . shows more

STriking ind l,idu'lity. IVhe", .nother direcror ,",'ould h.lve
o;.,d ",,'c, .1 ck...,. up'_ '-''''),0' u..,. ""raIIonS .hoT> , Vi.,wily O\'eT)' long . hot ,.. hibits wha t I . hall call,
<omF""ilion, U k<- ,he cla,. k-.l lon ~ . hOl. ,"" table."
mo,'" '"w.rd 1>.>1.""" .nd . yrnrne'ry, bu, achie,..... i,
wilhin 'hallower,
more sta,k vi. UdI r",ld, In
Dreyer', t.bIe. u, 'he I).ockg",u nd pl. "" ",nd. ' 0 ,,,nd at.
9fJ' .ngle to the c. "", ,". Char",,,, .. ,-""'" left.nd righ' or
(Ie .. often) f"rw. rd and bark. bu, , 1m"" no,'., diAgon,II),.
Often , vert".1 " '" bi""", the fr.",., ("'" . ho" 2, ~ , 5, 7,
9), ATthi"""u", detctmin .. ,he figu","' beha,'ior: mos' of
the rompositi<m, .... /"'''''". by..-.mo "'But" g<'Otlli"'iul
,hap" I""'.n# (.- tria~g l e ). nd room i. lef, .round "",h
cha''''''""
it wer< ~)' oach 0),"'" mo,'emen".
(The <hai, awoits 5" /,,, " in ohM 6, ,,,.,, .hots boofo", he w ill
, it in i'). The drive 'O .... N oomposilioMlsyrnme'ry in foe'
,he ""Gu,,,,,,,', one d<v;',i.(m lrom ,he d . .. ic.ol
,ahko.
'po""'.
"'''''''cd .,
",,,,<rid,,.
......y nLMS, 1111 CONHKlKTlON Of ",..CO
..
"
ru .... (t"" "',.., ....1. 0/ "''''''" <l i"",ion from >ho, S to >ho,
6). De!a~. 0/ "," ing.re organized wit h "'gar.! to oN!",
and I.. ",., pt..cc...,nt, ,M ollm
atto",;c,n in ''''';,
OW" righ._ (Not< ,he d"""n ni froming ",hieh ;",Iud",
jug .00
in 01>0, ~) . r.., <.... ,ac'o .. <,,"'Um< ,.,
.w"",
1'''''.'
.p.",,_block d "", Of ' uil, ", 1/ '" t.bbo.'<l <1>11.0,_ ..,.1

f" lKtion as qu i-.b<'rod
in tt... et>mp"'H..,ns
(e.g . hot> 7. 13, H). lighting, " """""n" quit. IL>t, ..
"""" princip.>lIy to defi"" It.. edgos 0/
<"" ''''e,,' fog_
"re. and pick ,Oem oul slish.1y from ba(ksmund
'"'I""
t""
p"''''''.
).l"S'''''
a. in the 'obt'" 'ilv,'nnS .",on..! O,m,'

(6-8).
Throughou, ,II< <n",.>C,~ .. ' movements ..., slow an..! de
lil><ra'o, 'lI<ir ges'u", .... 'ric,ed to ,um ing ,he 11<0<1, ...
~n..!ing a han..!, k"",,]inS_
n.., nll"""'$ ..1>1"'0 qoamy 0/ II,,, long ,""', i. boo]
a ncoJ by''''' "'p",.. ','By 0{ ,II< 1""",_ ju.... doorway,n..!
bed,lN<! Ira"", ,he bod..,., iii..,. Ir.me ,he 11<0<1 In ,he
'en,h .hot, ,he .brup' i5Ol.>,jon 0{ Sol",n', I"", signals a
drastic
from ,he tableAU 'pa00. The dimocti< """""",
of ,he ""',,,,, ",'hen 0.."", M'rg''''' ""'.. u .... him tho, Mari
will Ii"", i. unde~ined by t... o .-dium <I"",-o!" 0{ ,he
pa;T (ll and 14). Mor...:",.., ,he prom;""n' t..:kST"''I>J,
now virtually ,,ni.h from ,he fiK;"1 .hot., . nd iish';ng
function. to ren..!eT n uance> 0/ .'pr.,..;"", ;n the delic.te pI.1y on Marga""" le.,u..,. (1-1),
The in'erpl.>y 0/ tableau.n..! I""" d"", no! oonsti,"I<"
""'''''y Iocaliz'-'<l eff', to. pari 0{ ,II< 10m.' of ,he duali'y
.. em.lrom it ubt'" ",",urn".c" 'hroughoo' ,he ~Im , W.
no", .'..,ody ..,,'" ,"",,.. Th< fir,..",.', Wid"", i, built "'8"ly
out of ",ral"'lismo; we con now "'" t"" ",,, .. ,I;", on. l),<i.
.hif,
"
(pp. 29- 30) . 1..., illu,,,.'"' ,he mi~ _ ..mr stovctu"" 0/

.. bbu . n..! liKe, Ind"";, on< c"'.,-.cu, paral"'lism emerg....
from the ~u.""", ju.t examined, Ne., the en..! 0/ ,he mm,
MarS"",' bid. I.",,,,etl '0 her I.nn .n..! goes in' o her hou ..
'0 d;." M.Ii.n..! Solren Iollow her iMide, So"'e,al .",,,. in
,he ""'lu",,,,,, , .. nd ",rallel
0""" we n",'e ju.. ron
.idel'<"d, Com",,,,, "'y, ligu"," 16_17 wit h .hot, 6, ~ .nd
ll, 0< Frgu", 18 "'ith .hot 7: qu ire ''''''''y, M.ri replaces
MarS"",' hoo .. wife and Margat ",pl.K<-> Man a. "".
'im. In .och "'ay. , ....... UJ( An..! loKlal e,p""';"'" m.~
. ubtly echo eMh olhe, ""...... fi lm,
Whi'" thi; "",-",nee lrom Thr AI"",,', Widow h grw'
in'e"," 01 it> own. ,he di.ot..:,ic of ,.bleau and 1.>,
e.emplif.,. ,he 'p"' ial dyMmi<> of D",)",( , OAriy fitm.,
The moti,'.",<! ",I.'lon,hip of ' P""" '0 """a';,'. 1>0, b.~'n
sligh'ly J ;'pi.><eJ; ,he fi l..., shift U'" <ente, of 8"";'y of the
,t.>"ioca l .~ .. "m. Drey"r am.'p!. tl>< ct ... ".t P"-"";'" '"
cto.e.l . ymme'ry ,,-ithin ,he Ir."", bu, pu<llo." it e""n lu,'
ther by an emph i. on ,he table.u: 0 Iong.hot wh"h ..
hibit< qu it<- ,hallow 'p",lal ,d.. ,ion., 8''Orn<tric.1 d<oJ"
'0
.nd >low figu", mo,,,ment. Thuo in Dre)",', hand, tile

""IK>!;"",bIe bolA"", of tl>e 01......,., <hot hemme, "oti=b/y
rigid. "pointerlf" n.. kmS'~ rootdi.... ~ ,,,"il<'<ty,,,
,nd ligu".. , the
flatten nd tM 'poT<' ~t'CO,
ou t in its own righ' , A. tho> otho>' p<>I< .tand, tt.,> 'igh' faciot
,~. Just., 11>< L>bIe.u ""ri,.. fmm th< ,1o"". lIy ')'m'
"",,,-;,,,1 .~. '" H", IKe extend. tM . nt" rof'OC"n tric
"""'em' 01 th< domina n, spatial 'y,Iem, but with two dif1o",""". Fir>t, tile !>ee is ol .. n .. dic.lly 'plit from ,Ile
.urrounding table.u ,pace, 5<rond, tile rel>,i"" 'ta.i, of
tl>< table.1 u is rou nterb.olAocro by ,;' ""hng in"'n.., na".
tiv~ "".ivi.y in til hU!nan f",,~ . Th< dram. t., .... p~ in
.nd '" mugh glana.
e~p"""io",, By constructing
'pace around ,hese ',,"0 poIe>, Drey~(' fLlms modify "".
thodo, filmmaking p,.octj...,.
".rid.
,poe"
.rid
In " . riou. "'0)"', Ore)" , in.isted upon him",lf n ani,t

wo,king with en.mber .pace. He prided him""l! on I,.,,;"g
d.,.igned ""'ny of ,r., ""to of hi. ""rly fiim., In Tho" 5..11
If""", Thy Wr.r;-, "'For the fi,..t time we ,hot in four_ ...lled
WI'.'" Hi, guot for tile ""und film wa. "1"" imp ..... ion tn.t
f,'''' phomgrophe" equipped with """'. . . nd mi<ropl>o"", had .""aked u n .... n;"to one of the homt.-o in
t"" __ n i~" """'" kind 01 d,."", i. t.king ptoc. within
the family. ,. Film mu. t go ;"sid. "" ...... insKle """"": '.
H< cloi""..! (in<untlyl
M"ho.l w tn..
Um_
~Ifil"" An)'<l"< ,,'1>0 goes through D,",Y"(' w l" mi
prepo"''''Y """', a oo dippings is astonished .t ,n..
.... n. oo.e..ion f", d ... il. of roum
hum uphol'tery
pott.m' to the <.lVings un banni.1en, And ou, .. gmenl
hum 111<' Ill"""" W'*"', e"'mplif.... how, 1hroughout
D",y"'" film" ,Ile .",hite<1u,", 0/ the ;"",rior domina"",
MU,
fi,..,
a""",.
/l""",
1....,.,
THE TA BLEAU AND THE FACE
,h,>
Dreye", <....",be,...t\! root off>en, factories, or public

meeting hall., !n his ""rly fiIrns, 11", ."dal ch.mbe, rruy be
,I>c ..", (!\limMli. courtroom (Th, I'midmli pri"'n
(TIlt I'midml , Inn ... from So la. ', Book!. an inn (Th,o Ill"",,',
W"""" /.Nt...), or, most oIten, a chureh . Tn< <!,u reh inte"'o,
i, ,he site <>f most soc;"! ",,,,men"', .he space ",ith;"
,,'nich indi,idual, <onfron' ca<n othe, 'hrough m.lrriageo,
rune"I. , . nd ",,,,,hip. But tn.. most <"",,,,on interior
'p.>ee remains tn.t 0/ the home. All "f Oreyd' film,.",
dom;".ted by domestic ;"rerio,... hum 11lE gIlEtto apo rt'
men .. 0/ nr, S'<gmJlIi2d o.r.., tl>e pal..: ... and coU'S'" of
On,. "I""" Tm.., a nd D."", Morga""', I>ou"" in 111, IlIr
"", 's Willow to tIlE f. ""hou~ in Til, Brid< of GIoor.!.1 .nd
tn.. "pper-clA .. interio", of 111<' p",jd",/, I.tovto from Sol ',
BooIr poin'ed ly contra". ;"",rio.-. across fou, .poch. And
of rom", Mic/wrl.nd Tho. s .. n
Thy Wifr ta k. pi"'
comp.,,,,ly ;" dome,tic 'f"<'". Th< I.tte, him',
opening tit." could ".nd ., an emblem of the Io>m~
ben' 0/ D",Y"(' "'rly ,,"ork: "In .he m.ny .. noels of tn.. big
ci'y, ho,,.,,
by hou",. And in tho>
people
in "'yo,", IiI! wit.,! bird, wl>o m."" 'heir n",to in ,he
dill .. , nest
ne,1. , .. Each morning ' "" ti>ousand,
0/ homt.-o in ,he city wal<. up, and ",-ery .ingle home is.
wort.,! unto i,.<lf.
"
In Ihe .. intorio ... \>'e find the ""u",. of '"" ",bl..u in
D"'yd, cody ntm>. As imd.!9' .nd
principle. 'Il<
,.!>Ie.u is firmly ,ied to a tr.dition 01 what we might call
"umbe, .tt, Hi.torically, tile stylistic premioes 0/ Ihis tradi h"n.", ,r., P''''ptl,'e disro",,~ of quattrennto pa inting.nd ,he.,,",. wllereby sf""'" i, e<>no<i,-ed as. rub< to be
fillod by hum.n ligu,",' , Wi,h tl>e i"""",i1\g """ula_lion
of 'ubjI !naIl<, in """Ilern bo""l'" p' inhng. chombe ...
oou,ing ,he Virgin 0' variou, .. in .. w~'" "'P~ by
' ''''rya.y in' ,rion, ''''' bed""",,.. parlo .... a nd xitel><.,. 0/
,"'00,
00'"""'.
0'"''
_""",",,1
Ii,,,
..,
EARLY FIlMS, TIlE CONSTltUCn O ", Of SPAa;
oou'I;""i. hom<.... Of ' hi' ch.lm~' " . M"'n ' 1M: ",.",,, i,
und",d"<Jly V,,,,,,,,,,,, wl>o in hi. s hort """" 'p"';"hz"J
in ~~picti n s miJ~"'-<:la .. h.>Nt. and h,bil.llO, burghe ... nd
l >d ~". t 1"'_ ..,...."'S tlM:i, c"l"'t., luk, oil !",i nting.,
hotpSicl>oNs, _ 'I. 0/ fruit. ;'w,~t')' - .l1 hathe..l in ,he
,ad;"~ lrom an adj","n ' window!",,,,, ,,,
The bou<g<'(lis in' erior
;n ,,,'{> mo<!if...d
h,tm, .rul ".'1."" ~''''<1 ly to ~).. , '. wo,k, In tIM: IlM:at",
of .t... ["" "'''' ..... 'nlh "' nlu,),, It..' pia)'. of TMl'n and
Stnodb<.S in itilk'd a trad ition of chamber d.amo whi<h.
although """"rime. "'rugna nt.o.he miJdlo d " ... finall y
b,."."", ><wpk'd ". the norm of inti""'l0 psychological
t hea I",. Thi. "",u,,, li.,;,, ,he",,,,, ,,ith ilS
dom" i< ',,,S'-dy. d"", i,.,h'<l '''', [}dn i>h ""S" 0/ P"'Yc"
youth until w,1I .fter World
I. 1.<.. , well know" bu'
"",n ""' .... inlpo"''''
n und""" nd ing ,,/ l)n;oyd. r.lm
s tyle i. It.< l"; nHng . tyle culti"""J by tIM: D."" Vil",'l m
Itam"",,,""i (fB&1-1916). Tnd ....... Hamme,,""i', co"~,,
might be "'ga.ded .o, 'M .."jucho ad .bsu.dum 0/ ,t.< e,,
tire ch.>mb<, trad i,ion. Confined ll1d""rs "".rly,1I hi>
life, I,, 'I....n. )'00'" I"ln""1> pic'u".. of <hoi", bool,.",;,
sof.;, blank window" op"n doors, figures quie' I)' ",.ding
0' d;,"",-",Iy IU","--.:I [10m It.< ""' .... ",. e,'"" """'plc1e1y
emp.y e<>,ridors and p." lors, ""Room in 2, S,,--.:Ig.>do"" ""
.pplil ,he ';'HI'" bn" h) ..,,,,,,.1pic'u,,-,"_ Alth""Sh """"'y
0 minor
of \'emIL"',. 1'1" "',,'k ".nd,
mon ill omi""Hng rel ion ,,, Dreye(, ,h,n doe he work
of any ma"e . The", ",as a Hammersooi "" i,'.1 in ,he
0.,,,,,", . " world 0/ 1914_18, lhe )'c,,, durin~ which D",,,,,
"'0' "'.m ing mm c,.rt; D",)""
'0 .dm'''-' i""
I"i"'''(' ,,o.k":.n.! on< ",-~-.:I only gi,,,,,e.' H.m"",,
,il<~'. pic'"""" ,,, "'~ic<. Pn::)" n. n in,;,."""" upon ..",
whi." ""11,, ." fI _ ong~-.:I lighting ..... ,','", .url......" ,nd ' he
",,,,,,,"din.,'ion of flgu,,' 10 o",hH,'<1u,,' .nd ~''''''' (~g, 19).
Th<'''' a", 011><. I"'''i",'nt SOUm,O, '00, ouch OS til<' Slyli-.:I
""S<' de'isn. 0/ M" Reinha,dt and ....' t.,.ode",) ,'/
D.ni.h dn<"'" a ,",'hole '",",'a ,d pla'li< "'p"rirr><ntJtion
(r.g, 2(1, fro", 810m ', A.,lIm';').
Yet '0 f ,,,,,, , ...' problem a."",, of sources i. ""tI)' to
take ,he film, 0" ,t.<i, "w n 'erm., """" Dreyenet')' I'f'Ob. bI)' .. '" tt.< 1","I"fii"",. of tl>< f'.m< Ofk' "'ay 0/
di>tinguoshing hi' film' from the "'fi lm -p.oo""," "I comm",..,;"1 monur"","",. l !i; n""on 01 f'd inting ',..!ih"n; ".,..
com,' , "-,bll, E...,ugl><l . nd """<1,,,,",1 ",,,,,,to,," In "" 1\1;, ..... "'/"'''''' .'A..." fIOChlin in 1''''''1'1''' the Flemish m"' ,'r>
0/ gen", f'din'ing' and an"omy """'n. in D<ly of 1\',.10,
""pr''"''
con,'"""'",,, of
f", ..
W.,
I",.,.
"""m
,mil.,,,,
,n
cI.,,,,,..!
Itom"",,,,,,," .nd Whi,tler _ga;n ;n 0nIcI .nd (;(rlrud . To

wi,h sou", .. i, to ~pt the ~ I m;' """' ion' kl
high a" "'''hou, con,iJenng how'he table.u 01"''''''' in
",,,,,mo. Ou, prima,), ~",,;tion, r,.m<'<! by ,t.< Ru,,;'n
Fomuli,t;. ,;
"'W"""! from'"'!><>' "Who. fm-~'" H,m _
"".",00; , Allonl" nd ,,,. _' .". ;ignif;':.nt "'-'0"'" b}'
in ..,rting ",," .;n f" u .... 01 tI... ,h.>m(>"'-art t,aditkm inro
m,odium . P"'Y.' ",,'al,-.:I ' l",<if".lIy d""m.tic
ph... """,.,,,,",, .ho,.... Ne.u_
N' I..., t,Ok." imaSe in f'd inting function, w.y differ~ntl)" in film, Ci""m" "p"';"Ily in ,he 19:zo., ,., .... U"Wm
ing'" k,I=", .ho,. , till"",; ",d r" ily 0/ ,,,,,h. compooed
.",.I i.,.. "","! .h. n ""'. I"",,';" a' tIM: Hme KI.nlirll.'d
"""...,.,..,"t .. tIM: '-e,), .;"-'TKe 0/ tt.< mm medium; ""is
beume "" ndn<m.l tic." W i'" Emes' Undg...,n write"
"Wh. , ha, ,t.< mmn",ke. to correspond to ,he mio, . rod
""p
no'
''''''''''f
EARLY F1 ...... , TIlE CONSTJ<IICTIO" Of 5PACIi
though It", d~p'h is more pro"ounc.,.] in figure 22, it is

p""'idod by ,,-'Sul.!rly """-'<l ing d istinc, pi,,,,,, .nd If",
dcpth ,.,mai"" subordi""I" ' 0 ,he 0.-... 11 'ymm<"y of '""
.",hit,,<'",,,_
\\'ithln 'hi'
f" "", 'I'-"'<. ''''' fLll u"", tend
to"
,.ught in < ...,fully pois<>d g""u,,", "Still lif,.. ,,ith hUm.l n
oon!;>" : E, H . Gombrich', deocription 0/
po in.
ings ' ppl.,. as well ' 0 Ore;=" t.blN u . ,' Some of Dreyd , ~a~ y fi lms "," Uin "-''1 'H'fiC~ bu<tling wi,h ",.i,ity.
but t"" """t <harael
h ...., OO<I1po'''i'''''y
little phy.ic>'! action , It i, rem.>rk.1ble ' M ' only twenty-fi,,,
.fte, '"" in,,,n,.,n "' '',he . n of """"""",t,". dir:"" "'"so n 'y"(",,,ti<. lty '0 , "a ll('"S" ,..., p'im.>ey'" roo.~'"
IMI . rt, Who'n
oi<:J<'. '''" u' "" it hin lhe
t.bI. " . it t,'n.!. tu to" sl illhl . 0<3 """', Tho fig""'" di,_
1'1><.: ",,'"' i. no k'd j,), ,"'-: <"<""'-"" ~ "f .he tobb" 'f"<", . ,
when tho' ,ha ' '''''er.> in Th, Bri4' of Clamd.ol ,"-'wly <roo.
" I"n.
the;, room , or OS wlwn lho' king.0<3 prin>,;' in
Tim, mo'-.. within '""
. mt>i t of t"'-:
In tho'
.ped""'n cMm ple from 111<
Soh en',
mo,""",n".re ,it .... ,'<1 within ,he circum",rib..'<1 'f"<" 0/
,..., nou"" , Ind,,,.;l. mo,-",",'n, of"-'" oo r; b, f", its ""' "
.. ke than .l5 p",,",se from 0"" t.bk . u to .not11<'" ' "
In"", from Solon ', Book (f'S , 23). Jesu" il1 !"u.ing in the
0/ I..... , """""".. 1"' 1 0/ I"i' of "' ......., 1>"-'''")"
w",,,,ing hi m .soin ,t t"'-: "'''pi ng, st''''''-.qu,' d; ip ....
The ~m pty !"""'~'" 0/ wm " ,;IS in c.lm "-,, ,",,iona l
pt~' I"-'ct;'- . (fig, 24); D,,,,,, M,'8-''''' "n"' .... n.!..." ",-:.d
wi.""", ,Iw he, p of d othe; on Iwn" right. Most import. nt , ., . n , he>e in.t.", , ugg,,,,,t, tlw fig o,,",.re ."oo,dinolt'd ' 0 the ",w.1I dC>ign of ' "" . no, . n-.e r<'framing> 01
H<>II)""ood cinem" in the;, ,.""' ><qo """"n<"e to ,he ac_
10 ... ",I-...,io . 1-...", "" p""" in D" 1'd, ,,"ork Tr., ,.bI.u
,""",;n , 'n '''~i.":t(>,, i< principle, w"'-''''by ,"'-: h "m'n
figu", i, defir.ed ,",'i'hin rigorou,')" ,tJble environment.
It ""'y ...,m. ' hough. II-..., lhe . tJbIc ..!>te.. u i, not
,hallo", """. fo, Dreyer' . ... tty fil m ' often make "<c of
.Ier.h <"'.,. ' 0 ",".r\< <ou l ",,,~.I di"hrt
0.:"" 'h i'
"",.n. , ,\nd.t ,,","in ,,"ould h ..'o it.
we mu .. di"".rd
D....)" , ''''' "pi.:' Ori.> Ii"" i n 1..'~, "f Dn)'", tI~ "",.. I",t' ~I
J ,,,p ' f"<'" No. In
e..-I )' f.l m; , d<'pt" po ,..!o'''''I)"
1I"''''''n'
tho' t....'. u ""I"" ihun _ Tho' f" ity
,n.! "''''ity of the t> N.u cm lot> p<rft"<t ly " 'ell , uPI""t,-d
by d",p 'I'-"'< ." iong OS IIw d"pth 8<,,,,, ..1,,,, d " s..-d ,
h.rmon iou. tot.lil) .oo not, mo", o l"'n fr."", in ,",'h i<h
the "Je>,'e<", .)'" i, ron,'.n ,ly 1"',1..'<1 bel,.-",n ,,""u>
".bI.>
'0
Vo"",,,,'
.'ri"'" "'0"""
Y"''''
;n
21) ,
'\,Iott,;. 119131_ !'rodoc"",,, , till
"is ... 1d.,.ign 0/ ,I>< p.>in' o<, ,I>< .0M ""' ...." 0/.1>< ",ulp_
tOf, the m u,,,,1 >ou oo . of ,herom pose" ___ Un.!.,ubh.>d l,'

, he . n,,,,., to th., ~u e<tion i. mo"."", nt." " TI>< .. bI,u in
Dre)"e" films puls ",rt.in pres,ure on , uch "sum p1""",_ When.n . lien styli"ic dement (e_g " Ir., t.lbledu ) is
intrudu.'<! in..., !>om"!."-,,,,",,u, s)'SMn (e ,g . ",,,,,'i ...
logic' , cunlrul of cinem.'" 'f"<"). lhe con"-"<] o~",<... re
"", I"-"""ful. n,. , lien ."'menl. if 01",,""" , co n d"form
olheT'S, The ""olt I", Dre)""", ""I)' r>lm. h., ",-"n occur... ly, if di.. pprovingly, deFtr.ed by write, describing n"
I'",wnr, """,'. aademic, . oo k>oJiou, ' . m po, its "",>oJ to
d well u pon '",-'.u,i1ul im.>8"' . , ,he e'l"'n", of mo,'"me ,, '
. n.! psyd-..""t;io<. l . ",biguity," " M"", po<i'i"d y, ,he f _
tu "" wllkh "'. h ...., ob<erwd in til< "'one from Th< 1lt,"",', W"""" recu, in Dre)'eT',olhe-r fdm., .n.! . n . ". Iy,i.ol
,,..,.., "-'ru ""n'S willie, u. _ how ,he tabl.u in cine",",
oi><y. ""lain norm, I:>u, . iters "' hers
n,. I.bI.u harmoni"" ,he en'ire h.m< ' p.>' . s
''''f'''''>d r",Id , v ~, ,, .d !.onS , ...... . u.... It~ I""" ,
" " ighl_"" .n~ , .he ' .~e. " pn.'n" "nif..-d, ,!os.od
o' ganiLlbon , There.r.> """" of ,he s inuou, interl.>cin!;> of
\"O n S'Ctn"'rg oom po<it ion,
0/ lhe "i"",,,>Cd
diog<ln.>I, ,)/ . " ~i", n 'te i " ' ""' , He", nori>On, ..... nd "",'''.,, d,,.,,ina,,-,. " " , ..,. ten.! ,,, bo "'gula,.n.! 'y"'''''''riol.
a nd 'U t>ilit) of fr.m ins p,.'v.il. Obje<t,.n.! fogu ..." t,'n.!
to interact a<ro>S on< pi,,,,,
th. n """"'ion. lTy' I""
char""", .. in figure 21 are grouped" if in, friel<, E\- n
"0'
" tI,."
.,
""""me"'
0>,,,
"",rj,
8""",."".1
!II"",,', W.,,,,,,,
ffiXl>
,ha,1'"'''''''
'0,",m""
t""
'ems in ros'u"",.oo d,""'), In Drey"" film,. ,he "il l"""

,I>< .. bk.u d""",oo. s"' tic pLl"'-...
100,.."<1, de"'p" !"""
c. n ",,;,,.Iy ..," '., tho' ' obIe.u prin<;pk. In 0....)' ..... ea rly f,lm depth y ~.ld. mMld~ _
ground ' ''''I'''S "'hi<h ca" flO"'" tho' tobl"au, Ikg"I ... soli<!
,lup<o, . ",h . s d""," and .",hes, "'''''''''' pri" ; ~'gl, A
,Io,,,,"ay may (ram<.> a dinne" I.lther', gI>-...ting. or. 1Il "",.1 (fig>. 26----28), ju" 'hey fr.me s.ol",n', and Mar
gan-f.
in nr. II,,,,,"'. W..u..., (fig" 4. b. ~ )
Similarly. arches rna)' endow the
",ith rna" i,..
mon urnent.llity (fig., 2'J---JO) 01' i;,nd. g<"tl .. ' up porlin~
.hal'" (fig" 31, 32. II), In . ""h way., depth p"wid .. the
clo><-d gt"me,";':.1 pot'em' ond grouping> " 'hi<ll ,he
.bstroc' d,,<Of yi<ld. i" . hallow", composit""", Ago;n , ;, is
0(
s"",
m(l""""'''''
pl,,,,-,,, Dreyer ..,Idom ,dOl,,, loregrouM '0 b.>ckgroUM in

dynamic ""y', Ei,l><, ,I>< """".""n' in ,I>< ohot i, 'oo 110." ,.
ing"OO ,he co"'posi'ion in depth i. uo,u, "' i",-"<I, o. ,r.,,,,
i, liuk mo,'ctl"'''' " ,11. ,00 ,he compo, ition in d"p1h
I"''''A'S io'~ . "tn.',u . In "i'ho', ,'wnt, tho' " ,,,,pIt',i')' ( ~
dp",mic d,,-,p 'f"Ce. ,. louoo in Renoir Of Mi.wIIL>Chi, i.
0,,,,,,1"-'<1. E""n in 1'1tt S'igm.lliuJ Ottts, O",y'''''' ...... , .m
bi,iou, ,""mpt" d""p ' f"Ce, " '" c. n di!iOO""" d,."",hc
i ntN""~m of <""';K' eN in depth " nly il " '" )'. nk """
from< ou , 0( m nte,,; when the ~ I m i, proj' oo, tI", efl," 't
i, lI.udly notic<abk. Com""scly,' dep,h . ho' m.y be r., ld
for " """. time , but only ",hen ,he n~"''''''''n' hi. d ..>d
do",n, \\' hik tho.- ",uri< in ,II<' d i''''n<e of ligu'" 2, <h"
qu;"'ly. the "'-'Her figu,,-... im[>ly ' ii , ., il d,,,,,,, tinll the
d""",.y. Renoir'. bu.y !o"-1!mu nd, . 00 ~Ii:""!lu< h i '. m,,
. "' ntly . hif'ing di;(g<>nJ1 " "" ""''''i n i""tric\',bdy d iff",en'
from . ""h <""'p" ' i';o", . , the"" En-n D",p' " runkm
f"""Y L>"~.
"yl;,t
a" hi"-" 'u,,1 'um. m.,1"
hi' .. bI''u lik" ""'IS ;n ""'''' P"'''''''n'J depth (u,u.lly
pn)(i ",,'<1 bJ' ~ioo,1 STouping"OO, not of bu.y p.> '-
".,"he,
0(."
,.bk,"
..
EAR,. "'..... , THE CONSTllJCTlON Of " ACE
qUdrtefS 0 ' Ile.od-on ,'",w, not only d"", D"')"eT .hoot

).KOV in pmfik bu, ,Ile
which ,Ile Indn inh.!bit> i. SO
..... ,Iow
hi. hody ptoj<et. sca=1y furtlle, from '''''
,he ' hin <h<lf b< hind him_ (Compa'" fig. ).I.)
In figu", 3;, "inUdlly ,he only " l< position ing ,he cruckry
b<h ind I_ph.oo ('~,,,,-,,, ic ,,, is ''''' .ne;"n' ",Ie t ..... , ,he
hiS"'" an .",,,,,'n' ;S in ,he composition, ''''' furthe, ''''ay i,
is .,"' .....'01 '" b< . A, li """, 'he ,1'1.110" "".. 0/ ,he ",e""!l_
,.phk.pace j; po. iti--.ly opP"""i' e, ......1><" ' I>< . '",hen
in n" I'midml b<come, , h.mbe, u" .. I)" "mrtY , I its
cento,. a r<Om wi'h.lI i" fumi,ure . howd up 'I\"io <l If",
",., ",.1I 1ng. 36)_ When K.!rl \';1:'0' and hi. "''''o nt go to a
" ,. 11. I>< ' ums.nd li"''''ly "pen, i' (f;g_ ]7), mom"nt.ltily
pu,hing ,he .1'1", in'o dopth belore .he romposition 'I\"io
""",,'''fS ILl,,,,, .. (ng . 38) . Here Dre)... b.ire. th<' device 0/
II>< "~I.... " ., <l<' p<' t>d~ nl upo" a ILl' sl""'_ In .uc h >hot
,n,...,. 'he p<,interly ',>Jit ~ ' n uf <h.o ",~, or' . k<", ldefS
i\> w.y in 'o d""ma ., nJ ddo",,;, by ,he fbI",,,,, uf mistm .m.t .nd f"ming. ,he w')' ;n','';'' ' 'J"K"S.re norma ll)'
portra)-,'<! ,
TIl<- imp1k""",' 01 'h" ,.ok, u '''' """" .. n ):in8'y
.. nS<'d m the funetions of d""", A......, h." ," .I.e.><ly -."
Drey,, Icndod II> view the prom j""lKo 1>[ dC<'Ol in hi> film.
. . . n ind", ,>I psy<OOIogi<aI re.li,m. ,,"he,,--by room. ron
''')''-'Ol " ,0.:, occop>nr. I"'rsonalLty,"" Th;s Ml,.. i. oornmon
in ''''' c .... mbe'.n It.><l iho n, "'hkh j; p,,'Olk.,ed upon the
...umption ,ha, .he hom< offe ... ,,-,<ure . ite fo, the ""'.
<truc'ion of ,0.:, indil'idual pri"'''' d'ize" . " No ",ond""
Dre)'e , "'., .bIe ' 0 rnne.i", of hi. domestk .." .
ling; a; p")'<"'~ic. lly ""I'el.!,<>ry: c ..... mber." celebrate,
II,, d"""",ic into"'" "" "Iy b..,,,u",, ,hi"pace dofi .... ,Ile
ind i.. iduali,y ~I ,,,,. 'n .... bitan' 'h tough d,-=, ""'-'<I<'Ol and
.,ranged I'!I ,he ;n .... bi .. n' ,
ar,,,
,n.,
,,,It ,ho"
29,
00.:,."", . T"""
Prod"""", .. m,
, m""', of lhe .uooroi""tion of tile pf')'ing 'poKe to Ih<'

lo..,f f,.me 'p.Ke: tile abstracting qualities of tile dC<'O, no
""ge, 'p",aJ ,1'1,,,,,,,,,1 0'" '''''gsid. ,Ile figu,,", b",
inlerpY5< lhemWh-es t>ctween the >;e"w.nd lhe fiS~I\'"
M,,,, ~I"'n, "I <~Uf"", 'he 'I"'<";S "'~ ,, ~')' d,,,p" .11_
T"" table.u ",I<Iom fro""-,, ''''' c.... m~' 001'1",,1)': .....11'
. nd f", niture " ",), only ..tigh"y from a pe'pendicul" oxi .
Furnishing nd ",he, pn>j'ion< fmm the rear pia..., are
mi nimized. A<1ors 'end to pl.!y c",,", '0 ''''' .... all .00 in
'e""" I"',allel '0 iL All ''''' pic'<>ri.ll m ,-" for fb".,., of
'pace _ rom"" .. bIe I.mil;.,. "'" 0/ obi<c". unifonnly"l<..
,-'Olll'" . nd .mooth
ho"'-"n,.1
,han <I .. g.
on.1 li".,._ 0 l"'''''' in Dre),d. tabk,.", . AM,he, di",,
'0' ",,"IJ h.,,~ ,ho,. <k'C,,;ng man (fig 331 In"'" ,h",,
'ow",_",.
ra''''',
' ' '01, ,....,
32.
..
-J{. r .
\l \ ) .'' .<- .
n.._'.W....
..
MillY fI ..... ' THE roN5nI;UCTlON O' SPACE
~l.
TlItr...-"
,""
no,""', k",,1. OOWO,.." , ,...., 00;.."'" ",.Ii,m c. nno' justify

,...., ~mph.>.i , "' hleh ,...., f,ame plac<-> upon ,Ilem . SoI",n
in ' he dco:>rway (fig, )9). bu,
giv,,", con
.kiorabk- wcigh' '" . ""," ... r~~ho.'5 "" Ii"". aOO bench
Tho: ""IT.H,'. ;n t.,." of ,...., ><e ne in figu"" J5 i. ,I>< "'"',"'" b<twl'<'n J,,*r" ,00 Ge"",';", )'" 'he unu.UAI
promi""ncc 0/ ,h<, uppe' ."'. "I ,I><
,I>< ' kiil)"
ha"'fl<'<"<! rompo<ition .."",.,. toow ,Ile crock,,}, ron!\",
,""S each <ide 0/ ,~n ic. l . , ... T...., J"",ki ing judge
K.l,I-Vik,or (fig. -10) .. hardly more imperLln' ,han ,he "ill
lilo., hi. de.... . lJbiOCI< ""y be .prinkled around ,Ile cha,_
<>c"'..... il Ilo.lling in a ">cuum (fig. 41). Wh<".,.. ,...., c"' ...
leal cine",", >lri . ... k> .Iign ,Ile .~ of ,Ile KIion wi'h ,....,
,otol frame 'pOKe. D",ye" 'abk-ou 'end. 10 m. ~ e ,....,
.", na 0/ tile ",,"on only a pan-and """"tim<'> ,h<, ",-"
pa,,-01 tile ..chitIu,. 1 'p.>Ce of I"'" en,i", f""",, Ou,
. ''''n''on ,w,'n"" '0 obi<'<1' ,nd lumi, hi n!\'; de .. ,I. of
'Ile .. dum"" .. b"m.! ."ka")" orticu i.k'd .s the liSO ...... ,
Ou, "'"noon ;' noI"';zed copriciou.ly;"" d ... ign and
lisMi"S poin' oU, I"'" obje<" . nd furni.hms. of tlleoe
pa""'"'
,....,.hot
,hot.nd
Yet ,he "'ttings
Dreye r """m.
pose ""'"" romp"" problem> 'N n
'0 h"" "",]ized . Tho: de,,"';s "'~ .>bvin",ly
"'Exp"",ion;',: no, even "",.. Iy "' p.... ssi,"' ......... ' ,,{ ,I><
objec" do no' b<""""" prop> i","',a<ting wit h ,Ile pe"
forme .. , How k> "'rtain ,...., lod tho' 'he """ings jU<l >i,
,Ilere? A, one \e,'.I . ,Ileoe "",ticuiou'"y I. mil .. , 00;..'<tS
''''riy W<'rl to"'ar<! ",<i,imill'ude
of ..... Ii'" AI
1<>"""
UKey f1I.M. , TIl. OON5n<IICTION Of SrACI
,h.mbe,.., For Jooef "on S.. mberg Rudolf Amheim ha.

po, it. ".p.xo w~. mo<t visible .... t.<n <ro,,'Jed wi,h 00;.ct.,"" For Dreyor , lor Ve"""", and Hammersooi.pace
is moot vi.ible when em pty. Neutral whilo or bt.>ck ..... 11
'lripped b,ore,
,he ground for patte"" that "uge on
the .tarkly goomctnca l. Outlin<!< ""'y be ""i,, 'od or Col,,'ed
into the woll it .. ,f, in the I"lmleol ",oll p"f'O' in figure
010, the zigzag oIte.1k lfig, ~2). or the "",,'Ioped ."''' (fig. 43).
0, the F",rcm ""'y om."S" from the .rrangement 01 00jlS upon. """"01 ..... ,1, an . .... ong<"",nt that will be
g<>omc1ri<ol . itbeT in an ,1.1>o .. ,.ly det.ilf<\ ,hythm_e.g .
the c.nopy-sha ped "'''''P of co",...,. in r,gun! -14-0' in
.imple. ,.,,'en! blocks (fig. ~5) . In either
the n<'utr41lz.tion aoo pattorning of Jecor ... t. the Ag""," "'ithin
an .",hi"".u", that Ion. out on <i,k., s Od. 01 .hem , P""
p""d .,ulo,.oou, gow. On!y. S<1 d",ign ~'t.""'
bIe gmund ' g>i"" ,,h.,h
ligu'" and itom 01 d.'Co,
,tond, o u' .
,he lig.hting i, ,mF , od
Mo"""',,. in 1M tableau
cl<a,. No pa"""'" of Imp"",ionist flo" blur ,he ,'oIu",",
.nd edS'"" 0/ the OOje<t . Sp<aking 0/ a "lin.,.," "yle in
painting, Hcinnch Wolmin .... 'itos: "Se.eing by ,-oIu".,.,.
and oulli""" 0010, .. objec...
. I" ,orest I.,. ""'n! in the
I""'"plion 0/ indi"Odual ""'torial objec .... "" id. langible
bOO "'." " D",Y"" Il;ott;,h h,,,,""'i~ht;n~. , uppl,,""'n"--d
pri"i!..1\" figure
by Iight <-.lg< ligh'i"g, ",Iu",,"
.., tti~go. "" ,ha, ,he , u"""'ndi~g objlS .lAnd out 'hrough
line and ,o",'i,y. I!.>ckgrouoos c<>me forwatd . f,,,,n when
,o' .. ",.re . re.. '" d .. klWSS.nd lig.ht. ,he 0,... 11 c;.,.,,.IJ uI
,n., d"", ... n.",,, Io<t. Lighti ng con 1>0<""", . ""'he,.1>'lTo<ting e;""",nt. ~ithe, ~nting the ...110,,"""" of the
fr."", .f'<Itt (fig, 46) or projecting strong g"""",hical pat tern' (fog. 47). Even oidelighting will not dillu,"" 'o. d ...
act.,
c.",
.....
.'''''Y
,ho,
'0
0'"''
..
fin..-.l ,h.I"'O: iI1 ligu", -IS, the line.ol ,he .-ch. the h.nging
weigh', ,he b,azier. and lhe
all rerruin .ttiruJ,ted.
DY"" lighting g;"o< l11< obj"''' what Wollflin call. "Ji,
plosli<ally kilt.""
Wha,. 'hen . are ,he lunction. 0/ .uch .g.gres.i"" deco,.
..,"ings ,ha, '" quic kly ou,,,m wri,imilitu<k .nd psy'
c""Iogic.1 exp",",i,i'),? Isolated , patt.rned to cl.im ou, .t tention, the", pia Ie. and C'm<'05 .nd 11mps.nd picture
I .."".. ,lul"'ngt. qu;e,ly.nd .ul>tJy, the pri~ '" ,he
na,,-a,i,... oction, The ",w. ~, . qu.lity 0/ D"'Y'f' ~ao1y
film' st."" in part from ,he ""y tha' d"", .. h<-rome "'ITa ti,."ly p"riphe,.1 I>\ot "isu. lly promi"""'- In """ .. n ,
what Ya,ujiro Ozu d""" by rutting from n'IT.~,e action to
do",it. 0/ "'tting. Dreyer doe. lhroug.h the 'rT.ngtment
. nd lighting'" deoo" the ,halo,w. l"",oo1y rom~ ",b1.0"' run'i't"ntiy IUn! <)U, oy
'PI""," ,jy sig'
nil.,o", 1>\0, ulHTlUwly in ,",,,,"~le obje<t>; w ~ <I<> ""t g"'p
'hei, "",oning" unly thei, 'p.,i. , quo lit;"'; ''''' obj"'!; ",i't
ch;"fly .s .h.p". ,heen, and F"tt<rn, Freud p>inted out
that the Genn.n tenn fo, ,he " uI""'nny" ",as ""hdmlicll,
""'hal J",. no' belong to ,he _ : . " In a OOn1I",able
w.y. Dreye., interior, li,o"Uyo/tfamil"riu
'f'<Itt.
H;. u.., 01 ,he chambetoo1 ttadi.ion dis'o .... ''''' """'" 0/
,!ass",.1 <i_rna by ob,tr.oc,ing ;ntorior . f'<Itt ,,, .uch . de
g"'" that d"",. is >om.,i""" pull.-d out 0/ S'" ",H o 'he
de"",nd, 01 n.,u.i"" log'" "''';''8 1>000",.,.. sp<-cta<;" in
il, ""'n tigh'
Ooly s.-.me.imo.... ,",we,'.,. hen .hese d."> .. . ", not '"
,.>dIC.1 ,11" ' '''' 'able. u "'I\o .... . he p",misoo 0/ , ho do .. i
cal d""ma . In,te.d. the Odiooync,atic ie.ltu .... 0/ Drey'( '
"yle .pring from a play wHh in .00.., prem;..... a nd .he
lableau is on< tenn '" that play, Tho 'abl.. u oxl<nd. f tures 0/ the dominon, .tyle . n'.n def.mil"ri, ing our view
,.d
tinc,,,,,,,
"",.td
"""""h,
0/ the norm.1 w.y in wh",h huma" mo,"""",,,' o"d ;"""';"'-
~ ..., "'p",,,"'f'<I;" ;1S m05t r;w",ollimi', It.. ,.bI. u
empl\o,I"". de""" '" pm'" .".. d;ns;1< n"TO';v~ fU11<tio".h'y, By rts.<lf. how.,'"" .t.. .."""u due. no' h,nd . "..."tally q .... , '"-'" c'ass",,1 principle', It d"", not repudiate
its ultimo", dependency upon ,hat chambe, an tr><l;,;"n
wh",h, ;n ;,. hi"oric, 1d;me",;"n, "",m""" 0 un;f..,d ."d
romfurt.bI ronc.ption of I... pe~n.1 ~ in 0 prj,.. ..
.,...
The <ommitment 0/ In. t>ie.lu to. ".ble .nd ron,;'"

tent .~ is .vid.n. lrom .he control 01 carner. "",,'C_
men" .nd editin;;, Drry ..... "'rly film. rely l;ttle 0" CO""" .
"""'e""''''- (Our ",smon' lrom Tht 1l!""",', ll'd>oQ Os 'ypi"
<al in 'his ""pt,) II... " the c."",,. d_ m,,,,., it 10110",...
"'J""'I<Ibly,' l.t.r. 1 path, A trock in '" ou' would d troy
In. ,h.llo w.~.nd bunt open tn. tabwu ;n'o depth
Imtedd, Oreyer's oomrnc>neot c."", .. mo,..,men"..",k
m;n;m;.. dept h cues, The favored mo,'."",,,t ;, ,h.. 1'<'''
.hot .ocros. f.;rly ,tat", subi"''' ' In ~ from 501""',_,
.fter a long shot 01 ,1>< Ll,I Supp"", Dreyer <u" to 0 ""'"
d;um shot 01 d;"";p"" 01 , ... ,;gh t 01 t ...
ond pon'
.Iowl)' jd, ; ,,,'ery man Os 1,.""-'<1 ;n b.>1on<ed
rotnl""';,;o,,_ In Tht P...,.;J"". 1"''' sl><>t. "", only fi. , ...
tab"'.u bu'
.ym"",.ric.lly "bookend" ""'" ",sm,".
The ro"rtroom _ne begins with. p. n leit from , ... ju"",""
PO" '1'1.: j <KlS"" to end on Vk:\u';".' ",,,I;n ,our!; the
"'ene end; w;th . pon righ' lrom , ... dep"fting Victorine
po>! , ... judge< to end on.n
,"oeont jury box.
In addition, ,n. trodin;;.hoI hal ,he po.en.ial c",.'e
""",ux, The ""'" I.mou. came .. me""men' in Drrye"
early work is . .... ym"""ricalt.-.ck;"S ohot wh"'h ft.1I" .....
Marie Antoinette 10 he,ceU;n """'" from s."'n, __ A,
the ""ginning of ,t.. . hot, "'e have M arie A".""",.", and
"'r soard. Ir. med ;n 'he <lIor><",rio,k doorway, When
t""Y lum 0 ..... ,p 'Iff' ond ronon ... 'heh wal~ p" .. Uel to 'he
",aU. ,It.<
to "a.ck .. ",,.11, w;,h ''''m. , ml ,~'"
toin;ng boo .. <>red ond fa;rly ,itollow",ompooitions. Morie
A"I()i ...."'" en' e.. "'r 0:11. osoin f",n"d, ,..hile Iter jailer
."nd, f""Od """,KI< ; thi' last <ompooition end, the sho"
Mov;"S .. ",.. Ill' ond . t a ron'''nl 'f""'!, Dr.)"" <arne,..
wHi 1'1 " " none of , ... ,udd"" fli;;hls 01 German or French
Impn.'SSion;" c . ~. """""ment 01 the period, Llter, in
V""'pyt, Gertrud wuuld begin '0 0 .. arcing f"n and trock
""""""",IS witich turn tn. figu.... into ~ 0/ "",Iptare,
bu. the e.,ly film; 'imply inoh, on p"""rving , ... flo.
'0
,.!:>Ie
u"',."
.1..,
01""",
c.""" "r!,
ta"'e,~,
'0
5imilarly, Ore)... , . ediling ""ve< , y."'m.!inlly , 'ioIa ...

.he conven,ion. 0/ , ... currently <merging cI oleal .I)-Ie.
Ao ,.," ..gmen. from Th< Ill...,.,',
iIlustr. t... tite Of_
dinary method. 01 croso<Utling . .. perledly ,uited to ....
film. ' depe"d""", upon n ..,ati"" p ... Ueli,,,,,. In I.<m.-.
from 50","', &d, cv~ry one oItite four epi.<;<>do,
upon
"",,",utt;n!! to ,;g,,;iy ",,, onl}' ",mp.. ,.1 ";mul .. neity
but also """oti,.., 'imilarity or <OIl"O" . fo, insl.""" ,
in , ... Fren<h R<",lu 'icm epi""'e , while jooeph me. to
PO,",'c, among , ... j.ocobl"" oce"", of Marie Antoi""",,,',
I ~e ;n priso<> rom!"", r.c, .ulholing w;,h tr.c hanh rev_
<>Iu.'''''ry ""gime, Tht Stigmatiwl 0.... U,"", c""""""';"g
' 0 po <>I"'1 ,It.< ,'a.-;oo , ..,..nd. 01 oc';on in .he clim"",,,,
pogrom, In Tht Bn.k '" GI"",d4i. "",""","ing motche.
Berit', fa''''' ' larm "'ith ,he fo nn belonging 10 Tore',
family, .n~ ",hot ....... S"''' ,...
010 """"n, ..11;.h life .nd f"rtile, Io"ing one . More importantly, ,ueh
"""curting oneB 1\0 , hre.' to tn. tableau m;"_m_>dnt;
when 'f",;., lIy di'I",a' e romp"';boM are ju~'af""Od , th<
tltem.,'" 1""1,,,1. depend;n f"" upon th< pooed st.bil;,y
01 oa.ch ,.blea"
Cu'';''g inlO lhe ""'no: ",~o"" m.. ", dM",ult;." Sin"
th~ b.,ou d"p"nd' up'''' 0
'p,,;"1 t>.ol.n<t", a
Cu, ""'}' .,''-'''' on ;"' o"" plion . btc>kdown ;n tho lOb"',u'. un ity. In it .. c~ _, as. whol<>, Ur.-ye, /mmd two
'0 I ... prublem , The l.",... ~~t 'o;", w. , t h.ot ,~ , ...
long t ,~ ., ",h",h 1"''''';(' th" ","ai" ing 01 ,he I. t>k.. ubett~,. the gradual J",'"lopment 0/ t....Itot titro"git "v e,.1 .. t>ie.lu~ . In citaptef r,,'. "'. ,Mil "'" , ... ron""'l""oceo
01 'his_ Dre}'o" earl;", ",Iuhon ' 0 ,i>< problem ".~, to cu'
",;,1'1;" 'h< ""-""" , T ... rup'un> 01 , ..... bl ~au dem.nd,
..,."",h;ng 0/ equ.1 v.l"" .od " ...... ;"" ;mp""' nce ,,, "'"
1'1"", rt. Th< ~k ;mpl;rn;n ,il< cu. could be. 'ign ;r.,.",
momen' 0/ d;.rupllon, ,u'p"" ;ng'n. tableau and
Honing <~o1. i n P"'''';'''' uf'il< cLo,,;c. 1 p.,. d;gm; hut ;n .k.d o.-.)"r turn, to 'il< on;w," rodifood by d . ..ical
cine""" tho hu ..... n I..,.
W" how long ~"""'n 'h.t 'he I" .. in Drryd. film'
1'1 .." pe<iol qu.l "y. In ",oiIinS" .nd ron,..,..tiono ...
"'a' e>:plicit-"""rything h~m.n i, e,p"""'<! in the
I..,." .. , The foe. i, the mirror 01 the >oul"-.nd'" os..,""" hi' ;wmi",tion r", the lifel;","""", uf th. foee. in
C rifnllt , f,lmo" F.. , j~a n $< ..... Iu';. D .. ~. ,e .. mble.
R<-mbrondt in hi' d,'<Iko'iun to hcial ""p""' ions: "The
' pirit",.1 qu<" and the ..,stt..Ik q""" which con";'uto
, ... f,lm> 0/ Dreyer mffi in t... hum." loe.,"" Fo,others,
W...,..
,d""
COO'"''
I.W"""'"
"""'' 'n.
q""'_
EAKLY nIMS, TIlE CONSIJtllITKlN OF SPAct:
On>Y'" f"".... ofkr the octo,.n """.,ion fo, "inuosity, os
"""'"u <Yi r...n.-. ftv-o s.,.n', &d ,uW""-..! wh<~ ""

,,'ro'" .ha. Cia" Pontopidd.n "in 0 <"-up <ri<d <.>u' in
dumb anguish.1l he, ,uffering a rtd p.oin_"" YO! ..,.. <e'
m"ls
,he ...1 problem. onloud-.,<I. fo. in one ",m"
.he", is nothing unu,u.1 about Drry<r'. faces. AI""",
,-",'ery d ire;:tQJ 0/ naati,-e film. pn"u.g.. the face o"'-"r
ot"" pan. of.he bod)'. (Only E""n,"in and , ... early OZ"
_m f.scinated by p"lm" k"'-""S, .nkl .. , elbow" ,touul,
dotS nd bU'h" ...) We _gain strike
'la" i<. l lV<'u~d
i"g' 01 D",y.,-" ~.rty work;
hi, d .. m"'" t.bl.,ux
'-"'''-"nd .. ther th.n rontf.die' domimn. principles of 'P'"
tial construction, .., hi. "'" of f""'-"' e>..,nd. , ... a n.h""
pcnntri< concern, 0/ the cla .. ieol .tyle, So "''''",i n lies
the I"rti<ul.rity 0/ Ore)"-"r'. method?
The .n.we" u.",,1. lies in funchon. Who" do .he..
la.c<-o do wilhin , ... ,p ;.,f .ySlems 0/ 'he Nlly li lm.' First,
he f...,.,. gain an unu,ual .. I.,,,,,, 'h",ush 'hei, oPl"""ition
to ,he ... bI<. u_ Clc>so, up 0' ""-"<Iium clc>so-up, ,he .. ,hot,
'hift us into .nother ",.Im, ....'he"' in tl>< ... hI u, ,he
fi!;ll'" is ,ubordi"".ed.o ar<;hileclure, fish', .nd dew" in
lhe fae;.,1 ,ho ..
hum.>n <Oun"'",,"'O triumph; 0"" ,he
>urrQllndings_ If the t.bIe." cootinu., the trodition of
ch.m"'" .n, the foe;"1 shot retum o.he "..;ition 01 po'.
""ilu..,. "" a S'-"""-", .he portra;' berotnes prominent w;.h
tlw ,""ularization o/.he Ia'e ReMi ... """" .nd de,'elope<!
into the -"'On of p"inting whirh ",ughl 10 rep..,....,1 'Iw
uniq""""" of tl>o ind i,idu.l , to e'p"'ss definitively. 'm gula, pe ....""'lily" In the 1lQr1h.m <ount~ e<peci.olly,
midd.,d.... "pi.. tion, ond .. If-d.nnition. find ,heir
"'p",.enta.ion in po",.i!ure. Orey .. ' ..... thetie, as we
h.. _n, ""pliritly .ppe"I o ,he port,a il ,,.di.ion in.to
rsrchoJogic.1 col><eption of >cting ond the clo..,.up_ Thu,
lhe signir"""",,, ,,'hi<h "'. inlu'li,.. I}, ."ign to IJ..-ye"
cI,,,,,.urs has.ts ""''''' in. 'Y'temotic princ;ple whereby
tobl..,u ond face con,ti.ulO dialectiral poles info"","" by
'wo .ni,tk " . ditioM.
Ap.ort 1m," ,he ,)'O""",,,'ir qu.hty of Dr.),,",'. ",1"1><.
on 'he face,. second futKlion ".nd. oul, The .. bleau ",I
dum permit' the dynamir "'p"""n"'lion of emolio",,1
quolit",,; i... b>t'O<1ion cre.I. . . n a""tic geometry. A
,,'Suit, Orey<-r'. octors
thei, bodily move"",n" artd
P<>S'u"," to. few .imple typeo: 'itti ng, ,t.nding, kneeling,
hesiMting in doo,way, lrudging down a ro.>d 0' .. "",._
Y<t Orey .... ,esthetic demanded the projection of .he mo>l
intim.'" hum.n qual ilies,.he ""(lUI." In order no! '0 ",lin
0"'"
lea",
ju,'"
'nc
""trict
"'I'"
"
q Ui,h ,he ,abl.,.u, D",yer lunu the foce into he"",, The
f"", ""...,,,J, w!w, 'he '.bl<"u <.nno'_ F", dynamioo ""'" .....
me,,' in iong ,ho' " ,ubsti 'u'ed Jyn. mie ""-"'",,,,,nt in
clo .. -up, .n ocn:>botk <dnS'-" of bodily "",,"vio, (.uch .,
"'., find in Keaton OJ Ei ..m",in) i. "-"placed by ubtly
nuanced o.nl\" of l..,i.1 ""hav",,_
Whe" "" b.ockp<.>und; . nd ,uITU\Ondins, st.nd ""I in
the tableau, lhe fad. 1 shot m inimize' Of elimina'e< them,
5oJnetiIr.,. geometrical p.".m Of deco, ",til be retained
in order to """,,,pany the faeidl "'p"'''ion, .. "''''n
b<hioo Jucl.,1orm s""pI<: .1"''''''';00 of da,k ortd ligh' ron
(fig. 49) 0' ,,'hen lhe studen, is l.. mOO . kmg,ide ,,"''''
,~ nira l . (fig. 50), 0, geometri<all""em, in the ' UTTOUnd ing> INy "" '''perimpo;<-d upon tho fO<\.", emph. sizing
d<"OO, within the -"'Ce ... but not minimizmg the faciol e"
pre,sion (a. in fir>. 51 and 52). Most often, ,housh, D"-"}'e,
dip' ,he face f... of its .urrounding< and createo phy>io
Sf>OC'-" distinct from to., .ableau. In ,he ea,l)' ftlm.,
'"i,
i> I"-"'f""""'" b)' rostum .. (o/ten neutral)
.nd by y<t .nolhe, swm<' rical d ..'ice, 11>0 iris_ The f...
will be pielced out a. a cud. of hrishtne" in a d .. kened
fco""" in """'" tim., <"cry f...,., is isolated in . n iri, . Thu.
t he c\o",,-up h.s t~ sam~ Ilonnoniuus f, Om, b< lane. iI5 ,~
lableau. A "-",,uit 0/ the iris, sunuunding; f. n bKk (fig.
~l 0' ,'.ni, h .Itogethe, (fig, 54), In M"hul . nd n.,., Sit<ll
I~_ Thy Wi/<, the in." u",d tu CuI' .. lace dt."""'lIy
tr-e.t.. uf .urrounding ,poco; ~nti", _rws will be pl.y<l<f with
char><1<,..' .peciC", location. remaining ",mewha' indetermi""",_ Thu. lighting help' not only by sculpting ,he
co""'u,", and ' o"u,,", of .he foee (fir>, ~Y,) bul aJ", b),
consigning bockground. '0 fLI. grey 0' blade \\~ a ", \ef'
with whot I\oib B.I. " <.It, "mioo",phy.iognomy."' 0.-.)"-",,
uS<." of f.Ke5 =stituteo on .. t.-.-me . pylic.tion of that
",atogy which BaLi" saw a. ch..ac'eri"i< of oilent cine"",
''''P'
g"""'"'
ope,,"""
" " ",hole :

~"';.g o. isc/om/
fort
",;.,..,_ of <po><r is
I~
"' "",
<1/ 'foJ'-"L, ""' "", .
n.' ,,., ""d .... find """"I..... in
' ...... di...... , .,.., ,J .. , of ,,"Y'""''''''"Y __ no. fod.1

~ (sirl is romp/" nJ """I""it.>tt,ibk
in it,..I/ ...s 'Mttfont "".wJ no! Ihi"" of il" ";'''"8 i"
_
,." .... " " "" 0
'P"",anJ Ii"". "

Su<; " .p;rilwliz.>lion of ,I>c human "'p""'ion through
"desp"tializat""''" lies 01 ti>< "",t of Dreye" red oction or
climinalion "f dero' in.he fac;.,1 clooeup
The U,", of foe;.,f do.~- upo " by no "",on. fi>o:ed
lhroughou"1>c rou,"" 0/. m",; ind,,,,,, "n< of tl>ci' vin"",
"
52.
... IlLY AUoB, TIlE CONsntllC11ON O F '.~CE
u.....,..,..
So,.. _
;" , .... , '''''~ po""i' .ubtly "rio<! shifto. S",h . ' hift ,. k..
pJo,a, in n", most f. mou. ex>mpk> of filCiol e-.p"' ... ."., in
o...)YT.,,, ~y f'h"" ,he d~,t " 01 Sin in Lm ... fr"'" Sora..,
"""". j.,. n 5<'mol .... poi nts out that Siri', do"" scene ",nnoo.m<eo Lo ~.u
J''\,.- ~ bK, u ... 0/ ,h. tlo<me
of ...aif.... ,nd ",nund" Kon ,h,n [",,,"use of 'he pim~ ..
,nd . hiking ""Y in which ,10< odv~r.c. of d~. th ac ..... the
he",; ....lo is film<"<l:'" M",h of ,10< fuK.e of Siri'. deo,h
,to"""
e~ from ,10< mi n"w 'tnpp;ng-<lown of he, do... up'. A, an earl;', poin' in ,he see"". the do.... '
of
Siri h .. . hown 1><, I.. m<"<l in 'hech",acteri>tk iris, hut tl><
!!"""",'rkal pattern of ,he bt.n ' , ."",in!; .s " tr""'" of
Nckground dOT (fig. 57). no. d"O, is "n hu, gone la'e,
...I><n ,I>< pro)", ,nd .S'in .n iri, ioco","" he, (>ee and
hand . (fig. 5S). A, tl>< r.".l moment, when ,he ,t.bs!>n...11. Siri',
tightly !TornO<! in .n iriS; t he ' u,-
.too,
f..,, ....."'...
57.
u.mfr-s. .... ',/IooI;.
511.
u.m fr- 5.1 ....,
\I
60.
~fr-S< ,
..'./IooI;.
61
u.m fr- 5.1 ...., Bod:,
63. Tlot P",ioI.,d.
""' of .i!',h' (fig. 59). A. l\al.i ...

d'Arc, "1'1'. me",. in '''' , p;ri'ual d;m.,n,ion
"Y' 01
01 1a.cU1 "p..,.,ion .10<1~.""
The go'" of heighl.ning the loc~ mod if"..
film
''''''''''lues. 0.-.)"'(0 editing within . kx.Lo....... h,o""
.I ",ad~ swn. m1<J"", I" t", <1,,,.;,:, 1 po.-.Jigm, no. oxc~ng< of
1,,,,,,-.1 by "y<!in<.m.al<h <u" lng i, ~
in D",},,(, ""rly mrn. H ' woy of ch.onneling
"t""
w..""""
no.- P""""",,
65. Tlot 5",-';,.0 0..,.
roundin g.~ h,o unk
I"'"'"
62 .
""pt<'S,i'..,
.nergies lrom loce to I....,. In our ""I'i""'nt from TIl< AI""",',

W"""', "'. h,o,,, . l",.dy """n Mw '''' ey.Ii ..... mal<hed
,Ios<.ups i..,Low SoI",",.nd D..... Marga,.,t, .motional
Bu' Dre)"'r ogoin . ... nd. In.. ",...,, 1 HoilywOOoJ
P'"r>digmc ",""n ' ''' ' ''p"""i'.., quolit'.es 01 each I""" be
'd. 'he juxtaposition of loc .. in.n ")'"1;',,,
""'toh be<ome ",ay 0/ savoring the 01>, """0 ....1diller
oncn omong faces. fur . ~.mrl<, in u.-, ... from Sow'"
,,.t...
ron><.., .........
..
''''''-Y FIlMS, THE CONSTJIUCTION OF .rACE
_ , <')'ch"" """'e",'S hnk )<'Su , - diip"-'S ", .o. R"",.n

N~dirts (fig" 1'(1-61), T"i><' "" IT"" '< fXl, n'-'''''' 'h< d,,,,,i
pi.,. await the .oldie .. ' a, ..,ult_ io occump.mied b)- the
,Ju'l' f.w:ilI l ron tr.". b<tw"",n ,he booa!'ded j"w. and ' Il<
r", ,,. R""'<ln., 'n TI..- Pmid"",, ,he " yle'. a((on.ion '"
I~ i. o""nly N red when 'he prot.sonisl i, honored 01
NnqU.'_ A p~"" of hi' profiko i , unve,led, And the
>...".e.ed;ti ng con".... '"" ino<ribood l.>eo ("g, I>ll with 'h<
foo,'S of."" "" kX>k<rs (fig_ 6.3)
In TIr, Stigm.,iHd an.., there i. a oo.u, iful """mrlt of
the 'I"t", 1I;nkage .,,~ 1",,,,1",ntr.,,. o l~ )fdod by D",Y""
o),,,li,,,, cutting. J,kov, tlw low)," ' wI.... h.. " .... ," ' .....'<1 I"""
jud.i.m to Chri"i.nity, in',i .... 0 p""t;t ut,' i".o his pridubroom. A, he boond, o'w her, ,ho 100.,1;; <op (fig. 6-1).
Ho' Ia: is i."I",,-'<1 by ,he <hot "",Ie, 'he d[mming
"I b.o: kS"',m~, . "d tI,... iris f,.mi nS, And .I,hough ),100,' i<;
boonding u> touch her, hi' I.... is iN~''''
chain round jakm-'. ne<k, reminding uS of hi' co.",e"""
'0 Chri,to.nity. The cut ,im"lt,n,""u,I}' p ........ nt< .h,
couple'. ;n hm.>ey a nd .he con".. t booh",..,n t he wOfT,.n',
' Pp"'heftS;"''''''' ,nJ j,kov'. d", in.'. In . uch w,y'.
O",)"" .. ,bIe '" u,;J;"" eyeh"" ,utting no' <>nIy '0 con',,),
",,,",.';v~ ",Ia' ;"n, bu I",~,
f.>e,",.' fil_""
v.'"
"''''1'''''
Ey<eline-mot<h <-"<Iitins remilins, Q/ ",,,,>e Ioc. li>.<-d ,0{.

rect, lasting 1m no """" than . f;.' ."".., 500 ..... ". la W
' h< "ene must ""urn '0 ,he ,.bIe.u , (Only in lA """"" ok
d'lI" will Droye. "-,,,k 00 bu~J a lmo,t an enti", film
0'" 01 im"I\<-" c,f I", unme<l io.<-d by an)' ",miOO""
01 """ nogrophk .~ . ) In Ill rly film" tlw runt",) "f
"bIe,,,,, 'hrouSh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,ins .nd ronti n,, ;')' .... rchlns
, I",ma with """"""IS 01 in'en, ified od;"n in f..o.l
,,,,",,-uf'" A, the II<gm<n' from 11.1'1 ...... ,h"w"
.he 'p"ti.:ll development 01 tho.' """" 10110"" it, namti,'.
trajectory, T.bi.,."" s,;,lren bring. Mari in'" the ho.,u,., and
0."", M...S''''' folio",., FiI<;.,1 .hots: Sofren .mJ D."",
MOf);J"" o<cha nS. gI,m ,,,,,, T,bI.au: s,;,f",n kneel, bdon.'
.he oIJ wort\il n. The t.lbl l u, 'c",",,-uf" tableau f',ttem 01
'pac< mars " ",II . nugl), onto ,he cri. i.'dima~ ' ",>Iution
I"""m o{ ,he d.,.. k.l l na"ahw K""". IFo "",he. exam pi<. .he n.-..J", i. invi"'n',
..,Iie.
IXspi",.he imfXln,,,,,,, of 'h" 'ableau , ho",,,,-, thl-se

.""n,p"" ma ko i. ckor .he Dnoy'" aum finall), to ""-,,,I the
10< . l1>e tobie,," .... ds ," tow ..J t hat ",,,,lation, .itu ing
,he I""" bu, nol .b50I " t<ly confin ins it , l1>en it mod ul, .....
o u', """;,,,bl i,hing tho 00",1 .cmog."ph)'. The dimo,' 01 the
"","'" 'u,n, upon .he I",. , In o>pIaining hi. di,reg..!'d of
~;,~,",,~ I ac<o' ''''y in tho.' Fio,,;," d,<"<>fS in """" from
s"J.n',8<vk, Dory.. wri~,,, "If, ",h,'" you ,",W ,I>< ,, 1m.
"0<0 d'<l nut 1...1 "",., ."""h.<l by ''''' ",ullul ."d he.n
!;ripping acHng 01 Clar. \V;"t~ , .. ,h{<n you '""n' fi"" ."d
loro""", "''' preoccupied with the ,",~>rn.1 ""tting, "' hk h
is N' un ''''I''-'''.'' ' I." .he .n '''k po;n' of ,/>< '~', " " s"v
"n.<l ltv'" 'h{< h' .... '. "'l0""""''<1 fro.", 01 architcc.u,.l 'P""",
the 1."'0 b.oc<,m,,, the fi n. ] ';gn 01 tl", nu ,"""
If ",e reull D."yer'. d i 'h~. Q/ the .....1od" mMk c; ...."'"
of n" day, hi. "yie rna ko. ",n a. 0 solution to .he prob1."" he had dofi""d , The pictorial rigor 01 ,he "'bleau "nd
tho.' i"tlmacy ul tl><' 100.' im,. k fm'" a oi"""", 01 meiod,a_
m.>tk ""'n ... t ~'ns," Dv n"mk "",wm~o., ....,n. lrom .he
long ohot. ,urf"""" as i><i.>1 mo,.""' " ' i" "Ioo<o.up; Iocole
,hot is .rchi" "" ,rol, ,Ju lio", 00 'P'" '''' Is eun''''''0<1 "'tlh
an in 'i ma~, full phy. i<>gnomk 'P"'" AI " "" fXlw, Ih~ t
d ition of <homboor or! def""", til< rwrmol me.n> 01 repr\!..,n.ing pta.:. in ,he cinemo; . , the "'her pole, the tradition
oj ponroi'uno ,Mo.m. cin"ma.l<: con,'on'jo ... of I><xt~y
'I""' , And ju" as decor """",hme, defle<:t, our .Uen'ion
I,"m ",.." ti ,'. ,.u .. h,)', '" doe. the concentrotion upon
'he "u' ''''OS 01 1a.:>.>1 ''''pression oft." pmpel '"" I"", ;nto
'he "" tm of ,he po", ,;S"- ~ u he deoo, """,ins d icge.l<: ,
'he b'e ,em.in ",,,rot,,,, s ign_ 0" the wh<)lo, .he .p.o.lal
';-'"'''' boola "",,,,, od .he poL> ri' y does"", pull rep"""""'
'io" '1"" , 1Iy . b." k adh"",,,,,, ' 0 n"",.i,-e intelligibility,
D",y." ea .ly ,t)'le, """. ,,,. uniq<IC _ rem.i n. ,n ",ten_
,;on c,f ,he 'f'l .;.,1 principle. of , he d" ...,.1cinc"""
MICHAEL
Ii " .... "'N~ to ""'''''''' ingl<1 0"" (~ D"'yds ,. , Iy " ' lfl-.!
to .... em pliiy U..... bIe. " f;o(\ princi['k>, ,he f,lm ",,,uid
how ,,, hc MK /o..-l, ~ " it toys ""n' I"" 10"",,1di. I",,;, "I 'h~
eorl)' fil m" M "~I t, ~ a. ito s ubj<t tlw ",o. l<! 01 ,rt;st;
nd ;t< mol;" " <",.!,., "'W 1e,,:1 "I i"'"'Pfoy bo'",,,,, n 1.01>~'o", ond f,,,,,,_
M;':hat1 ;, .ho,. p"."-'g<l of the ,rt;;t z.,,,,t. When M;':h ...1
mc",!> !'r;Tl'S> l-"miko .... 'h,.-y ~".'
t" e",h othe,
onJ twnh .. lty b<",,,,,.. 10"0" Mkha.,r ""'v,. i n ~' his o ... n
."".".,xl
.. udio 'M, to ,0PPO" him ",If in spkn~o', ... 11, gifts from
l.oM .00 "wn " ...... ",.hng from hi",. 1'.,--.lIding 7-,>,\:1'.
i!'>C",.,ing ",i"'I)' i,. subplo! trocing Ilerr Adel<sk"'ld'.
",,,,,oon to hi, "ife'. aff.rir with til< Due d< Moothieu, Af
ter til< publOc aro.im, hi' Ia" p.>intin~, Z"t"" wast.. , wor
.nd dies while Mich.:>el loll. in 1''';""", z"mfulw' mt$
It i. evidon t that Michlk-I displays tho.' p"" llclism" ",.
pl","""",n", ,nd p'0P~ that are d" T""t.ri, tic of
0"')'''(0 ". " ati,'. """,tun' . A dln""T_ t.bIe wr"'.""tion
a d".th', Il<.d cau,,", Zo",t to d,'d.,.., that h< will
f"int C..,..r, and that Mieh.>d will mod 01 10, Hrutos, In tho.'
... me "'.y, the co' ''''''''y "'p"""m'm' "f >S" 0)' )'Qut h is
p"-"",,teJ Iw", .s ,Iw nagging of 1.0"'1'. artistic in,pir.h"n; I>< ,top' .bn.optly while ",intlng tl>< princ.,,;,', por
trai!. tl>< iri. fr.ming h im m." ..,. right to fr""'" Mi<had,
a nd Mi<h..,1 f""<'ish l)' rornpl<.1'" In. po",.it. SubS<quon tly, M'.ch ..1toegin. to of"' I.on't'. tastes in clolhe> .nd
wi"", ""ts h imself up in an '1"r1TT><'nt furni,hed from lorel'. studio, and pfOC<""" to rouTt tl>< pri""-'" in
p",.
ci..,ly f"ra llcl h, tl\o; woy his ma,t", hoJ '''''' ed 1><"
TIw ",,,Id of >Tti,lS, w""ld_t"! .Ttl."" J,,,I,,f>, """;,,1.,
nd moo not only rumi.l><. tl>< .ubject of tl>< MIT.ti,'<
but al", romplic.t,'5 ""fT"t i," logic .nd vi,,,,,) rep"""'"
t.t~'"' M"'t ge"",.ll y, tl>< milieu moIi""", II>< compdri.
""" 01 I""'pt. to o/1i<'1S .'001 and proj!< tl>< ch.u.K1<,..'
erolic dri,'''' onto tl>< i, ..,,,I><tic ..",,, . Characte,.. mee' 0'
..,.J"", 0' poooeso one .no,l><, thmugn a" wQ,k . n.;,
ho""""", .. 1",I "", bo.'h"".m M'.ch .. l.nd
i. in;'i.!t,'< ""'''",. Opln Km 01 ois .kelellt...
Tt>i' .ubplot ;o""lvinS Ali<e Ad"l .. kjold, 1><, husband, ond
neT 10,-." de Monthieu manif",t, il5clf in , ,imilar ""y
p", .. n t,'<I ", ito ....,,"""" 0/" "',"""n ', h""", b<~ h AI ....
. nd de M"nthieu h."Jlc it ten,.,ly toefo", Iw S<1s it down
.nd """""" it (fig, 66), In 0 series of doubling., the .h"",
m.jor char",,'e,.. are ",flected in difl""o,,' oTt WOt
7.... ",t pa i"ts pOTt"", 01 tl>< prince>s, derK" Mi<h..,1
.. ~ Strk., .nd port"r' himself os.n .OOndOl><'in, z.,,,,, I!>owing ,1-.0 p.i=.. hi. w,"", ""
points ou t I" inting 01 emb,acing """"'" the r<i"c",,,
nd Mkh.< film, ' hen, the . Tt w,or' s
"'p",..,n" ...",,.,rk "I c.-o!'.c ,,'I"lon,hif'".
Yet .1 1 "'I., ...... or" '~"n'u.lI)' .ubsumed 0)' religion,
nw s ut>plot "'pl""'" II>< erotic in,t.nce by" religiou. 0""
,,hen AI;""'. "".~. J;"" b<M<I. a croso, S imilarly, o!'>Ce
.lx>tl,
"'n>"
I..,,,,,
I..,,,,,
<:>b;,,,," ,,.",Iol'm
Mi<1I.>c1 I'<'jo.'<!S/..-.n;t, 'he fi lm u5<'li aTt

to
7.0""" _".l ... ", .
\\o,ldly we.lth no ionge, m,Uef> 10 lord: I>< p')'S /0'
Mi.-h .. I' ! pnxIipl il)', he . Iio...... te., boy 10 rob htm of Ir.c
fongllsh gl ......nd ,lie Alge~. n sklel><., AI'", Mi<h,,'1
rei""", to model I", h im, l.o,,-~ is ""'" 10, 'I>< fiT" ti"",
framed . Ions,ide blank cam'"" """" of )'ou to, .nd a
cruelf" on tl>< ",.11 . A. Mieh..,1 <to.I, mo", and m"", from
l.o"'t to lum;,h hi' ""'n studio, , .... ", Im i".,jo" 01 ,hi.
.plrituali.y i, ,lie )ob-likt> image 7.o<1't p"'nlS of himself:
b-<nt old ma n on.n i,lond ,ock, A vi,ito,d,,,,I.l,,,,,: "That
is man ",ho h .. lost e,'ef)'thing'" I" <ounto,bol.l",,
ing
tl'" ,,,n,k, of ort "' '''~ ' ,hil,. 7.0""',
S"",rl)' c.m,1 qwlitie' onto II>< M'.chael- Prinre>' ZomiI<ow .fbi, (ils ch;"f ''fTlbll'm, oong the pain ling of. ""ko.'el.nd t ile PO'''';' 0/ tile pri".,.,..). Thu' 'he ."''' 0/
ZOM alone besid< tl>< figure of tile old mon dil'oCIlt'< tl><
"'pL>comcnt '" e"~;,,
by put.:, 1'<>ly 'ul/eriog.
T"" ." "'''.. "1"''''0 ,,, ,u,,, ;" ,"" 'p'ri'Udt;"'lon ,,/
lo",,..Io,'e .
Vi,u.1 "'p",,,, n" " on j, . 1"" .f(''eke! by " ,.ki ng
Mich",, /', milieu ,h .. ",life among tl>< "tists. hptably,
,"" t.bIe,u I""" d"I,,,,;,, ;, p".,.,nt, now """SIle','I<"J 0)'
th< u"" '" m;ddl"'SnJuOO l ~n li "g .nJ ,Iw ubi<]" ito,,' irio,
Tt>i' faciJilil>s of Ufo are pUI to u .. in tl>< film'. ron,truetion
of t.bll'.u <omp"'ition., Low lighting a nd od"'"le iong
.""'" wnde, lore!', .,teiie, ( 'tl>< house of tl>< m."e,"1 ...
",,,,,,,,,,,,,t,
po"''''
fin.dt-sit<I< m"",,om. n., iris not onl}'.odd> its .bstr",,~ng

qu.li'ies to D"'yd, .. "'tn ...... , bu, al", d imi",,'.,. ,tic
"'~r.U Ii ....,> of ,he bUild ing """If: ",11<",,. Llng woulJ em_
phasize ,n., _"...,:tu", oi ,tic archi""," ..." Dn)'<!r
,he onelosur>' uf.rt ubi<'<" ... ith in ,I>< hUg<! rooms.
n., eh,,,,",,,uro liglning ,nd .Ile irio
diff"",n,
<"If"", on ,Ile fac.... in ,Ile r,lm. Oi..,mbOO ..'<I, ,wim
...>rkly ou' 01 ,he ,"','.Iopin~ J .,l ........ n,., u.",, 1,.n<I<n<y
"I ' ll< D",),,", ["""' ,ho' ' 0 "" ..." . xl'"",;"n from ,.bIe.u
i. """",,-N' .'J """. by '"" Ins.<>(3 in <"""-o ps , For .,-,,,,ple, wl>en ' I>e or'
de.ler <. 11. on 7",,,,,, ili <><1 Ii!;hting isola' . each man ',
f""", . hom of bOOy aod backgrou<><l , La'.r. ,he pli""''''
OS" Michae) for money, and . I,hough ,hey ,re i""ho<
.part, ' hey m igh' a. w,~1 bo on dif"'re," pia ..."". so.l>s<.>lu ,dy do ,he ,hots ma ke ' '''''h I""" f"", -fIoa ting (fig., 67_
OIS). In .och m;;..-rn -....... , ~ glimf'S" ,he f.co boginnlng
to O,' "rrid~ tile ",bleau~, ,.<><I.""y "I ... hich La 1'"....," d<
/"'"'" d'h" mark.. ,he culmi"", .,n.
SI""<ifoc ,,, 'hi; (, Im. 'hough. i; ,n. .... y in which ,he
.rt-wo,'d m il;"u push,", ,he bbl.a u foce diak-e, to com rlex
Th. . .1'ing ..,.Ii,tkally moti"a' ", ,Ile pre"",
01 art obi<'< '" but 'p"";rK: .. pert> bare ,n" device of ,he
.. bIe.u l f...., dialhc, n., Ru,,;" ... Form..>li" ""'" "baring
In" d.,Oce" M' been exrlai""" by Kri,tin Thorn!""" a.
" pt"<iflC lype 0/ artis,ic meti,".,n which foregrou<><l.
Ih" .rtistic .'rud u", '0 ",hich tile de,'n belon!\". , , . The
moment of /o"'gtou<><ling ca ll. a''''n'ion '0 ",I.>,od cle_
st",,,.,,
ha"".
"", n ls 'h.ll fo"", "'uc'u", in o,her pari> of the film.""" In

Mkh""l. ,he obfr!$ d'"" b.l", , .., t.b\e.u'oo SI",,", o"' , Art
",mk<en' e, ,he film., i_II'" of ,.bk.ux 0';,."11'" off"" ...
.<><1 ~ach "' " ",I.", ;n " ,rn I" ,Ile ch.racter.. a, .". ngod
in a bbleau or '0 ,he durac'",,' fae.,., n., resul, is an
voh.lu"i,e ,u""'y 0/ , .... romtnn.toty possitnl;'ies ",hOch
a ... tkipal,.. ' ho " . ... ,hologic.I" 'y.'.rn, . t "'''rk rn OId,' and
Cn'",d.
I . .'\,' u".t ... "",kill"',,'''' i" ,oIWu. In 2.ore'-' studio
.... od' . n on,,,,,,,,u. "btue "f a head (fig. 69). 1'hH
",,;><I. It>omlng .b<",. or be hi<><l tile ac,ion in
iong'hot, no! only ,rouble! ,ho, !Ie, le bu, al.., ju<_
laJ'OS'" """".. I f""" to ,ho:> .. bl".o, roTmt."d b. tn"
vo'",,,,,,
fogo",".
". Art
fi"" ., _" ~"'",-'m
i" ,.N",u. Throu&hou l
,\Ii<horl, painting. whOch depk'
l able~u_rompoo"ion.
.., ju<",1"""'" with charo>ctetS ' i'I<m",lws p. rti<ipo' ing

in , ...... blt,.u which i. ,Ile ,ho" Wilen Zoret s how. tn"
pri~' hi; ooIllion, one cu' makes MOchad' . POO' u",
0/ holding the I.>mp m irror ,he sos' u ... of 10. ..
in
Zo",,', pain'ing (fig" ?U- 7l). Llt<r in the film. Mich ..,
move< into his o",n ' po""",nl. .. king mo ny 01 lore!".
work< "' it h him,<>.l ,ilhe""t!ed in
'he fo"'gm ond ",hile one "f Ih. stolen pict ure.
,,,,nd. in ,II< dis,. "",. In ''''' .. ''''' ' part"",nl, ' ho:> pel
tineos 0/ Michael' mt,; lion i. ",nJ<-mj ov his I'e""""
0/
monun"-.,,.. I paintings .<><1 d';,..,.1 ""N -
,,1:,
,:".""".
Lo",,-.
.",: min;",",,", .... tuett,.. , a nd doll . In hi, Ioneli """,

low ""gin, p.!inting hi. tripl)-'Ch. W~..,. him at work
on H", ,entral f"n.t .nd the ,hoi romp""" him and
hi. majordomo to"'" broken old man in the f"inting
(fig. 72). The doubling of ",bleau, within the oho '"
rI. ;,,,,If mos ubtly when ZorN i. ,howing the
p ri0C<.'S5 hi' 001 1,,,,",,,, 1-""" hoi. been .sking .\1ichocl
t",
to ohi"". t..m p this "-'}" a nd lM l, but

one moment
I.heh. <'lf, ILl, hi ng tn. light ""n,,,,,,,<I)' 0'-e, "", 'I" "Ii"I;
d",,,, if .he we", .n<lther '",,' ~'",I Iflg. 731.
1.
t.wko"
W. haw already."""
'm'
"rI ""rt ""
',h."""d. "",,".
...
.....LV
,fL.''',THE CON sntUCTION OFSPAC[
'hi, i"' tap",;'.)n "'""): At ,,., momon. ".11<.'>'. a,

z"..." I"";n", "'" ,..,.. ]>din';ng ,>/ a n e,nb''''';''g <"upl<,
t"
,no.! ~1kh,d ,' ,<ha n ~e 1ook" Uk..-. t 'he
\>.oil,"" , tI....... ~ . I"',f""",,,,,, .. ron>ta "lI ~ ju,t,I"""-.3
with 'ight I,.m;np uf U.... f""" "I 'he ""k..,i'rs . 8u'
''''' mOSlSlnk;ng 0'1., ... " of
image h>' <h.o ,..,.
I""" ocru .. dunng , .. pubf;': rt."CeplOon of lo",".
'ril"ych . He is prodai""'<! " ,n" art;" of sad"",," a "d i
,,.ro,'<! . " ,,, kle.lcI".IC' mOod"II"" f"' i '," ''' ';n~ , ..
<><1." C...,.., .'lu';""I, A, I>< ,,,no.!. bd"", ,I>< ""nIC'
f"""1. ,.. crowd orr~", ,""" h> him, "W"" is
Mkh..,lr .. asks no.! , .. "hoi I"u" his loco with t..
f,gure of t.. oOO ndo",'<! old m.n (f,g. 741,
A" wrt .. ,....th.nocIr'. facrs. T.. WO)" in w hich tIK...
'h ".., ",,,,bi,,,,,;ons !.oy 00'" ,.. tabf..>.u 1"",-, d""k"
"",,,,kI ,u~$1 ,"" dew<" to " 'h,,," Mich4<l ",c ... l)' """.
"~em, itsdf wi,h ;ss"", of ,i,u. 1 "'p<es<n'"';',,, . 0",'
1"'"",,,1.. """"" ".nd, "ut fur it> ;n;iste"", upon t..
face. Wh ile ["inting' port,.i, of ,"" pnne"", Zore' is
" nab!.> '0 ",nd<r ,he 0)'''', ,nd"
bru.h '0
Mkh.><L r"" c.o",ra tr>ck, ;n I<> Mkt..el a. "" look<
righ' . A ",.,k a nd iti , f'.m< ''''' pti"".,. ... cy.", (fig . ~I;
,,,-, c."",,. ' o><k,;n ,,, Mk"""" , -'Y'" (fig. 761_ /\f,c< a
c""".up "I ,"" pti"""". ,ho c~,"",. " ""ks rock I",,,,
M k""'" as he I"in" 'I" kkly_ 7."'''' APPro,',"" "y",,'
N"", tI",y .". ''''' "),-", ,
I,;.
jUil II"" ,..,.. I";n ,;og'. "'p"",;;on ~
,,,-, p;,-'" f", tll<' cn"k "pt" ,"" ,>/ ,he pri""'-'" Ano.!
Mkhad . TI>< se.:"" " so
'1>< status of 1""..1
",p"",.,,,t....,,, in O"-'}'d, ..,.''''''ic : ''''' ptOblt'm '"
m,nire.'ing 'he ",,"I in ,he f ",~ . The ptine'... "",,,ty
'Pi"'or-s., unnameb\e 00' visible '" . 11, in he, f""". The
.rtisr, ,.>1< i, '" copy thi' ",' p""'i'''' ",,,,nee l. i,hf" lIy.
Rut 7.0,"", f,ilu", ;nJ..-. 'o, ,h.t ,.,<hn;':o l "'ill "'ill not
su"",n',,,, '" .""n .., "'py. The .... is' mu,t
my""';"'"'; "p,,,,,i,'< I."c.-; mlly 'h" ;nf.'u , tl
Mkhad ,an <"'pl"'" tI... ")"", F.;rly ..",,...... 'Iy,
"""",' ;, a "".k modd "I n",y<r', a"'h.-.,I"I''''''''
..... I><'k'~ film , tI... """,. mu", "''''01 'he...",1. Th";
''''' I",rt,.;, "'~"" posits , ;ru.m>tk ",p" ,,.."tat;,,n a ,
unpmbb n.'k; tll<' ..:n.;;';"" art", (Mkh..,l, O"')'-~ I
<.n .d"'lu ..,'y "'P"'scn' u""'m~abl< ,_"" in .n
,>oy F>-~"-' f""" sign Iu m.... ni n~. Wh.t ''''' toook
I." ""TO';","
nt.'..,n- ;n ".,o' in~ a fin. 1
a u't>o,,;,y 10' 'he (O""''''n of ,,"Ont.-,I>< I~ dot" I",
1"""'-'''
,.bit.u
,d.
~.
1""'"
t""
no'
<ita"'.,;,...
f,,,,, '''''
t"'
J"".
"'rn:....
sf",;" 1 "'p"""n"'ion : in ''''' f",. ",oid", "",.ning

w hich ,rt can
bu , not ~"pI.oi n .
Mi(/",rl'. fiMI '"-'qu"""". ;n t(",ap;'uIating the .,."olive
paral""" .Iso ",,,,,h'
tabl<'. u f",, ;nl<'rpay. C"""",,
'in~ int""p" ..... >hot, of Mkh.><I, r..'<lroom w;,h lin,,",
d"ath chambe,_ Mkh.><l'< d u""".3 "[",'m.: n ' i, d"",;
,..,.'<! by nrc sm"-,, ,ha, clt'gy "I h;",><:II, a 'oke" of
z"",r. 1<",,, ,,,d Mk"""r. n..;";";,m (f;~ . TlI_
room, in contr..... ta nd, 00"' ... ;f Mkh.><1 had .,tipp"d
i, ' 0 ,ho ",. 11. , All '''''' remains.", a ("",;fi,.no.!. [" ".'1
pain' ing of p,u'h,_,h(> b,t ''"i<'t>
i" 7.oJo", milieu,
,""i. iu.tal""ition ronlin,,;ns to 'piri" ..Ii "" Zo ..... erotic
p ...ion (fig, 7ll1. A, lore ' Jie., D",)""
tableau
h> ,.bf.:,u, ""kll)' ,",posing ,I><> hotno.e,u.lho'"ro",,,u.1
I","it"'; S",Ht 0' 7.0'1'. oo;>id< , ''''' prine" .. in 00;
",;,h M;.,t\a.,I; '1>< m,",,"'.n' (I'''pmg 7..,...,,'. ha nd unde,
''''' cross Iftg. 7'11, ''''' p.ine,... c,,,,osing Mk""'" be",.'h
.m erotic pai n'ing (fig.!!O)
01 ' "bf..>,u. ",m.in; most
Bu, ,hi. dd;b<.at"
D"')"'ia n in
'''1 in ", " kh i ' ""'<lui.',. ;n'u cHm.><tic
f"""1
hI ,Wup. I~,,,,, ""I"'"'''''' . 11 his,..,...,..
.ion, ' 0 Mkhd_ A, d.~h"." k , "'''''n Swill .houts up from
,ho,. "'"rt)'ard
,hO' ma,.." is J,..od. the pnn'>' no."".
from ,ho \\";nd"", h' tho: s ulfu<ati "g S~""" of ,he oouooiJ
ano.! mo:ks Mkh ..." I;'" .l>aby; "Ilo, colm. be ~"ie', I .m ",i,h
)'''U,'' Tho, fi"ol ,hot uf ,he fil m ru', .hon t.. '1"', ... 1d ... "",
"'pose
,h<.
7..,,,r.
d'."
male"",
t"
.hoI._
,ha,
pmc,,''''''''
78. Product"", ";11.
,ic by prying iI", lf 100,", from ,n" .. bIe.". nd dosi ng o n

, ...... omb;gui'y of ,.., ... """,n, f>cc , hining i" 'n"
(fig. 81). The im,,.; ntid".,.,. ,I>< perpetu, 1 "'petition 0/
Jea """ d 'Arc', exp", .. ion, and ,n" facial ">Ii um ,iost~
ul'"
""",,'.,d~ Doy '" W"' ," .nd Onkl. In Mieh... !. " i n
DR),,", '."y " -,,,k a" ", ~.." k II,. , ,.blc' u n '"", in. "-,,.
",.,,"'i,.., , u' ''''ti't 01 ,Ile """I
" ... d" y '0 ,he .".,..
fully '""p,,-"SSi"" hu m.n foc,,_
d.,k""..
,t\.o,
,.nd
Problematit Unities
dr /"'"'" d' ,\,., V""'l'Yf, o.y of Wrath, Ool<!. (;n.
tnld. 5y COO_'u', th< . . . re the mojor wmk. of D"'Y"('
c,''''',, and .>eh m.tk-s .... ith p<1>bkm, fur oudien<e . nd
mh<. Our ' UtntWn ;s ~I.imed by the biz-me "yIi,tic gym_
UI _
"",tic..
<>1/",."" d'lIrt, the "",fu>ion nd OOocuri.;.., 0/
moI'v.';""
in ~ of WWh, U...
mi,,,,," 01 0Tdrl. the
of cm,ua. n.. film, /..,. u '
with ",ver.l choices. We might, """n t cribcs "",YC, 'um
ow. y. ""'I; to the rly film< .... hkh.re more con,'entio,,_
oUy .Ur.cth'", 'nn>, Ebb< N",,'Il"ro Cd" find n.n. S,",II
Hmor Thy Wijt O",Y"( ' ",.,.o'1'""=e, .... hil. o.h... h"...
propooed 1M """'n', Widow.nd MimNl . , "'lua' in in",,
e" to D")' of \\,,,,," .rod /'""'" J'J\",_ ' Wh," I odmi", the
carll' films, J thin k that to "mph.si" the", is to postpoll<'
U.. much more formidable problem. of .."he,", P"""'Plion pooed by the 1l1., films.
Two ai,;"" ha"" .Ireody .uggesll th., Ore)'d, .. '"
film. might be v;.,,-.,d ,. probl...",.,;c in .h;, "nong S<>n,...
Uoi"S religiou. fr.me of relo",,,",,,. I'.ul :>eh,. d., "os
propooed .ha here .';''' "tronSUT1denl.I" film . tyle
w~ic~ mov<,> lrom > re;:onling 0/ .he ""'<'rydal'" ' h",";;h
"di. porily" into .... is. Ozu, fih". SchrMl'" e'ploi",.
posi. the b"n.olity 01 ,he oroin.lry. hen .how di... ",I""<~"
be'''''''" the "'''ryda)' and .he etem.>l. and """",'ude by
, u,.,.,,;";; I ..... dioc"'l"lKJI. not ...,..,Iving it bu, , .. n,.,.."d
ins il.' In SchrMler'. view. D"'}"'r'. 1iI",-, I.ock unity.nd
hoi.""" .nd 11m. """"in ""'k in diSp"nty. ""YO' ><h;,,";ng
".nsceruIcnt ,ta,is.
HI, fil ... ,. Ilk< 1/" G.J,liK ",'lttdral. "" "n "n,ldb/.
"P'11,bri.m of "",fd-"ffirm,ng ."" h'"rld . ",,'~ing 1m
""I"" II;' fil ....... 'if< u'it), ""'r..dkt .... s: in D,y 0/
\'~.'h" 'ryliYJ '".rty~ JoIIiR.wd I'J' ,,,;to..!
of
""""no" in O"M I~ .itl.... r<" im""'';,," of
t~ lIaI~ ;, joIlt;N.'<I. loy ..... ,"""' <i:l }oIm of ... ,..',
bo,l, ""!! ill;"" """ .'" with God;'. typi.
c.lI~ Goth., ""';:xl,.'
V,,,,f'I/" the my".r"" 0/
''',is
'.mm,.,.
""'!!!!/' '"
;,
'a""
Though Sch ,O<ie' <<m<<tly rn>pI1 ..izn inl<>mol frictions.

he .~... only of diojuTKlion. in tone lrom ""''''' to
.... ".,_ nol partkularly ,.dk.1 m distulbin,<; eon"Mli<
'ion., 1~'nLou i . Comoili points "", somewh m(lf., l"".
,.;.... protO'""'" Aft", .num<ra~ng ""'eral tl>nn. unde,
",hi<~ D",}"" , fdm, <mold be comfortably e''''gorized
('da.. k.," "ma,terwo," of senility." 'Nonlk work,,""',
onemo 0/ the _I." "modemi>m"t Comolli not~. spl it
bet"'""n the okH. sh..,,,,,d .ubjt> .nd
of the
film' .nd ,he disturbing formal.nd 'tyli<tk qualities:
I, it >WI p...:iorly i" tll~ <poa (t~;, elro",,) ",hich """"
II> ,."."" "..,.,.thi"g "" tl!.- ,ilk of '."iI>, ,II"",",
,"",n,"$' . from ""'Y,hj"8 ,Irol i, "" .Iu sidt of 1""'"
ilIUi. fi""II~, of " .........
it !WI i"
.br>on"n;>l gop
II.. , ,h, i"i',,/ pro/>/mIlin/
C,,,nolli '. form ula'ion _m, to .....,
He I"" '"',
!\ow ........" propooe.n ultima.o lu,ion of OIyl< and 'heme,
whereby ,he ,,1m', c>o:..>min.l'\on of "'p ..... i'c social PO"'"'
i, rondocl<'d by "a fonn.ol m<ell.miom juOl a> "'prossi,'e
,nd rigorou.ty SO,o""'<l, jus, a> impla<.blc in ito fu ncti",,
ing. a . those 0/ ,he onleB.nd !iOCje,ies denounc<tl:" Thi,
i, to Mum to. 'heory of unily,.nd,n o""'i".I )' <imp'"
OM , IVII", we must keep belore '" i"he II"p - not in orde,
to
it but .peeify ,he condit." " of its <>i.",ncc,
The critic con pinpoint an .n wo,k', proble"",.jc
pee" by. fi"" of .11. reacli,oling those problems 10' the
p."""i,o" Al'OOugh i' ddamiliari ..... 'he ,,"oold, ..t it",11
<"On berome e","",,;,'ely f,milia,. So ,he critic c. " usefully
,,dd.m;]""'" .n. OS Vic''''" Sh . ~",.ky indic.~ : ."Th<
.im of 'ho; form.'is' ",..,h..d is not to expl.i" the work. bu,
to coli .tton'ion ' 0 i', '0 ",010""
',";"n " ''''n
form' whic~ i. eh'Hoc"'ri"k of . ""'k of .rt ,'" The critic
con .1", '"lI8"t ,he
0/ the I>'or\(, ""0;;0:""'"
'he mlc which 'h.t """g.n,," ploy. in the overoU dr
rum"" of the , .. t. Thi' ent.il, that the CTi",.l rummaging
1<" "",. nings ",ill no long.' be """,. rded by the trium
,hem<,
_i.
'"u
<0"""',
"""I""
'0
,ha,
f>"""'"
,,,w.nI
""' .........nC UNmES
pMnt di",o,'ery of unity bu. ,.,her .ha. tho cri.k will bo

H!~Y'o "'''''!I'''izc of ",dl .he hm: of di.un~y, 1<.>.., rault,'
"'ptu",.
I c~nnot ~~re &t.il .11 the ",oy. in whl<~ problem. crop
up in D"'l"" h.", work. ThAt i> the bu.ine" ol.f>< 101lowing chapt" .. , [.ha[L howe,.. " .uUest my 11""",,[ .r
gum..., . Tho t.", fitm, p""""', firs. of . n, imp<>"' '''
chAnge< in principle< of n.rnti .... logic, [n tt.< .. fiy films,
on
. nd impetSon.ll cou .. lily rule< the ... moriv.,
.nd !hi> fe,"", f""luently manifest> it ..[f in. wri.te" ""'.,
Such. _. be<:ome guide to .f>< intelligibility of.he film;
it "'1'......", .. tf>< wr,. pr''''';P/' of int<[ligibility 01 the film,
Tho pro"".. """mblo... Frederick l.me",,,'. d..rnp'io" of
FLoubon;
films, ' 00, con .. i" ",hemati...""" of
.he p<"<\Oli .. type of ",.ding demanded by the """ , .. aI lo.1 ;''''''' of the ",.dins
i~l. or in other wu,d,
figu"," fur the , ..",. .ttempt to in"'rpret.nd to ;ign 'e>.tu.l m ninl\>.'" Bu t in .he ..... films . hi> impe""n.[
Clmsa[i ty b.omn..... more """" .... i"; of"",.he"'te film, pro.
ceed wit""ut. sen .. of de.r cou .. l ",I.tions, n.. CO u'" i. ,
!-..>wever, ""_ completely Absent; the mov~ment of the
film i> to Ioc.!'e .IY. au"",, '0 na"", . nd maste, it . [n .he..
fitrn., protall""i",.nd ,'",Wet _reh for.he rom,,:! ",oJ
;ng of.he .... "ah"" >01;'''' , A<><I ""me . uch ...... ding i1
waY" provisionall}' found . IY nk, '0 .ho p"",minence of
he wri''''n ""t , 1,,'he to'" wark . he film ...,.i .. a " . ""'n'
cou.., onl)' '" i,,".11 book.. """II, "..,ro, poem ., .t..;,
.bot,,,,,,
o..}'.,...
1''''''''''
Or, r.n'er, .t..;, .ign of .n um."",nI/>/t an'wer. fur our

reoJ]ng is oomplica.ed by .he w.y .t..;, [ f!lms play
mong vari,u, "' p~t.l .iona[ 'y"e"... Throush' cireuit
of in"""""""", ~... h di..,."" .. d , .~ ...... not be simpl}'
!w" OS ,,,,'h, 1".- i. i, qu. hr...t by .he "'p"'sen, ;.,,,.t
medium " f ci~ , n-.. "",,,rd .-.I )0."",,', ' ri.t_tu,.word. _ "-~".;,, ill ,I>< film, "isible in.he in.eni.le" bu h.e
;"'ag<> how an ~nti",l y Jiffe",,,. "'1""""n ..,.,.' ""us' In
V""'I'Y" tilt, authority of the ",-,nJieg<>tic vo"", of the in..nit!", ,-),.1... w;,h ,f.., ...-""'o>'",t "'"'O .... ;My ,,( "'"
nlm'. spac< .<><1 Iim< , The ..:roll .hal "I"'''' o.~ of
posit> a "'p~"'ioNl harmony 0/ word. imag<. and
mu.ic lhal is f,,,,.ured in ,I>< cou'"'" of ,I>< .'lm , In 0,-,/".
'h< problem io .ha. 0/ "'p"-"""ling the Holy in a ron'''''on'
man""r: m.on and <hiM must nooo!"e .he narrali,'o .hmush
mi'acle, bu ..,;.h .- mu" be deif""'. Gn'<lJd identif... ,t..;,
.""'n.... u"" w;.h.he ''''Y SOUKe of "'pre..,nt ion itself.
W,.,h
01
.nd "'e fond ,hat .he", is no tran""nd"". SOu,""". ""[Y'

pe' I"' ....1 shuttling from OlW "'p",*ntat"'" to . oothc'T,
from word to g<"u", to picture to film imog<. In.11 tiles<
film. , a fina l au.hority for "'p"""n"lion i> romtan.[y d;'
pla.ced: our ultima refe",,,,,,, point;. "".hing more (nor
kso) .IYn ,h.e "rue'ure <II .he film i"ell. Sett;ng 'peech.
writing, music, ",'ic im'g<>, . "d .,.,,';ng imag .. 'goin"
one .""ther in dynamie inter... ti"", NlCh film <h.llenge<
pur ordin. ry reaJing of represent.tion .
n.. lingering problem> of nomti"" Iogic.re "" g ..... er
'hon other, insis""" dilflCult;., . If ",e ... mine the "'te
film. >pin" tf>< t.Kkground of the <..... ie.[ mod.[ from
1928- 64, ".., find friction. """"'g ,t..;, various
of the
te". D..,)'<1" .. rly film. ron""-""'ld ti me . nd 'pK<' gen
erolly " ,ithin.he P"'misol< of .h. Hollywood sty[., But by
J"rupting tho ",[.t;on 01 no".t;ve Iogk to cinenuoc time
and 'ra<", the fI,.. mo.jor [. t. film IU[. two premi ... of
the <lassie.[ norms: .hat movies must mow, . <><1
'hoy
must mow rontin""u"y. n.., ...... n:h.nd ti"!wring th.t
do";"",, the motion pi<tu'" itw[f w guided by ,ho pur
i'<>'< of . n'[yDng.nd 'Y".he.izing mt"..,men'. We h.""
.l",. dy seen how Drey.r. earl)' t.bIe.u style <o"""ted,
int<lrmittently, this ki"'-"I< "",.,.ption 01 <inem. . The
ohorpened, in tf>< th= lot,,, f!lms (o.y
of W..t~, Onkt, ,nd G<rIn<d). [n ''''"'"' d' A rc and V''''I'Y' '
00"",,'0'. who. is
is whe.he.- film mu" "",vo
hnuou>ly. o.peci.llly .;:ontinuou,ly in 'p"OO , In ~bng
,lies< 'wo p"'''' ......, Dreyer" mojo,
film. <hollenge tlw
dorni ... n 1yIe. Who"""" .he
probIerM, .he
film. u,i[Ize principleo 0/ . pace.nd time in way. whkh
open that gop 0/ which Comalli ' ped" .
[n the ela"ic.l <i""tn.>. 'pace must be """tinlJOu" If
C.>.u""lity i, .he or"",'ure of norr. tive logic. rontinu;.y is .he
arm ure <>I .po .lal ,tructure , By rn<. .... of.he "cQntinuity
'yitom'" of editing. .he ""'I"""';"];'y of "ic"'ing .im<: a"d
,he . mbisuit.,. of isola.ed image. >on be h."",osed to 0
larfl'" principie of coherenc . n.. flow from shot to sho1
'y"''''''
.h,a.
""".... ' PP"' rS.
".k<
,,,.
Ia,.
""".Ii""
-",,~, ' 0
,. n,,,] ~;'p"Dion ~ ..d
'0
xukJ~.he
,,"'wd. 1"',.
"'1""'" ." .. lien. n..r.Ii,,, "'"'terial. 1':0 .heme .. reiter.,ed
mort' in.he re<ipe book han .he m.a'r'i>ge of u"noticed

con.inuity rutting and .tor;' in.elligibility. 1m: 10 avoid ;,..
, itating tf>< v .....'er'. eye, ,here must be. groJ "", in ,t..;,
u""' of camera dis'a""",: " 1937: ''The '1<>1)' .hould flo ....
.mooth[y a<><l .he ,'a""". ,hot< .hould m.tch perfectly,
, . n.. "',"''''". lhe .udie"'" is ',,'atC 0/ .he ,. riQuo<u"
aoo d." u. u>ed. ,he ,'ory will ,,,ff.r."" l953: ''Th< J.d,i,,,, ronsKlera,i<m ",he j u~c'ure of any ,wo.hots mu.'
b< ,ha' ,he tran,i'ion should he mo'iv.,ed by d ramat'"
_ _ ity. A cor"inuity 0/ sho" in ",h",h _h em is d.,
,.,.",,~ny u ... ful ",in often 'PP"" ,mooth .",n if the "",.
crumkal matching is imp"rft'<Ol .""
It i. w;,hin the ron 'e" of ,he dom;nar> of the con tinui'y
,ha , w~ ca n 1000.. ,he d;tfo<ul"e. of I","""
d'A", and V...~,. 'n ",,,,", dA",. O"'y"'" unp,<,<eden,od
in,i.",,,,,, upon 'h~ ~ , "'cks Op"n '''''
.~ ,i
doss",. 1 ci""m . W. k.... w th.t lhe I.o".u 'fa d;" ~'Ct'"
make< the role 0/ editing problemalk; ~'.n in our ....
q"'''''' from Thr 11>"",,', W'*"'" "",,,IVing
" 0'
Ie.", meant ,ioI.tins "'r,,,en di.-..:oon, \\'ilh ''''"''' d 'A .....
the promotion 01 the face radkally d"""ph.,iz lhe lab
rd.lIioM. Tho blank decor.
leau. ,he,,'by def<>rming
'he ".""ity . nd ill'-'gib;lity 0/ ."abli, hinS
,he ",-""ply
a.nted " """" .ngi<-s. lhe inm,sj"e lil l.... 1he a.m<,a """..,.
men', . the mi>m.t,hed "y"li.,.. and
shots. 11 t"""",, function po<iti""y to ivregru"nJ tI'" f..:.s. "",
they . 1"" d...tmy "'....
,,,'i,...~ . In I""' ....
dA .... ,'irtually "''''ry "",,,,mpoxa')" rnoopl< ot ediling
.00 ca"",ra """"""""I is .".. ulled . l"t-ot" .... ult is a runlr.
dict",y, ..",.,nh"k ."..... ''''"' Drry.>r'. <","rae",ri,'k nar
"ruggle to con"'in. He", is "' hy ,"'"'"
d'An: is both ,he fulfill""'n' 0/ o..')'<'r' . .... het'" .' 00 the
fi .., ""';or ,,,,"lienS" to it . Dr.')'o, ,,-~"'ra ,ed ,ha""",1II' d'An:
",",'ed nothing to ,he ....n '.ganlo; h" " ..... lrnrly filming
,he "",I
in ,he f~." Bu' in pushing 'his
(,.,he, ron..,,,,ali,'e) . im '0 ilS lim;'. he ,plin'ered ,he
t...,,,,,,S" ,,,,,,u, 'r-< "I hi' ,,~,l)' film 00, in .... )'. ,,'hi<h
w~ ,h.ll t>x.lmi".. in 'he """I chop .... ch.II<"&,-'<.I ,ho "'ign_
in~ ""rrn"~ ' 1"";'1 "',ntinu i')"1''''''1')''' ... hik",ot" ,ingk>.mioood
An:, al""
' ",ubk.,. <"., .. , cohe",,,,,,,. Tho: 0'1"" .1I",i,< .nd <n ig_
ma'i< 0/ Droy .... f,Im Vo,",,", d"p"nd. '" hea"ily upon
,he d",,,,, o/!he .boen' co u,., ,ha' """.h,.., logic'. ability
t...M '"'' film '''80,he, i. "" id"rably ", k""". ln , hi.
fi lm, 'he fa i, mot< .diu,,,,'" h, 'he ",bleau , 00' ,he ",boo
Ie.lu oow ~" probk.-m"
aoo "' ...... ,.WQtk
p",,.,nt an u""'ft,in. P""'"rtu.lIy incon''''''nl
Akmg ... ith ,i<JIat""'s "I rum en t ~,n . 1 <on'inuily ",mong.
t ... ,,", ini';"", a n Inquiry inh, 1000 ... <. m,,. """"'mo:n' <.n
produce 'f'l,;.,1 .. 00 "'mporal d i",onhnuity, While ,ho
ron,ompo"'Y Amerk.n ci .... ma ..... "",.. ing ,he po"",r
of c.mera m,,,..,men! '0 orien' 'he " ie,,'.r a~d unify the
"rio
I..
""IT,';'-,
"'' ' '<1
,,,.,;.,1
.hoI.,
''''''''n.',.,...
'''.'n' ...
..,;'" rnnct",.,.
a. ""..,.Ied
","'Nn, d'
'0
M"'...,"""
'P"""
<at""""
'P""".
VO"'P!I' ""pioi,. ,110

PO'''O' 10
SC\'n..'S'.ph'o<
di""rien' .nd d i; unify 'hmugh a rig""'U" ",,"In>! o f offOC ..... n 'ra . nd , . )..... ""'tioc b",.l<d"wn of "ubjtive
poin' 0/ view. [n 1",""< d' An: .00 I''''''I'Y'". then. D"'Y'~'
"",k to hold in ,he<k '-,>pk".,,,,, . ,~
'i""'" whioch empha."", stylisli< ron lr.diction. Th.os< two
f"m' d.fl"" a ph .... of Dreyer'. work in whioch a refu"" 0/
the dominan, "".Ie ""ul.. ;n ",",,'. d i,rup';ve 'Y'tem.
Re'urn;ng
,he """"ern, of D"'lor'. e,rly film . ,ho
la .. 'h"",
"'o,k, of his <'''''' '&,in po"" 'he q"",,;on
of w he'M' mewiL", 0'1"51 "",". In !Joy of W""h . Oni<!. nd
C",,"J. 'he lab[&>u principl ... turn' in 101.
m~'
..-"" . n..! co"""a
'r'nskorm tho:
work,'
ro""ep,;on of <ham""" .poc p",hinS tn.. principk .... , ...
".,Iy
10. ""w ""~I, In<l<ad of the mis'ing fourth
.... 11 of cu.loma,}' filmmaking. tho la'" film. u'iliz~. "'cir
cul.r' m~"'''''' tha, in,i." on ,n" ,otal or,clo.ure of lhe
in 'erior. Tho .y"em .... s .'read)' . , ,",'ork in Too" Slwl,
Hmor Thy 1'1';1'. in "' hi<n we m.y..., " ".. .ide of ,he f,,,, \I)'
parlor or i" ." o<t "ppo<i"" F", eumpl<. in on< sce .... ViI<_
'or makeo a complL"Ie citrui' "f ,he ".,Ior. he ... ,... ou'
along. Kle Mod. (fig. I). proceed, to the table (fig. 2). th<n
SO'" to foteh hi' piP" lfLg. 3). aoo ,,"entually ",'urn,
Mads. whom
~ fmm lhe ,ear (fig. 4). It is at""
poMible to .... ""me oj tho '1"tlal d;",ontonuiti<,
d' ,1.,- and V""pyr .. p""""""ing from a will;ngnes. to film
from.1I '. nt"8" poin'. within the chamber.
It i. in ,he later fLlm'
,he ".n.f"""",ion of ,he
leau', e","mb<r 'pac< into a "dKulor" m~m..-m. i. moo'
minutely ,",'orkod ou' . A "'0", ... ill b< divided inl" .. "rigus
wn .., . nd 'ho cha"",',,, wilh in,i".nl IhorouSh....... , in',""" at "'""""
in dif!.,,,,nt """'s, M ..n ... hi ....
,he "","" .00... ron"tlntiy ". ri<>d "'1"'<'" ,>I '""'" ",..,...
up ,,""" In
,;ngle ""'lue""" I< .g .. Lau,"n'iu,' J th chambo, in Do>y
of W""h. ,he b.!nquot lounge in (;ntrudl , t>ul m,,,,, "lten
,he fLlm r~,'. a". """"" by ""'''"'. f"-,<h ,"'.,
f,m ili.,
ria In o.y of W""h . one . ido of Abs>~,n ......,;,ty i,
.ho.... n during his ;n,errogation of Herlok Ma'I<. 'he
o,hor ,Kle only in ,he film', lost "'Guenco.
fi rst ,.,_
q<lo>""" 0/ Ord1
0 ",,' ,id,.,/ In!\"r'>.nd Mikkel',
bo.<in)"",. 'he
"""n, .. " . " ,n. othon[n Gmnl.
we see 0""' pt of E,I.nd ),n,..,,,,, ' p.,.",.,n' when
Gertrud come.
,;ng for hlm, a",,'ho, a.p' wocn ~
rum<, 10 sl..,p with him , And ,he ""ntor of ea.ch 0/ , ......
films .laoo. a 1"rlor whkh. in the rom .. of ,ho nanatiw.
...n.';,, rnnctrle.
'0
"'"'i'"
p",
"rlv
"""',-"",,n,
,.bIe......'
'0
w.""w
0' I""''''
,.b
,h.!,
'imo;,
Some"""" ca"",,. n""..........,n' u"""
"f.
T'"
r...,..,......
10"
'0
.kI.,
a'
",OIIDtATIC UNITIES
OJ
c.""".
, ... follo ...'....r by

",,,;eh ''''''os unu,u.1 ' p.I ..1
rela'ions.
One I"rtiruLu .ppliw"'n .,.nd. ,-",I. Henn ing Bend "
..n, D"'yd. <;ncm''''S''plw, on Ord" and Gmrwi, 1>;0,
""",""ted
o.y of W ..,,, in lrod uero ""'" "",,',"
"", nt effec' into D.nish d""",. , Si"". D.ni,h stud ... dOd
not yot
crab doll ..... On')"" .s!<cod tMI the dolly
tr.>eks b< I.id p.1"I"'1 to II><
but in ru,.-.,., ' To this
lato,.lI y . reinS " ""',' ''';<-<Wry. D"'~' odd....r. p.1nning
""" '"",,,"t "8"in>1 I"" din.'<'ion of IIw ''''''king mo'"ment,
The ".m.". thu, mo,... ", ith Ihe figure>. bul it . 1", .l tc.
. nd p.>n' .round lhem. ,,,,,,.I ing new room .., in ,I><
~ ' gro"nd, In th is ""y. e.me r. m,women" c.n .'>'o"'u ,
.lIy "P"'" the en ,i", rccm ",hile ' ''''ping t1>< fig u",. ",I,"
'i,..,I), ron,"nt In .ngle . nd " 1""'1. SIKh ''''--.Jnd' p.>n
mu'eme nl. occu, in Voml'll" e,poci. lly whe" Cr. y
"'plo".. ,he doctor'. Loi'. but ,he mo,'""",,,,, romo to
promi"""'" In o.y '" W ... ,h. Onkl ~"-.. ' 1>< .rr' . nd ' p.1n
erfec' in .Imos' ",wy mgb;", 'hoI. , nd II>< device appe...
1""1""n~~ i~ Cn,,,,J. Su<h . n "nu,u.I comera mo,'e"",n'
""""I n ~rge to "nfold .
, h. m"",
10
multiply tableau, by 'y,,,,m.t;,,.lly u" lu,linS tho ~"H ...
decm .round lhe ligun... '"1 ....~" i ng f igur~ . line of
"",,'conen ' i n~' > pu; nt "I
n.. nk. '0 the , irrul.,
... ging "I Iht- o<lion . nd the circul.!, c.""". mo,.."""n",
"". iutl('1ion lOr 'he t,blea u- the .tres,ing of '1"'" dO.
system in it. own rigl1t- "'.Pf"'d" in o.~ ",Wr.,h , Oflkl,
.ntI G<rlrwi.
Thtmms ' ",turn '0 ,.bIe. u p""";pIo:> i. , u p
port.-d by ."",1><r st""'SY. WI>;o. is at ''' ~ . j" II><,., I. 'e
film. i. dn a""nu""," 0/ rhy'hm a nd
of
cinem .. ic dev""" ""hievro ,h,.. ugh 'ho.'.' ri<. Ti,"~m ,,,-
""w
f'O''''''
,
i , ~"p<>S! in ;" ~"ti"'t)" t~rough tho, .hifting of charac_
te," f",,,, "" ... to
the ""tory m ~ of W"'III. lhe
"'>n."
fann"",u.., 1"'rIo, in O..J,>!. th<o KaMings' ,jtHng room in

Gn,,,,d-., f"'"" OO""';v~l}" .,."..""'" .nd workd 0,",,',
ooch ""'1""0 "",.oli ng ne'" f"", ...
C;.....".,m ~tn~ , H." tho" mI< of '1>1: "'00;1. <Om . " _ C."",,, mow"",nt (froS""'nt.'Y .ro often Illegiblo
in I"'""' d'M<) """"n,,, in
".ko.-o
V.."pY"
moio' d~,' . as 'ho,
">eking camera
out ilS own ""'" of a"en'ion wi,hin
.nd ag.> in" the """,Ii,'e, forging inconsistent <1"',;., 1,da_
,..,.... n.. 10,. nim, ron';""' '0 "til;,., , om,,,. "",'~n ... n',
",hkh 0",,,,0. '-C'Y ..-,,11 to D",Y"(' . ",h i"-,,'u,.I, f"u.",.11..1 """'-'ptilm 01 <hom"'-, Sf'M'O . A, J ~. n r-'."""'i
",, "" ",ut , "V'''Y o~.n >
",i ll _m ro ron,i,t
""I"""""
c.""',.;
only of 1 ;r.1 m,,,... me,,!' ui the

Il><n. IOml"'ing ;, in
,..;n do"",,,"
im l"'f<~ptibl)' it
""de. comrie!< cirruit of the dl."COr. ,he film constitu.ing
;n . "".y the horizon!.i projtion of" ,ory Lorge ci,d,,: ' "
In th ..... 1.ler film., ,h.,;,cte .. moving from zo"'" to zone
""'''''''Y. w.
.t...
""t.
'<>mrk'.
'1"'".
"".,ion,
la,,,,
'1"'""'''''''
Ci"""", . e ...... i" obviou, h.bi" mark Ihe.., Lal. nlms "
"Sl>sry:' Tow.rd n... nd 01 hi' co ......... 0",>,.(' sw""" f<,r
hi. film hifted d.o..;vely: 01 the eigh' Him. brio ... ''''"''''
d'",,,,. only two we", I>.ooed on pI.y;. "',t . 11 four film' , rrer
V""'P)"
InJ..,.;I. it ;. hord to nome . dir<"ctor 01
0"'Y"(' import.~ woo h ",Ii! .. hNvily upon " 'ge
.....""'. Furthermore. Dreyer ought his ..... from ,he
lite 0/ "'ge ... to .... Virtually .ver}, ""';Or .<tor in ,..""
.h"", La,. film. <am< fro", .,;.her ,hoe Roy.1
or ,hoe
New "Thea're. h< two """, ceIeb<. ted ."""''''''' i n Copen.
"')l<"I\. "There ...1"" ,hoe I:JJmmrnpin quality of. ,n."", 11, ..
,,"'()f\<$. v.. ho.:h ...'<1""" ' he ;oc .", h). 1........ plot L .... """,.
fully circum "'oi\xod in 1oc.1e .nd t;""'-whot Phillippe ra,",in c.n. til< "centripet,I" principle 0/ Orey..... "'000. "
"There
'hough. Ies. 'ppa"",t Ie4M>ru fOT ronsider_
ing ,heoe
film.
opera.ing w~h in . ",Il<"ric.I" "",_
w."',
"The.,,,,
.re.Ia,.
""p'io" 01 ,"",'m'
a,
In ,he .ilent cinemo , lien Ore"""" h .. pointed ou'.

,h< issU<' w .. nol one of ""ru'i"" ,'enus """_narr"i",,
cine",.. bu, of " """ cine"",'"
"I he"ric.1 cine",", .""
Thanl<> to ,he pok-mical work 01 Sovie'. french and
Genna" film ,heons ... ''''''-'ric. I cin<"'" w., rej<'cted
.. "c."ned
The """","wri.er Franc", ~I.!rion
"",...,. lhe necft,By of dro .. icall)' .1I. rilll\' ... ge piece
,,"'h<-n tran,fclTing i.
film: "The film ' ....ion 0/ tage
pI.y
u,".lIy ""I";"'" much g",."'r varie.y in ito seiling. n.. rn'P''''''m, of'he .><t",,, . oo ,hoe d;.,log"" of...",
.",'he "'''''''''' of'hos ""lu i.-.,d bj-' 'hl' """-,,n . nd many
of ,he <I"" ",n'~ 'hrough Ii"'-'$ io\ ,he pia)' mos. ""
si'.n In new ..:hng """ .... in the film "&..ion ."" Em<St
lindg"'" cLaim>: " In mony c~ ... dil'<'<l<rnI " 'ho "'. n ron. <le .. bly"" the work of '''''ir ... ",," . nd who ",.li,., '''''it
n<Il<> fo:<l 'hd, ;o<tinS in it< ~ n tir""y ,,<K '" ""Ip 'h<m loy
,",,;di ng 1""I""n' b",.k, in 'he a.:ti<m and loy 'hooting
"'oole """""" ,,'Oth v"'JI h.w <ut< . Thi,", ' imply to throw
,w'r'he <,,", .-.c',.,,;,,", drtue. 01 ,he film ""-odi,,m'n.] ~.
"",iw.1I ,,'" dome';" ,,4 tho pho">8'd"'-"<1o.:., die","" ,ha, a ploy mu" ... opened up. tr.ns_
pooed in'o shots who.:h n "" ,'", ,"S".her, ooo.-.,d in.he
key 0/ d""n ... SO (0 .peok. Now "-,, h'< .Iready "",n
how. wi,h ,hoe coming <>I "",,00. 0"-1''0' prop'>Ol . n
booed in ia,!\" I"rt "pon 'ho ."",.,. . \''Th<po),<hoIogM:" pial' is pn""'bly h' be ccm,Hl<n.'<"..,."
'0
""""".0.:
normally underStood. D",)'e, u .... ,h tric.1 soum>S l<>

10"", rup'Uf< be,ween cinematic "Y'" .nd narrati,,,
,,"""'un: . He ",1"0<, ,<> ""n'ila, he pia)' .nd irui," on
t."gr hy dialogue
n.. play teA' thu. becr>rnes.
p",t."t fu, the .~)wing vi ' '''' film', rh,"hm . nd ron_
""'l""ntl ~ the <Iow;ng of tlw ,"-'wd. "",;>dinS ""'." An
oid-fa. hion<>d ",Hance upon the.lTe~. in ,h. ron'
""', of con.emporary film
signif",ant .Tth.i""
"irtLUlly rclm_.1
dn","" "In ord .. '0 become pereeptiN<," Boris Toma.he". ky "'''',,'..... ". devo.:e m",'
.i,he, ... very old or "<ry "",,,I,"",,,,"", d''''", and V"", P!I'
to "" novel, ,he las' Ih"", film. c""""" '0 be
.nhqu ....>d.
In (h. I... f"'riod "" long take h-omes lund.""," 1
to Ore}." .. the.tric.Ii ....... style, As " ... ,,"w in clup""
lour. ,he problem wilh ron,lnKting scenes around
I ", io
01 b",. king t .... t,b\o. " by cu' . n., long
take I1Ocd wi.h L".r.1 and 'Kking co"",,,, mo,..,,,,,,n" .
rerm;" Ore)",r.o m.;"h:'n 'h< lOble.~ . to unfolJ i. as a
...... , 0/ gradua l ".n,fol'll\;l''''n, . !''''''PY' ini'iot",
" ".'y .nd doliberate tempo who.:h mos' "iewero .sooci.a..
wi.h ."" Dreyer shot. and o.~ of W.. ,10 pu.hes 'o ..... rd
, ho" ,h.(.re quite leng,hy lor ib d.y (.1""",. filt""n..", _
ond, on .he ,,'er'g.). Bu. not "n,il Ord" (norage .hot ,
on< m inute) .00 Gmrud (..'e ..
,hQt , nine'y _do)
d( ~" Only bo.'gin to pLoy cnHre _"'" in 0"" ~r .,,"
wngthy k~, . ;;"vo .. 1""""'-"1"'''''''-'$ loll"... lro'" rn,longinS the t.bw. " in (hi, .... y.
A" "ddamihariH$." bu. ,,h gets dof.mil .. ri>;o.'<l' Otdinary pe""p'u. ' ",.h.y. ro' one thing . Just impo".n,.
'hough. ,rt ",,'h del.m il;"";", 01h<T .rt work" TN, ;,
m",'
in p.>rody......... n .he patody jolts our peKephon of ,he mod.I . In f"". ' hoe p<>""'" of . rt to d"fomil;"";..,
other "",,tl<> i, re>pon'ible lOT the ",,,,,pie>< and oUen nega'i,,, rel ion 'hat hold. bet"'' ''n , ,.,or nd it> "'uTt~
"adition ond b.>ckground ""'. \\ 'h .. happe'" in D~e"
t .... o loot film. i, ' h.' 'he d .,ic. 1 .ty'" of filmm.o kins i,
it",lf . 'plicitiy ci,~d . nd def.moli.rized . Aga in .. the
b.>ckgruund " I trw "","'''''JUt",,. r.sur", 01 " rthod(. 1;1",
priK'ice C. n <>merge nakedly. disturbingly. In Orar nd
Gmrud. ron,..".ional editing de,'n. (~ . g . hot 're,,,,,,,
.hot,1 atE <mplo)'<"<l in a glancing. fragmentary rnan""r.
An orthodo, c.me .. mo'~ men ' i. so .... in ,hoe .. film.
tho t when it d<.>. ppe .. it h... quoted qu.lity. en'"loped
., i' io .... i'hin ,h<~ of w h<,,,,, duro'. ,n .... e .,... .I,,.v>
""u,cI)' and minoMy . ,.,.,c. The PO""" "I 'he "'ng tak< .,,,
""'l"''''c""
k>""
!""C'i'.'
<"""""
,.l>-
t""
,ho.
s.
,,ide".
ril, m .... in "ylio'ic figure. will be . ' pIoi'od in Orrk, and

&"",d h, cn:a,~ ".. t.nd 'y'l\'rnotic c<>mpil.ti<m, 01 devic .. 01 the cl.,s.i<al cinematic style.
The I~ . at ric . lity of the Lo .. fltms. thei, '''''''ing of ~g.
uw and Cam",.. movemenl, 01 cutting "'<_01 <i .... matic
'hyl hm in gen.ro l-make time os ,,"elf as .~" ,,",H,'ely
independent of na"ati,.., demand., D ... yer"s wri'ing' ...
cord co,"",,", wi,h film', rh)1hm. bu. he ' endod to _ a
"",,,' rhythm .s both n . .... i".ly moti,.",d (."Hable for
..""u,. 1,,)'Coological ,ubjects) .nd "i,ually .. ' i!fying
(""TI><- 'Y" with pl ... u", follow; gl;.;!i"g C_m... """'v._
men".
""I. 8u. ,hei, I"rlicul.o, u.., 0/ ,he Ionj; .. x.
render,; hi. film .
lasci""'ing, ,..",a'i,'oly diff",ul,
l"hei, a.... ult upon
of m,,,,o,,,,,n' .nd
m.ke<
.hem simply
no"",! simil.o'ion , For 'he ki.-...stJ,.,.ic
qua];."" "f 'ho dom ' ... n. c;n.>"" tho .. film' .u"'Htute
, .. ,is 0' .... , ".,," wnwntio ...1 not;"'" of """'ing pic.
'u,. . .' . questioned nol .hrough d iscontinui.y but
through. contiImity.., ."enuatod that .he """.a';"" actiol1
i. "rrlched thin, punct u,od by wll.o. Roj.. . nd Mill ..
,,'ouhl cal l "d"matic.ll), ""'.ning~ in'er"al,."" Mus.
.he cll.o, ".". in D4y of W"',. ",d Cfflkl CroM and "",roos
their lOOms quite50 pften, .nd 50 slowly? Must Gfflrud
ond "", men ,-p changing ..... .., many timeo? D.."."
w.. p .. l<"n.o.tu,ally sclUiti," .he impla.:.oble momen'um
of cine""" , ... I"", .11.0 . in wa tching. film Y"" <>n't ,top
and go w.o . "Wh;~ ' '''' .pecta'o, in a '''''01 .... Iway' ha,
bm< ond ~ to '.-.ron.ct: i,~,. to romp'''' the ",maf' s
'''"', are being ..id wi.h preViously mentioned inlorrnotion.
,he film is ruckering .w.y .., Guickly on ,II< SC"",n t "-'I Ill<'
. .dlenee Cdnno' possibly "",nage to I"Y . .."n'ion to Ii"",
do,,', 11.0". I"""m' volue" (19.13)" "In
.11< .. is
ol,,'ay. ti"", to ",n.<;!. bu''''''' soon folm" (195-41." l"he "fJ'
w """"'>/ ,II< """'p-'rison (''''' mpo 01 0
formance cb,OouoIy _d not Qlt", a ny time lor ",flection)
,uAA"'" Drrye" rear of the inexo,able forward drive of
<in.m., An impul .. to ,low cinema do..-n io already im
plicit in ,I>< ... ,k .. bleau, 0/ ,"" .a"y fitm. , 'n ,"" I..."
films. t"","'ric.lliz.otion ...,.i", no,..
k-gibil,ty, ond .. 0
,."ull imp<.!.'" ordi""ty fJm m,umption. Th"'''gh .tyt.,
Ill< Ill.", wo,ks..,.,k to brook .... mom"n'um of. fil m , to
t..ez< it into 0 serie, of ,.bleau<. '0 find " 'i,hi" .... ''''fJ' . rt
of """..,,,,,,nt . 1"'''''..,....... . is. to wi'hlwkl the .moothly
fIowinR plea,u", of film ,;"wing,
BoIh 0/ the ",otegi.. I ho,' k.tch! out _ d is.
continuity in I"",,,, d''' and V""'PJI'. th<atricaliz.otiort
"""""'C,
",.i"
norm.
''' ' PO
'0
.ho,
tI,.,....,
'''''.t", "",.
Ii,'.
in the I.ote' filmS_ '1\" ",1.1t'd. in complicated w.y<. to

Drryd, historical ,;t""tion. From "",thetic principle< of
psychologica l ",.!i,m .nd .. rene <1.. ,,;";,rn, .he", .pr.ng
film; which conl.st.d ,_
"''Y "''''pl>. RcfusinR'ies to
.ny ...nt.!\o'rd. , Drey'" claimed only to be "'p.... nlin g
un'v . .... I, .""" my,ticol ."""'. 8u. ou, analY';' wiU ''''''''
,hal within t... cont .. t deFIned by dominant f'lm 1"><''''''
,....., 1.1< fdm, di.play pow~rfu l ",'an '- g;t,J.
~ oonttadic.ory, illegible film. result lrom a Ca"""
sp<nt outs;de mojor production. In w'Y' th.lt D"'Y""'s
biogr.phic.1 ~nd did not . n6(;I""' he "'1 ....1 '0
"manuloc'u","' fthru .merge< from the '-e<)' <tyt. .nd
of ,he..,
Through discon,Inuity ond lhe.t
ric.lliution, tho lilm. boo:om< u""",,"umable a, "mrn
prod"" ..:'
Th< gestu", 01 ""gat;"" p<rf""""" by t_
r",c f,lm .
mu,t not. 00"'""",', be..,.n a, the only 0 ..... Altlwugh e><h
f,lm .h .... ' o... to bun' a ",rt, .he", .re alw. Y' forw.
"tuggling to k..p it un ihod. Di5<onhnuity and theatric.li
zati<m . .. contained, to v.riou, d,~ . by.n., prir><iple<
of narra'ive unity con,;"en' 'h""'g""'" Dre)"'r'. co"",,
l"he """"''''ennincd MOrrati"", b.>.Ing it .. lf"" .ym"""rical
I"falk!l, .nd "'rto<'<'mtn.. ond on Ill< hidden text, seel<s to
hold tne I<m:e. 0/ neg>';"" in cn.d
So it i, not just that,,, in "''<'Tf wo,k of
,n~ .... ",
1""",,1 di,,,,ritles, In Drrye" lat. fdm', .n. gop n.tween
a1""'" .tul';!y;ng .... ,..,;,.... ruetu",. and ",mii ndo
pendent .patio-tempo ..1syst.m, is simply too gre.t. Here
i, on< !IOU"" 0/ the d ;'parity ider>)if.. d by ComoIli _ the
,..:Ileal tendencies of the f,lm" stylo ""lIid. with highly tro
ditional 1=... for order, o..~ of W""h,
""ntr.1 film in
.n. ""lie., come. close .. to ~n<inj; unity ond tuplu""
but in Inm1U" a'A" Mid V""'I'lI' on t" ~ """ II.ond and in
O"It!.nd Gnt'IUI "" lhe othe" "yh"ic /0"",," 0"'" ' u<h
odd. with n.moti""
In" ''''' f,lm. . ." . lw.Y'
""""ring on the brink of uninreUigibility '" ,acuity.
It i, ,hi,
the dynamic inte,action of na""tiv~
"n>ttu", . nd cine"",tic ",p""","tion _ !IOfIIe' imos in
h.lrmony, 0/"'" in lric'ion _ ' N ' .... n.,,' fL,.. ch.pten
" a<e , In ~ v.'Y in."""". tn. . tr."'&Y will b< '0 SO straight
for the~' """"" by 'ho film, no. in on ."e mpt 10
soh" them 0' ~i.p<l .hom bu' in ok-r.o """ ,hem as.
result of the film', dyn. mic o<I;vity.
rend""".,.
.,,,,,,w,,,
"or"'.
.rt.
.n.
51""""'"
P"""''',
La Passion de femme d'Arc

The need for criticiom to l'l'<'O&"ize di,unity and contradiclion i , now"'", m"", p",sslng tho" in 'he .""Iysis of /.p
Jr I"'""" d'''",. r he p<>IHe
""""k>d d ..."
mu""," obscure.1'I< plain l..ct "f 'he film'.
It
i, "n~ vi
t>; .."". p""'"ptu.ll y dil("",. f,lm< ewr
made, no 1<-;, di'rupti," And ch.!Ilenging than the .orly
film, 01 Ei><-"'tein or 0,,, . MO~'er, I","", d'),,, play.
upon "'pre.." .1Iio",,1 .Y'tem._ .... pedally im;]g .... and
language _ in disturbing ,,ay. _S;"", ""'"Y crit;';. (ir>elud
ing my",l! in a monogr.ph on tn. filml
. rgued ,hat it
p"" .., ... . splendid unily. it is time to dofam;h"rUc thi,
el...", and." 001"" it< &'1" and d isloc.,ion., il. L'Slr.ng_
ing "",ure._ Wilh
10 ,I>< ,,)'J., of Dreyer'. pre""""
foi m , . nd 'he ""m" ,,f tI,., , [;, ,,;'-. 1 <; .... ""'.
powerfully ~t, dominant ",I"ion,hip'
b"" logic and ct""m.'ic 'I'<'co.
Uz Ili>o"" ok I","", J'An: prop<> .... . '"''''
of
,he .. bleau 'l""" dial,;c <>I 0,,-'1." e.rly lilm, . W. ha,.
.I"'adyoren. I"rticul.,I)' ;n Mkh..t, , !<ndency to p",h
the ""p..,..i" I"" bey<>n<l;" , u'1', ,,mdi ngs (b)' me, n, 01
,he ;ris ,00 Ions_held I.,.;., .hot.). ' n ''''"'"' d'" .., , .... I..:.
i, pn.",,,,,--d "ill fm'h,,. 'hus ,1I<ring ,he function of ,he
"ble.u . No longe, do table.u <omf""'"tions .".N;,h 'he
d,."""ic 'p.><e. ",sul";ns ,he """'''_"' fr<"" 1"" ..1 . hQ'
to f.d,,1.hot; to"". ,he film'. ;ntolhg ibili,)' h;n8'" upun '>U'
""''''''''ing one dO!<'.u p w;,h .no<h .... M"", to ' h< p<~n '
h<t<, ;" being demoted. the table," undorll"'" , ,ad ic.>.1
""'vmP<"' i ~on . T....
1",.),,> I.tent in the t.NeAu i,
pushed to , .... limit; lhe ",.i!;h"'>n <"",""a angle ,nd bal
.ncM fr.ming re conlO!'led .nd "wry, , .... u,u.1 in,;,_
tence on gr.phic I"" .. n, withi" 'he . hot 'um , ,*"",,;,..,;
.nd . "'''''' l"rticub,ly. c."",,, ""'",ment .00 1it;ng
d .... 'roy the ".bit;,y "I the .. bl~.u, s.m,,. /"'""" d'" ...
D",ye" tableau, had be.. n ohicfly "' ...." "I pc...-,,,, I
'lyle. quietly con testing t .... prim.>ey of the hUIM n aOO of
movement in ,he d""m., A new emph .. " upon the lace
. nJ , >lyli,tic in!<rrog> lion 01 ,he tablc.!u w",k to bri ng
f\lss'"
""'f"'<'
,..,,,.,.t
"""11"""'"
n.,..,
""P"'"
i"'""' d'''"
be,,,,,,,,,, ""'r>.
If,,.,,,,,,",
fl.,,,,, .. .
' p.><e lorw.rd .00 '0 brea k .bru~ l ~ wi,h the ,'e')-' p",m
,><. 01 d ... ic.lliCer>Of\rophy.
To uOOe ... "nd 'hi' br<~ k ".., nc,-'d to Gu.alify 'Mpt<,
four' k.,< h 01 ''''' <1 ';";'1 If<lllywood 'po,;. 1 sy>"""
bi" Aaoroing t<> ' hi' .~stem. t .... n.".tiw.oct"'" Ou'"
within S"ner.Uy homog<neous
1he con.i,tency of
the de pth cue, is .. affirmed b), "",t ,hado"",, muted lighting to. b.ldgn><Jod demen ... ,he ,,"""" perspee'i,.., dOm'
inution 01 di,"'n' plan>. and e,'.n c~"", ,, m,,,,,menl.
lhe
0/ t he figu"" i, ko pt "",,,. n ' with ""peet both
,<> other figm.... nJ the background .
di'taoce
,nd .ngl. work to thi, .nd . Iraming figures.OO ..,tting!iO
d"", not alter
th .. til< tW'H'" congruen' . nd !iO 'M'
d""ic.lly lrom sho, to shot . T ....
;< .,,,,ho,..-d 0'
m.neu\,<:reJ in such. "'0)'" to pr.",n l . , .. N" .nd finn
"g.o"OO" t", the 1"".
M""t important, ' h< ron"ruction 0I'pac< in ...ene i,
ba"'" prim.lril~ upon ,he unfolding d,"",."ic
Ed i'
;ng .ocrord;ng '0 the Ian",", "a>.i, of achon" rule. or 180'
')">tem, " 'U,,," thot ''''' .ud"""'o is
ronlus<->d . bout
,he
<ha,..".", . Ay ~ "um;ng . n ;m.si,..'Y .,i,
bi_hng 'ho _nos"p~k . ~ .nd b)' ,n," nOS ,h.t only
,hot, t.>kon from tn.. ... me , ide 01 t h< Ii"" .'" <u' "'II"tn..1',
,he 180' system ......"" con,i"en' _](ground, .nd """",n
directio,," lrom <hot to .hot, Otn.., devic., ,upport 'hi'
,t.bilily. The """ch-on'K tion cu' bknd, ''''0 .hot. by
m,eo", of ,he flow 01 mo,..",,,,nl. The e.tabli,hing .hot
map' ou ' the o"r,1I 'p.><e 0/ the ""no, "'hil< ,he ....,..
toNi'hing ,hot is coll1 in wh<n. new cha'.>Cter en'."
, !ICe"" or wil<n 'pa'ial ",lations mho,.".i.., , ignif",.n,ly
,),ilt. 1he ""yeli o>< onateh" cu," lrom ho, 01 A Iook;ng.
.. y. off riSh'. '0 B. whose di""".", 01
will indic.t<
whether .... 0' ,he is ",'umlng 'he h ,k. In such w'ys d"",
cI, .. ic.1 ron'i nui'), editing ' h'<h ,hots ;" .., ,he . "",,~ h ial).
tk of unif",d narr.'i'''' ' p.><e. c.."",,, n", ...""n' ,,m .1""
, upport the co .... "''''''' 0/ , .... drama'ic ",,'ion - by lol ~.w
ing a mo,-ing char",,'.r, ' " tv")'ing 0 ",,,ing. moving in'" ,,,.
'pac"
"".Ie
'0
C.""" .,
"".Ie
c.""".
ac'"""
100.,.,<\ "I
"'l,..'
gb"".
out from ignifoco n' 01>;<'<1 0' c"',octe"

E"en .... hol
mill:"! <~ II g"ph" .~ WOp""'" ",ilh
1"-< ron,"""'ion vi ~ .to.... "'O'Y 'f""e, The """""n pre...".. i""lf not ... ,urfoce but .. Ihe, wlndow operun;;
onlo lhe 'p<'Ctac\e. To efface ,he .urface of.he ,,,,..",,n, "'"
only doe.lhe m~J("" I""m "'ith depth cu,", ("".'ri.p,
ligh'in ~ ,nd t."u", gr";ien ... COMi,"'n' persl""";"'"
"""'e",,,nt, ",I.!li,'o sUe, 01< .), bu, , .... cr>mf"'S; ...... vi tlw
,hot follow. """" NSi< rule. of thumo, "Th< oppe' holf <>I
lhe """",n, . nd .. pelly lhe ""nl..1.f.,. of Ihis "'If, ron"ilu'es . privileged rone of df"""k activily. "Th< .hol will
be ,ymmetrical, u,""I1)' akmg , ..."".1 ""n"" .. i,. Lish"
.oJ J"k, will t.nd to bo NI.[>(I.'<I, And . of CO"""", lhe
prin<ipal oc';"n ",.tt no'
<,n the <ery edge of the
In sum, ,~ ",ost nut "com. fofwOtd," ,in<;, it
f"",lions 10
' h< homogeneily of the .pe.:lac1o>.
Rupture this 'p.>Ce, di""l,-e the mutu.1 delX"'de",,'"
amongst 'o. various d'k.,., =oJ you """. ' pa" '" 'y<o
"'m in its own righ., <'p.b1o> of being put into "'-"', . nd
di",,-;,,nti"g ?"" em, . S""h ruptu'"' of ' '''' ct.,.". 1 r.orm
i. lhe efr.,ct of lhe .Iyle of u. Il<s<.ion 0,
d',,"te .
w.
"".,..n.
""0'
go"'""."
In'''"'
AN ECCENTRIC SPACE
Con,~te', poH'" of ''''ry, .t... "'oy In "' ''i<h ,,''""' d' " ...
..... up pl.y
depth .nd n..,,,,,,". !':<>I ."', tho!
"",nie
of lhe film ha. no depth. bul dep,h c""".",
>ute. Ho,,' tor is J.... nr.e from ,hoi " '011 ,,'i,h , "-< w indow
_ inel", . f"". Of ),.t<I, If<S. 11' U""'.... inty .bout " eplh
I"',,ad.,. not ""Iy """"" sr...ts bu, . Iso medium- .. nd fullfig" '" On,.., (figs. 2-3) . T ..... film "'/".." Iu d.fine mulli pie pia",,,, l>r d i";"ct backgrounJ f~. ,u ...... , hy lishting. '"
l>r Ii""., P""'p<<1" '" Tho! bI.nk ""tl;"g' -"; '"-<'" PU'"
'1"'"
1><,,,,.,,,,,
"'hite walls or empty '>:y_ po,h .11 figu"" 10 lhe .. me

pl....e . making .lmo<l "''''')II n'''K f""'g"",nd .goin'l neu".1 background, Si",~ I ... d<'OOf i, ""'1"-"<1 cle.n ,,/ ",tv,
.nee points, objects.rod fig""'" ofte" f1" .. , , u' pended ;n
lomi""". "..,.,um . Similarly. although tho! lighling of faci.ll
<onluu" onJ ,.,tu"'" "",. ,,," olloc'-l .h.o<I",,'., I ..... ",.re
.. ldom .ny cast >hodol>" to confitm depth.
A .."'" of dep.h i. tu" ,"" ..,bowged by ,0., di.to""'n
of line., perspecti",. Figu,,", 1-3 <ertainly "'w<I no sY'""" " diminu' ;"n uf pl."", . round ,."bh;n8 poinl,
ond lho! deco, of Ie" uliliz,", f.b" p"tspec,h'e, "Th< windo",.
"behind" Caucllon lfig.~).re
"<1, .mbig""u, ,haP""
lhal <oteh " ' in conl,odi<lory eu,," : OCC<>Tding 10 lhe opli"I "-'<\'S';';'" <>I rio","" lhe ~gh' """ . hould .... m forthe,
back. bu, ><w,Jing Iu.,.... 01 f.",ilia , ,ize .nd pe"p:li,..,
dim in"';"n, ,h.> 1<1, """ (being sm.lle,) "Ooukl
'he
"""" dist",t. Coochon', peephole (fig. 5) illu. " ..... Itle
sa",,' di'lurtion., though now from tor.,gmund ' 0 back
ground . Simil.,ly, ,hoi """"oed ."'. <>I J~. n ""' II lfog.
61 con",in. no f.,,'O< thon 'h"", ;nwn,i,te,,1 cue" ,...
c..-.ol<.."<1 """pi< of I ... ",,,,do,,,, t ..... pctspecti.,.lly Iron
1.1 window fr.me, .nd , ..... . ",,~ra,,'<l "'~w.'" sl.,,1 01
I... dimini.h ing ,,,,h. Ie"",?"", how 0 I.te, ;hot of I.....
"""" Ifjg . 7J yield,. "-""piotely diffe",nl, thoush "'!u.lly
amt,.odk'ory ," of <kpth cu'-".I E.'en "-,,,k""i"g Je."",,,
body ;nlo tl>< <olrul.tion, ...... cannot .",ert.lin the depth "I
'he """-"'. t~ I><ight of II><
0 ' tho! .i", of ,t... win
do ...... As. ""ull, """lap of edge> beromes lhe p~""'ry
depth ~ in I..... film, al.hough it. too. c." """",Ii"""
rnake I ... spa" slip in to . mbisu i'~ : , ..... pri""ple of o-orl.p
demarod. that t ..... th ..... priests in figore 8 most I>< on In .....
pl.})",. yct
comf"'Sition .. nd ' h~ ",' 0,,,,1 droo, . 'ock lhe
""''' IiI t",ads "" iutem pole. In t ..... obs<onc. of fitm ee,-
.1<0".
_m
.,,,n,
I""
.!>w'
t.;nt'oeo
rio".,., e_en ,I>< cha'>ete,. mo,'emen" can
b;:ome omo;g""">; _ ".n, f"" in".""" . rely only up""
c""nS" of r.g~'" , ... \(l d,~; .... ",!>eln., Lo),,<,!<ur (fig.
9) is moving Jo"'n,,,.rd Or ",..",.rd. or both.
The sen .. 01 figures hovering in Sf",tyless .~o is
=>e<ro.t..-d by manipulation. of Came,. "'Sic whi<~ "",
Fogo .... fnoe of ,Ile 8,,,,,,,<1. W!>en II>< anglo", "'" "'"i,o;ht.
on, it i I~ .Iw.y. low, looI;;n8 up . t
figures (figo_
tl}-11). s.t .goin,' neutral wan or s ky. 11,.
lill ,he
hots with di.tended """""'._ E"""
<",wd 01 poop\< i,
typ;c.lly >;o",.d &om o.low. M()...<w",. 'ho low .nglc .. ,u _
.n.
t""
<1\.0 ,,,,,,.,,
,,-.is, <I..,."
a lly . """" oIf , .... char>et.,.. .t ,t..

or
!IO .hat,
.w1>00 in eo::lesioIstic.1 drapery, ,he judg.. seem no! 'Q
wa lk bu. \(l glWc or drift. More spe<.oculo,ly. ,he h1,od '"
<ontN ",nwr- ng ...
figu"," a nd ""ting to , ... right
(fig . \2- 13) or tt.. left (fog. 14). W~ m.y """" ~nd one
figure canlM while .nother i. ..," (fog. 15). With"" fonn
ground. chardClen "rugs'" through
tilted from<>:
entering 0 doorw.y rome> to "'1",1 'Iimi);ng uphililfig. 161.
Orl,)," ..... n in'..". In. bod~.. in g,u", ro dd""" ,n. , ....
' hi """,,' ",umpt;on lho' tn. &," i\.O""""'1 r..1d tJI n _
.. ~,.. muS' pull tn. , ........ into on nnl"'ly <><bit Ilig . 17).
he."
t_
'"
"
"
d''',. ,
In Lo n...iom "' I'"""'

th< fr. m ing> . '" 'S <;<; th< c.me,. position . Th< principal oction will
not ~ .. rily roindd . with tht> e<>n"" "f the f "",_ <:""'positions ,wins .od",.lty, . Im",t m.dly, <rut "I bdl ....,.,.
Je.n",,'. fore may be found tuckl into the lower fisht
""""" (fig . IR). poised .t tn. right roll" Wg. 19), . pht by
tho .,It . ide (fig_ 20), o inking down belo,.. tho f,.meline
c~n " ic
(fig_ ~I)_ Sig"i!",. "t gestu,,', borome """'1<.<1 i" o nn;",

01 tho ir."",. w. r,nJ a p""""ion or tho suard" modins
grin ..,,' in ' ho ""n,,>, but wedged in the ul'P'" ~ (figs.
2!_1l). A .. >Id." . a ttock , m a ")'Stand", ""u rs . 1",,,.. o ff-
0<"-'' ' . a t tho> bott.",., <-.1&' 01 til<.' Ira"", (fig_ 2~J

fik "'" <>11"0""'" cell v;' tho 10", IeIt (fig_ ~l
Judges
"",.,.,-n
0""" ,he p";'i l<g<"<l zone of c",,,ic.1

.pace h ..
bo:.;,n ~mp,;,-,d ""t. OI\C~ , .... c .... 'Kl." h.o,'. beeY1 flung 10
roff ~ ' of ''''' f,."", a. if by contrlfugal force, .... ,
ond g<... '~~ ,on thym< .>ero.. , .... entire film. Loy",l<u~,
vi, i, 10 Jean"" is I; k~ned 10 C...."",, ', 1.0.., vi,;, by rom posi.ion.ll ,,",1>0 in .,.h"'h the 1'';'';' d"",,; ". ' .. , t., "'I, h.lf
of ,t.: fron",.nd Joanne'. hand .tea" into the 10",,, right
>me, lfogs. ~l71 . Ou' firs. view 0/ )"'"'''' .i,uato. her
.kmg the Oottom I.,."., ,-dll". fu nko.>J by
""'Y
soId.,,.- '1""'"
(Iig. 28). La"". she ,; .. "",doo,.., 'sain at 'ne \0;0.... fro""'

line, f><ing to,,'er full of soldiers (fig. 29). In the I."
""''''', she ... rt> IO"'ud ,"" ... ke, sUlTO.md.-d, in a parody
of pe"p,j\'~. by ''''' .",h, wh ile 'p.oce, .nd 'pea" (fig_
)0).0"" of ''''' " ,.""nS why we "",,,,mber.he film.s 0""'
romf"'O<"d "'0011)" 01 d"..,- ups is .lul .",n in Iong-""<.
f.oceo.", often ...... 1<><1 by 5Uc h unbd1mced framing"
G,.p ~ Oc p.> ttom. rom" forwo.-.l to fill the v.>Cuum lef,
by ,,'" ~,;,"ion of conl'o",.,,,,,1 sconogt'phy. Vinually
""orr ,hoi of U. """ion a. /"'"'" d' "-,,, revi"", , .... then

ana.chroru,,", <ilen,fJm
of viS .... "" framing. !IO
II, P""" Y derot.'iV\' ovl.y
and .tyllLes In.
ocn.<TI .urt~. [""" ""'ro noIie ble or" tl>e nume"""
gnophi< molih which Ithough i" the 5Conog:r.phi< 'POU,
"'" ,aiood to . ",. .... rrotiw
One ..:h "",.if is
hat of the .rch . M.ny ,hots in j ... nne'. ""II. w;,h .he
""",,,,,,,,;0,,
","IT' ''''
prom;""""._
curved coiling. . r.d doorways. are built from e<1>oes of the

arch p.o"em (fLgo. 31_11). Eloe"' .... "' 1>< firs. in"'''''8''"
'ion, .he courty.m w. II" . nd.t.! d,.wbridgo (fog _ 34) . 11
"'peil t .he a rch. One 'pif'" "rian' is. 1"""'1" " y.'he lop
0/ It", h"m.>" ""0<1. TI>o ",~.~ in ,,'"
forces ,he motif on "ut a" enbon by d"..ups Ir.g. 35).
pri..,. pointing to
to ..." ..... or . kulk.po (figs. 36-37)
r.""
''''it
""'l"""'"
.nd . . .,.... of
_hoi, . " " Nt<:<! wjth de l-loupP",m.',
I>t....".nt bo!on! Jea n"" (,g . 36). 11'o'''''or, ""ull, .",h.

.nd """" ook!"r'. n.,l"",. ""IN> _h ",he, (~gs. J'!-40).
A""' ... ' !V. ph>: motif ..."" th""'gh thO' film, that 01
two lines In..,....,hng ... h "''''', . t ,harp . ngle. The
emblem <>I Roue" <."Ie - .-t.<.lli"" with. '\,. at .ach
nd _ ochL-ma1iwo ,he mohl (fig. 41). l<>doe<!, .rch ond
"
angle ongav in a n interpl.oy 01.0.., to pure .bstraction ,han
. ny 0/ D"'Y~r' . t.blea u <ho", R.oft~" and criling come ..
.n~1e ou, from characl<1'S' head, (figs. 42-43): rome .. of
<'''''pies jut "",like sho .... in . M. lev>:h COMposition (fig.
'"I. A ve<1<l< SO.1>ed in 0 w.1I driV<'S downw.rd inlO the
shot (fig. 4 ~). wMe 'he hunun ""ad i, nipped bot",...,n 'he
pi"""" of dynamic clio!!"""l. (figs. 46-47) .

,,/ "u"'''''' ". I""""_ g"""""",., 'M",", ,\ddly ,;u,J
h... Js ano.! skould ..... - ... agoi n. . . bl.>" url"_ It is

<>sy to " "d ligu,., 52
Simply . rol l.S" com~ 01.
oontor.,xI .h.p", on .rr, _no.! two
it i. ""art) imp""
, iNe to ",od i1 . s ~i1 of "",.,i..I<" '1'<'<". Il'arwick . i t< 0" a
lewl ,,", "" .bo", the "" " .. d, while h,; men, no more than
h,." p of hel"", ... ,lop" ""hind him: ha, the c.,~e be< n
built ... " in;; (fig_ 53)1 Wh ile ." upP'" ,",'.11 cu" in n
i",,,.,.,ib!< .n~"', ' '''0
.h",,, d iagonally
iI,
frami ng ,he ' ''''w.,.j r.gu"," of )eon"" . nd an old WonMn
(fig. 501), A le<tem .nd , canopy "'-"com< ma .. i,,, "",tangles
dum inoting two M y heod, !fig, ~ ~ ); hum. n " re and lOC. le
'-''''sh, Tl",,~, ""'" ,' n!lOg<><! In pray~r a,-., 'p",od "" ;gh,
""'y ""..- lhe I.. """ Ii figu",", dangling from , rnobilc
(Iig. 51, Throughou' ,he mm. ,he frame bero""" >u,
pension ')"I<'m,
Wh., photogr.ph. ca n hardly indh,,, is ho,,' ""en ,he
",c",; ng c."",,, ""'rpo ,he mm'"I"<"" A. I ouggeSl.,.j .,.
lie" by percept",,1 righ .. ,he moving ca"",,, .hould 0,,",'"
... more firmly '0 ,he dramatic "I"<'" ,han
sho ..
do. for 0"" ' hing. c."", ,. """..,men' Slrongly ."". okp,h
' hrough wh., I"yct.clogi ... c.1I ''''' " k;""he depth 011,,,, _"
Fo"'ground ,nd background ,,","'" se' p " ked ou' by mov
ing" d iff"",n'
with
'0 '''''
lens, F<><
thing, camera """"men" .upr\<men' ''''' ..,n""
of. grou nd, bala~ g .. ,;' .. ;"n.1 field with ;n w hich '''''
""me.. ca n ronfode n' [y m.>ne u,'er, F;n.>lIy, ''''' " ""king
.hoI ca n be u""; '0 "itch
",p"""",.,.j 'I"<'" so
""pec'i"" posi,;"n. "f
"'m.l in run.;.tent'
T"",."", roroll._ '0 ''''' .. de",and. for 'p.>,;.I.oo .... ,.
... ,; unity' ,he c.me,. move"",n' must "'" c. II . " en,.,n
'OJ ;."",1 0)' bo;ing . hrup' "" 'oo ,wil.; ,he mo"""",nt m u, '
a,
f""",
'1""''''
Similarly, ,he <TO>. ( ..0<;" ,<"<1 with J n",,) and the

S"",shelion torture ",..,.15 (assoc;"t<d ",j,h to. porul"""1
" rode,!!o "",.;.." 01 Sro phic pefmutation.- croM in to
.hadow of window (fig. 48), torture ","'"'I into juggle~.
prop (fig . oI9_SO) _ bef"", uniti ng in the ronal lICene,
which O&n,ir,... the cro"'d with )",n ne much by ,he
meldins of mom. lfig. 51) by the nafTolive oction. In
another fil m, .uch pattern. might he isno,<d, but ,I><
."' ... ,"~ - sc"" of u. Em..,., .u J","", d',",,, ["",.
ground b.t'iKl COOf<gUf.tion nd reto",", Ie .ubordiMte
graphic. to ,he role 01 invi,ibly '"pporling tile norr.ti""
achon .
Eff""."",n' of depth, camera angle> which baHoon tl><
fig ures upw.r.1 .nd cut
to the ground, d""entel'<'d
fram ing. which make the ch.'.o<'ers J"'Kh vi"".lIy .nywhere in ,I>< I.un<, and graph" "",lit. ,,!tieh p l.l.}' >cross
,he
,ur/"",,_ . 11 ,_
de'''''' r iel.! . ,"biotic "i<'"
which ... t "''''''" IS in a t\>g..n-w", wit h .."It " the" He",
hot i, ...... . ,Ike of poliai whole th.n ,I>e in' e"",'''''
'''''i, ,.,.
.,:t",,"
'gai""
,"'ic
,not"",
'M'
r.'.,.
""p""
'og""'
" '''''
e.,,,,,,n,,
came"
make a der.""bIe "",.. ,i,'e poi"" .nd one must not cut
~'.y fron,. moving ,hot un,il ,he carne,. has rr.on"I<'n .....
""p. Through tho> ki""be Jeplh eff""" ,""

.'Iom<,," "w, cohe..,,, t field, " . ".,, 1" ""''' _''',wnt
ily """'" tu a
",iN"""'"
uf. st.bIe ground, and ' he I;"king of " ..nli,,,
affirm. tile u"ity of .patial rep""""tation, Bulj"n", d'A,..

land I .." V.mpyr) wHi .ho", tha, ",en un ity is no! an inevi_
'able conoeq""r>ee 0/ ,he moving come,. ,
We con ob5o.',,,,,, fo, "'-'mple, th.t the ambiguit"" of
f,.mc
no! dispelled but MC ","", .ugmentod by
d'A"'"
Who>n ,hot p......" ts
on ly""" rl . .... gain.t > ""vl,,1 ~~g "mnd , and when
that plane i I..... in e~ - up 0' medium do .. -up, c.me ..
"""'e",,, n' makes ",a ngo 'hing h.ppen : the vlewe, c.n_
no' be ","ain whethe, to attribute the mo,',,,,,,,,' to ,he
fig" '"' 0' tn the ca",.,,. _ Thu., in ,he firs t _ nc, gl;ding
"..: k ing .~ """-n tl>< iud8"'l c"'," a n .mbig""". If"'t:
'he Iwad. ",II 'hmugh ,Iw ho".. ., if on a conv"yod,,,ll. A
pn..r, f."" will "id~ in'" ,he f .,,,,,, a nd tlw hI.nk ~ k _
I"'""'
'I"'"" .re
c.""'" mo'"",,,,,".
ground .nd ....."'" of bod ~ y "",,-ement cu", p",ven' u'

from dctemtining ",het ... , he mo,'"", 0' the came,. d;d .
In 'he ",rlu", ,lumbe., " ""ooth sluf'<' lunge "",., uS
. nd fun""' I; d~ ... 'h"-'"Sh tho f me. but w~ co n .tt ~b" '"
tho """""""',,' eitho, to the "'nure mo<hinery 0' '" the
came, . n.e re.u1t i. tha, ohe n we CAnno! be .ure if cha,,,,,_
to.. a re .h ihing thoi, pi..>ceo within the ""'".,.
E"cn when re"",,i"od movement c.n he .tt~buted to
figure mo,'ement, came,. mobility c.n stm distort.nd de",.Iizo f,ame 01""" by "",a", 0/ c.reful oynchroniution 01
"''''''a and " u"i<'<' "",ion . In an onii"",}, film, if . ubjro
""",,",,",nt is "",,,roed by
lho fr....... ~
become. denne<! by the rel",v~ di'ploc<"",nt of the
fLgu,,-",_ Wha, hapre'" "e re, in ron t,. ,t, ;, ,h., the came,.
of"'n mo,',," to oomren .. te for any fig ure mo,,,,,,,,n', thus
h"'ping the ambiguous
re"'tion. ro""t.nt, The
mos'
mp .... '" ,hose .hot> w ith neutr. 1 ", hi..,
~kg"'und' a nd fig u", mo,'o"", ,, " in c","" .hot . In the
firS' ","ne. pn..:i""y." ,lOnny iudge ri",. in indignation
".t;< <,_,.
ob,''''''' ...
."",W
,.
J i1\
..
.:1
1; "
- '" "" -~-"

~..! .5~~~~
"'''' ~ 2]J'1"'~
~ ""
1~~!
.... ...=~~~-~
.t=.,,-'
t ~.<> ~~ c" " .
~~~
~t~~~~] ~~~~]~~
'~i ~a]'~irE . ~.E; ~.,j :~ j 1
..
~ ! -
", ~
~>"'-~-
11 ._~ ~.c~iI .i!

E!"
E..!!'::-= i_ ~~F~ Ii _n-.:i~ ~
~-.c
..!!~-,,_~
~~E-.2
" .54!:...j"~
..,. ~ t..!~_E~
::_"
I.J.i~11 "I 'III"
- ~"'t<c~.
' ~' - '-" 1 '~~
~j~
~ll~Bj~~E~~~~
~
... ..,_~>._o,_cw_w ... ~
.2' 2 ~ ~ 1~~~!~o ~~ 3~
_;:~
'~ _w,,~
"io 2,-~E.:l:5
_.<> _ ~___ ""]~ .....
~.c,
Ril~~l3~~~oI.~J~i
l1 c .<:<>. .S-l'- -j! 'S' !i~->el1 Sr~~ . . ~~~ S~~~ ~~r
0.2' ,51)\ 15 _0_ 1_ E]:
.. ..,'O
_ "" .. -a.~
.~
~c~~i-t~ll~
b J~.I~~
e ,BbO "
p~~~~'7~e-St~
I "'F"~''1o'
" ,.:" ,., ~ '" h
It
; ".. . '
<_<T
~..:.; ~i~
n,~ ~
.. .2' ,"
i~]~$i
" "" r
. .El\~ ~c
.-'
'::1"~J:
j~i! .i!
~ ~~H!
,
:
!,
1"'-I:ls
~?.'5
11 " ._, ,,
iH!'L~
"
d" ,
i:< 'S. . a. ~ .!:i
l~~U~
",:5
c .. S; -% _~ "..
._ " 'I' ~ ;" ..
0"'0-_.<:
;: :.0 c .<: a.
!,
,
If i"mr.t d'Arc', cam." """"men" forego ,I>< ki"",ie

deplh eff<>c,.nJ of"'" m-.d"""I"" .h. g vl """I." olo;,y
<>f a sn>nnd, I. I. "" ""nJox
tho mo,'e"",,," 01",
often f. il ro ,tileh toS"I><. the film', n TOlI",.po in.
CQl><rem rn.on"" . 'The movements.", h.rdly .uhordinil'.
to story ""ion; Drey<'r a.lI. ou' '''e"'ion '0 'h"",_ FilS' he
"""""",n: i, freq""ntly gra'ui'"", ~' ,he , .. oo.nl. 0/
cl..,ie.1 n.".ti, . Wl><n
",,"'rs J~'o",,. ""II,
.1>< c.mer. I"n. upward, """.Iing "'" . nd "'" 0/ hi'
"gure u".iI ,he f" me i. qul\e unbal.nced (fig. 59). Wl><n
M.osieu .nleTs, ,I>< C.mer. mov .. len . oo . 11 bu'
him b<hind, 'The came,. t.acks right from guard
re" ,_ "",hiog
S<.:ondly, c."",,. mov"",,,,,' gai ....ill mo", . u'onomy
'h~ foc<
mQ"';ng'''''' will u .... b.o.hrul), b< in "',
"'pled .".. 'U'ic 0"'. 'Then! ;s no all<mplto ..,r..,. ,he "",
by smoo'~ly melting two moving skot. '<>g<~he'_ lo,,,,. d.
'"e ha,'e, .s in ><ene one, a ""ie ohoI (01 Je.nne) Cll'
.brup~ )' k> an . 1",><Iy mo\'lng !r.ocking ,hot (0/.1>< chain
d><l book). Th""'gti<>ut .h. r,lm. CO"""" movements an!
foreground"" by .udden jUJ(Uposition' with ohoI, 0' res'.
Mo" obviou.>ly. 'hi' .ff<>c, dima>s in . uch scenes
,ha.
Loy""''''
"'a>'"
'0
.".
.h.,.
the tortull"chitmbft inrenog..'ion, wherein ~hon """king

.hots 0/.1>< .jJiked wheel q"iekly . It,rna'" with "'l""lIy
.hort shot> 01 J nM'. ""ic f..,. . Lot." during ,he..."",d
in!>'t'J08>"oo in Je.n"". cell, high. ,'ek>city whip I"'",.re
intercu, with 'Iotic d o..,ups 0/ Je.n"" . And ,r., "",fusion
of the r,n.1 irnmo1>.bon .nd slaughte. ill in 1"'''' produd 01
,he mony 1 ..".1 "ock. and pan. which.re ju.tol"""'d to
'hots ro.>Uinlng no carner. m,,,,,,ment.
FitWly r. nd moo' rodical 0/ .11) ore ,"'- came .. ,"",,,.
men" whlth . pU. ,r., d" m ic 'po ' I"'rt. ronfu,ing
"" h ... h. n ron<rffi'ing "," Iion.hips_ Cons;d ~ , one "un
ning ""'mple, .1>< sf"<"w.rping I"'n
iIlust""'d in
ngu",.60-6.l 'The judS' ", . itting in a row looking., tl><
... t.><! J~.m"' . Now .1>< c.mer. I"no left to right down
U",m . Wha' hoppe"'> A, ,he beginning 0/ tl>< movement
'he judI!<' ;. ~><Jking off 14' ., J""n",,; at tl>< end 0/ .he
"",,'.men!. ",1><, iudgos.", Iooxing O/f rigll' .t r." . Thi.
' poe< i, simply imp'-"" ;bi< . Sin 'he comer. ''''i,..,I. ocr" ,..
,he ju<is<', .I><y cannot . 1I to< looking.' tl>< .. me point,
1M tl><
ron"," in,;"" .ho. tl><)' ."" Je.nne c. n
not b< in two plOC<"$ " 0"'<, bu. ,ho pon ,hot (a.,;"t.><! by
,I>< e)~linH 01 ,he prill"') ._rto ju.. ,ho . Came,.
mo,-.men' 1>< ... I,,-.Iy c"""OS ope" """""S"'phic 'P""',
G","';ty io CM.W too_ I"'"'" d'A",', com.,. mo~
,ho'
""""ti.,.,
men" roope'"'" with .1>< lI.mings in elimin.ting tl><

~..,und ., h,under uf ... bI< >patl., labOM. lIodies
a", ..,1.1"", .hown below , he ",.iit and are orten .pnnl<k-d
v. riou.>ly 0C'ft'ISS ,I>< /..,,,,,_ Some,""", come,. """"""""
_
it .. ,1 from ony r.fe",,,,,,, point on ground or floor.
A, O'",r limos, ,he ron"'for.bell efr..ot 01 I><.d, flowing
'hrough ,t.. frame becorneo an =-olator efr..o, wl><n t'"
"",.ins
;s til' ed 0' ca nW_ In .ho first in"'t'J08>'ion
in ~n n< . cell aOO in tl>< ,onu",-ch.mber lICe""', tl><
iudge>' f..,... ol ide u p .nd down 'hrough the sho., In tl><
fiNI """,munion ~"" e""""up of eh,o;rbo)'> PU" ,hem
hl'St ,'.n UI'P"' I<.ft.o-low~ '-righ t d;"gonat, a nd 'hen, the
!rocking come,. ,hil" its "ope "" .hot the hoy. ' n! now
roUing from u~ righ t.o low.. iMt . In,!>'nd 0/. com.,
with ito .ripod leg. fi"" 'y on tke ground o/.he scene, we
ha,'e a c.meT. whose mo,'ements at ok,,""'.ngIes ron
. pire with tl>< decor.nd ,I>< It.mingo to m.x .... gr.vit.
'irmal pull 0/ ,r., """..!h'e 'f"<",
Tho, bre.k i. """ o:e"ful. 0/ roUT", in.1>< fmal-...que,.." of ,I>< film, when before .nd .f"'r Jeanne'. immola
'ion ..... c. "",,"
its m"" <n'nc mOv,,",en".
While . prie admini<ters cornmwUon to jednne, t'" popul"". ru, hc. into Roum
T ~ unl<!!lling natll .. of
rhe .ho' d epend' upon In,,,,,,,,,, c."", movem""b_
'The ""Idie", .'" """n ,,'a!king upside do,,'" '0 OJ"'" ,he
gol<; we 10110", 'hem I><y . Iowl)' become vie""", from
directly .bove; he crowd go,he", it i. oeen righ ide.
up rfig<_ 1>1-65)_ 'The . hot c.lI, "ten'ion to ' h< 0,;.."""
GOm.,,' ope .. ti,m, Lotl"T, . nother pan ,hot in",'" ....
erowd,, 'he c. rl.". 0""' had in '~""" the soIdie",_ A, 'h<
end 0/.1>< ~"., two oqu.lly di<urientinS C.mera """-.,.men', I"'r.II,1 tl>< rlier I"'i" Now, thoe """pte lI.nti
c.lly flee through tl>< ga'ew.y. tl>< """"r. v",''" them
from din.ctly /dJw and pons up, .gains' ,heir """..-mon'
(figs_ 66(67)Unlike th< """"' .... "IIing ",,-,vem~n" ;n ou!X'nr, Vo";
' 1jI (1925), tn.,..,
m.ke no . "empt to 'usses' ,ubjK-Ii,.. ,';""polnlo' unlike <.."'". """",m<n" in ,I>< d.,,",,,,,
par.digm , .1><...
delil>er... ty .mid .... demand that
tl>< c. mer. <floe< itsell l>efo", ,he .pe<1acie. The c.""",. ;.
..., ~r 'ha, 'idedlly pLxN """iIJI< 'f"CLltor" roruid
~ by lvor MonUgu to be ,I>< ",n"'r 0/ mm ")fie.' 'The
orunotiv.t"" in''''''''M 01 tl>< comer. m.o,k ,I>< 1"'"",.
ylifllie rulmina,ion of ,he mm' . ..~rch for camera mo''''
m<nts ",h;eh di ..,I,'. ,he d ,ic. 1 """""S'"phic "I'"<" .nd
tho .tAbility of ,he vie..-e". ,'.ntoS" p.>io'_ With I""'""
COm'' ,
<"O<U'"
<>.".
,ho"
ho"
11
LA " ' .... ION DC
/f.I\NJ'a ,,.Me
d' /1,.-, conw,. mov~""'n' d~f,n ih y.ly .nt .... D"'Y"(' "yi<,
and in ,he most di"uro;ng w.y p",.,ib/(,.

All 0/ .he film', "'. 'eg .... fo, dioman.ling ,he """"'"
sp""" within the f,am ~ migh' be froH"... if , ..... , di,,,,,,,,
";n8 did no. obs'ino.ely pe"i,' when on .toot i. iu"
IQ a"".he,. W~ ..... ,'. seen ''''we
,I>< c'.ss;,;.'
r><>"" .,"'.... ron' ;nuity from ,100:0' k, .hot. ""h.",oo
.hrough m.',hes on oction .t.bI;''';ng a nd n.",,'abli,hing
,100:0", ,he 180" 'y,tom. 'y" li ... m.t<""'. ond a ge"",,1 c",,
'istency 01 '"""-m -........ All ,hi. ,,:.:ks '0 oecu ,", !-mOOth
flow, ello,tle .. inteUigibility, But ,I>< <d;';"g of u. AIs.!"" ..
I","", d' .... rc bristles with ok,,,,,,",,, d;""", hn""u, 'f"'CH,
problemah" ",ad ing.
A. o.-.ce a .urprising viol.oon <""fronts uo, Of ,he
foIm', 0'''' filt""n hu ndre;l < nano,;"" ";"""", 'hi' l.>Clic cons,itute, a ";rtually un~.n '<d ch,llenge '0 ron'; "u ;'y <d ihng. A1moo,
"""'Y.no. cur. away /rom on< figu", to .notl><, or CJ'O>'-
,.pus!
,ho,
"P""'"
""" 'wo "" . ",,;n

loc,l... Just a, Drey., M' no
~ .... lm, abou, i<lining moving ,hot IQ
one, so
,,'-en 0
11"" ink'''''pte<l,
Given ,I>< ",fu.. 1 IQ u.. <h..
p""''''''
""y
IQ ~n . , ho'" ,I>< ""ut,.l white bockground ol",n berofn<.s
,I>< only ront;"uity factor acroM ,he cut, Thu. on many
ocr.,""'" a
is "",n m''''ing jUst iJ1IQ ,he ftor"" or
ju,' ou' Qf ;" ,he sloo:ol lingering on empty 'p.><e of""o.befo", tf... <u'.
if Ihl> f"me "'e", only ,I>< troc. of II...
<..... 'ac.d. l".... ge through 'P"""- Th;, df' ~
mos, perru";ve during the fin.1 .Iaugh"", 01 the crowd.
~,m o l-< ,he ,"""'" anol"'" d.pth-elfocing 1"'0' in
the frame and then ru" on the N.i, 01 ,he .moI<e' , .bility
to e,.~ 0' "", 1 figures. For in"a""" ,he /a" I,.me 01
logs a' ,he ,"'ke "'ill he swa.hed in I'.'ay or whi' e smoke;
,he ftr5' f,ame of ,n. """t.hot will he s imila,ly bla nketed in
,moI<e un,il . fogu", ~mergcs ;"to vi,;bi!;ty, DurinS this 1.0"
""l"".-.ce, the ,00 of the fra"", g.>i .... a "',,'"'" of. ito own
a ...,."., '" punc'uated by rhythmic bu" .. col ",h;'~ <p.o.
Ap"" from ,.".. aling "",If a, an acli "ily of 00 ... '''''''
,;,,,1'' .,,,.,,.,
d,.ra.c"',
0'
,t.".,
oK"',,'
a, .
.,.....
di,,,,,,"", .nd posl.ion, of t he crur.c."". More import.lnt,
w,'
longe, o"~",,, ,hal 0
~"",,",.d
of 'poti.1 ",I.tion, . " is" . A' the bl'ginn ing of lhe first
.."ne , Loy""l"ur i, on on" ,ide of the room; h.l fw. y
through, I>< .ppe'I"> on the olher . id", dlrhoogh we .",
ne"~r .hewn hi. ch.nge of position. Wh"n ,I>< >old;"r
up to
led """. the glar""" cue u, lrut h. i. on
her right. out we ""'" di'am" th.t he i' - oot ",,'"o1l~ but
.I,., _ on her left. TI>< pri"d .... of cutting .way (eliding
ouch ",'ion . .. do Houppevillo'. """' , leonne'. fai nting.
.nd "'" im,.,.>I.lhonj "" longe' penni" u. ,he ooo'hing ....
tabl"h""'n' .nd "",".!:>Ilsh"",n' of """0,;,'0 .~o, The
u"",rt.in ty wOTl< wi.hin e..-h (-.""p' .. i,;'m bk"d. oe",..
of ,he
'~nn' d'),,,,', rutting ofkTo a good .""mpie of !>ow
",xt c.n ., onctl ci", norm .nd ".. "'" to , ub, -ert ,ha , 00Tm.
lIo-y<>n<t doubt. """ """"t;"1 principk of 'h" film', cut
';ns is ,ho "yeline matoh. With the lr.".fonnation of ,he
.. bleou rome, 0 promOl;',n uf ,0< f""", if ,ho d""", is
"''J;'.'ly. ,..,;d. if '''''''''' " 'Id,,,,, . n ",t.!:>I"hlng ,hot 0'.
rn''''h"" oction , .he glone" mu" t.M' up .he bu'den of
defimng 'p.ti.1 r.lation" a,,,ica l cootinuily in"'Y'''''
<ydi"". , if.hot 0'"'" .how. X Ioo. ing off to ''''' right ,nd
.hot two .!>ow. Y looking off '0 ,I>< Ief" wo will infer (.U
o,he, 'hing> boing "'1",,1 ) that they .,e looking ., coch
o.ho,. Now, mo. .. ' ,,I the .yell .... cu" in.ho fdm adho", ' 0
,hi. principle. Joonne looking off lef. h~r i,,"'nogalor 100,,.
ins off 'Igh" ,he cu, ""'"u"-,, u, of. ,,,,bIe .. is of action
be"",,",n ,ho p.>rticip.>n". Thu. ,"" fH m ...imila"" .nd
bl>y ,t...' oorm. ,, -e'I ..... cu"iog "" Iongor guar
' nt"", . , .. bIe n. "".i", 'p.>'.
St::>me';mes. the /ilm'. 'y"I;"" confusion re fIee'lng.
ca" no
tion, the f 1m', editing f"'<1",,"tly ,,1~ ..... the most ekment.lry principles of ct."ic.1 c""tinuily, The u,u.1 ",ne._
long .hotmedium ,hot'cto.e-up-i, ei,her ,runc.ted or
~Iimi ..... ted, Jo.nn< i. ",,,,blish..,,j in the courtroom, turtu,""
ch.omber, . nd ",II by oblique me.n" oither long ,hut
,ho"" uS 'he s~. befon> .ho
0, ,he is hidden oy
on OOje<:t lbed'kad . c"-'i,j in the long ,hut . On 0"" OCC..ion, ,he 'mast"r ,hot"
.ft.. the SCene Iu. endod
(fig. 68); .t otl><, tim<->, the ",t.lbli,hing ,hot, don't ..
IW.. o.,o",ly crowded .t the horizon, the ",,"'nor long
co"",.I ,he principal ",tion to. dr.,'ic d'-'8"'" 1ftII'.
.... _ 7U) . Who>n J"' " oe is .. . . n '0 t he <hu",hy" d, ,he """_
posi'ion m.,,",.he . pK< virtually as illeglble.s .ny long
s hut co n be (fig. 71)'
More "ft<.'n. I>o", ov~'. wo.", don;"d .n)' ~" .bl l'h ing
",hi: h would pennit u, to ",ta", Jo.n".,', .~. lu
,ha, of 'he """." eN'""to",. Qcro.ionally in ''''' .. _
h."", wi.h M.,,;.,u or. soId;"r I""'"t
in the .."'"
f,."", with . judge. I". nne ;nhat>i". s~ 'I'-'rt, II is not
iu" t"-'t in , .." ,...1 ",,"'"
con ooly inf"r II>< ret.ti,..
"""'<S.
,,,,,,e,
,.b
.hot.
' ' >IS
""w,
w"
ron,"''''.
""I"
.ttac.
mos'
cu"., """II,
,t-.,
,t-.,,,,
Allhe "art of the tortu", ..ene, a ""dgy priest Ioob down

right aI Je,,,,,,, and ,he Ionk, up right ".f' hi"" '1>< "'"
".,....... tt,.. d;':tum of oppo>l "~I i"..., La"" in the ......
_ne, bo,ld", dbrupoon 0C<1 ' ~ during lhe Slonces which
r"n<' ,",oh."S"" with Cauchon lfigs. 72- 73). In olh<,
"""",s. II... .,..Ii ...... ";"1". S"<'I\T.'phy w;t" p'''III.iI""n'ly
di_ting ",.ulto. When a ooIdie, " 1. Joanne's ring.
' I><
po>ilion k>ar> back.nd fon h ae .... ' tl>< pU la Ii." oxi> of action, .., th.1 .... c.nnot",,,,,,,,bIe 0 ",he",,,.
_nographi< 'ra<". Similar .mbigu,t .... rule <>Ihe, "" ....... ,
Whom .. the grd\w igger watc hing w,,",n he rem'''' .... ";,;
Mi l In ,he chu rchy.rd. i. Ca u.c!""n ..Jd",..;ng Jea""" '"
tOe crowd? Wilen C.""""" 'land b<,.'o Jea " ne in h,,, ,II
to
he, "-"",,,t.t;"n, woo", i. he in ,~Iati"n to the doo,)
In the .t-noo of .,.",b/i,h;ng ,hots and idcnh r.. blc d."",.,
to. eyeline cuts b,..."k ,he lW' principle .nd make "'"
""""",,' 'I"'ti.al ",I.tion. difncull to ,..,...,nmLlCI. ~' '''' radj
e. lly. t""", i, ''''' .<:en< of lhe guard,' moc k~ry o f )o."ne,
which b",.k. ,he 180' rule !iO of'o n ,ha, "irtu.lly ~,'o'}' new
shot "",,,.dicts ,he 0"" b<fore, ov~ry ~y~Ii"" di""""n" u,
.s to durac'.",' posi'ion . Alt hough' ,""'" w""", d;'l" rag"
ingly ,ha, ." ..., mockery .p;sOOc mudd".. v",wpoi nlO a nd
di"",' ''''' 0/ gldnceo ~"d mo,'omen lO u~o"n""'y:" It...
"",,,,,'. i1>OOru"' 0,,","" are ch.'''"'te .... tic of ,..., who .... r,'m '.
desi", ' 0 .ub''''''Ir.dilional "",oic,~
10 'ry ' 0 e>ha u," ,..., f,lm ,,'.-...Id ""'y ", h.u.t ,...,
",ado" 1"'",""0, 5;""" i , i. impos,ible to exrJic.to ~ACh

,.,,,m plo! he"" my claims con bes, b< ,,,,,t.-d by .""mining
a ny 0<\'"" un a n <di'ing '.bl ~ . Each sequonce ron,.in,.n
..kmi.hing "umb< r and v'rioe' y of f.1s< eyel;,.., ""'<.....
which ronst.ntly ma ke 'pa,;.,l rclahem , "".. ' '''!:OS'-''''''
a nJ of' en downrigh' ,noonsi"on', Wh., i, Im port. n' fur
my argument .. ,hotl s""h .-d iling ""101_ U.., th< "",venoonal procedure be oiled wi,hi" ''''' lilm , If """Y cut vi<>lared ,..., 180' rule. ,hal viol,'ion w<",1d quickly become
ronte"u.lly intelligible.
dynamism . nd u """rtointy of
,..., .-dittng "om from '),e "",,""1 ploy between .n em
boddod ""no.nd ''''''tion. of it.
Ji 'IK: p"",-"'ng . rgume", h.o, seemed d ispropuo-h"..... loIy ' 0 .mph.,;" wh.. 'h< film d"", "'" do, that is
b<>c.u,", ' IK: fohn ', 'pa,",1 ' Y'km not on ly work< agoin"
Ih< cla .. ",.1 paradigm ond ,..., pri nciple 0/ .. ble.! u oon
.truction in ,..., o.rlie, "lm<, b..., """ wo.k.aS"; " ,'
,obIW,mm,
j",,,,,.ll~ ro/t<"", .. ""Ii,~ 'P"'" Flat ''''''.
r.gUre5 .... h"'h 11".. , in , " ><uum. <h.orocl" hovering., v.,.
io ... poin ... round 'h< 1"",,-, w.ightless <."",r., incon.
",te"t I ; ~u '" !,>,Hion., mo,,,,,,,,n'., . nd gla""",: Ii"" no
lilm Do-<'" mod e o.fore 'his. . . surely '''y rotm by
V,rtov, U> flwi:m ok /..
dA.rc fo"'S""'" d.
p<"'ep'u. 1 """t .diction, The styli>lic dy .... mism <>f th<
film .prings lrom i" discon,inu i''''', ,..., vie,,'", muM de.1
w;,h, problem. of rela'ing cinema lic ,~ ' 0 n .m>'i~
<.""''"
he.,
r...,
,It,,.-
of""
E'..,""oi" ,,.
/1",
\ogi<. The dy""mi,m .. noI. n'I\" ~ ,'e" boundkoo: the nlm

.1>0 ""'. , to <nk iI, di.p.,;,;.. by .pe<if.: "n;lying
ope,.. ion . The conlrodklion, ... moin, but ",I in ten.ion
'goin,l. dri"e Iof nlm,li". ronlinuily .nd <iosu,,",
SUBJECflV1TY
0"" " .. t"ll}, 10, unifying the nlm immedi.l'ely .ugge...
it",lf, .M .I' "",ugh it ;s iROO""",,, it i, "'orin .,,.Iy.ing
l><;Ofly. All 'he fil",', Ji5P<'oilo.. m'gh' "" ... od " "'p",,,,n"
ing Je.m... '. poinl of '"w. In Ihi; ron""'l, " poin' 01 view"
con mean eithef 01 Iwo IninS"
l. Featu ..." 01 ,he m;"'m,.-"" can be re.>d .s suU'-"'ting
leon",,', ' piritu.1 'lti'ude: e,g .. 'ne flal 'pac', Ihe ,hifting I .. ming., lhe ",",. 11 styli ..,..,n of 'he film', world
c. n be I.ken 10 indic.l. some .tale of je.nne', con
"'"'", ....". Thi' I , h.1I <.11 ExI,ms"",;S1 ,ubjectivity.
2. "",tur<'S of ""tting .nd ""me,"wo,k c.n be ""d .. "'p.
",... n ting J~.n"". pen:eplion : o.g .. ,,.m,,.. angles . nd
mo,e"'.n" c. n be l>ko>n . , embo<lying optic.1 ,'.nt'b'"
points. no. [ ,Ilall Cdlllmpreiomist ,ubjectivi.y.
Upon .he.. 'wo possibilitie,. p",viou . cri.bl ..... y 0/ my
,"",'n N"'" its onoll'lb. 1 w~m IWW Iv _rg .... 'g~injl IlUl
reading and show Illal il
the comple;<ity "I I"" fi lm
E>.p"",ioni;, .ubj<-cti"ity will not ""'Cl'P>' ,,' long. s..-n
.t il. lui""'l flowef in Genmn E>.p",,,ion;'m. th;, """'option 01 mmic point 01 , ......' ",... tty _k, '0 <how 'h.'
.11 II>< lumi.hi,,!;> 01 the f,lm-"'tting. lishtins, "hune,
'p.1tLlI ",I,tio",_ proj<"ct tl>< menl, 1 ,t.te of.he protagoni,,- It ,. ,,,n,. to me .Ila he in""pretil'" p,;oc;pi< of
Exp"""."';st subjh"I,y is .pplic.bk: only wh<n ''''' n.,
"h,'~ "",<lu ... 01 t .... f,lm 0 ...... 1),
ui;>i,'<I;",' ,t
liludes, as Ill,
of D" Goligari doe> by;t> I,..,.. >10'1'.
The min m ust roo;l.n obja1ivity "ou!>ide" , .... .., d;>lorted
"i,io'" 'n ( " def dot, ,,,, ''''' ,ubjcc';"" p' .... g~,
IV .... " .",,1. Ihem.tiz.,lion" lOCking, OS in I","''' ... re.
wh.ll can we "'y ,bout the cta;m .nal ""tl>< w.y . tyli>li<
,boo""",;"n ,Ik, .. to., fitm ,,, 1><. '"'" """ .-I)' \;"u.1 ",-"
'l~rilu, I ' ",1Je,;:" Ic.n",,', d<'Cis;"n.o define ",'""II oot bl'
,n e'rthly m i ,,~'n bu. by hef ,i.ion..)' commitment"?"
Suc h . ,,,,ding e>:pl.>in.
much .nd di><:rim in.Jtc'S too
little, The iJi<,,)nCfa.ie. 01 a ny film c.n be ju,lif,,,,j as proceeding leom the mental .tale 0/. cna,adef. And il lhe mm
is .ubjecti,'o t hrough.nd Ihrough, how to d istingui.h hotw""n .ho ol'croll "meture 01 .1>< film ,nd moment> ,>/
red,.,.,
,"""""Ii" ,
C.",""
,,,,I.,
'0
'0"
gre.te, '" bOt" ,ubject;"ity? The dofondcr of.he Expres.ioni .. rooition on I","", d'lI .. m"" ;how how. "')', tl><
up>id. -down .hot> 0/ lhe popul",., ()f Ilw m;"'..",",,,,,, in
,hot> I",m wh",h Ie",,,,, j, .!".en con symbol'''''' <Ila,..,
t s montal ...te, Not only doe. the E' l"c",ionist ""ding
blur ,I>< film'. 'f""'ifoctty. ,ocn.n .'plana tion must ho .. en
. . . ymph>ma'''' <>i d"";,,, ' 0 clno< 'll< IiIm comlortably
",ouoo '"" .k. 01 per''' .... I;,y. '0 ... 'm il.", ,he film to a
p>y<hoIog""' .... ti" ""'th<'tic,
Imp"""io";" ,ubjectiv;.y " . ""'''' """'pie, po,,;.ion
H,,,.., <titic _ k, to;how In...1>< cutting ond ,,."""
wOTk c,,"""pond to tne oplical e>.penence 01 cna,
octe, (in 'his C"" , le.n",,). Imp"''''''";'' point vi "iew 01
low. tl>< critic '" ..... kc 'he !'nO", ""oI ... t claim th.1 only
P<'rtions ,>/ .1><' film.", ,truclur<'d .round character peT'.ption . ''T\x> """"'.. fullow',e.n",,' gl.nce .. i. "'''''p>
.Iong I.. ';;rele vi judges; she looks low.rd lhe ,,.fer; ,hen
.n. look, .. the ,,,,ant.lion, Dreyer's u"" of c""". ups . nd
"",nomic.1 ,i,u.1 .ymools. linked by poin.of.,';"",. pe,.
f"".ly ",.Iize. Jean",,', dilomm. . '" In .not).." "-"I"",n"",,
"point-d -";ow ' ho" .nd dynamically ediled <io>e-up>
constilule lhe m",t in"'" ...
I., oIlc~ n""'.
expene"",."" Und~n;"bly, <WI.ln f""IS utiliz ~1)'li~tic de,'ic~, ." ""',k ,'Iomwnts OS oplically ,ubiecli,'" '" ".1>... can
be,.01 d!\";n,' ,ho> Imp, .. ,lon;'1 poin.-of-view po, ition?
On ly, 1 think.
must di"ingui. h com'en,ionat
lrom ul>C<)n,..,n,;"nal cu .. fo, optic.1 . ubj.ctil'i!)" For in
ac<"pted figu ... fOf point -ol-view editi ng L':
Shot o>IlooI<e, (4,J
Shot 01 lhing ...,n ,10),
Roturn
,hot or lookr (a)
,ho,
p",.""ta,,,,,, ",
,IY. """
,ta""" .)..,
'0
W. , 1", ... "me .ha, " X 's looking off ot one 'h ing. II'" will
be informed 1>;- h ift in X'S gl.n<e \\"I><n .. or """ ;. . upposed Iv k",k .1 ",,,,,,, hing else, '\nd '''' .""me Ina' tl><
.ngle of .ho. b will co''''''P<'riJ ""'Shly to t"" .l nglc of . I~'
k>.,k,. rooit;,," ,nd gla ..,,,. Yot /""'"< ... rc _ .go;n 'n
, hod ing ,t... F""n'-ct-vk", "'-'"', .,. poi n' '"
"'1"'_
'"",-vk,I,,,.. ,11 ,"'-- con,en,.,n. 1 ,u<...
I . The film "",I..<s c,>' <n,j,o u'" 01 wha. Edw.rd 6""'gon
h.. <oiled ""multiple pt,;n' "I "~.,,,:' '" ",hot I .lult ".11
;n"'fk " ~ in g poin' 01 ,kll"." H(',, , . . ,hot> ,i<~., he
liN I"lt~m in .h i. ",.lY'
")'lL,,.,
" Shot 01 clla ,,,,, ~,, X k~' k ;n~

to . Shot of ,,h.. X
"''S.
""""nc<.
.. riIy t..pl""" In her cell. for

leonne',
ans""fl> h.o,,, ~n IiC un..,h.l>etory lh.1, Caucoo"
oknou""" her .nd ,he
t" fik>
Jo.n",,;'; ... ring upw. rd; cu' to low.a ns)< ,hoi
uf the scrib. dooing ,he OOok; cut b.Kk to le.m .....
tilllooking u!"'ard. So lar. '" good: a ronven
,;"""Iobo f""."n . Bu' 'he
01 """,,,,",
.re. (J/ ,he room (Co",hon and the pn.-s.. filing
nut) and , .... ""'" . hot of le. n ........ tt) ",put
tw, glio~ . By ron<'en'ion.1 '''''', ~mne c>",lOt
be b>!.;"g ;" pn...;i..,ty ,he .."'" di""'ion . nd
.....,;ng d;jt.,,,,n' 'hlngs.
ii, tn t""abo I"""'rn. ' he ')bj<'<' in ,Jw'. wm he P""
",n,ed from .n . nglc app",,,;moh"g ,ha,..,1 'he
glionre in
In ,he ro"v<nhon.1 ' ''''''''''''.
~"" ,u,,,,..! "I .. ~ 'd In .hoI . wilt he ho<d by
,he fuw.O"git ;n 'he 'ubi'-'<';w shot . /l"doed.
on< 0/ 'he
distlngu;'hing pointufv;'w
cutting from 'he <W<!i .... 'Y "Y'~i"'. mot<h oS ' he im plicit fodolity 01 ' I>< . ngl<> on'" ,"" <)bje<' ..,,;n. )
BUll",.", d'At< ron"an'ly viola..,. ,hi. ro""~n
,ion as well. The gLa"", in <hot. ofte .. 00.. not
fil , Ile angle o':'hoI . In ' I>< ' ortu,", ch.mhe', ttw
"anoo, . ngl<'S ~n tt", ,~rt"", w",""l. 'I'Jwugh ;n
.Itemo'ion with ,I>nts (J/ ,.a"",,', >taro . . .. _n
from .ngk:> dilknm' from "'" .ngle of vision, A
mo", "riking ,"-'mple c.n he " a<l 'h"",gh ,he
acoomf"n),ing illus".'ion, . je'"'''' I"..ks up (fig.
7~ ) and we "'" ,he priM' fn.,m. lQw .ngle (fog.
75), In figu", 76. le.uu-,o, glance.run, to. <lighrly
down_w. rd ,""", Yet ,he rouo....;"g ".ubjti~
p""''' ,.;. .,
",,,,.hot;,
<. Shol <>I cha,...,.." Y looking

("'" ~,; j )", ,he
ubje<t in ,Jw' b),
In I","", d 'Ar<. from ,he tw.lfth , Jwt un, this "ru<ture

is iruisle nt. loanne tum h.orply to look oisht, ",. to.
tr>eking ,hoi 01 the chain-dad OOok berng torried; cut
to a shot 00/ <>I Jeanne bu, <>I de Houppevill<. w>"'hins
ei'he, ,he book 0' Je.n"" 0' buth, Th;. cutting uoo,,_
mi.... 'ho- 'f"thol'ta o;l;,) p","upposej<-<tive cu' '; ng . Such ;nwr!ucking po:,;nl.o/.,'",w 1'",.
!em. pervode the film.
2. Wi'h "'Iu. 1 f""l"''''<)', ,he r,lm d;"u,o. ,I>< ... t.Io> ",.
l.tkm.h;1'" among Slo""".
.Iread)' ..,. n
how troubt;ng , .. ~el ;'''' - rn .tc h cu ll; ng~; "",",
we must cu"sKl.r who-the, the J;",,';oo and . ngles 01
' he gl."", ronsi,'.mUy mo~""" ,he cuts.
i. In ,he obo I"' ''om. ,,,-, p"-""n'.';oo 01. ""'" ob
io-'" .t.ouid ro".,ponJ '0 hill in lhe ch.>.rocte(. gla""". 8u, inl","""d'An:, lhi> will not ~
W. h.,..
,hot .
I<>.,,,,,,s
00"
IA 1'A5S/ON IJC 1f.ANN O'A/IC
"""I"""'"
.hot .. from on ""n

angle (f'8 . 71) . This
"-",;"g 01 ' ho ossumption. 01 glone and ,,,,,,,.,,..
a nsi< asoin =rIif.... tho film', ",fusal 0I'f"ti.a1
'lability.
In ,ho (igl"., 01 .11 tl'lo unresol",,(! poin,"".v;.,.w """"" .....
I .... ,'. ju" "",ntione<!, t he .rgumen, fur Impl'l."S'i<mist
jo<1;,ity""'" toKe. r""" tho film allu<l.. '" tho co"",n
tional optical poin,-o/.vie", f"''''m no ""'s signifICan tly
thon it cit'" the 1130' rule.n<! ,he ord inary eyeline ""'teh
Bu, s urely w<> ough' '0 inf.r from ,he film's di'OOI\oOn,
,,,I>-
po;n,."f. _ "I"'''';''n, '""" "d"". no' .....,k,,, ",tid", .
chor~te( ' F"'rione. 1'10

menlO in fa iling h, ,,"Wgni,~
<an ",apply a n o. rl"" ' '8u

tho: ptay ,,hich ,ho fil m ...... up
wi,h "-'>p"<' t(> . ubjhvity and in ' rying ,,, pin 'ho fil m
d"wn to:some optical ",.ui.m. we "'na,u,.hze" in POy<OOlogical. ",ali"
,he ""Y ."rpr;.es 000 boflle".",,,
which should
u. _ Tlw;> ro<1trad""'- in P<'int
0/ view in ''''"''' d'"", ",""bIe tho, "ro"''Sl' Qi '''' mod
'onn.
d_,
em ",ri,or men' ;o""d by
/<ma'''''" Cullrt
OJ
"""1""""'"
Th< "biij"il'J of ,u,1I ..1...1;;'1;"" #nd

if.
pmbItm for I'" .,,;,1,
W .., '" mu" do if II.... to
ou Iploy natuliTl,,"1 i, to m"I, a Ir~'
Ii" ..11y
""~'" of Ih"",,1 at "*iell U~ ""1" ..1",,
~u"1S
diffrmr "''''_ t~""'1 ,u"",,, "nJ "",",oli:
;"8 in'''1'"lol;'''' '" t,",1 .... stt IwI<' m",11
md i<so
hmal tM Jomu-r i, 11uI" lit<- ioU,... , , TIlt pett m """"
<1"'1
i. c,",llmging nat"",I;""I;"",.,t by g<J;n.~
i<;o:m" Ihr
of _ m.t by ..",.1i.S."m",-1
fw:' """'" .foo<i..tion ;. 8,,"1n ,,",. I..' of ,.,..ib/r
wh ..h ,Iottrt>y '"",leng<>
by u'lI;rn "~.t tmrpl loromp"_'.,d
it .
My di'put< with cI. im. for ,t.. folm', .ubjec.;vity .." <(In
elude with on< more visual e>:. m pl<', one " 'hich Nre. ,he
dt."Vic< of contradi<:tOT)' po;'" of , ' ;"w_ Wl><n ,I>< bullish
guard view. Jea nn< throogh "'ppo-d h."d . , .~ .
f.,h.", (fig. 78). ",e get, loginlly enough, on ;ri. "'p""""".
ing hi< "isiort (fig, 7'1). 1be" the g ... rd put. hi. hotld.
down . nd <>boo".." her nonnally (fig, 80), bu' the _ , .hot
ion
m.ru-s .,
t'"
u,It"* "'"
"'""*
ric""
,"rutds
"'.nd.!
" '"'"t"",,,,,, """
,.r
,IIL_.
".y
ci"",",,,"'"
.how, t.", st,lI wit~'n on i,;'(,g, 81). An<! eWn t~i. irK"'"
,,;'tent ""'''' i, "interlocked" with hot 01 U."ieu. al""
looking . , h",- (~g , 82), In t~is """"". "'" gel ....... of ,he
prire w~ pay 1<>< .t." roml"" of lobeling <u<h pe=plu.1
play ."bj .... i,,;ry- : the ~Im . le";tu," INk " , such. "",ding
ur.romh>rto bly >fbit, .,.., 0,,"),"(, r.tm P"t; lhe intelligibility of ,ubj.;<tivity into queslioo .
u e o,ng <ou",,1 5truc'u"'_I<.nne a, protogoniol i, It." fu,

""I d<'Vi<e "'o'killS "S"inSl I"" d',emity " I ti n", an<! 'p""".
Om pre,'iou. ocqu.inl.~ "'ith he, ,tory confirm'
I~io . In ,he fi nt .hot, hand. tum lhe )Mge;of. book . 1he
, hoi i, emblemalic: we rome to. f"",ilia,t.le, equipped
w .. ~ ron,ide,.ble knowledl!'" Jeon",,'. pe... nt .nc .... ry,
ho, religiou, impul..,.. he, military le,,"o,. oo ~er heroic
do h : 0"1'0' .,'.ume. 'hat We , now .11 .hi., takes it a. the
"p",.",,," 01 his fil m . ,,\J I""" the """,liv, of an e>."""i.
!<-"Y .pp'..
\\'c .,.., ..,.po<",J to "",.11 ,"-'t le.n"" loughl
to drive ,he Engfi'~ Qut 0/ Fran"", ,h.t . he I",.t. Ih.1 ~e,
.1I "'nce ",ith King Ch.rl .... will ~ honored , l)wl lhe <1ffic.1
roun i, in league with .he occupying .rmy, 5ir>C~ ",e know
. 11 thi', the f,lm may "'1I-'''i", i...,lf >fOOn<!.I>< .... pha ..
'-'11 Je,n",,'. til., .rod
,h "Jie-.I romp ..... .".. 01 "'bon lor ",hich the lilm is '" ""I.bra."-<! , M,,.t importan " we
k,>C)W ho,,' .t." ",o'y "' ,II .'rld_ Kno,,' in~ '1>0 Ou""""'" <>f .he
a.:tiun .nd"",. ' he ,, 1m with the d~""",in i'm '" eM e",,
teri"ic of Orey , ",orl<: in."'ad 01 in",ribing prediction
of 'he ou'rome in/() the narrali,'. as plOph<'<)' (as in most of
the ~.. Iy fil m .), J",nn< d',-I"" like
from
Book,
",plicit1y
il""lf upon. texl "ut. ide il< uwn bound.n..., (Actua lly 1"'0 le"t., "' ~ . II ..,.,.) In addition, lhe
ope ning of the book prom i... u. d"" Jeanne'. ",ory ha,
t.,,,n .,In,>kly ",om pld .,], foni>h<--d, wri.le " , ."oJ U"'. """,.
ew,
the "ylis'ic disconbnuities, the lilm will ulb
m.",ly rohe",_ Je,nne .. his,oric.1 figore 'OSO"'" the P''''
..go beM""n styl .. tic <=n.ricity and ,,",rr.U,'. homo
go''''ily, bee., u,", the viewer'. rep"""ntat""", 1 """ihon
i. made uncle.. " she '" he " th"',,'n back upon ~n"".
""ry's In.- ON' <o""'''y in .he film_
Tn.- Ia<t thot Jeanne is the .hre,d which " 'e foH"",
thnklgh the n.""Ii""
"'hy psyd'ological in,",p"' .
"'ions .. ' .U",,:I the itic , 5 "" is, al,., .1 1. . fimlly ",,' """ uf tt." d n<>m.'. profound , .. , "",a." ' ion. "I I""son. h'y' ,.,.,.')' ""'ion 01 mind .n<!
hoa rt con be "''''' ,.f .he
$0'"",1 u< " 'ri"'> : "Th,,,,,, " m(>t;"n re not o nly e>.piiclt,'d, I~ ..... New, haw we
kno",n cho roc.... on tt." """,n .., inli m."'lv_" " With, ,, .1
m",,' tI,,,,,""",,,1 ",!>ument, je.n Mit')' ..,;." ....... t he
no,m. 1d ,,..,.up ""P"___ but d",.. ",~ ,'gn,l)', ",)w"", in
Jeo"", J'A,..-. In. floC;.,1 ck"".ur< ,ig" il)' .. ~, "" '''''!I <is" of
",It" I hty '-'1'''''':''' Th u. II", r,lm "ff..n ,mas'''' ",~ic h
'ymb<,Ii .. pur<' st.'''''~ tt." ."u l.
'u"
A DIALOGUE OF TEXTS
II "po'nl of "~",,,. ,n it, ,a ';",u. su,- ""nnot unily It."
film. w~.t can? Are the stylistic d.lorm.tiu... ull.4 1\10.
,im de I"mn, d..In: intewated wi,hin mhe",nt n.rrati,'e
"rue,u",?
Not
fa,
i , <()f>Como.'<l . CO"""n "'m_
P',,.t h.lu ..... "I .h. n",. ov, 'f\' no ..... d,>oriffi ting th.ln
.he 'patiol 0""'. A critic.1 catego.,.. to.,.. dur ion i,
d"., <"",ugh: it is the p<>5ited len gt~ of Ii"", mn.uoncd by
ho ",'ion (e ,g_, ' wo y ..",)_ 1'101 du,",,,,,, w""td lI",n be
.t." 1''I1glh 01 Ii"", "'hich the ":Iion ron",,,,,,. in the film
(e.g .. two """'" un lhe S<Tt'en), Bul I"'"",
.boIish....
.10"" tim< n 01"'"live c.tegory, Wh" story dur., lion
c.n we mnotruct on lhe bo.i, 01 lhe 110 minut .. 01 I","",
d'A"r How '"long'" d"", .he >lory .><"k)l1 _ .he .ri. t .nd the
bu,ning_ la.t? Ce, ~,i n l y not more th.:on " w",-.f<. or e,'en
few d.y bul "' ~ c.nn~ ""I P""';'" lim its." We misJ1t be
.. mpted to .. y t~,,, .11 .he ""tion con.ume few hou ..
during one d. y, but .~n "'day" "h.ldly. ",lev.nt ronpt ),o,.he m",; tn. folm'. "wid h.:o. no d ock. 0' c.len_
d ...; this w"riJ d",-" not e,,,,n """ ', A, jea n S<'rnotue hl,
P'" it, "He,,' t in'" i. liwd in its pure p",\;"".ion:'" The
""uit i. hl ;m ,.. t in """"n tim< the so,'e"'ign au.h.>rity lor
,he f,I",', duroti,," . The 0,,",,11 <>ct ..,. in elft, "' . "" a.
~"'g ,he ,.Im >h<r"~ it "king, To .he di,,,,?,ions of'.paco,
' h,:n , '!\t'n' <Q1f"Srond .m\);Suili<'S of tirn<.,
y", w,' u n d,,,,,~ ," ' 1 lhe film whom w.t<hing ii, Tro"loImg
" .. i . We 8"-'P it .oo ""f")nd to ;t , 51) U",,,, isa f" " "IT>
to bo.' p",cei.ed. Wh.>t is itl1 "'&8"" ,hat tt." o,,n " ' .
lio nol cente, 0/ lhe jilm i ho.' de,,,,k)pin~ ",,,,,,Ii,,,, ... "" .
tion of lhe c~a,.>C"', Jea nne , Thi. i, not to say ,hat tho
,. Inf. "}ii."ic "''''kinS" ca n he ",pl.l 'r\L'd thn,ugh <h. ,,,,",,,
r<l'h"~'I\Y; rot""f, r 1""1"'>" th.ot I""n ",,', nan. Ii", 1""',;"n ruunt." bol."",.. U'" I''';;,",'n''..! d''''''it), 01 ..., film
nx' p"-''''I;')r\i,t "",J',t,, bNw,-,<n tt." .Iyn. m i< o<1e",W"" ity of t l..:' n'm ', <flOlif< on<! 'ho ' t"I;.lity ()f an ow,-
.t Ie.". a, a. t"""
d'"""
<"'''.
u.",.
\"".
e"",,,,,,
""AA'-""
f""'"
Sa,""',
In hi' distinction . mong ogo:'nt, <"",,,,,t.,, p<>tS<>tI, im'go:', .nd fogu"" Stophen He.th M. propos<.><! th.lt the
HcMto.cte(' in film c.n unify ,he ""t 0' .pl i' i, .pan, In
H th's ",rm!, )e.m'[;< i. It Q!1' IS"'" H~ 1'\'01'01""\'1' of ~n
acoon), cb,act .. (.n "'I"""h', indidd u.lityl, P"""" (tlw
con'inuin~ p"""n", 0/ the body), .nd imago:' (tn." focu.
0/ n.rr.tiw """"""'y) , jea " ",," noI. no"'c,'o"" "figu","
in H", 'h ', >en.." for. rig"'" i; ". point 0/ di,l"'rsioo,
kind 0/ di ... "icul.llion," ,he be. ,.,., 0/ ", ,odic.1 h<>",WS".... ity."" 10\ ,ke "1""" (o"",_f.,ld 0/ /"'""' d'Ar<'.
and
tim<', j.,~"" i. ,"" poin' 0/
the .... around
",hich tilt, .""",ac\e t um . juS! as ,,' ltnou ' Jeanne the",
",ould be no ""ITOti,". wHh<Jul n.", pn.".,ncc ,n." framins"
tn." fLltne .. , the wment. ",,,uld
,"" ltc, 'he film in 'o a thousond fragments. Th< dispa ri,y of
the f'lm is the .... in bet""",n Joanne .. unifying force .n d
the contradiction. 0/ .~ nd timc.
Mon."','.', if l e, nne', ,,0T)' i, the m.ocro-.d",n beh ind
th" co " ""d!,,,, d", jn, t ....' film lum;'''<'''.
,'",'n
0/ micro-oction, which "", r.n",." n. rt.ti," .1 1"",';0" and
Ioc.liz..", c.u",,1
If jea " ",, " .o,,,,,.,r ,,'C",'
comp-kt<' I, fo,,"<1 1"';"', h<r . ...i' ",,,,,Id ..... on di"m" ".,rati,.., li""..itl" 8ya brillia n' .'ra~, ,h<' fi'm """"" "',.
con,t."..}" throo'Sh minim. 1 ",ri"ion, It"","" ,"', "''''OOd,
I""ilil'< ["oction of the close-up: "<>t only to twak apar'
1",L>.lion. but .Iso to magnify the minuto clung of
J o~nne'. np ...... ion. he,y ",.d by her oJ,'o .......... pro-
""'''''rge''''",
'pac"
am,""'
"""""'nte,
'p", ..
""PO""",
,,,,,",, 0
no"'<",,, >ligh', ...,ry "-'Ply ,he fu, _
ni,he", i; ,""ml"~iW by 'h< ~id .. 0/ a""w " ' p"",lon,
At 'hi; \0.","01 , the fullnes> 0/ Jea n",,'. cha,ac!er i 'pres."d
through , mic"Opic ",u~..,f~1 ,hoin
"'"-,l ly
,>i n"",'O(.,'" IC"",f"'" r,g" 83 'nJ &I.) !Ie], llalh. tish ' I)'
fo und in I"'"'" dA". ". J r."" of 'ho.' 'P;';I" eno<t<"<1 in
"d uel, be,,,,,,,,o kx>ks .nd (",,,,n,," " As ""uit, '"'" ,pa _
li,,1 """"".inty from sOOt to .hot i; acromp.nied by 0""' of
th< mos' naked "",Tali,.., conflicts over filmo."<i. 1V Iu , 'h<
close-up.' 'pa, .. 1 fr.smen , d .... ,,,,)., ,he
f"".
..,.,ks to ,,---buik! , Th< p!.:niludc,~ l e.n",,', cha" '''e, 0, .
foe u.ing unit)' " nd ,he , jny ..-.:nnd_by_S<"rond ,l uc'u.'ions
of "'p""",!un'n: , ' owtu,.1 ",-"ossit;.",
l.<'t uS ."um., then, t h., Je.n"" .I. legend.ry ftg" ,"
. nd exp"",iw choractor .,'''''' '0 pull togNh<r the tilm',
'< nde""ie. ,ow.rd fragmen .. ,icm .nd
na ..... i'., log><
giv", her unifying f""",ion , c" u<.ll .nd ,0ml"".1 <Ii",", . ...
'hrough .. ,,-"he< of micro",'."" , II'" still mu,' '1""lfl'
,,'Iw' 1'''-'1-''-""> ,I"" ,"m'e""'"'. wlw' "1'1"""-" 'he r,I", ', ' P'"
, .. I u""'.... in' ''... Tt-oe <enl"'l pri""l'k ha, bo:"" "'118,"","<1
by
....-01 ... , "If \''''''I'Y' i.
in ,he fir>-t
p"""". L1 iII>s .... lit I'""'" J'A" .. 'm.in. P"' po, 'u.,II)" ..
dialog"" ,"" 10d",'<I.
ron;i<,I" , 'h< premi"" 0/ ,he
tilm', ~'u", ,fr.."" <h.in I" b< "di.~'S""I" d.,h of J,,, nn-c
.n<l Ano'her,.n opposition 0/ ""]0,, in . , ..... ltcrnalion.
Sol" .. ting t h<' f,lm from top to bott"'"' ' he principlo of
di.,Iog"" "'8ulat., ,he di"i,io" into ""-"" " '. tll< inte,acl.",
"""f'W;'"
"' 1"'-"" ;""
,ha,
j'''" ;;.:.
",,,,,,,,,,.bI.:
w" ,'"
of clio,,,,,,,,,.. In. role of 00;..:'" In. ..tiling of <110 ... and

,n. ~""h.nS'" of won.h. o;.,logue become. ,n" chief mean,
by whkh ,n. unilying lunct"m "I ).,,,no i, ... i"'''' .....i
""".,tu(tX,n 01 'h. nomti,,,,; ~iolog"" _k. tu
",..,rrid. ,h. film ', d . ....1diop""'''' by Ih. 10,"", of 0 g.n
....01 inhilhgibility,
Dialogical alternation can be """,,,'..t in 'he , h il" 01
locale, If we bre.lk ,n. fdm inlo .. ,'en "",'iono, on In" Noi,
of chang. 01 .."ling. ,,'e ..
a ""heme " 'hk h . I""note'
"'.neo "ut,ide )eanne" cell wilh ocen... in.ide it: (I) Ihe
court: (2) ,n" cell; (3) 'he lo"u", chamM: (~) ,n. ""ll;
(S) tn. C~"",';:ry; (6) ,II< ""II;
In. wa., ,u"y. rd . tn
eoch locale, .... ry 5Ce,.. i, "rudured .round a <igOTOU'
I"'Mem, , kemel of cau .. and eff",' whkh b",.ks 'ho
",.".', oct"", ;nto fi ".~ (_ cha ... Pr- 88-!!9):
I . n.. p"rhcip"n,. ...,mb.,
2_ n.. a u,"""';"; ""lI"lV' i" d;'logue with I.a n",,_
3. J.anne or an all)' cn.lleng In. >uloorit"",
4. n.. .uthoTilie< al10ck twr OJ tw, ally.
S. n.. p.1Irhcip.1lnts di.peTS<,
U.u.lly, l i>esoi row: ph .....'" ~"""eI1it>g. 11>< ",d Qf ttw"" ph. "", i. no! in,.nal>l<, bu, In. ~ner.1 po".m i. "" pe", i.e 'M' i' be
come. major force in unifying ,tw fdm.
The f'"''''m i. ",.11 ill"'!raied by In. f,,,t ""'luence of
In. rolm, Ttw ""' ... besin> with tn. .... mNy of soldie"
. nd priem .nd tn. on;.. 1 of Jeann< . The"",ft ... "ag..
two through fou, (dialogue!challenge 10 au,horiti",1
>unto,. ttock by .utooritie!l) . '" "'pe'bN th..,. IUn",.
Fi",t. C.ucoon . nd ni, ... i",nl quo"ion Jo.n",,; ,tw ch.l
lenge' ,he Engli,h;. ooIdie< 'prins, up '0 ... ",k tw,_
ondly, afte, ..",U"" ..,,-;.., .,/ q"""'ion, , ).a"nE d"d.....
,hal .t.< hM .. ...."j tw. !IOuJ: . pri<.., """"'" forword . nd
. pit. in her I~ . The third ,'a""'",,, alto" til< o,der "I 'ho
1''''''''';1'''' the a"tho.itie, "uoek Oo.n",,, one defonder ..
remo,'..t by the oldie,..). 'twn 'ho judg. . .. k """" que ..
t"'n; . nd J~.n ... re>pot>d. d"'i.i,,,ly, At Ihts poi nt. ,tw
di.,p" ..... A
<ourt i, odjoumed and judge, and
'''''';''''nol I"""S. make. ,""roeleri,hc u"" of <toO",ul
ting in order to j"'''pooe the im.lge of lean"" in tw, ""II
with tn. im.S' 01 the judS', lorging a letlO'
Th. pe", ive"" .. 01 ttw ke,nal aclion <an be..,.,n fm'"
th. oomponying eM .. . Tho ,..ry I.you t su(f\C\o>nUy
,uSS""'" ,tw principle ,jrniL"ilioos . nd
o"""'g
"""".., bul a few v.riation, d""" .... <omm<nt_
..,""" ,n.
Ti,'. a'
s..".
PI""''''''
"""id.
or"'''''''''''
1. In""" ",.pect. the .... mbly ph ......11""",to "'SUlarly:

in o.ld-numbe",d ",en.. , Je.nne i. brought to ttw
judgoo, at>d in """"numbe",d ,",one. ttw judgo< rome
to tw._ eu t """"~ 0"" pn.-., on to,.. Icanne's cell
fiN fo, a brief "",h.ng. n..-.y..,.,u, in """"" 2. Ca uchcm
;" OO!"" 4)_ Outdoor-. (in """"'" 5 . t>d 7), both jean....
. nd judS'" """" bel",. In. pop"I",., In "'.n.O I
through S. Je.nne obey, the judg<'>' ,ummoru; to . ,.
..,ml>l<. but in ""''''' 6 o.he c. II, ttwm. at>d in ""''''' 7 her
dO('ision dr. ..... I .. 1"'01'1. bock 10 ,tw "".,
<_ I" tho q""'tioning pha.. of e.><h ""'luetK " .. find
oon,i<t ... bIe ... riotion, Int"""S"to,,, difWr from "'.n.
to
unril ttw cflKiol ,hift in "'.... 6. wtwn Ma .. ie"
at>d Jeanne engage in .n """hang. .boUI he, forthrom
ing dea,h, In """'" 7. III< immola tion "'~ ttw qu..
lioning "gm"n'
3_ In 'ho) . ortie,' "",neo, ".., C.n pinpoint ..,h of J~.n"~ .
c""llenS in, line '" diologue ("I am ce"";n that ttw
English "'ill be dn'"n out of Fra""'. "copt those " '00
d ie he"" .. ," He, ",,,,.rd;' to be "til< .. I,.tion ofmy
"",,1" )_ Som<ti"".. , 00""" "', tw. d""i>iv~ .K!i.on is
performed ' ilffitly: ",fuoing <omm"n~,n (""" "" 4).
, igning the ,ount.tion (Ke ... S). A>
is round tv In.
.t.k. in K."", 1. twr last ",,,rd_nJ.,u."_te<tif,,,, to
tw. dec;'ior\ , but .n .lIy ".ue. til< c"'lr.nge' .n ,~d
man .oou .. , " You h .... burned . . . in l ~'
~ , A, "'. "'ouhl e.<pect, ,n. .naeVerily. but
'h..,. .1<0 . hift in tacti<: .nd objed, In ttw
In.
><>ldo" is ~ ep' from "riking Je.n ..... nd d'E,~vet opilO
upon twr. while ttw violer> 01 til< .rmy .t>d til<
Church e"",'11'" in the .,...,k "" her .tly de Houppe"ille . I... nne i, .... ul"-><3 bj.' , ,,,,'h<~ ",Idier nd
mockod by ,tw ~u.rd, ("""'" 21. ,h",a tofld with "".
tun.' .nd bled (""""" J) nd IC"'P"-'l _ twr d ..,n _ ttwy hO'"
not hing ",'ith "'hkh to .... il her. !IO!iCe,," 6 ronlain, no
,"oKk upon twr, Fin.lly. a. Jeanne i, bu.nt'd in >Ce"" 7,
ttw object of "tad ~, ttw popul""o wh;eh ,up'
pori. Je.n ... at>d which the ann)' dr;"". out of Ro""n.
5, The """ ..... I"rti<:;p<>.nl< d i'P<''''' by ord", 01 ttw au
t"""tic> ("",nes !, 5, 7) o. "'twn I... nne initiat". ttw
b...,kup b), II< r f.inting (""""" 3). ner ",f"",I, (oe.n< ~).
,t>d hor ",ithdrow.1 "I th~ ....... nt.,;.," ("",n. 6)
6 With one oxccp';"n ('he li n ~ of
213), 'h ..,.
"'.ne
w..
fo,,, """....
see"",
que"""s ... j<HR<'d by tron,itional 1"' .... 8". "''',ein

cro '''' ~ ''ing b'ing' jNmlE and o,he", into a "dialog"""
"""'" ,ime . nd .~ . Apart from d~r localized "ruc
lurAi importanc<'. , ..'" <rooo<u' segm<nto iliu",a'.
ho .... ~i""l ), .h. film ', <.... ;n 01 <au .... n~ ~fft
dep"nd. DI"'" ju"opo<ing k.nn< .nd Anot"" ron
SI.on tly interTUpling'" unifYOng p"""""o. In ,........, ....
e S"' . hoen. a baring <>I ,ho dialog>:;ol pn nd_
pie i,..,U, While Joann< ,ilO jn he, c~lI h~ j"dgo' lo'll"
a
from King C .... "'" (1'1.); " 'hile I~a n"" i, bl<d. 'ho
priest. ~, ou,>ido on ,t.< .",i, (l't ); ", hilo Joan",,',
.... ir i. ru'. ,hoe people cclebra'" (5'6); "'hilo J n t>< "ks
rommun ~ .n, the ooWie" Pf'"P"'" 'ho stak .nd 'he
<!'t)Wd got..... 10.'71, To 00"'" """'nt. th" lunction of
pa .... ge, i. to ron.,.,t
motif;, and .hi>
function i, mn,jntJ<>l in ,he ''''ry 10" .1>0<: tlw tJ,oming
".k< ,"'nd, in 'he IOregr<)und, croos ''',""",un'' a
<n u h in thoe dis!>"",.
Ikspi'" ,uch Hriation>, th< k<mol c.u..,ef(;,,:. ch.;n
demons"."',
he", ,; n On,),o"-' ca dy t im., ch.,a<_
..",' ..,bo", are plocod .... ,tn ,n . " Qverrid;"g ;mpor'"nol
p.>"em. The komal n ..... ';"".action P""";t, tho ,~,,,. ,,, to
plo he vkissi.ud .. of ,he d,ama ,*,iru;'a very limi'<>d .."
of poosibili,ie .. . .. uring ~a" ..1 in"'lIig;bility.
The """"'pt of "d .. log... with J-.nn~" ruWs ~ ""ry one
01 .he.. se.". . The tim', ch.,_ .. fu"",jon as partki p."";n . . .",,, 01 ronmm ,.tjons with he" as "" c.n....,
by IOning up thoe opposing 10""",. On .n., one , ide, 'he",
are """, ~f ,he prie,t; 1100 by C.",I>on) .n~ the Engli>h
.nny lied b), Warw"'x). ,,'i1h N",olos l ~)'S<.w.... n. On ,he <>the, ,id~ the", is Jeanne he ... l!. ",ho
ho, h,w .11." . ""mg the prie,,,.oJ .mong ,h. cro"'~, II
" "..,,, " "')ting tha' "" cxpl. n>tQry ;n" ,,,tle. , ho,.actem.,
, ..... fogu"",, . nd 'holt ("';,h ..,.". ""'"ptioo,) t" di.logue
doe, not diUerentiate On< from .no.he,. A, a ,,-",ul., ,n.,
c.... ,>cto"" .,i" and motif, ~"""go rrom ph),..,. 1d"t. il"
if w<.'" to "",ice ..,nO<" of ,he tfm. "" must <'<)nstruct that
; nt~tl;g;blP e nt;ry ...~ <.11 --<,,",,><..,~' from n ...... ;". c,'
p",,';"n . nd g.'u",. NQI (mt)"n., w."d. but 'he physical
being> of 'h~ , hat","'", ento, into d;.,Iogu< . Tho folm bitild'
ul""n a "",row ",t of ph)',,,,,-I I""l.ori .... , (Old (prie"',
gr>,...>d;uc' ) ..... young Q".nt><, M." ;,,u, U<lwnu. til<
, h ,IJ ~ n in ,he 'rD,,'d); m< n " . """',,.; fle;h Qem",,',
esJ"'<""II)') " . "", ..11th< ..,Id ....' we. ponry. 'he torture,',
'PI"""u,): <, w><k, ,', . sold;.,,,, "n'Io=. I..- h"'h, until
'he end, ......, Jean"" "',,",,): "'orked ,kin I'he ,,nn
q""""" .....
"'le'
th...,
""IT,';""
'h,"
kkd, "",ulf'rl priests) ,'S, ,mooth , kin O~.n"", tlw young

pri<->")'
nw pu",ly ,;,,,. 1 ""ture of the" .ntinom'" i. ",in
fu~ by the fdm', ref"",l of .he """,t common "",.n, of
id~n'ifyin g a ' ''''".c''''. Il;s .. toni>hing thot. "'ith the e> ""p'ioo oq n"" he~l!. no char""",,;' """,,,,j in til< film.
(We ' . n g1un n.me. only from.he cre.!i. ""1ue r><~.) R0land Bortn...
. ugg..t<>d th,t in Ii"".tu,.... --whon iden,
tical ... """ ... v..... the <am< Prov<' ..... on< "'",r.1 tim ..
. nd 'PP"" to .. Ill< upon i . choraet.,;, "",. "-'d," and
rta inly in cinema ,he prop'" .... n< ;s 'mp"". n' lu' un;ry-"
ing , bundle <>I tr. ito ,nto chor_~ . " lIut in cinema we
.100 ho>'. imago. of bod ..... t~ , ......1, of beh.vior .ha.
play . n indi'p"",ible role in ou, identifying .he <onc~pt <>f
'perSOn"' in lile .nd "ch".. .",' in film. In /""''''' d... .,-.
figu"," .'" m.,kod not by n.me but by phy<iognomy,
>stu","" ... tjon, beha,'io" .t.. ,......'"' rewgni= not
ch.,ocre, named C.ue oon bu,.he f.. old bishop w, tn ,ho<
w.ri"
M.ssieu but 'he dotl<, spe<tr.ll}' h.nd<ome
young pne>" The ,,-'<.luehon of p" .... ,..t;ty to phy, ic. lity
h., Io.>d many <Ommen"''''' no ...., in /..,,",,, d' Ate 'he ''''Y
.~'" of ,i!en, f,lm .rt. nd """.;nl) Dr.-yd, film ... ..
it, pi"'" in a ph)'.iog"""';c traditiQn that ;n<lu~O$ !h. 1920:1
Sovie' film. and An","', n """"";", . Fo' " '" I"''P''''<'', "'.
nn,,' ",'''' ho", the film', abrupt. ,,'e n i""'}' oppo<ition of
,"'" body 0' bc""v~\r '" ,_he, lu"hoe.-. .t.. dialogi<~1
5t,.tegy of .he folm.
Tho cle rgy', lengthy in"'''''Il'''''''''' of
ronfum>
to the sa"", prir><iple. Even """,'he ~pt 01 d;"logue
cu," de"!",, t hoen
t.lk. fo, 'p.>" from the d.,h of
words and v""'po'n", the vi, ...1co"".",,,tion of each in
"'rrul)"'ho n .n"", 1m'" 'he .ltem.~on of "",jon .nd re"",
t"-'n . The .bs<>"", 01 m.:h<, on oction me~n'
there
. ", .I"""t
t"'o ,ue",,,i,"'hot> of ,he sa"'" , har ...~
Ie" In,,,,.d, if shot. ,ho..-, le,n...,. ' 00' b ",ill 'ho'"
judg< or an objc<t . C..,,;.u .... whk h ."".he, film ,,'ould
P"'''''''' w;U.... u. interruption ,re oomt.n .ly brok.n by
"oJgcd_i~ . IM. 01 uth .I<n,",,". A, J<..,,,,'. fa ;,." , (h"n'
,S ~ " ;ck <ulowa y to prie" Iook;ng "n . n.- ]!""PP'"
vilk, ,0..."""" hoi"", J~'''''.;S ,"' <nu p'"d by ,ho" 01
l o~n"" . nd .t.< 0(1\0, jud!:'-,<. W""" J~. nn" wit"'h, ,,. thoe
"""ntahon , s hot, ,,/ ..-,Id .... bnnsins ,,"'k' fo' th~
.I'om"" wi, h .hot> of ".dng pn.,t" 1, i. important w
distinguish SIKh <>otting !rom th .. in the film. 01 E;s.>",
' tein. Although the ;"tt~ ', film' often frogmen' an _
through od 'ling. ,~ ~ f"gmen t. tjon i> i""'l""ntly, m>lt<"
h.,
no.
I'.".....
.h,.."
""w,
.hol.
st_""
.. '-" """ID'im ICA.S"'" D'ARC

l um,~ o ny
Au,,,,,ri.l .. ~ "go r i"

dl.l"S"< with J nn.
III COURT
du.llug.... "'" ri'I ...
.n..
C.""""" ."d .".;" onts ~uestion
I n"" pred","
Ca",hon and ..,jolan" q""',"on

Je.1 nn<,
leon"" claim; lhal CW 1>0.
Jean"".
~.
English ",ill
promised .. h'.'lon,
0. H""Pf*""i< dI."", he. ,

solnt.
Ca uchon que,tions Je.n n ~.

ill CEll
Other p';"t< .rriw.
f'rWst< in wrrug.>w J~'M""

C~.n,I, I..u'"
(3)
TORTURE
CHAMBER
Je,m"" en.en <hamber,
IN''''''
"'a n",, ",iuS<'S I<> sf*.. k.
Judges demand her to 'Ign

,.e<:ontatlon,
Crowd, judge<, .... d;.,rs, and

Je.nn< a,.. mble,
rr;.,., give. k.nne sermon ; .11 ....
(6) a l l
Cau<""" . n.,! juJge m ""
)udg~ "d M.s.;"'U .sk lea n...,
(7) COURTYARD
e.m,'J ga 'hc", a n.,! Jo.nn"
J o~n "" i ,
~I;TERY
"'ps
Iud S'" ,>lb leanne oommunKm.
(4) CElL
(S )
le.n,,,, .-'oid,
rome.our
urs<' her I<> spbml' , She . ign.

"",. nta'io".
why she ha. chan~.
bou nJ.o
cro<.
e~lerui.
".k<, Mass;"u
I~' nn~ ,n""" """, h~.
1\
"""p""'"
rna" ohours: "Y"" ""v~ t>u1TWd.

..in''
A"thorit;'. attock
j .""" 0' ally.
T...... monwhkh
ront ", . I.m. nl>.
Sold;', ,b,.ten. je.nne.
DEs,;,.. , spi" on ..,

Soldie .. . nd Ch un:h ",rno,e de
Houpp,,,;tlc
C""rt .odjoums.
Sold."
t.l~e.
j ..o"" in ",U I judges h)lging leuer
j"""",,., ring.
Loy .... u. ",.od, forged
" t t~,.
jl>dg<> ... f" .. to M je.n"" hN, M....
G".rd ~ j .. nne.
judl\<'S ,h",. ' en jean"" wilh lOttu"'.
jeanne , woon . . nd judge' ....,.
Commun;'>n withdr.wn and jean,..

be,...-d.
j""nne w""'ping I judge. on ".i,.
C'''''''''n ",ad. >en",,,,,. ; ",ldie ..

au ""k man.
Jean",,, co mm un "," I n owJ and sofdi<m.,
Sold.,,, .,..ult cro,,-'! a. jean,.. hum .
'The army dri"<S ,,,,, <rowd ou'
of Rouen,
of .bb,.v;"'ing '" .;Ii"~ndins ' m",e"'.'" 'h rough

(mis-)m.tche. on ac'icm . In r.. r. ...... ~, ITO""," d''''",. tho.,
fraqn<n""ion procoed. from th< .y"ernahe .I 'em" ion of
,hots oonMiningdi{f<mt' elemenl>. Thu, Dre)"'r c."';"; the
erossrutting of hi< o.rlier m"" into e,-ery scene .
The .;I;"hgic.ol firing e.m"'ochon fling' .og.. her
ch"act.,...oo obi<'<". ;u.
fil m """" d"idly m.d" 00'
;.<t PO" 01 'h~ d .. m.? n.. nubb)' cruWn 01 "",d . 'h"
.."..."h ""'"' l",nl1<" d.,p', ,I><- .hick rup<"', ,he .;Iutl ........."
0/ 'he pdn II""
I nne , blood: "wT)'
in ,he
fi lm "' di.tinct ",.igh,.nd
and 'e"lure ''''I ;don
hly TIDrtyrdom wilh 'n ' '''Iul ''ili'Y' ,-";",,,"hel,... , 'h"
compooi'ional principle> .,,, ,,"~"', A
will
jj,df only one or two emblematic obi<'<to, ", hich . '" in
.. ,u,d in'" 'he . lIoma'ing pdttom of ,n. d ia loguo . TI><- ..,r.
die ..' ... suct.tion wi'h "",,, , ""ull, in. ,.,iking .,""" of
im,!!",: when In. ookh"" file ou, of rourt. ,hot> 0/ their
"""'ing righll" . ro '''' inle T<u' wit h .hot. of pn...t"
I....,. tis ing in'" .he ft . ...... . .... ,"-'""'"" ing ....,.. lil<o>",;.., inle
g"'" the e.,mmunion
i,,'" """"e ~)\Jr . In. ' ortu",
.... gun .nd " ..... ' kull inl<> """""
,n. bits of h.,ir . hom
from je.n"" in.o SCOne si> oo the kogs .. t ....'
'nd
,he bird, in .he . k) into tn. fin.1 "'.ne, 10 .uch w' YS' .t
te m.ting f i lin~ ..,kocl> a '-ery few object> for """,,;,..
'"d ..
with tn. <h"'"e''' ..,,;on,_
tn oJM"'n . of o)u ..... ..mlO 01 tn.", objec" recur from
"", n ~ '" ... n< ,nd ",-,,,,,,,,, woven inl<> lhe "T"g<'."". 1e
st'",""' .... " f ,.., n.IT. li,' . The on,.. motif
firs'
'h.: ch.;n, l,,1><d . n)ond ,I><- B;bk lhen .. ,n. croosrio
"n I~,""e', ",II ",indow. lhen lhe .h.dow the "'indo,,'
c.,IS "n ,he fIoo.)t, .hen ., ,,,, gr.ve ",",rl.e" ond ,n.
ems .. ,
chu","'s, .nd. ;n In. I,,, ,._-ene, ., tn.
<rtJ<jf", ."onded I<> Jo,,,,,,, by
a ll poin ... tn.
mulif .. inl."u' wi,h I.anno_ tlo' ",,,,, n of ,Ir..... "'COO, ito
w. y through 'ariou. >c<nes- i' i, tuss<d in ,1'1< .i, by 1><-,
gu".;Io, ctopped onl<> he, he.od. "". , .>ide by ."end.n".
.nd ,wept up .... i.h bltsof her h. i" Mos' P'' '''',sj,'o of .11.",
too.. written "" ri.ts ;n.. ,,0<1 in 'he rou,"" 01 ...... >cbe""
the lu~ 1<""". Ih~ "","nta,;c", whi.eh Jo. nne ;nit;.,lIy ",.
fu ... 00' fi ..... lly olgno. In. A".,. .... pdT<lunent n.iled to
the .tak. ,
SignifICa ntly, , II ,hew mutii.-"","" croW".
- reinforce a ..-<OOd ...<t upon ", hlch 'he fitm', ..... ,.,. .
,i,.. depend" tn.
of ehti,!, uff. ting ,nd d."'h . Tn.
outcome of tM- fi lm .. prugr.mm<J lrum ,n" beginning.
no' only .,....u.. ".., . n"", .lw hi,,,,",. t j"'n.... bu, .t ...
' ''Y
c.""'"
''''1'<
'0
"'*",
"""e "",ric,
'P"''''
,,.w,
[0,,,.
".1'
log""
' PI"""
''''P ,..,
M.".;.,u' .'
""""go."
"I.
\>euu,", we know the "ory 01 ,he p..,ion, n.. (TO".nd

,he crown 01 ''''''', "irtually ,he only objts . MOCiir If
wi.h Jo. n"",, u .... mbiguou>.)' gua"n"",, .hall\drrab,'o pdral.
lel;,.m ",i", .. ,,,d in In. film', original lill" ~ Aw .... <l Ja
owrl d, I"",",d'}'n:, The wri''''n m...... ges 'Mt run 'hrough
,n. .... ".'i"". some 0/ which . 1.., ",for '0 ,n. Christ .. "'Y
( .g ., ''''' "Apoot"'" ;n>cription ., t"~ top of ,n. . ... k.).
l.oJ di"-"Uy .0
. nother WO)' in which ,he principle of
d;"logic.1 con,'ruc';on en.ure. roher<nce .nd form. l
unity.
Fo' tn. "'i"o ... try mino ... """'"",,,n , "f ,t..: n. ".,i""
depend. u pon .;I;"Iogic. 1 d.,h of ITl',<, D~ "".Ii",,
'hi>: "For mo. i' "' before.1I 01.., t"" technique of ,he
o/f"'''1 "'port ,,hich 1I",'",,,,,d . Th<", " ....
",ut " 'ith
'1'1;, '''''to ",ith it< .... y,. it; ",,'n "-"<hn;quos . nd ,h.,
""hn ...... i, w lo.o' I ,~ ~, , ..... ,,,,,,,,. tQ .h<' .it", . T""..,
" '. n:: 'n.
'he,.. " ..,'" '1'1< ........''-"'''_ v<ry .!>ort.
''O')" <riop:'" Wi.h ' on ly""" ',,"'plion (a p<i'ii.ogo.'<l one, .,
w~ ,h. n _I , 'hen: .". n.... plo",' ory '" <omm"n"" i,"
;n",,'i'ks, ,nd , ho, ",su l.ing d_g< "I d;'~~"" ti,le. h.,
o"""urogod 'h<' ~ ~'w ,hat 'his i, "0 w uoo film """Wing
fo' 'pi!<'<h ," \I' h.ot ''''' comp I. in' ow, Ioo_, i, t ~ot t t... ('01'1 .
n",'ion u pon <h.,_", 'po~.n .nd "'nltcn ",ord, de
fin'" tn. n. " .,i, ... . s. bottle 01 di,<ou",-"" Th"'<lghoot ,n.
film . .. ying i> opposed t" """ . in i n~ silent; qu<.hon i. op
f"""d to . n ."' .~; ,n. I"", word is "rr-""d ", lhe eofor<!
"",,-.I U." n"" win "'~ ,..,. wh Ie.. .u.",."ho. MOlaoo);
'!"," king i, "'pP'""d to ;,tihnS (.he ""rib., t. "",. b<o' ily
,h rooj\h .I ",,,. t ""'ry ""'''''. Ir.n. form;ng Je.nne, word.
into
" 'hich i. tn. "",,.k "pe""d . , 'h<' ,, 1m', "u.
....~) _ The "<ry '.I. i""... - b"tIC" the .. ti' . ,. tit)'.. _ ,~ ,he
Iilm i, ' h u. il'td i'p"n..,ble " , " conflict of "'1'"""""'100,,,1
' yot""'.
On ""0 ';& "I Ihis e.m ~ ic' , ,l>c . ul horj .,. u..,
",,,,,,,om.s. """' ......><lily 1\. be t .. n, I~ ","nly tn. must 'pf",,"nt insta<>C<'S
01 'Ik- judges' <'COI'tOmic u'"' "I dio<ou",,_ And for
"""""",ic function . "'nling is indi'pen .. bIe, tn fo<ging
tn. len ..... n. ~uthoribes r<duco King C"',loo'. ,d.,.", I<>
le.n",,'o .
of pdper Cdf"bIe of being 'WApped for
n.r Imot . More " nkingiy.
pmpok. by I,.n,/om'ing
lea"I'1<"" word into. written "",oro,
",hem.ti,o her .,
hiSlQric.oL n.n<e """",liable en,i'y_l v" " (:. """"" mv"
,..,..j
c~., g. nd ,n. """'nc~. SO tlw scruputuu . dem. nd lhoo. )"''''''">is" ''''' """,n .. _ iooio"" ' he Chu",h.
Y.'
'0
q_"""".
,lod, ".,,,,,.1
"'P""
,h"
,hee,
I""
,n.y
'0
tenw.",,,,,,,,ofw"tn.....n. Me "oded fo, ,.... ,',word

Iue '" tn. ",ri"
,ha,
.utOOrit.ti"~ ~"'h."ge
.n
word.
n.om ..
h,,,,
""d ..... I;.;.1 triol lulr.mng . pvlit'ocol "''P1n . n
w;,n," .. ).. \\orw"k. " . , . !ha' ' .... ""'uld _ die 0 1U1U,,1
d""n. I !'lid. high P"'" f", .... , .") It i. jc.m",' igned
__ n .. tion that Loy""I"", 011. ... to W.rw'd:. if it "''''''.
bill of .."',
On lhe ot .... , h.nd, ho,,'",'!, je.n",,' won!;' not primoril)' rommodily, lIIi",,.,, . ..... i. ,Jos.od off from t....
",rillen con"oct. He .. ist .... ").I"""i'-", pe.-.onaltzed won!,
.n inspid s""""h oppooro
ossif.,... ion 0/ ,n., ",rit_
ten "')!'d, lr.ft,<ccndi ng t..... )'stem, of politic.1 and
,eligiou, ""chong<'. S.... do<-< not, though, " .. Ii .. th.t .... ,
won!'ranscend, h i'lory. In I.... ""ginning of t.... foIm,.he
....,. 1>0, mi ..ion ond "". ""inS ",solulOly hi",,<ie. I.
C"""ed bv promise. of ,u"'i,ing 10 Hght he, .n<mie., ,he
. ign' t.... "".nla"on, ,hereby .uhmitting he ...1f to the
"", honS" "" tho judS"" "' ....... Hut the . Iion, .."anging
quality of j",,,,,,,', ,uhmi,,;"n is 1"""",,1 ",'en in'he
"'" of olgning: Loy",,,,u, must guide he, hand through tl>o
. is'''',ure ,h. o. nno' rna""ge, and ,he add, 10 thi, i",crip'
bon no. a word bou t .n im.lge, two strom of the pen mak
ins. """" on t .... P"&" W. fiOO in
d'A" 1>0<.
of 'h~"k>g"".n'ri""" which. j""!",,, D<rrida .uggests. ",.
cu'" '"mughou' W...
' hought, and "'h"h
the mY'I;';'1 ""!",,osi,'''''''' of ,he oPO""" "'oro (fu"' h<',
sanc,iHed in ,he film by the my.tic.lly ""p","'i," foce)
. bo,. lhe .t:<ti< "'p,,,, i,e,,,,.. ()/ "'riling."
If "" ~,e left with J;"!Qg"" no' "n11 bo" ""-,,n
but hetween two way. of .. ying. <~n "" cI.im thot the
film un;,coally fa..",.. J "",,', w. y? We must
~ the
fil",-, ",.in he",. To. g"''' ", ten', (.., "",,",,, d, I'""",
d'A ... rem.in. a true d;'I0~"", ru"ing in ~, 'ension tl>o
'pok.n ond.he ""itkn ...ord . Th., "'"'ion. 'od<'-'<I, m.ln
if.. t, ikelf in tl>< film' , "ery ,urioe., n... film', m.ny till ..
ore.1<' an "",ilIat;"n he ........ n the dyn. mic image of
'pe.ke, and ,I>< remai ... of 'I"=h, To wi,h ,ha' ,1>0 film
fwd ,.,urod ;, OJ w.n' to "'"","e """ 0111> "'u,t pmd"",,".
controdict.on" Fo, """ thing. 'he .it..,. ... Ist 'iw b,. . kdown or n."ativo ,~, os Michol M.ri< h.s
"P.. odook. lly, ,l>e wry profu,"-,n 01 in"",;, .... . ... i<ul d
"'ith
i,,,,,1 '""'"fII..... . I"""t .nti rely b.o><d on
iM"/> {c""",up" of f~ and 00i<'<ts) result. in cre.ting a
purely .b>tr.ocl ci ... matogt.phic 'poc., wilhoot .ny k>gic.1
",I.tion.h ip with lhe d iorou .... pl_ or ",w..,,,,e." "
Mo"","e" the d;"log"" .i,..,. ro"'l!",un heMO''''' ,poo ling . rod w'iting: lirs m",'. and lhen w
,..,. d ",h.at , ....y haye .Iready ..ld. nH0uslt J"""", d' /I",',
in,i""n on t.... princirte of d;.,IoSU<, the ard.. ic d;.,k>gue
'i tl ~ get< r<-<h.<g<'d with fonn.1 .ign ifoc. """. As wri.lng,
,he in'ertit'" he<:om,,, only the tfa' 0/ )<anne', dynamic
"I""'<h ,nd nro;ssa rily cla,ho-s wi,h ,he wry immodi.><)'
which th. t 'I""'<h .mb<tdies, Onl)'., 'S; knl film rou ld (..,
~ II<: ''''"''' d'/I ... "I ......... the conflict het..-"",n spe<'<h
and writing in' o the ,m.I""t <",vke of its t",'me.
Th i, conflict ",mind. u, ,h.1 ironkally ,1>0 en,i .. n.". 'in depend, upon the ,'ery ",",ord that tl>o .u lhorilie,
kep': 'ho boo\; which ",i,led solei)' to in .." jeonne',
",Ord' into th~ Coort', Clteuit of "",h.'W' i. "'>w _'<I '"
,_Ii,'. te th., 'in:u~ in lhe "'ry p,ojIion of'he film. The
hi,'ori<. lIy . oth"nti< tri.1 ' . " mo" bo P',",.,n t.-d to uS in
.11 it< frozen mal<'ti..oli'y if the p rinciple which it repreoent.
he questioned, put in dialogue with the image'. 'piritual word . In. ",n.." ,he film', i""'8'" become a <inemat
ic gIo<t, Nnning <Omm<'nto'Y upon ,he ,,..,1 rerord . We
err. then, if "' ...., the fdm. inl<'"io.-. a. unw."ontt'd
;ntN.ions, fo, in the jU'''positioo 0/ image and ""'t, Lo
r..,iott II<: I"",", d'Arc play. out.o ,he ful"' .. the conflict
;, '0
"",,,,,,,,n Its vMce'
y," if ,he film', <<In'r.odic'io""_boIh ' pd, jaJ.nd "'P""

..~t.hon .l-d'~
not wholly ca nk<l, ,hey . '" .. n"'~y

qu.l;fled by the "nifyi ng prin<iple of J~"'''' iw"",lf '00,
in particular, he-, defining .ttnbule-.. intlin ..... A tra'
d""""1 co ""~p ' ;" n of , .... hero here aim.' to holt .he
pl. y of .mbig,,;tie<. rn., fum', .nding io ''' .... Je.n ......
the .iclO' in .he bdlt'" of d i>cou,,,,,, , Whot ."""" Ihi. de
lory i,!>Ot onll.he t..",hloto"",,,,1 " peel of ho" ,,,,,,,,,h the
ity which certi f", the 'piri.u. ' "p"",lw..... ,
" I 'h~ ' f',,""n W(}. d-'u' . Iso .h. w.y in " 'hich ,I\< film',
namli", . t""'Ute ronfi"", he, p,op",,'i< ,,;,;"n
The lurning poinl ;, ,he moment at ",hkn ,1>0 rerogniz<" tt>e ';mildri.y be'",,,,,n he, ""i,,,,,",,,".oo ,he ,~' of
J'$ U' (til< , im;J.a,i'"
. udi<ncc Ius .I""d)' norog.
,,, ...-<1). IV ""n J~' n';~ ,,','. he, 0'" n 01 "ra", ''''C f" ou' by
the to,roer, , he norogni'-"< bol o "'" bo" . y.1 of Chd" . nd
he, lilw .... , to him . Tn ~~ny i ng he' "",. n .. ,""' , in c. """I
ling ,h" ""'1I" in.n<! ,. king b.o<k he, word,.he ,>sure, u,
that our ,eading of heil",tion ...... tl>o ron",,' O n~ . I" ' he
d i. k>g"e with M.",ieu, he, e"I." p",!>Ou"""m~n . . .'"
"ow . ... Iy .. d, .nd luund
h.a,'~ bo.... n u"wlttlngly p>phe'ic . SII< luis bo<n ..,n' to ..'" F",,,,., b.>t tho, """0 n", ",ill "',. he d mih .. '}' 0""' . H", king ~,j/I re"""" he.
'pon"...
,h" "'"
'0
I",,,, pti""", bu' He i, not King C h.. leo. "The "'s"'. ' " i<p,.,dic.e<! " 'ill b< 1\<" m.... yrdom; he, de
live .. ,""" de"h. B)' 'h ,,",>duxb' g<.-"u", <ho,<lCte,;.h<
oi religiou. d iocourse, ",""ul. . . ~h is 'u",."j in,;.:!e out
.nd found '" ron in .n vis",nary word , upp<lse..lly "",.
yond the rooting_n. and hi"onc.l . In.e." ",ene with
<;.u, Jeanne ""ud. the n'rr>!i,..,; "'>w ohe .nd .he Hlm
.peak ",ith the .. me """". In 10 ... , 101", this ",o"'8Y will
be<:orne f. mili ... '" u, .. ty,,",oll)' On::y<ri.ln : ."" ",,,,lalion
of.he auIOOri"'i,.. wurd, .he une.rthing 0/. tex' which
ha, dotermi.....:l ,he n.uranve oction . Now w. (On..., ho,,'
.o. film u ... <""",te, psydlOlogy" only o n Ie",,,"' i"
on impe,,,,n.1 <au ...1 .y..em. J nne', <entr.li.y is
",. lfirmtod by ,he r,l,.,' , fulfill men. of heJ prophec)" the
'p<ln .. neou. word i. ,h. ,,,,.., une (religiou,ly bu,
,.';vely), and ,he m,., ..-el> to ron'ain its <"""aJi<t;o." by
dovetailing he, ",.ding of he, life wi.h ,he ",. ding rom
pelltd by ,he " .."live . Ho", ,he hero unif.. , .he narr.liv.
by borom;ng ,he <ho,"""" whose ",pI>,,"ti<"" nuke .ho
f!<bon mos' intelligibi<,
"The pull of unity 'goi,," hetero!;<""ity .. """.""", bet
lOt dlu." ... d .han in ..... fin.le. Jeanne is lm"",d. the
oowd ",,,,,I.. , .nd .he sold.,,, b,utally drive the pe ... n"
,.0' of RQ""n co"l< . , ho,'< . I,,,.dy poin.od ou he o<"le
>palial d islocation. oi the ""'I ........... unb.ol.lr><ed fram;ngo.
.he disorientins rotting on ,ho .,no"'" 'he up,ide-d",,'n
<on
how .h;;
.1<0 "riv., to <los< tho film .",und 1"'0"". Th< cl.!.h <>I
written and Spo~.o d&ou .....
.h. ""-,<u'",,,,,, noil.
to ..... . tak<. pal"" readins, 'lIe,w.que ""'ps<, A pos"'o
Ydoia,,,,'"; but JUlin< ha, tt.. las, WQrd In ,I>< dialog"" wi.h
ho, cry 01 '"Je.u.r' Ou, .nd J n .... ",oding 01 he, hI.>
, . f",h toward martyrdom i. in ... nUy rortobo,.'od by
.he .pontanrou. voic< 0/ the <."",,,,d; '.y,,,,
burned.
.. in.r'"The ",ldier> .tlock the P'""p .... IVhil< 'I".ial frog_
"""la'.om .h .... "'n. h' lm",t .h. film . p...... he ""J0o,"", 1.
" ' u""od wi.h "'po,;,;on , "",king no".';,"o <0"" ...=,
Shot> of J.an"" alt.m,te wHh ,iloso 0/ ,ho> ,.!augh'er,
Chri"ion icon. flood ,hot .fte, .hot: CTO>"", <n><ifi .."
churen "'",e", bi,d>, the .take .1I ..,u", u, 01 .h. 'n ...l1ig;.
di,rup'
bil;ty of Jean",,'. de.th, FinoU)', the ocene',
ti"e""" c.lI, forth the ulHm.te ched ; an un<!aimed ",.,.,
en .... , .... fi'" I<>t'he r.",. ti"",_ AI"" ,he I,,, i"..8", ,he
.. ax.. in .he h"'wound ,,.ndi n again" .ho cros, On the
'u,y' "'" ""d
M.,
.1"" M"
",,,,,ra m,,,...,,,,,,n,,. \\'.
"")u,,,.,,,,
now """
""d.,
'''",'c
<>.""".
di,,.,,,,,,. ,I\<, .. ' ppe" word. whkh c.nnot he . ttribured to

o <ha,,,,,te,,
n""
and "mid ,iI< fi"""" .h, wlri" _I of ''''"'''

t... _I wlri<h ) ,#ij """"'" ' lo> _I of
F","Ct. 0<''''""' hmtl/.os - . . ,lo> "'CO""" .... of
impm.!,ob/t F,."",_
Th< ..,n'o"",e <ollap"'" ,he hi"orl<a l'pi';,u.1 dial"" ., of
the d;"",,,rse. in'he fi'm: bolh ",ti"n.nd ""tty' ..,h.,,"
immortality.
in V"",fY',
omn;",.,,,,,, ;, p".,,;bie
only 10, ,he sou",""'" ""n oi 'he htle . Ill' posi'ion .nd
f"" ten",. the ,;.Ie firmly tie; tho endins to .he heginnins;
,I\<, book 'hOI
ope.....:l;' now eioood,
Bu,. "'c must fina ll}' .,k. wh., book is ,hi.? Tn. .m
bigu;ty '"'S' u', for though it i. pos'ible to po' , ....
.hot of ,he book outoide the NIT,H,'. tim. of the film (0) [
h" .., d""" in ....,rting it
he the .univins trial ',an S<>iptl. wo m.y a lso s ituate ..... I; .., ,hot wi.h;n .he ""tr.
,i,'" .. part of.ho fi,." in"'""go'ion """ne . If wo do. the
book rontin"", '" pe.pIe_ u . 15 i. a volum< oi .rial """,rd.
open<"<! '0 ire.h l"'ge. 0' i. i. th," Bible up<ln w hich
Je.o"" ..... 0... '" tell the tru.h 1 "The unee,,",int)' can
b< ,,,,ol'-.,d: ,he bo",', function is '" ",main ambiguou .
collal"'ins (os the "''' ti tle J"",)
'pi.-i.ual."d 'he hi,,,,,
k.1. """''''';~g'he J isti""';',n """"' .... n I~.n"".nd I""u,
The cakulatod ho>i .. ,ion bet"'_ id~ntifying ,ho ""'. 0;
jo.n",,', word and identifying it God', word p","'rve.
,ho heterogeneity at work in th. n'''''i~, and """",hele"
in.;''' .hat.he weigh , of.he film com.. fon. lly to ",.. in
of he, .. lnth""".
loan,..,,
This erupte' h ..... ugh' to ilIu",.,. 0 paraJox. If ,he
mhc """,k> unity at .11 co'" in J,"'" i A..:, ,he f.lm ""i.".
fLmn.ing diocontinuity ond conttodiction, Yet if ,ho critk
wan" to . ho", w'"1 fragmen tation, the film '''''~'''''Y pull
it..,lf into coherent l"'ttem . """'y be that ""'ry na"ati,~
mm'train, be'",..n rigo' .nd dbpers.ilm. Bu' if it;'
'rue .h , .... 01. p"i"' ""~ry li'm '"''''' ~ ., I""''''' d JI" "",.
ph. s;,., its fi"u .... m""h "',,,,, boldly ,ha" d<l """'.
Critjes h.v~ ty,,",. II)' ov<th,1:<-d ,1>0 fil",', ~i"urbing qu. li.;.", and f,,'O,.,d it. unifying 0,..... Thi' erupte' ru. propooed ",,,,;ng ,I>< mrn more dynam.,.lIy. a. an in",...,.,
'ion of .y.tems;n wh.,h 10"". I<>t natrative uni')' """k ' 0
hcoid 'og<.ho, I"""etful "yli"., oontr.>dich"M. Thi' ..... k
to" iMu .... ,he con.inuing in"'"," " f IA 1'0 ...... d< i"'"""
"'".,.unt"
A.
.""h
w.,
r.",
'0
n,,,,,,
,h"
ro,,,,",,"'"
.1""
J'JI..:.
litmpyr
Tt.. diffICulty of di.",., inS 0"')' I'","P!I' ho< t-n Ie...
""bi<'<t 01 enl",.1 wribnS thO" on u ""< k """."J~,,-"; prem~ . Re.dlng <ritic. 1 colIlJRenluy "" the mm, one w.,uld
'hink of it . . . I."";,,,h ng bu siIy simi!.!b'" t.)h"(>t film;
",>ding b.,wee" , ... Ii...,., """ n """ tn.t it <. u .... mo ...
."aly;.1 pn>blem, ,ha".lmo;tst
.n~
Dreyer wot k . l..op""
""8"<-"'" , he ')'n'IplW'" "0_ h., 'ho! lm"",,_

''',n 01 rontin .... ' """..,,~ot, in"""iiy;ng "",,'. ,*,n'" of .
,,"<)tId 01 i"'''\>i l;'y . nd shifting ,h. d"".. ",he", nothing is
r",ed or ~in" (Robin Wood) ,' "Somehow , .... whole
(opening] ""l ucnco. wi' h it. dis>l,'ing surf..,.,." 'hough
po<>pI< we'" U"-",,Ily t.>ing -., ' hmugh gt... d o.!d)', . nd
ito pmiound "Ie", broke" "nly by lho " "".rthly tolling
,,4 , .... b<-IJ a nd lho, " ....... w ,""lw of . hu"",,, "<>ice, i, like.
my'I"""'" """'monial of d .. lh" (fom Milne) ,' "The
PO<>rk in W""'Pl',1glide ,lowly through 0 vague. whiti,h
mist like drowned me"..
'he mm is p"r,...oded by
nightmal'<" ob ..s <ioon , .nd iI ,,,,,,,.,. de.od,"re, c.Ieu" .....!
uS<' of evory me. n t [Dreyd.] disposal"' (Ebbe N"",r
SO" d),' S"ch evoc.t'.on. ",'Oid coming k> gri!" with what
i, """,t obvious to tt.. viewer: the film i,. wry diffKu lt 0""
'imply to foflow. To .><Imit that V""'I'Yr i,. "hard" tHm i,
not > coni".."", of J'hili,Hniom but. ba.., ..... t....,1ic d.llum
which the critic mu" confron t . rod .... oni"". As "'. saw in
IA ~ rk J","", d'Arc, . d .:nowledging a ,,'ork', particu,
lar of'O'lu,,,,,, or impru'""", i , often lhe most di"",.
rout< to gra'ping its ..,Iienl rropcrtie,
into
H IE ABSENT CAUSE
C"n,id." fo, ... mplt', 011< "f 'he """t puzzli ng "'smen'"
of .he film, o,,"id G ray, "";ng the ,hadow 01 . S'a,..,,/ig'
g<r, is I<-d to ""[J'iore a d"""' pi' building . Ho w d ... '''''
, h.do,,' of the F"'l\.lej;ged ",Id ie' mo,,,, on i" ",,n.
Glimp,ing an old ,""o",", n ",alking d"," n rotriJo' , he
fIeeo. He ", d ..
. had",,' ret um to ,he ""id"",. bo.ody.
, .he
H~ t.e." III< old woman .. k III< >oldier, "Whe", is I><?"

Shadow, donee jauntil)' on th< w.D; WE gfimp'" th< old
woman again. Gray disco ..,.. a coffin beside d iocaTded
doc'of. ' " insk. !-W
'hrough a ron'ulling "",m.
M ting a 8"""'ish m an who look, hk """" ,,",w. .n
Albe" Senw"it"., . rod M,r\< Two,n, C ",y . .... i{ thew.re
childre" he"" n.., old m.n say, no. "I\ut," .. y. C ",)',
"the",.", dogs," TI>< ofd ,rum ""pond s, ''11><re are no
chOld .. n And no dog. , Good nigh . " And he show. C .. y
ou'. On
vie"'ing, it i, probably impr:><>ib!o to grasp t he
rather .im ple ",tory" undeme.th .hi< oeque~, the ,'amp;", Morgu<mte Chop;n h.. ..-ri...". looking r", """ ...ist.nt, the doctur,
Whe, he, h. ppened herel Rea>gIliring !h i, ""Juence as
"herd 10 follow" _
",.igh " ,he poin" tho plo' (,he.."
of e von" a, ""rrOlodl d"", no' <karfy
,he "~ry
(Ihat hypoi hetic.ll concert 0/ ,he "0<'1",,1" e,'e n" " 'hich ,,'e
COn" """ os imptO:it ba<:k;;<our><! 10 'he plotl . 'rodooJ ,
mlKh 01 V.",,,,r i< buU, .., as to make the following of ",ory
.ve n" e )(Ception.tUy dilfKult . n.., modom cine"", ha,
made such . ned. rommon, .. ",hen Nichl ~'"t or lA
C""", '" fin;' radically """rot"" .tory "'''''' .., and ".., ha,'e
. l",>dy ... n how O",},e(. ' ' ''y film, ""pen"",n' "'"""'"
",,'on' ".;.h , u<h 'hifti ngs "f o,d ... Bu' V...py' y;'ld, dil
I.""" ... of ' t" t<'gies for ITOubling the ",ory. For in '''''" .
"''<ilK'"'' as ,hi" tt.. owl" of .,."IS in In. story hos no'
bt"n di'turbed , Yet b)' introducing the old woman, the
hi ...... tanl 1><10'" wo can
Qlu,," "' .. '
ducto"
lion be tw~ n tl><m and tl>< ofd chatebin ~ in ,he previ ou, "c.",." by p"""" ling ""'jor charact ... ., on< """""e
( hadow., """"", dis.. n, ngu ",,); by cl'OSocu'hng; by
i"",rhng " .... rd ing dtovic .. (tt.. d. ncmg shadow" ,II< ""fin , ,he ..",pty ..... m ln ion room, .he "children . rod dogo"
d i."'su'); .nd finally, by p"",,,nHng tl>< ""rire ooilding'.
Content< through Groy's .. pIo .. tioo of it- in 'lKh w'y<,
,"" f,im .,.",fully ,>bIus<:>' o, ,t.. .. ory by "",. n, of lhoe pIo'
po_'
n".
p"""''''''
.,td
posi'.
"
~~
..:!~
~. ~",!ir
~""~-~!'.~.<~~
:T
~~';lC<it3 ..
5 - ~os~~-~dO
~'<0 ~
3.g~~rl."''''-3~~;.Jil~~ _ i.P _~~''''i~~~&l~.~'';!og>s

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f~~' :'l""O'::!~::,~~~ ~ "-a._"'~i5~ "". ~o.",<>.j:
motivat.>' lhe ins<>r!ion of
~n'"
ron\'Onlion. and ""it.. ,

Ilwm by IIw """"'nb r,,," ,"pl.n,tion. of Pmf" ..." ''Un
Hebing, Although. """ough . Iudy of lhe horror gen",
remain. ,~ be modo, Dm:u/a .ho ..... I.... t tho d, ..",.1
P'''' film docs no' "' I}' upon the type of ... " . ti,'" u""",
t.lnly thot D"'Y~' """t.>. in V."'I'Y'_
Si",... in I''''''I'Y' tlw .""'"t <>uso i.
um..,,! '" bt,
,upem.luIOI, it i1> possibJ<> to .ilu.,'" Hl<" film in ,Iw
~n ~ of tlw "fonto"ie," "'hieh m.kes inexplicable cou..,.
it> ",,,,m ~"I" , Tzvetm Toooro,' .ugge>t> th" the f.nt.",ic
gonre i. initi.lly ddi,..'< ~
lation bet ....""n ""lu,.1 ond .upem.llural expl.natio ... de_
[0 ....." tl>< "f. nt. stie," Simil.,I)', S<>rin AI,''''nd.--u " "d ,
Ih'l tl>< f.n\a,lie ,.le in,i ... on """ping di'joinl the
""Iur.l', upern.lu .. ] ..,,,,,,n'ic f.,ld, '
MOtk Kosh ho< .ho",n th" in.1 ",..l one ",.pt'<! Vom I'!I' boo~ "'~, '" Ih< ;;en", of the f. n'."'" ,he fifm', system.
.tic play "P"" r<"nl 01 ,'lew ,"' . .... . no.;"l"", .boul II><
<'uso, of ""ent', - Yet tl>< film Temain', I bool"',~, >orne
whO! u,,",ssimil.ble ewn to the lant."ic ~"'n'-" , !loth
TOOoro,' ,nd AI . ... nd.--u d . lm 1..1 llIe hesitation char.'tcriltic of thf f.lnta5lic g<'I\1'\: is un,tabk: b)' il> en>!, the
.. I. must ,000", .ithe,. "",ulOl e~plan.tion (which m.keo
it 0 'ale of tl>< "uOCJ.nny"] 0'" .u!"'""tufal one (ma' ing
it. tale oj tl>< "mofV~Iou''') . Nosh _m, t" '''!IS'''t th.t
V""'PJI' ind-=l ..,t~"" into a "able ending, <m<> "!Keep'_
ing more oon,.., n''''''''lized rule. of editing, closing ,he
WOf' with a n imp",..ion of ',mooth ..... ,: 'patio-temporal
continuity,'" The",.", two diff",,,ltieo wilh thi. JX"it"",
Fit>!. ,he <-n<lirog i, fo. from 0 model of smooth 'p.>tl(l.,om .
pot.1 wn,",uity, 5e<:onolly, tl>< fonal ;':en<> .'" no k>, prol>"'matic cous.t.lly ,hon "' .... t wen' before, Wh.t ""' ~.. the
deod chatelain', lace reappe" 10 h. un t tt-.< doctur .nd
Ju,tin? W.... t ,hut> the door 01 tl>< mill-..;:age 1o trap ,he
doct.-.r1wn.t ~l>' mokes ,o.
&ind '0 . haltin ,hoe ''''ry
I." .hot' All the ""y I"mugh, V..." , f"'S<" .u<h unon''''~tOt>Ie ~"."t;""': ''''' film ,,~, """... ' "
I..
enigm.', S""h I><,i"'ion weak .... tl>< """Ju.ntial rel.,;"n.
of .~' e,'en" .nd. by m.. king even" in ,he plo< impoo>-i.
ble to link wi,h cau,"", .-tend, the ,roubl ing ",.,ogy of
the pIot_
tn ,he seque""" in ,he do<td, lai, wo not""-'<f )"<.1
."",he. n",.n, 1m ..... king ,he stO'Y J iff",,,,, wn.", we
oomn ..-nted tha, ".""". ole"",n" "",,-oJ to "'tan! 'ho ",v_
"Lati,," of tho ""gm.n", princip.>1 "o,}, poin,,_ F", e:x.om-
,'.m
"ft.;" ...
ge'"
"",It... ,"'"
.,,,,rio,
pie, Grdy doe, not lmmeJia ldy oo.erw the

of tl><
building' he fitSt ""'" the S""'...:iigger's .lIodow, S imi!o,ly,
I>< doe. not immedi.lely onruun"'f M'r(;""ril\> Chopin,
bu t fitSt """" ,he peg-kwd shAJow. He ..... lhe ok!
""mo n , pe. k 10 Justi" onl)' .f,c' he h., w.'cl\cd ,I><
,h.Jow ... W Ih< t><>d),- The d. nclng , ..dow, .gain dd.y
,-.,"el"ion 01 Chopin . G " y ~,,... n", "-'<: ,ho d<x:to. u",;1
of"" tl>< ironic ;ok' of tl>< roIfin a"d 'I><
d. MId,d.
' ign, and .Ite, G,,)', ",pIor.'ion of tl>< doctor" qu .... tS,
Soch """""I,.re in..,rood to
,he princip.>1 " ' p by.tep prog",...;on of tl>< "o'}'. Rol.nd IMnhe. c.n. s uch
"c.ordin. I" funcl ions, o. "nu<"'i," . nd ' u<h in
major
.."ed ",."erial, ',.talp">: . ince tlley 'fill in the
'P<' ""p", "inB llIe Ming.-'Ype i"net;"".:'
In io<t, tn., .p<'<imen "-'<JuefKe'. u'" of c.t.I)1': func
tio ..... typial of the film.,. whole, fint, tho , ...1)'_
.", not , ;mply .. ndum; u'"ally, the)' runnot. d.... th III,,
sp'k<"J .nget .ign. 1 the inn, tl>< mOn with the ""Y'I><, the
;n Gr.y" room, In., S",-"digger'. 'hadow, tl><
coffi n, .nd lhe , kull nd potion,). When d .. th i. not
'peclr",.lIy connoted,,' Ie t.n ""tie inexplicability i".,
in ,I>< c... of ,he peg.1egged .hodo,,' or ,he d' r>eing
~hNO"'S on the ".~I!, But IJw5to i m~gW ronnoUotioos do
mo", th.on em", "rnosphere, They . 1", lo,-.,.h.dow lmascry which "'ill I. te, be takon up by lhoe cardi ....1 fu nction"
'" moin plol , lhe most o"",;uu, ... mpi<' i, prob.lbly the
,,'.y in which tl>< peg-leued ooldie!'. ,hadow i. ... n
'S'in J uri ng tho ",urdo. of ,ho old cha'ela in: 00' wo may
.1", ""'"
,he m.n "'ith the <CjI,he ..... a hoot, . , Gray
.nd G~1e "'ill do., 'ho ond; ,ha, tl>< e'ching in G,.y',
room p",figu,"" the ,ufforing of !..'one, tl>< mourning.t
'he c"",,,"u,.nd ,he """."on ,h.t M'rgue"", Chopin will
b<.:ome; '''''' ,he ""..-oJigg<'(' .hodo,,' .nd tl>< cofnn
prophesy ,he 00",,1, with whkh ,lie
"",tion. of tl><
tilm will boo 0'Upi<-d. Som.,,-lut s;O'Iil.orly, th"",gh <U,_
ow.y' Ih< '''8''1 ' ign .nd tl>< S,.,-oJigg.r', .had<m- .",
pried Ioooe from ,l><iT niches in ,Io'}'-'p.><e . nd T. i",d Iu
tho ,",wt ot ominous emt>lem, to boo ",,,,,!'ted in ,-"", section., Moo, inte .... ';ng 01 .n " the ,,'ay in which Gra)'.
d",.m,. in re::op;,uldting.n ,I>< d .. th-filled cat.ly",,' preceding tl><m, abo poinl .head 10 tl>< """,,,,ion of tlw m.in
Doc',.,
"".rd
'''P'
na".,i\'.
pic''''''
,ha,
I."
"'t"""
The plot, ,r.""
in",", ,hooe do.,h motif. be,woen ,he

cardin.1 fUflC bon. not ooI<ly for """"phe", 00' .bo to
l>uild up .
it wore, of """",,"'tive on."sy to be
di""ha'll'-'<i in. Ia,,-'T p .... of In. .... n.tive Oftc-n, how
""",,'e, .,
.. v.........
"''''', the "'<di .....1 lunchons .,., so .".nded. ,ho ' '''''''' ~.
twwn ,hom so sa,u",.d wi,h ", ... Iy ... , , ... , ,ho .tory i,
not only d.")"ed bu, shunred '0 one ' kk ., tl i, ",e .. ,""
importon' ,han ,I>< int.rv<ning moreml . 8)" lI",i, n""'~'.
."",Hng
.nd ' ''''' ~I,pmpot!io""'" h"", '1"''''
On ""'m, 'uch eo.,,odyon lun""', loosen ,"'" ",u..1 ..... !ion.
bo""""" ,,,,,n" in ,ho ",ory. Banh", .lloro n
of why ,h" haP1"'ns: <'f"h<so, c. ... ly_.re still fu nction.l.
insol.... 'ho)" <n' .. in,,, """,,10"0'" wi,h ,ho> """,""" bu,
thotr func'ionality is to""d d".... n, unil.",,,1. por.,";';
C.... ]y.... ~'" no more th.!n roruecuti,... unit. , .... hil"
c.nliNI function, . '" both "",_uti"" .nd OO<IS<'<luen'
Ii.!.'" In V""'f'lI" tho pure consecu,i,'eness of ,ho ,nsoned
"",terl.oL growing ou' of h.!nd, finally blur> ,ho roruequ.n
'101 ","bo.... mong coroi ....1 fur.<.ion . lnd""d, sinc. it i,
... Iy by m",n, of ,uch oot1""lue"'''1 ",1.I'ion. 'M' "." Can
..rognw ,he c..dinal func.ion., in Vomf'll' "'. cannot 01
""Y' gro,p wh.>. ,he princil"'l
oction is, We ... e;!.il)"
sidetrack<><l . nd baffled
'" good "".mple of thi< balflemen' comes a' ,ho Yet}'
[",ginning 01 ,he film, n..- fi.,;, "".nty ", .hots dep;';,
C .. y' ni".1 ., ,he i"n, Aft", ,he
c,pta ....,"'}' .i.,",
"'" 8"" , hot <>ICroy w.l kinS up fmm ,he riv.,.
entry
,ho inn and ;. 0' fi", ,h"'orted, Whi" he wa '"
10, the d.,.,.- to bo o1"'n.d, he g10",,"" boKk '0 'he ri_. Cu'
'0 0 long
of a m," "'ith a "'y,ho gu;ng down ~,'ho
bank. C"y Os admi" .d '0 ,.... inn . bu' ,....,'" of his pn)gn.~
' hmugh " ' riou, "',",,' an<l pa, ..S" .... y ", "'P'". t.,<lly in
.. rrupled by
01 ,I-.. nun wit~ .h.,.,,}',I-.. . "'''' .... i" hlo
room. Gr.y Iooks"u. ,he window and ogain _ . ,I-.. m.n
..... ith ,I-.. ""Y.I-.., I. ,he
",,'ion, 'hen, "" invol ~ Cuy
with ,hi.
11\'0 i"", 'ho .... n i, ....
again . Gray
,hen ... tt< , ,, ""ph"" , .... iM ond di"",,'"r> dw.rfish,
di,figuh:.'<l man "p"'i",. I, 'he folm h, bo
'hi' , i",,"r
inn' No. And '" on . We.", ","".ntly led ""'y. un.il
when ,I-.. ok! <"" ,.in "aI'o"ho po""" /0' Gtoy. we S"'P
gra tclully a ' a bon. rode <anli"" l l".-.:tion . Bu, ,hi.;, 'n
.ider.bly h' "'""d , lOQ. 10' in. ",ad of following it im
mediately "'ith '" expLl"".ion of h'hy ,he old ch.",I. in ho.
.urned "" Gray I<>< help, .he acbo" .hil" to Cr.y. ploT .
lion of ,I-.. docto(, l.Ii,. From lhe . ... ", 'hen, V""'I"I' pre
1"''''' us for, ""fIa,tened" na ..ati, in w hich in...-ted
mat.rial. not only "",ate a'moophe"" not O1\ly abotr.>e.ly
/o""l\adow "01}' ...-en". bu 1", . 1 certain poi"" 0"'"
",I-..Im ,he canliNI "01}' lut>C,ion nd defle<, our .".n
lion fmrn 'hom. n..- prinrip. ' stol}' ~me. hall_hidde n.
., obocu", a, lhe mi.ty 1.000""' "", 'h>ughotJ' ,ho foIm.
"'to""
'!><-i,
"'plano,,,,,,
""t}'
fi,,,
H. _k,
'0
,hot
,hot.
nun
.tory'.
'e' ....,n
.bt,,,,
c._,
nu'."., ;,
Finall)'. '''''' ",t.rd.tiun 01 SlOt}'

ob,;"us/y ",.
I.ted to II-.. .~n'
Th~ ",ta"ling ."''''''111< block
""..,Iation o/.he trulh (I<>< il 'he 'ru,h ""'" ",,' Ied, 'Il<
n'''''i,, WQuld end), n,.. mrs""'" pos.d by , ... ""r
'uming in ,"" lu<k, , ... do..'. wh;';h of"'" .00 cJoso> 01 ,,,.;,
own PO"'"" ,.... 'ptTol k.ding flgu ..... . nd , ....... , . ...
ne,'er .0h<><I: ,I-.. catal)"<> ,wi'ch ,I\< m.in narr.Hve
'ions'o 0""' . ide and imme .... u. in """ 01 un.n .... <T.hie
" ...... A " ipl,. "''''''''''1 i, Ihu, al " 'ork: by retarding ,he
plut, obf""".Hng ,he SlOt}' nd ,ai,ing question. ",hieh ,he
.tory c.nno' .n.wcr, .he cot.ly"'" Ottum" ..... n .wn
sr..... "''''gh, di",""e onh';"'.
n.. 'empo",1 >mpo!<ition of ,he pIo' funhor ,up'
P"'''''' ,"usal
Moo' broadly, ''''' plo! '1"''''
singlo nigh'. ",,,ning from du.k to <lo"'n, and,
i,
ron,.in, no tlashbocks, it alre.dy limit' Hsoll '0 .howing
,he ellects of c.u"-"' initia,ed bol"", ,h. pIo' <om"",,,,ed,
Th;" .... k"gy"' considerably ... tended by Ille "'0)-' .... film'.
"""",,,'ting .Ifu<ts "-""'p"".l duration. By <roso<utb"S dif
feren' action .... nd" 'ho film ""."'anlly ,IiI'"
fmrn
",nd.ring ,he cornple'" duration of .wry '''.n''. Many ""
qu,,,,,,,, a re ' hu< m><!. elliphcal
Ellip'i'i< . 1"" a char..:t."";'; 01 ,he <1.I .. i<a1 ci .... "'.,
bu, not u.ually wi,ltm ,he ""e""." Os 'he """" in V_f'!I"
For"'" tempo,.1 .lliptinl'ty of VO"'f'lI' "",k.. i, d'fI;';ull to
. ''is'' CO" ... (d'I'l"Ctly ,he oppooite of C""","" ing', fun<'
'ion in the <I.soie.1 ci""mo), I'm "".mple, 'he , hod"", of
''''' g" ""d;S!."e' <""""'-'t ,..i'~ Cr.y < ~'pIo .. ' ioo11 01 ' he
d""h>(, loi, bloch ""' knowl<dg>l 01 "",,"' Cray go" I",,,,
'PO' to.pot in til< building; ,I\< panning sOOt 01
'""'P'Y bed i""",<><1 in'o ,he ""Joence of Cr.y, fi", reod
ins of ,he hook V"mf'll" ""' .... i, uM ..... in.s to ",ha, N.
cauoed her depa"""'; <uta,..ay'
.ngel .nd cloudy
sky in,.rrupl ,",ver.1 ",' io"", II-.. <""'"'ling of ,Ile old
mon",,,,.,,' .nd Cray'S fL'" d",.m oo.cu", ,I-.. mea". by
",hieh ,II< ",rvan' ",,,he. C,.y . room , ",e n.' lhe ,"<'t}'
end <>I ,he film, , t.. <mss<uttinS bo'"....,n Cray'. "''''''''' 0/
Gis<!e and ,he doc' or's buri.1 i" 110m does no. penni' uOlo
unde",.nd "'''''' stop< 'he mm ', machi""'}". DUring every
,he
ellip<i., ,ha, i. , impon.n, ...en .. occur; thanks
'''''''''' 'ting h'e must ... um< 'here .no <au ..1 ron"""'ions
in ,he story, bu he plot does not ,oow ,hem '0 u., Thu.
V."'f'lI'" croMCuttins ..uid. ,I\< """",'h ""luentiality <>I
"oditiorul oceoie oo""Iru<'ioon. c""ling time g.ps during
",hieh 'he
<a u", <a n o f""."'.
n..-", i, 0"" ""'... p"n<ip-" ",. ....I\y bJ-' wh;';h Vompy('
plut ;, mad" oblique in its '."'ion to , ~~ ,tory. nd ' hOs
q"""
.goo""""
"n<.
,,,,or
u..,,,,,',
'0 "'"
'0
.bs<>n,
depend. ~pon ,he P"'''''''''' of O.vid C,.y ;'im .. lf. He is a

eu"""",, p"''''soni'' . I;" "d"",," ron1f",.'ively little in "' .. .
I;"" to t~~ princip. I . l<>Jy oclion: il i, the manservant wl>o
dtooov.", how k> ~imi""te Margueri'e CI>op;n .nd "..
HI, bon '. 1><, . nd tl>< docto,. Though Cray does pn,,"<m'
,II< doct~r from poisoning [ioo"" .nd d"", ..."",ue C"'le.
hi' 1>0....,;0, is k>;, importon. 10 ,1I<.tory l!"Ian k> til< plot;
he ",isIS J... to oc' ,han ' 0 mod .. "" ro..e..ing nei,I><,
I"'t nor future , ~ ' ing any ""fon;te "ailS of (h"","'r.
Croy i. ,I>< 'h"'><1 which .mches tl>< film togcll><,. ,he
oon",;"u<ness ",hieh ,lnKfures the unfolding
Toma,he .... ky
thol. "The p""'o!l""'" i. by no "",.n.
.n . ,,,.::", ..1 port of Ihe .tory, Tho ,lOry. .. . s)""'m of
mohl . may d ispe"'" enl;rely " 'ilh him.nd his chafOKlern.
lics. The pro"SOniSl. ,.the,. is .he ""ul, of ,I>< 1,,"""lion
of ,h,e story molern) inlo. pIo . 0" If.. 0"" hand. he i,.
""'.ni 01 """ging motif. 'oge.t..,; and on tl>< otl><,. he
.mbod ... the motiv. lion whi<h """"""IS lhe molif. :"
Gray oo.e,..~: he ..,... ,he "ompi", . nd 1><, minio",. t..
wil""...,. the mu,Jet of the old <hotel1 .n. he ..",. ,n. orri
"01 of II>< dOClor.nd of lhe dNd roach""n nd I>< d;.
00'..,'" Gis.! ~' . s prisoner. Cray " . vel "",,.ling .nd
"" kinS 'h.
loc.l<s in ,I>< film . Gr. y ",><II. "" oll<,)"j
his bIoo< "ory ma.erial. E"-'fi his "".
cue of C ,,.;'" (",""n.he is no Ionll'" in danger') Iunc'~>ni
in eoun"'."l""n, to the p ..... n .. lion of tho:! doclOr"' d ... h,
It <letd "" pIoin. though. ,ho, C'.Yoron<Oou'""" i,
I., lrom the most di"",. relay rof . .. 'Iory, In I.d. G,ay a. a
'Irudurin3' de\'ice furt"'" <>bf"sc.",. lhe N.te "ring 01
.,,,n", In our . ""'plo of hi. explor ion of ,ho:! dOClo( ,
lair. "'. s.>w ho", the noclei 01 ,ho:! .to.,. octlon bee.me
oons>:Ic,aNy Mfocull to gra.p ,,'hen p""";; ,ed ., nis iii"",
atr Indt...:I. G"y'. nigh.time perambula ,ions ""->Iiv. """"
lUnd.""". In' tOOOClion 10 Ihe .to" ,i,ua'ion whole,
Th>l G ,.y is F"',iphe-r.llo the main :.chon mah,. hi. ,'"",'.
point on ide.1 ,.hie'" for pu.hing riot >liU fUrlhe, ."..y
from ,tor).
It is. """""""", Ct. y" vio,wpoinl whi<h mo<i,"e. one
of lho:! .... n'idl .dihng d",ic<. in ,ho:! fHm , potn "I. v",,," or
"'m;.po .... ,."I.vicw rull,ng, A, in I"'""" d'''. On:)"" of
'.m."" <lIS 0/ a pe"",n ",,*iog pho"""",""n with
of Ihat phenom"""" """If (..,."..'t'm ...,n lrom .h.
pe""'n. ,an.age po;n ,), Cray'. 'n'-eshll"'ion of ... inn,
,he doc'o(. I.ir,
'he ch .... u; his . w.~.n'ng by lhe ok!
c""",!ain; nj. wit ...... ing "I ,ho> ","I",; hl$ "'><I,ng 0/ .he
book: .uch ep .ooes .re based upon G,.t. vi..,.... (We
r."
""'io".
"ul'"
",riot<,
,hot.
.,I<!
""ti"it'"
'hOIl -"* Ihi. ","vic< L>;.! b,l", in 'he . ubjective vision 01

buri. 1 in hi,..wnd d",.m), F"t.he
!"Iallof 'he film.
only G,ay is gi'''n this point-<>/"",,,, editing:, La"" the
principle is d istributed. ><> thot. in a crucial shift. !.<'o.....
.1"" ,he v. mpi"'" attack, sta",' greedily.t he, ,isle".nd
D~r COIUIni<1> II>< ~ around UO ....'. v",wpoinl.
S.ill 11 r. tl>< doctor". being Nunted by II>< fotho:!r and be
"""'ing "" .... pped in tl>< m ill are p...,..,nted through h ..
poinl-<>/' v;,w .hot;. ~ .h.1I ... late, how Ih" datribu
'ion 01 v",wpoin" lullm. ,mpo""n' na".';ve functions.
bullor preo.nl purpo><"S we may no",. firot, INI the repeti.
lion 0/ thi' poltem 1><1p< u' gr-o.p I"" fifm .s un;foed; wo
KUp11h< point.oh -i<w t<!i!ing. lile ''''''''''tting.
m.ojoJ ronotnJctional principl<. and gea, ou, ""platioru!
acw,-dingly. More impo"' ''I .he poin,o/view editing
situates a sing!< ron.aou.r..... (u.ually Cr.y.) as tl>< pM.
cipol mt<\ia!ion be ~n'" . nd tn. .tory ,,_IS. Restric
tion to <N,oelet' . von'"g< point rna"'" what ""''''''
ou.,;do
ken ~ ... u""" .... in and ambiguous, Un
Ilk< leanne d 'Arc. who ""' ..... tho:! film ca .... lly, Gray.,
focal poinl rtinkco. lho:! .bsenc<! 01 cause, ,I""" by re
maining wi,h him "'e can_ only . If<octs. Making Gny It..
protagon;" rna"'" gray I"" . tory.
V""'I'l'" .. kchon .nd orgonOution of .tory ""nlS by
elhps; ,,-1.nd.tion. and " i<"'point can now be _n as
so,,,med by ",",i< principle: tho:! disruption of COllSe'
efket ",Ia'ion . Yo, by. n.".h", =oil, this di5ruption"
",,<n, ... lIy nv~lC<l"" In ,ho:! rou .... t)/.ho:! f,I"" IIofor,;, w.
can Jisco"" 00 ... suc~ .-.roil oj>l'ralos. U'>O"gh, we-.l
to ",amine perh.ps lhe mo.1 brillianl.nd disturbing ospect 0/ ,ite mm: ilS construclion of ' P"<" .
n".
,ha,
COI>-.'TRADICTO RY SPACES
r.., ly in V","pjlF. D.,o.1 Cuy pdu",".o . ... mine ~ pic'u",
hanging in hi> room in tho:! in n. In cI""""p. 'he camera
"""..,. upw.rd . nd clockwise ..,,,,.. ,II< pic'u", (fig. 1)
n",
mo'""",n' ""'~" " In tUIT>, .., .."., fiS"_
8rouF"'d .""<nd de.1thbedo 1"'0 ""'n, ,-,"" In P")"', the
"I"", Sf1<"hing hi' I_h; lhen "-wring womon; lhen
"'''''ping <""pie; then a pn..t. amt roised to deli,,", the
"' .. rile>: then. ,k. leton ,;"ng be,id. lhe bod ond hran
dishi ng . d.W' , bo ... the dying m.n. At thi< poinl , Croy
!urn. oway.
From ",hA' "" h.,,, e""mined so f.r. we c.n . ..ign
..,'er.1 functions to ,hi. pic'u"" Anolher of ,hooe porten"
of d."h thot ml tho:! fi"t ""IUEn<:e of tho:! fdm. the picture
<" "''''
..
'~,""""
pens by oonlronbng thE .rgument< 0/ tile m.ln who ,.isro

the inlesril}' of profolmic 'I"'e '0 'I><' """01 of . n .,-,,"hEtic
m.nd.te: A nd re s",;n.
For s"cln, our n.tu,. 1 . tti tw, to lhE worid is imme_
diate ,nd ;, ron"it utoJ by.mong other f.",ures. mn_
crele",," . nd cOIltinu ;Iy, A n objo.ocl in ou, "'perion' M' a
"the"' ........ tha, sol;':;" our _ttention to it a, a onique pt'-"'_
, '''C\'. II, ,uch. objo.oct, f'lrticip.>'" in ,Ile k'Utld; thE)' h.w
we;g~t. ca.t oh.>dOk' block "",,'s vi,ion, in .hort. e:.,j," in_
dependently 0/ OUt p"""",.l pm;,,,". MO",,",,"T, time and
'I"'" . ituate .och entit ies in. ",-","nu\lm, Tim< i.""a .oc_
01
in .... " " of life." Space is mntin""u,
bot~ ",,1<= u. (;n Jopt~).nd ""hind us, well OIl e ;'hcr
.ide <>I u. , Uf"'n . u<h pllellOlYl<noIogy s",in buihl,
tM")' <>I filmic "'P""'"' t.tion . ]-I., .ugg<-..... tha, t"" ,rt_
i., will b.' .ble to captu", (vi.> tOe pll<,lO<hemic. 1 p""."
k'~ich "., .. IIeI, '''" , ubit"l'. b<ing-in-tlle-wOOd) thE ron_
<rete rontin o,ty of existence, V""I'Y' mn tN,..orts 'h'" Kut
, t"" presence of the pictu", in thl. inn 5uWSts. Ille f,lm
nroi. t~;, contin uum ., a .... do""y .I'em.ti".; it implic_
itly posit, OOIK",te romiMity a" tl>< norm 11 tile w~ile
wo'king 10 di,,,,,, n,l" it as a "'pt.,..,nt.t.",.1 'y't,m.
S",h d i,m.n tli ng is
.P"""'~' I,,,,,, .n., w . v
V"",fY" ,..Jitong flag,.ntl )" d i,,,,pts IhE ,,,,,lio- '"mP"'"~1
continuum. Uk< I"'""' d'",,,,. 1'","fY' depend' on a C",,"_
cutting ,,' hich p"<p<.1ua ll)" fra gment< n'lT,ti,.., contin uit)'
"The cfO<SCutting f"~,,, up ,0<' ,,,,,,ic-tempo,.1 "']."ion"
m., king the film ""'''' pe"'plu.lly oP"'!"'" From the ,'ory
,tart, i, ju,taposeo'l"'"'" " ''''",,, p....rne ",Iotion'hip hao
""I """' n defined: D"'1d C,.y rnv. l . t thE inn ;' in"' ....
ruptod by cuwwoy' '" 'he old ",on with thE ocytl><. ",hi ~
hi, w.ndering ", ju>' .posed wit " "'peolod
of the
crool<.ed a ngel th" .u,"",un" t"" inn, II. in u. 1lI5..,.,
II< lain", d..."". " .... '" hE", in nei'hEr ,'''' "'.ml.... , "",uof ,hE d""ic Hollywood cin-em.> no, in tl><
to red"
nondiegetic '1"'< of. "')",
"arly oe<tion. 01 [ ;.en"ei",
Oclom-, The old man .nd the angel emblem .re with in
tl>< """.,i,.. '1"'< but not p""i..,ly ,i to.,ed the",. In thE
eronorny of ,I>< plot. th<oe eany cut.J",a)"s fuoction to pre.
oent du"e, 01 atmo<pheric .nd prophetic motif but in
the "i,,,,,1 struc'uring <>I tr., ,, 1m. th" ""W"'")"' rul"' u",
' f'l'''' -'''mpo"i "",,,dino" "', In thE _ond Port 01 lhE film,
,,'" do<I,,(, bl<.~'d ing ,,j C"y i. in h"",t wit h thE mm,,"_
".lnt', ",oOding <>I th" b.,ok V_fY". ond the "yli"ic """..,_
q""tlCC i. th.!t the Llb)'rinlhian 'J'>"<' 01 ,..., cI,,' e.1u i. " ,'on
furthe, bro~en down, To the
end.
c""",utting 01
"".ion
,Ile
,Ile
",WN.
cordi",,1ac,ion. and mi. in
f'luem of Gray',
in,,-'S'igo'ion, We can .1.., "'" ,h..11 tile P;C'u", p",figlift"> ,hos.>
"'hE,,,in 'Mracters );lither around
L<one's b...J to "-""'P .nd pray for her. Bot "'ru' mu,t . 1",
1>0> ""~""I .. ,1>0>
1""",;0" i~ olh."";n~ i,,,,,11 as .
di,,; ,,,,, ...00" <>f ."." ...1 rep",..,n,,,;o,, , TI>< moving shot
It><e,.n
"'''''iono) e.oily
a
, a u"" III>< dying ""'0). The mmp<><iho<> of ,I>< pic'ure is
flX<..J a p'iori; ,he figu"-.. . ,,, In,,,"n, ,hE wbk.u OJ'>"<' is
"wb!<. Thi ..,. mn,"uc", a "'p""",nt.,ional . y"em
wi'hin ,,' h"h "I"'h.' ,, .. ,;.,ns mu'u."y wO<,,,; no' '''' 'y
much poin~ng bul """I , 1.,,1<,1 ,h""",.'1< s ly"" "'1." un
Ihi> ."umplKm 01 sf'lI;"II)" unambiguous ""'nl, Bol
0<'", '"is .ssumf'lion
o nl)' I" b< .uackd , 10' 'POjjo I
pre<i'" Iy w~.' 1''''''fY' i"" ' 0 und,'''''; "".
"The film ,du"" '" .,'abl;,h spa' in ,hE l.. hKm 01 Ih<do .. bl 1'loIly"""" d""mo; i . ~ .. un.mbiguousj),. run;;',,>ntlr. anJ wilh ,...,., ",I.olkm ~, n.rr.,k""'sl< ,
ha,,, in"e"";';,S profuunJly J,;ron'in""",. '1""' " in
I"""" ~ .... ,.., In 1'"",fY" 'po" is Huld . pla.tic. un<t'rt.in;
;1, unfolding foil;.nd b.11k-o os; lhE ""wl.".,n 01 ' pa'.
tMn . i'''''ting u. m,,,,, comlo,wbl), disorienl, u .
The p"" o"" then, ackI1owk..Jg,-,,> the b.oc~gro u nd ');IIi " ,"
which thE film', own ""OTk mu," be ,e,d; it <it.... 'he nom1
",hic~ Ille folm .tri,"" to viola t<>. W~ile n.fT.,iw operation.
",I,...,t thE ;mplo:it ,tory, '''" film', sty'" dd""", normal
c;n<._tic 'ro<'" We <.n """ undv"l>nd ,,"w 'hi' hop-
L,,.., ''''''''''
J'k",,,,',
.11"", I''''' "'''Uf'',''''
c""""",,,> ;,
back ,,,
""'.,,S'..
1,,,,., "',.
,.,Ile,
rot><"''''
mos'
.00"
'p.K"
,Ile
'''''y
,Ile
T"n<S""';, '~
Cr.)". a nd C...,lc', """I'" wilk .he doc."" ,,,ffoc,"""

~"'" nol ,_"On "'tnJ"!<h'''')' .... bli'" 'pd.;,,1 ",1 ... ,,,,, i.
""' ply ck>sos lhe film On ' he
I""Ik>I;'<m 011.'8 ."d
, ,!tinS powdc,- In , urn, "","""" "iog I, "'~ unI)'. ,,,hklc
1o, 'ho """,>Ii,,, ''''pcn,;''n, ".~ hal'" "I'<"ady ~Xolml"'--.:I
bo' I, "," a prime f.."o, in .. bo"ging a ..,n", 01 c","i
nu i.)'. 1""0 "-'CoSn;'. v..m~ .... J i,ju...-J;"'n. we muM ",",'I'.
OS a ".,,,,tisma'io< subsb .u"', .he !la',in;,,"
"I """dh,.t<>s in , ..... l>K. of ou, rnl'ld"
C"",","" inS i. unly ,he """ v".",n' ""y In ",hkh
V'ml'll'. editing .uptu",. !la.'n;"" v""oom<nal con,inu lty.
lu,
,n (suVf""S<'l ly I 'pd,;" II)' "'"""S<"',(Jus
,t...:
.-diling ;' 1"10~' disrup'i,,,. When tt...: old ,ho le.u m.st",
c.lI. on Cray .t tt.e in n. ,he two men .,.., "",'"' ...... n in I".
.. me 11- ..." .'ld 'he '1"eli"" c ....... (C ,,)' looking olf kft ""
old m. n loooI;ing " "'igh' ",,1.1 Ihe C."", .. ).,,, . nSit'" In
. n "northodo' f.."ion. Wlwn lkon(' and C;s.)I, I>C<' ..,,,
o,he,. D",y' " jump> '0 . nd fro ocros. ,t.e . xis of ""lion.
s"'r"'-<
''''''''''''''1''''
,,'i'"
""'''''II.
,hot "" '",,,,,,1>01 roiting roof" ..... us a. '0

who =eh", ,t.. he"rt-.ha p<"<! lock, from lhe '!\o l. lain
(fiS" 2-5) , hen .he poin o/.y",,, .-diling we'"e . Iready
"""mi",-.:I """,rib""" '0 ,he d ..,ruct;"n 01 phenomenal
'p.o>, N' ",-,I ""')' J ..... he "" 'pl it , ubje<' from obi"
bot ,t...; film', ... to, uf ,.",ly in,og, lng't...; two ink> ,he
sa",t ,hoi p,,,,,,ilS u' no romlort."'" vi,,,,,, of ,,,,, whole
.pe. (He", .gain, ''"""' d' II ... is "'hoed,)
In .uch ",.yo . .-di';ng wi'hin the see .... b<com<, OS 'P'"
,;.,11)' d ioron,inoouo., the n<o<uttins whic~ iux!,f""<."S
~ i><", .... p.>'S; >ga 'n. ,f "'. ,no ,,, I"'n;<il'o .he rupt"re. we
mo,t call UPO" our cu,tom.')" oceep"""" of d ..,ic;,1 """.
'inui!),. To ta only one .x.m ..... wlw" Cro), in iti.l ly
. 1'1""'" ., ,he iM. poin .."I.y;"w co tting bloc.. ou, un
d.,;t.nd ;og 01 lhe 0",,,11 'pa:_ So"~,, 1 tin"",. C,ay
~ ,."Iw'
"",n
tlw
bu, no "",st." ,ho, "\W
,.."'bll ........ ,Ioc '",u me"
b..';ns In ,he""'" f,."",. ~,kl
ewn ''''' sou'ld "f , ..... ringing fCff)" bell is "'"
,",'ishe.lI)" (by. say. d,,,,,,.,w \"01""", in , ho" " ken in
>ide , ..... inn). Mo"""'.,, ,he
of the SC}'the ""'" ,i"ing
in ,t.e
,.k." from ,Il;, .lde 0Pl""it~ to 'N' ", ,, kit
C")' sees. ,h". br< 'ng ,,,,, 1130' rut. .'ld e",.ting for"
p',;n , . ,,j. y",,,, f" " e",_ In ,"" I ; ~h t "f ,1>< dl>",;"ntln~ edit
ins d,v""-,,. I, is if(Jn,-<. II), aI'Pf(Jpri.>'" Iha' In ,I>< no,d ,1>01
Cr.)' dioro",,,, un ,he "" II of hi' n)Um p",,"n' whkh
iIK.m.>"" ,t.e ,..,ble 'p.>ec ,ha, lhe film . l",. dy loc. "
To.lI 0/ ,h;', Bouin would pro,,,,, ,ha, b)';t. wry ""Wre
.-di'ing ,h." ofS 'ho> continu"m of , ... 1"0~lmk 0'""" ' .
W~,' !lazin opl""'" to the d i'juIKt;w",-,,< of ,-.:Ii ling .'"
'echniq"'" ,",'h klt gu."n"", f.i'h l,,1 "", de~og 01 I...
cone",'e i,,'eg~ty of ,he world, Hc '''!\I!e,t fo, ... m .....
,,,,,
00.,.,..,
",i." .>""Y'' ' .

,loot,
""""'"od
0'
,ho"
,
thot d~r - focu.dr""""ogr.rhy, .he long uk<, and CoIme ..
""''''''''0' p<rmj. the direo.OT to ",",ord on .."n' in oil I,.

"",. 1" conti nu ity in.~ a nd tOme within ,he .hot. Soz;'"
goes SliD further 10 daOm !hat the fant." ,., il1 film (hi. " ' omplt- is IL Bokm ""'8"1 need. ,hi . "",.Ii "jc" fr.une"'OTk,
"If ,he film j. to holfill it ..11 .."helically ... e need to t>;,lieve
in t ..... ",.liljl of wh.t i. happenrng "'h ile knowing it to
be ,ricked" (.ic]." Yel V""'I'Y" style rontin ..... to challenge
such . phenomenology. For ,",'en witlli" .he ,hot. V"'"I'!I'
<ontin ...... It.. editing'. lask of t.>citiy .""ming co""",'."".. and con tinuity while at the ....... time ~uestioning ,I>e
P"""rtual.nd ...... het jc p",s uppoojtion. uooerlying .uch
" natural attitud ." But 00'" Cdn this q..... tioning be ca,_
n.d oul ~i thj" . he .holl
W. may begin an ........, by nohemg oow ,r., c<>ocre'.
...... which ""zin prizes i. nullifoed by the film', "y l;.be
workings. In pre'icu, and "uboe<Jue". 101m. we .... ""
.... n. Ore)'" u<ed .. uk de<:or 10 .ltroc, a n obje<:' by
,.b-
Ihe .Iimi",tion 01 contingmt det.1~. But previou<ly , he

.,au ,hot h.>d c1epend<d on 'risp,
lighting . In V_nr,
though, lighting .,....,.Ioc.1<o
obic<" ill defined.
outdOOl
are ,'eiled , diffusing the ligh' ,h"lJy; oIten
the shot> . ", ... indisrinet tlut one can barely pick o ut ,he
subjKt _. ,g . G,ay crossing a f..ld. M ....g"",;'" Chopin
bendlng o,'e, Leone lfig. 6). Dreyer cam.... ,n. .."", ]>rin .
dp" furille, by intorposing """i-oP"l "" .ur/a!O bot",..,n
clu,,,,,,,,,,.nd c.tn,,,. n.. ,. n.-.u. wind"w hrough " 'hieh
C "Y p'' '.... -'h ~ window . t the inn', bo" tile cluteau'.
,..in<><! and . hu''''nod p.orlo-r window., ,he ground_gl>ss
.t .Ile door of tn.- room in whieh Ci"'., i. imprioone,J,
~"en ,n.- gI . .. pta ... in Gray'. coffin _ .11 Iu .. dilfe",nt re
fr"';",, ~f"",", ob5curing .n.- image
d."....,.,.
(fogs. 7_91. S imilarly, 'I>< los whi<h on'-.-Iope> tn.- lleemg
end
"-,,,'u rally de"'" os.t.., . if!ing powdor whieh ,uffocOl", lhe doctor'l ' he mill .
More profoundly, ,he lighting "I ''''' im. S'" q .... tion.
''''' ,'cry .oolidi'y of '0.: ..
p"""'lKe" of ,0.: object "'P"
invoking 11.>,10'1 "" ' ' '"'''plion. only to nega'.
Ih<;m. fo' s..,in. sh,>d,)Ws . nd ",o.rnons must be para
digm"ie ' ign, "f ,t.., ocn.. l. ,i"", by me.>n. of lighl l""r
""hly '" II><
01 . cone",t. cau,.,. Bu , in 1''''''1-')''
fond s~"w' .nd ",flection. wi.hout bod .... to
tn."" TI>e ca " ><-.ffec' ..."m",lon, link<d to ""ruin
"""'u.-.I .tti'udo"
light. i, Ihu. negal<d .nd w<> . ",
put in tho.' P'-" ".'lKe 01 a """1"'"",,",,,," wlle",in
ka,'. '>"Iy tho.' """ of their coneret. 6i"""",, IndO!, i.
i, only.,hort ,wP'o nOOnS Ih.1 in II.>zin', oyotem , cin
c"" " photug phy ("liSht-wrilmS") i. i""lf. """ing, ,
o/utdow, ",o.rnon, a nd then fond, m D",yo(s u,", 0I1;g""
de.,
M.,.,
'0 ,.riou.
Iov.",.,.he
is.,
"',..1
",..,,,,<d.
w.
,,,,i,,,,,,,,,,
"'w.'"
c."
obio-""
v........... ...
'"
u
ing ~"'''" "'.... vt;t< 'na,ur.1 ... itude,"
Bozin', ."urn"''''n of the sp'''''' . ..,mpor.1 continuum
be<:"""",. ,ubje<;t '" .,ill g",,'.r OI)'lis"< pLoy_ For I!.o"n'.
.... ,r."io<, 'he '1'"'"0 ":'thin .n.! """,Odo tn. fro"", is ...
.umed '0 be of ~; ""nc. hi. i'","" of
"""'''S''.
w " kh i. .. id to frall""'nt the. priori .patial continuum.

lI.l,in ignores ,he pos.ibility ,hoI .pace c. n be "'pre>ented
in cine"", if it had 00 """,]"- origin: tn., one can ron_
tru<t Il. build II up , h rougll oo""",.".orl<,
"rue'",,,,./,,,",,,
",~", . ~.
roiting .,und .on<! o,'er.1I

d'A'" pro,-O:I ..
cI.ssic i",t.""" 0/ , .... construction of on< oor! of di!lCOn'
~nuoo. 'f"<";
offer> a"",her. We moy _, for
.. ample, in lhe diU"",.oo opaque shot I.. ady notod, an
. ]lem ;v< '0 tr. ditional ""Y' of <kfining lhe pia"", w;,hin
' he f,..... ; ,"" 0"'1'1''''''';0" 0/ .kpth ""'-" (e,g .. rontour.nd
o",r\.op) ,..... loo .""h images op.o .... II), "Jlegib!e" ' to. con_
,ido,able .,,"""_ Indc'f."d, when 0"'Y'" d"""
u. a n
1'.",,,,,,
g'''''
i .... ge with . . . mblaTl' '" depth. it is u'u,lIy to dioloc.t.

u, furt~r: lor irm.""". t~ 01101 01 the doctor gIeding t~
vampire is f",ned from .n .n~l. that does "'" penni ' us to
diocem '~ doon.. y on ,he righ' <id '" 'IY' ,he doctor
"",m, be pulling ,he old wonun ",.igh' ou' of ,r." w.lf
(fig . 10) . F.w" """" j.m"g'''' ,ho juml>lo.'<l d~p'h ""'-'S in
the .hot of Groy . fter the ~ in g; he _m' to bo ...,.
,."'~ >ligh tly from .rove. but the rug.rnd floor bohlnd
him .nd his chai' wpe much m,,,,, .""'ply ' IYn tradi,ion.1
pe"pe<';,-. "'ouid .1I0w (fig. 11)
Furthermo,.." ,he imposi'ion "', "'SUiar gwm,,'ric 1", .
,,'m ""w," 'he ,.." of' en ",nM... , he 'pat;.,1 ",""ion ..,..
"nd.,), ,,, PU""Y gr.phio: "'"''' "'pe'i'ion .nd de"dopmen'
01 the grid I" ttcm
in window . . nd ,he mill age) ..,,!
til< rectangu", p.>".m (<<ho<d in ,he "",urring doo,w.y'
. nd <u'm;,...,ins in , he image< of ,he roffin.nd , he c. ge)
bu iid up """,' ure 0/ g,.phic motil. which domiN'e
,he ""'''' strictly . patiai "'''' '''no (figs. 12_ 15) . The inn.
'0
<""'-""
"
the dock>r'. I." , n,., <""'","Y, and n", "'ill ol'en .... ", w to..
..... independent Ioc ...... than .'o';"nt. 01. core of .b5.,an
ro"foguro,;"n . I, is, 'I><n, ohen diff"ull to mop ' h e. ~
",ith;" the frame .Iong the ooord ina'"" of our world; ",ha,
"
" '. "",,. i labpi"'h unrul ling in ><>rd with an . bnor
mallogX:. At ,hi. point. Ba, in would .. y t!>.>t [)n,y" ""
' ",,,,mbe<! to .. p""'ionim>." using IisMing and pu ...ly
g<ometric pottem. 10 d ioo"" the irn.S" from ,..,i ly,
w~ 'urn to more ,ub,1e 'p",;.,1 "","" unng in

ho"' ........ "'" fond. ,orpn ... f<>r 'he "''Y "'p",.
When
V_p)'"
'0
"",','io",,1 m ", which. occording

Bozin. guaran,..
1 .nd tempo ..1 <on'inuity. function here to
pr,~ly .he oppooi,o. The "",,-;ng <am,,, fn' one .hins.
i. supp<>SO!<l .o ,..,rily ,he "1",;.,1 homog"nei'y nI.""
p,o..,n,"" , 01 Renoi(. ",fr.ming ,,,,,hn,,,,, wh"h "",.
. """,," .I.e continuity 01 d,.m.l.i<
O..;n ~ 'M'
.he (,lm', ",iy.,.". C<t be<urne< off """'n ., w.n a. on
.......,n. 'ht ,he one is indi'Olubly 1"''' oI.he o.he, nd
.ha. <d<h exi,' .olong.o ";ngle continuum , mu' ually""'.
';'len' .~d "real," ("1he "''' nI .I.e OCffl<', whil< ell
!i,'ely hidden, ,Muld not ""...
Bu, in V"",I')I"
WT\",. rr,OV,"""nt permits no uniform "",.Ili')-," to
nil """"'n, G<rne is the 'tability 01 ''''' D"'l-'" table .... no.
camera edge. aw.y from cornpooi'ional col1""'""", , I'.",
1')1(' Cd"''''
5p.ace ",i,h no "ga,d
I", pl\e"""",,,,,i con'in ui'y.
Th. "'0" glating-a nd p" .. u i,'~- "", rnpl.o ...
,ho.. in ,,'hich 1'","1')1' fl.tly def ... ,he ."umrOOn. 01 "I""
t;.ol mlinuityofl """"'n. When D."id GRy .nter< ,he do<''''', nlf"", I""" fro .... kft, the c."",r. le"Ye> him to pan
ond
tight '0 ._her dOOl; Gra)' now ~ into ,l\e
framo from .ht right .nd exit. 'hrough the door (ft;>'. It.--IS), AImos, irnmed",ely ,he ... m" ell"", recurs' Gra y..,."
,he 1"'8.1<. ",Idie"-o madow.....,.. 'l\e 10<"" fmm ,I.e
right to loft but .he soIdieJ <ornes in to ;om it from """',
right (figs. 19-21), Aga"', in tlw d ..,~u. the
I"'n,
right from ,he non on ,he kf' .id. of ~n.' . bed .nd
f..""", ,n. old <ha.dAin ",ming to 'ho o,ho, oiod.; ,he nun
teente" ,he .h", olmosl immedi.lt<ly frQrn oIf fro".., righ'
(figo. 22_24).
The <1("", i. '" 'urn ofi'",,,,,,n o~ In' u ..... "" of un
ru in ,,"uo; we m u" k '"""'ghou' 'h~ ~Im ' W,", i,
'here>"' .nd "W_
i, he Q. she'" Fig....,. k.v. ,he ho"",
. nd ""'"~', ot un'''p'-ockod mom.n's; e......"." 'pring in k>
, ..... hot when w. had no idea ."". they we", "'en ""rbJ!,
R"'u"''''g '0 hi. =om, C y ,hul> 'he d""., ond ,he ,.m
era tr.d .. in to ,he door h.ndle Gr.y leave. ,he I,am<,
9u, h .. hand immedia""y "",n'" .. to 'wlo, ''''' key; ,,'e did
not "",liz< ,hat he wa. just ou,side ,h. frame line, Simi
larl)', ... hen the camera trddo righ' to Gl.ele "'king, "Why
d"", the doctor rome only., nigh''r' ,he old rnon .. nan' i.
walking.1 the
.s ,he <,mer. """"'. but jUst
outside ,h. left <'<Ige <>f ''''' f,. ...... (Only hi' .... rod gi,'"
him ...."y.1 A, one tim. '" .noth~. ~\"0' eho,oc,", ''''''''.
.h. , hadowy nlf ....""n
mad" po"ibl" by
'1", ..
creo'"
""'0'1'
'p.ac',
'0 .' is"")"
.xi,'
"""'erne",, (0"""""
'.ad
<0""'''
..,,,...peed
",i"."",
rmy.(, .-.p!oH.tion nlllIe . mbiguities 01 c.rner. mo',,'

me n!. This i. "ha'''''' re.n oftm "'nsed: the film's 01>..,..i,.., obIiqu ...... , i15 ref....1 to address .he "oction"
......:1.",,- If, ".., h.,,, _n. w< canno' finnly trust.he
'f"' reptmted "'i'hin .he fro""" "ill less can IV< f",,'
"""'''' .bou' ,t.. . pahal .. latirnu off .,,,.,,,n. Such is ,he
ron",!"."'" nI D"'Y~(' .... "'SY of di,m.m,'ing .ha. "yl'"
Ii<
",h"h p",",uPP""" . . . . ble 'I",io.tempoldl
mtinuum.
Thio unomain'y
off......,n .poe< i. initi.' ed f"""
,he \'00' .tan 01 ,hoe film, in which we find <ry>,.lIized ""' ..1 Qf V""'P!I'" <h.,,,,,,,, .... ie I.>ctic-. 01 'pa'ial dt.orien'a''''n oAfter ,he intrudoct."y htl< has n.unt'; CouTtempieJre
., ,he gcn<r. , local<. ,he 0p"ning . hot pans "ishlly wi.h
Groy a. ho .""end, from .he rh-er and 100.. upw.rd, cu' to
hot nI the angel figu .. "gains' ,he , ky and pan '0 the
.ign .onnoun<ing "Hotel." AI",ady G<>y" glonu. in
moth,.ting lhecut, "'" .[>Iit up ,he.p.ace in "'h"h ho and
,ho inn . ... ,i, ... ted. (Com!",,,, ,he d ...".1 Hnllywocid
pr_~ of beginning on ,0'1 esta bli,hinlliong , hot of
bu ilding. .nd letting the <h.,,,,,,,,, co"", into the . l.-.ady
d.flned 'pac") Tho .. ,wo ,hoto.ro ful .... w<>d by an .,..,,,
mo ~ probl=tic one: GRy i, kn<.><kinS.t the inn' , bo .
room door, bu, the co"",r. i, now i",Uk the inn .nd tracking
to",.r-d him , Not only do<> ,hi, ,hot alIDO .. ",,", ,he cam
",fu.. l '" "-",,,"in 0""luivoc,lIy inme or outsido a
clef""" 'pac< . bu, i, .Iso initia,.. tt.. p.tlern <>I _ing
Gr.y fr.mffi_ in doorway nd windo"... , on .t.oiKaoeo,
in.id. <olfln .
A, ClOy 'urn, to the righ', ""!l". ",hoi, .," w",uld hav.
. xp!d
0 ."',' <>I ,he inn', ~"eri<>r. Bu' f from
.l.1biliJ:ing .p.ace. ,he shot "'.,,,. rt. 5;"", Gray has tun><'<l
"10 head, w xp<"Ct 'hat tho n."t shot', panning """".
men' ocroo, ,he ron! Tep.-....n .. his po;n' of "o,w. Sut ,he
reve.l' nothing. n.. com imply
do"'n to 0
ligh.ed ",indo,,' juot., GIA)' en'e,,; the fro"", (no Ionge-r
hi' "poin' of ".,,,, ,) from ,he righ" He knock ,he wind",..., .nd the
gue' ""'. Ojf",r=n
(he ... t ""t
btllind ,he "",) is 'hus mar~ a> a site nllhe ....",t 'co"",.
We .uddonly hNr.~ ; '"Who', ,he..,?" We j ud~ i' to
be from lroc window we _, bu , w ..... w"""g, Gray
b.ockand looks up. Cu, back to the roof, 0""- ",hi<h ,'''' .:am
~ra Nd <"...,rily panned. to fe>"al a oort 01 trapdoor
""nduw.
0".,., a ''''''''''n', he..! poking oul. She S""tp"'" right, <aIls, "G<J around ''''' "'her ""y," and .hut.
,he
In u-..s. 'wo sI>ots. ,he camera rew.!ls it. c.poriI)-' f.,.- duphrity; ;, will "'" al,,'oY' suppl), cause, for
00
'YO"""
.bou'
.ta',
00'""",
'il"
.ho'
' lIh'
.p.ac.
".p<
""w
",i""',,,,.
clfuc,. (.he came,. will 001 SO inside tu "'...., "'hy '""

light wenl out) nor will it ",main "uboe",,,,n' 10 the n.ma t;""
(,he ' pp".r.",e 0/ th< """""'")
5hot ..,'en ... """, . h<>l fl,.." 1m
we ....., Cr.y am,
ing before dooll>er <100, of the inn. bul .gain from ,I><> In
By iumping bdckand forth from <>u"idelo in,ide.'he
film bIo<k. our . ,ternpl' to ""'P
t .... inn', .,'erior
!\""lIt.ph), (w .... '" ;. .he "other way" Gr.y mu,' t.k"n '"
,he intom.1
(how doe. the wOII\dn get down to the
<I""""oy 'l. Unliko.1>< ,l.lbk .pace 0/ the picture in Gray"
room, d""""'hc 'I"<" Iu, fluid bouM ...,.
'0" not
only organize wh.o. is within ,"" mme but . Iso imply -
dom,,,,,,,!
""w
,jJ"
.W""
"Y"'"
,lu,
""",.tUne. d""'rti,,,'y-wl\.a, I....
"",sld._
If the c. "",,. """" !"Hewed ''''' n.rr.';v <10m;"",,'. it

"""Id be . . ... , 'OT
I<>
Bu' II.< c.""',. INS""
ingll' adhe"" to th. stOTy often ffiQugh lot u, I<> rerognize
when it ,tray. oft on its own . In the ."snlt'"' introducing
,he doctor'. lair. for "",mpie. "'. hav I,,'ady "'-'en 00",'
, .... plot obfuliCa,.,. cau..,..,ffec, 'inkall'" in In. ;tory by . ' panding re1aIding elemen ... n.! org.lnizing mos' " I ,n.,
"'lV""n' .roun.! Gr.y'_ in,'e";g>tion. We can !'>O'" ,. ,,,
how ,n. c.mer. mo,,,,,,,,n' aid. in de"ying.n.! di"-,,n_
"""'ing story "",,,,,nce. No le"w ,han r".., 'i""", tn. camcr. mO\~ .way from figure.n.! slid", off on its "",n.
d_Ifing o n .... "..,.pherio:. . . Ie"",,, . . . nd giving
. hrift to the "rdin.l.tory poo", At one """""n' ,n. <.m_
" .. I"n' .w.y lrom ' he peg-leggtod
h}]Io;,'ing only
hi. >hodow, bef"", ",,..,Iing him t,l ~ ing to Ma<suori'"
Chortn. A' .notn.. poin', ,he com.". drilts . w.y I.nm
Gray to 'r.d . Iong w.1I 01 dancing .hadows bel"",
brielly glimp'ing Chopin .goin . In ,noln.r s),Q', wh,m
Gray emerS'" from a tr. pdoor. til< c.mer.
d"gun
.lIy .w.y lrom him ocros romn '0. Doct",rd. M/dk'.
u' 0<1,".1.
.hor'
>Old"".
0:0.0'"
'ign befo", . wi,-eling I-...c~ to re,.,.1 Gra)' .I,eady in the

"""' .... 0/ corridor lfog>. ~>-27). In,,,,.d 0/ cen' .'ing ""
,he domin.n, c ....
'he <.m" ... l'"'l""ntly mo,'",,,,,"':I'
from ,n.m . di"urbing our abili'y to grasp ""rWi," logic.
,O<,.""
Orron,iokr a tal.~ """lu,'''''' in lko.' film . When 'he 1_

01 ,he <>Id <h,,,,lain no ........ upon til. window, til. Wto,
.nd hi. I"-'S-Icgged ooI<1""_."I,,.n' t1o>o to ,I>< .... 11. The
oold." ''''os "ff ,,, ,n. right. tn.
panning with him,
.. 1-.. .t"'SS .... to upen. doo, (fig. 28). The
pan'
'W' y from him to II>< H, '0 ,,"h ,I>< doctor ru.hill.'\ into
.no1n.r room .nd s lamming ,he door behind him (ftg. 29).
light nd sh.>OOw. bu .., upon tn. doorpane (fog. 30). The
soId;"r """"'" into til. fr.me from lhe right.nd fr.nt'oc. lly
,,..,, to open thi< doo,. The",;' . ""I \>ack k> ,t.< n..king
loe . Tho< next ,hoi .... urnes .howing til. sold",", . tn-mpt
'0 en"" ''''' room ",he.. the doctor .. h;ding. flef.iI,.nd
00 "',...". l>.><~
fra"", righ' (fig. 31), but lhe cam" ..
d, ...... ' loIk>w him; i",,,,ad i, las"'n. it ttention upon the
d"", .s no'~ing ligh" slide 0<T00lf i,. W" might a..~me
now t .... , tt.. ooI<1ier haolel, tn. building. Abruptly. ca,,'_
ing "",nd i. h..rd .s ,he Wtor open. the door and ,"'-""
oul ink> I"" ronidar, tt.. c.mera panning right to follow
him (Ag. 32). n,., c.mer. trock> in ,t.. doctor opens the
door which tl>< KOIdier rouId not (ftg. 33). A d""'r is h<.ord
from ,,/I """"'n, ,t.. dock>rda ....... "'" of t"" I .."", left, and
""urn is "",. d. nw.. ;.. whip pan righ'. ",,,,,,]ing'
otai"", .. , ,n. soldier lying up'ide down upon it, d.ad (fig.
34). U....... k>
wha, coust."d the ooId., .... de.,h. or w .... ,
in t"" fin' room ,t.. doctor entered. In p" ying
h;';"-and- _ ~ "'ith lhe "ory, ,n. ca"",ra refu ... k> tr;ace
"'" ,he co u.. ) skin, k> chronicle "orr tinw. Of k> map oul
c,''''',,
ou'
"OX,"","
Ok>')'
'pa
.,k
c,""' ..
"
if eh ..ae"" ......,. . room, ""e mu>! ~ or h"" him or ne,
",.,-~ . w SSu","" that n .. c. m<ro will . lmost inv.riobly
. how 1"- ,tory'. d .. mat.c dominont. 8u, in \~'"PY' the
"",,-ing c."",,. .ttcvnds (m ly intenniUently '" tlw story.
The corn.,,. is th us mode.n j~"",1 factor in the fIlm;
n.IT.li", time .00 ' f""" or. no longer slued to came..-.
"me ,nd .pace . Out of.he cau .. llogic of the ",,,. h,'e, , ....
c.m,,,. cont'''''' i ..,11 to '<'gistO'ing only """.in cff.,,, .. 1"' " 0: , . 1>;""",., 0' ~".'h, Slut')' ti me i , ~. h b<' ,"ol y
. 'retched, retard! ; the came" ",,~. l ,
it> cho>en
r.' "_ And OU' of.he story s pace. ,he frame caIV"" its own
"ploI:" SO"""""" f,r ",mo,-oo from the dramatic domi
nant. If VomWr can be con.idered a "",;0,- fIlm. it i, """.u..
of D",y"" mxk",.nd ing th. t ,he c.mero ne-ed no! be
."Moerv;"n. to n. fT.ti", ,"",,"lity. that tl>e fil m ""' y for. grou nd ,he .ctj". role '" the c. mer. in ron,titu!;"'g .nd
queo,;oni ng cinematic .pace." If. ,gain, ",m<en<
.,..,,,10.1
The s ignihc.nce 0/ ,uch c.""".",or' i, con.iderobk

CIa"ic.] HoUy....ood cinema h., encouraged u. '0 "'" .he
c."",,. ., moti,'.t,'CI by the cduse-. ffect chain of the >lory,
The.." for =mrle, d ch.r..... ' . chang< in pooit"'" my,t
either be (ledrly . hown or che.ted" ";" editing or ",uoo:
prot"",.
...
........
v~,
most importa nt ,;re"". _ e,g . I''''' Heloing. diocow ry .lIat

DroKu!> <a", no ",f1echon in a mirror_ de!",nd upon a
m " ,i.,on. """""graphic 'i""""
",,,,,,e,,'
P,'rh' r> ,t.. """t ,tnking

0/ ,~"'W"', ea"",,,,
oKtil'ily ,".:mrs when Lo'one i. t>rou!;ht in '" the eh.teou
af'e r Chop in" a tt.K~ upon her. Gil' n th.lt Ore)'r u"'" on
;>< t",, 1 building for .homing. the complexit) of the
,p" "'1 oJis."'''''''n, tomporal ambiguity 00 Jeo..'Ction 0/
' I"'<tat<." all"",.,,, i. alt the """', ",,,,..""ble
Fig. 35, n.. s oo' ""gin. wHh """,,' 0/ the dooble window' 0/ the ellateau llall,,'ay. Outside the nurse
. nd the ma"",,,,.n' are dimly visible bearing
1..<0..... bod)'. A ",rv. nt flits into the frame from
the nght otld ,he c."", .. trae" ""micircul.rly
..-ttw. rd ",i,h her.
Fig. 36, C<>n~nu;ng i.. leftw.rd circuit, the cam<rd follow.
,he s.""ont .. . he 0l"'n, th" F",nch d""n a nd be
.hot'.
"
th .. ".,," >tytb,i( pmbk", . ...' inS ....>d ..,,,. to . he h",.... r

sen .. . 0 ......... "' 11",," h> <ho.,,,'
the <t."ic.t ho.,,,,,, fit'"
i; '. p"...n'.'M..... lly ",heren' . Broll'ni ng', film ,,"' IW m i.
u, .I:.",t
in f""', "", oy of
I".d,
,h",
",,,,.ti,'O 'pM.,
D""",,',
a"" 10 en"r,
<""ti""",
n.. c.""' .. 1."", ,he .."".n'

mo,'.
.nd
to
Lef!w. rd, ","U\g more wind"wI a nd a pillar bel"", Iraming a double door,
f'g , J7: Th<> doul>lo: d",,,. cmpha.izl by the " ..,lion 01
mo"""",,,,,
lhe ""rrurirarl.r
i, ""pt cen ter framc
" 'hi'" the ca,....,,, now l!dc\;, bod /rom it. Such .., pha.is
'no ."p""I.1"on th.t so""""",
_pmbably t""'" beoring Lk>ne-wlll rom.
tI''''"gh i ., Bu' ,uch is "'" ,he ca .. ,
fig, 38: I'the",., fig"""' 35---37 ha, .. inleS"'''''' Idleral
<>If"""""n .pace "'''' the visual .,pIot." flgu","
33-39 now pull '" lhe 'pac< "",ind lhe c.mera
" ... 11, As .he troc\; t.>ck,,.rd conn,,_. tn. old
..." 'i. nt wonun bu ....... in frame I<ft (from where
we do not know), wme. down the rorridor a
shon d i"anc<, .nd move> a chair away from the
right wan. Now lhe nur .. and the old marue",ant
entcr frame right .nd, with the old woman, carry
Lklne', body down lhe Nil. n.. rumuLob "" di,_
o""n,..ion flow. from " ..".1 deflected c,' pc.",
tbn. , Al finl, we m ight expect lhal the camer.
will <l.y with ,he """..an l girl, bu' it in, .. >v. n'
SO"""'''''
-,
'urn,
fig . J9, TI,. c."",,, contin ue. ;ts rue\;word tr.>e king
'hrough an .><ljoin ing room, .. ill . ""ping the
S'OUP ",nlered, u,""lIy fr.med in 'u"",,,..
d,,,,,,,,.y.
Fig", -We D"wing rud throogh > do,,,,,,>)". tI", ",,,,,,,.
paM oway from the group to ",,, 1 G .. y a nd
Gio<lo on the ".i",... , ,,'atching, W. did oot
k"",,' for ce .... in 'ha' ,he)" wc'" in the eh.,.,u, 101
.Ivn< 0"' ,tIc ".i" AII"';n. lhe)' '"'0'" pari <tI tha,
global ' f"'" b<hind .""
but ,,"""n '" how
they got the", ;" """,,,.in .
['g, ;!: AilOr the ,.",'.nts c.rry Lk>n~
and oot
fran", idt, G;.i,lo foHow.o Gra}' he""' t.,. and
the" gu... d""," ,t.., <to;r. ''''' <.m<: .. I"nn;ng
ngM '0 follow h;m as "" SOX" b.>c~ ;" '0 'he ro<""
."d (.,u.lly , hu" ''''' door u"
S;"".o fillu 37,
th" ...".,.;dor Iu. be... " tno prin<i1"'1 ''''''''' <>I OUr
~".pins tl><! .,,,')' '1""'0, ."d ... "" Oor "i,"", i,
btu"1""ly <urt.iW; .flO' no 1.""01 th.n fi'"
ghmps<. of . nd ' hrough doo",'.}". tl><! .hot end'
"PO" , door." bI.nkly unoommunitaHI"" the
I"'ir whith .""ml!lO impo,"'n' ",rlier,
c,""','.
"PS'"''
u"
I""
long "'.., .nd the IIKn'ing tamAccording to !lazin.

otat>iliz. 'pac<, 6ut in 'hi' .hot. " In the "' h,.... I'y"
diocu<oed, Ihe c.me .. ronc<.l,
.nd d"r.><te ..
",he",aoou". Writing of Ei.., "SI,."in'. liting ;n I",,, II" TtTribk, Noel Bo",h .. totely ob>e", .. Ihot the liting hte,"Uy
ron.truct. 'he ,pac", "W. 00 long<:' ha,'e any ..,rue <>I.
' Um>unding 'f"'" ,,,,oo,,,,'<! "'ith ;nd0p"ndent ""istence
[mID whith ""I""nc<
h """",,,,,,", ",,,n ox
rerptl, Rot"''T , ,w~ ""'. setting th i;tiw .um t"", 1of
all the p""pecti,... of it embodloJ in the ,,,,,,,,,,,,iw
...." . ," .. Vo."Pl" demon"'at lhal 'hi< '.ltne obl iter.'ion
of prof,lmic .paco <.n ou' in Itt., pha ..... of ingl< .hot;
out 1)/ . ",.1 building ,he c."",ra 0'\01'0""'''' Iu. <,,,cd
p"rpk><ing 'pac<. The c. "",.. <. n no 1008"r to..;t
will >upp"''' ioform."ion. >w."... w')" from the ,lory act""'. and al time. load u. o"ray. Wlut more forcef ol w.y to
ondc,.,u ..., 1I.>'.in;"o "na'ura l .ltilude" t ha n 10 uS< hi.
pri,<ii<1!'--J t'''h niq_ '" obliterate t lw \'Ory profilmit ",'cnt
~'hith ,...,.., techniqu", claim to "'p"""n'l
It is, fin.I I), in tlw light of .u<h co"",rawor,
"'~
may "'!'I>in the disturbing dft'<t of tlut ,,",bro tl episode
in Cr>y. d",.m "'""",i,, Crays doul>lo: , in ,he coffin.
"'oklK.. , fro".",. hi, own /u"" .. I. Fur ,he rorl',;'l . . yn'~'"
in Ih i, "'lLl<nce 00"" til< device not only of G .. y> point
of view bu t .1", 0/ the film'. v~ry ad 01 ro ... tfUeting >pac~
Through lhe "';ndo", of lhe rofftn we (and Gra y)..,., ,he
ot.
>"""
""hots
,,,,.ted:
'h_'
"",d;'" ~.,,< ;ng down .. u" ,""". looIl."onu,g the ro!fin

lid d"w ... . nd '''''n - .b'''pU)'- Ih< foc. 1)/ M' 'll''''rile
Chop;n 'PI""" . nd
down _, u' (fig. 4~J_ ltl", .,
throughout the Him we "'...e no! b<ffi . bIe to d<>1ennhW
conf""",,"y woo is
ou loid. the trame, we
hod
no ide. ,lui Chopin wa, .""" in the room. n.. _.11 ... in_
Jo'" 0/ lhe roW n. ,I>< fr."", lor G .. y" vi. ion. d,,,,,i,,,,y
domon ..... ' ..
lim; t " ~ ,n, of 11.1<1,, ', "window on thE
world:' 0""
in this oequonce 0
of d.",;cal "'p"'''''''''.''' """If. Though he 0"' in deocrirtioo .
Ba""", mok" ,...,;.fut , uAA""ion in .his "'lI-'rd:
Ilt.alr<. in ,"" cmmu., i" IT"}".,,,.I 1,lm 'urr.
rllinS r< . lu"Y' >t<"tI from
H"" Uy"'~
,II, gtom"'iozl fo.nJ.,,,,,, of
ft"si!;,1
'"'''it<' I, "'Iul.,.j '" cui "'" ,II< ,1IIoIN~ . .. , In o..x. for
''I""",r., ..n 10 lot ,,,,H~ ""11 of ~,ig,"
'X(rnI it>
!I,,,,,,,lric.1
"'Hhou. ''''';"g
bt
I'ric< I/UI'
F",d os """'"0.' _"" b
1'''''''
p"",,,n'
t""
c.l""''''
'" ',I,
',1,
fr"..,
""J>oI'"'"
""'""'''"'''ro.
"","",,'""",1:
".1""
m." "'
.,uI
10 "1''''''''''"1'''''.
',I,"
&0,,,_'" D.'Y"'"
(II""", """.."
V,mpy" ... ",..,d ""i~1$ 0"'. tloc

fr-r 00u" /0 <=<lrry ,,,,,,,li"S wha' ,he
dedd md" ...... : .urn " III, nlrmr' li.. il.1 u.,kh "I'''''
""I.,,,,,, ;, oo l) ; IN "...-1.",' "'" "" limll" I.b "P
""Y I""W"" , fo' In- ","0.>1 w.li/li II;' '!I' ",illl lin- ,Io<rl
"'" of ,II, ""'" ""'"' III, lobi"," II.. "" ""i", of drpo,.
'"l'I"rI, il 8"1"" "",","
Thoush C ro)". ")""'" in 10<1 01"' " (""'""lu'li"~ I'" ",1<'
d wi'"" .. w~;,-" he 110. pl.),"'! throus""ut), llart~' .
p"odo. i. not lost: ,.., ""'ing bu, dN d , ubjfft i. the "",.
trad"tor)i lim i' 01 'M' "'pren,.,.,,,,,l sy"om w hic ~
",b~ize, 'I"'" '''lUM ,.., pi"'" poin' 0/ ,he "",",,,..,r,
AM i' i. pred. d y ,h .. "ab;I;,y ,,'h;,-h D",y"r "",Ie< '"
uMenn;"".
If i' ; ' 'hreush ' I"-'Cif", del'""" 0/ ,'<I;';n8 .nd c.me ..
wo,k 1M' Vo ..""
aM . ubwn. 'he phellOO'lenal
con,inu um 01 trod ihot1d 1cinem.lIic "'pre",n,.,.,n. we can
fiM a _ r
which we/I iliu",.... ,he cumw,,
I""" ""
In"""'"
11<8""'"'
!i,"" io1<e ol .u ,....... "",.n, w"oong toge,her. Abou, 'we.-
thllib "I' ,n., way thmugh ,he rum. C<>y hoo. a1"",-"n..,,,'. n l '''',ken, him : "Some' hing remNe ;. h ' pp"";ng~' The "",n look "II ..It (fig. 43)
The .. follow clooe---up of the top 0/ Uone. I><-ad; ,I><came .. then pan. right to the poi""n
(fig, -I4J. Hor
.... nd e~ in frum til< !eft. eJutcr..s , .. bottI<, ,nd c~ ....."
it l>.>ck (pan left!. ".t o( tl>< fni"" (pre.umably to her mouth.
bu, . , in the doo'woy shot. the camera pu" the <hid
d,,""tic.o:t>Jn .. ff
ca nnot ~""w if "r ",hen ,n.,
",iU take ,h. poisonJ. M""",,'er, the cut from the two
men', g/anc .. may _m to imply they.", w.t<:hing her.
but-si\'~n the S""S .. phy .rticul.,ed in ... ,1"" ,hot, -1I,.
<ut
'pdt;"1 mi""'teh. 'The ""'" shot continu .. to
dwntegr'to 'I'""". In a .-dium Icmg ,hot, 'ho dO<1or
" un'e,", Int... ' h. b.droom lrom 'h~ m.ln
1001<$
ofl '0 ,he ~ght, .nd ".Imly """'cs Ief, tow.rd. U<me", bed
(fog. 45), A moment I.ter C",y bu.-" in from IT'me right
(fig. 46) , au, ,I><- homing 0/ the ,hot m<~l' tho ",ason'
for C,.y, delay .nd his pooit"'n prior to the doctor', entra"", (CSI"""lly ,;"'" ,he lOOm ;n "'h"h C"y wa. ~p_
ing "'Wid ~ QIt Ir' "", 14'). Thf " (l>~'. !"n~ wit h C roy.~
ho dirt, tu ,t." b<J, -.;_ the poison f""" LOOn<, . nd
"'ip.. h,, lips, Abrup1I)' 'he ca""," p.>ns right to "" ,.,01
'ho "pen ,jo"rw. y a. 'he "",', n l 'rud~ in hum 011 rig" "
during ,he moment Groy ,,'ent to Uone ', bed, the doctor
eocaped . W"n
~
d""" adhere to ,he prindpdl
story ",",ven",n' (wil1lk<>n< be ..,'ed'i it mi, .. , ."",11<,
'ignj(;"an' ""'ion.
bo,,"
..-.-..n; w,
,,,to,.
""""'nc<,
,I>. ......,.
Thus ,i", unifK'<l 'poc. of to. d""h""d pi<tu", wn.,h

hung in G r.y. room find, it. oppooile in til< f"S""' n 'a.
lion 0( th .. d thb.d ""l\lffiCe, !n tt-..- pict"",. tt-..- """"m_
'm, til< pri<->t, e-'en De.th a nd til< ,ufk-"" inh.l"'
eio>ed, centripe .. l continuum wlt"h til< e~""'" runfid''TIIl)' ,,,,,,,,..,.. Bu' Uo"", 'II< .1<><' ",", G,ay, and ,he
",.n>e"... "t """'c 'h"'"Sh ."'big~o"" ope" <on,,>. 'J"h.:,
mooemily of the (,!m' , ,trategy b<:com .. ' Pf"",nt when
0""' "",.ll. ho", th., ricture in ClOy'. room i, ",,"""d 'hi, 'y
ye~ .. tater in ,II< poin,Ie .. ly l"",i", mar> whiclt d""",.te
tt-..- 'f" in l'Mo dmtim t! h-Ia,,,,,,h>:i . nd which "" ron_
t",J_ by .;tyle of I iting .nd "''''''''"...". , lu i do
.. roy. the ,ep~n"hon of pll<nomenal .poce.nd tim~ .
In ,hooe ."''' wh",h show. ch.,"""", in one 1oc.1e .nd in
0"'" co.'u""" .nd ",h ich troKk a"'ay to ,ew. 1 til< so....,
ehoo,..,.., oIww""'e . nd d ,.,.>e<I diffe",ntly. Res"';, pur'''''' thoo, Ii"" ttl' inquiry opened by
The d~otltbed '"'I~, by no me~n' " xceplional in 'ho
film, d"". oond"'ly ilIu""", how \'''"'''''' u""" CIu<,",ul tinS, poin,-o/_view editing. fog"", pla<=>ent. ligh'ing, . n<!
,,,,;ocherously unpr<lO:1.aNe e.une .. movemen' ' 0 con _
st""". 'ro<" ",hie" disorient, u. "'i'h respe<t ' 0 ,he n."._
ti"., A. in 1_", d','.", the continuity pri<od by classical
Hollywood cine"", i. ""kod open by a to"",,1 'y,lem
wh",h <>per., by . princip'" of cont,adict",n
V"",,,,, .
N ARRATIV E RECOIL
I~,"""r'.
di(f",ul,nes" 'hen. , tem, from . "megy of .uppro,.ing <au ..1 own" in to. story ond ronitructing
spatio-temporal field which de,il, .. from lhal of , .. slOTy
..",nn. It th .. ",e...11, though, V" ..""' would "" a much
"'me un",,,,h.Ne film 'h.m it ... 'The f......, Iha t it i. not
rompletely im~bIe. ,h., "'. can gr .. p it to ..,me de_
g...., . uU",,, 1"" , ".~ "..,d to 110"'" ou, earl"" effon.
and ron~~' how 'he fil""s difro<ult"" ore coun'ored by
structures of intelligibility. No' ,ha, ,he film', o"~"U
<ronomy 0/ fo""-,,, or...,. the disturbing off""" of til< devi< h.,.dy discu"-O<! . In" ... d, toke I""'"' J 'An:, V.... py,
Mm<'S><'S i" d;' iunctiono. o'g.>nLting ,hem in certain
""y. M.,., 8""",.,1); '~i. con,i". of const.-uing ".,...ti,."
patterns in til< plot it..it ",h"h P<>S'~ OU' q ... stions
.b.,ut the ",I .. ion,hip of plot to "ory. The in'dlisibili'y of
, .. film it,-"''' from cohe",,,' plo' ...-uu",' whi<h _ ~ to
override ,he 'roubling "pe<I<. This is the fil m ', recoil. it.
etton 10 organi,... i" own di'rup'ion"
Abs""""ly co,,-,iJen.-.l , Ill< pic" p"""n" lhe "ruggie
bc'",-"n t;vu to",e. fOT ,n. f'OSS<'S'~>n (>/ On ~ . Thf
obje<:t i. til< young ,,"om. n !.<one . On til< one ,ide .. ,he
'. "'pi,., Ma'S""rite ChOpin, wI"" d .. ires Uon~' . d~. 'h :
"n 'he ",n,, >id~" Ikm.', I.'her, "'ho d,.. h",
Ii,"". ';""h .oJe is s uppk"'~""'<l by . clus", ' of """""pher.:
'ndk<". ot>;<-< ... . nd "",",Ie" ClOpin" powe, I> ."""" .. ted
with nigh' , . hadow" ,k"lI poi>on hottle>; . he IIokl<
, ,,,ay ""Of tll< d<'<"'pit ",,"'ltouS(>, 'The f. tho,'. power i;
as>odored with light ond day, "'ith condie> and til< boo!<
\"""'''''''' h .. mil;"u .. the chate.u, Th. ,truggle hetween
,he f.,lI< r and Chopin i. determinod by ,II< oppooition
li/<.'<kolh. T .. film offers . .. rio. 0/ v.,i.,n" upon ,he
parod",i<.' ' """'" of "o..'h in l if",'UI.> in De.,h" 'h, I;'"
'"H I h~ ( .g __ C;s.\10 dnd C"y); '''d;'';ng Ji< ('h. I;,h." ,h,
'ha'.1-o:
,.
VMfI't'll
coachman, ,I>< doc1oJ); mo"-"Owr, tir< d<>rJ im. (Chorin ini

,Lollr.nd ,I>< 1.,1><., ., pecl'" .'Ihe end);.nd ,'" dtIJJ
di< {Crn'pin . ' ,I>. ,ndl. Chnpin. f'J'i"--d .. d~dd . i, "",u'
.lIy h'inS . "d mus'''' "bn.ughl oo.:k ,,, dOd.h: In "",.
t,.. t, 11,.. I.tl>., i. ki11l, but is brought oo.:k to lif. E, peciaUy imporunt i, tl>< ".Y in which "'"en lwo definitoly
"li'inS" ch.,'"""' .... ", pulled inl<> 'hi' zo,.., of u",""".in,y.
Uone, 'hour,h .live ," .hrour,hout tl>< ftlm on ,he brink of
d,n, And . f"" C'.y, bl"od.,tlins. he . pli" in lO ,h,.,..
boo.Iw. .nd ..... """ ""~ is ,""". ",d in 0 coffin, h< i, 'imult. """",ly ~n in de"h ond ful ly ",nh"nt. Ind~. the
<omn.mbo.,hstic . hy,hm of S"stu .. . nd w.l' of "'~'
eh ..",,~, implw.. "."",Iike ... ~ h,lf,,. y bMw..,n lhe liv
ing .-.d lhe dodd,
A,," lrom ,he 'ymme.rical "I'l""'ilion> .-.d 1"'"11.1,,
lhe 1 1>< 00 C hopin sh.."o Q"" h>alu"" both oper.le by
me. n, oI'he .~. <. u"' , For ,he bu lk of the film," "'.
would ""I""'t, Chorin is _11 .. Ih~ domi,.",t ~ nt<r of
such .n . t.lenc. , "irtu.lly .1IIh~ enigmo; "",n"'ned abo,"
'" . , _ioted with her po"""'. It;. .ignifoc.nt, howo,-cr,
I.... t Ih~ la,he, i, inlroduced a, h.ving , im ila. po"'."" h. i,
able.o di"ine GlOy" p~nce .nd to en"'. locked f<nns
iI. tll<.1lIl vi ,h~ film .....,"""'.~
j,w"r ,~t1lffi' lrom
lhe dedd . , spect",. Whot we ha,"", 'hen. is ... ruggle
be''''""n
~, _ the dea,h_prindpl< .nd 'he lit.,prir>eiple_ oolh "r ",hlch .r< ...,n " ;"""p'lc>ble, fOot<-d in
lhe .!>sene< or '""00<
Th..., ''''0 I"..,.,.. each _Iring '0 f'OO!<"S' '--e, n<>Ver
~t d i"",uy; iI i. 'heir i"t<-""""i.>~ ",ho ",.. h. Chorin
opera"" through til< docour .nd ,be peg-legged ooIdler.
..... hile ,he "Ihc." ""rved by o.,"id G y. lhe "h .. ",," ..,._
,'.n', ,00 hi' .!:our,hle. Gi ..le, (A. we .hall _ . II", ~ ... t
"-,,OOn 0/ ,he film i. occupk-d wilh .... "bli,hing .he", in_
1<"fItl<'d .. _ OS .lOCh by .. it< ted ",chon!!",, ) A, the 00'
i<"<' d.-oir.-d, l-o'o..n. "'main< ~ victim Ihrougr.o.,t, bu, al
~ rtoin point' he. function is .1>0 "distoibu~d" to Gi>ei<
. nd G y, The '"'Iuivolomo " f the two ,;,t<-rs a.. ca",
fu lly .... blish"d : till. introduc". them .s pair
CHe", , ..
the tw" d.ush~"''');'.-.d the I"he. visi"
each of them in turn. N"",'he end of the f~m, moreove,.
wll<n the doc,o. no, 1.iJ<"J to ,uW". Uo"", h. <'ptureo
Gi..1e in he. p).,o, . nd now "",h d.ur,hte. i. oeen in bed
as.t the beginning (oo.t now Gi""le i. 0 rol""",r .. ,heel '0.
bed,te.d), finally, the lifting 01 the 'u"'" hom !.<'one is
f'dr.lleled by G .. y' "''''''''' 01 Gi"le lrom the doctoi, !.>i .
GlOY i, . 00 briefly '"'Iua.ed with !.<'one, .nd this more
,n.
''''0
Ii,,,
w.
g<adu. 1 shil' i<. OS

sholl "". below, crud.1l to muc h of
hi,lIme'io" in the plot.
Vo",I"1'" plot. 'I><n. I!""",a..,. . pecific I""~"" of ""'ion, one being ,he c.",lul ' y"''''''tri<s of "pposed 10"'.0,
"'"",he, .uc h pa''''''' is P"'II""<"'" 'ow.nI ronlronl ing 'hi> stat. of d lh . At ,hi> "ort ,,{.he film, ,wiligh' is
lolling .nd Gro~ ."""un"'" "".-;.; of d th POrlffi".
Lot". Groy witne ... , 0 de.lh (.he eh ... lo in's). ",ilne... ,
bleeding .nd ,low dying (Uo",,',) nd is him ..lf bled.
Ne,,'. in dre.m "is""'. he ,.,." hi.....,.f dead. lhen "-'eO
do.'h ".hrour,h a rorpse', oy"': ' Ho i. "' ''on to be buried,
f<"CO)..,red lrom his vi..."" he ",it"....." one in"'omenl
(Chopin'I . A, lhe end. wo "'ilno... notho. bUri.l1 (Ihe doctor'. d"'lh in the mill). Only .tter .he fi'm h .., "" to ,,,,,.Ir.
UMilhrooSh the ."'Ie of d"",h doe. the .un ri", '0 d .. ",,11
'I>< S~""". Thy , ,he plot , ubtnito Gr.y (and ,I>< ,.,,,..,,, ' 0
the .,.jt<,'Y uf pn."'..",i."'""dyiI1S. dc.lh'bu .... l. But n<n'
ning .lonS-id. the""
i "" ...... of eom .... n .. .-;.;,
.u,hori .. ,i,'. intelli8""'. linki ng tl>< .ction' and guiding
our unde .. "'.-.ding .
We c.n..", the film a, lalling into 'h"", l"'rt, . P." one
"""i". 01 G.ay_ im'e>1igalion of , he inn, the I.,her'. , .. it
to hi,
Gr.)", in"e,tig.tion ol.ho do<l<>r', !oir. and
lhe m",def 0/ the f.ther. P.rt ...... 0 oomi.t, 01 Marsuerile
Chop;n, .11ael< on l.&>n<, Lro",,, gn-edy <Qnlc-mp'''l<m
of Gi"'''', the ",'urn of the do..J c~hman. the d"""",
blding of Gr,y. nd lhe a''''mpt
poi""n I.e"'m .
Ih .... is """poi,.,d 01 ,he Ii"" d.um. Gray'. ,h",. "i"g of
'he poisonin);. ,he ""'o.-.d d ... m, the ".king 01 Chorin,
lhe de.th of til< peg-legg<><! ooIdier, ,10< """ue 01 Gi .. i< by
Gr.y. nd the de .. h of 'he docl<>' in ,he milt. Why'lles<
di"i,i...n.? Although 'here are nol "way. d".'-CUI .patiol
uni", '"~ c.n find.,
0""' "'mp"rat iU"if",,,,,,,, .nd
.wo c."", 10",,". Fi"t, .h ....
dominate ,10< chain of
action" By thl> . od 0/ 'he
1"''' . 11 the m.jo. ch K"''''
........ ""'n inl.woe.d, th~ initiol <o.n~ic' has ""'n .... bIi'hed nd til< domi... n, pr,*"t (wing Uone lrom
poi""') has be<>n p"," nted; 'h ~ oeomJ "" trae". the at
,ad"" Uon.- un,il ;1 """,,he. it, higll<>' pitch, culminaling
in ,he P"'l"'red poi,,,,,,ng; , be third f'd" re,'."", lhe con
mct .nd """h.." 'h~ ""tion with .he d lh> of Chorin. ,he
""klier, .nd the doetor. More impo""nt, ho"'""",, th"
con"en,,,, ...1 dfuJ"I'"g< of the oction i. reinlor<od by 'wo
idiooyncrotic stra'egie-5, F", 0"" 'hing, NOh l"''' Ju. its
chOf.oct<ri.tic motif: in p ... one, the molil is Ih .. 0/ !fh';"g
in
f<J. Iryol",; in 1"''' 'wo, iI i, .ha. of 101M!
""""n,
on
""'Ill.
'0
Ie,,,
".!!'"
fl",
"" "*"
<""""S<
r."
V,..,""R
i"g; in pa'IIII",,", il i,bu'''I, n ...... motif, ~ to du,,,,,, '"
in ea<h "8"",n, and no' to "",m in ",h "'Sm<:n"
This parti;"n i, fut1~ dk,.t<d by insertion. (>f embt>d ding' "'i'hin ,he film, r.rt on< i. charoct.ri>.t>d by the p"""
ence of ",,?J.nak"), in",,,i,l.. out.'<I. the no ITative, in p.>rI
',,"0 ,he"" materi.1r. h,,,.e ,'.ni,he<!, 10 [,., . . plare;l by the
""......,I;" .,.Uy "",.;,'.,0<1 in ..... of paSS'S'" from the
book II"",W"'; in pari 'h"", "" find n.ither lit .... nvr ~",
but inste ..! embedded dream', wh.,11 play a n>k ,;m;l" to
that 0/ the other in""ned materi.1] ...... " ... t,.""", the ..
th"", pa rt ., .,. ,moll ,,"'" the multiple roles of G .. y
explore, a nd ~ri>"", ",oJ" "f ,he p",phet;c WON .nd
dreamer who berom<>, prophet.
TITLE , :
><"<",'e
Put 0""
G,a), rriv.lat the in n initi" ....w ..1.igniflCan' ."ent>,
but ,,'en ["'f"", he w al ~ ' into the film, ,he fint 0/ foor in _
'el1;<I.. ha, already appeared . We neM to notice oow odd
it " that ...... nd film u .... . ueh explana.ory in .. rb. T hey
(",,,,,;,,,, ao; a major ,." of form.ol device, in ,hi. "",;on of
II"",P!I" H",,' do trw,;tles ",Ia",." ,he plo .....",' H.", i< a
!lChem.ltic outline.
TffiE 1: nr... ",W _.in brinll' "-'""" I~ """ Irl by
iwoi5ib~ bood, to .11, ..."""ot"14I. TIqo "'" soI;'wi< . .. Thty J""", .
1]u;, ;"'gmol"" ;, Jr-
",Ior<"d /0 ' "'"
pamlllllll Ilttir v;, .... """"" foo"

o..c'id C"'l'"
,"'t of """I 0111.>",,,",

1ItI><)Ihl!,'!i u.,. til", "'Y"<riau,
Iitn than <10
0".. night,
l" mI '" .",oJ by fim'.'y ""'~nllhe .N"""""', '"

" mv..I <"']I 101,., IJ... ;.n ",II,," .. by In.: ritYr '"
til, oillag< of Co.,/nr,pim-<,
G'.~ en'",,, ,he inn, 11"'" to hi' room, ..... , '" in,-estiB-'te
the inn, . n~
to h;o ,,>Om
TITLE 2: W..t. u""d""" .iglt!! ~""!I'"mg "'"""" "" "",I,
"n" .... /, F ,Io'ti< -U''''' Y"''W OOim -DmjJ
G"'l' ... "tim!, bul" I""'pll,,, iadtn U'''" "'Y"
'''11
h ....
C"y i. ''''0''''''''<1 . nd "i. ;"'<1 by ,he old cha telain, "',"1
",,,.,,, 'I><:
p-'m>1
TITU J J, ,his. pM"'_? Is il. dr",,,,i Wo"ld it Nol bt
in,rt/ ",,"' 1"" ,,,,,'u,," _ins his II.>lpl
G'.~
,he inn and is led by . sprite to the docto.-.
Ia;,. 11><", [,., ...'" the . haJow., Chopin, .nd the Joctor
Alte , C" y "'''.s, Chop;n &,."" ,he doctor. bmtle of poi
...,n /(" lku" . G ",y _,.
mo", 'pri'e,
""urn,
'''l''
"""t"
,,,,,It
"'.v
''''0
HI
l)Q,ojJ C"'l' foIiIJw5 III< "'~,..,..,.. ~""~ u'iao ItoII

him"'. clnn'ng_w""" _ g 110, Irm ~.
Iorn-Iy
"""ltd" _..."" ,.,frum I... tru,/d, lit.- I... ,""
a."ghlm of jilt """',"".,, ",." "h<>" Msf'"'l'tc >r>-
p"'1 """Itru Oot,jJ C"'l'

The old cha t.l.in look< in on hi' d.ughteB, Gr.y orr;'..,. at
the d,"e.u, w it""' ... ''"' murder of the chatel. in, .nJ
. ummono ""J p. TI><: ch.t.t.;" d"".
\\'N' do ,hese ;nlc'htl.... <it,> C ~"""*Vally, tl1<)' "'8-
""'0'
''''' ""';'" r,,,t port, sand wiching _II ""I""nce of
oction. , Temporally, they cover ellip>e. in story dura'ion ,
Logkally, ,hey mark ,he "'lI" n;..,'"", 01 t lw plot, fuf\'gn;IU"Jing tlw Pn)t.ogo";'ll"D.,id Croy") .nd the <Iom ;""ot octi"" Sluence (the plight of.he old chatelain and
hi< d.ughterS). P'Y"hoiogbily, they '"ppl.nt the enti",
m.ntal ~ pp tu. of 1"" cla".,. 1 cinema; the ",",""ntmg
0/ "",n" prior to the narr./i,'e'. opening .nd ,he char..,..
psychologinl moti,'";on.,,, aboorbed by 1he in"'''i
' Ics. (Gray ,. """ is 0 psychic ,.buLl , ... .)
M"st ....iking. 'oough, ;. U.. p",pr..1" 1"-'''''''' of U.,.
titl",: they predkt wnal " ... will..,. next, 'The tit'" con_
.h,u", an independent \'Ok e whkh con,roI. the f~m ' . unrol_
Ii"g. ThO. ,'Vic< ca n P"'''''"''"''' go"",.1
,r!icu.
til<
.~ 'II< P"'''gon"t, gu""" 0,,,
o/.he fit",'. 0<1ion, _ '"It primory pO." ""lu" "",,, ( .g.,
tit'" 4 ",mind. u, 01 the ok! chat.Ia;,,, function), h 'n<f<>. point (~,-;..,.... ( .g ., 'II< s!>;lt to ''''' <.... t<";n . I""title ' l. and
predk"uo.equent action. In shon. we Nwthecha,oeterutk
omniocict1' ,-oice 01 D"-'Y"" fiI ....., .n """,,,,,,I commentary of
8"'.' .u thori,y- We c.nnot di>belie,.., wha t ,he ",ice ..}'.
.""ut G raj'-, p-''', .""u, h.. >Io."P, .bou, the eha"'Llin; we
,u' f<'<" ,.... t t... """'" wm "'" [,., """n.......-d b}' the
'" """-I\",,,! oct.on , II""'I'Y' iI<'J'" ,1>;. """"'., t he u Itim.! '"
sou.-o.' of ",,""ing. bey""d q......oon or "'f""X'I. ~'" ,h;, "'
",n. ,he m,e .. it'" become of g",ot im port. nee, for "lCh i<!hoi,
a u thoril)-' 'N' ''''' "" "'" becorneo.n ill u.. ,.,ic", or rorrobo, 0_
,"'" ,,( Il., hI"-_>, ,.tt"" tlwn "~-,, "",,", . Furt""",."". 'n the
nf'S' pa", ;h. thi> u "'" plaineJ bu, . utoorita'i,.. "<>ice whkh a.
tlw Io"el 0/ P'"
,he .bse"", of c.u",".t t'"' Io,'el of
;t.,ry. It htlps ma'" ,he Him ;n",lI;giblo b ~ providing""'" th<0""",' PO'"'' ",hich
'he ""~;,~ tt> 'ranscend ,he dir
pori,,,,, ,,/ ' his J,,*,tic wotld . tn It", rd,,,', fi .., """ion. ,hi.
<_poci,)' is"" l ~ im!";"d: bu t lato, "'0 j,nd tlw VO"" inhabdi")l
Ii"" ",,' . nd ' ''''n a body. both of ,,'h;ch " "'stor ''''' .bsen'
cou",-
,e,,'
,u'.""''''",
"t. _""*"''''
""""phon
c.""'',
roun"',.
""s
,..
v.wl'l'll
Wedged bet",,,,,n .he.., ,;,1"" 'he .."n,,, 01 P"" 0". op
"'''''>li"
'0
era,.,
dev<lop '!""'if",
lu"""", n<! opposi
tions, Conoido" fo, e ... mplot, G.ay'O .ni,..1 ' he inn in
,he firs' o<ene . This might appe" """",who. "",'<onomi
<al .. gmon', ' ;"1 noilt... 'he in n "'" t"" "',van t no' tn.
man wah ' '''' ocytl>o reapp.... d~ iI'I.he""" ",,!ion,
(C""'p'"'' n.. w oy D,,",,", .. tu ..... . .mula, o!",nins wi,h
cha,acten ... ho vociferou,'y ,.bli,h ,he fcmhromins in
trigue.) Yot ,,'e 1\.0"" . 1", already..,.," tt.< crucial role 01 ,he
in m.. king OU' In. uncert.;n 'pali.1 rocndi",,..
of the film.nd in pre<enting motifs which roth rEt.rd tn.
dominan,
><lion ("CI.Y ",k. . . room a. the inn
night f.IIs").nd propheoy .ut-quent imagery (', g" the
"""ant with the candle foreshadowing the serv.n" in n..
<ha"",u, the pio:tuno prefiguring u;"n.,', deathbed, or the
ok.Let"n wh'.ch "' h. 11 I.ter ....... M.rgueri'" Chopin).
n-.. fi .., ""'Iuen .. . micro<osm of the im.o~ . nd 3""
tu ",' upon which lhe f,lm ,,'ilI ""pand : Cray drifts, ry
bulging, through a land""pe initially defined .. ,ha, of
dealh .
If .his ... ""'-""', fu lf,'hng'he p"-',lK:bon ,ke,oh<-<! in
tt-.. forSt 'iUe. ddi"". te' the environ"",nt .nd tt-.. P"'''S'
onist '" til< e",uins f~m nd """ond ""ne ""sin' to ...
.. bl,.h til< "l--''''''' of parallel n ..... i," roles ocrurie<J by
til< <h.,;o<I< ... Cray hos .ntered his room , g1. ",od .round
it. pe<'red Ou' of ,t-.. window, pulW down ,t-.. ,h. d., 1"It
his ,oom. "",nte""" til< room, .nd twisted the key in tt-..
lock . Now, , w.kened. he i. eonlronted with . . .r...
of oc,ion, which ruriou,ly mimic hi> own: 'he I<ey tum'
in the lock, 'he old eMtelain .nte.. , .1o"'I~ 'u"'e y' tt-..
room. S"'" '0 the window. ,ai.." til< .h.... , .nd com<o
to ,he bed, AI"', ",O\'ing tt-.. p""kog ,t-.. <ho","'in
depan urning til< key '0 ,eiod til< doo,. Thi. "' .....
01 ><lioon. \e",oring.!ooking. lo",ering'roi.ing til< , h.ad ...
Ic'ing) roughi)' pamlld. til<
c",",ae"'",: in til< over'
all """"'m~ 01 .he n."ari,'e, it m.. ~ ' 'he ch.I.I. in',
impcrrtonc<,
'Jh<- p li<1 ",' ~ ,n, " ," p<m\;t u' to m u,"" dill.,
~"'," to"'", ... n tho men . C y " the ".",i,.., ,,itn .. ,.
oho'piy ..".,.ted fr"'" "'h>t he ..... by fr. minS' w h'.ch
"""p him .".rt II"", the <n.,.,.in. n-.. chotd" n, on tt-..
othe, hand, octs. I\>,nri ng 10 the sky, he stops .hort, 't-..n
<,,,n.' tu Cray. look I"""t di,ecUy . t tt-.. co""'TO, .nd
.. yo: "St-.. mu"n't d~ . , . do you t-.. .. Thi, i, It-..
f.,t-..r'. 'n .. rd'.ction. til< pu.,.,.. of the plot oons not to
>-ioIate it, In .hi. d th l.d.n atmoSphere C roy i nl"ted
firs'"""""
""'1'
'wo
r-
in'"" proj<I<. 1)/ .. ving "t-..r" (u;"n.,) from death, A, it to

plod~ C roy uppon, til< e"," .. lain Ie "."",1 10<
h;m , ",titing upon it: "To be opened .fler my dea' h ."
N""dleso ." .. y. ,hi. p"",, 1mu", be opened (VomPY' is not
'" u",olW.noonal to k..,p it "'tapped); in oru,-~ f", i1 to
be opened. t"" old man must die, Thu. hi> prim.ory rote.
are c"",,ted out: ."" fathe, "";", to pronoo",' the ;nviola
ble command"",nt. 10 confirm .upport by gMog. and to
die. The
.Ifinity ",..blished between."" e","",
lain . nd G,ay i, thut mad barg.oin
n-.. ""':01 '<'qui"" some "'dioonol commentary, n-..
firs. of It-.. Ih"", lo)'alty "urin~ gil.. which rul he 0'
ond. third, and tounh
,he pa",,1 i.li,eraUy
01 . ignif1<.""". The """",,.in'. h.ndwriting.
til< firs' written sen"'",e we ..., in t"" ac.ion pro!",', lin",
h;, l"",m.1 authority to ,hat 01 ''''' ""uorloss
Fu,'
thermore, the "''''01 ron'. ;n, V_I'll ..... tho boo~ .. I<'<Ied to
guide Cray, and .he oq..", 'hrough which tt-.. fa't-..r'.
death will guara "'",, h;, dough..,... lifo , ,t-.. "",t through
which .he do", I.' he, will "'pea k," as if by ,u""maturaI
,'on 'rOOq ui,m. Thu. til< 1"",,1
on deed .nd ,.,.,..
mont, 'he 1.1""r', inscription 01 Ihe promi", of hi' o,",' n
de.'h ~t .1<0 the "",.n. by which hi, i n~rui<'i<;rn will
perSist beyond the grave. This "",t w;1I tum out 10 be the
word, ,I>< "",.n. O. ma , ,,,n n ~ to.. '0""n1 <, u",.
Att., the .hird intonitl<:, d """ ti~ng tt-.. unrtainty
th" i<od, him '0 heed ,t.< <a n f", hoilp, G y f<>llow. the
,hod",,' along ,he
to ' he doc",,', ,.iT, Til< ocene .... hIi,"", Ma,s"",;,o C;hopin ., ''''' ptincip.1 oO"'go";,, by
""... n, of C<a)" in" estis.''''n, h~ f"How. the l"'8.legged
sh.adow.nd ""'. C"'-'!>in; "',,';ng C TaY, the c.""',. g1id ..
Kross dancing silhouetk'< tu Chopin . ",ho orue .. '''''m
." '''-'po C.ay .... teil<, .he soId",r rio< a"d <ross to Chnp'n
Ao il 'r i n~ the capill.tie, 01. web '0 tho spide, ;ts """ .
"-'T, C ",), . n<! ,he e.mer. R\O\... a!).lin and .~;n hum ' ''''
f'inge'S of .hls "",1<1 ~,,.... k the co .. , an ""gin for ,""..,
" " .. les. effec" ."', ,. m";'"
M"'l!,,,,ri'o C"'-'!>in '. oon 'rol ;. fu"hoi _ ,ted in the
""""nd loy.lt ~ P"'" in ,he mm, ,,'t-..n .",. gi,'" tt-.. docto,
buttle 01 poioon. T"" lI""u", p"ints roth to,ward and
ba<kwaru . The c.mo,. """ '<-menlS I' ",I'w.rd pan ,hoi
""" 'ing from ,he ' ."' pi"', h,nd <a <ry'ing tt-.. bot1Ie and
"'tending il ' 0 the dO<k)r n<! ct.... "P which again
do,,"n a '''''If ()/ b<~ tl"" ~, tI.... Jo<tur'. h.nd put
ting do,,'" .t-.. p'~""") 'n';';I"'" C r.>y'. fi,,1 dream and
l",ne', .u;'ide altem p' . A ho .. "'.
the do<klr',
"",uti,,,
., "" u><:.
,e."..,..
marked
".!..-s.
i,.,
.."",led
ti,..,
_,f,
me,,,,
Ii_.
_ g t 2;
'''''8''''i'',
In ,he rIMI ocene of p.!n 0"". ,he prima')" projol<"t of I~~
The book d..rnbe, how '.mpi ..... bitE the victim', n:k to .uck blood.
IMACH: u.,ne is NI"'n b~ Chopin, then re"",,-'<i by
Cis<1e and Gr.y.
"' ..... hw i, .. "',' id.ntif..-d .
Ili""'g<)'
"""'pling of the poi""n poraU.f, Croy, ""'"pi (J/ the po,.

""t, ,..;ri"8 'hem off ., i"termed"'ri<. for the principol
n.. nond;.g.tie ,-cia> of ,he

litleo ide"tif.,. the eha"""u , , belon!',ing to Croy. ""it"...
Again , an ilI""t,.,io" of lhe hlte" "" _ ,ho> en.,.I.;n
look in on Gi..,te .nd Leone. Tho >pa 01 Umw', room is
, w.rpo:-< d,><I<>Y'. t.i" ,..hen 'he f. t""" 1001<>
in on Gi><Ie, lhe
'imply p.o ... te>ft fmm him lO hO'
""'ping I nd lhen b.ock righllu h;m. bu l when he Ioo~';n
on I.kone t'"
trov ........ n impoMible S""S'ophy
b)' """'ing from ,he nun
father entering ,nd g<>ing
lhe bed, followed by I'" nun """'ing in from 'he righ' (
Gray and ,ho> ><>Idier ~.od ;n lhe dQ<to .... !.oi,j . Chopin',
power io """. ..'<1 by I.kone', d.liriou, "-ng ("The
blood ' Th" bIoodr'j and the f,ther', order to .,,.il the
doctor'. a rri"aJ (,he latter firmly ,""'"ling ,he p",'iou,
SCene to this and f<m:,h.odow;"g \.llc' oce"",j, A. C,.y op
pnehe, 'ho> ch.",.u, 'he I.the, prt'p.o"" lu ",Ii",. C"y.
now in his rol" ">;to",,, . ...,. the ,I>odow 01 the >oW."
in,,,""" on 'he ~I in s ('he w id." him..,lf,..ilI dle in",""'"
on ,he dro.."'IOr' ..., i, ). Tho.' <"" .. lain is .001 ",d , h,mp" to
It\< fh>r. dul<hing the doo,k"";',
p.n I d"", not .nd, ho,,'.wr. with Groy' entry into
, t\< <h.otE.u . Not unlil ,h. e"'tElain si'''' ,way the he.lltstu""";Ioc""t i> the .... 1 e""hang<' com pleted . C"y . nd
GM!.. "'''pie".. of bo;..>k.nd he.n, . '" <nlist.d in oppo<i.
tioro 10 C hopin and lhe do<to" With Ihi' ",.ne', end , Ih.
te,."" u4 the father', inscription are met: he is de.,t .nd
the paf<~1 may be opened . Th .. ,he o"'.d*8"'~- voic< 01
the till .. is "'piacN by 1100 "",bedded dieg<'tOc '''"''' of lho
boo~ ""titled. pro"'''.ti,,,ly, V""'I'Y""
c.r,.."...
,.m.",
'0 ,...
'0
P&tmngly ,h.n in p'"
" ..... 'he r.."'t fi,,,, e",",pt> of ... ritten "" .. ""I antidpatE t""
hielo full<>w, '" th.t image. fOnD a running verifi
c.""".nd fulfillment of the ""I.
''''''g< ...
Ro ...gt L
IMACes'
The booI< "ero"", ",mpi"'" link. them to s,,,.n, ,nd ",pla;n. that they ~al night to prey
"pon the Ii,ing,
Uo'ne i> "';;';ng,
The book tell. of how ,he ,'.rnpi",'. bk>oJlu>I

i, ""'l>r,ioo.oIy lr.n.km>d to
'""im. and
how sk may ..,. ~ to kill otheY.,
IMAGES: Uon.
Gisele, preparing to att.>ck her.
,n..
stu"",
Ro..-g< 4:
IMACH
The bo"k doscribo<s ""w. v. ",pi'" ""'" tooI<.

,'; Ilall" doc,,,,., he< o<rompi~ .
n.. doc"" ani",., ... mine< Uone, . nd
bl""",
Gr.y.
1li""S, 5: The book &seribe. how a ,-ictim is dri,,,n '0
,uicid<.nd ,Iou, join. lhe ,-ompi'" .mong I""
d.mned.
IMACS The dQ<to, prt'p.!"" to indoc. Uone', 'uicid~ .
Su~""nt, 10"1>'"
e' pi.in e",nt> poo< to the

opening of ''''' mm (n.ming Chopin.nd """ing. plague
to her), .nd .,,,n mo", po"".rlully de"-~mi"" \.ltcr
by ",plaining to the ",ader in ,he film (.nd ,he .od"'''''')
Ioow the "amptre m",t be .Iimin.ted.
",""'g<"
""tiort.
By ' he end of PO" two, 'hen, the c"n'.~n h., 1>"

. "isn!' hi,tory . nd . ... ""', At thi' point, ",fe ... oc~ to
lhe book V""I'Yr< end ,ince it h .. fulr.lled its role a' t""
serond of Ih""" .uth",it.tive votc<-s ",hOch inlerrupt. gloo. ,
a nd p",drl
film'S ><lio" . M~""""" . ;1;, . ig"i[",. nl
I", boo. is g',..n .10" lid. \-\mol'll"'. I"" p i",.1oil""
01
the mm . The book .itua... it ..1f in an outhori",H,,,, rulE
, imil., to Ihat of the yoKe of lhe in"'rtitles. As w" h ..",
... n in oJheY DreY'" film., In. ><lion n.", is in'erp"'ted b~
, I."t whieh enW",' il< roherenee; . , the t,.n",ripl of
lean"" d' A",', ",'01, "''''''''',.t.. the unity of the f,lm, <0
the film "V.mpi.,." embed> "'ithin itself. ""nfinn.",,)" te"
ovhien ,itu.' ., lhe ""...Ii", ,,ith
to ",. mpi""" OS
"a te,,,)". n.. "",k <.o nnot .".
P,rt "n<: ;. <"hoc<t in ."",h." ~'Y ;" P"rt Iwu. !" '""
former, the oct of sivingi",,<iving as pledg<' of loyalt~
stood ""t again" II... b.o<kg<>und 0/ the >rutant entrance'" "'t mont.. In p.ori two, ,S'in,t the b;ockground of
,n. ron,l>n' re.xling of ,he """, W"'I 'l>nd. out is an
oct , j",ody .nOlOu~ in Leo",,', nocturnal cry of "n..
blooM' _ ,I>< "'" ofbleed;ng. No '''''''''' has Gray begun '0
",. d V""'I'lI" 'h.on Ci ..... ..,.,. Uo"" Qutside. w, lking "
if in Ira..,. . A, lhey run ou'. M"'S",,,;te Chol'ln bend,
,Ju,
ti'"
,n..
"'.!"""
111
VA..........
"""'" ....""'e
IVn'"'.1>< is .. ken in.ide, the contagiou.

bIood -tni'" _merg when l..('<)oc ""ru'ini ..." Ci.de . t.. .
te" wl><n the roKn ... ",ms, ,he dead ",.."hm.m ;lumps
"'.." .nd, .. Cr.), and the ",,,,. n' ".re , drop, of h" bk>od
sp"'c' tu the S",und . TI>< bleeding motif reap"",,", ,,'hen
the docto, .m"",.t ,he <"-''''. 0 ' M di:m.onds
Cr.y
'"'' Uone by giv'ng hi, blood . C"nflrrn i n~ the book',
tn., v.mp;""'. dc,,'h dri,e ... 0000blisOOd .,
d"ining (Of 101...0<1. 'he lif. that ' ho! fother'. fon: .. _ k ,,,
,h.,
._rti<>n.
pn,..,,~.
The doc,or'. bIoodlettins _Iso m.,k, the ch.nging {unc

tion 01 Cr.y_ The <>pening of the bo:>oI; V""'PJI"
new n.n-.ti vo rolo: ,I>< ",.de,Ie,me" Thi, role is fin'
mled by Cr.y, who "...us P" ""I!"'" 1-5 'M ,-",>""" ou'
chief channel fo, the flow of the . ut hQri .... i,T " ......' . Bu,
"'l>en ,I>< d()C,or propos<-> bloodletting, Crar
on
,he rok of u-o"" . unogo'"" (This ha. be<n prep.ored e.r
I;'T wh.,'n ,he !'Oint.o/.view """ing """rved f". Cr.), i,
t,.".I.>m.'<1 to Uo,,",,) E>.plicitly, ,I>< doc,or cI.im. ,10.>,
bl."lding Cr.), will..,,'. Ikone: implicitly, C"y submit, to
the d",,,,,, ., U-O"" h ,ubmi,ted to M.ltSu<rite Chop;n
This .}'mbolic t,.n ,f<.,- inb'OO""," etay ' 0 ! "",",~'. ,.."e;
dying, In p.oTt 11",.." we ,h. n _ th,.lug .... t <"" ....
whe",in Cr.y und,'W-"', the ..... 01 de.th a nd buri.ot
tk"', his occepl'"'" of the bloodletting gr. n" him the "i,;"n which con, tituW hi.
d'Nm. The man"',,'.n' h ..
tal=. O\'er the rolt- of T~,><Ie'"' ."",' (he ",.d. pa-;;<s
0>--8, learn' the identi'Y ,,{ the ,'.mpi"" ' nd witt 'u.c<~ in
.. ,king heJ in I><r gro", .nd in killing th ~ doctm),!>tot this
doe, not "iliale C roy', new fu.-.cOOn, Croy" willingne-s. to
undergo ,I>< "p"ri.""", 01 dying p"rmi" him to fulfill the
f.,hd , ...rond in...-ript'oo,n "" II,,, b<.>., ~, "Onty you <.n f~
u. from <>ur . m"t;"n ."
!!""",.,'"
,.koo
' ' <>',
r.",
P. .. Th_
The enigma h.os been soI,-ed : the ..,,'ant has Ie.med ,h.,
M''8""ri'" Chopin i. ,I>< .'ampi"'. The bo:>oI; is put .. ide.
it. purpose och""'<!<l . Bu, the doctm has left ,I>< bottle
01 po;""n within ...,.,,,,,'. r ...,h . TI>< "".,,'an'. ""'ing hi'"
.. rolling on th" "PP'" " nd;ng. run, to 11'" Gray. Gray,
ho",e""r, i. in the throes 01 delirium . Hi. d",.m .n n"""",,, ,I>< final "'pb.cem<nt of the avthmi' ati,... voic~ :
progressi.'ely naturalize.! and intem.lized, the ,'oic~
pa''''' from tl>< atr>die!l'-'!ic in'e"itl", to ,I>< dicgetic
box", V_I'!I"". nd ,hen to Crays in!'ted dre,m., Hi.
two d",am' den"" p'o1 th_ .. the visiun.o'Y i"tfolt"",n'

of the powe" of this ""ice ,
Con,id .., for ",.mple, the br"I but ';gnir><.nt fir.;t
d",.m. It rom.... of only 'wo im.lges _ a skull rising.nd
tuming and a sJ<o,t.,h'" hand clutching the pot"'" bot ....
and moving right (fog, ~n-bu , those two imol!"'" ""~fy 10
the
which Cra)' now
Thel"'t""ing t;ght
.._ .. te. Cr.)". ,i,ion with the f.the,. """tting U",
~ ""'pt f.ding up ond down of t;ght durinS 'he ch.tet. in',
fo"t "i,it w Cray" room, AI"'Tt from its t.. difun. l ronnotation., the , \;ul1 h., been . """,.ted at the oot .. t with
Morguerite Chopin. while the i"",SO' of the hand "'it~r.t ..
her f"ssing of the poi",n to the docto, in p.on- one, (Cra}'
di<1 "", "' itn"" t~i" 'he g . .. ur. has been pt . pa .. from
hi' consriou''''''' '" th,t ,he dn... m ""')' indic.te In,igh'
.nd not me ... =ollection,) So Cr.},"' , i,ion ident;("" the
,'.mp;",., off,,,,;,..,ly" h ,he t", t, bu,.t """ ",TTlO\"',
1-' o)nM"""'_
The d",.m h., prophetic PO"'CTS too. Only '1"0
the <k"",.up of ,he , \;cle,,,,,', hand with tl>< poi""'"
"'0 see u,;.,,', hand reach up in ck::>;.,up to <Iutch the .. me
bottle (fig . .f.8). C ra)". d",am has o<quired the e~pl.n.tory
.nd propheti< p<'''''~TS ~ the in""rtit ..... nd the t"'I>, oot
' nroUj(h tn.- im. S", "'" the wntt"n word
A, ,he ... me time ,I>< fint dream '''urnes the fu""
h"" of the "mice," it rontin"", ,I>< saootaging of !lazin;'...
pl><nomen.1 'pac<, In thE classical Hollywood film. d"",m
i, dream .nd waking .. ""a king, . nd ystem of punc,u._
tion , (f,><l ..... "",sic, misty di.sol,,,,, .,) is calle.! ;n ' 0 d is
tinguish tl>< two. In V""'PJlT, these mOT . ......iofated by
",aking tl>< drea m 'P""" 0/. p""" with the w.king 'paco,
tn
li" t dream. ,I>< ligh' put.a t'" rh)',hmic.lI)' be
of Cr.y
h;nd tl>< ulland the .11".1 hand: oot in
,""'pi ng, ,I>< light continue. to pul .. te brl>ind G",!/ Ioi .. srif,
. nd ,..hen the ..,,,'. n' "' ..... him, the fIa.hing light
abruptly .top>. In potting fMh Croy as the new ,,,,,,,,,1 of
auth",it ..;,.., vision, the mm ..... this ,'i';"n .. o,,,<riding
diff.""""", 01 inner and ou'er ubj<ct and object.
Tl>I' _ond "isinn folio"'" "",n, but only
CrAy
"-,, thwort<d the doc",(, poisoning "f t.o'onoe .nd .""" the
du<w, has , W"",ed Ci";le (the l.ltt .. action p",,,,,ntc'<1, of
<ou,..." onl)' in it> ron .... ue""" ). Cray follow, 'p'i'"
oo"ide, runs 'h",oSh 0 m~,><Iow,.nd f. lt . H" limpo to a
bench '0 "" .. Strictly 'p".king, thi' m.y not be dre"",
('inc<" we .ren't . hown Crar f.lIin g """'p), but be<au .. it
i, lorn,.ny paron.1 '0 the delincu. vi.ion ,hown edrlie" I
1"""""
PO>"""".
.hoI.
.i,",
e,oy_
,hot,
.f""
,h.1I coli it "Iho> "'-"<tInd d ... m ." I. begin> rotho>r , imply' 0

d"ubk ,,/ C"y J<t..<""> H..,lf r'Om C,.y. figu ... and
"""'..... " .... ,I"'.ntly. <>If on it. own . WhO! doe. ,hi, d",am
do? How doe, it funchon in the
Mo" ""kingly. it ron.htut.,.. 'h>r)l within. Ok"},.
met.ldieg",i. lormally 1'.,.1101 '0 ,n. ""0""" <>I the i~"'rti
tleo ar.d the boo . M T"..,,,n T(JdotO., hos """,.,kOld ",h
""",dil'8"'is I ru'ting f"r.,..rd 01 tho _ntw properties 01 tho .urrounding """ iw. "
A. an embeddOld narr. ,;"". II.. 0<'r0fI<l dre. m "P""''-'"
on two .... " , tl>< p"",m of ,ho aet.on$ ...",. p"ul ing, . , if
in .honh.nd , Croy . ...... n ...1 g<"S'u"'"'n.ho> fitS! p.rt 01
th~ mm; tho> , ... ,..,. <>I 11'1< aetOon$ p<ed;chng ."ents
whieh will appear in the Ia.. _
<>I 'he fil"'. I'..... J
. t 0 c,,'icJi
in tn., f,lm
whot., C,.y, dream
,,""rd. the o<h<>n by ",pI.ying (through. connot.lli,..,
,00nha",1 .imil.. to that <>I the fi nt d .... m) wh has romo
_ .. and .ketching "'hat will com< .iter,
Con.kleJ fi"t the "",apilul"h'. funchon . In II>< d",.m ,
Cr. y', dcut>le w.lk< .kmg' f",ld, pa...,. at tho .t<m< ",.11.
on'ors lhe doctor'. lair, ..",. ,ho coffin.nd him ..U in il.
goes I(l <ioorway and 1""''"' in , ...,. Ci""'" l.shed I(l a
bed,..,Ad, and , as.1>< J()ctO,.nd .... soldier return, hid ..
by dimb'ns down IhrousJ> a tnpdoor, A. II>< doctur
,nd .ho soldier prepa .... he romn for 00,;., 1, ttw focu.
sh~ .. fro.-n Cray. dout>le to hi' ".riple'," ti... Cray in the
colfin_ through whooe "},,. we ."" .h. roffin I;J """,,,-,,d
on .nd I"" romn borne ou,,;J. to II>< churd. I'. ..ing .""
b<n<h, ."" p""""'ion f.od.. oul a . Gray. original body
fa"'" in ,"'I><,., I>< hAd ",,,Old. and II>< ""ion j.
(Again
II>e d",an, and the d",amer inhabit ,I>< .. me 'p.><d This
... nos <>I action ummariz"" ClOY' fll""'ion .hroughou.
lho> r.", part <>I tl>< f.lm. Fo, Crays no"",, 1a,:ti"i,"" """
b<o!n to J<ifi. '0 pau .. al 'h"-,,hokh, to 1"''''-''''''' in", ..... ""
a nd to p<er through doorw.Y' and ",indow . Now, 'n a
rond.med, .1m051 porodk ,,,,,,;"'n. the dream rep .... n"
ClOy.1>< prober and wi.n.." .he man who ha, ~n ....,n
I" .... , ho ""'Y " .... I.. mod ;n ,ho """.ngl.. 01 do(u..... y.;.
,"",w ",-",od up, a nd .I>e 'Y"" '"""
h .." ... wd ", often
'" rough wi""""', now ,,,. in to P""'-'''''o .I>e P'''''' <>I gI...
""., hI; ""ffin.
~I<, ,,, J'Orticut.,ly. when ,,'e lay oul ,I>< "'-"1""""~ of
a.:ti<m. in ,"" d",.m. "" find d;,ti"", ~. with
C " f ' fir-;' vi';1 to IIw
la.,. In both , bdls toll. Cr. )'
ori",. I""n a ' ''''p, ,,',11,-, .hrough . lon~"". l"'. J'O ..... a,
,I>e "0"" ",oil, "" ....... 1>< doctor', lai ........ he cofn , 'n
""".ti,.!
"""""n'
os .
0''''.
"""or'.
,.,tiga'" the doctor'. r,"'t-fiot>r rooms, ,ie,.-, tl>e doctOJ

hom 'h< r"o' of th. ".1",. ".,. """,,"n' e,", 11", do"'OI, h;,
... i"an'. and Chopin. ,nd fi nally leo"", Thu. In. dream
"-"",,pit,, !., ,.. ""'jor na",';"" g"'ur<-S of Cray'. N rly v .. i.,
M"""-",,,",. Ine ""'lu.",,,,, <>I amon. hat! e.rlie, boon in'o"
"'pti'~ by "",.1 _tapho<ic e>pan,,,,,, (.he gr.. 'o<liggo-r. 1><
skull,); ..... '" ,h. ~n'i", duin i. ,,-,,-,n ao on< ~" ",ndOld
""'tapho<; the rlier " .. it i, rew.1od Cr.y. init .. ,;"n
'nto.he ,,'orld <>I ''''' deaJ . PM.ing th,ous!> tho>e door""y . glim>ing Chopin _ all II>< na",.U,,, strategic' we
ha,'o ~... mined ' hroughou. _ ail I"""" .,,, ",posed as a
1"''''-'''''ion .nto 0 "ale <>I d h . nd dying. Wh., 'h~_
on<! d"",n "" ..,.Is. in short, is
If>< ."""n1<. .... is ",-"h
ins oth.r '~.n ,he mr<I<I)' of d .... th, . """, I<<lg< "I w" "h
the vampi"" 'he old ch,'elain , .nd now ClOY"""""
The dream al'" fo""hado"' < ennIS by enunc"ting a
moIi! pa .. ll<ling ,I>< motil, <>I e",hong<' and bfeed.ng in
'he p""'iou,
.h.. r>I bu';"!. Early in .1>< !l<"que"",
C,oy hMlc'$ UM,,, Itw tr. p<loo,-""w,'o
The
lripkt Cra}' is n. iI<d in ~is.:offin.nd "ken to II>< chu",h
y.. d, tl>e tolling bell> of the firSt part _ I I ' the
chll",hbell in Ihi' !l<"quence, Ah .. Crays dr..m 1\0.
brought the coffin .... o,.he ,hun:h, ."" d",.m .nd., .nd
Cray hel> I"" "'r". nt op"n Chopin', tomb, H;s dre.m i<
.t 0'""" confirmed.nd negated: her. i, a gr.. nd bu';"I,
bUI I>OW Ir< p""" do,..n a. Chopjn ,,,,pended in li'ing
dc h in 1><, coff.n . She io "ak<d. Itwc","" upon Uone is
I;ft<od, .nd Chopin '. ' ombstone i I;J bad into place,
La"" . 1 .1>< "olY er.d. wo ..., burial .gain : ."" doctor.
'r.pp"d ;n a mill eag<', ;, engulfed .nd ."fIoc.ted in
. ho",", <>I powde,. Crays J",am Ihu, fom".1>< premise
for ,,,,,,.,,,, i,,~ ""';"1, , "'S'" whie" migh' enrou,.S" u, k'
in..-rib< part th .... wilh Itw "'0"" wh"h C .. Y' double
..,." o n lhe ro!fin lid:
thou . " .nd tu du" toou .hal'
retum ."
I'rophetic , too, i. Crny, "iJrion of Cisel< , J"S! as his "".
I;", d",. m hiId , ,,,,,.,,ed 1.<\0",,'. poisoning ond ,uicMle.
th;> d,,'" '' ; ~<n'W_ C' ~ '" <'p';"'" D,>!" .." ." .'" "''''ft
;n bed : bot".~ , .-ed by Cray- ]" . 11. 'hen, ."" p,,-,ph ic
...:.,od d",.rn yield. furt"'" proo<' .ha h""'gh "bedie"""
tu ' he i h .. and . u!>mi ...". k' doalh, C,oy ha . . . . imi
ia.OId lho> P'-'w", d ' '''' .ill... <><1 the book to ",.." , "(,n,,-, lhe
' ''''''n' <a u",.
Ino""' , p.irt .h_ ;n H. enti""Y ..... blis""" li>e "ieto<y
d .tw fon"tos of 'he I,'he. ov~' 'hus< of Chopin . Obliquely.
ho, do,o.h i, ",nifoed by ~ ano.l><r ou.horilahv. Ie", .1><
,ho.
1"-""
"""'''''ll'''
'" D,,"
,,< v....P>1I
in"";phon on ""'r ,,,,,,bolOn< (" Margueri 'e Coopin,
Good I..o,d g,.n' her . ' ......1 "",,<)"), More di,,,,,dy,
",h.m n.. dN<! <"",,,Loin ... 'orr> """"", hi,lorioo. ,
"""rSi>.e<) 10 ' omf,.,. 'ho dOOO, . nd h" . .... ,,"', !W.
.ppo. ring immedio tely.fter Chopin
~n , ... ked, ,he
f.,he, ~ 'h. ""'" "living d J'" <>f U..' fifm .n<!
his I"" .. n", "'1'''''''' Coopin .. 'he principaf ""'nileo ..
lion 0/ ,....,
","us<, Thu. we do nol know wh.a'
10m! brings him boo<k lrom dooth . .uyo 'he p"g'''gg<ld sol
die" or
miU ca!:'"', door on I"'" doctor. bu' .If
,he", in<idenlS n,,.,1 a po.,.e, g ..... t '. ,n.., t wieldod
by Chopin
The I.. ....,,.. ollie. fu n""'r .. hi)' his pow." ,1>0 Io~af
mans<"... n' ",IS in """"'" ,"" mO(hi",,'Y 'hat will kill 'he
dOOO" "'hile Cr. y f\'OC\O"" C~" . The ' .....M "I ,"" """pk
_.ping thmugh . d .... se fog ' u ' bhgh'.un ..... ""mpfet<tl\e "limina,",", 01,,,,, .w.y ~I ,"" ".mpi ... . Hul ~) 'h. W'Y
.nd ,he film insi;l, ,h.t tt.. lathe,.. PO""" """"ins.' my'Iriouo as that 01 Chopin; the f... shot ......,,,.. the mill ge."
grin<!ing to. Slop, h. lt,d by no , .. ,i.,.. ", n.,
P.,odoxically, then, \''''''1')1,.'' diff",u lt""", is ",-"<,<Ma'Y
'0 it> ma. ing it..,11 "'lellisiNe, A, in r.. I\r:<sion "' 1_",
d' .'\1<. two f<mn.ol gestur.".", rn.>d. b)' ,he fil m, The n" , is
Ihal of di'ruplion, The ... n.l i ,~ po;it< an u"""""nly" it<
""",-an . hs<nl ". o ..-.nd "" ,ut>mil p<lUptually 10
lhe . mbiguitie< 0/ a ' ''''''' .nd time di-,.st.d 0/ m""h lhat
is comfmting ond lomil;"r, Hu, the ""lodod pIotstory ",1.Ii<m, and lhe opaqu.""" 0/ the film', ' poliol OifUCtoring
d.,h wilh Vomf':l'" c<>unl,-movement, "'''''rt'by the fil m
wo,b to overcome lhe .bs<"", of Ca"" ",hich it iniliolly
h.,
.boe",
e1,,..,. ,....,
,,,,,led
po>ited, Thi' count.Nno"" .... n' deperu" upon ..

word.ond images. The ti,l<, f"'S"-'S' ,he .u toority '0 ".n
.... n,1 ,h. di'porit." 01 t"" n.rr.~w, while the book .nd
,he d",.m' function to in_, in C"y,
h" the
deod f.,h .... . PO"-'-'- to ",-"."" III<> . boomt cou.." Su.:h
"'ry amount< to ""_"'ng the f,ther' , pow<,. Therr>. ti
c.Uy, lhe f>lm', "",ntof-,,,,,,..,,m.nt I""sents mosterl over
de.th through ,ut>miMion to it, ,ided by prophetic text
.nd vision. We .re gi,"n , oet 01 guidelin"" by which '0
re.d the fd m 's .mhiguilies ond dOsrontinuitic,. Muddlod,
"" ar" fmtun.,ely Hung upon the titl.", the book, .nd the
J rNms . nd ,," cling 10 '''''''' as "'0 .'" ,uggcl Ihrough the
film. The film thu, "".. ' 0 ,uW"" it> ",,"'n di, rup!iorts,
The film', counter.gesture i s oW'l""".';ng ' s t~
"",de by the impe,..",. 1n.".ti,,, poll""" "I Dr-e)","; P""
,iou. f>lm . Diooontinuitie, ralll<' .gain". 'UI"''''' fUC''''''
,h.a, ",ite.. to, I"'" film',,,,,," I""""r", Ih~ litl .. rn..I\Oting
from a ""UKeI<... utoorily, Ihe tex' "".ring 0 tit!" close to
,h., of the r.lm it..,lf, 'he drN m, that recapitulate .nd p ....
dkt plot e,,,,,to. To ..>me ex"'nt ,hi. counle,-mo'""""nt
",h.o;li"..,. 'i>< """.ati,'., making it easy prey fo, Chris
tian <>r Freud;"n . I~'. Rot it is. merit of V_p)/T. I ,hin .
to I<o>'e lhe gap be!w"",n it. q""slion< ,nd its e'pt.n.tion'
proble"",' k . The enipn.> 01 ,I>< .boent cause i. rr>i~,ted,
no' d isl"'lIod, at ,he VCf}' end, A den .. , ,h.dowy wo,k,
,1>0 film in'islen tly ,h.allenseo our p<rception , forcing u' to
,uugg\< '0 S"'P it"f'o'<"", ito lime, it. logic. The rompl<>.ity of 'his 'pecl."orial ""'Ivil}' make. V"",p)/T, in .11 it;
.,,,,,,,,.nd booillemon ... ,he f.lruling nlm th.t il i .
,urroga'"
m.,
Day of tlftlth
[Ny'" W..th is pruN~ly O"'FS most p"pular film, wllkh
aJ..,.".jy indicate' somEthing of the problem' it 1"""'"
SIj-'li"ic.lI)', it i calm<r film than L:z fiI>o;", dt J",n", d'..I",
or V""'PlIr. A ,.Ie 0/ witchcrah, ~>ion nd muNer. it has
mo .. mek>d m.t'oc 'pp'" than Ook nd G<rlni. I. ,II<
film then a moment 01 Juilibrium in Dreyer'. ,"ree.? Yeo,
but not in any simp/< w.y. Our .. ~ of the m", a """,. 1
~ ft<or /""'''' d'A.", and V"",P)" jul"" from ilS lenden<yl<>
P"5" pmbl,, ,,,, "'0", . t II,,, k",,1 01 n' <nli ... <I""""", than
" ,ho> 1e,.. 10,)/ 'p.o,j.a l uni, y_ aut 'he film do<>s .~y <hoi
let1~ our perreplkm .1 the tempo<a1 level. We c.n """I
u>dully begin with an .""milU.hon of I.... narrative',
dynamico: how the "oJ}' ..... k. oohe"""", . nd wh. t pre .
."...... wor\< again>1 this.
FORCES FOR UNITY
i. tn. ",ory of how, in .."-.n,,,,,,'h-n"'m,),
o..<'I"",rI<, Aml< 1.110 in 10'0 wj.h'he .on "f "'",,!un, II><
old ~ lOr whom
"""ried ..... ubplot invoJv HO'Iof. Marl . an old "oman accused 01 witcl>c .. ft ,nd p""".
cuted by thE ChUT':" elder Lmren,ius. Af"'r Herlof, Mane
i, o",,::u,oo. An..., and Mortin .ha", . lurti,.., ;d)n. When
Ann. ",II. Abo.olon 0/ '"" . fI.ir he oM man d"". The p.o
dd.,lr "",U,,,, Mc",,'. ""u,,,' An"" "r ..-Honer.1t
\\'h<>" M.. ,tin .bdndo" . h"r. An .... ~ ..... lfy ron fe.... w h ..
ing ~ n in So,.n, po,,"or.n.! is bumod.,. witch
For OU' pu.".,.. . '.... COn hoi he film Intu
(0.."" ~h.rt on ""'" 1"'8'" numbe .. in I"'"-"",m-,, ",t." to
,he .1>0" in _h ""Iu,,,,,,). C""'p.>reJ '0 r..
Ik
d'..!." and V''''P!lr, o.y of w",r/, "..,lab .. ly ea,)" ' 0
><gmen . O ur >en .. <>I . n onhodo, ron .. ruebon i. io c"","'" w hen " 'e",,, tha' the fHOl fall. in.o ',,"0 urge I'd""
The fi rs' . compri.ing .. bou ,hird of ,he run ning
i.
oon.rmod wi'" ,hoe
,,,,,I .nd . "",u'ion 01 Herlo"
Marto l>egm<n Il_ X)_ n.. ...,.,od I'drt 0/ ,he f,lro (""g'
mon" XI_XVII) 00 ..... on ."" .-elation,hip'
Abu
04Ji of 1I'",'h
,he "",
I<l"
""l"""''''
!\w,,"
J",,"",
PU""'' '
'im<.
""""'s
Ion. Anne. Martin, .nd Me"" . The proportion. bal."",;

,he ea,ly p.>rt .obord ino""
f.mi l)"
M ..... pligh. ,,, rough ,he de""" <>I making ,he f.mily
he, Progr<""
,he .... ke, while in ,"" second
p.o" "I 'ho film, "", pIotlin< becr>me ubordi"",ed '0
I.mily ",mon(\! . rid . utvi,,,, onl)" in ,he form 01 'he dying
Loutentiu . The two pk,tli".. <on.-..:l 'hrough .. f" ir of
d"""",,_ Fi,.." Aklion .. ,"" village p>'1ol presides ,,,",
,11 "" ..,.like ,ha' of H<rlob M.rt . 5<-<und , II.rIol, M.rte
knew An",,', mooher, who w.s . 1", "'put"" 10 be .. witch_
An ....
helped
mothe")
Thi. gi"", her....,....
ond I" Abu lon 1"'00 .""reJ A n...,', mother in Older to
mony Anne). The _1<1 0/
d~ad """her .hu. link. ,he
Hcrl<>/o Mano plo' '" the m.in plot ond implo"" tho> I.m
ilr in 'h. old "'o"",n ', fate.
A g\an<:<' at ,tHo ",S"'''''''''ion will ,uAA"" """".1 w'Y'
In whi<h Iho n.n-.Ii,.., .""ourol\' " us '" .... k clo. ure. Mo.,
S'".,.IIy, the ",1"i",ly .m. II number r>I ,haroc'." (,i, in
.U) presenlS limil<d ""mO.' 01 ",,,,,,,,,,..iQnsh ipo. Af, ..
,"" initial."'" .... in ,he recto,y ron",n",ntly ...-mblo ii""
<>I the <hor",,"''', the", i strict combining of ,hem in ,he
"""'eo " 'hi<h foIIow_ By the end <>I ,he film, th"", 0/ t _
el""",,,, .. IA ..... lon. Herlof, M..... , and Lou",ntiu.) ha,.
died , Ie.,. i n~ only .h",. princi""I. _ . 1I of whom are
gathered 'osethe,;or . """hunta""'" in th~ n....1 """ .... . If
we ",ocr ,he mm .... king <10>"""
",,,,.nkd in ,ha,
by ,he roncluslon, n..,l)" .11 ,he
".live "rand.
h.,-e ~n !'oed up. H~'l <>l, M.ne ha, beon . illOO .nd ha, in
\"eng<' ~ kmed L,,",,,n!;u<; Anrw h...limin.a' od Abo-olon
.. . ",trlcr be"'""n he, . nd M.nin, M."i", 1",..".JoJ
'h" An"" i,. ,,ikh. h" ."'rulooed he, .nd . lIied h;m .... ,f
with ~ k....,"' : arid Ann< h.s ronfesoed 10 ,,ik""./!.
y", ."",her con'ribu'ion '0 closo", is ,he w. y th.t the
; ubplo! ;n"ol"ing liorlol. M.tte lore,h.d""" who' will
happen .r'er ,he co""lu.icm 01 ,he film. Doy'i W",/o begin.
,,~h lior"", M.rte being occu"'" <>I ~I}". She n-,
hKle . is (1iS)",red, conies"" . nd i, t>umod . Alter thi<,
Anne b<Sin, h> pr.><ti<e witcher.fl. The mm end. with "'.
to"',,,,., ., H.rIof.
,h.
"it,,....,..,
'0
'0
,h.
you,
to.
w< .'"
""j...- ....
'"
nl
1MY 0f W Il.IDI
ac<u""<l .~d co~_i~g , n.. progre>. of II"rlol< M.ute hit<

mappeJ ou' ,he p~ of interIogotion, torture, and
~""",,'ion ..-h'.eh An...., will undct)lO . The ""0 I'-'tt. of D")i
of W",,11 th ... ~t Ambrooe B"''''''' doubt< delin"ion of.
witch , '1) An ugly and repuIsi" old w"",,,n. in a "'",ked
"'.S"" ... ith the d"'il; 2) A bo.u'i/ul .nd . tt".,h" youns
w<>m.n, in w",i<t'd n"" I.,.S"" t>.r""d It.. d.,il," The I."
sho. of th. film annou ........ that An...., ha, indeed ~n
bumed by .""""unting ,he <m with ''''0 sloping N"' _
the .. ,.... ligure th.t run. thru"Sh the m ... -<J> - ......' of HerIof< M.rt.'. immol.tion, Fin.lly, tt.. film ""h .....' c10.",..
through ' he char_rist", Orr)':r dw'.e. 01 P"'PiW<Y he", moti"dled by (" ..oct.,,' , u rematural P""".... He,
Iof. Man" ma k~!wo pre;lictiono; il she d ...., Lmrentiu.'.
<Io>.tl> wiUIiOOn rollow .nd Anne will go to ,he , u k . Both
prophec'" ....,n tuaUy prove <"<>Tf<'<"t lhe rum thu. vali
doring- f", the ..1<0> "I <.... u re-Ih< old "",mo n', P"""<'1. Later. Absoktn tells Laurenh". ,Ju, he wilt """" join
him in dea .h; returning home, he rel\ec" ,Jut, "In my in'
ne""",t >OUI. [ fElt my dea th hod be<n det.rmined ," There
. '" .."".1 oth .. dooure lacto..., work, but thew lea' u"-,,
..:tre.dy , ugge>t the tight unity which tt.. n.rrati", oeek>.
how",~ " we . holl .... that n.atly
one 01 t~
10""" lor c .... ure is que.tioned . and the , ..ding 01 even ..
whiCh I ha", pr<)f'-.l I, uoocnnlned ,
Ou, ""8"",o 'OI.,n permit; oon' he, pri"";p,,, of runstruction tu .trike It.. "Y" Im "",di.otely. Lik. l..o - . . d<
/'""."" d,\.,. . nd V""'I'Y" Doy of W.. t" is bo~ upon . n
insi.tent princi~ or altem.t;"" uf plotli ...... ur ch ..act=.
and of local. A. a n in I,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,, 1<,,,1. for e"'m pl<,
La"".
'''''1)'
Anne .ond Martin', fi"t I",., t id}'11 (.. groent vim "".. bo'",,,,,n In.. lott" ..
(VII) a nd Aka"''''' vi,i' '0 Herlok
M. rt. in prison (IX.} Ewo more in";.""" i, 'he n''''' live
a l"'","ion with in "'l"'"'''''' ,,,,,,,bt i,he<! by <,..,...,u,,;og.
Tho 10m;l)' . ",. itinS Mor';n',
(IV.. ". 0) is j,," 'f""'"d
'0 Hetlof. Ma ,,.,, fl ight (IVo, dl. Agoin" M. rtin . Tls.rton ', vis;t tQ l.r unmhu, (XIII". j. I, n I. An"".nd M,,_
hn', love play (XIV <. g. i. k, m) i, roun ""f"-"'"d t" Ab<a 10.",', k"" ing wU'en';u, IXI\'I<. dl .nd travding 'hn"'gh
the . Ioml (XlVI. II . j. I ). Fin.all),. Me""e', "ig;1 by Abs.llon,
w'P"'-' I XV . c. < ) . . .1",,,,",,,, ,,it h ,\ nr..'. "".. ",h h" M,,
ti n in ,"'-, I,~ (WI~ . d. /1 , But ".hat "'mpo'i' ~l na l PUt I""'-'"
d,." ",eh . I "rr""~>rl ..,n"l
F", on. Ih in~ In. . ltoma'ion enha"" lhe roidy rigid
tempo ..1 deli",,"ion of 'he ..,;"'n . Withou, H. >hNck> 0'
n..hiurw.nl, _ ,he pk>l """ .... chrono:>logicolly: ,he only de
kmn.tion '" "'l,.. ntiol ",d.. ocm" when ,he Cf1lM<,, 'hng
",hi!>if> . imult.neous ",'.n". (While An"" ,00 Mortin go
booting, Ao....Jon " i, it; l.lurentiu" .nd "'" on .) M /0' the
u .... c.1I du c.tion ul the plot. the .tory even .. comu"",
0' .hree month" in the ""fly , umole< of I6lJ. From Ih i,
p<'''':l<l , ,he plo' "-,,
~, doY" to .ho .... At , t..~ _
19n n1nS, H.rIo" M.,... ;, <oprured on ,he "'Tn< day ,h.,
M.tt;n ""um, hom~ (""g"",nl> II_ IV), n.. following
episode doprling H" . Iof. Mart.', in "'rrosa'ion.OO ,,,,.
' u", b), ' he Chur< h a nd An"" . nd M. rti n, w. lk through
,"-' /Q..,.. """"u"", 0 ....,ond day. '
ilC<,..
"""IT>
''''0
..,1<:-<"" .
I. 0.,.1 .... P">IoS"" (I).

II . A hond wri ...... he ><cu .. ,.,n (1 _31.
II I. He,"'I, Mar'" !lee. from he, cot' .se (4)
IV. Rmory: ., An .... ch.,ti>ed by M.",t nd """hed by Abs;olon
(S- 15).
<. Anne m...," M.rt;n (17- 25).
<, Anne . nd MaTlin tr'.ek Absolon (17- 34),
Concealm.n, and di..,,.-el}' of H<rkok Ma ....
(l~73)
V. A h ..,d wlile$ the oro.".

VI.
(7~1
-IJI'., Abodlon que";" .... Herlok Matte

u.l h tdTIII: ~ .
(7~97) .
AnI\<' and Martin hu,.he choi, (98-103).
O."iok:
b. He<l<>l, M.rte Ilo..,. (16).
d. He,IoI, M.rt.""", (16).
VII,
TOf'"" dw""",, Horlols Mano confe...,. (IIJ.I_N)
IX /'rison, Ak1lon ,-i, i" Hcrlok
~I.nc
11ll _33)
X Ch"",hY"nJ' Ik,lof, M.,..., i, burno.'<l (1}l-7t!),
Xl. R",,,,'JI'
Ab>olon ",."",J by M~"' t~ (171-209),

", Ak1lon kll' Am.. 0/ he, mo1he, 1210- 28) .
.-. Ann< , ,,mmon. Mortin (229- 35).
g,
r"f''''
XII . Rtc"''JI' "
Akalnn .10"" in ," ud)' 12311)

d Aboak," '"" by ",.., (242)
l Ab>.olon (2-141
XIJ], Rlo'JI'
,,,"
f
"f,
"
,
XI V, Rtch'JI'
The fam~ y p,a)'. (2-16- 52 1,

Merete UpbIdid. Anne (253_65)
Meret. and M.nin (266-{;7).
An"" . 00 M.nin .. ~ m bmid< 'JI {26S- 751.
In h i' study. A!>sa ...... ' nJ M,'.-.k (276- 13-l),
Akalon ;<>in< An,", and .\,i.nin,
w ~o 1~" ' e f'IT (he river (<:S5--1J7).
A!>salon called by Lau",nliu. (2!!'J)
A!>salon 1e.-I,... (29-I).
Akalon """'" to Laurenho,', d,','hbt-d (2%---96).
Aka lon ron"Ms L..u"'nliu. (JO.!),
g , Anne .nd M. rtin run to rive, (28SI,

An ... nd
I:. An .... nd
m, Anne . nd
o Anno . nd
M"tin r'<l~ In " .. , (;:<;10-93)

Martin r'<le in """I (:!95).
Mort;n 1e00'e"",,' (299---JOJ).
M.n;n "Ik IJOS)
b He i. de>d (312)
d H<! i. d~.d (:lZl)
f. A!>salon jo"""'y' home (334),
" A!>salon o n way home CU6).
j . Akalonon way home (336),
/, A .... Jon on ,,'ay hom< (J.I()).
., Ann< ....,k;ng M.rnn (390).

dAn"" (ind. M.rtin in fog (W2),
l Anne que,tion. Manin (J9.I_% ).
Me .... ",",po vilYl (_)

M~",,~
,, M,.-.'"
""ft,n
by
()<II),
by ruifin ()<I3),
M.rtin " ,,,,,,.. ";g;l.nd

"'''''' (397- 407).
Anne to
XVl. s..cr,<ty' A"he (o"""L Anne i, denoo"""<l by MOM nd

ronfe..... (___ 35),
j , ..
,<=s"
Waiting fo, Akalon (306----11).

Anne s how e"h '0 Manin 1313-26)
M.nin.oo Me",,", i328-lJl,
Anne rom .. to Manin (33S),
; Anne and M.nin 1337),
f Anne and Manin (339),
Anne and M.min (J.I\).
Al>sa lon, An,"" and M.nin {J.l2-{;11,
Al>sa"", , nd An"", he d;.,s (362- 8S),
"
XVII . 0 ...
cAm..., .nd M."in . ' 'pring (lJJ-Il)

An..., . nJ M."in 12431
g, An .... nd Martin lie down (2-15),
,
,,
XV R ....''')''
. Anne ""d Ma nin 1236-37).
roll rondudes (436)
Ill)
1M!' Of WIUIJI
em. Ihird day, H"tio/, M.,,,, i, bumd. Abs.okln ,.115
An"" of her motlwr'. t,.nW-.,...., . nd
"'M~
.oouces
Martin (..,~n.. X_ XII) . Af..". on un'j>ilied ;01"''''.1.

,he", occur> ,hal crowdod day during w hich L>urenli u,
di<><. A.....,... ronfron .. An"".nd dies. ,n<! M.rtin begin'
k> doubt he, (~t. Xm_XV).
.noth., ,hort
inleJVoL on a ftftn d.y, the ronal .... "" by Absalon', coffin
tok.. P~ ' Within eo<n d.y, the .lterMI;'," permi .. the
film to 'kip"".,"""'in ,tag<"< of the oction . (Whit. Herlof,
Mort. i, prepore.l fo, .orture, we "ie\..' Anne a nd M.rtin in
lhe <a'ho.'<l,. I.) The eli"'n i, often Gui", ,ignW"a nt: 'win'
It><- """"",,,inS """".1, t ..... time i' U k.. /0, An"" ond
M.rtin tu h.,,~ in"'rruurso, U k. The" Sholl ffim<N Th~ W;jt,
wh ich comp"""'" a month ink> two days (0"" al Ihe 1><ginning. 0"" , I U... ~ndl. Day of w",.h >chic,,,. ,hal du,atioo.1 """""n,.. hon '" <l\a.-""tcri"ic 01 Orryd, fdm .
He"", the need to pock .>ch .. ~ day OS den..,fy"
f'O'.ibIe by .howing d,lfe",n' S;mult."""u, .,<nlS in al
Af"',
"'rn.' ~ ,n
AItOm.l ''''' of '"'G ""n",. .nd 1"'01' 01 "'1""''1<'" unW.,s

the film in another way ' by keeping Ihe g"ne,al .... mhve
point of ,;'w omni",,;'n!. Though in <enain !ICE ..... " ' .
, na", An",,', ,.nbge point on ",-e,", ("-e ,han return tu
thi'). much (>('CU,", that ,he
wil"" .... , Onl), the au diom ..... a nd
11, 11,.. <.... I""n, If "',' "f a """.a'o,
of an ",wooing I\o1,uti,'e
in any rigorou, ""no<, a'
in '" U;S""".' C<'Un h"po,in g ,rI.i n ""'''''"
<)U' ocru hn)'.
intffi;if." the <los" .. and int.rnal do>tnni.,.t'.on ul ,o.
film,
Suppork'd by ,u"h omni"';'nt point of "'wIt..",
"".m ~ru:"n"gn u' to ron,truct par.neli.m" 'The pa ..llei, reinlruco ,o. son.".1 ,h.m. tic upp'" ioon, of '"" folm
~'.ry .I"'""tioo build, up.n opf'O'ition be"'"",n do>ed.
d.,. in",,,,,,.,.nd O!",n ex'."""', bet",..,n .ge and )'ooth
Moo, poinledl)', ,hi.
e"',''11'" lrom 'he ju, " P'"
,ilion of lin"" a nd Mortin, in n.' ural . urroundinS'. ",ith
'h. I<>o1ul<' <>1 H",iof. M.o1e. 0' with Absalon. solitude, or
wi,h Absalon .nd uurenti",. 0' wi1h Met""" Cros""ul ting p<nnit. 0 .. )", to pl.y on a ,ubtt. ,ang< of ,irnil.,ihe,
and dine",n"" . Con,id", IWO
While An"" a nd
Martin drift in the t>u..>t. Abs.okm ,i,it, .h. dying Lan .. n'iu . nd <nM<u' , 1I.m. tion prod""... many
and
in '"""",,,,,,,, betw",n ,ho" ,,," lines of "'tlon , M,rtin . ,k;:
"It"", ,h.11 W\' .nd up!'; and OOth AhMlon ond Lau,""n
tiu. po .. , ..... .. me kind of question. Manin lic. cr.do,d
ag.>in" Anno; Absal"" " 'ure' Laurentiu. th he i, a.
'"" w
"",'cr
"0"
I",
,,,Ir.,,
"'gm""'''_
""hoe.
mot""',
" ",It .nd ' nug as in )"""

a"",," Anne describe>
,he tree bent 0'''' the w."', in moni,tic tenn, -it c.llUlOt
be ""p.o,a.ed from i" .. lhlkm _ .nd, gon ,ly c .... ping
lin'. hand, .he clJirns that .hey too are round 'osethe" In
lhe . I"''''''ting """"". La u",ntiu, . peaks of .pI;tting his
""ul hom hi, body .nd I><gs to, Abs.ol" n tu grasp hi. hand .
When A.... ion _k, tu ""mfort l..ou",nhu. with lhe
.. mind .. tho' he. ""'. will ">on d.,. O"'J'" C\>ts b.Kk tu
M,rti". h i, />'h",", son .... ying. "Ann". il "'. wuld
die togerhet now, ..." Already the f,1m ha, wOJked oul.
",ilhin the S"""r.ll ogeoyou 'h opf'O'ition, difterence.l><
''''<en An"" and M.rtin lhal link him to hi' orthodox
. 1<1 . ... T _ diff."'''''.''n: c""forn>L'<i I. "" (..,gmon, XV),
wh<n An"" run, through the fog coiling for him; M,mn
, its, grimly .000nt and still. eXoK1ly Iii<. Merere keping vigil
",w Absalon', co.,-_ The like ...... i, confirmed not onfy
by he,
("Manin ",ill
vigil ,,,n igh' '') b." .Iso by
hi. "",.d, (Martin'. "only 'h'-lUSh! ""w" io tu, Absalon),
E"on ,he k",. I ",x'utc '" ,he ,u"in~ ",nd, h, ,uIT"" .""h
l",al.,li.".,,, ,he romp". ition, often "'or, '0 oornp"'"
'pe<ifoc fogu"' . ... in'~ di.."I,'"" "'h",h com!",,,, H~rIol,
M.o1. tu M...,. (,hot; 4,5) ", ",h",h "ma,ch" Herlof,
M.o1. ",ith An"".nd vic<>
(,hot< 1617 . nd l5I26), 0'
"'h",h contr1 the inqui,ition """rd with 0 leafy br.nch
I>""', 1191120), In an. the .lte,,"'ti"s . ' ''''',U<~ P"""'"
m,npori""" .. c"~l}'
from ,he moo' g"""ral ''''''''''ic
Walu..,. 10 d.,.. ;I, of d"k'll"". Il""u" . nd """n g"ph",
q u.li'ic,
The pri""ipl< 01 .I"'''''''ion ' ru' rule'S , ..... . not ..... " It one
<ha.-.c' ., i, in mO,.."",n ' off ",,,,,,n . the on"' .... n charo<"'(, 'uming I", nd 'hil!ing gla ne ignal it . IV, . _" ,mpie,
,he forst 'im< ,hal Ano< """'" Manin. the ",'0.'" ... ,",
,ho,,'n in 'he , ... ""...." , ,hei, .)..... """, 'hey ,. Ik. 'ho!)' s<'
h, 'he d;ning t>bl. nd 'h. "'."" 'imply a l",,,,"' .. she .. of
.ach " .... 11 ""'''' 'han t"'o <h.,o<t... p.ortidl"'" in the
""""", Ore).. , ""Iect, one ch"dC""_l>I",,,'e, Anne. He,
~, h M.",,- . n< wQ,ld 01 'he '--''Y. n
is<:>1.,.d <>\>s<," " in ,h. W ho,d ..1 .nd ., the ..,"tion.
An "" i, f"-'luently ",,,,,,,0
><lion by """n' 0/
. 1",,,,. hllS ed i~ng, In """ ""''''' Iffigthy . I"'""ting "'hi-. of . hot. has . Iready ju,I.,..,.." the couple in lhe "",.
M.,
.""p
,,,o,d,
v''''
"",,1,
b,o,,,.,,,,,,
i",,,, '''''
IMrOfw....m
"'''' ,,'i.h A""'\on', walk home . When Ahsalon en .....1><
...,ct.,ry, ho< .,ri".1 .ha.",.. , ..... ' p.>.i. 1 uni.y be.w""" A"""
. nd Martin, Mo"" t ..... y "'aft'd.ho .."", iT.me; ","W 'hor
"paw". and An .... "'av", tn. fro"'" .I.oget ...... A "" ....
oho' "'if" .1>< .ngle to reunire .he
but Anne Immed .. ..,I)'!loeo out of t..... f,.me again, A, t..... "ove, ,he is
l.amed in he, O,,'n
medium
,,'hile Martin
heirs
to.it do... n. An"" brings some t...'f. nd
.gain.n th"",.re in t....... me fr.me. but again ,h< IN"".;
.nd f .,. .he rest of.he ."'".... Am", remain. ut..,rly isolated_
Thu, ."" inti~ An"" oflc",d Martin i,
0)' Mar'
'in', fol .. 1
'ion. and 'hi' d.>'<>h<on shut< An .... Qut
lhe P''''''''''' uf ""''''''ling cutling .hould by now 1m.
P"11
tu . , ~ " .... ha' .,t.n' 'he I" t.rio-r see"'" JX'SS"SS
1UM); fu, "'. haw al...",,}' _n how in U _"" ok
d''\", and Voml,),' .I..,,,,,,ting ""tt"'g tend; to cro<k
,r" "",nogr.phic 'pac<, And it mu" be odmitted that . 1oough moot char..,te.. er,lin.,..re d.,.;c.,jly maoched in
D4j.o of WM'h. ,he sJa""" are o/' en angk-d "inro'l'<'Ctl)"
fmm ;hot to ;hoI. Yd the ""'''''' in Doyof W"uh_.nd 1",.
'iculorly the >cO"". in ,I>< redory _ ha,'" much "ron~
",noe of 'p"-... I uni.y .h.n romp.,able!iCe"'" in ,I>< two
... Iie< tilm., One
cau. . . . . he
"umb."
0/ 'rue establishing
e..-en ~ '" c"",",,-up the
e";.""roo" w. ar<' <oMta".ly Troriented to ,h. action by
Ions , hoI!, Bu, the film ha. another0"",,,,l\ot unu,u. 1
t.octic for unifying the no ..... i'.. 'f"<".
In one 0/ h .. oou ...... t the So" i.et Sta.o Cinema In,lih.",. s..g.-.; Eioe,..",in app""",hed the probIoms 0/ .tagins
.00 oditing. The .pociflc Ia,k ,,'hich Eioen"ein oet hi> stu
donts
tl>< p", .. nu ."", 0/ .n pion<!" fmm Ii. iti nti
colon .. li" ""'uk' in 1802, .he ""'mp' 0/ the he .... h k>
c.ptu", 'h ~ lead", De< ..I""". Fi,,', '" plotting tl>< m;""
,"-<Mr<. If",n.jein demanded that the o,.. ,.U "'tting (a
N"'!""t t.,1I) be . ", I)'Lod ink> ."'. , in ,,'~ic h . pocif" ac
'ion. "'"u .d ' al> pI", . Thu, " .... ""rtom of .he .''''''''
would occu, """ a "ai" .he n."t in .he ",nte, of ,0" hall.
a .hinl ''''' u bI.>. and "" on . "Ynu mu"." he told hi'
pupd '"w<>r' OU, a "'''''''''' 0/ whe ... . "" "" ",1\0, 'I""""
-WN'< of .ction-e..,h _Iilm .. to he pIo)'ed . Th, di,';'
",-,n b.,1w""n 'he <"ion, of."" '~"J mu" """ be "-,,,.
dered 'p.tiaUy;
a<fun fropn"n' must h.", it< own
.llotted. sf''''' and de"elop upon it,'" 50 for. this. i, "and. rd stAging practic<>. But whoen it come' to film ing . nd
ed;tins 11M> .taged action . [ioen.",in , uggO'S" that the
the.-.trical pro>eeflium ,"'.,. is not to be re<poct<d, C~""' ..
.h..,.,.
"'' ' 'km
"f""'"
,hots.
"'p_
<I.". .
u,
'p",..
i"'"'"
""'-iou.
.hoI"
w.,
.0<"
gte.""
gIa"""
'"
wo,k and ""tting a'" not res.ricted to ingle orientaoon to

.ny rone 0/ action, "In ,he cinema ... I,herel "'.... ,he
fea. ibHity of _rvins n .. o<tioro from.U fou, .ides.'" In
tho Dess.rlines ..erei ... then. [i .. n,t.", dO<'! not !>eoilat.
to bt<.k, .!;olin .nd ')\oIin , the ".,.. 0/ action" of t-IoIly.
wood ptoc.ic<; . 1'''''''8h I>< warn, ag.aiTl" dioorgani<ed
fragmentalion. he st.-....n the nmI to viobre ,he axi> in
orde, to produco ,.,ied ,hoi F"ttem . Thi ....,an. ,ha t , 0"
~ion "flo""."",>OJ .h. COm,,, th.t is. around tlw .~ .
t.to'. Tu gt't Ihis..fft, ,he came .. CO n not only di"""'"
,,",w from inside the circular ",~. ",,,,, bu. can .1.., ..
though flan k it from.he outside ... Although.he resul. 0/
[i"'n."'''', project will d i",,'8'" .harply from Hollywood's
'p"-ti.llayou'" ne,-e"heJe>. in hi ""rcise, the ""nati,"
moIi,'ato. the apportioning 0/ """nic """" OS "'elf . s
Auid, ,hifting ..""" 0/
nd ediling onentation< to
tnos. w n....
c.""'..
No betto, torm than "'dICular" could be found to de

,.;b< o."Y"'" ..,~nogtaphr in D4j.o of W... ," . Tho
mi nd , u, r.)", D"'}. r.I"". fmm the
of hi'
.... intima.ely linked to that tr.odition 0/ chamber.rt .hat
includ", H.>.mmc,..,oo; and Vermeer. The d;=tor Woo rom
F"red d""",. to >",hi"",,u," "nd, hu""'n'~~ .pa<.
e<p<'dally the closed c!lam"",, to be tho< rn""'ry
of
..:Iion. Furthermote. in D4j.o of W.. II>, a. in Thou 50./,
1/""", Thy l'Ii,.. ho cham"", i l.mil ..1 .~., After
I ~an"" d A..... ,II, ,he m<>ok,' court. Lko",,', , ickroom,
.ho
",o",hou ... D",y'" ",tum' to ,he f. mily P"-'"
10,. The r<'Cto'Y p"-,lu, "and t the intor<e<tion 0/ the fami ly" octi"it",,, Ann.', bedroom, A""'Ion. "udy, Mere,.',
bedroom. and the oo<l'idor to the ou tdoo ...11 gil.., OI1 tO II",
"-'Ctory pa tlo,_ T"Mtapho.:allr. the P"-"(" i, """ ing plo<~
micnx""" for the f.mil)', oocioladh'ities. (:o-.iote .hat
only An"" is .Ion. in ,he porlor for very long.) With it,
I"' Y"
its window'loo~ ing ""'0 ""ture. it....irc...
",. dins up to t~ loft, tl>< F",1or app"''' ., an .bbrev;.,ted
.n'h< ,~'8Y of ... ",,,,,1 mutif. i ~ the pIo . And i ~ ,,,., WuO<'
of tn. na"ali,... ,he parlo, will funcb"" . P"'S ....... i,.,ly.
", .. ing for ",union. roll<oairn<nt . .."u.1 intrig"'" . od
murder: .he Ia" hme ", ..,., it i. II.ls 1>""", Abs.oloo'.
<typ!_ Bu. ,h.o F"r/Q,., ,he .,.. n. of 'hi, """"'otic dtam.
must be m.\do na .. a.i,oI)' intolligib!o_ So let u. roocen."'to
momcnt.l,ily up"" ho .... de'pite I'iolation, of th.e 180"
rule .nd 'he "Y0li"" m.'<~. ,n ;.; ch.m"'" '''''''' berom ..
romp",l><n.ible
st,,,
"'C,,,,,'.
m .
,H.
dexto.,
."d
".11.
~ ~ ".,.
..It
.f, .
S": "':.
~~"-:r ;1- ~",j
~"
..
.:
"'~!"
-::!'''<>;l.
":i~- ~
.. ... ~ li!(
11"
~>Q.~,.,
q .
-~
.;e:.! -',
'~2'"-<"'_~ o .
_. =~ o r~R"f~ M
'.~~
'r~E
--"-
's., ,!. o
_:r_
~-~
,_ir"'~~ '!' 51(-- -s..
",s..5 l~"
l'~!O3~
~"
~E . ;d~~q~1!.7
~ o~1!~~,..<.?,&l~f
, '1/ ... it. ~ ';i IT ~ 0'" Q!i."2
i f1! ~ a." ~ 'E. g. ~:. 'I _
~. ~ _ i~
_,~",~o
S' ~
8~
s..ifir
". "'-
~' ~. ~
-.;!
.~ ~.~
~,"~~
<T"1
o' _"! __ . ,. . co'<
~
'" ' !;;:~1''''i:!'' ~1
..
~,
[,..~'
3fo
,,-ii"c
~~ .N ~
",.
_ ~3
,~- , ~~.,
".. ~ .""
",;;;...ii,,-_g, ~s..'I11
~~~3'
~:>,~a8$p.1!_~~"""
:>'"
_~~~~_r
~ il~~llo!1."
S":;-"- ,...,,,-n~%. i! ' ~ ~ ~ ",'-~""'''-'il~5'
=~ ~~~~ii
i'25' -f7~
~~_
3 .
,"3"
~ . ~
~ a.~ ~,,~~ l';: ~~ {~&. i!'
~,~irir,~[a' !Ta I ::: ~, !i, :;_; ~
~o - -'
,,-,...
_,!' 5fi~.I~,.ol~f~~-'
",'
'l. ,,- ~ ~
"' ,
i~~I!lfJtl~f fl~f
~ if it ~ 5- ~ ;; "" .. l:!:i"i"'--o a
s "8"'_~:f . " ~ ~ >l _o-<
'1
8 ", _
~ l~'~5.~ ~ ~ s' i!;:~ ~ _ ~ ".
~!a.
"':~ "i s~d;,q-H ;;I_ :_~'

~ ~J."'~_' _ -_,
,'
.. _
,,_
,"': .- r. _
3 .. "'~<c
,f~ - ~~-E '-" i"~
~~J~~S' ilo:;:It~~i,i:o
" .. ' I.. :r:-~

" ! '". ~o "'-;
rg.;"l
~a::;.c.
"-~~i:~~ ' jll:'" ""~ '~' I~~

oil .. ii- ~ ~'< :l"l ~ a~ ,,11 ~'~ ", '
!l: ..
.~ -
ir::ro~c
-~~o~l--
.a
!"-... - . ; - ' - .s-".
'"-
l ~o~3ifil~::: ;!-'t~ .i;'~rt-
,,'
1'~
~ ~ ~,
~~i.~<l.O~~tl", ;; ~, 'A~ "
"'if"'"".'"
I?-~~
~ It: :; " ,'" _~g,q-=t~
' - .. "~"'ifif ~ . , ,~ a'<'O
..,~-
\.~
,t".- _
"' A<~(
J..
...
0::8
.
-- if'c-"~'
~ -<
, '- , -,["',,
'
~~c
~ _JO "'~ ~ ~
~"P[qq~~~[~P:i
i,:r-~O"j<I~~ - 1t"'<!>C -~t ~
c'~"""'OI_
"'
' 08 ... ,~ .. ~e,
'~ ~-'
-~ "''''~ "',
~,
~'t
'"
"
used for L", nigh' ~ du~"S which Ann<> '~mmo'"

Martrn . W,thin . ""'I"'''xo, our . tandpoint on ,"" ""bon
,,'ill .hif, .. ",.11 . "''''' ... tho ""'ming puy.", " , .... (.obi<
. ... inih..II) v",wed _gain" ,I>< win<!<>w . a nd tho: Lo in_
cid..", be"., .." An"" .nd M.rtln .t h<ambroidery ;. ..."
IhE orpoo;" ",.11.
log;.
Ie" Anne . 10"" .n<! ,he ' urnm<m. M.rti" . Absalon

dr.w. b.>ck from Anne. moving to m.me right, Anne on
ft.",., 10.'1, (fig. ,). The,.,;". UII1' .hiit, switching .heir Ioc,_
~"$ he "'"'' in'o Iw, '')'<'5 ao><l judS'.. U",m "so mar,-ck.us, i""""ml Ii"" 'h"", f>I . child" (fig. 2). Tho crossing
uf lho< .... of ....'" r<w.a. fo, 'he flrs. ti"", in tho< """"".
windo ..... nd tn."" ",,"ide, through In. wio><l",,-o ""
''''' "''''', .ide 0/ ''''' t.b~. T"" di"'''''linuity i. .. resoed by
owrrid .... wNt . ...... nrtly . ""aking. in<omocUy .ngl<>d

"Y"'ines. More imrorbnt. til<' mobility of """""ho" onlo
,he pl.ying . .... permi" di .j un<ti,~ editing to iooIate ""'.. in detail., Oftffi M.",,,, ;,, tTe,1<d in a 'I"tiolly di';";n.ed
"",nner, bu, . ilKe ,he is .t-nt from mo>I ""' ....... ,he
must be s." up os . signWo<.nt
,nd ofI-the-line
C\lttmg rool"',. .... with IwT beN';"" in ... marking "",. fur
,..., ..l<c 01 . narr.li," porallelism. Drey'" .).. 'emahc.lly
, .......... ,"" ..i> <>I ac'ion in the ."".. in which Absalon
.no,...... 1110" nol. _hkh ""utn, u' tu ,"" 0"5''''''1''''';'"'''

tfig_ J), But .1"""" immed;',.,ly, .f.., Akolon i, gone.
Morti n COITl<"5 to A"n<.0><1 ki- . Il<, !fig_4);.nd .no''''',
I," CU, sw;'c"", uS ",uund 'goi~ lng, 5), As M,rtin c.lI,
n.", "y"" "fathoml... and my.triou, ," Anne ... go l" .... n
b.fu", ,he window.nd ,I>< ",uri< i. f,.".",d >0 10 mirro,
In." ..rl;", ,hoI 01 Ann< and Absalon (fig. 6), Thu. f.,I><,
. nd _ . elder . nd lover, .'" ronc;"'ly ronlr."ed: a"" ... "
p... lIel .n..,. from til< jump in one""'",,,.
'ga"'"
0= ,he :roneo of .."jon.", e,tabl;,h<d.
'SS"''''''.
na,.,.';,'~
t""
,i,"
n.. two la,t "'I.... ncn in the ""to!), porlo, (""S""'nt.

XIV and XV ) carry '" a conelu. "'" tn. tendency of tn. ac
.;on in _h ...,"" tu be ,,,,,",,,-.,d lrom ,. ";"t) 01 pusi_
t;ons. n.. fi ... "I the .. ""'luo"",", .. "'8""i ...><I. ",.""". bly
enough round Me..",', d""l .. "'",ing t,bO<. It is. t this
table that Me"", mend. tl>< clothes. thot AnIl< ...duceo
M'rlin. that Abs.>lon joi'" the rouple. and that Anne 'e
"eal, tho tru,h to Abo..ok><>. This rompkc> ..,.;e, of ""'""" is
.00"'" from virtu. lly .wry .id bringing in tu pI.y ."o>Jy
",.11 of.he porlor.nd plodng the cho,.cte",.t the """te,of
mobi'" .",hi!<'<lu,.l .po. (An "", , ~)u. rotnporison "
the 360' scenogr.ph ic .po d ..",lopod in the fitm, of y.,u
jin> 0<0 ltl>ough O>u', style dilt.,,, from O",),e(' in
mo "Y othe, _1'""".)
n.. I.,t sequence in the re<:tory anchors it. compooition
,round 0 ""t.ngt.. Abs.olon, coffin. bu, the prindpk of
drru kori ty ron'in"'" 1<>0p""t. , M .-.;" i, init;.,lIy ......><1 in
ch. i"t the loot ofthe coffin . A fIe, Me", t. le.Ye' (fig. 7).
he ~ to .""the, ch. i,.t the coffin', t.e.d nd An""
enters. She po __ I:><hind him (ng, S) on n.r w.y to yet
. nothe, chair. Molrti " goes to he, .nd ... . . bou. A\>salon',
do .. h , Ho '""'" urges An"" b,ock ", .he cofnn to ,we.r n.r
in"""""", nd tn. com ... follow, them I<> the t.e.d of the
mfton lfig. q). When Anne Jrne.el. to .wear. the carner.
. 110,," us ,.., Iounh <!<Ig.> 01 t'" romn (tog. IOJ; ,,hen.he
ri .... " ..,..,. the fou rth w.1I ol 'he 1", 10, (tog. 11). Th~ com
,. then h)tlow, ''''' <oupl s the)' <omp",t. '''''i, ";r<ui' of
the ruffin , M.rtin return. tu hi' fi" t ch.i,.nd Anne I...,...
(fig. 12). Sw;h 'y>temotic cn.ng of com. ,. o";"nt,t'o<m
permit
to con,truct .n intelligible II<en< M . U"'. "
E;"'nstein ru" it. til< octicn "fk>w, .",""d til<> c."",,", thot
i. around the 'pe'<""or:'
A""'rd ing to one of hi' >tuden". Ei"'''>tein .J"" noted
tn.t co"", .. m.",."",nt c.n ,upply great fIe.ibilit)' of orient.tion to the zones of ""lion . In v.y of W.. ,/r, n.tT.ti ....
con.rob. Of.en. characte, (Anne. Mere"') will look off to
one ,;de .nd til< comera ",illl"n tu r,,,' 1Martin arri"ing;
he bro""",. In foct, aswo.te<J with thi, ~it>d of .nti.,;
I"to!), I" n ' ""t , Ei"'nstein ', tK>ticn of allowing the ",.
t;"'n tu 0.::...' .round the 'peet"o, con I:>< .... n "w",~ in
othe, came,. mo."ment., Ge"",.II)" 'f'<"king, til< cam. " " 'iIl trod in on arc in 0'"'" J;re<tion ond I"n 010"'1)"
in Ill< othrt-.ga inst the groin, . s Edw.rd Braniga n has
pot il - thu. gh'ing p iralling twiot to 'he ",enogr.phic
.~ . More opeciflCally. three of t"''''' ..,mic;rml., co"",ro
m".",,,,,,n,, . ,,, po"lIel<!<l to one .""the,. !n the .orture
u'
ch. mbe,. the Camera tracks leftward. ",,,,,.ling ~,st the

judges, ,hen ,.., ",ribe , then the torture appa,.'u,. and
r. .... U)' H.,k>k
In Lau"",,,tiu,', hou..,. ,hoe """",t>
""VO'S Absolon in ti>e d""",,"y tu
Io"g thoe ",.11, of
tWQ roon... ",he<lleft. and back op. framl .. Lau,"" .. ti"s in
hi> dea, hbed , At ,he ou .... of.1l< film'. fi n. 1 ocene. the
CO""". follow' ' N> boy choi, '0 the ga ,hered .Id.... a nd
.hen .o ,ho! group .mu nd Abs.:tlon', roffin , While .here i,
m""h to be said .bout the", th"'" 5hots, it i, enough for
t"" moment to note how, coming . t the beginning of thei,
" '''peel,,,. "'.""'. lhese
. ".bli,h the .'.r')U' pI.y
ing ' '''' ' for the "'ticn, tn ,_
'""IS. 'h ..." w.tt. Ore
",,' IeJ, gfOrKe< .nd tu m. moti".t. 'he di""t ..... ' of the
""'",ment. the C.meT. co,",,, .Iong I,, ~.,.,t>d.n~y of
.ny one figure. ,nd i" tr.jedoT)' de""",i"", ""I" tiol
leleology'" _ the ond 01 cach ohot paY' off with 0 tableau.
II we od~ to the .. shot< the fo t. ,, 1 tr""king movements
which follow Anne 'h roush ,he ehuKh rurrido, ond which
tr"". Herlols M.rte, e",.p" from he, cott.g.>. it b<ocornes
" 'iden l ,ha, 0\"'" in'erior """"" in the film . in the reet"')"
or cI..,,,'I><re , o.,ntrj" .. " no ,,'.y or .no,I><r of ron"ructing
unif.,d , nootr. ti ... ty inb>ltigible 'P-K"
M
."",
m,,,.. .
.hot,
THE ABSENT CAUSE

CIos",,,. temporal concen tration. om"i"';"n. point 01 .-;0 ....
1",.llelism" cohe",nt f.milial >pace- .Il tt.;.., 10""," d.
"'""ine the mm'. "'o, k! .. unifoed.t>d ho.'mog<'''<'Ous. But
"",n ti", causalHy, the .. ]a tion of .".nt tu .,'ent, is hardly
'" '''or..,u!. In v.;. of W,",Il, .action, ' pri"S fm'" 'h ....
cou""" the social. tl>< "",ural, ond tl>< ,up""'"t""l. C ori 0,"'1)'. cha'OCler p'ych<>log)' as a IIOU"" of oction become,
id.nHf,.,d "'ith on< '" mol'<' of t"" .. th .... .. the, ,mp"'"",,,t "'"u .... , Mo"""",,,, eoch of th."" cau'" i, gi"en
COrK"''''
in 'he ~tm', ..ist ... ..........
o.~ of \\"nllir "'p","nb <o<iety neit"", OS <cooomic
pruo.lucOOn nor OS the ... te. In.""d. t"" soci.1 i, identif,.,d
., . ,.Iig;"'u. in"itu.ion , The firs t oction thot we..,., Itn.
.tu.>ot'o<m of 1''''oof, Mo~) i, p"r/orm<d b)' II>< ChuKh,
thuS ""!ting in motion the en.ire na"ati." machi",,!), of.n.
r.lm . What IIOrt of insti ,u, ""';' t"" Chu",h? It is identifted
,,'i t~ di' poion.t.ly ""P", .. i.'e I.w (",i'nes. tl>< .ortore
of Herlofs Marte). ,nd "'ith de.,h: i ' pcrfurrru no Ieoti.'e
,itu.lo, only intem>gabono. e"""ubon, Ia" rite>. fu ne...1
"""--moo .... The "' .... ""-""'" define-> the """"I .0 tl>< ",aim
of tl>< ch'mo.,-t"" reewy (with i" b.." . nd grid. in ,I><
<>pre,,""
dt'OOr). 1h< ",,110,1;,," tortu ... ch.rnbe,. Aboalon', ..-:";'ty,

Laurenti" .... hom<, All ,~ <"'mbon in ,he film "'''pt
H.rlof, Mar ... re .00 sociole<! with the Church
Oppt>5<'d to <ou .. ';oo of a soci. 1oroer i. c>u",1ion of.
""lu",1 o<dcr, The g"''''ing love bel"'""n An .... and Martin
i, p.....",e<! ,he "",pon.., to sociol cons".int, an out
bol'St of ...... tu"l.mergy Whe"",'OI' lhe lovers """k ",H,ud .
'hey muSO go oUldo<>rs. to 'll< .unny
ond
or
,i>e moonlit country. ide. The . l1v", of ti>e ",.Im 01 n.lo""
i. Slrongly "",rI<,ed by the light .t",aming into lhe r,,,""'Y.
",,.aling ,he It'afy
o,,"ide ,he window,
eh" ..",.. in 'l>o! fil m .'" d~firu.>d in t."",s 01 .ueh
coo..,., The behov ..... of Lau",n'iu nd
for in
,tone<. i. _n to .pring from tl>< narrow "" 'etit)' of'l>o!
Church_ th. ~ in h .. meml.... rudgering 0/ Hffiok
M..rt. , 'i'H) OIho, ;n i>e, disgust lor An",,', ,i.al;,y. The
major ehor"""", . 'housh tand .. poin t; of in"""""io"
_""n tl>< 506o1.nd tl>< ",,'vral, Abion 1he P"""" is
."",ted ,he pill .. of ,I>< !IOCiety. bu, he has bet .. y~ '1><
Church ~' h .. d i", lor Ann. and hi. f~ng "f ..".
mothe,. Tho, hi. act;oo. proceed lrom , ten'lion _'""n
natur.I ....! sociol imp"I..,. , 01 CO"'""' bo,h rrieslly and
""",I., F.cn." . Aboakm oopi .n imporunl '~' rnbolie
roo, in ,,'Iot"'" '" Martin . nd An"~, to OOero;w him .. to
tron'gI%1I '1>< v."oo authority of ,ho sociol, And th .. i,
i~ M.rtin. point of conliict, The son'. d " ,)' lO his
lathe, and h .. !.,I><'. >Odety i. "" .gain'lt the
"""tlon '0 Anne nd Ihi. con niet will culminat. in the
/;Im's f,nal ""',.." It i,.ho
be'"'",,n ,ueh
moti"ate< most of ,~ film's <00 ..1 lines - ~ . g" Abo.>
10'''' ""'... betra),al is "", 100 by Herlof. Morw. ",~ieh in
'urn pro,'o,,", A" .... Io!e.lrn of her moth",.
M ....
.in'. d""'Ptioo of Aboalon ill play..! off .goin .. ~i ' oucial
f<:,n,,,,
",.,m,
II"."
M."".
Iov.,,.
,ho.
""'-;;g'"
c.""".
pow."
duly.
y,~ ,he film ",lie. on eau",,'ion 0/ 'hird ""t, If ,h~
iOCiol is J"-'"oo .. tl>< Christian Church. the .0pe,,",,"..1
i, ~nly dof,ncd., "'jtch<r.r,. and w. would expect. it ,,,,<up'"-", 0 pmb"-", ic <0"",,1 I'""";''''n , Ou, fi",
impuf'" .. t ~ intetrogaw 1he fum, WNt bo"ow. opon H,-""
lois Mart. tile PO" '"' 10 ru~ lav",,,t;u. ' nO '0 prnpi'H),y'
How d.,... An .... achie," the PO""eT to " , ummo"" M.rtin 1
Or '0 wioh AbIor> d.od~ It "'<>ok! be ~"Y '" g<> on .1
",ngth .btw1 whr.1l><r An"" hos ""nvi"""" i'H),...,11 01 ncr
PO"''' (. p'),chological ""ding) Or wl><the,.he "",.lIy"
h wikhfy PO"'~ ro I. ' ymbolic "'dding). bo' .hi...nclose.
u, "'ithin ,I>< .. rm. 0/ H", folm', own "p,,,.tkm,. 011.,';n8
u' "" 'tandpoint lrom which to grasp th ... operotitms. 1\0

bot 10 repe.1 in ." enal_ pro), of . mbiguity
,,'Iu,.1>< fdm i""l1 "sa)">." A rem.,k 01 FtNric Jame"",.
ill pertinent I><re:
In mo"", of .". ond ""rt",u/arly of .,,;'Iic 1""'1'1;"", in
()/ht< tr.Wds. d;, _ g to ,.""1 ", d.nde. to k"" ' '''
0 diffi'wlly: u'luil is
i kind of "",,1.1
P""'""" u>/rkh suMmiy Mill> .~'" ",>/rich '/orow< tv"'!IIh,ng in on in,xlrialbk ..ngk on< fhN "ig""' ...
p~ iMI (,/0, obscurily of 'hi> .....
ttna! inlO irs ""'" 001".,," 11M ", ,,,,its of Obs".m'ly!
loy ",jdrning irs frtmu m >ueh 0""", '"0' il """"ItJJ:n in
ilS ""'" "",,'01 ~ OS wt/l o, 'h' dJi. of '''-pro,
""", In 1M ",11;"', """" ""I,. "UI"'ggit ",,110 II>< oIJi.e! in q",.a",: in l/oi> htighlrn<d mid ><II"""",;"" ont,
. .. oIJstrvt OUt ...." ""'gglN ""d ""';"",Iy "t .ro...
. I"'m"i,~
"",,<II
reoof,..,
I."" 'M ""')'
elr.l'''''ttritilrg
t""".'
We most. in otl><r word map the i<'Tm' 11>< film', <'qo;'"

o,"t""", tl>< condihon. 01 its he;il.t""". it' ,.,rm;." of
Oi>o<u";.y.
,uper
From this '",'ag. ""in l. ,I>< ionchon. 01
"",,,.. I .,. ca ,, ~ b"ro,,,. ekare,..... in I'"",,,r. ,I>< '''pe''
",,,,, ..1 i, tl>< .it~ "I 'i>e "",.,.ati ,'O, "" ,, ..I e"""" i'
<on ,tiM~ on _""*nt <.u"'. ,"" pi""" of. h... i"'~'" abtw'
c.u .... , ]" 0'"' oen .....1>< .upern. ,ural motiva "".nl,
,,'hieh ",nnot be mott,'ate<! by "",,"I or natu,al c.o ....
Thos ti'H) s"pe"" '" ral ofton "'pi..,,,,, purely p')"hologbl
m.-oti,'a'ion. , In onot"'" fi lm. Absolon """,,Id ;nod".""".ly
over"" .. Anne wi'hins he
dead. bu' ""T<' I>< "wol k
ing """'" and re.,1s .... if De h brushed 1""" me," In
'no!",,' fdm. Lourenliu. migh' d" of. gu~.y con"'''''''''.
bu. 1><", hi. dea.h 'impiy lulfdls Herlof, Ma ~'. cut<;e, The
,uremat",a!.
'end, to oblite .. te personal p'ychol.
ogy.s. CO" ...
n... '''I'''m.'o,al'. Ion:< os .
might be """n .,
motivo'e<! by. """'" notion of ",.liim. I hove of"'n hNrd
people >oy 01 DIIy '" W ..th 1h., tho 1"''''' ;''' ...... of wil<h
on in ,II< film t, _ " ' _ n 01 1'" bel;"l. 0/ 'hc
mil",u depktOO,' And i. i, 'rue .h.. ,i>e folm .." during ,he
""0,,1 )''''''' of.ho E"rope'" wil<hhunts. "'I .... on a gen
"ral historical .w."'n ..... of ,n., Church', pe""",,,,''''n of
wdcho. , More ,pedflC.lly. in IS7S tnc o"""h tv.i>eran
t'>iel> Hemrninll""n publi,hed a
whioch so """",.
;',ed witchcraft that King J.m", 01 England found it ,u ."",.; ... ,;"' , C>,"in ",'.n" in ,he film.", I.i.hf,,!.o ",h" ,
w. know o/.ho w;tthc<oze. Bu. ~' h ., i ign;r>(~ n. i , 1hot
I""
w.'"
t"'".
CO"""
,,,,.li...
poi""
'0
moo'
. , <ruNl
[J"')'d, film ",fu"", '" <I.fi"". I"'" ;tion
"'i'h ""pec'
the h i,torit. 1 phe"""",,,on of ",itchcrah .
Con< i.
of 'he pa .. phemalia of tr.di,ion.1 wikh lore:
,he wikh. abili'y k> <""found oeighlxm, ,he ",ikho,'
... _ ' h, ",<. (CQmpa'" eh,i",o "","', Ik.-..,. ) AI'hough
'he 'pparatu, ,>I Chu..:h "'p'~";g" i, ",...1I . umm."i ,,..,. in
uu",ntiu.', in'errog;>';"", 'ho film "''''';"' . ilo"' .bou '
the
CO o"",, whioch histo";"", luv. prop<>St'<l fo, Ifw
wikh..:,aze (,dig""" "rife, the" .. 0/ ,he medic,1 pro/~.
<lon, the ""on tion of pagan ",Iigo;. u, <u,!<>m.j. Similarly,
i. i. 'rue ,ha' I-I<tlol. Marte u,." hem.l remeJ ..... ~ t
,n.,y.n> "n., ..... fmm undo' ,n., g;>11", : Tho:
0/
whe'her<he i, 'imply . loy n.,.I .. 0, """""""" <I.bbhng In
m. sic i. kit "I""n. n.. film ,i",;II), .-cfu ..."
>cif),
why, in .n., firs. >ce"", a woman has IIOUsh' ()\It fle,Iof,
Mart . Hi"orically, "wi""","" ofton .,tended '0
","men. bu, we a nn'" k"",,' whelhe, Hetloi. ~'Llrte' .
<I;'n' h <on><! _ king med;c.1 0' ,upe"",'u,al . id. To.
o/t;fti"8 ".,u. , .. ill"'-'me hi"""". 1 ",.Ii'y.
tn<l,>ed, ""e muot ~ l<) , ,he s upema,,, .. t ,;>u""
""""Iy """",,, ... 01 Its . h;fhng ""u,. The , ul"""""" ..1
""-' tu .. t" ,"u""
cou"" I""rmits.lipp. S" . nd ploy
. nd OOUrrH of .."I"n w h ich 'he film c. nnN ov."ly con fron'. In ~ of WN,/t, w hoe .. " ,he Church .",nd. in f",
tho< "",-~ic, ,n., .uperna,u..1 co",un ']y m,,,~,
wi'h'ho ..,,,oal. Early in ,he film, ,he inquwhon.,.,,,,, i.
p"""",ted as .
in whkh men watch ,he "ripping
and ",rtu'" of Herlok M ...,. By ,hoe time ,!u., ,he pn",eoc<
of.he ,upern.,u,.1 !u.s been
by An",,', de.d
mothe, and Hcrlof. Marte, wikhc",1! becomes <>nO <ide "I
,he di.lle<,ic 0/ ... ,ur.I'.upe"""ur.1. ,he pU'r<"" of which
i. k> d;,plac<' pelJ''ually ,I>< probl<m of ,,'om.on', ",>.u..l1
i~'. A ... 1< of in ,"reou,"".nd ;"""t ""''''' k> becom< 0 'al< of
,he i"",luble my.,.,ry 0/ 10,'< and e"il. Bu ' it
rom
pt.",ty ......,...J" .here", a "e><ly ,huttling ' 0 a nd fro.
n-.. prindpol ,i.., "I ,ha, sI1"ttling i" of CO"""', ' he
cho,"""" An"" . On ,he "'"' hond , he, behavior i""""",' ..
the "not",,,I'"' ,n. AinS' "" ..... tl Into A""'lon', .""', and
5n. d,..... nd ch itd fu,., M."in . ~t.rtin ha, '''''''ghl. but
. "" "". "<I",.",.:' !:M:", uoli'y i, ho", identifoed .. an organic
Bu' 'ho .."'"
no lo,,1 <lri,o lot all""""" and
rim., ",.". tity" dbi"" and .. peci.llly OS ' ~~.'~m of the
...)('ial ohlet, exceed. 'his ""''',.] position ,nd bKQ""",
idon.if>ed " 'ith ' '' perna ,u,.t power. (Thi" in foe', <",I"",
,he Chureh '. pooi'ion; and., ,he do,,", of.hoe fdm, ),!artin
""rimo.
g"""''''''
'0....
1""'''''''
0.'''''''"
,n.-",,,,
moh,.,ed
"",w
p"""".,......
can undonland An",,', PO"'"'''''' him only ... wlt<h<T.ft.)

Ali ,I>< q",,"ion' "'< as;,ed ea,lie, indic.te OOW ,he .pecifIC
no,.,...i," ron""!u",,,,,,,, '" Anne', ><lions are 'he ""ull '"
'he ",,,i"";,,n be'",een ,"-'''' 'wo " .. ,ogie, for dcftlring
''''' problem oi An",,', _u.lity, N",,' I<t uS Iry, ."
-,,,~ 10 <",oct<.,-w, ""-"" <_Iy ho.... Om OO<ilI,lion
to..".... n t""" ot"''''gie, i"y,,,,,,,, tic.lly proch,.."". by the
iilm' . .. <oe-m-s<"' ... ,
The", ''''. fo r in,"nce, An",,', mo,'"" ",n" .nd c",
'"me., The film rep""",n!> An",,'. dO"elopmen' 'hrough
,ubtle , hif.. in ,he speed .nd 'hythm 0/ he, mo,'.men".
A. the o"t .. t, An"" mow' "owly and rigidly. 'topping
often; he, ,IY.igh' .... , i, only broken ",hen ,he how.
t" cry 0' ""h<> impe'uou"y '0 emb,aee Ahoalon . Bu,
.IIe be<ome. Ies, ,,,, u""l ue .nd more c.,like, ,,'hen
during ,he ,k>rm ."" gliod ... around M.rtin in a ojn""".
mingko with 'he '''p''m" " .-.t, "", 1"',,,.)
'hrough
darkomed recto,}, COn~ b,,'h ""Iup'''''''''
"".. and """"ry. A . imila, play i, pre""nt ,n the u"" of
C""uIDe, 'yp;c.1 of Dreyer's 'pd'" .trl~. Th.t 11",1ob
M."e, IIosh "rike. u . . . o/>ocxin!;ly naked """-11110 ho,,' dechorae'e" he,., . '" ro<~ by ,IIei,
terminedly
clothe, . Of 'hi> a'-OC<' 0/ .lJn Raymond Du,sn.t h. , no,,,,,,;,ed, "All ,he ""pectabl< bourgeois citizen. of ~ of
W .. ,h "'" clod in long \>bel a ngula< garmen .. ,,'hlt:h en_
"'"" ,""i, bt>.i;... ti"" coffin . n..y .", all deod from ,he
nk down,'" Fwm ,he ""'k op, 'hough, Anne bloom,.
Drrye, """""n,,. on sligh' . 1,.".,;.",. of An",,'. coILo"
<-.p, and h.ir. We
he, w"."n~ an angula, hla<x
<-. p; M.rtin .m,..,. os . ho io d<>nning a ",hi.o ooILH. A, .IIe
morning proy., ""."", , I"" he, Iov~ma k ing ,,'i.h M."in,
"'" ""eo", a ><>itly "''''ing ~ bo<t,..".nd a cu"'ing coILo,
By ,he 'ime ,he ""'pie ,,;t in 'he n
An~ i, 1<,'ing her curly hai, hong f""" Thio .. " do""lopmo:-n' of
n.tu"'ln""' up"rn.tu'.t"" ~'""u.> li'y tin .. he, ' 0 .ho
only mller ",om.n who w~.", he, h.i, I",,_J-furIoI,
M.,.,.,. the witch
Ann.', cOS'ume ch.t" g...."'" primarily k> d .. ,, .,,,,,, .
,ion'o ",ha, D",y.' "lied 'th. t t.nd",op" 0"" <on ""'''''be til'<'d 01 ""ploring"_'he foc., A> in I"""", d'.1" .nd
V''''PlIr, ,he .ye. define tn. foco', "I"~"'ion . Ct."",. hold
the se."". togotl" In,m ,hot k> . t.-" ,.nd no gia",,~ ma'
te" more ,hon An""', , II .. look io . t on<~ t"~ ~ 01
n,t",.1 \0.>'"", the ,en ..10 d Iw, wikhcr. ft, and ,he e,p"-'S'
,i<m of ,"",u.1 desir<'. M."ln' m ,,1 "",,1<$ 'ho "",.if
wh.n he 'PP"""" Anne i, looking in mirror .nd .11<
J."""""
,p;,." ""'OOsm
t""
moo'
r.", ..,.,
gr,,,,
turns.oo comes 'n him in ""lies "r shoes ,,'hich stress the
for of Iwr soze, Th,o, g.", is ""'rtly di,,,,,,,...d in "'sment
Xl. Mere'" .... rt, t)wt Anne ha, ller mothe'. dangem ...
eye>' Akalon find, ,hem "childlike- pun! .nd <k .,..';
M.rtin po!1'CI'iws them .. h.lrbonng ". tremblins, qui"'rins fl. "",," For ,he ch.lracte" and for n" Anne is . "'M I<>
b< d<"Ciphe!'<'d, and Il<-r g1.nce. are t"" ,..,.., for u, I<>
"",od" "'" on "".. w. y or ."",'he, . A~.in . nd 'g' in, ' ""'"..
will b< broken br in..,1'ICJ ,.". .ul" of her looking in",""
Iy at "'''''_''''''''_ Tho! ligh' f.!ling .,:ross An",,', r..,., insi"s
on ,h~ "Y,S; . . ."" ""',..... ,h.do ... , fnrm . "owl 'n.und
he , glance . True, Me",,,,.nd A!>salon. fig u,.,. of .u,r.or;'y.
"''' ",,!.lllli,hod b)' ' Oti,
looks (M~"'''' is ,lie
r,,,t "look.,' w. encoun"', in ''''' film, r"'ing Anne in her
orowl) .nd Ak>lon.1Id Martin can, lile Anne, ,,-en look
wi' ~ u' Iooking.' . ny,hi ng in ""rtku'''_ But only An",,'.
')'" c. n Ow (rum tlle""";"l .""h,ng<' of gl,,,,., ink> .
k",,,'. gaze or into ''''' roptu_ of '"P<''''''' u ..1 '-;,ion .
Wllen .he ,um"",n, ,\I'rlin, n." b.>d i,
him; ho, ")'<S
' urn upw. rd, ' '''ring ('htm>gh ."" window' .hrough ' ''''
roof?) """""hing which we C.nnol .....
me upward look .... ilI relum at ,,,,,.nd 01 ''''' film, though 10 '''OIl'
differen, elfe<'.) T"" . yes beoom. i"'.... red no' only with
" 'itehl)' fo"",, bu, also, ,nd "'p"""lIy. wilh .."u,1 energy.
Tho .l>od",,', ~ n\'~loping An",,', IMe .no """ <Jf
.".,ttw, 'y, ... m ... hich ()S('ill.!",. t.">t",",,," "no,u .. I" 10",
.nd ",up"malural" i<>"",-th.t 01 lhe in l'rio, IIgh'ing of
,ho: film . We h>w .Iready "",n how moch Day of W.. ,10
,,~'''' '" D", yol', cMmb<,arl quali' .... bu, he", Dreyo"',
lightin~
""'01 of romp"', i'y not ...,n in h i' earl;."
"'wk. Som imes lighl trami<>rms. room """ to remind
us of ' '''' ",orid ou"ide ... ,,"""n , uNigh' filte" 'hrough
"'indo,,',_ Bu, other cha m ~ _ Herloh Ma~', ro',",&"
''''' torture chamb<r, lhe oo<tum.1 """"Y, I"" "<fisty-b<""""' """f"'d in 0 ligh'ing marb-d .. "supernatural," While
ttollywoo<! f,lm, . It..', Citiu>r Kmrt of'on turned to the
oolid black,.nd brillian' ",hite, of .n:-I.!mp iliumin.'ion.
O"!' of W""h Ipn:'u .... bly ,Id """8 i"".nd."",,,n' I.mrs)
.mplo).. 0 diffus<-d l;gn'; ng. ",id~ .. ng<' of g"ys, .nd .... It
'hodo .... lho, . ", d.trl< ... dl>o,,' b<ing _
.... ,I>< fobn is Ii.
roeit"", "high key" oor "low key." In r.,d, 0.-.,"<"1" S""",.lIy
.vo ids ,he Holly ... ood "'h .... -rx"n' .. lighting ' Y''''m (,""
uo< 01 key, fill. ,nd bacldighl on a figure, which;' lit indeper>dently vi , 1\0 "" .. , "'hole ). In"oad. in Day of W""h,
,""..,,, and fogu"," .re. I", long ,hot,. li, 0" >ing'" unit.
Seldom <1<><0 any NclJigh,jng "'para", figure lrom grouoo
""n,,,,.ling
'0
(Th., ..
",..,h.,..
(ii rudclighting i. pT" .. n', d .dg.. n nl)' tho; I.....,), .nd of'en
'here ;, no fi ller Ijght rnher. M,,,, "","","." ;, . g<'n~r.'
lack 01 mo';,'""", lor lighting elfe<". For .""mple, D"-'}'er
use, """P do"'n""rd lighting lor nigh' occnc, in ''''' MOtory. True. ''''' Hofl)"wood ,ty'" of'en utilized high light ing ..... rce>, bu, ~it""r c"''''igh'' p.-..vent ou, noticing tn.""""'" 0' do< ,n., """"'" is TTWt;v. !'<'d (os wind<.w. sky li ~ n ,.
or ",hateveri, In Day of W",,", . lthough in "",.li"ic" ' orms
,'''' ilIumin.lion comes lrom <ondl<-<, lisnt "'n" .h .-ply
do",n lrom above. " il tn. ""tory rool were perfur.t.d .
Or a> U tn. ",.11. we ~ lrans!"rent, F", in o.y of W",J,
,..' di><."o>w > highly "",1,,,<>:. 1 ligh'ing 'echnique ,ha,
would sta)" with Drel" 10' tile rest of h i' ca"",r; ","'I " ...
can coli ,"" "gIowing.",.Il" techniq ... , A ;ofl ligh" (rum
",. ' P""""'\ "'ur. is 'p",. d o.:ross. " ',11, ",.,ojng an ir~""" d.,~".,., ow"od it. Bu' fig""" In f,on' 01'1>., surI",. will co.t no ,hodo"" "" it. , od ind,...<1 tI...,y will oft..'''
b<> .dge-lish'.do. il t~ ligh' Ca ..... 'hmHgh .he " . 11. One
""ult i, I<l ",,, .., tn., edS'" <of ''''' ,ho~ OS se"ot.d .s .he
"",,~.d and "igne,ted Ira""" 01
,i!enl films. Con .ide" fo, c""mple, ,"" mm'. oeoond ,ho, (fig, 13), with ,""
glowing Nckgn>und b<>l>ind ,ho hooo with ,he pen. Bu.
,ho """" 1"',,-.;-",,] ron~ ",'roc,, ;, ,ho eradic..ion of .ny
,,,, Ii'tie moti".'ion (or the il lumin"ion_ Wha., fo r in
st, ...... ""',,.,. th" glowing ",olio of ,he ' ortu", <hambe" .,
in ,lie ,hot of L.."ren~ "' int<.-rog>ting H",Iof, M."" (fig
14)1 In Herloh M"",', hou .. , one ""teh of lighl co,"",
lrom ''''' window. bu, wh..t, 01 ,"" one on ""r h.ir (fig. 15)?
In Ord,' ,lid &rm.d. ,"" glowing-wall Ie<:hnique will
"'" ppe", bu, it i, 'ignjro:.on' ,ha, i n Day of W""h .uch ".",.
full)' unmoli,atod ligh.ing lrom .bove and "'h rough" ."r
fa=; luochon, I<> imbue ,he
<hamb< ... of."" film
with. ,upernatu<oI . " ..
One ,hould no. info' fmm s och ."'. lighting, 'hough,
,h..t, ,h""",,,un> i, stalk. Uy I.id """". t"" deror, like ,''''
I'K'tYs in Moro<ro or ''''' webmotil in S"'pK;"", In v.y of
W,oth, ''''' bloch of liSh.,,>d d.,kne" """""'" " ,,;b!e only
""""" a <h.a'a<t..', """'''' .hrough '''''m_ T"" .....,p"" .. of
rruny ligh' SO"""'' is ol... n no. 'PP"",n' in ,I>< ""ic.hot;
figure """..,men' is ""luired to n"'eo] ''''' U""'pe<ted
""ten"'.nd angle> 01 illumination, Even 'imple . ,..~
.ro'sing> room 0' go;ng '0 ' d.-.." (fig.<. 16-17) b.,.".",.,.
o "ream of oplic.l tun,formation>, inducing the chara<I.. I<> pe",,""e three-dimenoionol """,'or. 01 d"kne<s
.nd ligh" This efl"" i, moo' pronounced at nigh', w""n
,he rectory', volume i. ""'t Ihrough wi' h. light evoking
Dre)",,'.
".rious
UI
1M. Of WIl!I7lI
16
17
II>< .up<m,o lural, A. Anne ciK1es M. rtin, sh< p""'"

'hrough 'hic~ of lighl .nd ,J>.,dow which . '" '""'0'
p~ gnlo tho floor b\l, which endow ho, with.n au ..
. , 0 ..... mys~u,.nd "",,,,,I.
lhe P""";""""" ~ An,..." ''}'-"
role w;.hin this
yst=l of unmOOv,'t'd lighHns, Of"", "".,..., An",,', f""" in
. ,,'Os of Sr;>ft sh.><.Iow_ 50. .......;""" ..,., move< into <h.>dow,
mOO".Hng I . . iIIumi",OOn, aut_ti""", >ha<lov,', fli' un
"" .... ;nly ......... h<-' ''''''' , Mosl pI;';t, 01 roo""" is ..... \o."f
sl\Odvw ",,>Ii/, During h", fl;ghl. HeM. M""" ""'"'"
'''rouS" , ..... I'rade ~ . t .... , ,,'ho.,",' ' .... 'ing i;>r.rrnchr." co ..
,P<d<IOO
Ju", bef"", 1><, de"". , !r,pped to
'1>< l>Jrkr, ..... cu","" Absaloo.nd t .... shad" .... oi k-,o"",
'Slin laU a.;n,..l><r 1"",_ This ....)!if is !r" "Ien-t'd." An",,_
Wh,,,, "'" <aU, M. rtin and "' ...'" I"y kioo, tho,~ oi
Ie ........ remble upon .... , fACe, yoking HerIoI.
""pel"",u,.1 p"",ers An,..,'. ",xw];1j< The lear shadow. become,
" it wc.-., , .... ,,,,p<,,,,,,,u,01..,, ,,,,1 " ""'phV<-" ' ""'SO' oi , ....
,. positive. natural" image of ,,.,. br.nches
domi .... 'e. ,I><
h.a,.
,hadr"". "" ....,_

'0
M,,,,,',
,n.,
10>.. "'. fim outing, 6y t.. p<nult,""'t~ ""1,-""""" .ho<kr""

'P\'<"or wilhout 'n)' mutt".t;"" wtoo""""'" K"""linS by AI>...Jon'. roffin. Anne
M,nin that >he did no! kill
Absalon , bu, a. >he doe-<!i(), dark
,lid ..
race, from 00 ph~.1 cau..,. In ,och rnomen", tl>< fac< truly
~ .land",ap<, one w hlch is ",.... ,fum>ed through ligh'
ing inter a """'; beller, ,he face re.:-om.-. t . . .upp.:rrt '", . n
0"''' "writing" in light and ,iuOOw.
So An"" is. oviden,ly, ,I>< problem of ,I><
Although tradition urgeo u. to ",ad 1><, actions ... !",ychologiaUy m.:rti"alt'd, tl>< ".bsen' cause" , urpil<d by wikhocraft
di>pIac<-s 1"'""",,1 !>,ycOOiogy. The oocillatlon be"",',,,",n tl><
naturol ,nd ,.. ,up<matu,al should be ,.,,,n .. tl>< film ',
...."-"!lY lor PO<'JX>I1 ;ng..",,,lity(yet, pa'adoxic.illy, confront;ng j, at '-"""'Y rncrmen', confront;ng;t in ,I>< ""IYlerm. II>< film
c.n). But;. the oscillation ~Ie>s? In the final sce""
"" ~.-.d .11 tl>< """ponen" of ' his lwsil.Otioo\-Ann,i .
mO'o'em<n", "'" rosrum.. 1><, gIonct"5, 1><, lighting, Awn doned by M.nir>, she ... .-.d. confronting Absalon. rorpoe
0\,.,,,.... '0
,had"",
..-roM"'"
""".tlw.
DAr Of wM11l
and ronre..e. ,ha, . he IilIed him .nd en ..... red hi> ",n
with ti>< .id 01 S.,," , I, he, """,...-.,., 0" od.,q...", """"'U"
.ionl "I..... . "'il<h~' fl . . .... coI!.op<ed, . ucrumbed 10
oociy'. dc!cnn .....!ion .., d<fine "" ,m. l desl"", .. ,up""_
na.ur. 1 w,d,,,.lness? I.... Su.in PU" it: "The des!",i' " ,he
..00 could as wen inJato ronf..... .", . , ' I;',"') Or doe,
psycOOlogy remain .hoen' 10 the lastl Dc... tl>< film,
thal .. , Cl'"tin ... to heoit."" het", ... " the ".turol .nd tn.
superna,u,,1 .., ,he ~ery end? Or doeo it fl!l.llly ..,HIe
on tN<!ing " 'h",h pi.>a's An"", .00..... her? Elefore ,,'e
"on "",mt,., ,h;s romple>. final """"", _ .....'<!<l.., oonoido."<
"""'" ' "p<'<tS 0/ the film which"", h,o," '" ,., ; ~
The '0'" 01 ,he opening immeJ"..,ly..,.., a problem , II

roth i., , nd i. not, ,lw o;.;s I ......
Dog, or Ooy of
W ..lh, rorre,pond. to ,he La tin "o;.;s I,.. ,".nd the mu,;"
,uppl;.." the "od .. ;onol Oie, Ita .-....100)'. Bu' ,he ,..,""" ,,,,
no1 .,.",t.,io,,", 01 ,he L"io
",hich ...... """'" down to
us, The mm rrumoge' ",drow upon the <nli...,.dition <01
the o;.;s I, whjj~ pr<'S<'nring .n u",,"hodo' ",rilt. n ... ,
(English_!.onguage plin" h. ,." mi''''''nly tr.n.I ,"<;! 'he
Latin poem.nd .l!ached i. to the illust,.tions.)' A li ..,, 1
tr. n,I,'ion lollow., occom!",n;.,j b)' .he 'pp"'p,,,'e
woodeu," (fig" t8--U):
V""""
1''''''''
or
OAY
, t>a-, of
THE SCROLL
The nlm hegin. "'i,,,,,,,t emh' ""Iu.""., onl}' 0 li'l<:
Vmkn, Dug in Goth", ",rip" with. CroM in .hado ... y
,uperim""'i"""', Tu 0 lugubrious .... Iody . ",roll u"wind,
up the .en",", On the right ,iJ. of the scroll i, inO<ribed,
_ . 0" 'he Iclt ,;de of .1>< scroll. ... ties 01 "",,odrut, .lepicts 'he O.y 01 luds"",nt , Christ .li,iding .he "' rtn, tity
in fLonle$, ~ng<lb ""PI\ ","Ii, the
of hell , The
cr., .. ",,,.. in, ... perim~. On ly .rte, "",en illu"ration,
. nd ""'tn "'".,. do.. the ",roll ,Urt to fade ou ' ove, the
boginnins 01 the penulHm.te ",""': "O.y 0/ ",,,'h, fnom
the ""p of S.... n . .. "
We h.,... oln...o),
l)...,y...-. film, .", built
around IOUch .u,ho,"'" .."., ~m<"" ~.. ge .><Id",,""'!
to no """' in )'drticuLl., TlK-y furoct"" most o\>\';ou.l),
d"s ure d~,'""" . nd in v.y of W""h ,he ><roll retumo, e,,"",t.I>I)" . , the ond, .nti",ly unnolkd, it> t.". """'pi"",
But we ha,,, . 1", "",n, in the ~rly film., ho", .uch text>
'end '0 ..,,'e a. an . historica l dfienninotion 0/ the fitm',
"rueture, how the written word guOd ..... in the ",odins
of the film. In /",n", J'J!.n:, O",ye, .." in d"lectical conf"'"""ion, On< such "",-,,"plat}' 'e' l _ the transcript of
r~o n",,' riot_wi.h on
J ill"","t .. .-..;t ium _
'he fitm im'S" it'.... '_h' ron.,,,,,,,, ,,-,",ion b<1w"",n tl>o
deoJ "", .. t ~..,,-d at><! .he h,';ng e"pre"' .... word . In 1''''''1>;'''
'he ,"tortill" nd .l>c d~1l0'ic.II)' moti,'ated book "'goni'o
the (,1m .nd tr."'mut. their oothori'y into C"'y" P"'p~ic d"'.m<. D.y of W"'lh be.>rs , It t _ "'nd...-.e. " , The
scroll progr.m, the .n.uing (~m fo, u,-not ",,1)' in it'
MIT.,i,,, lmfoldins "'...1>0 by d"S"'mm.>t"~ tt)' _ng
,."",.1 repre>en ... tion.1 'y, tern, '8" in't one anothe"
j.""
_n ,. . .,
.",*"'he,
,,,,
W .... TK: "OI1'ttN
n ...
W,a,h , .. 1"'-' dati: "ighl

g,..", I>M of III","", of ,h".rlh,
,un
toy a."",""
, I'" of st""d" '"Tro"..uri

,,""J
fi--.
, Doy of of ''''
DojI
u'ith ,"IJi<r,
w ...h will
~'-II
{<111 "I"" . "
t/o, i< ...ly "",'/,

"",,,'h ",it"
"",Id ptrWr.
0 ,h"nd""",. ",o. ,h
........ US from ,'" pd1r >i.mM
"'''IOU ..... 10 U, "U' g"lling .",""",
fhy of ",,,,'h', I,"",p'" _

",II,
In, IkIod .0Id ,Iu! living
, v.y
"I"'" Ih,
lwlro.., !.p of I'" g ""~'
of u"",lh,
st."
of t/" O<ril
b1<" ,ii, "''',' of iii, 1>",1-
II"~ ,""tWIt
i. oItoIm
.""nxN toy cru,
v.y of . ,..,h """"" ,I" ".,-Jr,;

lighl"iRg
<hoI! "..... .""" likr
0'"
I/o, >inJi<1 {11>' of
,. v.y of
/i/"
dMJ .
. '",'h, 0 "'" ",,'" <lORd
_ .11 ..
d..-J
,/w"
g",n ..,.", h" ",,"~,
'n #<;mo , .nd ,iRJi<! .J.osir<
fmm llot ""'P of s"1",,

"I' II" 'In-~"'dro<ol rod~,
Ih, cro,hrl ","I 10 II""",",
v.y ,., . '''Ih,
9 D"JI of """'h, /i>un to 0.' ""'"."',

In,
",,",,,,,,'j
1wI~
flood of I",,,;
s.,,, "', /"us, toy !J""' NmJ.
....
1MY000WlUlJl
18
19
i"'lI before God inte.."..]'ng fo, ,hem, The I." 'rump<'

, "mmons .11 >oul., ju.' ", ,, ,,,,', motl><, ,upp<<"dly
had ' ''' witch', PO""" '0 c.1I " ,he quick ,nd ,he doad,"
Numerou, ,d,,,,,,,e. J""f'>'" for
film', uso> of oound,
pioll)' h,. nu t "ff"""""" sou"d " 'hich ""II 'h",.ten
H"rIo.'" M.rte.nd Ao",-,_ from ,hi. st."dpoi"t, ,he ,."""'.
e... blish ,I>< gloomy
04 ,he ChufCh ,,, the
"1m, Hut ,hi. add"",.,,, only the in'iption, why the im
.ges1 And why to". im.,ges nd mu.ic
To lI'"
better pure""", on ,I>< fune';"'", of '"'''''' ...""'" .... "'e
"""d to comido, h<lw 'I><y combine.
FitSt, .he ",rolf unw ind. a"'.... 01 Lm.!lI'" .00 "''',
.00 th.!t ",n.:-. rep"""" .... ,hoin 01 ""n.b,,, ",-en", The
"I ' he u" )...Jsmo,,'. a. told ,,, Ro,olaho n. is he",
"plotted " th muw> ,he ''''0 ,!un""l. of )"oc'u"".rod " .",.
' 0" .. "gu.!\'-' . A,
" 'o uid oxP'-"'. to" ",,"f. conform, to
' he p"n('ipks 01 .... IT.ti,~, "\'O"".re li,.,h'<l Ch""'K,log"
C.lIy .rod (.u ,..Uy, The
cou'" is
God
I !;",,,..If. Pork",... f.II .......or ",;n (i";li,-",Ooo i. d''''.-...y.d ,
the I." "um1"" , urn"""" ,,,,. Ii" ing .00 '''' dead ...,.,1.
"" ",.i",'<I, ,,,,. w.-dkt is Si,'''''. , 00 ,,,,. d.mn<"d .."
t'"
"-'pre""'"''''''
'oge'''''?
The 10rm.l1 .00 ,hema'ic 1><I"an"'&", of ,hi, w ..ion

... rod ou ' of",iouoly onour,h, ,he "~or"~,. i,,'rOO ""o motifs
fo, u,", in ,he """.,;'" to com,,_ The light'd.,k ;""S"'Y
(ve ... 1), ''''' fum". (21, ,he.." of iudgment (5) . he 1 ,,,1
damna'ion (6) . 00 ,i"ful ok"i", (7).11 "-""' "gn ,l",o,,")' in
the en,u ing film, The j...Jgod soul. "and b<fore ,he ' h"",,,
10 ' .. M,rtin.oo An"" diu .. whe,he, Abo.lion i. ".,.,d
""'1
w,
r,,,.
'''p''''',''or,f.
ru.. remarked ",,100,.) T"""gi1Ih< lhos
dlO,'eled into ..11_ M",ifs, bo,h pic'<>rial . nd , ... 1>.>1, sh!<h
,II ,he Ii""" . A"""
,t-., ~"~n" ,"S",t-.,<: Ihnmsho.,u' , ,h .. "'mll mak .. , to. ""! of

judSm<n! into wh., Bart""" <.11, an """,ion ""luence,"
',." ",<ndcn ', 'he .... und

t,,,,,k rb<:., ,t-... p"rform" "ce r,m>I)' wilhin It-... "'I"""i.,,
.. ",ial mt'<ho,,;,m
The Die, I"", """1'1""" at Ihe immolalion of Hellol;
M'rI<" "'-"'I"""". whkh points "I' ,t-... functions of oound
in ,he conmuclion of ,he mm. OIf' ''''''''n noi"" . ,he 1'......
Ii< 'exlun'S . r>d liml>n's ()/ It-... ",und, ond It-... den.., poly .
phonk mesh ()/ dialogue , m",k, .nd noi.. , "",ke the ....
q~ ,I>< r..-rlorm.""", ()/ on en"""toIe pi<ce"n or"ono
lor choir, 1><11. fume., . nd lemal< ooIoi>1,
AI ,he ... rt "f the ""'l".mc... lhe im.~""
I. Y' OU' ,he
"",no through gl.nce" from ,he """,ory lof'- Anno
,,,tehe. Herlof, Marte broogi1' ""'_ M.rt in dodi""" to
",.1< h ,he ""moia1ion .nd ",mes to join An"" as .t-... tum.
from ,...., window_ No .."'b1 i.hing shots d~fi"" lhe "',,, ....
ters' """ i ~o"" lhe ""tting . nd the ,el.lion.hip"" indi o
c.t.. d Ihrough <uWng .nd COml'" 'ng!.. Nine
01
Anne. lhe 1ooI;er, .lterna'" with .igi1' , hots of variou, 00i<'<" 01 her gI.~ . As An"" ,.",,,,, Herlol. Mm., Dreyer
.dh<"" to her poin' ()/ view througi1.yeli"" "",,,,he. and
hisJ1 . ngJ. composition. of ,he old tad).nd Laurenliu .
Anne Ioob '0 .cr""n "'It, and we "'" ,he .1<1." Iooki"$ on
" Mortin .;"", . rod 100\'' '. A",..,', ''Y'''' follow Mort;n', ",.Ik
KIOS> lhe courtyard .nd lhen ",10m 10 Iterlois M"rt~,
now bo"nd to !odd.,. J)i","uSh" An ....
'''''y,
S"'" '0. ",at . nd will ,"".1< h no mor . A,. " 'hoI<, ,he
""'l""""" "f ""r .... Un ... in;; ,he", e,,,,,," i. bracketed.
front aod cnd. by two full 'hots from io,ide t"" k,ft_ AI
'houSh poin' of ,;"w i. no longer .ubj<cti'" in the remain'
der of I""
,he "',,"" rontinue' '" ""ild upon ,he
'patiol p",mi .. , . ... bli, hed in 'hi' .. " Iy ph .....
CU'ling.nd .ngle of ,-ie,,' do not. "",w~""" ", .. ,,,,ho,lm
,I>< oou nJ "ack. Tft" e.rl~ rho.., of Ihe ""''''' " K<om
I"'nied by 'h"", ",ni< Ii"", "'hkh become Ihe S'0und 00 ..
of the "'-'l""n,,. . A, An"" ,-",,'0" ,he lof" ",e he. , It.. 0""
,,"urod ,h,;" wiil ronlin"" 'hmugi1 'he ""Ii", "'-"'I""nc .. , ,he
mofil<-<l "~I;og of II>< "ff ........,n <h u hbrIL M",-..,hm,,.,>ly
,,,,ody. the bell .rtkul. te, . m.I"'" pul.., f,or oil ,""<o"i",,
--"",Iodieo." A, An"" '1'1""" .llhe Iof, w'ndow, we he..
,he oound of ,he onlooking ero....d , now 0 ",It 00_ .
(Handled in B~"'nian f.. hion, ,hi. crowd ,,,,,,.ins uff
>c,-...,n d"ring ,he enl;re >ce,,",) In 10" ,...., .hot, ,t-.. ,"",..
.nd fi."", olthe ,bkHr""kl< "" 'he ",undlrac>" '0 rerrnin
m~ .... <ingl)' audil)k, 10, ,he "''' of 'h~ >[u."'''' '_ Th"",
.""'s. 'h".., ..,,,1< Ii..... , Mo"",,"'r, . 11 .'" noi,.,. issuing
.""Iyub'" in'o d,scret\' n.IT.~v .. ""gmen". Even the

muoi< add, ",,,.ahvo f"'l_ n.. "", ~\d)' n.o und.,W''''' 00
much quot.tion-particut."ly in R"""n'ic ' 'n<> po<m._
,ho, it now
"'p",,,,nta'io,,,,' we Wot, ir .....'i."'bly
ummooing up ''''' day ()/ judgment and ,ho knoll of dom
All
toll lack, i; ,",n-.~v. do,or<>, Though
"" migi1' Ihink ,he ",-.nl, to h ..... conclud.,.;l wilh the "'"
"f judgmenl, ,t-.. I"" 'hoI tt-.. mil ""ntin".,. u ... ",inding,
",,,,.Iing . bil 01 ",ot""r im.S" ,nd t<->:t (fig. 11) .. ,he
>C1',,,n fode, to black, promi .... mo", to e~ .
1ro~ue""", crowd upon u., B.f<,,,, tho film',
OWn narrativo ho. <""""",nero. ,ho Oi". I,.., 0<,,>11 modd.
for us anolhor """ali,'e o!""ating on ,table, unifted prin
";1'1<>5. And .. on .Im>dy "'''''1'"''.,.;1 ",.... ,ion- li'" I"",",
d'/I"., 1ri.llT.nripl , lho ....011 is. finished obje<t a' ,ho
'-.ry start_ ,ho scroll prep"'" u' fo, i .. ""urn,"'" ,m
plcticm_ W_" ,"','er ,ho disparitOo. ()/ 'ho na"aHI'O to
thon, ,ho ><TOU 1'10<., lhem wi,h in'n in"'y,ted m ..'e,
'eM, Uk \ '""'I'YT, ffi<y of W.. ,h u .... ,he .u,horit.1H,'e word
to hold toe.tired 'mbisuil"" in ehed,
The Die. [rae ocroU progr.m not""r.N ()/ "ructufCS
-"",i< r>rIS. The mu,,,,,1 """'lion and ,...., ...,.-.;!;"getic
ohe.".1 """,mp'ni"", ,, , f", I"" scroll', unwinding
fO,",ground It-... role of ",und , esp<'<iall)' mu,k, in II><
film 10 <om . lho,. muS.,.1 implkalion' of lhe 0 .... Ira<.",
",.Iized Ihrough il> ",in","p'ion inlo the film'. aclion
Thougi1 ,he ",roli inittaUy posi';"nod it ou"ido I"" film ',
n. m"i,'" ,,otld. t\\o Dies I"~, ., ",u,i< ond ",.t . ""PI"""
in ,n. n.""'i,, . I" the <hm<h, An"".nd M. rtin p.>"""' 10
1;0.. " I" 'he boy choi' "''"-'',..;n~ ,0. 0.,. h," in f'O'p"a '
'ion fot In.: im"',,""ion . As 'h~ ooup~' go out, lho ""'luence
e.-..l, wUh oho< of ,ho mu.k.1 orore on '''''
.. ,-', st."",_ Off """"n. ,.,. Ix>y> ,...,k ... ?P"; ...... ~'" the
'hodo'" of ,he C"",;rm"",', condu<';ng hand. f.ll. acroso
II,,,
AI fl,,' &lance. ,h" would ....,m ,,, link ,ho.'
Chuh t,) ' '''' ".n"",,"den' p". ition of 'he SCtoll. Hul im
Il'K'<ija,oly ' _'0 !lolmd",ek "","",01. ,he """"btlil)' ()/ ,coding
Ih i, I"'rtO"""""~ " . .. ",ially 'l';ritu. l. F(..- . , ,t-... , ho, ()/
I...... t-I mu,ic d i"oh~ , ,he oound of It-... ".-xl ""l"""""
~ds 0"", In' " ,hi, , h"" '''0 11..101; M,rt., .nguished
h""k i. "condu<ted" by II,,, eh<.linn. ",,. """pl".ly .yn
<h"'nl<od ,""'ilh h i' <Ul-'S ,nd "'mpo_ Th.ll -,,"'""'" giws I""
lie ,,, ,t-... "''''' ..... 1. compl.x<n' p;o'y_ ("I he., h",. ,hn.,k,
c."""
""'iM. ,ho, ,. . .
5.,,,,..
rom"
01.,,,;,,,,..
.hee,_
I... ""'hly;o
Ii""~ ;d~"tif,,:d.,
,,,ck
,hot,
'urn,
""l""""'"
DAr Of WllAm
from """Itt wilhin 1M see",,', .~ nd Ihu 11 im

plkitly deli"" 'pat;"1 rel.tioMhips, The Iwu <I\oMol .
Un. ge.nd ooond. rom~nl NCh other: lhe
porITOy loft, y.tJ . Id ......; lhe ""und.e,'oke ,he onlooke ... . nd
lhe ~11 tu ..... r; <mly the shut uf I....... Ice .nd 1.... !IOUnd 0/
,!>e flo"",. duplkale information OOlw..,n ,1\0 ,,""1 . Whe"
Mum. join. Ann<' in 10. Iuft .nd 10. "",wd', d.moro""
<h. nto . nd l!>e _nil 0/ lhe flam .. ,'. n'.h , II,. pau", i. not
Ih_ "",,,,I)' I<>T _ey;,im,TituM, 'he
qUiel helps de
"",rc.te the end uf ,he "' ....... 'oiI ..1ph.", . H""",forth ,he
muple will only""" whol occu" outs,,1e; their rei" .. llo
look ""'..... he Khem', .heerl), "",ic ,ignifoc.""".
The """ ...... """""d pha",
on H<rioh M.rt..
.hrill .'SUmonto wilh L.ou""""u, . nd Abs.okm. L.o.hed 10
lhe L>dder. she dem.nd. '" sp&>k will' Abs.okm. Ho ;g.
"""'" her Ih .... l. tu donou"", An ...... nd.s he p ... y. lhe
' ''''''''ioners lilt .0. ladde,. Vi,uall),. d';. >e<'ioo 01 ,he
"".... pa r.lld. I.... in i'''1 pi,...,. A pai, 0/ identical ,hots
(Herlol. Morte lrom high.angl< long ,hot) t:>r...."', 'ho
><grnen' . Within ,he ""II""'n'. shots of , .... chorKIe"
..... . l\coofs M.rte repiao:'<'s Anne., I... poin'-<>/-,iew <llo."""": 100
of "'" loolUng .I"'rna 'e with lou.
of Absolvn . pproa<hing lw" hond. h>ldcd in pra),,,.
S<:>nk . lIy. ,"" inHi.oll), i n'.-.,d~ .a."",n" """lin""
and beoom< ,lw oo.c"gro,md lor new lint'S." AI"" .he
pause wi'h Anne . nd Martin in ,lw loft, Ilw crowd', <h.n,
.nd Ih. flam .. ",'urn co",lan' off-Sffi'en ooi...
Ago,n" 'hi' d~n .. f. brie he ,har",,"'(, di.>logue ,land ,
""t. nd II, looJ, d",,,Iop; in m>rkodly ""ou,,;.: ,""",. He.10k M ...., ",n, Laurentiu. to fetc h "bsalon . t..ou""ntiu.
"Whd. torr' Herlol:. Marte, Iou<kr: "I ,,'ani to 'peok to
Absalonr ' Laurentiu", "Can you denounce >OITleoner'
Heriot> M,rte. ,hoo.ing' "I ,"'". 10 ,p<!!k '" Aboolort!" Lau"", tius', <tIf""""", G"",t."... nd H<, Iof. Marte', ""1,...1.
'hne" ;"', ....><1. Ihtf'''' inlo ",lief 0., .oct of 'pe,king and it.
".>d;l}, inew ;ng ,olu",,,. As .he """''''pon)'ing I.ame
enlorge""'"" (fig" :15-36) ond "",00 <ho" ind""''''. Ihi>
pllo.., <>I II><
condud .. Or>.n ",'en st"'nger.nd
,harp" inew. .. in ,'o>Iu""" . r.l p;lch. To Absalon', indilfo"'"",. Hetlofs M.rte s hakes hc, ftst at him, and .hrieks
'hot ,he will denoun<e Anne (sM1 It\.:!. fig . :15). Absalon
d"", no. ",ply. but tl>< !IOundlrac" ,n,wo .. her: in 'he n .. t
shUI (11\3. fog. 26) . ho ol/"""",n fla"",. hi" and b.!r. ewn
"""" luu<ll> .nd. ",h;lc
c","'d murmur continue.,
"'he, "",,e, beg;n 10 . hoUI , "lilt _ he._ upi Lif. _ he, _
u p" 11>< e"'-""U'M'n,,'" ""nd to.ho
and " .., to rai..,
lhe l.ldder (,h,,' 11>1. fig. 21)
.hot.
.....,f
"""le,,
,It"._
,hoi.
hot.
""'t"""'"
.h.
",\0.
11>< fi",,1 p!>.u< 0/ ,he ""I~ co"';'" Ilw ..... ndimage ",Ia'ion, '0' pa"",)"Sm;': d im.., pIa)'ing upon "po
in pit<h brupl ' ilene.... dashes uf
qu.>li'jes, ond _ O$
"'0 would expe<. _ tl>< ",appe a"'" of the Die< Ir.... Now
I'" {lame. appear ogoi"" .ho bockground of tho (hun:h
I'''''' 165. fig. <'8t "",. ting ' jU' '''position th.t ,,;U ""'" ""
c"",,,,..,,ted "pon by t'" ",und.,..,,,. In .h<>l !66 (fig. 29).
Heoof. M. "" i, ,"i..d, oIowly a rcing up out of ,he Ifo"",.
ond . , .n. rises not ""Iy d"", he. ~ jangt. agoi"'t the
dorko lower """" <tI .he off..,,,,,,n chan ting but her
,,<TUrns ri .. in pi"'h, 'ynch","i""" wilh her upward
movemen'. "booton. turning and ",oking.he . brup! ges.
' ure of 'Re ronductor giving ,hE do"""".,, sudd.nly <ues
new son'"
On ru'. <il""",. n., babblc. the
slIuulS nd lhe fIo"' ... te go".
Earl", . Martin lef. lhe <hun:hyard. 'M <hoitboy.
""'" lmrught in. filling lhe fra_ which ho "", 'ed. Now
they begin to .ing tl>< Die< Ir.. (shot 167, fig. JOI Thei .
h;8h, 'w",, tone; '~"'ptl) """,,.1 II>< llorsh<, ,hrieks of
'ho old "'om.n, TI>< <.mer>. pan.
.1>< boy. to.he
choitm." o., .nd . s he """"" in", ,';"w n off..,,,,,,"
odult choru , _ ne,'~. firmly anchored diegetkolly-acrom p.nies the hoy choi . H~", ,he first ''''0 line. of the Dies
I... . r< linked to .he ctn:um"ances of perform."",. bu,
immedi.ol.ly Ilwy bolgi n to fu",",ion ,n a f hion eM ""'
teri"", of ,"" "",,,,!,> ""'mpt thm"W>ou, .he film to
u M ~r<ut .he sod, 1 "netit)' of lhe Church . Foo- In.: nc>I
""'" 1168. fiS. Jl)
,he i""'ge of st ...... od <hu"-"h .
but ,be ott""..,.n song li nk< ,he '-""'CU'",n 01 He.lob M"""
' 0 the LIst Judgment . ",hen the ,un i, ",unouMed by
d.rk""" ." Th i. h~ i t.,ion bet"'",n the D>rs IT.., .ung
d"'s.lic.lI)' lin tlw ",ene) . nd nondiegelicolly ('h. odult
choir (omrn<n'ing upon the ac'",n) ,",'ill domin.", Ilw I."
fow shots,
Ab>ok",', >tabbing gestu"" decl' ivoly ,,;gnoling .IIe .....
.nd cueing 'he choir, h., bared ,he perfo"",,'i"'. mur.i<.f
""n"noctK>ft of II><- >cO"", A. thi> en ... mbie pio<e d ..,., '0
cto... tlw """"" ," unche. into lwr fin al pa"'ge . go;nst
tl><- ocOOffip.> n'ment of ..... "" 'rIberan' be.l, 0/ the bell ,he
ra;p of ,he flames nd ,he choi,. sons. The o"",ul;"""",
.land poisrd l, hoItdl. fig, 32). OM A...,..,., ogaln gslu ...
downw.rd , h.. ply, cueing II>< ",ono. r.",,1 pa ...g . The
,,,,,,"'tio,,,,,, pu,h Ihe I.d d., 0 .... ', 11.,1<.>1, M. rt. <laws ..
the .i, OM topple, inlo I'" fIa",,, I.h,,, I?t!. fiS 33), Just
he. Up",.rd;oK "'.. duplicaled by Ilw pa nic\o.y n ... in pi",h
of ho, ""ri<k !IO" 'he f. n. hoc .., .. am plunges down .he
t"""
.Iem<-n,.
0<,..,..
"'p"'"
"".I~.
(MY or I<CU1?/
l.l3
"
"
CROWD
P'cnJRE
162.
M,rt" ("0'" "'ft, ,h,!wi

fist (I'g. 25).
mAlOClJE
"ffi
SHOlIT5
B(I~S'
AOULT
"W
CIIOIR
CHOIR/Ift
A!>salon (<>ffJ:
.. _. , ,in:-
M.,,,,, ", ",ill
de", .."""
..
Anne, do you
163. Absaloo, h.nd,

<1"1"<1 (fig_ 26).
16l . H;~" 'ns~'_ Mon bond
to lif' M ..,,' up
(fig. 27).
165. Cros, "'mo... , and
, hunoh (fig. ZIII.
,.,., '"
"",
"Lift ner up!
U" ~I
'"
DAY OF
,..,...rn
8ELlS
PICTURE
16("
DIALOGUE
',m
C RDWD
'off>
Fl.AMES
BO~S'
'off>
CHOIR
ADULT
CKOIR (ch)
M.,,,,: "Vou
dull ,ufi",
11>1' m(' n I'us),'""

1" l<Ie, "I' (Ii g , ;>It).
f,,, ,hi."
10'"
off
""""n) "'T""
lA" 'il "' ill &"
you , )'OU
A",," Il>n ~"h"'"

rightward .
167
170,
m.
"Do)" of ,,'wh,
''''' d.,k night Sfo'J"
I><ok1 of
~nd, of
lhe rth,
Cho;,b.", . I",n ';ghll"

""J~, !ftg, :10),
Cro", fl.,m(" .,><1
( hurch (fog. 3 1).
M.n sUP!""" I.>d<ic"
Me h ,m, ngh' , I', n
wilh him'~ ",f" ......'
At>s.lun , H,' ",.k. ,
,h.'1' J",,'n "',rd
g'"'''''' M.n lum ,
b.>c nd with 0''''''''
h>pr!e ~-.dd,, (/ig. J2).
t""
n.., 'u~ .
,"onds
' unmondt,j b)'
d.rl< n<'SO
foff! n oy (Of ",rot" ", i,h
"ulfu,
(ofIl . , . ",ill ,". nd,
[t'g. ).l).
("If! F!>"".. w;1I f.1I
, nl ~
11",
ul"'"
An "" m"",.. I~ ~ l."m ;

, .....y emb,""", (fig, J.l1
r. n up I""" n.:.",."
rh" ... h >1"<'1'"' and
U.,
The
"""'y... ,
'0
(<<!fl ... c."le of lhe

wodd will F"',i,h.
O.vof "" o,h wi,h
,,,,,,,-,. (fig , ,1'1
Ihu""""'u,
"",u,h
(.oJ. oul
f"Je in
End of oo.:""",nl: '"00
Ihi. dJ)" "' ~.... n n"lu'"
... n~ tI,,, p'.;",,' '" out
L"rd . lhe .on"",
H<rI.,f. M",,, e'riot""
..... , ,rim('< tI" .. ," k~.
In m'''''''m g l" , ;.",
(<<!fl. , ,
ow,.o. u'
from ou' 1"'1.
,Iumo."
O<'i " ( "~ , .""
..,.,.,,\d
He, I." "">01,," is o<c<,",p.n~ ' d by ,i><

'e'"'" of
,he rn..., I,""" Th< ""mol im_g, ~ f ,ul phuo ,upple",,'n .. , ....'
H.......,> we
in ,hoi 1)1). H,', d,..,h i. " ,nicolly ",m.,rl<,od
by ,ho, (171 . Ii);, J.l) of Am,," , .... trr.>ein); M.rtin in
~,H_''''''; , ""I'm,." " ,,;cd whull)" u n lhe <ound of , .....
s.",
foff!,
P.n, "";"8 ~"wn ",'
M.", '''[,pi'.,.
171.
hYP''''rih.
1;;;1 h.,"'
..,,,,.,,,,ng
,h...
"'*"
"
",,,,. m-.r>d been
While " ... "'" Am", .nd Man in. of( """",n ,he choir 'ins>.
"'Fla""" will f.11 u p"n u, ," Th< fi...., links no! onl)" tu I""
, ,,'C\O t ~'" a nd 10 Ann" ', f~lu",;n " ,t!Che,.1t ('"Send me tu
VAYOFwM7JI
,he ",,"" and Anne "'ill folio,,"). "Fl,,,,,,, "'ill f'lI upon
.... ," said the !!Croll: , ..... ApocalyF"'" will 'f"'" no 0""', .11
,""ul, will be jUdged . Through , ..... CU"ing and Ih" add ilion
"f I..... . du"
I.... ,. ...... i, fowd Imm iI ..... uf' in lhe
.oc!ion, .nd 'urno .g.lin" ,he !iOCiety depicted . Sueh a 'urn
oonclud". ,he ""'I""""": while lhe camera paM up ,he
chun;h Sleeple from lhe ..."" (.hoI 172, fLg. 35), we 1><.,
t ..... prediction that "tl>< ""'01)" C",I1<- of the world [will)
pErioh'" on God', D.), of Judgmenl . And ,he "ead)' pub.,
of the bell 'hroughoul .. all;. ",ferred to in ,he n.", ,..,,...,
abou' lhe Judwn<nt 0.)". ",hun<k""". """,'h"; the lerm
uSt"d (,..,1,..,...",.",,", c.rri<>s in D.ni.h ,he oonnotu'lon of
church bells. 'The Die-> Ir.. ,ung by the Church, thus
"'generalized," become, rondemnalion of .nd w.rning
.dd .... sed 1Il.1>< Church,
But It.., sound d"", not CN.., until af"', lhe
h .. Mn ... rit"'n up, lran.l.ted into the offoci.ll ,om (,hoi
173. fig. 30). At>...olon'. account of the immol.tlon not only
again fon'grounds the mu.ical~n..,mble "1""" of ,he
" ..,"'" ~t .',,. sign>1s I.. do-si", 10 defi"" ""uw O<.n ,",'.n.ion of the """"I will. to .ncumf"" il in a careful de
ocription . "On this day when nature .. ng the pra"'" 01
nur WnI . . " Hut "" "-,,.., ....'" th .. d is n"t n. ' u," bul
...<;"t)' tlut ro""';v", 'his" 0 '"...Jobl" .t.y. nd " ." how
.Iso _n ,h.!,.1><
bo.',w,,",n ,he D"'. h . . . nd Ih~
i""'8 ..... Iready ,,-uri "gain't literal. '.pplementa,,' rela
tlon'hip. And e\-en now, the word, he.m O\'~r At>...olon.
"'riling (the D.y of 1I',>th '"aw,.", US Iron, "u, pa"-'
,I.mbe,.") idc'lllify ,I'll" <omm u"it)' ., ,he obi' "f f<",~
rumin!; ju.lwn<n', 'The succwding Ii""" '>fi ,..,il, is ".n""u"" .... .., u' Our bitt~r """,",nt," "pEning int<> th~ ph ..,
"I the film Invohing Ann<'
Wh.t "-,, happened, then, 10 the D.... lr..? o.fined ini
ti.lly on tho croll ou.side lhe diesetic world of the mm.
it en"", the M"at;,o only 10 be pried"""'" from 0 oeruno
uni...,<,1 ~ning . 'The hoy, ",he. "" it, to", what the con
doctor condlKto are Hetlof. Mar"". """,am., In ,I>< im
moLot"", ",<ne, ,t." Db I,.., begin' " I'''' "f Ih" .. ",t,,,
malri>, bu' ,t." <-dltlng .nd the u""",,tain p[oc"mon, "f
, .... un_" adult <1..." ", puS" t l>< p,,-, in~, > """ " .b
",..,t, """""",,,Ii,',, role . By the end of t he imm,,",'''''.
the Die-> h..., no
become an .""",,1 nus"" t~,t. an
""Ito of tho' unrolling ..:roll. in which ",,, ...ad the v.nity
. nd "'pressi".n.'" uf I..... ><iol rom'l>tlon.
11>< P"''''''''' of t" ... irruge" nd !iOund in the opening
""roll do<, one more th ing, 11 put> on ~xhlbi. Iwo pai .. of
c"""",
""l"""'"
!ric,,,,,,
""in
US
rep,..,..,"ta"""al ,)'."'m'_writt~n '-'ngu"W" and m\O<i<.1

notation un the ,,"" h.nd.nd imoS....nd sound. on ,0.-,
otllt-r. In tilt- Die-> Ir.. prolog,"" thes.e ,yst.m, """"",i,..,
in .n ".,<i.ll, ohi"nrical ",n"",nd."",. Mu.ic. pktu,.".
od words de .. rmine ..... ~ othe" " ... h ""'" par.lleling ,he
<>th.",. The en,uing film, ....'''"e'''', . hOll"" .his harmony.
"',.... Iing di'parilies .nd frictions .m<>ng , _ sy".m,.
Within ,he """,tiv" wo,ld thai "'" '""', writing becomes
,adi<.lIy dl/fe,..'nli .. eJ from image nd 'pe<"Ch, lhe
former being gene,.ll), Id.ntifled with the lroun .."rillty
of the !iOCial world , the lat"" ele"",n" being .. ><ioted
"ith , ..... more "ital "'pEric"'" of na,uraland ,upern ur.1
1<"...... Tho.> intO''''''''''' of I~ "'pre""nta'ion.1 syotem, i>
,,,,.,,,.ble ,,','hin o.y of
"""'.ti v" "ructUte,
Af"', the !!Croll ha. faded oul, the n.TT.H,'e begin. with
tl>< "'riling of. t""t. Whe", ,he 0;", 1,a~ te,t I, .I...ady
writ"'''' ilS production unk""wn '" uo, thi> "the. ,,,t ;,
p..,..,nted a, und"rgo;ng Ine act of production lihe film',
"""nd """'ing im.!ge is of the quill dipped in the inkpol).
Thi' ""t is not
.utho.Io." " .hi"",,,,.1 Dies
but.
d.,.d .nd ' igned docume nl ",lins thot H.~ol. Morte,
d""""""",, ,. a witch, muot be ",ized .nd brought to
<umt. Em;""", l}, <o<i.!1 writinS' .he , ...... <m pha'i'" not
lhe . u,hor., ind;,idual (we..", only . hand s.iding the
pen) bu. tilt- act of inscrip'ion as. pro form. ,,,,-,-,I. A, in
VO"I'Y" .ueh writ"'" texIS are in .... per<ed Ihrough D4y '"
ll""It', n.,.wi",,_fL,.. in",rtion , in .U. ooope,atl"g w;lI,
,he .h"mating di"i.ion of """n,,,_ but lhe function> of the
""...'" "", ., onli",ly p",Ji<Ii'" as . ""h texL< .... in lhe
~.,I"" film. 'The .. wri ~ nS' ... nd .. "'h.!, fetThlnd" La",, ",
C.""ter call, "'iteral
Or "rih",) longu.ge:'
'The .. a", public "-"COlds, lacking _ d.fonite .dd"' ...... and
aimed .t p""."".tion; otll<r """mplt"S ',e rontr"''', edict.,
. nd fu,""ary inscrip'ion . Uteral ""'"'"'s" .'" "",ant to
I. ", to c<"ify for til< fut"'" hew on .",nt uured. 'The)'
t.Kitly d . im'" "'port 'f"-"Cif>< h.!ppenings ad",!"' .. ,y .nd
o;';',<liv"y n.,. q""-,,hon in Day of W.. ,/t io: ho,," """,q ...... l)' ond '>bj..:ti,.lyl
Sod.1 "'titing is """n ., inOOe.ju.t" beuu,", (unlike lhe
.....,1: l'."l-'!Irt)" mi,;n lerp"''' or di>lO'" what 11 1'< 1"'''''
Immeol""'), .fI", tn. dOCU",,"n' .nnou"",-" ,he publ", de_
nunciation. we _ t.... """used ........ ,1, .. 1I..1of, Mo,,,,
gi,., "'" <u,t""" pot ~ .n . Off ",""on , ..... dtanlS . nd
to.ll. oign.-ol the .pproach of Ihe witch hunt, n,. old
,,"om,n. "'mf!ed, fIe<-o ' hrough her home into her hom
and ""t tnn,ugn he, pIS"Y' AI ,~. dy, .Ibolt minimally. , .....
)1'",,"',
'h"
I,..,
""""S"'''
....
DIIY Of
w ....'"
del ... .,.". la nguo!!" 01 the writ ha, been .. t . goinst conere'"
"u m. n behavior. Nm.ti",ly, the fenn.1 certainty of the
d""".... n' i, qualif..,d by an ambigoity: " 'he'her or not
H.tIofs M.rte', """ery wo rk" po."Ople .... k her out to .ry
it. Stylistic>lIy, tho .b5t,act I""tment of tho .d of ,,'riling ..
roun",IpOOed 'o ,he spa.ially.nd temf>.>,.lly cone",te a<tion of Heriot. Ma"e . A . insl<' .hoI ",nd... ,he .",Ii",
""'"", with . .. "".1 .nd p. rallel <Orner> moveme nt fullowing hor 'hrough her n om<; her p rolongl paus< .f"" hear_
ing tM bell foreground. ,he po ... ge of time, .. <10<. In.
'COm,,,. movemenl il..U. In .um , .hough the Ie" doe. not
SpecifICally _k to record .he ac,ion. ",e ..., and he. r.
Oniy ho, by ju,taposit.,., of docume n' 10 ""''''' brought
o u' , .... , opposi'ion bel,....,n lhe . bo' .aet .."",t """,h.ni.m
of wri ~ng . nd concrete, ' poti.lll)" . nd lemrora lly "li"I"
. _<penenc .
In the rourw of the film, the IIOC;"I n ure of .uch
docum<n .. boooo""", mo", .nd """" 'f"!<i;i.-d . T h~ .... "nd
'ex', like ,he
i. ",1.>li,,, I)' u nlocali=! """.Ii""I" it
<>I'Ile ... Absalc>n to win ow' 'hoc ."., 1 ,-,/ He, to/$ M~rte ,
C ..... II)". it moIi," 'eo ,he "" ,ui o;; s". (",smon ' Vt) in
the oa<ri"y. A,. text, the d,'t)' '''ion lu""t. ln' in ' he m. _
chiowry of ,he ( huteh'i judi(i.>1 Pf\K\'>S, d,fin.inS' ~ t>-"'
to", of _i,1",1.- .. And .goi" we ... f...<<-<l .... "" pa'" the
M, r. "'I"",';"n wi,h lhe ""erw that we wi' n"''' ,he Jet ....... d,.b pJetie<, ordering Ih.t A",.lon "exhort her tocon'hi- lull 'ru,h ,ho, she m. ), 110t a " ",ithoo ' p" n' rK~,"
.re given the I., by A!>salon', ,up pre .. ion of ,he ' ruth
. hout Anne'. mother.
n.... ronrlu,ion of ,he sequonce in ,he torIu"" cha m... ,
("'gmen' VII) bccorneo . "ill more p"""tra ting d.,,,,,,n,,,.
t"" of how in,d"'lua,e .ocial writing is t" thl- m"" " ~
~ ven' . n.... film', third wril"'n ,~~t , ",hic h end. ,hi- "" _
q"""""', ""plic'itl)" pu "'.....o , urn lO p Ihe action . Heriot.
MArte has been ,ubj,,-d .... ""Pf"a o, lICTutin iZi by the
. Ide,", . nd hod!!""", b)" Laurenliu" oot l"" record curti)"
not"", "Aiter h"i ng denied it, and al'er b< ing put .o.hIq .... ,tion, Ilerk,!> M.rte 1.... ly . u""nd. red ' 0 the b<""vo _
""'t . bjurali<m. ond p"'''''hing o/ .hI- So int>' Coll0t\" a nd
h,,,,I)" adm itt<-<l to h'-'ing ta ken f"rt in !iO""ry and bl.>e k
m.g;c ." n.., socia l "''''''''my 0/ writing i , to>! precisely
10<."", : Absalon ",.11<> slowly to ,he .... ib< and <.ign, .he
Jo,:-.,,,,,,nl, . tlesting to its . d"'l ""C}" Ye, w. h .." ",rlie,
-"'ffi Absalon oon<,,,1 lhe truth .bout Anoc'. mother .nd
If.rIot< MOl"" , knowled!!" 01 it; ",h", a uthori,y "m h i.
' ;g""' " '" ""ve ""wI A "od!!" hJ, """n definitively doi ,..,,,
Ii",.
1.". ,
bet",..,n thl- concre'e e ~' .nd its " , nscri pt"" . Written
1' ''S!Ll!!" m u>! ""w b< doubted ; ;IS ""'Y inoJ"'l"><Y. in
I""" m,kes It. v.lu,blo> ""';"l ""~ . It
k' .,-,co,,;!, to
pr~..,rYe ri,,,,,1 aocum<nlS, whEn i, actually
n." rep,.,.' ;""""" of lhe "li", ..1 MOSOge" is fin.I I)
.nd ;t\)~ ic.lI )" s pe<ilied . f,.". 'hi- immol.tion , "On ,h;"
d.y: write p" ~ on , P'&", .. ..hom n.,u, " song IhIp" ;",. of our Lord. ,hi- ",ick<-<l He rlol, M.r1e exp"'''''' her
crimes ,, !he , take. In m';o",m glori.am Dei." n." "',;,i ng
i, ""'\a ll)' '1""'r...-d ",hoen .ho n e~' ,hot ",vo. '. Abs;olon OS
,he a ut""'_ Ho
eo,,",o.lod t"" tru.h lrom hi' "'" ... ond
now tho onl)" =otd ol.he o,,,n' is hi' "liler. 1 m"""ge ,"
1!1.IId"'lu.... nd unf. i,hfu l. his account beeo,"", ,he fin.1
.nd a efon;tive in ,tance 0/ the """ial .. pres.ivo ...... 01 wri'
ing. WhEn Akllon """'m nly ploc ... ,hi- pen in it> inkpot.
,hE gest ure p 1;"1, ,h., 01 ,he h.nd ,.king u p ,he pen . 1
' nc folm', beginning, and si mult."",ousi ), ok,,,,,,, ' he .. rie.
of writ ... n r\o<ument; Ih.1 "'''' ,h",ugh ' il< r. .. t 'h ird 01
tho fo hn ,
Wha, oppoo<' >oXial a na in.d"'l""< writing? Spee<h
ond ;m.g... , n." "an.i,ion. 1 . It-"",,,t i, , ~ ~ p'><'m, Whl-n
M.rtin .m,... , Akllon beg,n> to .. ,oJ f .... m . book. ""'8
' hov l . "",id.n .nd In I ppk II\'<: ' ''A m.i ~"" ~ hI- l<t! in.n
apple '..,.,..A !.d "" cha"""" to PO" by. . .." Mortin com_
pie"" it: "She .. retched _ the bough it bendl,wt1h in his
.nn he landl : ' The '"NO< 01 cou"'" lunc,;"ns nothe,
de lenni ning prophetic toxt, p"'f"nng fur thl- . Ilianee be_
!"'''n M.rtin .nd An...,. The poom . 1.." oignif""'"tly. is
"" W ,ho"'n, only <iI,-d . Doli".""" lrom lhe con, ,,.in,.
of Inc doc"""",,. 'he poom on le", in.o . Ii"ing Citeui' 01
com mun;'. ,,,,,, . m.. ng the <ho.aet<" " . La"". alte. M.rtin
.nd Ann, how >mmit"'" ,oJ"I!~ry, An .... 0;1<> perm i,.ion
'0 ",. d f,,,,,, 'hr 8;b!r . nd ",Ic<l. 'he S" n ~ of So.ms>' "I am
,hE <me of Sh"m" ."d Itl< lilt, 01 'Il< ,'al lt-y. Like 'he lily
.mong ,hom" !iO i, m)" bck",ro among Ihe a.ugh .... _ M
,hE aWk: ''''''' . mong thE I...... oI lhe ~,""" , "" i, m)' bek",.ro among ' nc """"_ I sa' down "nd...- hi' shodo..... . , ."
An ne "o n,mules .he ",tip'm al ,~otd ink) Ihe li"ing "" "d ,
.n o' p""'ion ,)/ h., oc~ v;.. ...y.nd v'~upt""u, "' ", _ So
(Oncret~ h,,'< Ih" t,,,,. Ix""",,, """ ' '''' c. n < it~ 'hem
to,.,_ firs' . ,he Son g ' ~ Sung, " 'h ik: '''': .nd ~ f> " i n . it ;n
,nc S'''-''' to ...",. mo",' .mb;gu<'usiy, ",hi- s<mg .ooul Ihe
'wo 0/ u,"" "h ik: ' tl< """ pi" .w.i. AbsaIO". ''''urn t ~ ,hi""'to,y Thu, .g.>in .. "",,,I writing ,nd the "",.IM Dies
I,.., are " the noeitalioo 01 ,il< So o ~ of S;,nss . nd IhI.pple_."", folk,ong
""em,
" pre''''' '
h.,

Man in in grid, put< him in' o "",\"",ition (fig. 37) . Th ..
in itlat", Anne', "",<>rid
.he """" images. He, em
broidery depk' Wom.ln, back cOJ-'ly turned , w.lking
do,,'n "'owered pa,h, When Ann< ,i" bolo", it, r."
sLone. in" ..
Marti n in 'h,: pi<ton.1
of the ,.....
dl..wo,k, thus lillking hi< f ~ '0 ,he "'<>man', body (fiS' .
38_)9), When r." I'dttem fo r the embroidery is tare, re
"". 1,'(1. we find .hot Marth, hod ""id ,"" rio d .. igned fo,
t"" im.ge of child . Indeed, tr., image. of Molnin and
An ne "" ,;In" sW of r." embroidery r.>ek "'p,oouce those
",plic.. 0/
<igl\ling through grid. in onlcr
""n
ro,r! pe"p<Cti~ upon. picture pl."" (fig, -10),
The to"ers .'" bound to .<h 0'''''1' in . ,... ' hrough ,""
wlat"," , of pieton.1 "'p,e""n' .tion.
Throughou' the "1m, Ann< stile"", image '0 im'ge ,
d.,wing <" <rounding oIem",," into tho, unfurling f.bric o f
rep"'<''''''' ;''n, In ''''' .""", . 1 ,he ,h'", {"'l!m'm t XIII), 'h<
f"Jints out . tree to M.rtin. Bu' ".., "'" only ,he ,,,,,,', "''"It )-e.! " " .fte, it> own reli<c'ion in th< wd te!, Th<
",li<ction.nd the tree <.In "'" be <undered" (fig . 4t1. Tr.,
"*:
n,
,h.,
Th.; ""'" powerful conl,.,t ' 0 ooci.ol "" iHng ",,,,, in,,
the 'Y'rem of embeddl im.s.,
domin.' ....
Lo're, twot hird, of ' he ~lm, U Absalon ,ends
be
id~ntifo>d with the
"'nne i. idenHfo>d wi,h ,he pic.
' ON i. First, ,he .... . 'J'he forst h, 'f of ,he film emph.>.iz<.s
Am... . , " it ",-'S' ~ urin g Absolon', in" tTOS"'ion 01 Heriot.
h<lw~,' ~ "
'o.
wri''''".
'0
M.rn, .nd during ' he imtr'lOl;>tion, In ,he .. ""Iucnces, 'he

iilm', omni.omt point of "jew is ,u'l"'ool in order to
eN nnel n;mati,.. information through Ann.... "Yes. AM
Anne', fi"" encoun' e, with M.rtin, .s "'" My, .... n, "'I.....
upon he, 'ighting 0/ him, ron",,).,d th",ugh ho, sLo n e~
in mirro, .nd eyeline.tna",h cutting. Ind"",,, he, firs'
poin,.of_>lew shot (.nd ' he ~,, ' in ,he film) en"",,""
"
"""t
_n,
"Ii",
m"'"
'0
""",t di ... ~, "d.....,,''', Is '" thc C,,"pi< th<." "",I,-..",. )'d the
" 'mJ,k aod tile im.lb'" I.ly ha,., the film', roncoplion of
picto .....1 "'p ......,,, ..,,""'. Fi .. t. tile i",",1I" is a ",/k"tion of
the ",al. round to it im "",;.,tely in a ",.oy th.!t 11<><." writ
ing ".nnot be . S"OOM. the image ""p ......" , i..,' ho man
,,,it;; for Martin , ;, ;. 'bo.,w,'; in '"""""", it g"",.... 0"'"
u,", fo, An...,. it i. bm,t'; "in longing." Role",,,,,,, a nd "'p"' .... m. " .fJ. ... ..,,, "I ",a IHy.nd ... ,d .. t.'" ,,f ~~'l ing' th.
;""' g" . nfoy. a pri,i"'ged ",bt.m to the "'-0001 .nd th.,
human th.!t wri'ing. ~odod ...-ilhin it. frozen ceremon""
.,><1 rout;',.: ca"not a " , ;n . Tha, ,"', "'" pi<" di'"'8 ....., abo,",
hn", ,,, ",.od ' hc imasc', c'pre"i"""",,, only "-",,,ind, u, 0/
,"" rol",', in.i"cO><C u" 'he ""d,'CMlability 0/ ,"" c.u .... 0/
.."ion . And
tile itna,,' li nk '0 ,he "-,,itod f" ... geo
frum 'he f<,l k sung a "d ' he Sung vi Su ngs lmolifs of f\u;,'"". tn"", seduction. f""ih ly) i> to be '''f'''C,,-.l : if wri li" g ;.
duplici,ou, .,nd ." d,.lIy re p",.. i"" .he im.l " i. Ioc,,<"\l
outsid" liOCial ronm. in,. being 0
oIf",t 0/ ""'U"-' ,
Log.,. lly "nough. ,he 10" iINgo ,h.!, Anne c",at,.. is
o'I',.,itly p.>'a l~'Ied to ",><." '" ,;t; ng . \ \'hil" 'h" ., "'ron ' ".rs
.t tho "-~l<>ry. An"" i. inoid" d,.wing. picrur< IfLg, ~2).
u'ing' quill p<n . nJ i n ~ poI simila , '0 trut u.ro by th<'
,o.ho,it;.-, .nd AbIon, Tn., i""'SC c"nd""..,. ,Ile "" I."
motif.-hke tl>< woma n .nd ' h iW. it
",ttem 10, 1><,
embroider),; lik ho f<,lk _ g. 'h<' 5<.m~ of s."')\S. a ,1d the
retl<ction in lhe ",at",. it rep......," ".n
trtt; h ~ oi l
tho ot he .. , ,hi. im'ge monif""" 0 n"o,,1 '"'p "",si, ity. "',,,,ling Anne', 10,... fo, M.,tin , " M)' . ppl<! ,"-'" has only
one bios""",:' Sign;r,ca n,ly. ju" OS M.rtin mo ld "", g,asp
,he rnea n in~ of ,he " ",,', ,otl<ction, .., 0>0"' h<' """ tho
d"wing o. d "picting a p<af t""'" And hi l"'siao><c ,,-, 'I><
""""I i, immediat,,'y ronfLrmod .f,., Anne has I<"ft the f"'10)" .... no:x' ,..,. him ..,a,,'<1 at 1><, tol>k hought fully ~' ri'
iOW (toS ~ J)
'ha'
,lit""
i,.
' !'P"'
,,,,,,,,,bit,,
An...,. and Martin. Martirl thank> th"",

. nd
makes ,he {"""" I d ..",Ia,a ' oo of Aboalon', death, A priest
,.1-.. 0"-" th<
bul is in'"mop"-" by Me""". ",ho
..",."'" Anne ,,f mUNcr a nd witche,.ft. ),lartin shrinks
hum A""" .nd g<l<'< ' 0 10", s,. ndmother', sOlo. An..., i,
.. ked Iu '''',.. ,on ,n., ,O/~ " lkal ,he dOl no' kill Absaion
She " ,'"
bu t ,top> ,nd conf"..." th.t ,h<- kilk-.l
him "",i,I\ tho.- help "f the Evil 0""." Afte , a ,hot 0/ II<r at
lho bie" tho im>~" ",Iums Iu the .,,,,-,,, with ",h irh the ~ l m
bega n nd ,he fLn.1 ""...,. unwind and f.d" ""'. "'.,,;ng
only .he <mso de,ign . In 0 fin, 'l\'-"'urc, on' o the top 0/ the
f.>de 'wo sloping 00 .. (fig, " ).
tn .he routs< 0/ ,he Ia"
<p.1<:" i, mAp ped
ch.!''''''''''shCAlly. AI'"mating oditing ""'. fL,.". Manin
agoin" 'he e ld. .. , ,hen M"""" .gain" An"" and Martin .
,nd fin, lly AmI< 'lI"; n>! .11 ,he ""I. The '"d",ul., "' ......
",-.moe ""PP'-'''' fL'" in the fomo 0( th<- t,oding , hot (the
c."",,, mon,. Ia'",all), following the bo)" a",und the
roo-m) . nd lal,', in ,he pi n ~-f""'g p.>n ning .hots WhK h link
~ l ,.' i n a nd Anne, o n one ,ide of ,he coffLn, with Mo", " o n
the othe, .oJo , The <o thng a l",-, , .... l;oIi''''.. . he fil m',
cru,.oeteri,'k ,'ariety of o""n,.tion. 10 a wne of action.
Tho "'-'!ting is in f",,' ,he sac",Iy (,he 1oc. 1" of H"rlof,
M, rt,,, first in' o,,';'w with Absa"", in "-'lI""'''' VI.) and
,"" ""y' go Oot the door 'hrough WhKh Anno: had f"-" !"-..J
during that in'''''';',,". G""" .. lIy ,he c.l"k:ra stay. on 0...,
.oJ" 01 the "",;On (a' in t h<.' "-"'ory ""no:.). 00 ,Ile cy"lin....
"" in" , riably " "". Bu' "'hen til< clo)'h ,,,,,,,,,;ng Absalen',
""""n<H\y
'0 ,,,-ea,.
c"",
'"-'I '. ''''''.
It is (O"t)' ;" .",. """""t of ,he intorpl.ly 0/ "'p",.. n_

tabo,,,,1 'Y"o"" ".. h.,h i. ini'''''''<1 b), tho D." I,..., >croll
. nd , " , .. i",'<1 through tl>< . n ,oi n ~ fil m tha t "." ca n no",
,,-",um to wn,Ml", ,he fLn.1 """" 0/ Day of W... lh. Not o nly
dO<'< 'h i' Ia<t """"" displ.y. mi<n>ro<m.,ally. ,Ile int. rae_
tin n be.""",,, "....Ii " cn"' .... " " .. a nd di'ru"IK,"' "'hkh
em i"'-'rl , ,f ' flo: "tL:o l~ ." bu.;, al,;o
indir' t<-. . 'he <tu<"iat
bt ,,,, ,~,,, tilt,
p.t'e ,n i"lI0nd ' he ",p",,.,,, ,,,,,,,t 'y,,,,m .
The <'no: is ,h i . S inging <","rbo,y, , ire,, ' he morn ,nd
r,Ie Ou' p,ot t"" "horrh dol.."". M,'n'~. Aboak", '. bO<,.
w.,,
"I."....
",,,,,i,'."
"
"",fin ;s p<'<'1t'd l>.><k, the orientMion 'h i ~' 180" to .how h;s
f.,:." and 'his ,ho, ;. . I"-"",,,N wilh .. .-dium .hot of
An",,'. f>co , 1.1'''''''''"', ,h" I,""ing .nd ""tting ,h" end
of ,ho """"" ""'" bli.he. A,,"~ os ",,,,, mo", isol.! Ie'<l t!u" i n
,he "''' of the fil" ,. he, fig"'" floating aga;n .. . he gIo"'ing
"'hi", ",.lIs
The """ativ., function. 0/ 'Il<- r,,,,,1 ><ene in .uppfying
.. e~rt.l i n <Iosu",.re ,,"iden .. Wha, muS! be e, .m i",'<1 "'
ho ..... t., ..... ... . nd the .-p;1og"" hondie , .. p,,,,,I,,m which
An,,", f'O""S fot ,I><' """.'i,.." 'h~ ,lid. bol'",.on 'h. n. tu,.T
and the "'pffi1atural in ",bt"" to sexuafity.
The lIame of ",fe"""", rem.i", ini.ially 5Ori>f , fn .his
cha",1>o, cn u"h "'u.f i$ .n_d; thE go'fwrt'<! elder<
. \;"in fun''' ." .ud;"nc., fo' " p"bh< ""'emun)'. the ,!w.tri""'Iity vf th" ""''''' "",,,,t'd by the """,t 'tark tableaux in ,he
film. Mv,,'o.... ' . tn. oociol ".'u", of tn. group is d"fined by
the rlelhor. of f.,her.tmage>. While ott lIC"",n Manin
")'" "'Go:! gov., me. f.,oo," we """ ,he "em. in",ntly
!ist.,ning <iders, ,heir I""", o,",ircl"d wi,h ,..,pfi<.. ,>/ AI).
.. Ion', .li'f rolLo"
impon.nt 01 .1 1. M.ni,,, 'p"""h
01"->tS. fo, ''''' firSt time in 'he "1m, 'roken "fi..,,,f
1Ilt'1So1~." lIIl orticuLlt,'\I ""docwnent." (II is ",maps lor .his
",.son tJut ,I>< fil m <)mito .howinS Absa~>n f""'\<lun<ing
'!w Los, tit<;, '''.." Lau","riu, ,) Orey." mol; the auraf natu", of 'he act 'p!"ren. by diction (Manin'.""One word
mol'< , .. :' M. re..,'.""t win spe.>k now") and by. ,1>0\ 0/
(upping hi> Mnd '0 nis 0.', Marti" noW
formulaic.olly, .n.. Absaicm died <>I na,u, ..1 causes; 'hu,
'I""'<h, ". ~." on artiruiJtion 0/ thol ".,,,..1. i. surrendered
'" "".. I ",,,,,,,,,in ',
nw ...-;'1 f,a_ <>I "", n (~, 'hough , d .... no' "",. n
,ha, 'f>< h<>it.tion 0/ Ann.s ""''''''lity has stopp!, An ,hoi
.ign. of tMt ""'i","" ru.h in, TI>< c,,"'tim.. e limina..,
more o..h ,han .,,,r b..1o",_,..~n h. nd , 0'" hordf), vi, ible_bt.. '"" ,Juoe..ups pinpoint An",,'. foce, with hood
and lighting _mph .. izing her "'pre"ion .nd hor e)-e5. Hor
"".e';"n' I" M.rtin' 'p<'<'<h. ", M<'T.,Ie'. ""nund"oon, 10
Martin'. ",itM.. w.1 ore m.nif<oored ooIefy Ihrough e)' ..
,nd fip>. She is a.ked '" .weAr. A. she ... nd. ovor lhe
""'P'" of l...-r hu..,.nd, her f..., is "' .. pp! in 0 .hado,,"
Appropriatefy, the "'" .wo cu" of ,he sceno .'" ''Yoli oo
male ..... , ref.ying ou, ."" nlion from he, g1Jru:. 10 Aboa
lon', f"", .. oo b.xk .gain. Thu, by tn. time .he 'p".ks. ,n.
first time In ,he
.re .I..,ad}' cnmesh<!d in ."
in"'rpl.!y of ,he M'tirof.M ,up"nlatu,.l, 'he <lip""g~ 0/
1.1"",
'w......
Ii.",,,,,,
.",,,,to. "'"
",",u.lit)', he" now. tn. film ref""," to.top ,he "",iII.tion

bol,,,'.,,,,, III< 'wo roles.
What h'pp<n, _ , p"'p"I,.t.: r,lm on'" a "'-'w b'ef,
In ."" .,."ultimat. im. S', . . . . vcnoy_fi,'e oeronJ medium
,hot ,,ith ""Iy o)',... nd tip> "",'in!;. Ann m.>do to tron !Cend .f'nsothe, ,he to,m, of lhe film'. !w.i,.tion, Look;,,!>
down .. Abolon, ,he "",""!w, <001<'<>;',,,, .h,wows <n_
circling her f~, With Anne, .pt'Kh k-p> its ",p","i,..
, .... ti, 1"$0 now )'ou h.,e ),our ",venS"
"), bu, fik
Morti" ', .dd ...... to t"" ~kl.", An .... ', 'po.,<,<h ha,. >ociaf
.dd,......,-the (<I<-".d) f, 'her, wh.t Jufia I(,;;te" . <. 11,
",he I""o"",f funct ion tippon of .n uni'y : unity 01
nam ing. "nity 0/ soc'ooty:." He< ronf""ion ..,kn",dcdge.
,he t~rm' of the ""..I. bu ' the>e wif] sou" b< ,u'l"'"'-": "]..., )"" through my te' lS. but no
one com<> to wip" them .",ay." T"" , tatement "",.lfs th<>
mom<'nt .f'e, ,he h.-.d f,rs,.ummoncd M.nin and he had
t.fo.hcd <>If her '''' ... ' Mo", ;mponon., .hoe blockage of "i_
. io" ,t,ns '0 ,,"", I"" fmm '!w 'e,m, of "'p,.,,,,,,n'ation
and of . ight '~'I haw d_nne<! buth her naturol and '".,.rna,urol role" A .!Ok> buy ",pro"" i, hrord, nondiege.bll),.
on tho wuoo l.ror:k. ~ ~ pml>km is t>ein~ nan
..,.".,r,>d th""'Sh a dod,i"" m puJia hon of ,he "" ..... li""
di.ltk of soc ..1 ,",'us n.turol. nat""f v_r<u' .up"'
na.ural. Anne sh u" her e)"".nd .figh 'ly ,mil... Stockstill he o",m he, e)' and .lowfy tai"", them, Anno h.!
Jone 'his once before, in summoning M.rtin. bu, no,," "no
0"" come, ," The look, .t "of),jng. b",.king 0"'" .nd 1m .If
from tl>< go. ,>/ tho, ..",;"1 ,nd ""tu ..1" 'nrlds, dd, ...... ho'
""'ry in.o. ,,",w ",.Im
!mm..>d"",ly, "'p"",-,"Id';on.t 'r,"'m rom,', ;n t"
romp"'k- the , u,?,,"'ing of til<" "' ..... ti,,, problem, .nd it i.
th.! t .""",,1. .temporaL no ... a "'>-uaf .ystem 0/ ,he Dies
f....... The ",roil. in .. rrupted in ,he prologue .. the """""nt
of i'" S","ost d""l" jr (.he .in ... " ,," nO before the throne
In b< iudge'<l fot '"6. "SM_
dnd ,inful d .. ire"). ronch. .I." it"",'f ", .. k on .bntpt b""'"'" 01 blc;;inS (fig, ll201):
o.y of w ..lh, from Sof,., ,f",p

lifts up fn' sin-oo,*001 roiy,
Ih,
>oul, to H""".".
""sired
v.y of ",..11,. I"tm
1"""''''"',
h",.."
to our
.IK """",,', ltoIy fIrod of
s",~ "'.
by
blood
I"""'. '1""'
,.
DAYOFW.... m
Tn. imOS" oupplemen'ing 'k fin' ' ........ . t.ow. 'he "'1"'" '
tent ".ul w-ri, ...wnd ,ho"" men . nd
women b .... ling.' II,... f. x~ <>I ' he <..>s<. 11", m,m",,,,n'
.. '0 gr.n, ""'rq, ru .booI""
",...." '1"""'... An ... h4<
Jon., The q",-,,'ion 0/ w .... , .he "", done _ our q",,"ion
bou, he, po",.,...nd he, moIi"., in .".,,,
(. nd 'M
film ',) ho." i..
""~",,,.nd .u'1"..ro by fi ... The
0 ." I,,,,,. ''''' ~ ou!>ido ,I>< film, in it' h.rmony <Ji
image. "nsuoS". >co", """"ion. and mu.ic _ a rep"""n
'a'ion ,I"'a),, "..,..,n'. rep""" .. ta'ion Ollkide con,r.><lic
0."
,ion._...
''''''-''s"k.,,'' An.....
Wh"" tI", scroll hos c<>rnp"""Y "n",ound, it I.d .. m.t,

ond ''''' cmss 'ho'
~n ,up"rimp""'d
remaiM,
n-.. fo",, 1 sco .... ...., been CR)wdt'd ",ith C'rO>, im.s." . 11
id.n'ifll'd . , PO" 01 ,he social p.noply 0/ the Chu rch; but
thi, I."
On .n 010"",1 r",i' y. Sit"""", in ,he
beforeand.I'e, of lull pn,,,,,,,, ,he """" i, ,he " orp; n~
point <>I meaning. ,he 'ingle modellrom "'hieh the ocroIl
i..".,.. A fi",,1 m(Jv""",n' identi r..,. ,1m lilm', rondu,ion
wi,h ' h i> ulhm . ... "nd "I "",.n;ngo ''''' c.. ,.. """om"" ,I><
wi'.h "",blem . Si......, 'his "'U,, """il had onginolly .p'
p".red in ,he """Me 0/ H.,loI, Morte', immol.'ion, it. ,..,cur",,,,,,, . jsnWco ,he c__ of the non.'i,'" Anne i, bum '
Bu , ,he fin.1 fig" " i 100
"I 0/ 'he croo.,
Ul e 'ho L.., ."-'l ucnce "f L1 ~ lit I'"""' "'Arc, "'hi<h
h.l" ,he nlm . , ,n., reiteration of lean ne', ... ne';')' .nd
'''''' .. the , .. Ice rouSh ,'.,.,;on 01 the cross, 'he amhi,'"
len ' emblem """pl."", ,he tr.",fonn.'ion of Anne i." ,.. .
holy "'i1<h. Bu,. i" "",tra" to /"'""' d'Arc, ,hi. translorma
'ion OCl;Ur<OU"jJ, the nlm. in. re.lm ",hi<h Ir."",end, ,t..
n""Ii,.., "."rld.oo its pmbIem, of ", n,.lily. A <,,-'<lil ",.
q ....""' muld di"mb 'hi> ,,.n >c.nd~ ,,,,,, b)' "'r<"'OOninS
it wi' hin sociality, a nd ", "" <"-<Ii,, opP"'" Au,,,,,,,,, .. ,
(>u,,;.,t. ~m e, D"JI of 1\'''lh, like 'I>< 0;." 1,.., sc .. ~ l ",hi<h it
"p"rionns," purport, ,,, como from now ....''''.
h.,
.,,,,,ri'
,ross ""'..,n
.",,,oed "....
PRO BLEMS OF RHYTHM

All of ,..., foregoing h., """, . ... rify 'p",.d out ,he film 1M
d is5<'Coon. Bu' I><sid .... ,he rrobl.:-m. ,h,own "p 1' i" ""r'
" '; v~, 0Izy of fO. .. lh runl"", ,, uS witn on,,'I><, d iff"",I,y,
,,"" wt: n..,.~ e n<<>u"",,,,d bd,,", bu' in ,. 'h" diff,,,,nt
fo,m: the problem of ",.ding ,he folm p"""'p'u.llly. In
/'"""" d'A rr . nd V""'pyt, "-,"'. tiw 1" I<lIigibility is pu' ink>
q"""",,n 'hmugh sP"',,,,1 . nd ' . mpor" di>iu"""","" 0Izy
<of 1\''''')', po>",,"si ng.n .ho.><ly problem.'ic M".li ,'o, i,

m\lch mon> rontinuou, 'p.l1i.. lly .nd ,0mpo,.lIy. Yo' i' in
ib.'e, . prob"'m 0/ legibility
will ""' urn 'h rough 'M
",,' 0/ O"yd. ea""" t .... , 0/ rh)'lh m. D"JI <of W"'III i
,10 .., film,
lust ho,,' ,low i1 "",mod in;,;., tI)' ""'y ,lip o u' mind,.
Tod.y the mm i. ",.dily ",.,dublo (it P"'''s'''' tl.. I<mpo
"f ,I><. 1 ~ " ." fol.,"), but "'0 ,hoold ,-.",,,,ml><, , .... t in it.
d . y ma ny .udiom-< fou nd i' in'ole,ablo . T..., D.oni>h p.....
cri,icized i' .., h.m;hly tha, OroY'" w., fo",."j ,,, d,!..>nd its
long"""'" "'A macabre .,or.",n "",10<1",,,,,, in slow mOOon,"
,",'rot. one Americ.n ,,.,..,,.. ,. '''l'Iw bridging po,sages
lid"," .... y ,,f dragging. po rt."" .,ly 1o, . ud.,nc... se.n:od
~, 'h, "'"".'" p.>: d Hntlywood offering . " " Bodey
Cro"""'" ..""""'" "The '''' of his oIow and pond~rous
'empo upon ,he avera!\<" p<fSOtl'. 'ime i> . rather p",.um p
'''''''' impo>ition lor an)' mo'ion "",,uro
~. m.~",""
App.re,,'ly D"JI of W..lh ,,"as 'ho Cn,,,,d of 1\143.
Since Idm ' hy'hm i "", Iter of po tlemru dn '.' ~ ,n, "'e
Cd " distingu;"h d u,a'ion. in , """,Ii" film . t "" I,: , ' .... n
..,,'on h'ol>. Firs', ,ho....., is 'h" dur. nun <on.umed in "".
""",pI;shinS story ",""". (It ,.~'" "''' ,hon _ond 1<>
(,'" pi.rul t>\" yew ~, "'.m '0 .ing 0 1""' .) Se.:,..nd. 'ho ...
i. ,he du,.tion of the story evon"., mookm/;" ,I" p/i)I.
'n p""" n.at~"' ?
How much It"", ;. gr., ntru ""--;0,
(0."", the p;,,1<>l
" ,inut.,. .. p"" .n,ed
in ,he plot? Does ,he woman "'.m '0 si ns op"ra in mono
t'g<-" ""'luence 1."iuS. Ie", .",:<)nds Th ird, ,1><,.., .. ,he
dumion hom""" . tory ",'. nt, . F.vklentl., il ,he . i'.."ion
eh."&,,, precip;,ou>ly from minu .. ,,, m inute, dUfe",,, '
rhy'hm will ""ult th.n jf to. . i'u .. io" droSS "n 10' Y"'rS
withoo, ripple. Fourth. '""'" i. '"" dU" 'ion I><,w,""n
"nry .,'o n!>., r-n'"d in ,he pk>l. A fdm', .. mpo " 'ill
,..~c.., I>< .po<>ded "P by 'he d i",i,.. ",,.. 01 'M "<l.oJ ti"","
,.., n<gligiblo foI J.." b..1 w<"<n ""' i' " "OJ)' e""n"; 'hi> i,
common in ,..., d i<.1 na",Ii,,, ejne", . T.k n tog.,th<r,
,he .. fi .. , fou r types m ight be called "n.... ti,o ' hythm,"
Filth, ,he", is lhe du .. tion of eac h ,hot in ",I. tion tn ""ry
o"",.. hot: ,he old '"'w, 10' eumrie. is ,h., ' I><
the
,he qui<Ice, ,he ediling tempo. Sixth. , in co"..,.
m,,,,,,men' "'<" pic' lime .nd "" ,. n, <"".i" wlocily,
<a"",,,, mo,,,men' may I-..w e I,. o,,"n dur>1io ... I, I><nce
,hy,hmic, prop"U"", Fi""lIy, tIK", i, rhy'nm in i!> " , igin.ll
",n,;e, ppliL'<l ,,, ,..., po " orn, "f "",nd in a folm. In .um,
r,lm ', o,'or.11, hy, hm is 'ho <""'pi<;' ","ult 01 ,I>< .-.I.'ion.
.mo"g.1I ,,,.... Ju,.OOn .
,Iu,
'''i.>'
,ho,
.00,.
e,'e,",
"'st ''''''"'r
,100,-""
How does thi. ",,'on _part ""he"", ,ho.>d ligh' on ,he

probkrn. "f D.oy of W""hl r ;,,(, m.nt st",y o~,," 'h~m _
",k ., ",nd t" be slow. A i.,,' s", ;ft a< ..."_An,,,,, ond
Mo";n', f,;ght .hrough'he """"'Y. ,heir running .hrough
''''' Ion:" . H~tk,f, Mo""', plongo '" h<r d h_ , .. nd in
,harp ron',," to t"" g<TWT,lIy .to", tempo<>l otl><r "'e nt>.
The deli"e'Y <>I Ii,""", the I\..,u ..... of .he figur , tl><ir
tu,n" thell ",.11:0, .11 0..., de libera te ly~ .
At 'he Ie",' <:J pIut ,o"d;hon, 1)..,).., ...,fU5<-'S '" """dom~ tl>< dm.tion <>I,uch
.", nt;. St.,is;, n'nd ..-ci
din-ctly: ",coli the opening
in II.Mf> M.rt~'scot
toS". wl><n ,t.. "ond, .t<><l-.hll f", 5<-", .,.1 s...",nd ' im_
plJ.' li,"' ning; or the fi",,1 ,hot <>I An ... , only
a nd IiI"
moving in 0 medium.hot '-'stingo"" 0 minute_ Ev<n in 0
""''''' wi'><,"';n diii.",n' peop'" ""'vo in diff<."'nt di",,tions. to . 'iminote . ny S<n'" <>I bust'" the camero cOlKentr ..,. on c""' foglH" r.,.t tt.. omd of to. proy.r " ,.''''n in
.he ""tory pdMr. whet. all me.nd tt.. come .. rich out
Abs.okm ~,follow) , 'The al",ody ron,id.roble d urdlion of
sto'Y ",,,"IS i> ocrentua ted by tt.. plot', IrcIdjn.~ on too..,
'''''J
><'<I"""""
'J.'
.""'''- '" tl'",lh "so in".,. on con,id ble du,.""", 10-~
m-...
""'"I
f", .""
evon!>. E. c<pt
"""" u"i" ""' ......
.he.. in .. ,,.l, ..,' "f .. n "". i,..,.j in the plot. H",.,,~ re'um to ",h." Rotand 8.."",,, c.lI, thooe "catalyses" that ar<'
wedged ir he.",,,,,,, priocipdl "",jon" .h " 'fil l in' the
"""alivo .paco ..,,,... ting ."" h;"S"-typ" fun<ti0n5."" At
the 1<"01 ,. plot. D.)- of Wr.,/t "';1;;' qu ire "",11 -"".10
catd l~ ..... For in,.. """
n ..,", do., ' n),,,",, in the
film m",..,."J talk he somc tin",_ A "",,,,,,,,,n.-so,,
,,.l k;"8 ""roo. tho mom '0
ch ><tct - i, i<>lio"'~
by
,/tnt ."..ch. 1I'0,.;"g .nd 1""'ing ~ to.
r"m '. " t.ly""" "",'chins QU' the di".""" hetw,,,,n ma;o'
~,~n" . M,,,..,,,..,,. ;i ch ..,,,,. , 10",1)' """'"" '0 'pe"
,,ith a ""'!-.er, ,he "'''''.. ",ill u.""lIy i<>lx,,,
"""'c"",n' ro.h.. than cuI .way. 0"" "",.11, Droy.r. (>Iais< "f
Sj60trom', hAndling of the ia """rs in fng"""'.
''Th<' u,,-..1 "p." ,.,. n;!} t" """" I",,,, """ .,-,d "I ,he
room to th. 01""'."" Tt On<' pe""" l"'u .... in 'p<'<'<h 0'
move"",nt. Ihol pou,", is rwt .llided but h<ld . 'The
appd",nt mar' ing of such pdu .... is the "'p""ted d"'"e of
pdnning from 0"" charoct., to .nother. When, .itting at
her embroi.l~'Y' Anne tum. to Manin , Drey~r pan. r.the,
,han cul>'o Mo,tin . hen pdn. back to catch Anne gott;ng
"1'. la.o" "nne """,IS Martin in the church, .nd.he hal"
fow st"p" from him, tl>< c.mera pdnning to pick him up
'most
,M""",
' '''''0..
.ho,
So""
mo>'
\\'hen Aboalon visits Laurentiu . he pdu,,-", in the dOOl.

. nd ,I", d u'''ioon '" ,he pdu"" is ,,"';ghted by the g " " ,. .' .
,10,,' S" t\.'Y of Lou",,,tiu", homo'. Mo.t inlo.....,l),. near the
ood of U.... r,lm. M,";n ;ntorrogatos Ann< .bou. Akalon'.
dNth. 'The two .",;n pror,,,, .nd
u lk tn. ,.meta
pdn. irom one foe. 10 the oth<r, rend.ring "i,ible t o.
pdus<' in their Ik.
0"" "" ult "f . uch ,.tolr""" is , in,;I" hl ,,'hal "..,
work in V"'"I'Y" tu ~mph.s i ... "''''y... is to do,,n pl.y
ca u .. "ty .nd ,n.-.s ""'''''. rn ........ , When ".,,;,,1iI)' is diste nded . tim. """m. to l"'" hefore OIlr el"". Mor. imror"nt, ""'" tim< pd ..... much more ,Iowl), th.n in d."ic.1
na,r.ti," lilnu. B.rthes riglltl)' call, ca .. 'Y"'" " the area, of
"""urit)'. "''' 0' lux u,y .... bet ..',,",n card;nal funct",n>: but
w. must not ,.,., too long_ Splin"" .n oc';",n in to 'oo rnon)'
<ompo"""!> .nd It..y ",~I d,.,, d i>proportion.", "rentioo
to '""m""'''''. In ~ of W"'h. to. "nu,u. 1 ",,,gth <>I tl><
caul)"!,, P""'S'" gi,-"" them a dimeult prominence.
Wha. of editing . nd c.rne .. mo,,,,,,,,nt? Both "",h
n"l .... , .. ,,'. know. rio)' ntr.1 roles in ,,'oOOng ou' ,to'Y
what Qf "Qty
It i.
.ha' o.y of w",.h
does not how tt.. edihog rh)'thm "f . n Oo:tot.T; 0..),<",
film is ",,-,w . wo ;n the ron""'t 01 the lIoltywOO<llons-t.l<e
cy<1<, Acoord ing to 8..rry Solt, '''The It<>llywood m n
A,S .L, 10wr"S" '00' lengthl "'ent up from .oout 8 or 9
"""-,,,d, in .he I.." 19300 '" .bout !O Of 11 ,"",,"ds in .he
p"nod 1940-19-1:;, .nd fin.lI), '0 .mund 12- 13 "-",,nd. in
tt.. perio<! 19-1<>-1950."" (ThougJ>, OS S.1t .dmi", .h;s
.. mple is prubobl)' .sk.w, it l n, to the iongi.h ,id . ) D.)of W",th h.u signirlcan.l), .lower editing 'empo; mad. in
19-\J, 'ho fil'"
"""S" ,hot kng.h <:J 14_ ~ oe>nJ._ A
me<ha nk .1 """'I"'("~'" "f.hot lenS'h' ""'<"s only"""
compon.nt in ."", ",<r.1l rhy.hm of. film, but undouN_
''''')' to. "'''Sthi''''''' of the.hots in ~ of W.. th ""'perot
",ith'he ""'ph.sa on'he du !ion "f ..,,')' """n" ono ,t..
in.orv.l, he'''''''n ,hern to ;"''''_ 'he ..,n", of .tow...,.,
T"" '"""',. ""',.""',,!> h"'e simil, h)'thm . Though
..,m.ti "",. t)",
f';ti)' q~ ick, ,t.. 1 ..,..1 "o<;kin~
.hot. tend to move .lo..... ly, 'om.!ti",.,.. a . we've "-,,, n ...
the .. me ".., ., the cliar""""",, """"'h """ ",,,,;,'oIy i."er
(to. ttacking ,hots o ... r the 'totio ... 'Y e!do'" in It.. t,,"u '"
chamber). 5om<ti ...... too .he come .. mo,"" ....,n m"re
..Jowly than the oharoe,",,, do_ 'The funera l ...""" o l"'n. on
medium.hot <:J the .ingingchoirbo),. He tum. to moreh
I<ft, .nd the came .. begin' to trock tate"U)' to foIiow him,
but h. mo,~ more quickly ,hon the ",,,,,, .. . nJ "" I....,.
"'''r
..,W"
'poe<,
.ime'
has."
1"'" .'"
",id."",
u... ITo"",; tll<n . notll<r boy pas ..... ,"", ... Iy throu.gh the
IT"""'; then anotll<r, and 110 on. Dreyer lied ,och mo,~
"",,,to "long, glidi"g d"..,. up' th., {"IIow the ploye", in
rh)l1hmic way, k.>"ling 'Il<ir way from """ to .",,'ho,r.""
A<C<lf'd;"g to 'Il< <~""I Hully,..<.>J<e" (Reisz and Millar on Hitchcock' .
1Il>pr), ,in", no """ali," pu,"""", is dirdy ..,,-..d . In '
""me.. mo,,,,,,,,,,'
SC'''''',
...,ad. the c.mo:.~. 'Y"tem>.bc.olly ..an. ,he

its """....
men" .. "'ootns ,I>eir own durabon in
' 0 '""' d u,.
tion r./ figu", "",,omen'. The
rhy,hm-CO"'lant,
co.lm, with no ..,dd,,,, """,~""Iion, 0< bc.~ing-d.part<
from tl>< rhythm 01 tn. figu", m',.,.ement .nd becomes
P"""" which w. ~. in iis own righ'. Again duration
beoo""" I"lpabl<.
A, for our las. ".' egory - 'he rhythm 01 muSic . nd
""",,,-I 1\0" . h""dy ,u88"".d til< impol1 . ~ of ..",ral
.cenes' qua';mu.ical ron;lJuCtioo. I-kTe we ough' simply
to not. how tn. ponderou, rh)l1hm of tl>< " p"ning 0;.,.
lr.. tm. . ..,.blisn.. a solemn music.1 rhythm ,ha, i,
pid.d op in.ho bell "f.t., wit<h hunt, clanging .,eadily
off
"n in .he fi ....,'".. in Herlo/. M. ne', ""'t.~.
....,.,.,n .h tops .imply to l;"len to 'Il< bell, ito monotonoUS
bea. rome. forward to domin.t. the p.><e of our l"'''''ption
of the
~ sam. rh)l1hm is ",i", .. ted at the end of
tl>< him ; durins M"",,,,,s accusation, ,he bell ",'um. "" tl><
IIOOndtr..d to mourn Absalon', dea.h .nd to announce 'he
beginning of An",,', orde.ol. A. ,he wry c~. tl>< boy.
voice "" ,he IIOOnd'<aek "'pe'" 'h~ sa"'" ,hy'hm, ..",i"S
".,w " word"," 'I"";ns betw .." Ii.... of'he S<n>II', I. "
,,,1.:,,",,,
CO""".',
.,:t...
.e."...
,-
'ha,
o.,r ",he"", '''SS''M'

v.y of W"'/j .... k .!ow
rhythm"" ""ry ...... 1, fum> . Lowly pa<ed "ory ,'''m'' .nd
thei, ",ndit"", OS ,uch, ' 0 d.. inclu."'" <>f m.ny <. laly'tic
(,, . l ki~g. l"u,in5) ""' .... "'" U'_ ..~n",
tt.,
long take. ,0., m.,;c,.nd ,0., d~lib<,.", ,~locity "I.,."",r.
movernen . Wha re w. to m.1o.< o{ ,he p~ ' which
.hi. "r.' egy pooe. tor ,0., ,ie>o,'!
For Drey .. hi"""lf, ,he
'0 n..w b(>o" ",,,.
iv"'y .imple: ,he sound r,lm
b< sIo"",
'he si"n.
d""", . 'cn..n 'ho> t ~mp.> w" r"';ng. with.."...... ru'hing
.... """ ,he "''''''~. I h ..., pO,"""",ly t";"'; to <re.t. . calm
""ss in ,0., oe<n< whi<h ... ",'01,,1 "... lor ,0., talk;"g
film:'" Bu, .. we " 'ould e.pt . Dre)' ju,,;food 'hi' "",w
ne . . ., n"""sary tor ,he dowiopmen' of ,he nan. ';,.
"The dr.nu c",.Ie-!; .rhy.hrn .ha, in i" .urn .uppo .... 'ho>
'0
"" ;0,,,
",,".r """'"
"'01"
,h.I."
mood of the action," .nd Iow rhy.hm will ".mpha.ize

.nd , uppor' the monumen .. liry .he wrirer I>o imed in
hi' play."" It io "'" I" I""" 'h" ",roun' to ,ha ,.;.,w 'ha'
,old. rhy'hm i> co"....l.ted '0 the !>"ycholoj;ical " .. ,,. of
tho <h.,oct."" ." ""pUna';o" implici' j " l'hiHpl'" rornin',
"u~y of Drey.r." M I h..~ .. gue<! in <hap ' ~' ~ . , ,t.,
concepl of verisimili.ud., .. pe<iollyof ,he !>"ychologic.ll
",n. i, mioplared in applica'ion to Dre)",'. late '1)-'1<
w h.l.1I ma~e v.y of Wra.h """. inte"... ling by oon.id~,
;,,!; the ~fr..:" ,ha, 0"')'<1'. rhy.hm has on .he ,;",....,.-,
c. perioncc
To my kn<r.oled!!", ""Iy Oo""k;l Skoller, ;" .he pref>'O
to his Ensli'h t.. n,l.tion, of Dre)",(, "'SO)", 1\0, tried to
com. to sri!>" with ,his. Skoller .mplmi,. . . ha. the
'h)'thm "f ~o( . late film. mu" no! b< judged by ,or
"Beo.u .... the
ioimilitud" but by our p""'''plu.1
!low of the .>elio" is deliberately imf"'ded ... att.ntion;'
permi,ted to """''''' up.>n ,he ouffKiency of informaboo
pn;sent in to., given """"""" ''''' P"""''' of.1>< p...,.....' "
he;ght.""d." " Slo.otld s empha.i, on ."en'ion .nd ron
ntr.,ion i. """, .. re . nd our .n.lys.. of.1>< film', renu
a.ion and m.rking of durat;"n be . .. out hi' cLa im . What
.re.he ","<lrom of this imped.n-! ~ler <0),' .h t_
"vi .....1 "'ard,
.hil! .he "'l"'r.,nce to mote . ut>.
;.cti ..... p"""".hve dynomie, beyond .ocru.1Omed inten
.ity. .
Thi> oo",ribu" ... no! only to the in"'nsihc, 'ion
of ,0., e' p"rierK'< offe.-...:l _ f.miliar or not _ bu' AIIo""
!:"sp r./ n ... _ . <>I impl;c.,'ion> .nd oonnot.l'ion., to
",firu;: '"'' ' 0... 1 pe""ption 01 tI,. "",n,,, our ""'.., of whal
i. h'pf"'"i"S 0' of ",ha' simply is bocom,,, mot< accu
r.te."" Surely .he .... ss on l"'''''ption, inten,if"'aboo,
and ~uanc~ io riSh' enuugh. bu' with"", I.rger 'iw<>Jy of
..,.,hoti< p" .... p';" " .nd lunc';,,"_ 'hi> "",,,,,,, r.nuin,
.kctthy (no .... .,ple Or c""id~~ is oft.>",dJ . nd c." sily
'lip in.o ,ut;.;..<"ti,i, m (hinted .t in 51<011"" 'ol>seqUnt
claim , ha , O"'Y'" po" u, ".t ,,~w 1e,.,,1 of co"scious
..... .. ,.) . The cri.ic.1 """hod ",hieh ,h" book h., b(>on
u.ilizing ,uggests. more .pifoc function of.he v",,,,"'-'
.01<;0'1 O"'y'(' film .
The Ru .... " Fonn.h., Vieto, Shl<kwsky emphas400
the impon.""" <:A dolay in the .n"'ie t ..,. "The tcchn"1"C
of art i> to "",ke objecto 'unfamiliar: '0 "",ke tonru M
f""I', to ;nc",..., ,0., diffocul,y .nd length of p""""pOO"
boc.u,. ,he
of pctcep."", ;, ." """,'ic ~nd In
;""If .nd mol" b< prolonged . An
""0)' of '""p<riencing
the .nful""", of." object."" To de.1 ... ith .n', .. "de"')' to
'''''00''''.
P"""'''
i,.
p"*"'g our I"''''''plion, Sh klo,'sky pr<>poS<"d ,he concep'

of ", ",irstep con.lru<tion:' 'M' principle whereby de
I.>ying device. are ..,. up within ,0< '.xl. Kris'in Thornp
"'" pUI> it, "'0 'urn .he ",,'ioo . ..... y from ..... ighl
palh . . '0 d"I\erI<: '"
Sh k lov' ~ y con,id. repetition, rhyme. taulology, and
1",,1I<li"" . 11 devi>< of 'tai"tep ron.tnICtion, bul lhe
mosl ..110m, for our pm".,.... i< lhe one he .. n. rel.nd.
lion, .... ,. lhe oction doe, not Mil . bUI olDw. down , ig'
nifK.ntly' Shkov, ky even wriles it ... form"!.> , "If. for lhe
.... Iizalion of any problem force of ,, ~ i, "-'lui",d, 'hen i'
i. p",,,,n,ed in 'he form ,, ~, " . , ,,- ,""The """l,of Ihi<
device i. an exten.ion . nd heigh,.ning of ou' . ",a",ness
01 ,he work', "''''''''ic .poc;fo:ity; ",tard,tion oids Ih.,.,1 in <:>ffwing a dilfKull_ShldoV'Oky "')" "fr.>e'u.....t:'
", plin,.,,-..:f " - 1"'''''' phon
Now """ry
di<pLoys .I>irsl<* fum, o nut""," i, pred"'ly ,11< poin" The onoly"
.... ill find ' n" ",ithi" diiW",nl genres dtoo", period" and
'I)'~, ,he retard,'ion de\'~ will vary, C......,in ""rm, of
",.. rd.tion "'ill appedr .nd be ca nonLzed, whil< other. f.lI
in'" d;"f. ",r.
The "'<<'P' 01 ",,,,rd.hon heirs u, ..., .ho 'ignific. nce
of to< .Iow rh), .hm 0/ o.y of W",'h. In ' hi< film, Ih< d isiunch"". of I"'"'" dA,.. "nd 1'"",1')/' "'' ror 'h< moo. part
so-; narr.'ivelosl< is no tI",,1d through contradictory
rempor.1 .nd 'pati. 1 ,true''''''", B", ,he fifm', ")'Ie d ......
""I """""'" "r.onn. I" <"ilh ... The d j"""Ii"""~ 0/ ,he ',",'0
pr<""""" "1m' i> "'pi..,.,.. by ""Y.w.., "",Ii""j~, The film
",sists being ",. d, no lenge' bee..... of inrontf".;t,I< .pa .
", I rues bul bee." .. of a" .tten .... "'" 0/ 'h", ti"", <>I th<
"". n..
of ~v"n". tho "'.'y'" betw""" Ihem,
.rho'" ,"",
""'''''''-''O'
=,truction
Ih< sr"il) of In. rh)'lhm of editing, c ...,.. mo .."",nl

.nd ",und, .11 "".rd the mom.ntum 0/ lhe film . The
Hollywood norm Mndle, retard.tion almost wholl), .1
the 10\..,1 of ca"",aoo.ffect IosI< (rap<' debyed unlil the
,",.Iry come' to th< """"u., the kill<. """. led . fter 'he
det"<li,,,', in,= Hgatioro). In o.y of W""h . on the ron" .ry.
miy", ,~ ,nd ca""''' """"-"",,rot . re ,)" ..."...,ic.fl)'
utili><:<l ",...,'" our ",>ding JlfOC"" do,,'" .nd. in.n Om
P'-,,.,.nt ."Y, bIo<k ,.. flow 01 n"roh,,,, """'ning. The
rh)'. hm'of D4y of W""h ",fu", to be unifoed n .... ti"ely. \\"
ca nnot interprel ,he leng w. lk" lhe
lhe cam . ..
me"<'"",nt, a, "'ignifKont" in """'" w'), (",,,,,,,,,,nlmg
5}'<hoIogy, h i'l<>ri<:ol ""' hn~ """"'phere). In"".d, wo
must """'8",-" 1...1 .""h 'h)'thmic devi-s.", io . 1i",,.1
... nse q"ire empry, lM""n of ,ignifKo""", ,hey"""" no.h
ing. Whi<h i, no' to say ,h., 'hey "-,I'e no
T"',.'
fo"", u, to ,hilt ou, reading d",..n .. v~,.1 8""" ' 0 .0< ",",'01
of whot Sh ..... v'k)' edit, """, of ""'... . rn. ,..h .. , to
'''usic, tn.. ,at .. , d."""",,,I ,hich i. ",,, . ..'<1. mor<
,",,""tly-. mow""""t ronstn.Ktd <mly '" Ihot it moy be
.. n;ed,"" Such hih in our J'eTc.pticn i, "'-''',. ..,}' 10 Ih<
pnxe .. 0/ ",heatric.fi,,';on" ,hat"""", '0 promi""""" m
0'11<1 ,nd Grrl",d,
Deopi'. ;to popul.,;ry, then. DOJI of W""h, in;to pl.y on
n.l ...... i,,". its pmbIom, ,,/ "'p",,,,nl>'~,n, . nd c",p'-,<i.lfr ito
,hylhm, Ill",,,,. up . ch.olf'''g<' 10 comp"'h~n. ~'" whic"
mighl be fOTm Ubted in "''''' imil.r to I"""" ...h ich T W.
Adorno applied k> Wozua: "The . tringency of. struet"re
th .. i, n~ quito 'ran'l"",n' 10 the . udie"", ""abl<'qu,i;ty
to t n"",OO the ' '''' 'm ~f . """,,,d rompr<"h<"'",":'" The
lrai, of ""i08 "not quire IT.n' parenl" will be mode e''''n
more stringent in tft< fdm' 1M' follow.
1"""'"
1m,,..,,,,,.
Ordef
0Tik1 may be .bout . mY""'Y. "" I in m. ny ,.. y. it ;s ,he
mos' ob,'lou. fdm D",yer "'''' made. A,..,w"';ly "sym
bolic," Onlrl ;, ~"Y t" ",.0<1 , it d. d.,.,. it",lf to b< .bou l the
d osh of ~ ;il"", n ' kind, "I ",I;wouo fa ith.nd ' heir "'ron
cil .. tion th roush 0 ';m p"". "" olo ro''" I,ith. Thi, ,..,...J
hili!}'. """"''''' . ;,; p "",;s..ly wh. t j wanl to e",mine,
Wh. t I>old. thi; " "" Oo,, ;ly .ymb<~", ,,,,,,. .. ,'. "'S",I>c,?
How i> tbe n. ".. ~ v" ;nt.lhg'hil;ty "I ttl< film ,fl<ded by
I he fil m', 'patio-t~mr.:".1 ",.'es ....no giw """'" n..wl'S
'0 ,"".. qLlShOM, we n'-""<l '0 ronsKlor tt.. "")' u n it~
p"'fI" .... d by ,n., folm
THE MIRACLE
Owkt (''Tho Word " ) .. .." On the lu.lorld rounby>iidc of Den_
""' .... T,,'o r""'il .... . re "para ",d try ,~I;g"'u. b<liefs: the
subscribe to. m.,..ffinning, he",,,nd,,,,w "'-~
wh ile Peter Po"'""", helong. tu - ' ",hleh ernpha_
.ize . .. Ifden'" and f'l"l"'rotio" fu r lik in he""e". The
youngest Borgen son f.lI, in Io>-~ ",ith r.t<"'-' d.ughte',
I.milies.re offered the ch.1K'< to be ,<,"l6I.d, tn. 1
Peler ref....,. 10 mi>. his f.mily with ",,,,her I. ilh , II'l><n
Ing<r, lhe young wile of lhe Borgen hou""OOW . J;'" in
childbirth . lhot two f. milie, a .. uniWd in "mlu.1 SOITO'"
and forgiwne ... Peler give. his d.ughler p"n'I'Iission I"
""' ''Y Ande ... Aided by !he f.ilh of lhe chM M. " " .
;,,1\;1"..... . young Bo'S"n "'00 1\;1. beli<'ved him""f 10 be
lo,u """,,,,,..t<!. Inlier h, <'<"Ium '" life , SI\< d_,
Much 0/ lhe .... ,"'." homogeneily of lhe 111m i> , .... ,<d
by dev~ of unity so f.miliar to u, by no'" th.t I n""d tJ." y
mention 'I><m. ank,. .. tion ;" con>n tJ.t.<l into . " i ~ l .
tl>< ne, t day. lhal nigh" 'OO .notherday. n.. film has r",.
inlero<penden ' ca u..,1 lines. e.Kh ror .... ponJing t<> a
inmember of ,I>< Borgen f.mily. rl><
'rodoce ,I>< problem. of Iwo Borgen 1iOll nd lhotir f"her.
joha nnft. go"" mod from ,tudying fOT II>< mini;tr;. be,,,,,,,, he isj ... u . MilleL on , t." otl\<r hand. d"", not be-
_goon'
,r.l' ....
fi", 'wo ..-q"."""
,.
Iw,'. in God a l . 11. Old Borgen " so ho, ""'.. of f. ill1 .

, h"'fl)' ""'... '" of joh.nn .. mad""" , In lhe Ihird 50q""""", And,,,, ', <I<,i ", h} marry Anne;' ""'""led , Th<
t, s\< of II>< film', ,,'ion;' t... sol,'. , II fo u, pOOl<m ",h.,h
i' do<., by ",,'0", ,,I . fift h lin<, ,,I ..".'" i""""'i"g 1"g<'.
Miklwl', ", il<. H., J.,.'h in ,ndtlbirlh m.o k'" p"-' omong
tl>< di'ruting religiou, i..,l;"'n>. bring' An n. to An';" ...
and bring. jotia""'" b...: ~ 10 " " it),; 1><, ...... m"" ~ on. t I""
r,lm', fi",,'. unit Sorg<n and re,., in. common failh and
win. Mild, 1 to helOei in GOO . The->o. interdependen, plotline. run in ge""r.lI), parallel f.. hion . lhank> 10 Dreye"
I.mil i.l , lacl;c 0/ crosocu lling I",,,, on< k>cale '0 ."",her.
r ..... "" ul. looks IiI 'ix' """"'1"")""8 pl.n ,
Th i, pt..n "I Ih~ film ",. ko, ;' .,'Klonl ,h. , t...... I"'ma,;"'n ''''''''g ~ "' . 'e , <>utsia e , ..... BoTg<n hoy", (segments
11.-, ) i. "'pked, d unng , ..... night of Inge" childbirth , by
. 1I<motion< hetw,",n . ",a, of lhe hou ... (sickroorn'p>rIor)
.n<! 'e n .Ilemat;"'n, bet",,,,,n .re.. of the I"rIo, i""'f.
A. in previoo. D",ye r film . 1\< .,.o ...... tinS c",.scutting
prod"""" nol onl~ ,u,p'''''"-' bu, .'... n.rr. ~ ". 1" ..11<1;.
SI>o" of Mildel a t w<><k <>U td"" .... 1.... ln". ""', reinf<,ro, his
u".ssumi ng p'.gm,""" b~ 'howing pho,.,. of a single
cho"" hi' n.-ro cu"i"~ In.m deport " re [.hot, 17. 18)
through koodinl( (281 to unloading ("'ferred t<> in 31). More
impcrrtant. Inger" = " .lity ;, "'mlonoro by In .. rk-d ,hots
of he, at work or I)'ing on t..... oper.'ing table. The ~men_
, .. ion . 1", "", k... d ., t..... ra~r 1",. 11e1> a<T(>!;' tl>< fdm:
, ..... ,o"'I"ris<>rl ,,f , ..... inili. 1 ...a",h f<>r jooann.. (I. ) with
,he 1.1<, on<> (m), Or lhe <""'porison of hi, .brupt breac h 01
f.mily pE"" (lb) with h;" en'ry int<> I..... de.th r>m (lVII),
t..... rhymil1g of Bo~n', trip 10 1'<1"" hou", (IU:) will> p"..
re" trip t<> !Io.>'!l"n'. (IV., 8); ' I>< pa ,, 11e1 .. ligiou. d;'put",
t;..,_n 1I<''!l''n and P..... (11"1 . nd t;.."w'n the 1"""""
. nd t..... Joxtor (II., .hot 56), AnJ D",y<" I.miliar pattern
of I1<lru ,i"e repl.. emenl i. en.<ted .. ""II: Ma ren ',
n.lural f.ilh replace. lng<'" Peter offeB Anno ., the now
lng<r. a .. ne lOO"n ...... uktitul .. for ,I\< ruby who di<'<l .t
birt h.
Import.nt Utl>< .. altern." ion oo pa,.Ud, ."'. w.
"""" cl<>w, to tl>< fil m', domin.nl p ineiple of unity " 'hon
" ... ""'min< tl>< u'" of <au.."ily .nd dooun-. It;" obvious
,h.t . CQIK~ption of Chri,tianity, in one form or a .-." t.""
moti,""" , II II>< plotli".,., One e,planotion offered I",
joh,nn.,"', mad"",,;, hi' Qv~r," . Iou. "utly for.he m in_
i"ry. Mill.", alienalion from h i; r.t..... , spring> from h;'
di" ..", fo, <>Id 1Io.''!l''n'. f<ligioo . I%at "'pOl.t Anne
O.lOl;T
L Nigh' (l_ lb)
. lohan ...... goes ou' and ,t.. m< n pun"" him (l - I~ ) .

~ , The fam ~y ha,-e coff"" and d i.",,,, Joo.nne. (15- 16).
(17-631
" D.y!!ORGO
iSCMRO
.. And"", a, .. ' Inl>""
Kitdi<t
help (17).
, Xi /,hm: In!;"! hu m' (9).
, ,... ,~'" In!;", !rio" '0 p"rsuode
Bo'll"n (21_25).
,.
1\1,10" Joh. n". . . ncoun' .n
j.
/'0"'"
ra""" """..
Borgen (31).
PETfR PfTERSEN'S
,=~
Y"N' Mi U~1 on "'.gun ( l ~).
R...a, AnderS w. lk, (20).
f.
llI,iM, 1\.... , w a rn.

An"" .bou t And ~" (26--27).
F;dd, Mikkl wH h I"ad
01 r'-"'<i' (281.
'. Ill,."., P.t.r ",fuses And." (30).
p .-son (29)
1tW:d,,"O (2)and A.Jo"

Borg~n
I. Ill,",,: Borgen and Ande ... am,..

(33_J.l)
n. llI,iM.- Borgen ond r.ter talk
/'0 ,101' Doc1or ar""" (35).
(36-37) ,
Kilchrn, K;r.;.ine re.td, to Anne and

AOOero (3.11--10)
Ho,/or: Borgen.OO PdO!
0,
Sn.-oom' Doc1<" and Mikkd
~_
Sn.-""", Inger on t,bI. (44)
I ~ll .
. Sid""",: Docror oP'''''"" ("").

/'0,/0" Di!Cu...;oo of In!!,,!
(~7 - 52 ) .
SikroJm: In!!"" !\'I.ping (53).
n"w,.- P.""" .m"".I5-I1
Srlroom , Borgen .nd Mikk.1 by

10,1\'-''-< bed (55).
Doc,or .nd r . ,..", tal .. ,
r.,,,,,
J"lr.om,<> pRod"" d,'''h;
Mikkela n""" ""," .h. t I"S'-'T

i.dead (5&---58),
Sid"""" Ing., d,-..J (5'1-001
p"."., Joban"", offer> to
,.,-i""
he, (bl1.
Sid"""" Johanne, f.ints (62).

P.rlot: Mi", ,nd AOOero GlITJI
JoNnn.:" hi. room (63).
p. 1tW, Bo'll"" and Ande"

dri,'o b..ck (~ J)
,. 1tW: Borgen,OO And." d,;",

b.oc. (45).
ars"" (41),
III
,..
OIlDCT
!II. Nigh' (64_ 731.
" De"h ",,,if,,,,e (64)

~ Jun, n",,, k'."" (~:>-66).
c. Se.",h for J"h.m"" 167- 7:/1.
d, o..'",h "",in, in """"f'lf" " 173),
IV.
D .y(7-1 _ II~I.
. Thrlor: !'e'cr oct. o ut fm Bo''ll'>nsga.>rd (7-11.

I> Fu",-'rol bo"kle, (7S)
d C<ffi" "".," 11<,'1\"" .,td Ande,"
c. Rood, I teo"" d";,'ing (76).

r. Courlyam: He.,,,,, .rriv<'S (BOI.
ligh' cand l", 1771,
I'Iir)o" Muu"",rs ' ing (i'lll
C<ffi"
""m,
Mi,k,,1~n'~rs (7'11.
Coffin roo ..: r.non .rri"" .nd
spoo K> (81-36).
,I, Coffi" room: MiUel coll.1I'""'''
Peter bring. An"" in; Johan.
I,
n", , rr" ..,,,
In~",
g. CO"'lyam: Pete, .. riv".
( ~ 7) .
",.u,,<"<I<><" 1.11><,..' ,1<1(rm in,lo.)n "'" 1(, let tl><i,

child n."n m.,ry o u,,;.,to 'I><i, .. ,..ts. 1")\',, I""Y' h" h.'lp
in c h .ngin~ Bo,!!,'n', mind, Jon. n ....... ;'Iog,,," i. eri..,
cn_"<ril"",.1 q"ot.,Ii<",<. A.IJ ...... ing II<" I\,-n in
J i,,-xUy. P,'t'" in"nKI, h i. <ong",;,IK>n 10 .ing. "Sinn""
tu m no> n~)"'. de.f ".,: ' In ,I>< ' itcl><n. Ki... ir,,' ,,-'old. ,,,
An'''''M ,\",k,.. 'M ." illu,,,. '"d Bible . More b"",dly.
lho d~,' h .nd ",sum'<lion '" Ing<'T mu,1 bt ,,,,d ., di
"i"",y ," u."d. n .., ,hen'.."",;' ,n of ,he ", I i~ou ' motif
g<~'" iurl""" ,in,, ,,,....J <h" .o<"I'" "m"'><I1os d i.",,,,,
""><I,, 0' i.ith , tI... f"' ""n (insti'"h<","1 "'l i~",), )oh.l n"",
(rrwd I.ith). ,he d,."", >O<iti" ' " ,kephci.m). Mikkd ("s"""tioti, m l. ocl ~""'n " .. ,",.1 I'ith) . M,,., 1'",,,,,,,,-"<1. of
<0"''''', i, 'h" d i,,," ,"
1I<''1\o n ld I'd"'_ Jobo ,,,
be,,,"c"" G,und.vigi. m (. b,.nd of V.ni.h Lu ,he,an;'m
emph.l,uing "it.1 Ch'i"ia nity) , nd Inn", Mission (.
st"m.-, ,,'. ngdiot.1 _'I Thus "irtu.>lIy ""~'Y g<-s'u", in
,n., lilm i. fn';ghb-cl with Christi.>" >ignifoc.""".
With ''1",1 ob l'~'u s""" II>< Co n;! ian "";gion ,upr!""
Ih ~ ck"'ure fo, II>< lilm . Th,' n.".Ii"" ..." . , its t. ", tho
("... .-rom ;n~ "r _;"1 p.ool('m< " f bdocf by d<'''''' n " ,., tin ~
,,,.,, t'dn><,nden' P'''''''''' m"''' 'ity .nd iaith . In " "" '".~
be",-,,,,,,
n,., toou'.' ''''' ,,'
d,,,,"in.ll "1'"'--'" .", '''''''1'' .. '.k toy

de.'h. ]nl;':' n," " d .. .. , th, t 1\.1", ,,'il l rctmit A"ders '"
m.,'Y An ,,.., "', thot Joh."",,,, ",ill ",<",'(" h;,. .. nity, .nd
..-' ,"", Mik"1 ",ill bt pl"n!!,'" into d.,'f"'i,. gul InW" mu;t
.'''' be tn-o"4>t bock n, hie ., tl>< .. ngibl< prool "I tl><
po"'.' '" i"","'"nt f. i,h (Mm".,) g"id<><l b)" f,ith ff'-'<' of
i n "i""~.... I.t..ckk.. (J"". n ......), The lilm'< driw 1""'Md
",>,~ u lio n . it> , ufk'T,ng'de.. h',,-">um.-clion p.tI~m. is re' I" i"'" I.. ov.',,,o,,,., the ,,,d.1 probkm. "I f.it h th rough .
Ch ri""n prino:ipk 01 ,,"",ure ; m i,,,,,Ie,
All 01 II'hi<h is to "")' th.t in 0"1,, n.... ti" e prino:if'Ies
ch.l,><"'ri"i< '" O"'yd. "''''k .,., ",nSp',..,"<
wri'ing whieh guide.. ,I>< ch.,,,,,,,, .. th rough ,he wo,ld '"
.bsen' <au ,., ..... """", been me"" p"""orl,,l , "'" " nl)' do
the c .... foc len; qu<' tc Scriptu,., to 0"" >...,tl><,. not onl}'
d"", ,he Bible it..,lf P"-'pt.."y 'Ix' ..... "..ti,. ""i<n> (ng , II.
bu, ,he ",<,.11 """tiw '" tn ~ f"m ",st> upon II>< Chri. h." P" " "-'" J<ohan",,, t<""", ",.Iking te.t; Itk. his
n."" ... . . St. John, he ".n.mil. tl>< l..ord of II>< ti'le, ,I\<
I<>gos !;<,,'.ming tl>< rolm ', k>gi<. Ome' " not .n .Ilegory in
QRDCT
any .. ri.c1. "'''''', bu. its u~ i!y oc""",os in",Uigib!e <><tly as

'N~lI i ng 0/ Gospel. A. in orll<r D",ycr film" II,., ";,i~
action becomes a fuffillment 0/ an .uthori'ative, . tornal
te>.t. For thr film to ",Ile"" tile vi","""r m",t """'pt a
.i", c.u"" ity pn'miSO!<i ufX'n Christ;"" p""'ept, (lnger
must J i< SO .ha. ",hers may be ",born: bu hen oM must be
.....rom,) The """"'ur;on 0/ .h;' .. Iigiou ....".ti,.., ""iu .......
miroc"'. ft is not ,ha, D",Y'" i, "a religious direckor" and
ha, f..,und in Onltl .ho, pe,I' """,' i,,,.)u,, tho> opp<.>Sit.:,
D"'Yer's .yp;C. l ... ""Ii," unity find. in 0nIn its ...... ."
thoru u~~ ~oi n g i u.ti f""t ion - ", li g~,n , Ch,isti'nity booco ..... D" ye<'. m ",,' o"<tp<>w<ring to,."...., d<vic<
If.he M,., i,'c dtaw. on ,oc h po"'n' fof'CeS. wha. rould
.mubi< i' ? In ,hoi ",,,,I 'wo ports of thi, <hapte,. I ..... 11..,g.
~. how the film', mode 0/ "P"'""'n',ron pull. it .w.y
from any sim ple or direct "an,m;.,;.;on Df ,h;, Ch"";'"
Yet 0>11<,. ..... "a' i"" i...It. for all i,s unity, ;. not free
of inne, dilf>culties.
A. in O",y.<'. other fil m., problem. am eng<odc.-..;l by
the film' ...."y ne.>d to unily i""lf. The four I""" vi "" ion
.'" ",,,,1,-..'<1 by ,he filth, Inger's d<.,h .nd resu","",ion ,
y", -"""<'<"'" must F"'.-f""" ,he act of ....."'<<ting he,. The
film'. problem. crystallize around '1'1'{) question How I<l
_~ ~" ,he """'""-0)' mi,oele] How ' o~' it'
A m;,'-",:" must ,,,,10,,, n.'u.-.I 0' s6entifo< low . Thu. H
'<1 "",a li.t;Ca lfy:' ., ,<""imiiitudo ' So
(';In",,' be
tl>< mirocle mu,' be mo'iv. 1Ed roTnp<.>Silio",lIy - by fUn<tioning within . ,ys"'m of motil.. The miroc" mu,' become . ......."..."'y romponen. of the film', nar.-.ti"".
In pari ONtl ', roncl usion" mo<j,'o.ed by ,he ch." ",,
"'rs' ron,t.l ". di""""ion 01 mi 'acles. Religiou, . Iign "",n"
, .. ",ikratt-d in ,hoi ,'Lew. which diff"",n' ,!\;oroc"'''' adop'
toword mi,,,,,Ieo, 8org"n ha,lost hi' hop< in mirocle., ,he
par><m ."""ns ,ha, God deliber.,ely wi,h hold. 'hem nd
"" on , M",e import.n'. the f,lm predict. the mira<"
.hrough .n image' the Bible ilIU<lrdlOon depicting Chris.
"i,ing l."...." (fig, 1). He'o, ind<p<ndon. of . ny cho,..,
up;n'm. ,!>e ... ,.,oU" in"" ,,, 0 ",<>III fo"",,",dowtng
.he ou 'ooo",. In ...."' h.,, ""y, though, thr m iracle i. moh".1Ed by p.rticulor hum.n .gen " - initilll), jollan",""
.hen ,he ch ild Maren.
To ron.ide, joh.nnes charactor r.ises problems .ha
n- 'PI"",n' ,he firs. ,ime ),ou w.tch .he film. Audie""",
ofte n "ugh dI hi, ..,m""moolistk mO\..",,,,nl>. deflected
gaze, and high.pitched ,<>ice. Critic. ha,.. be.en c.ugh' off
gwrd , T"", Milne di""i.... ,he oc.or'. portr.),.l 0/ .Ile
"""0-
,.Ie.
"""i.'...
,d.
,"
"gibbering idio," .s "irrit.lting .nd . ingulorl), uncon,i",,.

ing.'" Bu he .".nge ....... is n<'C,",,,,,'Y, Sine. 'he off,,;., 1
<hu,ch ond 'he "",' arian "'luabbli ng must be inc.pable of
..... ur=:ting In!!"r. j,,"a nn<" must ini';'''' II", mi,acle , The
film ne.>d,. figure
me<!;"te bet",,,,,n social ,digion a nd
'pon .. """u> f.ith, and .hi, medi.tion demand. 'h,!
joh. ",,,.. be ,,,,,,,,lEd from 'he _;.,1 w"tld of old Borgen,
Poter, ,I>< pa""n , .nd ,he "" t. Hi, mad n",,' .nd the
stylized .. p'".... n'.t~on of i' .t\' <"",;"1
The i",\atOon of Joh."'.... i, t.blb......,.! in .1>< <",I)' po ..
lion. of.he film, Throughout ' '''' firs' ....Iu'""', wl'l<-n II< is
ghmp>ed wandering into 'he pa>tur<,)ohan",-'S funchons
chiefly .s .m at-nce throush which ,he "'''''r 8org<~s . re
in ' n.><Iu.;('d , F", one .hing, Ore).. , ",I> up . fal,.. "}'eline
m.tel> , F. , lx~ and _ . look righ.: Joha n",-", \ooks left and
.. ~rs to "You , and yoo, .nd J'<"'. , , ," Bu" pan!ci' ",.
""ai, 8o,!!"n and his son. ""w "'hind Jollannes, looking
.,ft, n..,.., 'wo , ho .. den"e Joha"".,.~, . Iw. y<.n objt
of .ight. Hi, 'peh in 'h;, ",.ne a nd .he ,,",x, foriher "'p"rat"" him from tl>< "",,;"1 world of the "'tra ~"" in
he
' imply quo"," seriplu", (The Word is not "is,) This end
.topped prolog ........ bti.hes johannes', .." . ngement
an agent of mir"",," , !f ochar..:ter t~pical1y )XlS""""" Irat",
desi",", wi.hes, }<>han"". i, no. a char" .. " He is, rather, a
formol """'" of ,Ile ~" m.nir.,... hcm of Onkl'. domand
for Christian legibility.nd narr.~"" closu",.
Yel Joha n ~ mu.' no! be . imply~; ~ n ,... will "'~
g""ran'.., . mir,,". He m uecieo. He
'0
,Iu,
'..
OOWlT
i~t<tnlpt< 1~S",
.nd 5otg<~' . 001"", drinking: "A d.od

body in lhe l>ig: f",k>rr' During the night of Ingter'.
<hildbinh . he .... ",he man with ,he '0,.he" <'tI"" In!!""
room . nd Ie."" wilh ,he dead child: he lell' M""n ,h ..
Inge' will die.nJ
ho will "-"u""', ho,. In ,., ...... p!.
"""n hi'
on on ''''' hill and hi' d . im th. t hi>
c.ndle. "wiD brighten lhe d ........ " con"ilu ,. "eilod
prophed..
But . diffICul,)' <fOps u p. johonne, ,. nn.,1 he omnipo_
"'n'. unle .. 'M na"oli"" i. P"'l"re' he cLoim, '0 he . lWo
k""p joh.n"",
in check. Fif'Sl. 'he M.-t"i,'. di"nl;u'.., tho powe,.. <>f
prophecy 10 othe, <ho,"""''-', In!!,,' in I"rticul ... A, vori
ous po.>in .. ,he " " ,rt; 'ha' joh. n"", will t.. him .. lf 'go,;n.
thot Mik will helie", 'o""..l>y,
,he will
Borgen
g .. nd",n, .nJ
God will an,w., Bo'gon', P"j'\"S,
E,.. n ,he do<to, conflden'I)' predict.
0 knock on I...'
"".d "'iII SCI Joha " ne, righ' ogain . Thu, l"" f'hn .bso,bs
johon_', prop""""" " 'i thin I",S", .ystem of p.-...dic.
Ikms which both ,.HIJi hi< ,Loim. ond pre,'e,,' him from
be<'omi"8 doWod. n.o .... tr.Ii'" Ke.p' il< fool from t..wm;ng '0,-, holy in > _ond w. y: by r,,,.lIy revealing hto m.>d .
heir'<', When Joh.n_ heliev .. him .. lf J.,u" he
~',i,.., Ing. Th us ''''' foIm <urtail, lohan""", I"'wers, k""ping him os . ... "..tiw wi ld
""""sory lno ,
pot~"'''lly d"rupti""
Ye-t - aW'in - ,,'i>cn I"ho" ...... """" ~i' mad"" ... he
f.Il, in' o ,he """I ,,'orld cot i ~""" fo j'h . Th~ n'<H,i,,,
"""'" 0 ,,",w 'g '" 0/ mi,,,,,",, .nd ''''' Child M.ren i.
hI""gh' in '0 fulfill this f"",lion, In'roduc<><l quit" I,t. in
,II< film, . 1>0> ",loy. JON""'-.. ",p,,,,,,,tuT. 1 P''''''"'' ro ,""
roMI """..." He, I. i,h """'pi> ., lact In",, ,,,,,,,,', d ,im, Ih. ,
Ingo< will dioo~.-.I he will
he,. (h"" til< ,hild '.
n."n~ is moli"atod _ old Borgen'. d~ad wi", " . """",d
M ..,n, i, 'M wom.on "'M gi'......" ti""",y . t Pow-',
mNling). M."," i. pUI in ,I>.> n . ..... " .... ,o<hec. h<T "ncle;
if Jon.n".,. i. """""ry bu, d"rupti,o, M,,,," monil.st,
,i>c ... "at;",,, driw lo",al unity a.-.l ,k .. u",. In this IiSh',
,i>c..,....., in whkh 'he t .... " ,it tog<1i>c' in the f"rIo, fun<,~".. , <"", .. I ",,,,it"" . l<.>ho""", now doubts hi.
P<""" tu ,""uTre<t I,,~ ("I may not
ro do iI") .nd
_ k, tu p""uode ).i.",,, 'h .. it i. ""t,., 'M' Inger io dead,
Bu' M. ",n ;n ,i", 0" ,he """,",,chon nticiF"" .... S do.m,,,
"] om """"ng h,twal ' 0 i'." w. ,n.1I """ ra"" Ih .. " lhe
.tyh"", Ie",,, 'hi' -qu.""" up.." ..,. '0 Jo",smund ,he ' f<n.Tf.ti,.ly til<
ing c.me. . . nJ .... Iyticol >!diting;
,ho,
fi,., ........
""""gi<>
'h.,
,lid,
be.,
,lid,
m,".'
,."not
' 8""'.
,.rd,.
,..,.utn.'"
"".bIe
""t
d,.Iog"" helps moti,'''' I"" mi"",1n>d b}' . moen ""'''' ronv.n' .....1
figu", of unity : ' he puno, f.i,hfu l child.
If Chri.,lonily, )oho""",'. oIienalkm .nd holy proph....", .nd ,i>c child )'I.lren "rive to motivate ,"" miroele
,ha , c"""lud,.. ,t., film, "'" ate st;11 Iof, with ,I>.> q ... "ion
of how th., mi,ocle m.y "" "'P1<"'<"'lfl/, To .n''',,, Ihis
"'-w to """"ir.e how Ordefo 'pa,101 and
"-'I\\ro<al ')"'0",, "peralo "'ith and .W'i"" '''' fLlm'. n .....
.. ,i,,, "ructure. Two p"",ipl<i" which I sholl coli ",,,,,,,, .
nc~li"tion" .nd "'f"""""'"'" will ",Ip u, ...'" how the
film represoents !ngd. re.ur....ction .
q"""""'. "'"
T HEATRIC AUZATTON
Once
",e . . i .. 'h~
issu. of Qni,, ', ,ep.--n .. ,ion.1
.tr' t<>gi<o, "'e look immedi"ely to ,he th.w", as a mod", .

And inJooed. OtJ,j io "filmed
I"".,,,,," bu, of a pe<ul",
"'rI. To "'-ribe ,i>c probl.:-m, posed

""".j
by ,he foIm.,lyle, "'"
'0 unde",,,,nd ,he notu", of its lhe.,<ie.lity. And ...
EI.;o,in ha.<."".., hdpful ,uggeslion. i>c""

H,.in d i"inBui.n.. Ih"", ",n. of filmed '''''A're, Fi,.,.
In.,,, is "canned , ...... ,te," ",hich simply "-'>rds a ''''gte
pe r/Ormd~ . The .. " . 1", II", ronv~n''''''''1 ad.pt.>,,,,,,.
which "ope'" up" . p"y by making it into "cine""." The
.dapla'ion ",plo<,," d"logu. ""'".,. by im.!!"" ,ho",. oro
"""',, ,,h..
<>pusihon ,on,,,),, inJi"",tly nJ
t>n:.ks 'he . ingle .., of. ,he. " .. perlo".... ~ inlo many
Joc. k>s, ""'n~l . ting" 'he pI.y. Fo, s,,<in, , uc h .dap"'tion
p'''''I ..... may "",k good f,lm (e.g ..
So",,-d fro<n
D""""i"3) but ,he film h .. by!",""" ,he problem cot "'pro,
A"umins
the,tnc. lit),
.,.-.-., .... S ,ho;"nc.lity "
con.i", of conwntioM of to" (,he pI.y is d ialogue).nd of
'f", .. lloc.iizaoon It he ".~ i->. microc<m). lla2in pusil.
thIrd al'ern.'i,-..::
play by ""'An. of cine,"",,"
Neit"", canned Ihu ,,,, nor ada pl. non, ,m. al'ern."i""
.....,. , ,.. "">in tI,.- ",nc~1 <" nve"'ions 01 dioIOS'''' .nJ
"ming. The , tart 01 O li"i"," ri.... '!' V corril's u> to an
"Eliza""'han" per/onna"", of ,"" p")' : Oli,';"', says "",in.
"is "'" i>"',onding 10 ""' u, forgc1 li>c ron"""'",,,. of ,he
'""a '",. O n ''''' ron". ry, he .. fr,rm, 'hem.'" Similarl}; <:OC.
' u' , In 1\".... " I,mb/n fond,. cin."",tic "Iui-.ienl k>t,he ' f"'io l ron.,,;n ',.'''''' .. f
pl.y by m ing into
'f""""'"' ",h" "'. " si"gle room .... ,he
V"""",'
This i> not ,-enhl.,ion, Bazin "''"'rt., bu, fonding a "" of
""S"
80"".
.""h.
,n.,
","'sin<;,
t..,
"'S"
.n
OIlDfT
a""maric "'Iuh.lent' I", ,he thE. trk. 1q""lit .... of ,he orig_
in.1; )'<Ju do not n>rord .he ploy on I;]m Ot ''''n,fm", .he
pl.). inlO ~Im bu')'<Ju , ..... ".,... U... ploy fut. """ in"","",nt, y"u SCOt" it in'he key "I 0 ...."'''_
Smc. 0'*1 i. ""ither canned ,he,,,,, oor a straigh,l""
",.ro . do?"'i,,n. d",-'i it bolo"g to t .... Ihird 'Y!'" of film
which IIOLin idenlif..,ll ,h.1I OJ!;,," ,h. , it doe, not. ,ha,
it bekmg> kl lourth c''''SOI)' which we must roru;tTlICt;
con
this "'t.".,.~.. eml)' thanl<5 to Bann',
'heurizing.
\la.<in, c.", for ... ging, play by "",.ns 0/ cine"", ..
.Ume< a homogeneity bot",,,,,n pUy . nd mnl ",aliz.i."",_
The film must "","in .he d,.",..", I""", 01 'nc pl.!y in 0
medium .hat .. flee .. it'" Thi,;,; possible. !Ia,.in bol."
bec.use <I""m. ~ a" OIl.oIogi<'>t ""Ii,m boS<'<l on
pl>ot<>g"'p"y_ The.t",;'.n
but cinema i,. medium,
Cine"," un find "'Iui,.Ie ... " lor , ..go "",,'onbon. bo:-cou,",
it> ...1""., open. on'" on i"finity 01 f'O"Sib;t; ...... To t.a
on< 01 o.."i,,', mos' f."",u, m,"pho ... , if."" 'he"", is.
c,}',"1 chand.li.. (contained. ,,,iftc;., l. 'U'Onom<llU),
ci""",-, is .1>< ""ming n..,hligM 0/ thE u,""r (I,-.,.,-flu.t ing.
Auid. boundle<,).' Filmed th ... re I><n. c.n co,,-,ist 01
playing 'he n.. hJigh' o,.r."" <h,,,,d.her. highhghling .hi,
ot ,lut .. pect 01 ...... ,nca!;,y_ Cinema ', .... ,"'" "'lu il" it '0
become ,I>< "humble ""tva n'" of .he .. ",_' me ,mll.ry of
'hi' \ ' ",w i,
,I><
",fIect;"'n on ,i>e.!". is. pt...u"bIe "" .
lIut il One den .... \I,o,;n', .heul)' of cine"",', lund.>men_
t.l) ...1""., .00 ron..ido,", .1", .....,dium .. . .." of f""""
po ..ibili,;"", ,""",;. no need lor '"" ",!.I'ion (}/ pUy .nd
htm '0 t.. "" p..<el,,1. Wha, il ,he fil m pull, it.. lf out (}/
go" "-ith 'hE pl.y, ..,tting up. <1;'1"'';1)1 bEt", ... n ,he to"
and 'he d nem.1tic rel"""'nL,honl Ins'~ of ",~n I<>tpoint "'luh.Ie""... "'e find 'he ",lu,.1 <)f .,." Iom,,1 .y..
tern, '0 m",h . Since Hrecht. w~ h"" ",ali<"d ,hat. pmdlK'ion con cri'ic"o its """ """, bu, th.t ""'l' bE only tl><
",t",,,,,, edge 01. pr.cti.ct- wl><",by a fil m can rn,uk. ce,_
'ain d"""xe lrom it< 'e>l b)' p""",,,'ing . ....... i v~ ou
,onomy 10, its ci".,,,,,,.ic ' )' ...."" . t .h.1t ""I I .his ""''''gy
bu, ,.."
ron,""'"
.rt.
,ha, ,.,,,-..f,
'.he"rir~t L'"' ~\n_'''
A o!car. il e>.'"""",, """ml'ic ""'y "" found In S'" "I>'

Huille,', 01"''' mm M""" """ Aol"", . Si""" """ ron,..",'ion
01 opera i. ,ho' p..ople .i ng.hE 1",1. Bozin would 1..'Or.
anemat'" II.>ndling ,h ... "re,..,. .nd ""pe<.. ,ha, rotwen
'ion. Bu'M"",.nd """'" 'MO"nc<-\i from 'he ." ... ha. i.
ha. no .""h in.en'ion . The n .... ' hOI is. lengt hy <Iow-"p
".
o .... r Mo .... ,hould .. in which the I"ming d,,.,. no' !",""it

u> '0 ..'" ,he "" of 'in~in~_ Thu, 'hE ~xp ~i vity .nd hi,
,nonic.
"I
"limi""""". aOO
~
rom. .".... 01. fum ing delibor.,ely chosen '" impede our
gr.,p 01,1>< ope .. . . ope"_ Unli ke Oli,"'(' and Co<te.u',
fi lms, Moo<> <1!td h"", .-..n. .... to .ubordi".", a """",tic
'I" ." <ic.. '"",mi,,ivn uf thE <o",,,,,'ion, of tl><
Tho ""ul' is "";'her fish "'"' Io;,'\. too ,he"rical
." "" ,..", ad' plo,ion. '00 obt""iveiy anematic to bo a
.. h ,I""",,), "'lui,. I;"" I", tl>< ron'"n,ion 01 ,I>< ,ung
' ext. lIy ""'ohng in"'.-I,,,,,,,,,, t..twe<"n pl.y t",. and cine
"""ic "'p.-.S<'T1M;"'n, ,h.. trkoli,.hon produces problem'
0/ reading.
In what folio",., ) ' h,lI tty." . ltow 'ha'
",~mpl ' f... this Iourth I)'p<' of f,lmed thE. t"" !t ,hould
"'''''' .. no ,urr,;" klleam 'h. , lhe fdm ""IS up a distance
bEtw"'-'fi play ",x, . nd cinema'", ..yle, since hom tl>< .. b1... "" 01 Drey'(' earl ",r work O""" rd" h is fil m' h .....
..nd.d to pull n.,r. ~ ' e stn><tu", "-,,,",,WNo' opo" from
'1"' ,;.,1 .nd "''''1''''.1 stn><ture. tn
IhE .plit is ""' w""n a clooed. highl)' moti,.,,,d no".. ive and ito "per.
f"""" n" in ,I>< mif<.rn-","" 000 ,I>< filming. tn
II>< play
ch.lle nged by ,he film', '1"' .,..ompor. 1
w.
d,. """,';,,", "P''''''''
"'S" "",-
0,""
0'*'.
'e" ;.
'Y''''''''
In ord.r
om"
lor ,heatrk.I"'b"n to draw . d istance be--
,,...... " ""t.nd r'lm. thE "'" m",1 ~ ' i<;nalled as .-..jsting
prior l<l ,I>< film . Whe", Drey .. habi, u,lIy ..,leered
tittle -known work; os ""'tee' , with Orrkt hE was filming
one 01 ,he"",.. lrequontly ' ''8'-"<1 Sc,nd'n..';"n pt.),. 01
,0., """,",leth cen'ul)'. Gu.tav M<>I!.Inder had odapted ,I><
play '0 on,,... only , dec.d" belore. Yet even if the v",,,'er
w.", U"''''O''' of the ""'ICe 1>< opening e<l.blis"'" .11.>.
this is paIo_"'"', Tho ti.1e ctedi. ide<thr"", Ka j Muru.
a, .",hor 01 Droltl (fig. 2) .nd "" Ii". 01 ca st or C"'W in",r_
, ..,ne ' u CO""-" ,h i. _ Moroo"'T. thE d,,'ign 01 ,he title cred il
"'produ, .. Mon.', m' M!oCripl t;tl< .nd ,ign.lu,.,. ",t, b
I;'hing thE pl.!y ., t..ing like J""nllC d'ArC, 'ri. l~ al,-"..J y
..a nscribed ."d rontp"',e<J . Ho", D.-.-}'.,,-. u<u.t ",fore"",'
'0'0., ,,tit"'n "'ord in""""" wit h ti>e.!,ricali",tion, need
." ".tablish tt", pt.)' (Mun k', wri''''" 1'1',,011 .. di"in<t hom
.his "".-ionn"""" ,.f it. no.- aci()B' """",,,,ha , 1""",,1 <k",
I."""ions of .I><ir lineo ron.inue .~ .."'.. ,m "".-Io",,"""e
throughout '"" film
The.tr",.liza'ion is ..., c",.' od by Iho fi lm', str'" O,,u,
U"",, ""uOO . ",_
.sdrt. .,. .....,r. "",,e_nt . nd t l>< long
.. ..., to ""1"''' '0 ",x,.nd rep...,.."''''"''' "f ,,,. n...., de
""
oower
,
.w.y
,."'" COOp",.t< io pulliog ''''' . t.ging ."" " 'ming

I""" ''''' p;.,y 'ed by <",. li og. ",t.tiwly indc!",odco' ')'$'
l<'''' ,h., fO"-'8round, ' "" dm".)n. 'ho.' , !"h. 1 ron""",
,,,,,,.'00 II", in' "mal dowtnpm<:nt of ' "" , ...."
Sho' du .. tion
In 0"" <"''''''. Inlle, p,.i ...... ,"" n<'w ".. .... "'. bu, old 1I<"1I<n
""S ",,,,,,'.hM ,: " It "' l os h im too ""'S '" t(,. . h '''''
n.: Ii"" . ... ';0;".. ...",.<1 !"md ..... w",,' """, .,,,,,,,,.,, ...,..
' '''''n,''
.boo,
ing the ,"".,'" " 'ilt say

O"'Y''1 .nd hi' film , Ofdtf.
non.Ii.',' 'Y"'"'' i 'h' . . ua"''<l to d.S...., r'''' "wo tod.y. Who, M, ~ lat><l..,... 19-13 od'p"ron QI ,"" r/>y rould
"'1u.",,",,' in'" "",-, hu nd",d "'in" ...... O",y'" .,,,'I<he< Ie 129
m iou'", (_ pl.y, diolos_
by ,,,,othirt!.). Tho: "'",-a'';':. ]' ' 1\..,1.,1 Onlrl ;s., ...... in 1""
lrom i" "",NaI;',n 01 "'" ploy', .hy'h m , U,;ng ''''' ,,'_
ogo''''' ,,',' 'ppl",J to o.~ of WOU". it ,,'Ould be ""Y 10
' h,,,,, ""'"
0 ""<'T1 >10"..,,- ' "ml'" on ""~ry
0'*' 1""""'.'..
OlWfT
be,,,.....,,
Ie,'.1, ,anging from ,tw ;n te,,'.1>

sto'y e," "ts t{,
.he rh)1hm of ,he mu.ie. Whot is worth ,',.mining i. ho.""
.he"';"ol,.",,, produ,
U"iq"" h, 'hi'
film. HQ~', in "tI"" " ,,,d . d"". 'he prin."m .Iow dOwn'ho, d,'we" ""ding'

0 "" ,,"',;,; will be f.m; I.. , '0 u . Th,o"gho."" ,h i. h,x,k
w., o..w """'" Ixo> 'ho.' d,..." D,....d ' I, lmo i, h.b; .... I,v
j"
t>,o ,.-.".I~,w;ng fo, 'I>< "m... .-g~n<.: "I '.Ok.u,. 1\\" ,,,;.
pri,;ngiy, 'he .."'" .... rkne>, rul .. 0 '*" , >.""n~"> , Thtwhit< ",iLl, of 'h~ Sorgen.' .nd Pe"',""n" hom .. let pic.
d"""rotiono. and fum i,hing' ,10M "ut in 'oh</; in
se"",, 1. ,Ile "''' ,re more ,p.t"",ly f",n ;,hed
;n .my
D"'Ye, film . ;n<e ''''""' d'A,c (11'0 ,h,11 ",'en "''', .. Ihe
.,.-.1 of .he ,, 1m. eI,wk'!"""n' <>f ,ho.'
,nw. rd ,"',
pure ",hHe ground of ''''"'''' d'II" .. , A' ;n o.~ '" \\"",h,
,I>< ""gi""'ing ",. 11" "-,<hn'l '" fv"l><,
, q..~,> in
p.tl<:n.", "'. d",,,,. OnId, from ... . n.. ,., ,"'. n ...'" Of , On", nt
that tl>ev 'o,bid ou' ey. to rumm.g wund wHhin tllem .
W".re lom::d te, g'.'P " x' "".1" ""p<>S;'ioon "' ... u,," It..,,,
i..., li"k' deta il to ddlc<:, ou' 'H""''''n . A, . "" ult, 'he
wh;), ,,,,,,' ,",ning '0 ""' ...... ho,. n.,-..' i ,'~ ;o('t~m. "''Sin
to ron>!,,'" mi........,..tn.- OS 'Y "~m d i;,i"", frum th, "",.
,.,ive ",I.t"'''' "f ,he pl.!y tnt.
If the.Iric.!lization dem.nd,
.taging .nd filmi ng h"
a l~,..c'" ,,, d . wk>p
o,,"n di"i"'" ,y. ,<m., ,ho, long
"le 0/1." neh 1_,;t,;l j ,~.. . In p"."".hng 'h<' 'h<" Imm'
pri".te to "c.pt. ;", ..., to 'pe.k, to., kmg ,. k. ",nd, '0
.",,""" tn. """ 0/ "'1!"..,.k lorm.1 ,mp"""n , ;n
fil m . A, tl><
t.ke. ;" most ... I;'n' ",.'me is ;,. du,.
tion, .nJ it c.n "mph.,uc
bj-' de,'clnping it< "", n
"",,'"re. il> own 'hythm, G iwn h;.h,,;,,. 1no,,"' """,.."
. "'~ "'ill no' u,ual l)" pe,.uad. u, to k, ' W h,'n " 'ill ;,
.nd~ ' ." " H",... will i' .,nd'"' '" "I ' n" 'hi,. rep''i'. '" ,,/
something ,h., WdO ju.t .h",,"nr '
II is no . :iden' 'h.! in O,,1eI Dt<>}", m.k ",ten';",
u"" of,he long takc for ,he
tim. in hi> caree,. In Vom
P'I,.nd o. ~ of W"'h tl>< length of. fe,...
nd, ou'
wi,h;n gcr><,.tly "ad;tion.' dh'<>"f"'S". I)oy of ", .. rlr, '
.10'1' r.lm tor its d.y. Jus 4J6 sI>o", 0< """ oV<"f}' 14.8 ",-'C_
orub, Bu'O ....' ha, only 114 ,00.. . nd olm"'t Nil 0/ ,I>eoe
occur in ,I>< opening.nd d o.inS """"'" l""'tion. I .nd IV ).
Aero ,he enli", film, .he .,'<rage.hot 10..... bou, ""ty.
fi"" ~S; ",ith;n ,he ""ntr.1'hree "",,'iono, ,he " 'erage
oho.>t C"""U"',,. "'''' min"' nd h.IL This mca n, <>f
"'u,"" ,Ju' """ral
run V<"f}' long 'im<, ranging
minu'. 'rl
' 0 .. '..,." ",;nu'.'. Even in 'he 19505.
'V" ".
,hot"
ok"",
""->1<'' '
"'>,
,ho"
,0.,;,
"'"
'''i.
fi",
I""".
.hot,
tw"
.hot, ...
,.ke
'0
III
ke.
wn.n ,he kmg

ho.:-amc POPU"" "leh long ...
were
.. "", ruttiog .. ide ,he """ dot
of I!cp<, Hitchrock ~id
not """'" close
. och lengthy ,00... even ;n U"dt, Cop
,.;rom (. ,.~,.8"
duWion. -II! _ "nd,) . We ha,'e ..,.,n
,ha, film', rhy'hm i. no' !'<'duei"" '0 ,he length of i"
,hot., bu. cen.inly in ;ts hi>toric.l con tn' Ordtt'. long
take, ,tand nu'.o c, ,,oon!;...,'Y " ... h,," d .."... TIt< pri.
fur,c_ 01
long tak ... I
i. to
g,,,und tlr, slro' i'Hlf OS , "mpo"e", 01 , ;,,"m.,'"
tv'"
*""
m.ry
tI'"''''
ro,.,
'''gge>''
percepl'" "' .
Ordtt'< k'ng Llk .. " ..... ho' ~ u ,.t;" n , Ob .. ';""",,)". tile
rarily 0/ <U," ernpha .."" bo,h ,he cuto and ,he ;n'o"", 1
,mpli'ud._01 tho, .h", . M",., "rongl)" ,he long take in O"kt
ddibe .. ",,)"
tl>< p.t' of the "'".. ,. .... <,ion. W
are oow b.><k at Reisz and MilLa,', critiqu,.' of R'1'" but ", ;,h
diffe",n' ompha,;. In ,hei, d , ,,,,,,,,~,,,, t h<y ['<>in l , ~,'
ho."v HlIclKock "'.,,,.. ]>1""";" '" ,irm' p.nning ", """k.n ~
from one F',i n, of in'e"," '0 . ""tller, O.d" . hke o.y of
W""Ir,
m",,,,,,cn' .nd
dura''''n '0 "",,'e
through wh.t PKi;z ~nd Mill" C""""'tty <. 11 "drama'icall)'
m n;n&l'" inter",I . :' Unli~e Ilitt!>Cock, ho,, ..\~ ,.
Dt<>}'e, ""Idom mov ... his came .. th,ough empty 'po<.;
O"'Y'" 0!".1I}' fol."" J one ,ha,,,,' er Of .nothe,. Typic.II):
''''0 or "",re people ha.,. a diAloj;ue ""hange and one
roo"", .w.y; the , .."",. 10110"" ,h .. figu", ontil he or she
enwun'e .. ,0011><, ,ha''''Ie' . nd ~ in'vh .. ~ in
.noto." d"logue, To take imple example, ,he
, hut
at Pcler p.,'.rn'. hou .. beg;n. w;'h the , amer,
framing him , .itt;ng crooo!eggcd and ""wing (fig. 3). When
An"" .n"',", 'he ,ome'" !c."-,,
.nd track, "'ith her
(fig. ~ ), but wilen .ho, """.un' o", Ki"'i",, (fig. ~t Kirstine
;. followed .nd A n"" Ie ....... ,he ,M! (fig. ~) . When
Kintine le..."" ,he
pick' vp A""" .goin (fig. 7).
f<>llo...... her '0 P,,'e, (fig. 8), then end. by fram;ng ",""" .,
., the , .. n (fig. 91
Tn th is ,hot . in
wh'" '" "d, .mdti<.lIy ",,. n
ingk",." " tl>< ;n,.,,'.1 comu,,-,.,.j in m"v ;n~ from ,,""
s"'''pins to .""n.." n ,;,. b,!\,-"rt.l e"ml~" ,,' "'",. m<l<
",m" ,am,.. ,. m.. ,'.' ""..n' nd tho._ long " ..' fl'''''''''n '0
~"tl><' du,.,,,,,,,,II)". TIlt' , ha'a<te" ...
O'o"nd
t~ e ",om, not wmp.>ctl)' organ i"od, S,nce the fig ure .. I
d .. m 'p",k. ",h i l~ in ",,~ior> , to< ",.Ik it,,'II hold. " "
I'<'rtKu"r ""rr.l Ii, .... ';gn;fie.n,e. Mo,,,,"~',. ;n 14" "'. ",d
Milla ,', .",m pl". fmm Rlrp<. the", i, c<rt.;n ;nto"",1
"'g"","'''ioon of.he , hOI : ~ I'<'n ff<,m RU!"'rt ' 0 'he boy.
' ou'" ",,,,,.,,.bly ".. 'plit
''''0 .hot< ~~",-od br on
"o<"'n,
*""
n", c'''''',.
r,,,,,
""'1"""'"
Pc"',
co""',.
"'' ' n<,
..,.""",..j
i"'"
GnU'" \n"g tak"" ,,, is! duw"'.. al chu nk u" "'W"ento bk Thu, Ordtl. ",,,,h I'Mre frequen tly than [Ny 0( W"'I>,
use. ,he Ions ta ke to "n,,<h 0"' o.'.ly .... be,"' ...." princi-
f'll n.moti,,, octions. n.. ",1\<1,,"0' of <.mer~ rno\'~men' to

nuke dur.tlOn poip"ble (whot )<.n Mi',!, call, 'p"""n.
lifiwion" ) i. he", elicited through an in.isle"",,, "I""n
intc".k " T<:tgO.he" mi>< .... -sm.'. co"",,. "",,-o,",,'nl , and
.he long tako cre.to "".!'\ling. "afT.H"ely empty ",... ~.,
which SI.., .. so."" Juralion. con;..'<"uti,.",... ,a''''', than
<> " .. Ii'y.
eyeline m.ten. 'h,,, elimi""'ing the ca""".', ,rip across ,he

mom . (I .m <lOt . . y in~ Hu t I!q>r ,ru"ld he <oopped "p this
..... y,) But \:-'u"" OTd<'J's <Om,,,1""", . I..... y, mo'....
.... lIh fi~u"" ' """, is no point .t wn;ch the S""ts w old he
int.rrupll."d . LiI", the "ms t. ..... of m",;c.1pe,form.nceo In
tl";t~'S" . ub . Ch"","l< of A"", M.gd<llm. 8<Ic", moot 0(
Fu r thermo r~. O,,1rI d,'wlopo 'empo,,1 p<>S.ibjiily

only " tent in Day of W",'h; ,n.., ..,1,,<:,;.,. filling 01 .uch
"mply "","t'm< nts by oou nd ef/t'ct>. Since OnU' " ....1>0,
with di"'" ""und . II>< ""'"""
>lmng p ...... ."""'_ To>cups <link, Ik,.. ",
".t w.,h '"ap; sharply
on II>< I;',. . SUS'" lumps <Iunk .. "'d So');"" .h.-. hi. rolf"". and InS',,', ....lI ing pi" po5iH"ely "'mbk>s. Other
"'~"" rum. I""" oft "'"",n: Borgen,,; .. '" i. ch.rxtenz..-d
by the duck>, bk.", and whilm;'" that """p in from out
d""", while from outsKle Pete( , oome ",'e hear child",n
"",oJ)''''''
<IT,' .
playi ng .nd I l;t;l rlJng dog_ In 0'"' ""p<'<t U,h<:se sounds

fun<lilm . 0> ",.li'l;': dN. il , Bu, most sound, )me forw. N
during came .. mo" . ~ n " . WhiJ<, lhe came .. mo,~ . we
he .. pe<>ple', footSIe!" or. from off "' .... n, ho"", clopp ing. or Karen c'lIing the ""n._The duratilm of the """nd,
thus 1:""",. onOf<> o,;dent by ,inti< 0/ thei r strictly S",,,
e~ wi< 0' m... ,,,",s wilhln pt'<'if.: ;n",,,"'.I,
the duwion of the ,hot.
Tw" sound. p.rtkularl),
The", i, .he clock, "'hose ticking mea,o" " 'he ti"", '00'
, umod by .
mo,'e""",t or Hgme nlO,oment. The",
i. abo ,he 1""I0ent sou nd of ,he film a pp.>ratu, it""lf. In
n." I'<r>p/I, ' '''' d.tte" 0/ doll)' and c,"'"
aud ible bu,
"'" iOh8,.l<!d "'dhin fom"l strategy, In ti>c c"', "'~, "f
Otd,,' , f",,,S'ound ing of , "'~
,n.> "'Iu".. king q/
the dolly audibly r<"OON' the c. "",.. movement ""'_.
"""king it a dMcrmi ""te ges' u", in ti "",_
A kmg tok,' "",'(I not f"",ground ,hot d ",.'.~, . bu' in
0,*' the " ,.""'".,.. "f .he d,,,,,.., ,I><> "",,'"",,'n , of camo,"
.nd fis u", ., .nd the i"""lion 0/ ,""und, force u, to ac
knowledge .he .ime p.>"ing within 'h hol, I<> "'" the
,hot a. a durotio",,1 bIo<k.
"n",
CO""".
"'0'"
du,"'.""
Shot .pac.
()rd.o, st",,,,,,,, II><> 'I'""'~ of ,he s hot .. woll .. ti>c du,.hon
0/ it nd it d"", ,hi, in .....,. wh;eh ." , >Qm~ h""", f.miliar,
rJ"y
"""",ti",,,, 1'O"el, As in
in Wro'h . ,he oct..,,, "f Ont"
occur> p"",omu,an tl)' in , . ingle int.rior St>tti"g, Li ~e Ab-
.. Ion', ""'tory. the Borgen farmhou ... i< lamilial ' 1'""'0
.... he'" "" OI".lli",-,> of >c'ion in'e"",,' , The p.>rlo,;' =ord
inSly ~ ""' od ou' into """",_.he table . the .... indow, tlw
desk ''''', . nd SO on - ."", nd ", " ;en '"''''.' ' ''' orgon;,od ,
In ou' <x.min.!"'" of ~ 0{ W",II . w~""'" how 0",)""
k-nded to "' ry tho co""' .. on.-"ta''''n
,1\0.'00
of
OClion
10 ""Iu,,,,,,, , The "' '''''
i, .t
work in Onltl; by lhe film', end w~ h"'e .... " ~"ery sKI~ of
thi> 100m .
In Vtty c( Wm,h, ho",."". 'he orienta'''''' is u,u.lly de'
~n<"d th"""~ ,..t ;tinS pall ..". , H~"', with tl><> p",domin. """ ul lhe iong I.~ w~ .'" orion ...>d ' 0 'his 0 '
Wn.
01 oclilm through " ""'.. mo'''men]; tlw glKling trocking
'hots frame or ref,."", eoch .,a of the parlor, of ,he
kitchen, and of 'he ad jacent bedrooms. n.. pro,..". recUJ'S
in Pere, ''<''.""n, p.>rlo" .11 lour ",.lI. of " 'hkh .re .,..,n
t... lly shown to us. O>d<t co"';"; tu . further ""rem< o.y 0{
W,",~ '. u,,", of tl-oo m,,,,;ng c.,,>ora '0
Tlw chambe, .."th<-hc 01 0"'Y"" ....ork is
f""" ""'1 \"'''''''
'0
w"",
"'."'gy
'ha,
m""..._,
<"",In.>Ct. ,,;,,""',
he", pu,hed to "",W ",wI. as the corn.... rontin ually

wheel. around within ,he do"""tic interior. How do c.m
e... nd figu,,", behave in ,hi .,;"",1.. cham"'" 'f""'"
Oi",,,,,ion. 01 ""me" move"","' i" cine"", usually d io
tingubh be, ....""n ,he
movement which follow, .
"""'in ~ . ubit ."d ,h .. which n"" ..,. "n its 0"'", inM
po:nde"' of subj<'<t moW"',n ' , ., So f.,. thi' di,tin<oon ho>
""n-ed u. well. .. peci.olly in our . n.ly.i. of I'..."". Bu, for
0'*1 ,uch. di"inc'ion i "" groos. We "" f "'nd ' 0 a.
'Ume that c.me" m,,"omen' which cling. '0 .ubjec.
mo,'emen' 1:000e. "tr.n'p.>renl" or r.egli!',ible and .hat
the carner. which mo,,'. on its ow" i. mo", sjgnihcan .
comm<ntative, , \ooer.o.he 0)" of an omni",,,,"! narralOr
The.., ''''0 position, 1\a" b<en """tty re",-",...,d in rntical
d" pu"" a",>pt O.J<., f(>r 1'h ;lipl'" r,,,,..in . ""-", of Dr<yd,
p.nning .nd tr.ocking m,,,,,menIO.re mO""otod by .ubje<:t
mo,'.""",!; in the b~ r,lm' "peci. lly, " til<> cam",. primarily fotiow. the cha,,,,,.,,, .ubmitting il .. 11 to thei, d i,
pl",emen", ,uPrlen"", na,u .. I,..,." d i"""" ",,, .'" 'he
",h ;eh rule its """....m'n .. ,.. " Fo' Robin \\\.:>oJ,
ho"'.",,,. nothing " ,ukl ",. k,.. ",,-\d,,t ", s ubmissi'" than
D",},.,. c'"",,, . wh;':h "",,,,,, ;n, , is',"-,u ,l)" d.1a<he<\
<W:;e"'ing ~Y its mo .... nwn .. <lissod.tod from those "I the
people it ",a""'-'S.
Onkl seem. di""'tor.,JomiM l<><> ""tion.M
of.1I '1"'".
'''''JOU', ind;,'idu.ll lif. , The imf""Won of O"'Y'" beh i,\d
""",,' g<ture, ""~ry co",,'" m.. '''m~ n' . i, i"'....... pabi ,.. "
I , h.1I try to
that '"""" tW<l p<>Sition, or ..c.,. iwly ",hem.tic, lhat it i. p<>S' ibl 1<>, the com",a', mo'","m""" to .. lnllo .... , ... cha.""",,," ,md" the ",me.im< '0
")'fi...t. ,...Iathely au'onomou, p.>ttom, nf it,
("'" 0( "'he d i"",,.,,.., e)"~"1. This ""'. '" .,lUng _
p.."SO quo"io"., 1\'Iu , <h,rae",,,.,... 10 be foIk>wed , . n<!
wlwn' \\,h.t ki nd of co mo" mo,'e"", n' fnll""" 'he
figu ..... ? t low doe' the c."",,. mo"e_ nt ..,t u p .nt;eip.>'
tion. and reward. of it' own, ""'ting a m inia 'ure, teleological form unrel.ted to the """"ti,.. ? How do.. e><h
mo"ing-cam." . hol interlock 'p.tia lly wi'h .djacent
.hen? The an' ....ers 10 ouch qU""iom an point to om.l'.
reMe",)' to foresround the Iong.take .hen as to"".1rom
pon<nts distinct lrom ,he pl.y 's "'x,
To undcrs .."d n.)w tn., c."""" "",,,.,,,,,,,,, opo:r.",. "'<
,""uld r,1'S' oboe,,'o how Onkl'. m ultiple pIotti"'" <rc.te
n<w problem lor ,i>c , o"mb<r ,...,hNic, T ... room
c",,,,dod; lhe !!orsen p.>rlo, i. more 'hiclJy popula,ed ,hon
t... ""'tory p.,1or ;n r:>.>y '"
How will came" move-
""me"
<ri"'""
'flir'
""0"
,""w
,,,:ah,
0"'"
00;:0"""
1<.',.,,,,
11
"..,nt in ,n" ron' o" "f 'h< Ioog tJke. oof .... Ill< d ilr",ullyl
0"" <n,w""",,na l ..,Iu,ion i,
,'aT)' ,he distance of
fig u "" from lhe ,om" " .
twn
Ioog.
lake fil m. 01 roughly .he .. me I"'no.t Onlrlc Hit<!><o<I<",
'0
C"",.k,
P"'''';"'''"'
UnM' Co/,,,,,,," (19-19) ond An. ' .... ... ;'.Cn ..... J;"" .......
(1'F.'J). like 0,*1, both .~ film. use .he long l.k c.m
e '. mel",,,,,,n ' in , ro .... deJ ",.ne., bu t such><=< utili,.
,,,''. kc,,,"''''."ne\,.,,,.ion.
.i,c, Wi.hin any gi,'en long
01..."><,",, will be ..",n in c"""'>o Ions .hot,
in fi~u",
"""". in ""..!imn '''' ~ ...."'''' in do"".up; C. ON". move
",,'nt p lay. off.he ron ...", I)' d u nging "",I< of ,n" rn''''ing
cltd,,,,,"',,. Ouri ng mo" of arlin, 110"'"''''. he figur..", ore

in k.-.S '''''' 0 ' p/oln m.'riooi" . On ,he whol<, Dreye,
:>J he"" '0 'h< architt"tonic p1'<'miS<' of hi. t.bI,,, " ron
,"u.c.ior\ and ,du.... '0 100.- 'h< 01'0,.11 f,.ming quality of
.he ,""'mbe, by dra,tically s hifting the ",ole of the figuT\"O.

Fo, ",., mpl<. during ,he cne in ,he pigs'Y' Hitchcock
""uld dofly in for. meJium >hot .nd Anl"".,ni woulJ
" ' );0' U... "".",. in ~"ptl~ bu, 0",)" " oomp"' . ' 'h< """" ...
n..,. l""l"'ool ,ly ,lb",,..! tJbI.'.u, .nd .hen f'l n.
b.><k . nd f",'h h' ' ub","d i.-...", InSet.oo old Bo'gcn to.he
Ii ..,.. , of ' h" , um,undi ng .",hi""'u",, (fig., 10_ 11). In ,hi.
'igo"'u,. "'"'0". ",hen 0 ,""',aeh" , ' ep< ",'en' . nd not until .he!.:rot
",il l
. 1>0", be> ~ . u't.lint'd ..,...,. 0/ ,],o.., .uO' it ; if ,h i. rom
mon <i...,,,,,,bc "' ..... "'" hdd bo.,-'" ho.. nk..! , ?drSi"",ni.
ouoJy, fo, its 0\0>' ~'I>lv<ive <'If"" .
''''>t,
.""
So.he problem ,e"",ins: how doc. ,~""". m,w""",n'

construc, .he '1""'" of ,I>< c"""ded ,hambe,!
"" ", ..1 ""luHuns, """'" ""-'''' ,.~ ko l tno" otherS. Du , ini
t,,1 di.Hnct"", ht'lp< LIS linl< here : oometimt'5 'he c."",ra
"""..,. iooe p... oo,on ,ly
,he
by
olf", ..... " oound (e.g .. Mild,. 1 he ... his Idl he, corning. nd
'h< c."",,,
Min el .o pick up old Borgen iu", en." ....
ing) 0' by a looI: (a, wh< n Bo,,n, In!l"" . od Mikkl
~I. ""' "ff righ, . nd.he c."",t .
right h, ',"'001 A n
de,,). A, ",,,-,'c . 1",><Iy ",.m, ''''-::lUSh, D"'y~' 8"",.-.111
u.," figu ,,, "'hon k' impdl
<0<""," h' move. Ewn in .
"'cn< con,.in ing ,,'et.1
. t " ny """ momen'
u.u.lly I>nl)' one d ,. ,ae'er will be shown moving. The
"""". "'i ll fo lio", him 0' he, o. 0 "'.ding ed);<' 'hilti ng
from """ group '0 anoth<" A sim pl< .'>.!m pi< occur. when
Andcrs,,1<> Mik).cl 000 Inger '0 h<lp him win A nI><, Mik
kel i .., ,'<1, .nd Ing'" ". nd . rolling dough ., .he kitchen
tJbI<; oach "."".... in. in .he sa"", ,pot during mos. of ,I><
<hoi. It is Aoo.,fS "''''' . trido... b.><k.nd forth
'0 'n"
<>tn", (M I.w",
fi,'" Ii "",,'), """il'.ting 'he
hHndl", ""w."",n". In "",'" """I~ic. ',,,! ,",e"'-". SIKh
., .he ".", i" Pete" f'l,-\o .... h, .ody """",Oone.!. D",}", ",ill
"",,'ing ,,,,,,,,,,h 'dy, wi,h ' h, c."", .. "[",1
ing it< ,,'ar." he pu. it, ft"m ""'. ,,, .000he,. " In Ill<
film', ..,.,,,,Hi ""el><. af' ",
mo:n ho ",' ""'u gh ' Joh.mnt'S
,n.Ode. " W g.,'lJ"" i< U'"
wh'.eh tn" c."",,, fo Uo","
righ '",.nl h' ~i' pil'" ,...,1 . Hc p"u ..... nd
con
O"'Y'"''''''
01
ch.,,,,,,,.,,. """;",,,x!
,n
Ie.,....
_"-e,
U",
''''','''leni,
In,,,, '"'"
CO
""",',
,""'n
..,. ,""',.oc'" "
,Ilt
'''w'
,Ilt <_""."
OIWCr
tin"", to "'Me "shtwan;l to pOck up )ohao,,,,,, ~nto";ns tlw

" ... m . TIw cam<" tlwn tol low. Johann<"> to tlw window.
After he I"""s. Inger eOOl<"S into tlw ,hot and tn. cam
ora "''''' tollo,,', h" leftward. back to t"" p.rlor table
Throughout the film. tlo< earnera movom<nt e",>to. a situa
tion "-Iw,,,in <h"... h,,, " .. omun"." m",,'."ont """ to,
I;k NIt;"nI t>.oll';n """. mu.~,n
." . . ""r.
Fu"""""""" .he ca .... ,,, d.,... not foil"", '"""Y """,ing

Of"'n 0""' charaet'" will lead the mm,,,. to
",,,,0<1 On". 'hen "'''''''gh ' th ;nI m;gh t
.h",ugh t1-.'
'hot. the c.m... , toy< with tt.. """,0<1 ~gu'~ unW,
prorh.p'" fourth clla,oe"'r ~n"' ... For .".mple, ",'hile.t..
d<><tc), "",I 'he
sit at the table. <>Id florg"n """',,,, io
and out o( tn. ,hot. but n. i. not followed; onl), when the
d<><tor stao<ls up ."" Ie",..,. the from< d"", tlo< camero
b<gin to It""" ,,'d ""'gen', """."",nt>. " i tlwn. ;n'
ad'"'!u,'" to .. ~ whether the Came .. "'Iollow. the <"'oct.,," : the ~o<I.nc)' of onl), one charoct.r to be moving. 'he
t" n""i ..ion of mow"",,nt frum I;gme to figu"" t~ ~ Cam,-,, ', hal:>it of hng<'ring on char""",,,, bel",, dd;bc,""'I)'
""KI;ng wha' """t to h~~'w_.tI rump';".", 'h< .;mpl"
eha,oe.~,.
p.'"
l"''''''''
formuld,
A m.jor ""ult 01 following ""'y one clla'o<ter d uring
e><h ca"",r. tn'w~m<nt i> ,ha, m",' ch .."",,,,. in the """""
",;de ofl ",,,,,,n . The Ifords " ella"", to crea'" ,he 50rt 0/
'f'lt;,,1 mKert.inty w. """e . h,. ,.dy ""'n.t wor ~ in V.m /'Yr. I-Io"..,,'or clear our orientahon to f'lrtirul.r a",,,-, 01 ,he
...wng, Ih< w.y char""" " bo h.... wtwn uli """... n ;, <>ftn
tID<lbling. Sf'l,"'.mbiguitie ",. of oour",. mo>1 ,'rongl)'
m<~ ; I'a"-'<l (and Je" .. OOthorsorn<J in ",I.hon
Joham.... ..
The Iilm', 1,,,,, ;1\8' oon"tuet .,ound Juhan,,,,,, a pril'ilel\'-'<l
""ne. a I""tabic Ii",,,,) p"'S"',,,i"ely rnodifrt"d 'hrough lhe
rou'"," ,,/ ''''' ,iI ", . In "'1'e fir'S' cb",,, , ,,,,,", ),,''''" ...... i.
"'mpleklr "f'lr>te p .. t " ,~ 'u!;!,"",,). On ttw hilt_
. Od", .he ,.me" f"n. nllh l ' 0 I;n' J"hdnn," ~' ; 'h h;, f he,
"nd bro'he" in the .. nl<.hot but nm in til< .. mo frame.
Af"'r hoe ",'. nd"", off, however, CUHing "'I"r.t". ,hem
' !}lin, 0"", in. id~ ,he I>ou,"-' that nigh" ,,-i,h ,he f.mi ly .'
thoe table. ,he
mov.. a,,'.), I",." '''''m ,,, Johan"",
and hi' c"ndle' _ .gain, howo,,,r, "'~ in "'e Solm< Irame
,,-ilh hi' bm;ly. "'t'" Ih;s, )"""o,,.,.'s p'il'itc);ed w"" ",;11
be 01"''''''' up, first when old Bo'fI"n henls him rock to his
'''''''' Itl~ h~o am ;n II~, "'"..'
I,,,, 1ra<t~,,\. ,1
'0
c.""""
f,,,,,,
...
"...",nd) and II><" duri ng ,I>< p",oon'. ,'i.it Uoha n"". i.

onl), int~ll1li".n")' ato"" ;n t1-.' lro"",)
DUring Inger' , childbirt h, johan"". bogin' '" b.- ",",'n in
lho I.-.me wil h the othe", but he still b<!~tS"~ of 1M'
oll'"""",n hmlx> he h ~. in ""bil<><l nd D'"ye' in,ists on
lho< ""'Ilting sp.>I;.' .mbiguit;.... )uh.n"'" m....,riah"..
briefl), behind Mikkel to int"". "God be with you," before
,,";,h ;ng 'g>;" . Simil.!rty, ",hr,>n " Id Bo<g<'" ,;,. .t the
ato-, )o""n""" drifts io f,,,,,, 'he Ief,.0<1 ou' right,
J .,h"" h'm unkr..,wn . ()ft.n-., ",twn M;Hd """"" ~u ,
' 0 tell Borgen ' ha ' I n~"'r ha, died -we are disco",,*,"coJ to
"'" that Johanne. "'" (perha",1 been . ilen tl), I""",nt off
""",to lo,'he <nti .....1,,,, . He ;, only fotro ly ;nteg""-'<l into
, he '1""'0 ('/ ttl< f. mily " h;n h< .. ta k"n ;n '0 <onfron '
Inger'. corp"', He"" for 0"""', ,10< privileged.1""" h< inMb;," i. broh'" by th,"" soots puH;ng him unambiguou"y
in the .. me 'I"ti.rl f.. m"work ., the ottw, ch.,""h"".
Soon, tOOugh, ,he camera ",it"a"" Joh.nn,,>', "'I"'ralion;
during hi> .",a"" lrom hi> room, he .,0<1 Ao<Ie .. art' no!
,hown in the .."", ira"",, , IV"" n h< di..,pl'''''' . Itogether
,0<1 pt'OP"' ."""h 'h< roun,,),,;d., we re.och ,he eulm;rra
,ion of hi, .hadOW)' off- "'~ n ''''tu.,
If ""Iy )OMn!leS oo:upit'd Sll(h indctrll1l irullC ~pa<t"
~.., might fio<l ,he device. p',,,,,,,I,,1 ""un" of n"'", ;'~'
uni'),. Ye, "t "ne poi n, or "nother t"" c.mera "","ernen"
t"a'" "''''"J' cha,..,, ;I\h, .mbiguou, ",.Im, off "''''en
Ord<!', .!rots Jr.'ad u, to .,k, .goin .0<1 .goin; II"ho ;,; th<',e'
When ''''' c."",ra tra,,,I, ", ith I,"'ono<" to til< ",io<lr.,w
, in, W" ",'0' Mikkel'. ,.""" Sol)': "Why do )"ou pul lhe c"n
d~.. ,1-.'".'" 8u, M,kl:'"
blish<>d., being in ,he
."'''n,' . <;;m ;l " I);
,~J &" 8"n h".
M.,on "fl t"
"'-'J . h<.
,h. kit ,,.11, ,,'he,... ''''' ca o",,. d;,.,,,,,,..
~r;kkd k"n ;l\g , 'gh.l", on II", d .. );n 0/ Inl\'-''''' <l<kn)Om:
"'" h.rd "" oJ,' h h<' "'os tn,'",. On \xrth "".,ion, ",h~n
"Id IIr,"W'n ""i> K,m."n to P"'!",'" ><rm"'hi n~ I", 'h<' d<><l<",
',",' J i "", ,,~, .h , he ;, ;1\ th<' " ,,'" "nly ",h"n 'h<
,.bI<
1\<"" ,,,
.i,,,,
"'os n", ....
""n'
c.,,,,, ..
&.0. 0 ,,",01 .ho< une,,,'.;n'y., " , who ;, 'm',,', wo .".

of'"n un.u", ,>/ 'h<' di"-"Chon 01 off-",,,..,n clk"""",,..'
mo,'emenl>. A clear in"ance occut> duri ng th<' p"",on'.
frIO' I'c,i'. He.od Millet ""'" uft right. ao<l lhe camr.'Td
tr><h righl 0C1\'" the I'" rlor '0 .. ,,,.1 Inger. old Sorgen,
.nd ,he <h ild",n ""' ing. Bu, oln",,' irnm"d iat,'ly Ih<' f'l"or
~n"' .. the ""'" comp'", ihon, which ,u!ll;",t. th.ll he a nd
Mikkol ",. lkN .1""", .s I. " a. the ..""' .. mm','<l, y~'
'''''Y p"""'''''''y hung back just "If """-,,,n left. late.,;n ,h<.
11
13
c.""',,
A s pif>< ..." t r>I

mm'en",n' ''''.'''' )'< t '''''ther
' pd,i. 1 delorm,oon , one n .. t ,he "following ,,,,",.><te,y
mo"ing indep"'nden.ly of the ch.ra<tero" di" i 1'l<h(t~
igt'lO"-'"_ V."'P!I" o.y '" w.. ,h . nd 7),,, 1'topI, had .1ready ", hibitcJ a "'0001'1<)1 ,oward p'-,<uli.trly rota.lon. 1
,,""',. """ '"",,,n,,- W""n D"' jd GrA)' . urvey. 11'10 doclOr', off",,", ,,'l'I<n tI.... co "'e" <>pk"".. ,t.< room 10 ",,,,,,I
G i"," ', .bs<'""",, ",o.;~ Ann<
"""ory pdrlor, or
when Absokm " i,i" Lau",nti" ., .he com.",.m;" ... , di
",,,"" .nd I""' in II~ VI""" ;" d; ...." ... . I~ Oro". ,i"u.lly
",,"ry mo" ing-.c."", ... hot h. s "-""",.,.., to .he .rc .nd - pd~
mo,'""", n' , T"" tr.n."", ...1 tilm ",re is 0..,),,,', soon
documentary T"",,~ld,," (19-18), A n ""pIor.tlon of lhe v,,",U, reLt' '''n. 0/
",,,v emen' '0 an objc<t, ''''' film
r."".. cjre"l" "",'ion, wi'" ..",,,,. ",,'oI"ing on lurntable>
and.he c ....,... pir.lUng slowly ,,,,,mid '''''m, T"" ""ult
i, powerful ",n.. of .h"",-dimensionality, ach ""ffi
'hrough the ki"".ic d~plh .Ike . '-' By the .i"", (If Ord,'.
D"'y~r M longer had to build cum,,;! d<>lly track, .00
routd ';mpl)' u . . . c"b d<>lly t<, ""'P'" .""'Y . hot in a ro" tio",,1 "'oy" Oflc~ ONn ",);,n;'o
,re-.oo . p,m
mo'''''''''nt .,,,und obj<.-ct< ," ,d.II;"ofy un!YlO'l'ing fig""'"
As . " .. ult ,0.; I"';nl"rly fla t..... 01 lighting, "" "ing, .00
, omp,,.;'iun is uoo,,,,,,i,,,-.;! by a"""''' """.,,,,,,,", ,,h ieh
th",,"" '1'1< <J/>iL'<" and ... ,;" figu".. into "'lid . 00 ron
tinu"u>l)' ", . ngh tl>< u,,",,11 Ii",.. w;,hin 'l'Io lra"",_ Ob
j.cts dnd mot;"ni<-<> , h""""",, bt.",,,,,w I.... p. in",d), "",n:
"""Iplmal. ONn's """t flaw, nl ""''''Po,. "'hieh ban... ,n.'
de,'""-', ;0 10.; . ..." "I j"h. ",,,-," s itting ,,ilh M.","_ The , ,,'"
clur''' . ...
in ,"" so "'" 'I"~ . tn., ' ""
slowly
.'"und Ih~m in a h,It..,-;",.., ,un"'",krlw i"" ",hi]"
o..,ye' pdn, .~ i n" ,"" w, in lfigs _ 16- 18). l\'c migh' b,:,
", ."h in~' >... ~ 01 . Tnot\'.kl",n ... t",'; ''''' . ",. oo' pdo
mo",ment ",,,I,,, . "",,', rla,tic cn.mb,:,r s p.>ee.
e""".,, ,1'10
..,me ,hot, the '0""''' pdt" 1<1, w;,h old Borg~n 10 the pdrlor ",b."oo Inger comes in (.1""", immeJ;.,.dy) from .he
righ~ she h.. ..... n willking ju" ofl~, M"", """pie>.
"""mples utiliH. dev\ce lrom IImn,,-r, the off-><rem 'PO
behind ,he c." ..... . When ,,'e fi," ...... Inger in ,hot 5. he i,
on tit< lef, oide 0/ 'he room (fig_ 12); but when , It< cnt.,.
,he r.. ",., to take ' '''' Y
, and"" , ' '''' mmes in
from the ngh. , ide (fig_ U)_ 0"" 1'1<" oc.. "" ban... ,It< device 01 0"",0 behioo '''''
by I""'ing ''''' d"",o, .nd
,t.< pd....,n ..
t.bIt a<'l<l Shoowing oW Ilo<g<.n ,,,,1o, tI'I"
. hot I;,., Ion", tl'l< right, th,'" th,.. M t, "'''~... , ' i""", (fig,
'~ - 15J . S""h P'''''"g .",u od b< " ind the .. me ...."<>ids the
oo""",n' 'pd'",1 ",1.ho"Oeh.,..".,;"" 0/ 1"" , 1."",1 Hul
ly" 'oOO ..,."" . Tf'Ito ,1.t ..",1 "'p",,,,,nt.,ion 01
to /,."'" all tl'l< " 'I ~".n t 1.:' 1""" ~I .,,";ng_ he""" the .... _
,.bli!.hing' .oo. _ b," in O><l<'t ,1'10.' ",I.';'," 01 S<'tting h,
is pulled
0/ kilter; tl'lo."" . ", h."dly 'ny "".bli, h
ing.oo.. in ,1'1< h.dil;'"", 1 _" ,n", . Ou, o"'",I.';"n ~,th,:
t.t>Ie.u is no,," c .... I"'ngffi by di""';'",,,hon 0/ I,."", edge,
.00 cMr",,'er Iocd'ion. Qr,kr'. c. "",,, mo\..,,,,c nlS "p"n "p
gaps 000 diffK\lI.ies wit hin.""'" tidy in' .riors
j,)h.,,,,,,,'.
"'I<'
<a""".
''''''< _ x,
f,.,,,.
()lj'
c-.me,.
t""
"'Y
'0""''''''''
~h'~~:r
-0
~..,,:
_.
- "' - -ljl.6"-';~~ :r"'3 ~-
J(
.. 1"'~
l~
~"'_"'~"'
.S'- ~''''''
'1
_ I '_
cl _~~_o-
~0'. Ql~3~-~3I1f~
5' <>'~1!
~ s_ ,a
~~'
~~
.~. ":>"
""
3 ::
~ [["<~. ~ i i !:
S'E. :"
~;:
1-~" 1:
=-
~="
. .
~ll:,..d .J(.;r
~
"'~~IHi::r~L ~J.'. ;'3!;,s.g~S'1t

,
" " .
~.-~
~ w= i ' fl l
I "t ~ ~-' ~
Els~3fl ~ ~t'~
~:r';;-l -
:Il.~~~
"," - '< ~
I~l~~~' ~' ~~f~l
~=-l
~ c.:"'i/"~.~ l S... '~~~'

;l~,i~
;: - ~~ . =>". -~
;.~.~_~. <~
~ ~-"
!O~.
s ~ ~~
~",,",4D'~. ~ ""g' " ~ aic, ~~. :~4 ~
~ql'!"- :'l ~~l;-;~~l!~S,p .. If ~
_",, ;.-<~ ~'l!! ~
,-jl"''Z''''oi'i.:;( I> O
~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ; , ~ ~;.. ;j ~~ ~ ." ] ,jj" ~;~
~ 7',_ ,"'~ l 8
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or_ 'I ,
"
-,,. ">
,-- -,<,,, .,
""'.~~ 5] =-~ ~ =<:'l~ 1f:' ~~ ji,jl ~, ~~.
~_C~~~","
:;:i~ ~~ l d ~ ~ g~, ;-.., 1~
;-,H i:~~~f~~
~i~f~:iJ
[;3l_
,.". ",,, _~~' ~~!i
~ o~::I~..,
~~f[_I ~~~s ~tl~3~~' ~ea
~_,_~"o~
~~l~~z,~~,~~p~,~~6~
i H~ ~nJnf 5"~ [fl~ B ~ II
~~,;:l"',l5
~c5_:,;. _
~~~. ~~~~ H~~~'~

o_"' __ ::~~~"'[
.,,-<-'..
~;; i ~ ~~i<'''-~3 ~[q!?:~ ,~~-~

f; "1!.~3~~:;r 't~ "- ~f l
~!!:.::-8~;-S- ~1s;q~~~:q1.g
'":;~~~~ '" .~;.
, ~~~li? c- if:;:
o ~ ir."i s ~ 2" ;'" a if ~ 2" '" ~ C " if;; >:
1"f~~'~'~'
1 ... ~;; ~ ~r 3 3
.; iJ ~~1;s:~
1 ... ,..,
-. ,.. ,"'~ ~ I ~,~ "'i ~"'2~
, -'I
,,,
~- "c~-l
. ~. - ii~ ~ :;;=,"1!,~ 1:" . ~. Ii" ~-
... ~E.i! _ ~_g;~ .H~ ~':. ~ ~i! ~ iA iii iJ i::
~.-
-.::t.,Oii:~"'3
>_,.,,~>r~~
:"_ ~ 'o _ '~9~_'~
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e ~_ - ~ ~ ~ ~ 0;. _~ ~'Vl-;.~~ ~. .~I~
d ~0
.;C , ",, _ . ;-_~"'O~
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~5_~~~c!~ . ~. ~38i!-_=~'
:lof<i! i..~:'ji " g.~ g:;; 't ,, ~~~p ~ if

-"" ,~t-~ l:5-g ;"~~.:l.~ C ~ _ ~ ~ ~
>~!~. ~ ::~-<~~ "-P":.:3 ~ U ~ ~
~,_
q ~if; Hii'~ ~H
(; !!: B ;. = ~ ~ :;: i!'
;;":~ .. - - , , , " , , -
:<,H. ~ ~-- h
~j ~~&>~ r;; .0
~",,;.
.;I
i
WI' ,
.=-
~.,
,,
;.
... o"",;r
oo;ec.. ,nd
I"-'Opk-"""""'. pruminenl, (hu nky, ooIid .

bu, ,Ile mo.i ng d ... , ..,.,
oomparoh"e !Lttne...
. i..... il p"""n to kw .. "ped. 'Nn .od j ~'" cl\;o i... I.mp>,
<l... . . I.bh.-> . nd de<>rw,y" Th u "" k'nder.cy
' Ile tab". u
"mer. """.."""nlS which ........
,Ile .hu'.~ .. . uch,
"".i",
."w,rd
" ' pp"''';''
Th. "'oology 01 I.... t hot

n,., ,"""ul, 01 . 11 ,_
w. y. of f"'''grou nding
,~ .s
unit oJ ";""ma' ic "'p","n,.'ion is .he c",.'ion 0/ rd"iwly
ou'"""",,,u, p.>'l<!m, of time .00 'p.>Co. Th ro ugh ,n.
'pa'''' ..," ing. ,n. lung I,ke,.nd ,.mera m",,,n,,,,,', ... h
' ''''' dc ,'elops its ow " t.k-oIogy: ", sk he",.he
",ill
<I.,d op. w,"", wilT
it. where.nd ",hen it "'ill end . A
, u.pen<o'ful I. Ki",tion wilh ,,-rly lempor,J,nd 'pa'idJ
Irna<! ul"'" us. Lil<e II>e music of.n opero , .I>e
,~ot , in OrMI "ocrompany" ,he nur.tiv<, dewloping
.Iong. ide 'I>e unfotd;"g oclion, 5om<tirnes e.peti.>lly in
,Ile t",,'men' of j<>h.In,.... ,II ";""""" ic ocromp"ni"""" i,
tt,,,
"n'e,
1"'''.'''. ;0
.ho'
exp",,' ive, "W.gne';"n: moti,'.'ed namti,..,ly: mo", of

'on, ,I>e accompanimen' io more "S<ho<nbotg:i>n:' in th, '
,he
C<>nrn ,n.,,,,..,,,,,, only with the root working.
oul 0/ tn.,;, own ink'm.1 lan" , thus con.ti,uting pa,~1
.y"ems rnatro.ty in4"""Mnl cf """,.;w d_~, "
.I>ot,
",""i,,,
Le, me b,iefly poin' o ut """'" 0; th<..., "' ..... The

, Ilol is immedi>tel)' 'p",,,,nl in
tno.. ,,",,,,, wn.,n "mer. mow"",n t ("",rly i""",,,,. mot;
by n.rr.'; (ues. At rta in me"", ,, ". we he., 011
><n."<n ",und. ",d tile <orne," doe. not m(".., ." """.1
'Ileir ooure.,,;. Similarly, ."" c .,.,.. m.y ploy
on us.
whe n Inger "''' .t the parlor ,.ble, p.. ying; ,0., <hot
I..."" door prominen,ly be hind o.,r, bu. no """ """"'"
'hroogh It. Th "",
""e,. oIJ 8o'gon 1<'0\'. ,", ,0.,
0. "...",
no! '0 ,d""", him bu. ,,, "",,",",I hi",. In
. LOCh in",,,,,,,, w. ",ns< ""'ngl)'
,he <0""," i. p""u
;"g it. OW "
oourse, " 'hich ",-,-'ry of ,he d .. ",.,ic ",,'ion
.,,' onomy Qf ''''"
""'S",,,
""i<>n
'ric'"
,hot.
mo" ,.
.,.be"l""
,lu,
More striking became more ,uhlle are ,he .hot, "'hich

''''pha,i 'h~i, own """,. 11 pa,wming. Simple p'''''''_
dent< fOT 'u<h pattorn. may be fOlHm in T"", I'ropk, whe",
,n. lungi,"
. nd ... -ar.d -pan mo'""",n" tend to u11
""".in
'h~i, own '),m"",,,,,.1 shal"'" Tn.
fin.1 '001 illu",., 'his h.bit. J!usNr.d .nd wife ha,'.
bo,h ..,'allowed poi",,,, lie I.,. wi,h hi' n..d in he,!.op
Tn< c.me ... 'mek> in her, pans down him, pan, up h)
her, .nd ,.-..:k, b.ock: U",n ''''' ",,,,,,, ~ .in ".., . , in 10 """
.gain pan, down to him, .nd .gain " ...ls I<k to its iniliol
position .. Ihe two die. Add to this the i"", ... creaking
01 the dolly, .r.d we h,,'. "'''''''hing like a ",hearsal for .h.
'he.'ncal .... 'ion of Ot!h!
Ind ..... , throughoul Oo'JUt, . 1"",,-, "".'Y Ioog ta ke de".Iop' it. own riSO"'"' iogic, In ,he '~ ry fir>I ....,"" in ,he
Ilorgen parlor, we .n<X>Unt<er. ,hot which i. progrommed
. , U,oroushly .,. furmol., Ar.d"" is Iookins out ,he win_
dow, fr.med in a doorw. )' (fig. nl. He e"",,", ou, a nd goes
to ,,'a ke hi, f.,her (fig. 22), '""n goes ou,door< (fig. 23).
The camel. continue. on i" leftw.rd oourse c.t<1r tng'"
open ing h., OOot.nd going to look 0"" 1>< "'indow (fig<.
24- 25). Th. ,hoi i. hal.n<l>d by it> ' ymme""", Anders.t
I>'ir.dow" ,he
begirmin6' Inger
window ,he
",,,'. ~nd: 'h"... waUs.,r'he ]>',io" o..,h witl, . doorw.y
giving on'o.n .dj..:.n,
Ar.d"" coming ou t 01 hi.
nx",,', d"plh at ' he be ~nni ng , tng'" so;ng in'" he, room'.
depth., "wend, . nd And~", Mh going in", . nd Jming
ou, .,r u..,,#n'. """" in 'he m;ddk:. 0\1"" f""" '''''''"",Iy
introducing u< to the ehdmber ,patt which will domi",,'"
,n., film , ."" .hot ,rea"" ito o,,'n ,emporal.'pa,i.1 fom"
ooml"rabl. '0 ,he 0'"'" ,,,,,,oed by .he ed iting in ,he ..,_
que""" fmm n.. Rl"",,', W"""" analyzed in chop,"' fou,.
Th< ,hot ;' typ'o<. t "f """. ' '''' film rom","'" camera
TTlO<-.,ment, sothng. f'gure "",,,,,,,,"nt, . nd th<- rhythm of
.he le>ng .aKe to create rigorous patterns. Onc ",h .hot
hat o.,.m
a uni', it ~i .. ""en glw,,", fonn.l
inbogri'Y 'hmugh ,hymes _nd rhy'hm. of ""Ii,,;,y . nd
...... with", it. Tho:! "domi ....
0/ '''''h ".,oe,, ",;]I "''Y.
tn ou'
. ,""npk:. mo,'.""",' ,nd !\'-"S'.phy
S<:>meti""-" ,he gI.nor will ,,,,ate. form.1 oymn,...,),. 0""
SM' bogin' a' ,he lei. d.",,,,'.y., Mikket
k> S'''''t
.he pa...,n Tn< camera follow. them around the !able un'il
Mikkcl loo off ri&h' ar.d ,he ,~me .. m,w", k> ,he ngh'
door",.y, 'hrough which Ilotg"n, Inger, .nd .ho children
en'.,. AI"" ,he ]>,,,,,n I"""" o.,,#n .nd tngot rom. to
''''' "'0Ie '0 .,..it Ande",'. ",'urn I""" 1\>""'. Agoin,
'a."
,"W"''''' h'
'0
'0
n'
'0
.oot'.
a'.
,,>(1m,
,.,..,....'<1 .,
fl.-.,
n' ..
10'''''''''
""'0,,,
Mik",'1 .nd tnger k",k off , igh" and _gain 'ho co"",-",.
glides right to f>ick up And ... ~ntering , C""",'e .. ' look>
h"e "".,Iy .. gmented ,he shot. 0, the move"",n ' of
ingle cha'iKte.. round ,;,. 'f"IC" will oIten give the ..not
marked inlem. 1 .hape. We ha,'e....,n 00"" Ande ..', p.c-ingo .round the kitchen moliv,'" .. ,'e,,1 Glmera mO\~
men'" ' '''' .."'" oft.,.., 'PP"'" ",t",o 'he dor:tM , ,ri ps
from tnge, .o .i>c , ueg;.,1 inSltu"",n" . nd ba<k to tnge t
produc ",sui., ,h)inm, It i< now cr. .. why ,he camera doe, not foJlow .ny and ",'ery figure """-=>ent, ,he
camera acromp"nie. o nl)' ,ho.< character mm'emen "
wlri.eh etldble it
, n., patterns we ha,'c be<>n
.""'ining,
'0 ron",,,,.
All ,hew "'-"mple; I"'rmit u, to iden ti fy ,,,.,'he' t.w "I

,he Ioog t.ke: the ..not will .,k u. to com".", i.. ""&Inning
with its..nding . The ,'.nous "as"" "I,ho' 47.", illu"," "<1
on ,n., follo;..'ing paS"'. The .ho, begin. framing ,he ,.bIe
" 'hile Karen.rlrru ,he lamp, Mikkel ente .. ,he fr."., (fig.
26).nd wo folio", him righ' '0 ,n., do", to
Borgen_tid
8M ]>'il (fig. 21). He Ie"",.he ,hound w. folio,," Bo'8""
.nd And"" as they w. lk '0 the ehe>t (fig, 28). Afte, And ...
!l"'" to bed, Ilo'gen ",.lk> left back to the table (fig. 29) .
Thi. comp",.", ,he fi... pho..,of.n., ,hot, .he f,rs, re'um'o
the point of dep">1u"" Jon. nn.,. en'ers .nd, .fh::t .. tking
with Ilo,#n, ~rifts ou' (tiS' )J). ,0" ""t. " in 'he ,hot. Mik_
ket ru,he. inh,.n., f,."", (fig. 31) .nd we folio,,' him.nd
8orgon "",..,.. 'he p.rlot '0 ,he che>' (fig . 32). Mil<kcl ..,izeo
linen ."d <Ia,;", out (fig. 331. and 'goin ol~ Ilorgt'n
.huffi", ba<k '0 ,n., .. bIe (fig. J.I), Tn< .00' end. who",
it begon, n.. return to pre,'io", "'tuf", ,n., repe.i.ion. 0/
oction;, and the "Itema.ion be,,,, ft """"mon' .nd ,..,.,
_ all oon.tiOO",
making ,he ,hot highly fo.mali>;<:d
'pa,io.tempo,.f ,'nli' y,
Some'i""". o n ,he "'"'" h.nd, .he ,hot will make.
p'~ n' of ,." ending ",n.,,,, i' begon . When httle M.ren
rom", o u' h' ," 1I0'h""', 'he
orien'a' ion i . to
"' ..! ",,' """" (fig . ."1. M , Bo,!!"n .. nds he, off '" b.."<l,
,he
at "'ilh him he goes ,he opp"'i'e end of
,n., room
ronoole MiU el (fig. 36), and .n. .hot end,
with ,n., im'g< 0/ ,he do<>, 01 Inge(' <i<x.oom (fig. 37),
Here begi nning and ending con"." ,,",'0 implicit off-"""",n
b), gr,d""lly linking.he ',,"0 doo," , (llie .. me ron 'n.t is stI"'se, ,"" ,hots go'''''' I"",,, ' htOugh ' I\oi, .. look>g>:al
mee.
'0
c,,,,,.,,.
'0
CoO"",,.',
o.
'0
'f'>C'"
n..,..,
.
.
.~II' "
. ,'
'"
,,
.-...8'
.
,
f""",, th<- Om ....,..;.", ,h., .hey .., d~,,"Iop; " g t'"""...J II,,,
romp!<,;"n 0/ intem,1 f""em .
In hi. o.... y on ,"" ",un<! dnem., Dreyer point> oul
how camer.,n<! fig ure m<" ..",,,,nl c.n
mylhmk
""..,mb!<,
''''en')"
More 0 ....1 "'. , modo.
he ,",ki!,,'''' ,he mm', h,ndl ing of , _ two >om of
H.""
"""'"Ie.......,..,"
Y"'''
="'".
ct".i" ,hyll"._""uM
'"""'g/' lit< oclof',
"""''''''''''''' in ,I", ""u . . ""d 1"'''ly '"""'sir. """"
1m r.pid ,,,'mc"""gr of ,I" p;c1"m ,""""1",,,_ AI~".
_"' "'""''''. wh;m n ..... '" oo..."l~ .aj.,t> fi<xiHy
"n" fo>Ih",~ 'Ir< I"""'" '" IMI 1/.. I>KkX",""d i> ""' .
(I,a"",",;',", of .11 good film is
",'/""n,",. which is c"",<"1/"",,ly
Of
""Oily
'iir'fW . .. ;, '"'1""""1 f<Jr lilt ;;'" 'YP'
of
ower ..,
""'/<".... . __ x"mp/<; ,'" ,hird I of K>lj Mu",',

The Word ,.k; pbx, i. ,II, JIW'mg room of'"' &'X""
,om,lf' fi'''''Th< ",to" ~g to ""J from 'h, ,k<.
I>t<I "".IJ "",,,;t... to '''''''"S ,'" It", """" of ",11".-
door to ' "" ehi/J"'n', room, .nd, on '"" f., ' igh . '"" door
'0 ,\oo"..nd Jo lld""".', room, A. in ' "" n;ghttim< ci,
""" rmm Ando .. It""" to toge"" ,o.. r.tm', bo:ginning,

d " ri n ~ ""'''' t.lk, .hots eh.,.>ekr ", ",,,,, .. nul' eros,ing
from "'" oickroom to '"" othe, oiJe 0/ to. f'l,Io, .nd back
""" "":it""",, II.>! ""," iii", .'" rio y'hm of 'h' film '"
'g.> in_ 0 .... shot 147) "'ill, ., "'" .. ," in f;gu"," 21_2<J,
bo.'gi n o n '"" , .. 1>10' . nd " '"'' only 1"tt of Mi' ''''I',
.s he d.d"" in . ltd o u' of the oickroom with bucke' OJ
linen, Ar.ot"", ,hoi 149) will b.ogin on the door to M.",,,',
,,,om, folio .... he , to ,he l.lbie , .hen fo lk, .... old Sotg"n h,.he
sickroom 0;\00,_ Y,'I ..",t11(" shu! (56) t.'gin& M tho.' I,bkl
.nd """.... '0 the window when Ande .. . nd II",!;"" gu '"
",.teh the do<tot's co, Ie,,'e, Wh., """,t~, n", ",w.11 ' '''
"" ,,,,,,,,, ../ dog""' "
1'''-'8'''''
0".,),,,, COfTl"Ctiy "'i.... upon the !ICe"'" " ' ing pi"'" during
' he "''OJ!. ",infui night of Ins_I"', giving birth, lor in this
....mon 0/ ,he film (<hoI< 35_63), ,he ,hoi,' tondency to
."Utne
'1'_".>-1<0'11 1'",. 1
iI. heighL
!)i,linct rones "f the PJrlor Oil! "'1.bI~1wd - tlw d,.. ~ by
,n. ' k kroom door, the doc""'y;" the left ,Nr, tn. I'-'rlo'
tobie, I n 8"~' y.m elldi', the back doorin ..,., right ",or, the
"""'1'''''
""'P'-'" ;,
S;':k "",m door,
ZONE5 OF
ROO~ I
dl'Slr, . nd pbon.
Tabl.
~,
Cb."
Y.m ,h.olr
W;ndow
And. ,.'. room
-I7.--I?\?-Pc
..- -SHOTS
".
-I7f
&
-1'11> _
49.>
", - -------- ",
",--"
,..",
'"
.47"
".
"
~
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",..
'Th
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r,',1~".
, ,.
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:
.,~
to
'- '
i ' I.
't
.~
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.,
."d_fro I"''''m' A . i"'rI<
W"I'<O
do'"~
will <,.nfy ' he ,M', in
mo".",,'"'. O"';tt,'t
n "m"'-~ "" ,",..... y. 1o
<"",!t
_ ...... O(j.,.;do 'he p.ork><. nd """"'. in<!;;.,.

n~
figu '"
(ro"'~'" po;n. ,,,
N"",."" ",,,,dj''''ns I<>.'he to_.Rdf", h . m;ng; 0Jf the
""" '0"""'''''
' ' ' '1><,
fi gu",,' e rne,s" more d c.tly. s.o"",,,,,,,.. ,"" <.m" "

"""'"""'nl wm p>: ~ up ' mowing <1L> ,~"".t. puin 1_
tr.\"."""
""rty
in the P'"v""" ,00., '" that , .... sf"""
row,oo OW''' f''I; thi, h.pl"'n. "' .....n ,....,."" 10 ,he right
oilhe 'able i. C'TOS"''0 7), the"
by ",h.on",-" (411), , hen by M.", " 1-191 . More o{,on , ,long
w;II "'--g;n on 0' ""., '"" .p.>l whe", II,,, preY;"", ."'~
,'n.k..l _ S ignif",.ntly, 'hi< oocun cwn after we h."c ,"I
.~~ to
nd
t" tho:! 1",1c>!'. Thu s
t>""
."",h." k><.' ,!><" """mN
.nO! 54 bl'Sin' . , ,0. .pot whe", .hOI Slid, gil, os 56 d",,,

from 54, 38 from 56, .nd.., on . No. " ntil.he wry.nd of
t .... ,h ildl~"' h
d" ..... '; ngle
"""',,men<
~"'<>ml"'" , .... "''''' mo"" in sho, 63, And" ... nd M;kk,~
cony )o""m "",, OU' and Mi ~k .1 ,,,um, '0 ....... ,'d",..""
grief.ttrlon , The diagram mal.. it 'PP"",nl that ,he 0'"''
all I"tten. 0/ the
camera mo,"""",nl. roru;i." 0/ a
1"'06.." ic .......... bIo! """nmR o/.he p.>rIo<, .he camera ..... ing.
ing "''''''' t~;s spa' . 10000t as .;nglem indodly ., does
Michad Snow', in _ . T~e ""luen<e's rigorous
,o."",,nd"'''"ion. form .ho>." tha, "'" onl)' does . ach
iong ta l . """0 . n in",,,,,,! logic bu t 50 doe. the """.. U~n
"""bie of kmg lakeo, From. p.>rlor, !lOme moving figu",",
.nd mobi~ ,am""" , .... ,.,
a den ",')' PO' ''',-oOO
.y.tem ind~penden' 0/ ' ""
By now it ,Itould be clear 'lut the rolm', ,,'" 0/ Came,a
ca n"'" .... .od"luat~I)' u nd~ .. tood l>y " .ing onl),
the "f<~low l ng mD'o'ing charac", ..'mc",i ng ind~pendently"
distinc.''''' N ~ ;.her \\Iood nor Pa". in could xcoont for
.he .00.. we h ...., eX1lmill<"<l . For Wood, ' 1>< S'"""",ri<,.1
, ,.., .. m",'o"", o" ,,'ould point to on omn iscien t maniru'
iabOn; Y'" ,;...... Uy
ca mer. m(lI'e"","' is moI;",od
l>y clot,.,,,. mo,'""","' , Bu. P.rr. in .... ould .... wmng ' 0 ..."
mo"''''en! to ......... IT._
in .hi ',bom in.tion of
.i,"", ,;oce .he ca"", ra 00.-. not follow a ny po .. ing flgu",
I"" <>Illy 1",* "going i" ",.};" litting in to its own ' r. j''''
tory. 'The complexity 0/ lhe ' 1"1,,1 'y"~m i< p<rl1ar< besl
","Nied in ,he Lo.. shot we get o f I.... Borgen I"rIor, the
iong .,..,k d~I>'n .nd .Iong ''''' h),mn';"s;"g mour""" ;n
7!1 , Thi. i. ' '''' culminJtion of "'" film' .,f>Iorotioo 0/
.~;, ch.omber. t<'Capituiating.1I the temporal. .p.tia" .nd
toleologic.l INture. 0/ c.unera m<w~ rnen' th.o. ,,'e n..ve
"""n wf,.k
'Tho: "",,, beg;n. as. cle., in,!.>nce 0/ '"follow ing the
w"" ..
""'1"""""
oe<""'.
."""g.>s
"""a';''''.
"""',,m<"'
"'''ry
<0""""
,I\("
"
<h ",,,,,," Milkel "",,,,, the I"riot l>y ..... main doo,wa)'
and co",,-,> to ",Ik wHh """',,"," (f.g. 38). TI>< cam" ..
'''''n lea,'''' Mikkel and begin. a slow arc righ t aOO pan Ht,
!'icking out 0"'" ..,atod or ".OO ing m<>"me, . fter . "'''''''.
(figs. l'I-iO).oo end ing OIl ,n....' bl' tl>< right wall Wg. ~l),
w~ lollow no one'. """,.,,,,<01>; "" .. mrly .un"y the
gue.ts, 'Tho:
n. with a ftrym' t.>ck of eronomy.
Oft 1",,//, . ,d "g lef nd I"" ning <igM, 'soin
ocCOtnI""ying no one (fig" 42_43). BUI .hi, new
veal. ",v"a l 'hing' , Fi ..l , i. c.";", us muc h c","", to.he
P'-"ri< we hal'o alr-."dy
c","", in fdCt, ,ha, so,""
mourne .. in the (o"'ground during.he firs. pha",.", off
.,:t.,,,n ibeh;OO til< ".",., .. ) On n o<, .."""d p.o ... s.."""dly,
tho ""'w I".h 1'<'''''';'' 'h<' rc -,;md .I"" "",',-""ont to ,,-,veo I
p'-'Op\e wl>o coold not be seen ."" ,' .... time around, ..
Wom.l n with. little girl ,i"i ng in lhe rome . (C""'I"'''' figs.
~I .nd 42.) Th;, is a good """ "'pie 0/ how '1>< .", nd l"n
can m.l KO " ", "",v;ns objocts 'pring {"",. m ""Ip' u lly.
W""" ."" c.mera o,,, ",' ,,,, Uy ""urn, h' Mik k~1 (fog, 451, h;,
con,,,....,,ioo with ,o. mourn." has bl,," c"""pl<tod; ."'ng
,,'i.h tr.. (by noW ubi.juiluusl ,,,,.k of lhe dolly, Ihi. offSC,,"" n ..,,';," oICtiQ" ~", I r< f""'ground the d " r.tion 0/
the c.mera mo,'em<'n' we\'e just ", j."",,..,,J , AI"'M)' we
is
<an "'" ."" comri<' ottect of a camera
P"'ins to "''''pic' o its o,,'n 'I"';';"h'mporal P"'t'em, in tersec '; n ~ wi," . nd d"""I;ng from ,he ",,,.. i,,,, to re'um '0
,I>< 01"''' ""'''[>ho" in ,hi. ."", , .... Cd""''' has bee" g;" "n
formally intoy,1 0010.
Bu. ,he ,hot i. "'" owr. Af'", Mlk",,1 Ie,,'.. , .he <a""'ra
ron,inue, to """.., l.!'o .. l1 ~ Ief Iong '1>< w, II , p. st t ....
,tow and. few more mourne", '0 11." ,1< on .0. door,~
Inger'. slclroom (fig" 46- 47), Thi. """,'u,;'" , U""k
p<.>C,,-'' p,,-,viou, camera
"""'o""'n,, had bo.'l!un .. Ihe t . ~1e 0' the oppos i.e ",.11 .nd
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d;_on;",,""n . ... c;.";,,,I,;st "" ""'pl><,,;,; u;.:ful; _gain "
cl"nered b.>ckgrovnd, a fogv ... Con b.rel), be d;;"",,,-, 1; aga;n" a ",I.,;,'ely rroucoo ground, ,he ngure
" 'nds <lu' n>"'~ sha' ply; ' nd .~;ns. On . bso:>Iu ,oIy "",u'
".1 ground, ,he "gu",' hgh"''' de..,;], yield ,hem
.d"~, . Hnll)'w<>o:>d "ru::m., fot ..,.,t.,>"c.nd ;d''Ok>gieal
"'''''''''. otrer< us. ",tati,'el)' red""'<l ground, Coing
furthe,. 'p."" d n<m,,'. rrouclion foreground, cern;n
q""h,jeo of . Iyle ,hal .re und~'playoo by ,he ""rm. In
'ilm w;,h 5IXI , hot >d;,,'<l ;n <,,,,h,,uily, ,he cu' I>' ill "",
""lu;, " much ,>dg<' n' I",,",,; bu. in 0 ~ I,n """pose<l
m.it'lly oj k ... S to~ ... <lKh
On/tl. tt.,> " ,t is Cun '
.kW,.:.I)' f""'ground<d, Our t~re.~ old '" signif",. "".
'hilts, . nd the nu.", of on;....."' """'. c.me, nd
figure """""''''0'1'. ",)und , .M ,dihng , ... "d out ;n
,.re ,..lief, The reduction io c",'<l by con"'~', Meit
nary stylistic <k.i<eo. ComI"I'I'<l with ,he d . ..",.1 <inem.,

0,,"' rem.in. "die.lly sl""" l>u. ,he film go<" "" to intro
d uco dose. of impuritie< whic~ ~ otriki"g1y no. ic~
a ble. In ,hi. ron""", common d ..;a,; ,tond ovt .... ith on
u"""""",,,n bold""" . 0 .. ,1. in f.d. ere ..."
",hi<h dcf.mm,a mes, ,.nge of cL.... "'. 1 de""".
S'em~crg
con.urnes ten , hots . nother ~)tjrte<n, .. >J . ,.."h<,lntty

N"... i'h"'nding """'" dif!e,."" in running tim<>. til<
..nl!" "I """I.. ", hibi" fo;T!y ..,111..... pphe.tion of
.>diting to n. ,,.,,,,, k>si<
SI" ''''''''' ' ;trok""," .merge ewn more .. Iientl), when
w~ mrntder the ""m", of the s hot , h.JngtS in,'oIvtd. Ilc
ft)", 1"" IV, ' 11<",.", ~nly fou, ",,,,,ly""'.I" ,hoi ct..ng'"
(i .~ .. ,hot changes enl.,ging '" reducing. portion of ' pdCe
.hown ;n the p=iou. ,hot) .nd 'hirty contiguily .hot
changes (L . ohot cha"ges "''''''l ing .,...., odjocon. to tha,
.oo..'n in the previous <hot). The point lie. ""t only in tt.,>
,.rily of such onlinaf)' IItylistic figu,..,., The di!lrilooli:m of
,he dc ,'""" con,,;tut<"l m ""h more pow~ rlu l ind"" of 0,
<hI',
01 .pa .... ,..... Jf the l<n c)'ciin< mat<hes be
fun> part IV"...... ",,"'Iy "".. ... red
film. it w""ld
not be .., siSnlf",, ", as ,,h "".""lIy ha ppen" .he
scene utiliz., , il< out Qf the "'n o),,,line m.tches, ,nd .n ~
othe-r fou, af'l"'..-.t two ~ui'" ';gnlf"'>" t """"""" . 1",,
,,' .-d , In the r,"'t >C<"", ,,"'hen Ande" diKowrS Johon"'"
missing, ,he "",Ie membe .. of the fiUTlily tctkm~' I~ ..
... h<>. 11>< >C<"" i. buil' enti",ly out of conliguily cut>.
e;tt.", .... ith ben<r" of <yeli"'" or with .imp"' 'I"t;'1 p .....
, ;mify. In ouboequent !iCe""', when D",)'t'f " ' .. to. "",,'
'j<'< in ,he ",me locale. he d"", not u,," eyeli"" ",tting.
Ci,',," '"" ",I;.,,,,,,, on continguily rutting w;thou, gl.""""
to moti".,., '11< cuK .he ',,"'0 Lo"" oyeline.m.t<h cuts ... nd
Out with 'pooci. 1 beI<t""", In8'" loolUng Ou' " tl>< I"rsotl
ent.ring 'I>< cnuh , nd An",,', point of ,';"w on the Bibli
col ;lIu.t,.tion, T. k.n "'SO'II<" . he oye!ine.m,t<h cut
oom,..", AnderS. 10'18"" . nd A""" a, poin,-of."iew cha,..,
a'
'uSS"'"
""r/; i" il! ""'''1'lion of ,n..

,h. ,""'" Jo il .kp<o,d "" 'N' ,.,.., .
TIl< ""'" ,.."~"I""'?
""I, of'iS"'fia_,
,.... of
,It,
."'~,Iy
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, ",,1",<1<''''''''"'"8 "",,"xl of
vI.'.....? It"""rksmlildl
i ...
,I>< "~u"r/;, fo' in '"'" ....

m.j"ty I~' q"", rlililli<~ indioofv' t"'l
dll"'~
.""Ii,," '" Ih",.v.ii/iaJI .... or ..."" in,......," oJ{ "'N"'"
,... ,..,.1 o;m."hy of siX'''fia>''; or in ",I", u~nI, . jl ..

Ih..... uwl;s 1n.1 roo<! fully <xploil Ii>< ""1 110.1 U'"QI"
" .."",Iion.lly '<If'rd<d .. In'rial "'" 10< ronIHtu"U i"''''',,; ""I, .,li'l;" ,ml"'Tlilnc< by <x1....,i,,, IMI'"""I."
5.)'I;'bCol lly. 001" confron .. u. not only with don;.,1 oot
.1.., with hol'pened,nd pre<;'" .. Iti" ity I""imon)'
,h ''''''' . nd woigh, i" ""w)' <1><""". Th ""-,,. onl)' "'ho'
i. ' '''''n' i. '" mh. 'I><' fisun,,,nd .S"'und in"''PI.y.
Again" ,h., N<:"W""nd "I n ... dQrni"" n' ",,,,ns h< .y"
.~",.t ", ",;v".1 of tho"" no" n> (e,g., ' hifting .ngl< '" Cu"
ti ng with in ocene.) yield' w~.t J,m 1.0' "",n c_lI,
"minu,d"vice,"H , ""gating f.Kto, which eme'ge' with
l",licuLu ..,1""",. (So " ' 0 "",ru,l to.he . ", isht"n 'ngle
;" ;,,"'f. '" tv ,,~. ""'S , ~." . ",'h.) r.. , , ~" , '"!lS,,,,.,.!
.h fQ" 1'<)"".Ii" ,1><"", of "', " ",0,1: dd.m ;li.,i""" not
onl)' ",d; ~ ..y I"',....,pb<m"f .h<' world bu, . 1." <J"' pe"'cp '
' ~ H'I of "'I"".rt ,,'Wk<. r . ,,><fy 10 . impl), a n "'''''0''' in
ot,,,,",,, of 'f,{' ten<,le""Y 01 0 ,. "wk' '0 "'" , nd n"iI"'~ 0111<,
wo, ~ . W~ h .., Ire. dy _n I><,w I"'"", J'II" .n<,I 1''''''1')''
o"ume ""Iuoin t.""" with principle" of the cl."",.1 H(~
Iywood I",od;gm , In Ool<t, Dreyer s<"'" furtheT, C "n hng
11 ,he film', ']IlItem.t'" Tef"",I Cflikl n",,~rthel~" mn
.. m, in .m.1I qu.ntit...... nd ot ivdiOou, in"',,'ob, " ,.I;.
ron"''''
Fo, ",,",mple. , f~m may p"""n' "",uti,,, epi.ooo in

0'''' <hot or in ""'0,.1
If w. ex<ludo .~ b,j,cf ".n.i
h"n,1
,ha, lunction with in Ct'O'lS<'U'HnS I"ttom., ,,'e
r,,>d th. , 0,<1<1 d i.p!.r mn,ooo,.bI., .. nil" io ,he rcla tion
of editing I" tt.m' to ""ITati". ';"veiopm<11" It" not 'u'
p, i .in~ tholt thi,""'n """... present ,hei, .>Ction in ingle
long take. Wha, i. "',t"",obl., i. thot.he long u k. doe. not
",haLL" the film' . diroul"g<. Three '"'0 ...... con,ume 'wo
,h,>t, each, one .....,"" con,Unl", lou, ,I><~s. 'mO ",""pri;.:,
,hoi.,
,hoo"
r""
,hot.
'wo """""" m",p"'"
' ''' ' 'SY
.ix
,h" ...
.,,,,,s<'he
~""
'"'0""
fi",
to" a nd 1""lld ",",,' 'I><y..,., (Johannes, I"roon, Ju,) in

ord,~ to 1>oJ p moIi,'''e .he denoue"",n'. In sOOn , quan,ita tiw ..-doction i. o<roml"ni.ed by p"11''''/ foregrounding
of ,he minu ",.
hon .he roml"ratj," ".b;]i' ) of t1>o " ",'isu i'r <u, ..
"""".,j '''''''''''h,,, i n ,.., rou"",, of the r~m . During tile long
night of Inge'" poinlul childbirth, ,...., cutting within ,he
dUm"'" ,~ boc"""-'S nohco."" o ny came
..... "'"""'n' ..."n pno.-, In 'h ~ rou ,"" m ' Ile segme'" (do_
"",,,,a' .,! .. 11 ... 11 .I. An<!,,,,, an<! .... d lI<l' g<'n ' "'u .... !(, U",
I.oml'lo","" , "': <"ild dies, 1I",ll"" ' ries to """",J., ).1."",
.n<! Mikkcl,.n<! J~h .n "'"
M.",n I.., ",ill hy
~-i ,,,
InS'" . ft.., ' h " d",,,_ II ;. during ,hi ..... gment , .... , J" .... " ".,.
leod, hi. ~'"", biguuu , off-:""", .x is"'~. for not only
d"", ...., J rift """'p""t.."<Ily in a nd out 01 ' hi.' I.a"", bu' oon.iguity ru,ting
u, uncen.in 10 wl><.I><r he i, pn.. on. at ,n)' one m<>rIl<n ' . For .""mrle, .her old lI<lrgen . its
back down at "'" table, ,I><", i,.
'0 a.OOt of anotl><r
mm", of .., room, 0 ..." ",,,,aling "' .... nnes ~ I ing befo,e "I'" man wi'h ' I>< ""Y' he."' IWt""I""';,..,ly,
<onno'
a><t'n. in "' h<'lh<" JoI1.n_ h .. ju st . n'.,,'; t ho, room '"
",I><, he, I>< ..... t -n the", off..,,,,,,n throughout lhe "",viou Ilo!, Al' e, Borg"n.n<! M ..kel go in' o ,I>< .i<"kroom, a
conligu ity cuI to chair ,,",'e.l. }ohan""" .itting ,1><"" but
ag.>in we cannot decid. how long I>< ha, t-n p....,nt. In
'hi' ''''' '''', ,Ile contiguity ru' berorn<-s m.,ke;J os . <1<.",,,,,
by II>< ;t>ddeomin.><y it en,."'.,
A .;",,1 ... efft'c' ,n",. from Ih" ". n,IY'i<".I" ,hoi
c!>.Jnge, the od iti ng de ...., 'ha' . itu, ,,,, d 'F,,,., I frag"",,, t
,.n,
'n ...
' ''''P'
<0'
w.
wi,hin '''I>0I0' by "",.n. 01 cutting in' " or out m.1>o "".""

Sitting on tt.. c .... ir, J".... ,,"". i, join.,J by Ma",n; D"'ye'
cut; ,n 10 ' I,",n-omh",.m of tl>< t"'" (f,!\,,_ ~ 9-!':lJ . The 01_
f,,,t i, "'-ptosi,..,. n,., "-'<ond ,loot os only 2~ ",",on<!. long
(,,"1><,,'<1' ito """0 r,,:10-1 an<! 1-10 ,,-'Cond. ""I""'i'''' l~' ),
M"n'",,,,,, thi' is OO1ly tl>< ....-ond ...,l}"i<"al .001 change in
,1>., film. nile firSt " ... ' h<' d;s ..... ,. t",m the ""'lY'n f.""
to ,I>< "1I",w.' n.S"a,-,l ';gn, some n""'I)' min u"" rlier!)
Fi,-,.,lIy, 'hI.' cu' i. W.tui",~', M,ny , Ii., .....,"'" .... ,c
""gU" ,im i""'y a nd ""'" ,,.Jj""od ,I>< ca me .. or fig u",
P<"it>;m ,,, .....'p II>< a<ti<m w;lh;n inS" , Io ,t; ,h i. ot>nopt
<ul "io/.ote' 110....."<1""""0 """" . l,,'.d), , .. ,.!>!i, "-,; in tl><
rou .., "I ,he fil m. l'Iainly, lho ~Im 1><", d~famil "ri.z'" tl..,
. na l}'Ii<"a l-<u'ttng d",.i , one of tl>< mos' rommon fig u .....
01 <",,,I<al t"<liHng i. 1><", ""mode . t"nge'" by ,I>< wn'<,>I .
SilKe ,I>< nex' , ho, ",n,i." of tl>< ' '''ing camera mo,..,
n",nt we h.we .I",ody oXdmi",>d (fig" 16_ 18) and .inc< t'"
""." cut (tn t'" .ickroom dOO!") i 1"" an ."" I),' i<".1 one_
bdo,,-' the li"'"
c. n b< litt'" doubt
tho
thai in th is O<'<'ne boo""""n Joo..n"", and M.ren, many of
tit;, fun<!am<ntal prirteiples of th<"tricalization.n<! 'I'd""""'. a", la id bdl<,
Afte, Inge, 10.>. dio.';.n<! )0I1.1n"". ha. f,ik>d ' 0 ""'ivo
I><r, 0""' more ,,)-'li.11< <1<."."" of tl>< <", .. ical "ne"", ..
l>roughl in '0 b< e"""god, The "montase ",'1 u"...",."
no,m, lly u,,->d, """ pr,,,,,,, a "'ng,h)' P"""" 0' a ..,t 0/
Io.>bitual .>elio", in to a .... ,rI . ~ by "J""" pt ;n ~ <crI, ;n
tn"""
.nd linking tI... m IfH'o ugh di.....,h-t" or otlle,
opt",.1 punctu.hon; . The mon"go "''qu,,,,,,,, in O"ltl "'P--
"'st
"I"'<'"
"""""_ the,,,
O~ DIT
",,,,nts joh.nne"'!i<'OOnd "'<ap".nd lhe f,mil)' . .. otTh

con"''' of lhe ,, 1m, lhe
for hOm . BUI in Ih<'
"a nd , ou , u sp<'Cim< " of ,t.< ,L>s.ical norm. r-:onJ ic !\,-~i<"
rnu,;;- "'~I" "p f<>t ,il< fi", 'io", , j "", ' Il< "p"o i"8 credits
In > film "","'in l"8 long la",,,, fi," I.doouts ond h,u, J i,
..,l,'eo, "''' now find' ""Iv""". p ....... n'l ng si, ,hots
in , minu," .nd half, olllin~.d by ,,"iF"". In rontext, the
.. q u~n , ~)<)k , po.ili'~ly n.. hy. Thi. sequenco de_
fo m il"rize, .nolher I.gure of ,he dassical "yle, :ldding to
lhe film', P'''''';'''' of ju<li<"i<>us.ly ,dn..,rting " .nd.rdi.<,d
<\e,'ic<;l ",ithin it .\Cole of ,igoik ..,,,.
The "-,,ult of , II this is ntm ",hic h ""'ns t""""ro
"p"rm "t.>' ~\tI .I" f""", lCnden<JI1<l ci'e > tOng<' of cl."i01 .. yU"ic d",-ice> '''I)' 'f" ri ngly. " This c.n he con.ld".-.rol< portion. of ingle "". " re "",-"i
tuted acro,ding to d iUe ren. "ruet".. ] "", nd . pos.ible
f"radigrn of rodeo is reali""" in.he <liffo",", ponion> of
lhe "'0"' in ,.riou, .kg""'. of inl.,..i,"""'.'"" em""f
",ill p",h.he pennu"li"",,1 pri""iple c,..,n fun h",
I. i, only in.he
of 'll<
of '''''''ri<. l i,~
ti<m ond lhe ,rroregy of lhe ;p.>r>e "yle thol Ihe fu""l ion of
Onkl', los,
C.n he ~,!i""'''d . From. narrative
, .. nd poin" the mir""'" unif.,. the film, c.nceling ,t-" prob_
I""" ,.i-.J by joh.nne,
""". til'e force. W" need.o
not;"", ,,,,,ugh,
'hi' ftno.l""""" .Iso ""romp li''''''.n
impo .... nt
unifIC.tion. Whe""" lhe.tnca li
",tion . nd ' f " " " f""'grounded 'I"'tio-temporal
f<>rm ,vch, the re.urreclion of InS'r ,oin 'eg'at.,..pa
.nd lime, .... ligtts '''''''' wi'h "ru<lur~' 01 c.usality. liere,
ci..,." ;,; lon'l'l .-.,turr>' to ".b .. . rticul.!ion of n.".ti,'~
r""" .nd h"lp" moti,..", Ih" mirode ,
From 'his staodpoln ' . i' is <I'ide'" .h in ""0 CO""S, lhe
citation of c"Hiral c,,";ng f""c,n. "'<l,ko'" P""'I"''"
fin"1 align"",nl of na " .H,e and <lyle. The .,'''''' b<1",,,,,n
joh.nn .. and M.ren in the I"'riOT (.ho!> 50---51) <\"",,, ,",'e
kno ...., ",,>ora l Ih ing., including forc ing u. '" not ice .t.<
arc nd.f"n ca"",,,, "",,"cmonl. Narrathe ly. 'll< ""'...., is
en..;w l, ;.,.- Iw:n: tI.. , ""'1)' I, ", ru ~ ing
k..,p i""lf ""i_
foe<! . joMn".,. b<gin, ,,' fo .. 'M' "" c.n "", ,,'Vi,.., loS""
",hile Marro in,ists 'n>! "" m ust . j"h. nn., mu;t .... hi'
~'.)' t<) 'h<' n"" . li",', closu .... ou' k'o"", is lhe ' S'nl .... ho
m."'" ",'" !h.! the film c.o och;"'... it, In Ihi, contexl, ,t-"
>udd"" 'ppe"'''''' of .n.I)lic.1 .diting f"". m. "ntiei_
f""-" the "'''y .h.1I cutting .... ill fulfill o" ""li'" d ..
in
lhe dt.. lh room . La l.r, .t.. "','r< h for joloon"", (shots 0772). ediled OS ""n .... ntion.] m(", .. S'
on,";_
f"1<.. closu'" \>y in ''''l' po,ition, Odd .. it looks in II",
'pa"'"
"'l"""'"
"'""0'"
1"''''''''
.c,,,,.
,1\.0,
a',
"""""",,.,,,,,,,1
h.,,,
h" .
'0
.,,,,,,>d.
""'I"""""
..,
"'I"""'"
film, I .....
.nnou",""", I"",ib!< h.rmony ,,/ na".Ii.... ", ni ng, im'g<!, ..Id m u,;;- ,h., Ie>d. smooth l ~ t,,
w,,,, t""
,e,u"", ' ~ ,",
seq"""".
The r;n. l
hos " f!en bo."'n ""n,iod .f\'Ol. prime
in,"nce of Dreye,'. "yli>tic al>otrodi"n, .nd intl'......t Iht'
P<""';I'O ",h i", ",.11" bn)kcn by shai,. of 1i);!>1 and" few
p~," (j/ fu m;'u,." ",,'" bOO ... , .n~
",ith An in";,
t."", <imil" '" th.! of IA f\>ss"" ,;,- I'"""'
tn 'h"
carlier film, howo,..", the "b.lrod mi<t-< -;m,.. i,.ocrorn
f"noe<! \>y Ab.I"'C', ,,,..,n ;,,,-,ohe,,,n' 'pA.;.,1 ", Iation" In
Oo1"', la ,, """"', .""
m ....
permit. cutting
.od
"",,~' mcn ' ',) <on" "",", " " i""'l\r~ 1 and ""rra
ti,.ly in!elligible ' P"',
s.om., ch,,_'ticall)" D"'Y~ ,",n dev",," ",tabli.h ,he
unity of the <\""Ih room', ' f'K"'. The ru<>m i, I",.' etl.s .
360" whole, each half of whieh ;, . h"wn oudng 'h<two .""..: on one ,iode, the ","0 \I'indo" .. (I'g, 51), on tt...>
other ,iode . t.. dock.nd .ll< opposi.e ",.1 1 (fig, 52). nw
of .hi,.pa io funt.<, ..,unod by. cenlerp;ec.,Ingd, c"ff,n, > fi"...t ,~*"",,,,,, poi,\! f", . 11 char",,"'r posi.
,ion .nd mO"~menl, It i, ina-ccm,le I" cl. im Ih. 1 'he .""'"
of I~ 0Pl""it. "'o il
~"n from Ihe poin' "I v~~" of
InS'r Iyi"l\ in the coffon," b-ut cen.inl)" Itw P"""""< of It",
foot of lhe coffin in .ueh .""..
0 uniroe<! posi lion
Imm ~ ' h ich I" map II", /l"w "r ,"" a<tion. The c<> h ~rence of
,t-" 'pa i, reinforced \>y two d."ic.... nol P""-K>u"y "...:I
in the film: t,,<\ i!ion.ll ... l.bi i,hi ng.hoh .nd t,,,,,~inS'hot<
" hich mo-.' -"";gh. ~ k ,,' oro . '" f<ln.-a ro . Throoghoul
Ihe no, 1"" ne, Ore)'er i, careful ,ign.' ' h(' f'<,..... "'" a nd
location of "''''l' ch.rocter, prodic~ whie ~ .. Id,,,,, ,,,,",,ur<
in.he "'., of lhe nlm.
One<.t-,,'pace h .. been laid 0"1 , in " ma nner charoc-t,,"'tic of Ore)"\,, 'o dro;:ul.or ",1--<>,-"",,", it i, qu ie~ l y m,d"
.uoo,.<\i"" '" ,t-" " "",,-eft1 P"'8",s;ion " r ."., n.rro
li,~' . Th<' eM,... ,", .n".,u"",,, 'he _,,,,'s .gOnd'" "T h,'
Vicar wd] SOOn he he ...." "And so, Inger,
,""II put Ih.
hod 01'" you:' '"Let the P ...", SO)' pr. )'..." "Any ,",W,
of j"h.n",,,'" The nA""'i",, problems a re .bou , 10 he ",.
sol,'<...t. , nd . , just ,h i<; poin' 'he fi nal "'quen,.., rapidly
,ho con "en'~,"' "f 'h<' cla,,;"o l
Onk,
.-.<Ii;ool'." It-..> ""'I<h '>n~'io n cu,, .hul: "~ ",,,,.l "~,
.he oy"l"", m.tch , . n.tly!ico] editing, , nd the ckls<up
H"", "", .t-" ma jor '''g.',
n.. p"yer. The p.>""'" rome. fOT""'" to ~oad
pra}'or (fig, 53). nd " 180' c "1 match"" hi. ",lion (fig. Sl ),
This i. lhe <>nly m"ch-on-oclion cut in It.< film, Th. f""''"
no", .!and, at th. poinl from ",hich most , hot> facing
r""""
".nt(T.
.1>0""".
d'",..
"'"y,,'
r,,,,
'''';'y
a'" ..
Cf""""
'0
w.
",'"m' '"
no"'\.
' ''''y.
tile opp<i'" ",.11' ''' 'a k~n : . ""n when Ile .. cpo
thO.
," "'iI ",n ,,_m.ln, tile p""I"'<tiw 0/ lhe oc.",,'. intelligibil.
i'y. M tI... f"""" ;0<) """, ,,1.,... "och <~ lhe 8orgen. oot '0
g '~' w, ,"'.t '" ,'eT,,, . oo l I.'d itm g, li nkl.'d by ~).., I HI<",
punc'uate. hi, .pet."< h dOOCord ing !o trad il .....1 thl "a li "e
log;< ("'1" .... ""0 .... d ;,h ' ""'" ...... mo..... .. ""And ' 0
yoo, MiHol IIofgon, ,"), (500 fig. , ">5- 56,) When the
f"""n 00.... 10 pray. a cu' ""td oo .. ""...al, r ....... ,.nd hi'
romlly arri,ing.' 8olllon'g.., rd_ It o. 'Il< ... " in... ....., 01
c",,<cotting ;n the fil m; I,."", "<)W M 11 """"'" ",ill ""
ron li"'-oJ k. t h< d"oth cN mb<,.
Th. union of And. ,. ... d An ..... 0 ..... long "' .., pre
.... "" the tom ,I)'. th, nk;ng 0/ , ... p.l"""'. ,he ,,'union 0/
8oTS"n , nd Pot"" r~t~r' . gi"i ng 0/ An ..... to 'h< lom il)', a nd
Mokkel'. bre. k",,"'n. In lhe ""'t ,hot, .. k~n lrom t'" opp""it.... Odo ot ,ho.' room, And"I>, 8orge n, ond Moren bid
goo<lb)-e to l ng~' ",hoi,' M,llei .00. boesOde Ih< coffin, In
OOI h t"' .... ,hot" the p<itlon, ot ,ho.' "-,,,,>d charK' .f'S ond
Ih< mo"o""' n" 01 tile ot"''' .,'" cl..'d,ly "'~lb1 i,hed . 11'0
I",oy, I",,,,,, who i, ",here,
y "" .. Iu", of Joh.nn.. . A sou nd from o ff ", ...... n di.
t,oc" ll<>, S'n . "' ho looks off "".... n . Johann<. e n"'rs, roo'
only'''' obj<'<t of the look bu, . 1", ,he ",;"'ld ... , 0/ ile hi.
.y"li"" ero.",. lIo,son' nd mot;,o'o' 0 "" -...... . hot
ll<>TS" n om,,, lu hi< >on. Ag.>m 't 0 w,1I 00
that light
, .......... to "" po" rfng th,,,,,gIl it, the (ame,a mol'", to fT,,,,,,,
lhe two men-t h<
'i .... ,hot "" h,..., ....... n tot h., ,nd
>on """,., \.'och ",1><, (rog, 57).
\>.""
fi,,,
,.... " , " ,"",ion of In !!"" I\'ith Joh"'......'. ~ nl'.""",

,he c" tling """,kr'''''' ' ....... n.)' ""o s toots (. fil'h of 'h~
film', lot.,I) ... W p"' .... Ingd. ",b;,,~ . )oh,n "", . , ,he
too. 01 the coffin , nnounce. th.!, lnge' m ust rot Ix"'.".... ""
o ne do",> .<1: God to n"u,n.'CI """ M" on rom." in .~ ..k
him to hu,'l' up , M ,,'. h ..,. ""n. ~ t. ,~" I; tI", n. rr. ';....
"'<'mpt to "' pl ~ lho.' mod"" .. of Joh., nnes, to con!>on ti,...
di' p"r>kon it " nle." he. , At t ~ i , mom" nl, in other word. ,
n.rrati'e unity "-""" blis .... its con'roI
And ' f'd<'.' bend. ""'-od;"'ntly to tho.' ...
T\et'd,.
Eydi.,.....m. tch , not re,,,,..,,hot cutting contin """ as ,he
p.l ,oon objt. (fig_ 5/j1 "ld Jo"" n,",s ron';"U'" (ng, S'JI_
Earl.,r in II,,, relm, during til< """" b.1"".,,, jolun"",.nd
,\ t' T~n, .""I)'thl <.'di.ing ~ .><! been in troduetJ in .",,,II . nd
i,d . 'ed d.,...... ~o .... n, I), ,;"'ol <.'dit ing ",turn, ;n """"
pi..'ntotul conte", ,- Fu rt"'rmor<. the ,>Ji.;n~ i. d<,)",ndcnt
u pon the di.11og1M.', n",,,, i hot 0/ Joo. n ...... ' and More"
Uoh,," ...... c.lI. on l<'-.u,]; m<.'di om .ho, of Maren ("Gra nt
"". _ "J;.
10 ,I><> >hot " f ' he t"'o (" ... Ih< "'o,d
th.!t C.n ..."J; ."",1,." ....,. of Mare" roO, , . .. i.... , ...
<1,....1"); b;ock to the t",{>->hoI ("In the no"", 0/ J.... u, C~ , ist I
bid tho." .. ,"); and . , cl imax 0 . hot 0/ Inge ' in lhe coftin
("'... AriS<' ~ ' ) , n", """,,,,,,tion i. .. .,,,.'"p.l" ...... by "-"'"
'ion . Ilot. ol80'gon .00 p",~,.nd 0/ M"on, HU.N rul . nd
",ir., I\.'unit<.'d, ,mb,,,,, . A. And ..... g"'-" k> ."''' til< d ock,
tt .... " " ...... I"n, ."" him. Mikk. 1 ",II. Inge" '"Lit... ""gin.!"
n",
,o.he film',
cJooe..up (fig_ 60)
0,, 1)' our . ", Iy' ;' 01 '""ot...,.Ii,. 'ion .-..,1 ' 1"............
n'
,,_'i,""
,,,'"m
ra..,.,... '''''' s in
firs'
nRna
...
"
pt''''' i', u, to ".., """. thi' finol ""l""~ rulK'ion, to

romp"'t" and unify the film . Ou, e.flie, qu<"ion. _ How
tu moth-,,,, the mi, .dd How to rep""""t it ?_ .re now
","e,led .. i nt~ rr~l ..ed. "The mi ,,,,,'" is ju"ifled d. m och by
'0' '~k ",h-i, D,tyN" "'"I.wy. d. by pu""y cau.., 1 f"",o rs_
IWf,."" this r. n. l ""'''''. 'heatric.li,,,'ion ha. mad~ '1",;,,','m po",1
"".tivo') itxl0p"ndent 01 na "" i,'o logic.
'r""""
while 'PM'"""",, h Jd.mil i.l ,i,ed tr.d i,.m.] ,,)"i,,;c

p"""'Olu",,. Now. in a Tu.h , ,he 'l"' ,lo.,.,mpor'] ,y"oms
fu,,", with
"'!lie; now,"" d ...",.1 fi~u"" of ,'<lit_
ins aM c.""""",<>,k I",adc?," <me by one , inio .... ing
,he ""'.m ', cli"", . Wha, could ha,'e t..."n. wholes.!t< d.,..
f.m ilid,Ozaoon of ,he e n' ire dfu"'I"'gr 'J"em 01 d ., ,,ic,1
dl>em. (thi. will be ,"" , k 01 Ga'".!) ha. b<-c<""" a "'-
...,,,ati,..,
'"
OIlOCT
'U'" k> tl>< f.mili." I.;. not just .ha he minel< """,I,,,,,
t l>< .. " of tn. plot dilfocultt" . ",turning ,""roti,,,
;ry. T"- mi ..,I. i, "P..,....,W "" film . , . .... um to d""m.ot>:
inlellisibililjl. to.
.>od time "",po,,,i ... to n.rr.tive
dem.nd to >lyl;'t>: fog u",. immed""'l)' mc,n"'glul. In
Inset'. "",um.oction. ,w;,;milit"J. i, o;"lot,-..I in t.... "._
0/ ... rrati,.. orde 00 ,n. ..,"'" 0/ oroe. is ju"if..': cornprel><n'ion
Yet .I><re "ern.",. a problem' JOO. n"" . Evon """. I><
prop""" th., Inge' be ","urrected, To tl>< eOO. I>< is a "'H_
,.ti,,, wild card. mowd no' by f"ychologic.1 c.!u ... hty but
by til< narrative', compul""n to end in a ..... y Ih.t will
'0
'p.o<"
".W_
.. li,1y til d.;m, "f """.ti ," u"'t ~ .00 Christ;"" .lIeSO'Y
The "yie 01 the fin.1 ""''''' wo,Ic> owrtime 10 moti"Ole Iil<
mi
bu' joMnnes. who annou""" hi. funclion "
OS 1""",,1 d",,,. oon.;n .... to be .rouble .... ""' . T i>e ocene
""" nowle<l&"S johannes" oml>i". I,'n) 'hI' (01 1)' w.y it
e.n _ .patidlly. Alter reviving Inge'. joh.nnes 1..,,,0 the
f,.m<', going out loft . He become. the only cha,,,,"',
woo..- final po.i."", ",.he room ",,,,", in, unknown." u,.
Th;. tiny gost"re,.,.., , ,light. problc-tn 0,", con im_
_g;"" . Yet e ,',"" in. ""''''' a, n",,;,..,I)' un;f..'tely ""de, the ''''0)' 0/
n",.ti"e .,,,,,,,,,,,.
...,Ie.
Cettnttl
em","
c. ,n., most problema'ic film pj Dreyet, <~""'f, It<

,.... s. <",.t<>d "' kbtaoeJ ",,,troversy_ ".., film w
~.t Conn . oo ,nide ..,,-..,"" &"",.,<1 ,h. Pari. pre
m le"' ;
ilrl< h<>odline pleod l, "Lef. Ie, Dr,"yer .Ip in
1"""","; IJ NaurY/ Clt<<<mr'",," laM> in'."'",'" de",ribo<!
,""<ing .udience;C,",,"" 65 aUockoJ ,h;' " ,..,,-"-um ",u<l)"
of 00/,. ,m d pi."",,'" ilmerk.n "'v"'w"" .... '" ' S
.tupefoed . " In hi; """" r,im, ""'''' h h, "o)"
un
derlying human con:c.m
. u,..,irl<.'d u' Ihrough .ny
ionS'"'''' of "_U'~"' _ H.",. undor In. >low, posed J>i<tu ..... 'h<r.\' is ""thi ng but , .... d,,,-,, theme :- , '"G",,,,d i , a
fun n.r ",,,,,It. boyon<l m."""n...., ink>
f"""O" ),
.00 . " . i!;htfo,w"d tedium. lie just .. ts up ni. "m'"
. nd ph,,'''S'.ph. people tal king ' 0 each otn.r. "'''AUy
.i Uin~ dO'h-'" iU" ,he way it ""'de a WW ",<ltoica l inn",,tions.'" If "'t' h.d I(l ,,-, .<:li
," '" ,he un l.milu.. qu.li ' .... "f I_,n, d'Ar<, w~ "",'(I not
"",,;00 '''y ,'iewe.oI tt>. loob>dd; o;;, o.... nging ~u.litie .
01 C<r,,,,d,
5",," mtic,t
'lmptum, d """,1 0;ng
very iml"',t.nt; GmruJ ... iII not ~ ,"'h~, the norm' 01
til< 0).,,,i<.1 cin.m. o. tt>. norm' " f the '.n ";""m." I.
ronc<p1 1 .h.n Loto 1.bow<"l, o.,n~i"S both 01 I""",
mooes, G...,.trud 'imply ofte .. it..11 . , ""'pt)'. TI>< bludg<K>" ;"8 ...,,~.... \ 01 ,,,," "';."" "",.,.1, ,he P<'''i< thai c. n
s.i", ,,' wl>l>n cooln)n!<'\e,oIen,ly, relu"". tu he cl"""", of an~ d ... ifi.bIe ~ind, C<rt",d'. , ;gnifoc. nc.. for u,too,.y I.... prumrily
in "'ha l iI do". no' do,
"l<'
bo."".n
,ha,
<;0<",""
"'P"o_ .'"
,h.'
no. r,,,, .' '''p ;, ' 0 ""'8"'''' ",M ' O'M' "'" (,'m 'yge''''"'' In , ",I)'zi ng n,,,,..,i,,, Iogi<, we .h. n find 'hOI "'-en
,t>. minin\llly ro heren' na,.a,i" TOi... problem, 01 "'p"' ",,,",'ion, Yet. normi", on.I)'>",- I " ., m"oh "n<, '
pl.i,-.,J; 'hi' will carry u, ,oward a con,ido t;"" of ,t>.
r,lm'. uS< ()/ ''''"rie.IiL1,ion ,nd
AI'"," 1e,'eI
"I dnem>ti< .tyle, C<rl,"d ron$lilu"", a " j,tu.1 ".ft'l>of
.po....,""...
"!;Y" fil m , c;';n8 til< clo"i<. 1 p.,.o<! i&m; n ~ nea,ll "'",,"S-
th'. rrum"" . But .,-en t>.~ "'. find remai nde., .n e""".
",hkh ca nno' he ju"m.d on n, ... ,i," or .he"",Hc
grou nd . Pc"",.., os iI !OOund" ,he 1"" ,,-'C,ion of ,he cha p.
t<; , "g"''' 1o, '1>0: i,n!",".n' ~,;,~ I"","ti" n, 01 C"'",J ',
'''''1'''''''''''
A M EMORY FILM
'"A ..eroy rontempl,,'ion of . di'pa .. ionato Ionoli .... , in
.. ""II, 'Pl"lling in;1S unrcl ;",'e<! """Ajn'.'" Thi, de'S<rip.
tion of R. lph Vaughan Will).,m,', Si>,h Symphony migh'
';e,w A' the id.al epigraph 1o. Gat",d, a' IN" il ";""'oJ
" ,n ordi"", ,)" n,ln"i,,, film . c;..,'",d is. """""d;n~ In >
"raigh,fo""ard >ocoun' . bou, ,he n.SiC Ml,'ion ",hi<h a
woman imf"'S"s on lwrsoll, thM'Sh ,"" 1.;lu", "I t>., "",0
to m.tch I>o:r impo;sibfy ,
st."d"J oi Iov . C.,
,.iol), ,"" r,'m'. n ,,,.th~ k,si<, it> k<!m""""",1 Gu.l li''''''
'oJ it> uti<' <>I t"" im pe,...m.1 , nd hKld." c. us.
''''" ..... ' u""" , Befo"" we con ron,id~. tl>o: lilm', e.ces.siw
qu.h,ie., "'", mu>l do j"" i<e '0 ,he ,",w l ",ay, in "'hkh it
proffe .. ;"ell., ",. d.bIe.
The plot is ron"ru<!M .Iong
0"" i. the for ",. ,J n",.,Cm<'n' "I (""'rlrud ', d""i.ion, ,,,
her h",
b.tnd G u,ta" Kdnn ing.
1>0."""", '1>0: mi;!..,., oi ,he """.
pos<" Erland Ja ns",,", .nd " .... lly '0 .b.tod,," , II h~ ' men
n.e _ond mo,'.rnen' i, ",t""'perti,'", n.,h\).o<", ond
con,""",,ion. "" ...1 .to.)" e,'.nt. in tt>. m.nne. 01 Tt-n'.
"">n,inoou, ""posit ion ." Thu. It", pIo' mow, fo.w. rd bu t
i, . cromponied by. con,to nt \>.>eking a nd filling. In t"e
Ii"" """"', Getlrud .nd C"",.v lay pl.n. tor lu,u", .>e,ion,
I$0ing to ,he "p"ra , attendi ng Gob,;,,1 Lidm. n', w"'l "e1i
bu, .. 11>0: ..,m" time ''''y ,,,hun,o c,'onlS from ,he pa,,:
!heir "rained tn.lrri.'g< , Gertrud', affa;, wi,h G. b""!. Gern"d ', oo oo"""-,,,><n' 'ru' ,,,," no "mger ",an" 10 be GLIS'
",v's wife i.. acrompan "->d by her PO<' "","'-"tn on !heir Hie
"You k)l'o PO"'''', oo""r. Y"u 10"0 you ... lf )"0"
io",
'''''''''''go
' '"'0 ' x.,..
'0
'og,'I>o:,'
Ie.,..,
I. Vill..i", It. m .....""""'.

0., Do,,_ No. ZJ (!'W)
Sol".. i lJo,>rI'S""'"" N . 1 (5,.>10 ..,..
H.''....,
low, your in,ell."tu,1 lif,. )"Um 1>."-""'. )"'>U'

cig.>"',
I"m su,,' you . 1", 1ov,",hb.>ck 000"'0 her "i'i'i ng
h" ..
In. ,o"';"g". Cu""" ""'''''''Y of hi' kwe f,,.
C.'rt",J im p"lls him ' 0 Jmp in ,. 'he ol"'r., A, ,I", N n
qu<'l , whi., tho" >l ud"n' kdgU,' 000 C u,ta" p.!1 " ibu'" to
G,br.,I', po<" ')', ttw. pI.~ ""w ... , 0.'.><1 whe n G"rtruJ f,..,I,
f.in"OO ,< hdpoJ ,,, til< k' u "~, The Icn~'h)' "'ene in ,he
Io u ,,~ , i; , "eritablc "'1:\)' of con' inuou. e'p"";'jon,
d"".>ctc", .""Iy'" ,he p.u" I>.lth ,,-"<e n' .nJ dist. n,. Ger
,ruJ ",mi"i"",.. wi,h """I .1"lU' her f.,he" Gu,',,' ,. 11s
tl<" I" "ked
he,., ,he ol"'r., .nd G.briel"oJIs her
h" .... frl.!OO ;n<i;"""""ly "" ..." koJ
G"nruJ ,,'a, hi, mlo
'''' ... I" ' "" p.!rk .~. in, Erl.nd .><Imi ..
"<1 ,,,
''''~he ' ,,'om. n .nd c.n' , un off w;,h C<r1rud . In ,ho.'
K.nn ;ng, I"r,,"", G.bol'i b<~ G.nnKl '" 10....." ,,'i,h him.
.nd by ~"Y of "' r1" ining her ,ef"",1 ,tw.. "",II , ,ho';r
.tt.;r_ moIl,. ,i ng ,ho" film', ....'eOnd flo, hl>.ock.
G.'"
'ruJ ..... loft Gus",,', , ..... film'. er'M'S"" return. 'g"in '0
"",,"'Igi.! . A,,,I vi. its G<"rud in her "",,,,." ., oJ ,n.-ir "'I"
,,, ..... ,jon m. . ... , fin.1 !Tip in'o ,he" J,,}', in P,ris , nJ '"t~
"J..,.
"", ,Iw,
f."
,hol,
,hol, ..... ;, ...
Ai,.,
G""rud. adokofi'llCe. Since IMrn';"" un i'), i" fo r _ ",

not ... ppl ~ ..J by." o", ,,,,,,,",n' au,horia l in,dlig<nce, ,he
plot J"l"'nJ , "" C<:"nKl', JO""")p"'e,,' ... cN r"""',, ho.' ,
S"Juol , .... nll" in "'" . lt itudo tm,'.rd pr......,n, .nd p">I,
1\0.., ,,:'hi n. ; n ~ <>1 he, lile
Like 1M M"g"ifianl Amm.o.. . Gnt,ud berom ..... film
~I " ... ""'')', ,,'1><,.., p .~ f,,,,,,.,. , h.""""", h) 'p" OO m"s ' of
' h,;, lime ,.,,,.lI ing .nd .....;,,'o'p""i ng "0,), ""0"" . I"
k."",my wi,h tho.' mti mo<y "f to., ",,,,,,,,,,,'. ),,", Cn'",d
con''','ct> ,ho" d,,,,,J wm1d ,,/ O"y~" "',""""'p;<!. "Tho>
film ",'m n, """... explO:itly ,h"n .ny ; ;,"'" Mich"" ' 0 ,he
'."Io.Ou "rk' ",'min,,,,,,n' ()I H.mmc.. h ~ i . , ..... O.nis h
I"intor 01 , ..... in",';"r., s,il l lik (fi~. 1-2). For tI", only
,;"'" ;n h is " """, On'r'" ulili ;I igh'ly
<otio ('pprox""",dy l: lA'j), ' Il< better ' 0 f.,o, ',,"0 pt"Opie
'ym"",tri(',lIy di,posed in ' "" f,.me. "' Iking. C;"uLl,
mis<",,l>'C b u>ed ;n tho.' K.nnin,,'
;n j.n ....m"
,,,,dio, in ,he N"'l"'" lounge, .nd in ,he fi",1 seo"" in
G<, 'rud ', r"',,,," , h'hk h ",.k.... , oomrl<~< ej,.:ui , 0/
,he tk....", The"" ",t>, 0",)"", ,el l, "', " ... '" buil' o.
clo>..'<1 "' 01' '', .nd ho.' <el>.:oeo StrinJb<'ll" just ifoc.,"",
of , ..... c .... mb<' , .....,,'" ." pl.>cc i" ",hioh ",..,
he"
",hiop"r: " I' c"' ..... " i"lim...)" ,ho.' actor< .'..... n'""lly
wid""""""
1"'''"",
c."
GI.'11"1D
'"
The fjlm'. in,;,"'""", "jXN> n'e"",,)" .,,., ,,(O,k, in ' .n dom "'ith , ..... " ..... i\"(' prin6pk> 01 ,he h'Jd~n <'u><, Wh.l t
' he ch"......,,,, "-,,k In the p." t i. the ",..on h" 1.> ,,>, ""c'll<_
"IVh}' did y(>U bre.>k with hlmr' Cu.t.v ",ks. Gertrud ",in
"'" ... y_ Ite .,k, "", why"'" want new 10"01: " Who' co n
I ,>xpl>in? , don' l unde"ta nd i, my..,II." II'hen Cu".,
,h'''' 'on ...... " , he d",,,,,,', "-'<'O\;n;",, h im ., 1\<, hu,""oo
.nd ca n', uooe .. l.lnd why he i,
u-..' k 'u n ~', C.hrid "'1""" 0"" Ii"" ... if i' wo'" ",I,.in "i )d n,,.,n',
m usic: "'Gertroo, why did )'(>U ","'0 ""'Y' _,I>< ,.,"""
' I"""t;"n he ",ilo ... ",. when .1><)' ""-,,, "lI"in in 10,' ):'mning,' I,,,kl,, A. '''''''y D.vid C,.v. ,1><", ,h.,,,,,,,,,,
",.nch 10'
1\'0,,"' hos. D",),", f,'m ,,",-ol,oJ i' self to tl>< ..,.n:h SO
,,"l'ho.e'y. Emb.odd,oJ in &","d a", ,.."" ,., ')'1"-'" of disCOIJrses "'pi,,;")' .roul ,""""",ion. 1';",," 'Il<> cho,.aers
,h.'m",'I.-c><; I.)" 00'" . 11 ,he o,u.1 n'""t;',' motl\'".>n,
io, d o,"""" Re l;giou. Ji,,,,,urs,,, ''Th.'I'' m";t b..' C",l,
\l'i ll..,,,, tho,t, "'-"ry,hing ;, ;""'''''I'",l><n, i"",:' Po!i'ic. 1
disc""",": C.brie l "'ill
c,m",,1 mini,,,,, oi""" ",
1,,,,,, 0r!"";.ion w;n ~" ,I>< gmwnm"n' "" l"mI:' TI><
I.lng u." oi l"'ychoan.I)'.;s: Md >'uJ"" "' I"'ycoo.;s,
neurosi d ",.m nd symbol . " [' hi"""l>hical relk",.ion:
c;.,rrruJ a nd Mel Jis<"<s ,h<.' pruNe", o{ I"", wilt I'.n,.!,"
;ng ,i>< "..,,~ of eri.i<. [yu lin& "u' n",. ning i,om ,i..
D"-,)',, fi lm, &"'"0 "-'ndc-.s """, ,t..,m.lir in "'",,,,t,,,;"n,
"",,"", , ,I>< ch"oct"", h,w
"1'1"i<d con"""t;"n_'
i,.m",..",k, "I i,"el ligib;'i' y '" ""'i, ,,,",'n
bi,,",_ ,,,
10 ["", .. though it "w. thei, own Ilom<:: ,<.>Om> in

"" h "'h .t>ey l iI'~d :" Wit h the excel"",n of the "odent
""~ ""'. morek, .11 ,he mu.ic in &,1",. i. liIo"lIy <""mbe,
m,,;.ie, tOT solo violin, stnng q""'M, '" pia""
&<1"'0' ;n, j>tonce upon intenor 'p>ce ;'.Kcomp.' nied
by,n unp'<c<>denteJ "mph on door>. the P"""'ges in'o
ami out of th< <n.m"" . 1',rt "I
,,,,01,..,.1 qu.li'y of '""
film ".om, from the ch ..
i""""'nt ""IT.""" .nd
""its, 0..., 0 "' of e',",y row >hoi, begin, with.o "r".. n iog
d oor "r ~ox!, with . ,Io>;ng do", oJ' ,-"",n! door... ,y_ G.~ .
trud ;n po'<icul.}[ is ~."",i.,,<>d with port, I' , S he e n"'''' t h<'
film 1"",,-,1 in the f",lor doorway, a, if o n , proocen ium
".S" lfig. ,nd Ie.,-", ,he ....,"" in 'h~ ... "'" "'oy. During
(;u" .... , d,.'ri .... , ,he door ~. n 0' ''''' .ymOOl fo,
G<!,'ttud', ,,-',"ality'
mon,h now your door h.l. b....,n
<......-.1 ' 0 n,e,"
"; nl\-' dt the boo",!uot. ,he ",.1 1
""h in<l II>.>
"F",,<< r,., "'~ CuSla\', ,he ;s !,.""oJ in , ..... 'itchen
doorw.y (fog_ ~ ) . II ' hu, ,.<>,,";<lon,
,I>< fil m', to"' ~ _"" ..h<
iI' la ;t . h,~ dopic"'. dosod d oor (fig,
6); "'" g n ' )' """" ,tI" im.l~'> "'p,,-" n' ,,,,,,,,i,'e fiM"' y 00'
it rondud t.... <"n,ta n' [(,.nd fro P""'S<' 'hrough
d """",ic ' 1""" ,he eh.!mbe,
I." ",,",d .
bogin
,<
t""
"",.",,>,
"f",
lie'''''' ,,,,.
."f. ;,
i,
,ho,
,,'i'"
t."
,r., .I>,;"n, <'''..,
I>o"""".!.
.',,-..dy
""''''n.
Mos' ,,'Ilingly, 1t..,,, ;S I....' ("",,"wo" '" .." ....'Iir J i. "~' ''''' , in , ....' Inn" of t .... ,,' ... n," ' ''''' I"'f"""" th<.' ~ Im ,
A, in Miel,O<!, ,hi. fi lm .00" ' ."im in'""", it> n ..,..,;""
1'".1"", through ''''i1< d'~" , in "i" "all)" t'wry m,,,l ium ,
W" find "",,,I ptu",, (,I>< . Iot"" of V,'n", ;n ,I>< p,,,k ), pho-
'"
CKT~ UD
togr,phy, pa; n,;ng, we",'ing (the k>unse tape<lty), d",w;ns (C.b...,I', ..<etch 0{ Cenrud), do",,,,, I' h<- <luden,,'
"",tth). ,l><" ,,,-' (Mel', book on R.>c;nel. 01"'" Irwl.,),
po<try (C.I:>ri<I', and Gertrud', ,'.~",s) , . nd
Such
"''''''-~k "'~",'" f""luenlly moti,-alc,j by the n,rra, i,'e,
Both 0{ Gertrud', lng' "'p"".,n. her 1""I;ng< lor Erland.
,I... fiTSt ("5<.,,,,,,,,.;10") ''''p,,-'';;ng ho,-, <it"i .... , the
("Why"" I.ngry''') Ot" ongu., h.' hi, ""t"y.l .nd Ocr
"-"osnilOo" ,h.l , he i. inconigibl<. Sim il,,,I)'. Axel', book 00
R..c;"". he playwrigh ' of "agic ..,If"""ri;;':" lor 10"., allud<,,>to Gertrud', ,ituation, t>:o mo", trouble>ome.", the
m>fl", possit>ihties 0{ the .rtil..,,,, C.I:>ri<I'. pa""'""t"
)'oul hft,1 I""""s io'top<>S<.-d "'ith hi' p-re..,,,' ""'S""' ;o",
or Gertrud'. pain ting 01. m.n I.boring und.~ . t>ucd,-n
up"'''i''o or imnk, mos' ,och ci",,,,,,,, .re oxplicable
'hn>u~h <l\.l , ... "" p"yd,,, ~ .gy It ,,'oold he
,ho"ugk. '" ,,,,,, lhe.n "..,.k, fun<hon ing . imply '" 1'...1.
In"'""
.",,,..-.d
tn.".ke,
lei . ilualxm . &r'rud u ..... an work. '" f'O"I' the problem 01

ho,,'
d i><ou,"" c. n a'''''10.",ly "'p"""nl ,he m0Il .... fur<\' uf tl><- n.IT.ti,'e .
Gertrud ho, =i"'d by w ild d ogs_ a UI
,),,- is ",ady ,,'i,k. ,,'adinS ' "Jt ",., Ihen lMI [ "" ["'<llh.l l
"'~ are okJ"" in 'he ",,,dd," From psy<ho~V. 1
(soIHud_1 to ;""'8" (d",.",1 '" "".w I t .. n'<rip'"'" ('1"-"'''0 )
run. on unbroken ,h. in 01 "'p ..... n'a'ions. BUI now GeT.md ,i" In ,he banquet Ioung" ", ilk Axel. "My fa'l><-r waoa
>ad fat,I;,t. H. "US"1 " ' ,hot "'-.ryl"inS i, pr-e<l",'i",,>d . , , , 'o.<lin}' con,roI. ",-ery,hing:" So. op .. fOl
It> " 'il1; " ] p",lc' ", ,hoos<> '"~ h",b.>nd,," SuJdcnly ,he
notires the t'p",try ""hind her and the """' .. draw; t -k
'0 fra"", it (fig. 7). Gertrud ",y. u"".'"y: "I had that
d"'am 1.>." nigh'-" n..' ,odd,." app"""''''' 0/ , .... "'I"-'Slry,
wi,h ;t; """""n '"<TOund,"" l>y ",ild dogs. <onnot "" .. .
..,,,I><-.k
"''''''P'
CCRIl<IIl>
pl.line<! through ch.r.oct., P'Fhology; til< hidden ca u,..

h.!, reveAled i'self A. impcl'SOnal. If one .hink, in
of
psyc~"'~ 1 origin" where did this im.g< rom~ from'
The o'",.rching principle 01.1f 01 Ol}'er'. Mrr i"", _
'Il< .b,noct cau",1 I"ttern "'hich go,em . indiv;d""j
""lion_h manife>ted i'self to til< ch.r""te,. . The topc"
'1}' chol j<~, ~o he """".h P"S>S" from "'''''.pt to i"",se.
Atake i. "",hing"" .han .h" kmndin~ . nd 'o ,h<>oito,,"" in'oll.gibilit)' which O"-'Y~" ,..",.ti , ... hove .Iw.y'
..,ught to gu ... """,,, Thi' t'rostr)' S<e ... ",ts the ""rr~
'i,~ new queshon : not. 'Wh." .. the abo<n. c.u","
oo.t, "0"", the abo<n. cau"" is "'p"-",,nh.>d, ""'" 1<, in 'erpret it'"
The "-'n-> li,~ pm","'" ''''0 on'we'" to ,he plOplem ,
<m<> whic)- G<>rtrnd ",tiles upon, the o,he, tow.rd whi<h
,he A"d ienc. i, dTOwn. TI>e "ros")' i. disro,-"r<'d in.1><
c"""-", , of Qruud', odyocacy of f"", will. If.he .apc<ll}'
po><-> the problem 0/ ","""lily, on< <cu ld solI'" it in til<
f hion 0/ Qnrnd', I.,h.,.., ~"'')''h i ng is d.tefm;ned .
Within 'he "",k! 01 ,he film, the ch.,oc'"'' migllt po.i. fa'e
,he "'a;on Iha l Ge"IlId left G.briel. "",fried G",,,,,'.
took up ",ilh Ert..nd,.nd '" on. At ",n", poin,", Gortrud
indeed t" .... in.o ~ f,,,,,I>. When Gabriel S'J
h~~
to tell her 0/ ,l.lnd ', i ndi"""' ~'n, Qrt",d on s>y only:
"Y<"I, Y"", yoo 1..0 10." 1Vh<n Erl.nd odmi.. thot he
forced '" ~o Const.nce' s he "",,,,.-.d., "Y,,", y,o, you
had tu. Hod tv_I ,uPfX'"< .n..... he key .... ord ", O'"I}''h ing." SI... r,~.ny I,.. "", '" go to r.ri, wilh A"L '" study
.o.nti ftaffy how ,ueh 'hings.rc pos, ibi<
1<>"",
a,
,ha, ""
w.,
'0
By ,he end of.he tllm , ho,,e,'or. Genrnd h., ft'j.ed

>imple f...Ii""" She gi'... dercrminism 0 t .-i" (cha''':' .ri,
tic, inOd"" .. Uy, of much li .... rMy cri'i.:;'m ....... 11). W.nting
p""'"'''' pc"onal p'ychoiogy. he red uco, the hidden
<,"se ' Q <ha ogek"" trai" of char..:' o" ,hu , f 1>0.'<0"","
"nl)' c.... ,.., ..... ""it "'S" , ~ .. tion ",ill """" as"in a
" . ~. <hiklhood .. it, """""'. When A""I
h<-r, ,he
~i>c_'" d I""m " 'ri'",n in h<' ynu,h "u.>k,. ""'.,
Am ! beo u t;lul?; ~o,flju' I h.,"" Iowd.nlook at mdAm I
y,,"og',~o . I Bu' I h.:ow ~w .d . li1."') . " mdO<>! li ....,'.'N".1
Bu ' I h .." Io",d." The f'U"'" , upplie; til< .boenl COU*. bo,
1"'"",... li .. d , "'Si,.,... n-y,,,,-{M Gertrv<l w""," my h""p<>1
0/ love," ,"" ... rch Iof ,he hidden cau", h., bee""",
... rch f<>r til< f""no.tion of ,ep~n .. tion, .nd the .n'we, whkh .. ti.f.... Gen",d is a . imple on . In he,you,h,
he>- <ho"d", "'os deomnirwd . he, luture rmpped 00',
'0
"lsi"
'"
Th,lI is to .. y th., .he", i. ,HII, Ioun.!ing c""'_pt ",hi<h

pro,'Oj"" 0 "",,"" ond mod,1 lor "'l"'-'""nlO'ion,
Gertrud', ..,Iu''''n invi'''' u, to >ceept it, Ii" it <,pl,i",
the po" llel"",. of.1I< n!m . If ch"Mte, is destiny, 'hen " 'e
C.n ac'u"' for.he woy thatlo,'e!'> reploy , it""'.,m, . \\,i, h
he, old
C._I and II<r ...,,,..,.t Io,'e Erland, G.nnod
p" "" thmugh tho sa,,,., ph.""._ inlatua.ed devolK>n; tho:
~ i ""ov~'Y .h she is n<>t 10,...'<1 " ,hotly: and.he ';"';';'ion t"
b-n"~ with 1..;, k"w. Oi.ologu< """''''''''. To G.briel: "In
)'OU I tu.d fou nd . mA n wi,h whom I <oulJ .hare my
fife.
Wha' "'I"'.'ed u. "' yout ""'k - hono', I.n""
.,><1 ".,,"')'. Lo"" h.>d bee""e , bUNen ." you, ... y""
,"' ..,JJ
'km< . I ",an t <cruplo'" to"e . ... ft'.
I.'e ," To E,land : "He'" with yon I'm . Ii,'" 'g'in. I can', 'ell
)'0" how hA ppy J am, ... I Iov. y"u 00.' Y'''' d",,', ""'0
me. I no longe' want yuu . , ,Lea ," "'" dk, n ~, ~rla nJ ."
hen Gu.",,,, he, I"rt ... , in what <he ron,id.", a pu rdy
marriage, 11"" much ,he """'" ' ",.tment: "A
womon pots 10", oi he, hu,bond r."t, but I", h im w,,,k i,
"""" importa n' ... , Do I ",ist ... Il? You'", n,'v,,' .... '"
of my 'hou~h" 0 ' ""i.he., , .. TI>e m.>n 1 C"""", to Ii..
with must belong to me romp"'tel),.. , , 1"m ,",,,ing," The
~ymm' lri<al pl.cemen, .nd dinu.., lighting of t ht,
O.,hN<'ks 'hu, fu",,'io" '0 p""lId Cort'oo', two> affairs,
.nd the doubling 0/ Ioc~tio", (,wo po,iof SC<'n,,", two J'<'.-l
scone" ''''0 >eene. in E,bn.!, studio) ",info"'~ tf-.< ..,n..,
of cyclica l "",n.octment. P.,.IIeI. of pa,l .nd p"""n' ""
deflrwd tluougll ,"ch .tylislk d.v""", ., ",un.! bridges
U. ",."n ', \'ori ."", ,he first tb,hbock) and emphatic dis
,oh..,. .. hich ron"'''' G<rtru~ "no .... " . nd ",,,,-,,," (figs
3--91, In 'um,
p.>"I"'Ii,m ;, ""'" ",-pl.in<'<l by.
pc"',,i,~ " ""' lily: Qrtrud', dosi", fo, .1>;01"1,, k, ... ,
F ~"" thi' ",ndpoin he fin.1 "",,,,,_ . hot wi,h ,he diffused ligh' vi ''''-' ;I." hb"'k_ ~i",". Axel ''''' ''"us .,1 )'et
anotll<,
and ", ..., 1. ,h., al ago ,i".. n Ge",,,,J's
poem tu.d "predicted"' he, life,
Aif 0/ the .. CO""",,;"n, en,",' I",,,, , ..ad ing tI,., fin.1
poem a. full of ,ignific.n; the ",orch Io,'he hKl J"n cou""
is flnalfy ",,,,.rded P)" di"",,"el}' 01 ,he f.'.l ul {(O ..... of
hum.n choke, But 'Il< l.p<"'y ,,'main' u"'-"pl.ined . n.!
migllt encou,"!,,,, 0 f,",lht ",O<!;ng 01 tI.... no",Ii,,' . 0""
c<>uld a'g"" lha, Ct--rtrud "deluded, Ih, ' a '"u'" no Ie"
impcrsonal ,hon th.t of other 0",)... , film; ht~d, '''''Y he",
., ",elf,
Wh.!, rna.e. bu,h rcod1nS" in.d"1uo 'e i, 'he remainde,
.h.I! they Ie.,"", Both roncluoion, o,.,.t odd . wi,h ,ho: ~".I.
10""
a,
""',u.1
11<'' ''''''
10,'. ,
'oa
,,.
GClITJ<1ID
,
' '.Lb.'',
i'y " 'h "h w. no,,,,.,j., , ....

If """ning. M "'P"'... nt.H"'" .., full >oJ " nproblem.lie, de,h"" ci' .... , from
, .... p>ye .... 0' .n Impe""""] e.u.." why i. Ge""", i'",,11 ""
dilr",,11 tu ossi,OI""" tu "'"' <>rdln4T)' ";"",ing ",bit>l Tn .n'w,, "" , ~",....,". ". ""~... '" ,~.", ; ",. "'nv ''''' f.lm ,~I,,,,
crilkJ"" . ~ '"", .od<.'luaOo" 01 """"",it "'I"'",,'n""""',
AN AJ\,' lHOLOGY FILM

Through"u, ou, 'U""'Y 0/ Ore),or', fi lmo. ,,'e ",,"e "",n
,hem po ,hei, 0"," I",,..i,,," , pmbl,", "f np"''''" ' .'.'''
'"'' of ,d.'i,'o indepe ndel">Ce ,>/ n",.Ii,'e "-'8" .nd
,'i""ma ' ic o"",e . nd 'ime, Again" 'he b.orkg"",nd of , .. '
do ..,,,.1 mod.L ,he fif m. _ in ,'"i"u' ",.y. _ delle,,' <~. ,
'''n ,m~, ,'/ ..{~' "",oning, "",,,on n,m.,k, (uoth,'n,
. nd locu tt~n'"", on ,he" m.n ipul. ,;"n, 0/ ,he film
",,-.di um , F", n"'wn ~",,'. "',. con d,.,ignot., .. "" "",."
oil ,he", f"",'m' ",he",O)' , ..' him' ')'>(.,""'''e.ll)' est.pe
"",",,'i,'" d'" '""i",,'.,",
c"""", ', diff>('ulty, 'hen, I~. n", in.n
.. Ii...,. Ii
of l'.'I"nit """"'" II M.,in,bod II, .~" "ob".)u, ,,.odi"g" has d,'m{",;t".\, 'h~ film', ' I"')" m ,'~es
..,ns< i" ",.n), " ,oJ;,;,,",1 ""j's. Wh,,' i. ""co,,,i,,, ;. lhe
"'oj' tha, ,h i, "",..
i. >ubi<'<l<.'d '0 ,he wo,k of d""motic
nT""",nl.,""" \\'~ kno ... 1""1 O ,~)'d , film' ope" up. gap
, .u,.' ~'Sic ond >I"'",-"m"..,,,' """,u"". 1\'h"
ioco""","' ".,_
,h.,
,i,,,
1><'''''''"
i",_
b.."""""
h. ppen. in G<TI...&" Ih, t ' '''' ""."" slow "","n u;'y"

.i . ... " in o.y of 1\'",111 . 00 ",."inued in OnUl no,,'
be.,
"".,.. '''''n ,he I\.Ift.h,'e c.n

:d
"",0"
up in d""m,t"' >rruclu ...... like I"'on " " _
. .n),," ,
inn> '
n..,. litm'. "",,"u, ing ,,f .I""" a n" ti"", <,.,.t."
,h.,
,~ress d,.,.."",-.d b), R"wnJ B.,H,... , " It is ,hi. SlOT)'

",hi<h ho",.. fi M S it",,1f in """'. ".rt I" ,."",' ,ic '" ' h, .ig_
nif"" f(O, ",hich it i , no,,' ",,,,ofy 'o.' f~'1d ,,f di'pl"",,,,,,",.
, ... (on,"'u"" . n'ega""it)" "', ' S.i" , 'o.' f.I1" .... ".,'d",:"
H""" ",,, ,..,J.b\t, ,'wn ,n it; .",o;guili....
fi lm
u. ,,, ~ d "I""' )' "'' .... '~n n,",';,... and , in" m"'"
form . In 0"" ""0)" Gm"",
>i ,~' by carrying
h",he, ""rt .. n po-ind p b,~ t .... ric.li,, '~'" .00 ' 1"" '"
'''''' 01,.-. <1)' a' w"' ~ in f):-drl,
rrin<ipk... re , ... ,ub_
ject 0/ """"e"''''" "" ...., In ,he "",I S<Xti<>", ! .10.11 '''uesl
"" .... Gertrud ;S {",'ssi,'. in
"'.y ' in it; "mpi i"""
A'In ,he ",he, I.'e Dre).. , lilm" filmic ,,,..,., .,,<1 to"",
<omt> fo,,,,,,,1 on c.:,lrud "'". u,, 0/ i",d "l uol' n."." '~
mot ;",,'ion. Thi. permi" t ho.' pl .,)' 1<' " '0 "" di..,,,,,od lrom
it< "..,rf""",nce, 'hifting 0<>' "",'n';"" 10 SI),",,' '",.li,'eI), indepeOOen' ,,,, 1m, 0""" the .h,ft ho. \>'. "n m od e,
the film c.n fo"'SrouOO certain fisu_ lro", lhe 1",0<1 igm
of the , ,,",,ie.1 cinem., Bu, r;.,"ro" ;, 0",)..,.-', mos' ,.dic. 1
n""u",. Iiz.>'ion i, mo", st), lized
nlm in ,he ..
'Mn O,'e' ""I""" .nd ,he proc=; 01 '1"""""" rnon..
"'WON ,n unp""'oden 'od e,Mu<ti,'c.",, , One"", ""')' he
,ho,.
10.-,,,,.,,, ""..
n-..,,,.
"-.,,ho,.,
"" pee'"
h,"'''''
C,'RTlitID
tho" ,,"Iy "" p"s<"t>!~,"'1 oystem '." , iled ' p'"W",.lIy

with i" lho" na fral i,..,. but in il. 0"'" ",","ipul.1 'k>n uI , ~'
and
' he r"m I. Y' ba ... _ with S",.t h ,..-dom . nd
. ,b;'''ri''''''_''irtu>lIy ,l\c ,.,.'ire cl..>ssicol modd <)/ <inc
mat;' rep ...... " .. '''''' .
G<71ruJ me.. ures it. d i,tone. from 5OOe rb<rg'. origin..1
pia)' 1' " ..,,", tnal are I, mih.u to u. in"" OWl , U,ing
",,,,,, . '"1;0' ,.kos. the f,lm' , ",mo" """ '<me n,, em
pha, jzo in ""'''' obviou, ""J" the , hot 'patio.
Cert. in sholS ~.II "" ' "' "'''
,o"'ro,.1 u ni' ,>I
'" "',w tho]
mu".""'n l rn.,k, ""m,;,,, "","",s. F",
in,to!K'< ...... hen G<rtrud ";ngo in Erland' portment, tl\c
~a me,a .wins' in from 0 long .hot to 0 """"iurn . ho' of
them., ,he piano, ,hen sri,.l, back out , LoI." "'hen Ger
trud ;. uoo ....., ing, lhe camera ,res a rounJ ,he doo,,,,,)'
t hrough " n;.n ,he p.>"",,, . oo , ubooque " ,l y spi,. ls . ",unJ
' '''' ri' oo, . , 'he ",,,I..., ,....,,""" ,hot had. 5tylistk.lIy,
Gmm" ,I.., "" ke'S u; notit< huw lhe Iong-t,k. CO m" ..
mo,' em"""~' "'.".,. in'ernally, a, ,,'hen the ca mo,.
" acks back '" ""'unJ tu "''''', "" m plon'" rn.><" (,I action, Withi" the run te. ! of the k>ng I' ''e, the action ~"'t<
.. gonen ,"" b)' the th.."trical d.,' ic~ of
d<;
choJlPi" g up the >ctioo by the . mll"'" or ."it of J (h.lTJ('
'e" A classic
",""U,.. in .ho '~, " 'lI< n ,II< .m,'. f,
" i.i!. a nd r..~ ", < 11
,~", htu ' o ,ub
divi""'" ,4 .h" .t.~
'i,.....
,"<,t"'",,,''''".
<."".,.
I"ist.,
""'.-s_
i,,"."'"
'" CU",,', ,,,,,,,,,,,.11
In oH""
,he.tric.li,. lion ,u'1"""" 'h"

Inge' , 00 old !>Jrg." ... lk '0
0..,11 ",he, a ft., ,,,11..,, , ,,-, '''''Y c"",,, ,hey . lowly ",alk to
.,,~ /"'..,....,., ,t.. I""tot, ""pping in "", in ii,,><1 f""'i.
tk>n. and -d,.in ing to'om h ,kiog" ~... h "' h ~'. The . ho'
. t.nd. ou, . triking!y in Onkl, and it 100... furw..-d ,,, ,he
d,"~ i ""'" princip ..... <)/ Ct,I,""', th<.tric.lizatk>n, D",)"""
I." f"m d n,'," 'h<'
,he p"' ,'~,u. work
a
R<,," ","'C".e, tt..' "" n';' of th< "I"'rionn.nce'" of t.-t "'' '
w<} ", ,_",,, ' ,
"r OWl , In "n< ,hot olOrael,
'0
""Ii<o";',,, ,,/
m','",
"" ""'''S.
No", .,,,,,,,h ',' nd,
. ,,, ..,.;,. t;"n , 11,.. "' 1"".,;.-', de _

li""", of tt,~ 10","
fi"'ro'Y
ul the Ia,,
gU' ge, is ,.11..'<1 '0 our
in "" 'eml ""Y" A. t l>..'
a<", d,,,I>im hey mol, Ii"", ."en,p' ' 0 stu , 0' " al}'
rhythms n" " "I"'ti<.lly, Th. f,"" ",,,,,,,nUy " Od ", I' n '
S"'~"" p, .-f""""",. , eh" ""t",> md'" f..,""'" od~ ,os..,s
(at tho b.mq uetl '" reci'e poem. (.he ,tudents, G.rtmd).
The film'. u'"" " I me"",ry mot;".t.. the ch. ,dCtc,,.' d ,,.
ru"ing each ",""y'. ,,>ict.. (Erland : " I-k>w " 'cl! ) '''U " "'g")
~, ,,
""""''."""Ii""
'II '''''
fl:o""
'""i,
171
.00 qu"ting Jeh <>the, to . ""h oth"" .W" if some cha,...,.

(Gabrirl , " Ye<, tn.t ."und, li ~e m<").
Now, simil.,ly ge" ure ,oJ figure "",,,,,,,,,,n' fu",'t;"n
ocoo"'l'<'n)" in a musbl """'"', the .I"",d )' "}'h ,,,d d~
Ij,,,,y. Sitting, ,,,,oo ing "d ' itting a gai n build up
" .... dy, "'."eli" '~ y'h m ..."..,.. """~ "",ne. A """,'Clsation
"". haw no "">I'._n" un ti l II", '''''Y e"d, as " 'hen Co.',trod eoo. her talk with G u,t"" by relng tu
,I>c run
quc" lou"S", '" ",1\"", n'~", dram. ,ic.II}', Gab';.,] hrw ...
down into _
>t ' he <Io><.,~ hi, taf k with (".""",d . More
o!!~n, ~.,.' u
pune,u>!e s]X'<'<h, Kahuki-Ia, hi<m . 5hot
1<>,,,
Q 'rtn><l 000 Gu",,,' in 'hei' 1",1", wi,h he,
, ;!ting" tho] d,"", " 'hi!c he ".00. bo>.ide her, hi> "Ibow
"';ti "g nn hi' ""moy <"">t , Cesture, 'y"oma,ic.lly """ k
the J i. logu<'
G",I"" . irs on Ih, <dxe of 0" "''''. I "Why d id ),ou br.,.k
up with h im~' ,
CmrwJ Nli,.. her ","ud,. I "Lc~ . not d i"",.. it ."
G.""" ricks "P ,It(
r<rl. I "'N". ir, . 11 0,,"'
1<.. 1"'1;<'
'0
Ie.""
,,",,w.
..,.
<iga"''''
no"' .. "'
off"."
G","'" Iwb
up. I " , . . You we",. f"", .00 indeI"'" d"" , wom.n , 11'. qu i," d iffe",,,,-" , G",I"" pul'
Jol~'IJ II.. dg~".tr, prt ()Ol rill fi ... llint. I
Ct,I",' "",1, I "[. i ' ~ ' I
G.sl,,' """'" IIi> '""U/ "." shv"lk, ;liXt.ily. I " Bu' "I
rou,,", it io. Why do you laugh?" ' ''[ unly 'm ile
when I 'hink 01 aU ,00." who I"'rmi! ,hem ""I,,,, to
"" '",00 ",,, "'~ s",at
I
.",W"8
Gu. rat. "';;, " Oh," I
Gu;l"" risn ""d ",Iu",. 10 I",,,,i"g "" In,
d",,', ,,,1;;08 " ul"oJ up. I "H.w" y ~ u ",-",n my brid c. ",r
"Y.,. ," , wrlru'
lv, ",",,01, d"d "''''S 'h' ...... 'SP'I~'
/",~, "In ,he hall," I
Gusl .. , """'" f>rl sliSWy. "'Tll<m~ P''",'' I G",," ~
,,!<,,,, Qui ""me riX/,I.
Slight tum ,h i!!, of ga,,,, ."",11 "",,,,,,,,,nt< <)/ ,he h,oo,
_i n ""''''''' , the ..., bo."",,,," fo,,-J clem" " " '" ,., ""..Jg<'"
i"'" ,he fl,,", ,,/ 'dlk, n ~' d,unng d di, t,nce' he''''""n tc,,'
.nd I'<,,ronn.,,,,,,
"Why m u". d;" k'!\"" !iCe"" he rounJ h> ,h<' id,
""" cith... , ""'" ,h<, p""pk' i" pft)~k ," ", s On(' """ ",ith
hi> bac~ ," "",'<1 .",uoo' Th., ~ '. )'. , ~ ,. '"I"I '"' ~ he'''',,,n
dC'"'' ' a n ,"'ily b.' "",hed ,.. t. In. di.l. >gue ,",one.
Mh foee, . ,.,' ,m p""""t.'" Dn')w t""cho]. "pon a ",~ I>..',
imp,,".n'
G<71rud', ,,,,,. ,OCaliza,ion. Wt..',e ..
."i,,,,"
c.',,,",, ."",.
'"'"'<;I
"."t.Js
'.m,
0."
,ha,
t""
a,p'''' ('/
t7I
"","JJlIH>
,'.,w,
o,wt "tili,..... 'he ~gun...' pmf,Ie . J>d ,~"'.. ~u ..... ~

to
~ mn,;oe,.bIe e,"'n', Cn,,,,d i",;,ts "" f""'tali'y of figu",
figu"" m<We
"'ill """",Ii""" 'urn
posi'ion ,
slis!>tly from u . but ""Worn do .hey com< '0 re,t in any'hing
front.1 posture. from ,he '-'ry fin' >hoi, Gu,p"n from
ta,.J>d Genrud f"", u".J>d ,he oeronJ
0 ""' to ,he o<he'-acn" ,he w . )' bo;>th f.vo, u, ",it h the
lulif..:. ".,w, Ev.n tOough fig""" ,urn U... i, t>.o<):, to o.och
o,he, (., when E,l.IJ>d rebutt. Genrud in 'tl< p.r):), ,hey
di.pl.ly thei, f""", '0 u . Indoci, w. might lax., ,he .,mud ... di.play ..! in the ombeddc..! a" ",o,ks- ''''' Venu.
... , ... , II,,, laP""ry_a. "'P'-""'''';''& 'his fron,.li'y moo'
classie.Uy, in I"" fLgu", of ''''' frontally view<d nude fem. l.
'''''y
w...,,, '''''
bu'.
.hot_.
(fi~. l UI. As- in, in ,h;, """" " .
'''sh' ;hifl> ".00 "'-'. Af,.,
, .... S<'<"ond 1"" ): .... n<'. ,,~' . . . " to ...'" ,..., p<ofiic of J'''''''''
and of G.briel, And the fin al ~e ga'he .. ro"sOl~ ,ab l "
lOre< ,,'hen 'h<
d.libera",ly 'um ,h<;, ba.cks
to u.!fog. ll). (Thi, chanS";' . "ticip.>,ed by ....""", " m
b<dded ar' wo,k lhe I"in~"g in fogu", t1, " 'hieh "",om
p<On," Gabtiel', pie. 'hot Gertn.rd "''''''' Ii" w iH, him "Oy
the .. 0,"1 In gene.al , Oo"","'e., fronl,Ii'y aSS"",. ,ho, ... "h
ins is hidden, thol ,hi, 'pect.>ele ove"ly k""p' t"" 'P'-"lator in mind,
,f
,iort i"
i, """ """" P"'""u".,.,.j
,ho" i" Ofllr1, wh>t putpr'lS'" d"". i' ,..",e' The film', ob.... siV(' rigjJity 1"'",'.0.. ,ho, "..!r><ed ground 50 -... ..ry
10. lhe '1"" '''''''' w . .. . mined in Ih< la.. ch.pte . 11><
iong "'k~. 'he
m;s,..,..,-Mi'n. '0
ddi",ry, .n~ 'he ",... of p"""uatio"ol so"u",.nd fronl,l
ily y.,kl t -kground again" "'hkh ''''' film ma)' lor ou,
. ltenliron on'o ,he minu,ioe of con ... ",i"",,1 dne"""ie "'p..... " .. 'jon, T" S"-"' "' e,"'n' ,ho" O,-,h,. 'h i' fiLn on
1~izL< .nd ,hu, t>I,"n,~ tile cLo .. ic.1 ".na'i," ci""", .
11>< a"'hoIogi<al quoli'} 01 '''''"'' "'"ie.,,, ..... , .'ready
hr,,,n ,uggested by Noel 6ur<h .nd J"'lI'-' D""". T""y mJin
(ha,.,,,...
tI'I.,.'ric.,i..
Ct,,,""
"",ric,i,," ,,/
_""Ion,,",
'ha' w.,,""
,,>;I,..
t. in
"derons'rucl>" trad itkm.1
,,1 . hoII
f....... ,hoI and I...... cutting, of 'hfff-dimensional
,~ , and 01 celt.in com.:," mow"",n". Burch and
D"",,',
;nformr.'<l 'hi< d.opt .. in woy. which
will become ""jJen'. My ars",,",nt, htno'.,w, dille .. in
!lOOp", Or-r<c of 11,,-';, poi"I>_ CnIIUd' ub>'e~ of 'h"",
dim<n<io"a l .por:. -...."" '0 me ""i""ift<d, I","'; .. i,
i, upon on .ump'ion ,ho, CLo""",,,1 litm ..... k;"S ;. "illu.ioni .. k" (. concept ",hkh I "'g.rd .. pIOP""",'ic),
Moreover, Burch .nd D.n. do not """mine '"" .nti",
range of ""'hnique. ",hich
."thologiz.-., I , .... 11 'ry
to ,htno' ,h., oot only"""'" "",vemen' .nd rutting
",i,hin ''''' "'-''''''' bu, al", 0'1'1", editi"g d",Keo, I;gh';ng.
C.,nero p'"iHon, ~Lo"",," . nd ,he u>< ,,/ .'>und ~'" Loirl
b"", in ,he routS<: "f 'Ile film , Fi.-...ny, . l'",>ugh Burch and
Dano ",f., to p"rti,...nt , .. its of '"" film', 'r<"'m, ''''-"Y
"""'''',''' .pify the .. t,.its 'y'tema'ic,lIy. Th<' impt"i'
""",.1 fm ,hei, ""so), is 'h,' of tile .",Iy';'; of """"""PO'
f'ry mu,k, bu, one need only gI.nce >t Soule,', di,>t'(oon
01 I..< Soc .. du pn'n'''"r< 0' Bobbitt'. analy, i, of M.,....I
,.,..", '0..,.,
Burch.nd Da"" <10 oot demon,tra'e Cn'",d', "va" .nd romp!<, ne',,'''''' 0/ "",,,."ing ele"",nlS,'" My argumen" lhen , _ b to ,htno' ,he ')"., .... ,ie
ex ..... u"i,.. ~ of too... dla,ion, Iha l folio ... in ,he ... , ke of
,'''' film', ,p ...,""'.,
Like O,-,ht, w,',"d di,,,",y" one by on<, con"."oono'
figure. 0/ dko"P"S' ",Lo,iron. _ ,""
w.y. in ..-hieh
"am,i", may be 'lticuLo't'<l 'hrough editing, The film',
wo.k on 4fu"'!"'8' ",'Lo'ion, begin. "",iSM.",>), ., lhe
",,-.1 of
".n,iliono. w.,1Ud "p"n. ",i,Oou,
a lod.-in.nd .nd. ",i'Oou, lode-out; .imp!< ruts op"n
and clooe ''''' film. Diosel,.... luno:holl ",!ely '0 "gn.1
fLo,ht-ks, and "'en ,""n minute d ille,ences.", """ked:
''''' ron' fLo. ht-." k u., .. quick di,ooI ...... , ''''' """,nd ,'.ry
"", ... one<. Wi,h,n the film, oc.n< '" joined by cu' from
.'''''y "".
Ct",""
,ha,
,.rioo.
"""""-'0--"""""
"
. -,
f
Ii '
rtfli
!~
"
construction could be found ,han it. . . ndeocy to cite

."",,,,,,,,OnS only"""': I.... moment< when G.nrud .nd
Erland', ,ffai, i her""t<d with Gu.",,', ..,arch ror
the "P"" hou.., No' G"""utting bero""" no mol'< im
po".n' ,hon other cla"ical ,,ji'ing ftg""" _Indeed, ~""m
ing
''''0 ,hots ",i!l,in '"" .."'" 10< .., m.y b< 'poh. lIy
P"";m.lte (i,~" "",,"linS no o'''rlapping ."' ) or .pa ~.lIy
over"'pring, "'e fond that "'""'Y ,",.. ie.1 edi'ing device;.
(I>o"',"... r .pa ringly) in ,he foIm.
P""im.~ cut>.
In O"""t, during In
<~i klNrth, Dreyer rut. from on< portion of.he parlor
to .nother, ",;.I>out cllarac ....... gl.""", ..."ring rontinuit)'.
The ... "'" 011>."" ........ in
,hoi of 0"" ."'. (of ,he
K.!nnings' porto., of. ,he loungo) wm he j""aposed ,,i.h.
shot of ..,,~h.',_
lI'ilh <y</i"", >itol '.... ~'" ,Itolo"" tyo>!in, ",,/rh o
I. N""_l>'i"' 0( 'w', At 'h"", poi nts in ,he film . D",)"r
h<,,,
,n.,
,it,,..
S",...
"
,he ... " bl.Jek (WI'" of ,I\<, f..J ~ ou'_ 1':01 until ,he begin.
ning r>I ,t.., "ory .. , ' ""',"" . .... ""
to. fuIHI.:dg.:d
f.d."'u~f.~Hn . (Only O"'Y'>' wo"l~ make of ,hi.
IIac .... )..,.. ".,,,,itio,, from d.,."" .. to light, ""';Or fOJm.1 J
""e n") Th n., 101m 1 hd.-m ,'Y I.)'. out ,I>< .. ng< of d,,
,,,. , "P"""'"''"'"''' d,,"W:es-cut, Ji.."I,'., fad.",
CullinS within the >Co"'" p"""nt ",ritabk' "'P'''''''Y
<JI <1.0" .., 1 fog""'" \\'1><,,'" O.,u, ."".... "'<1 ;Os ",,""0'
tati<>M wi'hin II,,, ""'.Uy ,>I' O"'yds typ;". , ,1"''''''';''11
<on"ruc'io~. Gn,,,,J d"""-,,, ;,..,11 'hi' oomforl. Fur virl u_
oily til< ~"" ti_ . D .... )..~ fi lm ;0 no' p",ji<.t,..! "pom
O""5<"tt;",; . 1':0 ~"" '."
of Gnl,/'s . ,.,t..>lugi<.1
''''''0<1
.,.;d."""
Wi,,,,,., 'JI'rl'' ' ',

c..-,,...j,
ci,,,..n,, r.mil;", ,hot""'o...,,,,,,,.n.! "yeli""."'.",h

d,,,,",,,". In .0" r,r;' """ion of 'hoi film, G",.,,-. nd Go.'"
,rod d i,",u" "'-~ k>,' rrai,. n.! D",ye, ruts he'"""n
,t-., 'wo ,"",.-..:1< .. (li19'_ L\-I~). The", is problem,
"'>we,'."" " 'hil,, Gu,t.l" is looking" !>er. it i , "'" clear
",!>e,!>er.1>< is looking" him . The ...'COnd Insta nce of
,M('"" -.",, ,,,.,, .nd
",."hing
in ,he
'1'"11""
occ",.,
,.. GeM""'"
bo"'l .... ""n,,,., w
o,hall _
'~ i ,
1""');0 .. d",,,,,
.nd """,. <"n""ohon,1 in 'he d ire<'"'o "I gl. """,_ .\

simil" oyoline-m.t<:hins eii"". occurS w h~n C~"rud
,inl\> 10' the dce"h."""IIo,.
2. lWnl of .....'. Whe", .. Otdrl u.ihZl poin o/.v;"w
"""iog
poin . Gm",d withh"ld.
point.ol."';'w runing among characte" until the "ery
10" ,ho ... IV"'-", G<rtrud bid. 1.'."'011 ' 0 Axel. ohots 01
he, looking off.t him . Item.to with
<>I him_n
from he, v. n ge point (fig" 1~16) .
Ov.d. pping cuh. Shit;';, Ju" 001<1 "'..,,,..,. .nalyti.
c.l oditing fo< the ~"" 0/ Jorun ...... "Iking with tl>< child
M.ren. C;mrud ulil;., .. it d Uring ... mil.!, ",.ne. ",n."n
G<nruJ aoo EII.nd ,i, OIl hi, phono ber.ch (fil\>' 17_ 19).
The "'il" lrom
to ,hot ' '''.
quit. ",,,,,,,,hi"ge
Dne)W m"mwh,.. " ,I.nds 1""ition by <m.,i ng ,1>0 is
of octk", . Drry., . Is<> ,,"'" Unw "in"'''''
in 'he film :
the ""w'l"per am",,,nce,,,,,nt 0/ Lidman', .mvaL Lid
"",n', ocribbIo.xI . putlwgm ,oou, ",-"",-",,', 10",. ond G<,trud '. poem . All 'h"", ilem, .re ident if"'; ., objec" 0/
G<nrud', look. Af"" from 'hei, func tion, .. in"a,",,,, 0/
,'.riou, fi'p""'-'fi",~,". j 'Y"..,ms. ,he
cle"",ts".
in.." ..."
"",.bly "'"'I' hy .. k..... nd ," old o u' wi,h un
u,u.I rel;'/,
I"", ..,.,......
.00t,
.hoo.
hoo",,,,....
,OOt,
'h"'"
j"..,
OJi""'oc.
1. T/r, 'fro"" cui: " Whe" a charac'er ..... , .... 'he I,.nl<:,
cI ...icol p,actice ofton eoo. one .hot wi,h the body
haUy "" .... , one f,.md i"" ,,00 boogin. the """
"'ith the!xxiy croo'ing ,he oppooile
e ntering
""'" 'i"<'-' rfigs_ ]()-21). The", ~'" .. v~,., .",h <u .. in
'h~ fil m . ,0<1 tI",), <li'pl.y. con,jd",.bie ,'or"'y. BUI'<h
alld D.n. point ""I:
A ""o/rl Ji"i......... ",II Or II,""" I.:h""". ". lit< '-"'"
1",.
.hoo.
;"''''''Ii....,.
""nJ.
.h, fr.""~ "'"i"'-""'Y """''' Gmrod.rn-' r<fk<!....III<' kft",i,-,1
i""' . k"',~'J, ;1.-", ~.
;h, .. ,. ""
j" "
R" 4J"'"'i",~ ""'w',oJly fn"" ,ISill 10 kfl, " .... I""J/y

" -",I,,,"S I!I" 1""'-'" fn.., ,/r, I'ft ".". on lit"
.~/r<r /rond. OM i. "'/r.ich ill< <>;1> '" 1/" ,Igh' '" 'he
",im"~.,.j ....1~.'1'" "" "" kf! ;n I'" ./rol 11r"1 fo 'II",,~. A
"",lit" dilfr""" ""'JI br _mtd h-mwn
wllilh
1"-<1"1""'" fnr",,..,ltl ,xii ",,,II """'.-igh, ml""'"
""d .""IIre, u>!ri<lt iud"l'n ~ kfto .. rd ",II ",.11r "" "".
I","" from I h, rilir t. "
I-I<re ,he mirror ""n., '0 bfi' .he Jev"" 0; Iron",
cutting, just., i, will I,,,,, . " i" in """.li ng ,he imf''''.
ld n<c 0/ gl.", in ,he f,b,,_
f"'''''
"",1,"
2, n.. ","kh "" rlCl"" . If we <OIl,id'-'l the fr.".. """

" ]'d "'" t)'P<. 'he", I, OO1ly on< genui"" mooch,," oc
bon i~ U"" film, In I~ b.>ng"'" lounge, Gu,t.>. , its
down on a >of. 10 lalk with Ger.rud, .00 Drryc'
m'lc ...... his mo,'""",n' acn"" 'wo ..... ," (g" 22- 23).
The . inguhority of ,I>< de,';"" (a. well .. i,. ,n.",gr. l u i tou,~,) ' ign.al' its ci""ion.oI q u. lity.
The e. hau"i\. ,,,,,,, wi.h " 'hi<h '1>< .. diting c,,",..-nt"'"
. re P"-""'"t.." "''''''''' "'en .he ronge of 0""1. (Had C<t.
"raJ i",lud,od mont,S" ""luellC< , ,I>rodigm
" 'ould b., """pIi'''',) Out mono import"n'. Gm"'" 8<><' On
to .nlOOlogiLe far mo", 'Nn , imply ,,,,ling d,'vi<e'. 0""
lime. de\'i<~, of Ii&hliny,. ,,",""""" 'o,k, gIonc ..., .nd
><lund . .... ", hibil.,,; one by """ I><y >r,' d.t.mHiariZl .
The oombi .... ' '''Y ros'ibilit~'S .,/ ~;o<h [,g"", a", '"oeM QU'.
and ~ 'wy d~,'ic" is.t """'" poin' I.id b.>",_
cI.,,..,.1
0'
Con.id", for one thing. ,he 'Y"emati< ra"fIO' 0/ lighting

in ,he film, In ,ny folm. Ii&hling ,',In vary in inl<o;it)'. in <li n><h<.n. and in ,he """'iv.. ~," of its ... ,uroo. Gm"'" pre-"'n" 10' " .~n Iigh"ng'~" """",,1" in'ensi'Y in mosl ""'",.... of
",,"'''''' d.,~. in ,he >ee""s in E,looo',
0/
d. "hn6 .uffusion durin~ ,n." fLl. hb.>cko ,nd final o:ne.
Th< lighting may"""" lrom ,~ 1m.. , (fig_ U). Imm ""'hind
(Ag, Z31, '" from " .. ,~ .. I poin .... ",,",,,, n.c lish ' ",-,un."
m.y be mo'i".,ed n.",'i"ely (. I.mp. 0 c.ndle. d')'Ii&hl)
0' may rem. in unmoth'a.ed (,he glowing "".11" the ]'dICn
of ligh' 'hot how,," "" ,he "P<">'ry). l~ fig, 7.) Such a
ranI!" of lighting would not ....." "ery impo"anl if Dreyer
did not i""' .... ntl)' " 'm ind u, "I 'he <h" ... ..,.. m.n ip"I.lion of li~ht_ In hi' 'p.>"",,-'nt. J, n""" g<)('S I(}' <1><" ond
graYely I,S"" tt", <. n~ le, l><1"",. I.."..d ""' ... (fog, 26) , A,
,h., ,10" .,/ a long S>n<'. G._I li~ht' the candI",
.long;id .. ".,,,,,,ds mim,..: wi",,, ,I", """ "" i, """" " """
,he 9u;,Uy ,,,tinsu i,h,; th,.". rfig_ 27). \\'1.,,,, c.,'",d
da;m , 'N' .1>< ligh" in '1>< ">u"g': On.' hurting hor ")"'.
Gobtid dim. ,h.. m. p.-,intin8 up ,,,,-, .hil, t( , 'he odge ligh'ing of G<rt",d. foguf\'. Tn su,h '001" D"'yer. ru""""'ry
gIowing-w. 1l lighti ng i. ;O<coml"ni<d by .n e>.pIo"'1on 0/
the "ario", "")', in w" i<h ligh'ing can ,h."., ><.nogr.phi<
'),":0, When sp<>t. "f ligh ' Sharply ,tri~ e G<nrud'. f"""
f,om no d iscernible ....... "'" (fig, 18). we m " " attend '0
Iightingas de"i<e. a nd G",' ,.d m.~'" monif"'l how lhose
d,..,i<,,>.,,, no,m.lly ,,;oed in ,ho d.,s.ic.I nOITati", film
C,,,,,,,. , .. gle. w~ "')'. c. n boo ,I" ight-"", h ish. or low,
C. "",,, di". ,..,. c. n "'T}' OCroM long , hot. loI,m -,mi,;';.,. ,
"1""""""'.
"
mHum 5hOl. ""'\Iium
<...... - up. OJ d ,_
"n.. '"""'"
- up.
ca n .1..., m,,-. r.",w."t b.ockw.rd, horizontally (p.! nnmg

Or " ''''dng 1, ,,,,.lly), veftkolly h ilting or cr. ning), in ''''',
<p; ., I.
ok em,".', . n' hoIos"'"
' ''''~~y
"n..,s". ,"il _
ingly ",r..,n we romp.!'" it< <. "",""'0<1< to Ohl<!' . M ""

Odw. Orokt n.rrowly
ito ,.ng<; of , '''''''" .ngle<,
di,..,,,,,,.. ,
,..,..tio:"
.nd
"""'0"""'''. c."",d,
ho","~~
'p"ringiy.
d;'ploy" wKkr ,.ng" of . ltem.tiv,"" TO.. carner "u~

high a ngle on Cu,t., or ErI.nd , , low angle on to. "-,,it
ing "udent. Came,. di,t.""" TOnge from " I",,,,,, long
S",," '" -.Jium shu" to ,,,,,,-ups_Whi'" II>< .r<:-a nd - p.!n
'"""',. mo"eme n" 01 Ord<t h,,-e no1 '-'m.h.... . tOe}" by no
mo,n. OOm in.>'e. n.. camero will " ",,1< d iagon.ll}' into the
m.rching .. tl<k n ... !rack L".rally down ,he banquet table,
. "d """. b.>ck I",m E,I.",ol ""'''''ing. or from ,"" t .pe"~"
r"r ,I", fiB' h"'" In '''Y D",!w ~ lm, II,."" i "n"" ,hot.
<am",. <",..,nS'1\o> ba "'lUCI hall .nd ri.ing '0 fr.me
t"" rna,," ing Slu.k" ,". b ..,n ttl<: ,,w '''''''''u' of mo' ing
t"" " ""'" "'h,,-,ugh" mom",
if ,he..,t "we.
doll""""" ~," " 'pI';"" "h.m Co:rtrud """'" '0 . ing f",
E,I,n<I . O'.pilt , ... d,, '~;,t y < ~ .u<h
d,~" .,... .
,h<' crihc,1 " riable " ,hei, p,u<ily ' """, ' n"'" '''' """.
cult" ""I)' """<', rIO"" ""-'''' Hu " . fo,., Ii"", . Again .. ,..,
"CU" " _ ' gnrund i''''''iJc<l b~ '''''''';''')''"'"''', ou,,,
t""
,...11,.,
" ""''''''0''
..,
CUlUUD
"
'e n,ion "'. o~' h)' II... d.",," i,,,,,II; " .. "" ,0., on';", ;;l m,
,"" di!v~~..
a ..,mpli ng ol ca"""a
mo,.."",' n " 'n,;,," <>I ,he
p.>,oo;gm.
Tho ~'.""';S. " w~ h..>w "",'n,' """""
tl,..
n.",';,.., ,;,,,,,,w. ,m! i' is
im_
portant 'han wh,,"n '"'0 <1Id ,..-,o,", ta'k. Thc
""n_
",I ..", upon ,he ron,'"n'",o ,ha, .'though
,he figu,,'S' t..-.:!." muS! be 1",,, ,,Uy ".,.;';'1"'-'<1 , ,he
m uM k",k" c'.><h othe,. B", Gtrr",J', in.;SIC"""
up',n (ronl. 1 or;"'",_","", del""". t1>o gLo'"'" in. ""W
",oy. C iwn ,1>0 ;"",10..,.""-',, P"""""" 0; ,1>0 ,ha<;""",",,
1,,01,. 1'< ''''01.'''''" "",
<I."".,
<1.>,.".,
"",,",,;on "'"n<"
<lid,,,,,,,,..
"''''1''"""".>1
""w"",,, "",,',
<I.,.".,
we auond "' ''J<Ofd irlolrily ck<ly to t""lf ")~'H"'-"', It i, no1

o " 'y '''''' char>C'"r5 ..,Idom look ,It """" otl"'" it i. nol
"''' " lhal ",he'"
eye, ",,-'<t 0' dt"!1ect it "''COrTI<.'" g'''R.>,h<" in c;.",,,d ,1>0 permotation. of ""'" tot"
m.oy ..ok . ,,' di,play'oJ with a
in ony
film , 0..., ,lIdr.>e"" I""", at anot""" bu, ''''' Iool< i, no'
","umcoJ (fig. l!I), 1""
p.>rtjc'p.l n" in ''''' d;"logue can
Ioo.;n "',"eral <1;11"",", di"-,<:I"',," (fig . 29_32). A eM'.....
' "' ,an roll one eyc uP"'"'' (fig. 33). 0"" clld ,,,,to, ""y
gaLe al 'igh l . ngh... to ,he other (fig. 3-1). Mosl rem. r'<.Jb!y,
" ." ron bo.' m.de u"""rta;n
or",
.dually
'0"'.
,""i,
ri<"""" "",'
,ha""'.....
''''0
whe''''',
<1,.""",.,
i, Iooki"~" ..,<>tn.', {fig 351, B~ slQwi"g 'o~ .... rr.' iw ~

.nd ,,-"iIricting tt.. m""-<1!- ~.n<! ,'<h~n;; <l<.~'''''' in tt..
film. !)n,)", ;..bIe '" fOT<STOun<! tt.. ,.ng< .nd numb", 01
gl.nces .t ,,'0' . (;".I",a "'f'O'<"I the ITad itkm. 1pow~" 01
tho gl.""" '" COO''')' ........... i"e me.ning .nd '" define """no
grophic unily.
The glil"l(\"lt !"U(t ~'" il ba,,"<lln til<: pcn uilirt'l;l IC 1(\<""
in .he film. G.bri<1 light, the c.nd.,..nd ot."" in '" .he
from h;'
mirror. g.zing.t tt.. .",. of the room he
".nt.ge poin'- Bu. from "" ' ".nl'ge poi"" Gort,ud is ...,,"
en,.ring the mom. ",fl<oet<od in tt.. miTro" T" .w ""'. G. bri<1 mu>I tum from the mirror (fig, 36). V ;"",,~"T .nd cha'd<to", ,h.l", " glance. hut ricochet,.,J one, The '""''''' col>< ....
" nly ..
ou' >;"'W. tayinS b.>,.., ,I>< p""'c, of ,he <1-... ..
""",,,' . n<! "","'. (0 gl, ,,,,,, 'OJ "", "u, , "'p" ,,,,,,"'",,,,, l
'1"""". A I."" ."'~ bo:.-<:oonn ."..,n ""'''' "'pikit: now Gabrid is ."",,,t. C.,rtruJ w.l., OW,); .00 only our obi,"""
S""" into h " mi"'>r d,_.ute.. h<.
(fig. 37)
All t _ fig" .... of ")'~'_(.'<! il i n;;. .,me,.",,, I...
~1'!lCl"-p"rt.i n 10 thE image """ Ione, WI",t oI..,und?
Dro)',,"', mm .bout mu,k;"", . ,hibit,. one by one, an .1m"." "'NU";"C ,,", .",, '" pu lblt ,I.....
All 'I\n " principdl 'YP"" "f ""uoo_'I'<""' " ' ",u,k.
""i",,_ou, in (,,,,,',"J . nd ,," ha,' t",ad), "'"" li>e ,'
",,1\' of ,ham"" , ,n,t",,,,,,nt,t>.m 10 whi<h tl-., f,tm', m o,i<
",th ,-",_",..,.n . n<! "If_",,,,,,n
"f >ound. Pi"",t >oonol (u.....l in mo.t "" ...... ) ;, rounl",po><"<! to the dubbed sound vf Go"md', tw" song """iou, in th<ir I...,k 0/ """" timb", .nd ",>on.nce, In IIx'm",I,''''' though. ouch d'i<", h.r.JI)" w.rnn' moch no,;':-".
c.".....,
,,"tid
'1'"'"
,pr..,.",n""" .,,,
"'u",,",
, i l>C~ it wouid ~ an ""'plion'! film which did not ;",Iudo

the .. pos,ibilitio."S, Mo", importanl . ",,,kul,, ol<menl>
focu, our artontion on .he ",undtrac.,
Gu.",,' .. )'. of Liodm.n', po<t,}, th.t "he ' p'"k, ..,
quieti)" that h< force'S U, to li,t"n:' ,00 the line;;. moIlo
for how G<TlfUd. 'pd r .,.",.. ,hrow. in lo f<~ id f',rticul.l r
:\(>n;c dnire>. Tlwrt <5, (,,''''''' thin~
fiLn'~ ",,,,,,,k.lblo:
cib,ion of tl-., t<'Chniq"" of Ihe "',-oia>-o"e, monoklg...,:
While Gu,l.v is , Kling in, c"""g"
he .. hi. "oic" d.....
ocribing h i' f,.... ling.' "Coming homo." from .he """,ting I
wa; thinking, , . :. Th< d",-;':-" oh.rp)" "'pm"," ,..ITO';,'"
poinl 01 "","-- onl), i" the fIa.hb.Kk~ do IW haw 'lI<h
monoklg........ nd o,,-"n 1110", il i, ,I,,"'" G..""ruJ add,,'S>ing 0"'" of n.~ mo.'" in th" I'"",,,nl. ,,, , I>< <.'ri.l~"
how~wr. Gu",,,' add""",", "', and in t hE j""t ' e"",_ i,e ..
fm",. poi nt .fkr.he narrati"" ..,h,m ha , ....... n oornplo','<I.
point
li>e timo> of '''',Iilm . Bu' "",,'h. ..,' "I,.. in .he
fi lm is Gu".v ident;f",d . . . poinH, f-,' ~'w ' h ....' "., .",t
rert.linly not .. one ""oll.."ti ng 'ho enti", plot on >Om<."
p",.. nl trame-,Iory. Sh..'<."rly .rbitr'f)-: the i""'ltion of Gu,t.v', com"", n",,}, tuoclkm, to quole, " it wo"'. the
dc,'"", onc< .n<!I< ....11.
I, .. oot ""Iv dialog"" lhal .,,,1. . ,,, in k, , ,,,,h "'I"",.
" ilo 1"'-' in,,&".'11 . "y,o ,,,S. "" uoo ",,<,,,",,,,,. ",u," p.>tpdbk:
pd,ad;sm. mu,,, 01":' 01, .. to "'. , m",k , In , ...'
rump.>") t ... act;"n . isnat; ng <h"act,'r;' p'y<"'''''S''ol
. .. "", '" . ",i<ip.>H"S ...moti n ... ,,,,,,,, . td .... IIy. the au"";"',
" f t ... mu, k
""''''.,J. (I
'h< ,ig"ir",."""
uf li>e f.d ... -;n .nd f.d ... -<out "n I...' """"d t;"'~.1 G<TtruJ
I.y, \>0", musk', u, ,,,,1 otmmpdnying fu nd..,., bJ' 'imi ng
trno
w.
""""".
"""id.
""''''>log'''''
<1."".,
' ' ,"Io.l "", ".,
i<o"""
"",nd to ><,ion with marked prea.ion. Fo, ",,",mple. Ge,

pl.y hi' r><>e'urne nd while we he .. ,
' rud..b ErLm d
''''' pi<.' ' ,,,,. S"''< '" hi' bo.-..I"""" ."d u"d ,~,,,,,, She h.s
staged hi' f""11orrnan", 10 """""'",ny 1><,. and the end ()/
lhe P""" coincide' with the end ,,( her oction. "The ten<len<)' 0/111< mu>ie to wn.um< only much tim<., the
"""ion ",",s, no fTlQr<>.nd no "' ... lI,rn, the
into.
"p""imen of """nd 'im.S" ",I.tion, chOf.><",,,,ti< of ,he
" ...leal d nc'ffi.1.
"The oij;n if""""" 0/ ""und in"ge pem,,,"'''o,,s in ,he
film i, d ... ",;t- a' w~ mighl ~'p""t -in the .... nos wh;ch
mos' di _ l)" fu,~gro. ' nd ,""und , 0 .... 'u<h " c..rtru d.
pert""".~ of oonS.t E,tand', aI""''''''''' ' He", the ~Im
plays overtly upon u"""ruin'''' .. bou, ,he ",und', 'p"ti.1
and """P<'"l "'0"". I. it .. ,u"d <1f Ifn.>m ' " oft""","
story .omw) or "", nd
(fmm , non,,,")' ..,uree)? I.
, he ..,.,nd in 'he p"""'" ,,, in .",. p"'"
We d iMOl ,'.,o. ,hot of Gert,ud w,' king do,,' n a cmridor .. nd kno<king o. ErI.nd'. d{M)f, whiJc piano mu,ir;)Crompa";". !W,. 00 ' "P"""'~'" is
'h<' mu.;c """""
I""" outside the slory, lik. p"''''.'u, pl. ,.",. "'anl., s he
rriwd "' ,I><
It i, only I.... in the AAoI. wl><n lhe
Came .. ",,,,,,,Is Ed.nd .t U... p;. no, th,t " ... ",.Ii,.' 'I><'
mu';" ,,, h.w o""n no' ."mnd "'~, b .. , ..,,,nd .>ft, More
d .."ir. U" . , 'he "nd ,~ 'he ""'''''. c..,rtn>d lui <<)mplded
,he ..,ng'OO Erl.nd k",k.. up. de"", ,he 0<0'" .. nd h.md, it
' " h..-."", "',., ni, ,'o;co , " How won you "'''g" ' The <on
" " , . .. u, '0 .,;um( ,ha, ",. Is ",)';ng ' hi ' t(, 1>0.; , in ' n"
n..h~ ."d ind,...! it ""1"i"-,, "''''tiny of ,he foIm
r,.me by lrame '0 "',..,01 ,hal hi. judgmen' is '" " ,., 1""'0,
made in ,he pre",n' o""ide the fl".hboK ' . The qu d d i. ..,Iw b>ck '0 ,I>< tr'm< si' 1Lllion in ,he d" ,,-'ve.. l. him
con,inuing hi.romrnenlS. A"h<' Iransilk,ns inh, .nd ou, .>1
,he H.shb.xk, Dreyer exploil< u"",'!.lin'''' ,bout ,he sr.'
,;"I,nd tempo" l ""'tee of ,he sound .
The .. me .".",e "",.,1, unu,u .. lly
m.nipulations
of ,he lin'ins 01 mu.;c du, ion." """S" durat""'. E.>,ly in
.he shot, ,he music: (off O<f<'<-"n or "''''?) mimic< Genrud',
mo,'"",",n" .,,,,,,rod II>< adrtmenL She ootIl<... io '0' 'rill
d(~,. n", mu>ie. ,'I, ,I><
ing melody. lVh<n ,he
8"'" ,,, ' he " 'irodow, the mu.;c "'.u'"'-". Bu, wl><n ,he
,top< b"sid. ,I>< pio",o, .he m uiir stop< again , A, ' hi'
poin', ",h< n "'. " " , I i " ,
ErI.nd ', pI'yi"g i. 'ho.' SOu,"""
of lhe !IOund , ,he pe'feel ly " 0,0<1 hoi" . ed '''',IS "I .he
muo;c,re re'ro.><h"eiy I.. nd in.d"'1""telyl "",,;, 1<-..1 . , .he
roIDpo>e" tryinS ou, Il><m"., jo" i n~ them down, " ln8
'0
"'<""
""<,
,Iu,
p.o'"
,"'at
''''f'O. ...
.h..l,
Duri ng Gertrud', I"'riormon of j.",.

,he came,. 'pilOts in lUw.nI ,he pe"
f(Kming '''" pl nd 'pi,.I. oul .goin . We h,,'e . I",ody
... n how, in ,ho.' .""'''''" of fig ure mo,..",-..nl, Ih~
mow"",,,t t;.ero,-n .. highly notioc."hk, Now we C. n 01>,,'" how l!w f"C" 01 ,n. move",,,,n' i. m,,,h.!ly ')'n '
ch"",i ,.d w;.h ,n. stru<t",, d ,he .ons. The oong i
son""', dividod int<> . ,i, !i"c ,t.lnz.> and 'wo q u" .. in .
The co"",.. "choreog .. ph,'" Ih. ",ns inlo Ih",, ...gm~n'"
othe", and '"
ott .
",,,', '"s< .."Mle:'
c.me".
EI"""lly ~'ingru
(hi /A..god
On .... ""'''' "'y
hco,'
Ira; ~ "'"Shl;
O"cr WI'< .'iif I

b< loody
In Ih. m,tdt of
",/i'fi<J fl.-",k.
Y""'
II", '"
/>urni.g h."d
May h.lJ~'i"N.<
_hme.
Th< d.rk I.. ,
formed . J""d
Thr nigh' no>
"'"... """"".
",1/
1I.ld,," , iI
m m.,
g~""
Bli"dinSIY.'ltil<
~"d tm.k>
n"
in
""os w,/I """",,d

"'y h""',
''''i"jul,
'.>'ti,
""d m.rl.
R<m""""n'"~ m~
"'i"m.~
'-"';"$
d.rk
f"dd
in ilS
".",!I,ng
TI>< '0"'''.'' i, h;ol~,-..I b,' 'he <.oonet. mo,'em"n', with

,he " lng'o mid,,';n' (line" i_8) ..,tving .... "'''ing 'po' 10'
,he c.. ""',. , Ilcf"", 'h i' I"'u, 'h< corne,a ha.lf>eked in l<>
,he pe,fo,,,,,,nce , its mo,,,,,,,.,n' Umed l<> hal, wit h .he end
of 'he st,,,,,.M a c_de"",;n 'he ,"u,;c. Ai'er th" I"' u"',
,he eo",", ..... rt, '0 ",m'< b.>ek "!I'i" , bu, mo'" <lowly.
now "-'luiting five lin". , .. he, .h.n fuu, '0 ",'urn l<> ilS
inil;"1 p<>'iilion, It i> prob.!bI}' on"""",.."., 10 add ,1>.1, ,ho>

..,ng" =<. 1 1;"" i xp ....i,.. ]y hood by''''' I><->g u,'
u, ' 0 _,.
eamera mm..,mon' , In , urn. ,ho> """,u."""
'end ,,, h"", ''''' image "''' be .)"",,"mn i>.<><l qu ite "" ......... 1
ie.U)" to sound duration.
'The f,lm', cito.ion of lhe accoml"' nying f",,,, bo,,. of
oon,=""',..,l ftlm mu,ic i> e,."n ckare, in ."" """"" in Itl<
lounge . 1"" lhe """'luot_ Off'",,_ n SOuod i, al.eady
" ..... ~ by , ... dialog"" ("Lowye, Kanning ho. fini,1\ed
hi' ,,,,wh"), When G<rtrud ",U, Co. to" lhol ,he "'.. with
he, 1m.." . he "')"' ha,sh ly' "No ",omon .hould be
ho"""''" A nis "'(on,.,"I. from off """en, tlw mu,i< of a
,'iolin and pio"., edge, in'o ."" room and ,he wi"ful
.... ludy ron. unde, lhe res. of ,hei, oonveTS.l'ion , "",tinu;ng .f'~, c"rtrud ho. left .nd Gabricl ha, en.ered . Gu,I ..
.nd G.briel talk in a de.ul,o,)" f.,hion , a nd . f,c, G._I
begins '0 .ell of 10" e,c nins's c"'"'p>d . ' lw men I"u.., ."
Ii,"'n '0 lhoe musk . hll audible in ."" J ist"""" , W""n G u,
~'" Ie""",, ''''' mu,1< ",op> , Tlwn Gertrud " "n""Hnd bo
gin. toch ",~h G.briel. Again, juot . s he begin. hi< 'ale
of la" nigh'" IMny. we ""a , off"""",n mu,,,, , "ring
quonel.nd p"no pLlying Ja n,,,,n', "',>,."nm. de ," Again ,he
charac"'" ro"" "on' "" Ih. sounJ, onJ agoin ., C._I
.nd c"n,ud .. Ik, , ....... ],,,"'holy music """omp,ni<>s
ioc", ingly ""-" .. ,,,,n.~ )' roM'O""'ion_ By 'he cod, ""b,,,,
.nd ""und . '" I"'ofectly 'y""hmni>.<><l , 11>_ "'1""";"" of
.ho "s,.",n.d."' melod)' rome to , c"- .. C.b""l begin'
to bre.k i",o .oo.:
,ho Ll... rh,.", of 'tl< metod)" hc
hul'l"oes out; he coJ. ro""lud.,., Co"",d i, Iof' looking
off ",,,,,,n , when ,I>< .. " no'" i. """rd , ,he .ho, end. , In
n.fT.li,.., term . he N"'!uN.k>\mse .,..,,'" el.hor>t", upon
C.'n,ud, "" icon 10 th ....
lhe
men in he.tif<o, Ru '
in term' d ci""mo& "'p",..,ntation, ,he off-....... n mu,ic
")"' bare lhe em<>lon.al cudng and ."" p"'";,,, lim ing of
m".ic in.he c....;c.1 ci"""", This film . hou' muskia", is
no 10... ,
foIm mu,l<,
1(,,,,.,
,hol,
,h,>;.
.f""
"f
f,,",
.1>"",
All ,n.", P"'"'u,,",;'m. 0/ codi';"S, ,"i~ ,,"". ~.m

.. , W(),k, . nd S()l.,nd ..... 'SO . goln .. 'ho 'p" '" Nook
S"",nd ". ''''' Iong ... "".nd o' fron 1. rigid fig"'" b"h.!\'.
~". Eath '~"'8"'Y ..... "'" m.>nif"" Gn/""f n'hoIogicaI
.m bi.""" , \\'e can find one mono pie 0/ ",'ido""" fOf
.uch . ml>i:io.>n., \.iko OtdPl , Gn/,"d rot". in. a ""''''' " 'h;,;h
h ,"" 'p,lio-iempo .. 1form .nd !liHT"i", 10"" , In th~ \\on
q"'" honoring Cab",,1 Lidman'. return, fllmi< "'p",.. n lo
.ion ope'."" 1o artic ulate n.",.'i,-e "rudure in 0 cla"ie. 1
f.,h.,n , An introd"C1o,} t,acking ,hot coo,," down .he

. nJ , i... '0 ITOme 'tl< <n"."", 0/ "'" m.n:hin~ ""
dent>, A. 'im", independent of figu,", rna,cme,,' . Ii"",.
following. figure (footm.n, rn.",he,,), lhe c'""," ,u"'oY"
.he o,'."II.pacc of ,ho boo",!"" h.lI, Fu, onc~, tho charocIe,,' fro" .. 1J'O"i.ion ", ",ol;,&. lIy moti,'.led, 'Il< dining
t>bl<> 1o"", Ill<m '" ,it , ide by .ide , Fo,on, ,he ,,)' lizro
Jel" '.'Y i. jUSlifoed - ... public feCi",lOon a nd ,ho' orhl
pomp, A, he end of 0,*1, edihng u.utl" lhe long "' k~
(one!oorth of ,he f,lm', .ho.. ,,"ut in 'his ~) , 'The
t"di'i ng is almos' 01"'0),' """ ,'.nlion,lIy correcl' eyeti".,.,
.nal)'tical "'t>, . nd s.hof",,.,,,,,,-shot pat"-'m< olw.).. """
here. (Even
in",,,ed
of you ng bk)nd.
",.,ching ,he p"""""'il\&>. ,up posedly f",m Nl<on)' . od
".i"",,,,,. pos< no pt'<)bk:m ,,'hen "" ",,,,,,mb,,, the ci"'ul"
m","", _""",," 0/ ,ho chamber .nd . " ign .hem places "" ,ho
m;"ing Iounh "'oil ,) During G. briel', add""" hi' gLlnce
.hif,. ron,OJ."bl)", bul thi> i, moliv, red by 'tl< p"",,-,nce 0/
off""""o lis""""". S'),li>.<><l lighting (the ontl<ipatory
Jimmrng of ,he room ligh'" .he torche.) and sound ('ho
00)," ,hy,h", ,,, """g ond , ... Ioi.de" odd ..... ' ) fund"'" to
"'P""""nt. ,\)'Ii,ed c."""on)', hen the " le,.1 "ock do,,'n
, ... ta"'" '" Gertrud ;' ju,tifoed , ,he c.""". catches II<r a.
. f><' ".,,, '0 /wI f. in' , Tn ,hi, c.... ic.l ly-<""Mn><'ed ..,..
q "'l O<'-', 'poc< .nd 1m.. opera te ,moolhly to . u... in
log;';. A, in 0,*1, .och. ",ene ron";'o"," ",'urn '" nar
rative legibility,
S""'"
.wo
.hoI.
"""'.1'1
,.u..:!
The impt"""'" diffe",,,,,,, from Ordt,. howo\""" I" . io

,he p<>'iih,m of.he "'-'G ",-,,,,,e , In ,ho carl " , film. 'tl< align_
men. of "'''tali ''e and <:inc",,,,, .pacc and .i .... c..... . t
,he film' n<! , <un,umm ing.1I< mi.o<u",", do, ",,,. lIu.
Q.t",d "fWr' no .och .. ti.f""lion in lhe "'-""" "'hic h
"",lOgos Ci""",",,;,; "'p""",nta.j,on nd '"' ,,. lO,'e log" romes
o ",,thi, d of lhe "'ay into tlw film, B)' ,irtuo of ,h i" the
Nnquet .. q "~"". d"", nO! cap tm, nim.ti,'e; th~ ""'i ""'''''~
st.nd, .. only
p"'. ib,TtI); .n ol'em.'" ""y to "",k
<in"ma . 11",,-" ;.
C. ",ed ." ,he Ie\'ct uf .hc cnt!",
film' 'gain" the citation. ""!lered 'hrough ,I>< "'her
som..,.he \\onquel .tand, out., . d,",,,, ciu;te, of " 'Wr .n,"' 10 tho d ... icol 'y''''m, Onc. (,I,-d, Ihi' <iu"e, ca n bo
rotnF,,,ed w'Ih ' h~ ""t of ,he fil m. in "'hi<h I"""tric., ,1
pull, o.... y from p<,form.l oce . """.ti"" logic from .pa.1o.empo ..1,ep""" n 'ion . In oI ho, ",.,rd" Gnlrud h ",.1our
Io"'ed ",hole ,ho ,'cr)' p ... digm lh.ll has
Nckground for Dre),e" "",k_
""00".
'1""""''''
..,,,.,,.j
...
GlURUD
The ",h.ll"i,..""" 01 G<" ruJ' n,h..1019<.1 . mbitiuns

.hould not, how."".
from us the
in.,. 01 their """fOlion . I, d,,,-,,, no' rna" o. '0 ,r.o n."."i,"
wr.o,r.o, c"rtrud look> '" ,he upp<' kit or ,he Io~'cr right;
,It ".,..,U..,. , ,"o,... in I'dt!om 011 ,.,., "n',..""", and ''>its
'PP"'" at """ pmn' rather thon . no,h,,,; '" w .... , .... ,. 'h,'
film'. """ m.tth-M.<ti,m cu' "'p"""' n'" Gu,"' sitting
d",,n . hen the 00"'1"'" ><ene' , ",' urn to n. IT.ti," moti, . ,.'" ""nstit""" 'imply. Sl""'irnen; ,1.>,,;,;. 1 ,ironol"!(t
'""uld ..............1'P". red in .Imos' any other ><e"" , This is
why tho: fi'm's """""00")' 01 dc";o." . h"m 'c,'", 'y,t,m.b.. ,
",,,,.i,,s """,,,i,,,, ".h..>, Ilarthe, d,,..ri"'" in I,~ " '" .. r....riNI> "tho, ''f"'(-' oi d <"(.m h"-n.mti"e; d is><>minJ,,>d.
",, 'onible, ""t to it' own temrorality."" Thi, ",ceo. pe'mi" ,he film to carry 'he que"ionin,'; of '"'p"-""''''''' io,,,,1
od"G""'-)' ""t'ond is<;u,,. in , ..... pIoL Th i, i, I'd" ul 'hr'
film's an,,,,,,, ,,, Gertrud's reading of hor lifo> bound to
the full 'igolf",."," 01 "'p","'n .. ti<>n, the lin~ oi """""pt
.nd .ign . nd <l<bon . By si'u,'ing , he <1."ical model within
.. l.>'8"r r", 1d of ",!.! tion.hif" a nd ,hen c, hibitins ,ha,
model with a di."" .. i"" .rbitlari""",, GmruJ d isplay. '""
,"on~,,,,'.,,,,,lity of , iocm.'ic
"""",,.1
ulth""""ro;'nr,-
"'P"-""''''''.'"-
AN EMPTY FILM
Aith""Sh C.'m"d i, "e""""i,'o" i" 'he " 'oy ,h., it u_
tIK.'ric.h,atioon ."d ,po ....."" .. ,~ ",""p;"'.n O"'hoiogy 01
"yli.tic d,,,,.,.,.. it is ""t ,h i""''' '''''' .,-, d ist u ro. it; . ,,_
dito",,_ 't> ",,,,..
ompti """ do that.
U '''' """",~,, tt. pri'''' 0")' df<o<t 1"'''''' ptu.l. " ' '"
i",j;,,,,d t" thi nk "I .... "he,O: k"" ., 'ryi nS to ,t.dch ,he
I"'rcepl".1 pro" to it> limi!. ''I1>e "-,<hn;quo ,>I "fI,"
write> Victor Shld",,,' y, "jo t" rn.lk,' obi<-<" 'u nl.n,i] ;' ,; ' 0
mdM. tn."" dilr,<ul" ' I) i"' ..... .. ,he d ifficul,y. 1ld le n,';,h
,,/ p<"'opti<>o be". .... ,ho,. po,,,,, of P''''''''pOOn i>.n .."'t""tic cOO in it ,.,lf .. td '" " ., ",. 1"'","' ~,oJ ,"" Tn (>Iho",
P'";''~'' ' h<),,',' vor. Sh ki<""' ~y po;nt; out l h., the prolongin~ "r ..,,,h<" 0: I""""'ptioon i; ";u.lly motiv ..~ by tIK'
" " ",,,d, "Stain'op """'ru.<'~"';' 1'd"IIe'i,," , . nd othe,
pri"'iples ' ''''p Om in'~"'" whil., ., .. Ilding lhe ",,,,,n ~n<~_ Wh., h..p""n" thouSh, when the.rt wo,' do".
""'''Iu.'",y ius"l), pt<.>l<m!l'n~ ,,", p<'r<.p t ~"'?
allonl","" on,w,'., Tho,. fi' m m.""uw" u> in 'o
d . nni n ~ it a , . i;;nifocantly ",I", ,/wr historic., "',""s, \\'0
h"" _ n how Gn-,ruo dol.m il;"';"". d . "o:. 1 <hwma by
";ling it "(,,.n'y: ,h<,tt')' , ..... " t'}' to .how 00w prinei-
,i,',
flO'
,,,,',,,J
pi'" of unity "I tt.. ".rt .,;""""," .'" in,'ohoJ "nly '" ""
di""i""";, G<T,,,,J ;" an """... i,'. film in th.t, lik" min ....1
.rt o. "S'ruct",.,li"" ci""""" it ,,->duct'< """" ing bu, p"'"
"'ngo r<""'p'. "" He,", <i",-'n",'ic 1m", pull, SO I.,. In""
n.,.. tiw functioon lhol " '0 must ronl">n'. ,,'"r!< ", hich i<,
by "",m"" ".nd. f<l. , ""'P'Y'
The crilic Cdn tre .. ,ueh . n emptin"'" f'O'iHwly or
""!I"Ii,'dy, Po, itiyoly. "" c.n fill in the hole. , This me.n,
,,'.i ng <"'ph""" as .n ..,,,he,ic dOI';o., r<rlonni ng pa".
,,,,,,,,,, lunctH~,._ Fron, 0 F,,,",,, l;st F"''''p" .. hyo, emph"""
,""uld 'hu. "","""" P"'" to dd'miliari,ing 'he "''',
""'glwning "'" I"'''"''phtm, a nd d iso",,"ting " . Em pliTWO< ",ould "'f"-''' h' in. fi~ u n' gmu,\d I ., h~m _ We pm..;' '''IIo1l1y loc.'" the .rt "'''r~ agoin" ",ale of into"",.
Armed wi,h tho>e "'1"""";""" we "'dn the art wor!<.nd
a,.., di..,ppoin,cd t" find ,h., i' does no' ",10m, h, ou,.
Bu, (.,.uming 'hat we d,,'n 't ' imply 'urn a",.y) 'he
di,,,,,,,I,,,,,,,,,,, <a " beeo""e a pil'o'" ,top_ lI'e sh if' "u
PI in le"">t, "orting to "'ok d ifl""'ntl )' _ mo,,, '''',<'!y ond
G:uofully - and m' ''lOg I,.,h con""'tion., r>;ua""", ""w
Ie.p t" "." eye. The empti,.,.. """"""" N i', luring u, ' u
.d iu" " ur ",,)"'C' at""'., Reh><u,ro, ou,. a lto.,hon ",'W
r,nd, ,ho,' ,,",k ;" "''''''i''lI' ,tH, "mpli ...... ",. , ill"",,},,
1<, ""',,, de!\"'-" . en,nrd n", k,.. I"-"'ih'" u '" ,)/ ,'Tn pti"'-"., By prolonging ou,
"")'ond n.rra".-e
n,,,"", t h., (,Im fo",~round. t~ fog"'.' oId nem.tic .. yle
I h,,'I' .,,,,.dy me,,'''''''..!_ Yet "' ",,,uld be i"""'"",..t, 'o .. y
th. , tI... fi lm ', disoon' furt; .imp')' d",p ."'.y """" IW h,,-e
f"'''' 'i' 'cd ,ho." fiS""", G<rfnrJ', "m pti """ """""', cwn
lu .... ,.,n" 0"., ~ '"uld "'~ n",..! , f,'m "" "'ng. ..,
'.'"y. '" ",Iow-"""' ing" t~ run the v","-e, thmugh the
d."ic.1 P", .Jigm, It i. then "''''.... ry ", . ",mine the
fil," ', emptioc>. os . noga'ivo go"u""
In cm",d, ""'''' i, ",I.ted t" in.d"l".o." of narrati""
mot h'.'ion, ."d ...... ," in ...k'lu""~" m.nib, ' ''''m ",',',", in
dUfdti<>n . nd "'P"'"''')O-'' F",,,,,,, t h i n~ n.rr.hv<, I"",tion
C.n ""'';,'oh' tho, P""""'~ (j/ . d.,';",, ""t
Ir>rS the
de."", i, p,~",n '_h"'" f.,., "," i., ou, p"""'ption i,
>t.-.tched. Fo' ",.m p", it is n""""ary th. t Gertrud !.Ilk
001 de-wilh G.f>ri<,' in ,tH, '"ung<', but 1h..!1 ",...~"i ty
termine h<,..' " pidl)' Ih" wnw,,,,,tion pmce<d., I, "",'i
dent thoot c.:"",J u"li,. """,' , h),thm on.1I ,he Ie,'d ,
d i"",.>e<f with ""I""'t t" v.y of w.. ,!>: . 'ory d uration .,
,.nd",,>cl by plot dUfd t~ 'n (,k,,,, 'I'"",h .nd mo.-emen'
p"''''' ''' ~ in .11 thei , , ;"w"",,), ,tory inre,,'.I. p"ti<ntly
,onde r~ b), plot (',g .. the long 'a ~<l, lugubrious ,oJi"uS
.,..Ie_
.,..1.,
r<''''"I'''''"
,hi""
not""'"
,Ioe,
Col""'''
.nd
rI,,"thm, .nd ,10,,' sonic m),thm. Thu, the
fi lm', lempo c"", te,. con,lOnt ,upply of dead 'po" from
whkh no n..ur.t;,'e inform.ltion ;, forthcom ing.
Em ,.. i .." ,,,-",ted by "' pdil;"n , fj" t, the ",me "",,.
tattl'e fu ""bo" ""y be "'JX"',<."<l >cros, dilft""l m.lte
... 1'- " . ';':>0" ""'hl< " 'hkh ", II mean tn. san.... thing ."
We mighl he", thonk " j lhe st,"'m "i ",olii, whkh moniG.rtrud', low lor Efland (clemen .. 01 )'O'tu,,-" , ex '
p...... i<Jn, g<stU1'\'. d"k>gUl", lighting. mu,k . """ ing. .rt
objed, ), or whkh ch"""le'-;"" G.b....1 (";I, 'Oon> "I h i>
I""m" .he f,~u,," "I'he """. ' i,,< wri""" ), Simil.,,)', 'he
,h.,_,,' h.bH "I ...... lIing , .... ..,me ok'')' "Wn,,"' dilko,enl puin!> "'",Iri"',"" tu the fil m', redund,""Y. In ,he
b.onq"'" k",ns<, ,om" d"k>g1W <x, h .,S"S n 'w.1 new on"",n.'oon,
mony (e s , Gu",,', tellins c.." ",d .bou,
hi; " i,it to H,.. "f"',.1 sim ply 'e'om tv ""'nt, who<h.,e
.1",.Jy f.m il;", to u,. La"", at ,10< Kanni ngo' hom<.", ,,'hen
G<rtrud a nd G.br"'l d ioc uss thei, P-l-", ,he run"< ..... ' ion
and ,he A.>/lb.lck ,<'I I u, little , .... , .. n<w.
c""'''''','r>'
rt>OOlltion "i tlo< f'<''' ,"n"itute' tlo< unroll ing ""oon as
only slighlly modifo<." would c.rry u. to, dil
koren'
of "'f"" ition, ",he",by ex.octly the .. mo.' motif
apf"'a ... ,&,in,nd . g.in . In
"-"f"'tit"", of 'his 1)"f'"
'pp". r; "'us, ,&ld ily in the d;'logu~, w h ich ' pi ,al> around
,he ...... ""in'"
GRmrl, No'hing h.'Pf"'n. 'o. w.~ '<c think it .hould
f,,,
b",
n....
,"'e,,'.,
>0"
Gab,it/;
en" "J,
Gabriel,
G<,'nuJ,
No'hing is ow. ,ho." '''y )'nu 'hink it will boo

N", ""'hing i. ~, . , the w')" yo" think it will bo,
Y"u'", "'''' 'ing "nd "" . m J. IN', g<> ,w')' tu
.;e'he,
CaM../; C.','rud . <Om<' w;'n mo.'.

C<r,,,,", 'lO), C.b"" !. , ...n' r; onl)' ~ 'n.:l h",.> I ,,~ 10' m"
C.....,/; It i. "',' too I,te,
K.onning.nd come with
k-,,,,
C<rl",d, 'The .. ;, "" h' PI';""" 'n In,'" I.. "..,;, ,ulh',,~S
Lo:".-e i. un h,ppi""",
Cu.,a,',
C. ... rud. d"n"
k'"'" "'"
. Stay wi,h m,
I~,r, Ii,'~ k~~" n ,",
S,,,h ,~",,,,-.l i< '~p,:titi"" ' ... '" " ' e ,rue Ii"" I <,pi><-.I,-; "I
the film (noxm.lly, 'he """, "inwn'ting"' f'<'rt,), , ulmi ndt
ins in the fi ", r .e.",,"', wh'''' , .... po"""" fiM I Ii, ~, l"l\u , I
.... ,." k, .... d " ) bo,-<"",<s ." ,,.h,,.h>
A,w (,
G<,''''.'
Do you ",membo r ),our .. ying, "'The", is no

",he, lif<> 'han 1<, "" '0"7 Do you .till f '~'1 , ....
.., .... ,,'.y?
I ,Ju,,', "-'II"" it . T Oe", i. ",,'hins d .... in life _

you,h , k)\"~ . '",rn.1 ,ondcme .. _ q uiet h.,ppi """'", ~1. When I d m "bou' '" d~', hiking b.>cl
on m~ liie, !'!l oa)' to m~ .. If. "I h.. ~ often m,d~
m i 'ta k <,~, I lww "".,..f:'
B)' con"M,.",.1 ,"'ndards, 'Oe poinl h., be<on mad~ , )'<1
C., r'",d ""ntin",'>, '1"" kinS 01 'he i""tip'i,," on ~,..
~ . m""t ".w'
w,,"",
JuSt t"o " ...nJ" A""" Om",".
AT<I,
Luw" . 11,
Gerl",d, Ye" k,..e i. eW,)"hing.
I,,~ .. ing the", " .. teS .... 01 sJuwn('''' .nd "f'';';"n

helps u. specily " 'hy Gertrud', ,,>ce f'<'ni<:< u'. Thi> p'<>k>nl:ingof I'e rct."poon cre."" a dfdin'ge of m.,.n i"g. Either
'hi' ......"ti,,,, i...ying """h;~~ ", H i... )'ing ""thing """ .
Th;, i. ~ 'n y 6.,rt",,, d,...,ri"" , io.",,,tl<; .."'.... ""btus<
"""" ing," .1 ",ignilier ",ithl,o'. "8n;lied,"' ""'p"n<iit"",
",'ith no e"hon8I"" Indiffe",,,,,,, ", n.",,'iV<." fu,.,, ,",,,
p""",nlS us wHn the probl.."m of ,,-'.><li ng.n <mp')'
<enMlion . T..,,,, 'r.." too fe,,' oo.cuti''''' to t.,,,, u, on,
l i gh!i~g, ' he fmnlalily of ,he figu ..... , ",d ,he CA k ub led
",n"" "","',,,,",' n'" """,. u. ' .... 1 at on)' """"ent we.",
"-,,,ing ,11 ,Io<re i, to "," , No long<' ,he "",. nt l>.o<W "'r
highlighting. fa>ctn.lbng p"",-"oce (narr.tiw, ,,),Ie), "mp,i""" c.n now ,,'o rk 'pi"" "' pre .... ,,""ion. The film', ek
" .. <I,."..nds , .... , W(' listen ",,,,,",Iy to ,0., cld"" "f man~
,';"~'c,,"
""'hing ""Ppon.;n en'",J, ", ..
nolh
ing m' o<h.
A "-",,,,d ,on"-'I""""" 01 en"",,', ""... ,hould bo
",,~'<l. Whi'" nm"''''e logk . im, /,,, , he ck>50.-d .~d "n i""
"".",' I""'n,;'lIy unlimih-d. y"" <a n prok>ng. d~"i
""'ru"d ;" """,Ii,.. lunc'ion f", kong.s Y"" liko, you
can mu ltiply d ifferen t in>t'''''''' "i , n., .."", functi<"', y<>u
con "'PC" the .. me moti l i""",""ntly. Tho , h. lt.,ng<' <>i
G",,,,d'. <"<,, i. no' unly
it deik"Cb lrum ,I>.' ".".ti,.., Ii",'; ,,'e hOI.., ..,," Dre),e' u""' (i""m. in t hi> "'.). fn""
, .... ""')' _ta rt ,,/ hi' can"". I{.j,her, c,.,.,,"d'. empti """"
r """"'m.tk "' .... u." it co)uld be inftnlte, hal,ed only by'''''
..Nt"'y demond. of (Qn' " m pt~,n (tI,.. rot", muS' ftnish).
A&, in, Gcrlrod', .ud''''''''' fi nd , .... dgh' d<""ti ph,>n: " I
tho"!;hl it would n<w' end ."
Within 'his boo"'" frame ol rd... rence. a fH m'. emptio
""'" must be """n in h;"oric.1 "'rrn., a " iota tion 01
"'1'''-
,ha,
Ie".,
,ho,
1M
,;cUI/lID
e."",,(Zed 1>0..,... I\"e h.!ve ..",n in d<'la il ho,,' &rl","

dis",,,,,,,. i... lf lrom lhe oorm. '" .he da<Sical ,,",n .,live
"' ....",.. C...."'d. f"',m'i.tly ~n<.! "'" ~' o<u"ion of "",anins mu" nol. how"v ... be conlu...-d wi,h lhe .lyle of
another .I",,,uti.. cine",",. ' he "art ",,,,,,,,,,," 01 ,he late
19505 an<.! early 1960s . Allhough Dreyer'. film 0"''' it< flft.l<><ia] ",is"""" . n<.! ,"".; .. , '" ,.., art'-i1m moJ<. &7.
"'''' ;On''' Ih.o' m<XIe i. diffocult.
A, ",nematic pro<'io. ,Ii< ar' him d~TW> Its<lf ago;n "
,he cla".,. , n 'IT. tiv~ cirwmo On '"'' groundS: .... Ii'", . nd
'u'ho"hip, Again .. H<>II)....,ood. ar!if"' i.llily, .he art film
mark> i~ll .. """" ,u' l>en tic. d,. ling. in p.orticulor. "'ilh
romp"' . "",.,1" .,,, ch.o' ock" . 5<>wndly. osoln" H" lIy'
w,>o<I', >mm.""li.m h< .rt film is an "'"",,'ion " I an
individual arti>!, Theoe con"adiclO'y demand._ Ior ",.1ism ",d .u.horiJl o,p""'ion - o", """"'N Ihrour lhe
d", ' ~ 01 a mbisuily, If ' he HolI)''''ood cine",", .,'" u, to
",-"t. . coh.rent me.lning h. art cinem.l a,'" u, k> ",ad
'Ii< (dm for mnimum ambiguily (I';"h"" .... ubtlely, ten>ion). Y<1 Ihi' . mbiguity i. alw. y< d i'ptoyed .. , uch . undo .... "~od . s ",.Ii;m . 'h< psychology of "'''''pl." c"" 'o<k .....
o r lhe rrolundlty of an . ulnonal vi,ion . Unlike ,he It""
ly",00<1 r"'tion , the on film ..,.'" 10 "",oto proNe",. for lh<
""",,,r, 8u , we are '0 ..,,,10 'OOse rrobIcm' by .pecifK
.-.-ling p~u ...,., cou,.1 gap witt be .. .0<1 ., ... Ii,m
(lifo Ie.v~. k""" onJ ,). l!"oC<>t\Si"one'" ,,'111 ... ",ad .,
chat .."", psychology (... , P<'<'P" often ""h ..,. in ("On.
".dich)ty .... Y.) p.o.'" , nd t.mporol 'uptu '~' wlt l ".
",>jto<tivity Or . u'horial cum"",n'"ry,
Cmrud', 00""'" ,tylizalion bloc", .ny .ppcal '0 HoUr'
w(Ood ,ori,imm'ude. ,,''''e m. y be "'mpled '0 ,,-'0><1 it
an ar! fi lm . Kea li"'" \\'. "" ";"w ,t.., f"Ce~' l.i.Mul k> ,he
lile-.. yle of bon>d bou'lleoi.;., . !'syolwk,Woc. 1" >mpl<, ity'
The et..r.ae,,' ", I. ron,U'u'o. ,he "" ..,10." , ,.,If',,,,,m_
ina,ion of in'elle<:,ual. probing ,h"r "" uro.." . Au' ' ',ri. ,
",p~. ion? The J'O"'I
(;""',,,d k> Ve nu' .nd Dion lhe .Ilu.ion. ~) HMio. nd
f" inting " oJition hould ,uffoco ,<> """-"""" a rich. I"",ic
autho",,1 p,,,,,,,no, Aml>igu iry hen: I, Gertrud a m"""e'
or , martyr? Do tI>e men de",,,,,, he, ",1'"""",,.' Is ,his.
fem inist or M.,,,, '" or mL"'8Jni" filn"
Plainly, howeyer. ouch ",oJing ",.tog"-" d" not add",,, ,he ~rceplu. 1 mn""'lue""", 'If 'Ii< "'I"',jjion, ., .
" ...... . nd emp<ine .. of ,he Cdm . To
GmI'Wi .n
.... film Igood or Nd) i. 10 ig>10'" it< P<',,..,-fui a'bck on
' ignifoca""" For abovo .tt '''', a rt cinem.. devotion '0 am-
,.w',
""".iJOt
_"'.g.
bigu"y r"'dll'" " til

The Knighl In r ... s.mllh
Snl, 'he oh.a ,,,,,,,,rs i"
and A",on;oni ', ,"k'8;""
,he 1'<OI.g<>n i" "I J..> d.>Ia v;tQ .It ... ",h lor ''''' "",a,,'ng
01 III<:. hu, lka l ,.."cn i. i,,,,11 "'1".... ntN "n pmbIematic,UJ "",.nlnglul . The .10.... "".. of \'I;"ttr lJgh' is
ch .-g<d .... ith ,he 'ignifK'''''' of " A ",orld ",~hoU I God";
lhe ...... ude of J..> MIl, can e.. ily '" ",>or somo",ha, mu"->dly. pre..,n,") and
f,nd
"unu'teT.bly boring"' '''!',g'''' Dreyer', more
aggre .. i.'e "' ''''''.'' The v;""'Cf ""ughl by ,he on cinem.
"""'" a n,e~nln8; ,Ii< cmpll ..... pi Cm.w f"",;oten ,ly
""'''' 10 noga '<' """"ing. No ...,.Ii,m. p')'<ho!ngic.1 ""m
pIe. it)'. '" . pnbOlic rich""", """ justily ,Ii< ~'m. Ion-cful
Whal ",,"pt, ,, ' '0 fall bad on ,,,r,]m ",;0<1 .
in~ """"O"',,"',;S 5o.i<ll'rl>e'l!', (,,;sinal P'YChO<l"""" Bu'
'hea"",.lization as furmol
p<rmilS ,he (,1m '0
"'t.. bn<kI n<.! ,u."... preri",ly _
commonpl""" of
. ';"n.""'" lu'tte ".ion. an<.! bd of communica,ion up<>n
w" Kh 5o.>derbo'll" te." An<.! ,he a" cinema d. p"n<.! . li ~ .
L' Ann", bnt i"" M...-itnIi. &r,,,,d ."" .. ou' ... ithl" 'h~
norms of Ihe.1'\ Ol'lllffi<> W I tlwn ( 1I.;I1j(,ng<>S I ~ oonn
OI1'ru". 'h<m b)' ,,"'.,,' of Ire.. on the 1"',,:eplu. 1
1I<'l!''''"''
C",,,,d
.'><c."""".
'''''kg)'
",,"".
Unlike ,he art "'""m Gm/'UJ ",',)id, slgnli)'i"g ""p';_

"''''''' emph ... " ,
~'''uld ". '0 fa ll inlO lhe 'ra p of
" .. ij;hlforwaro rep .... " 'a.ion. of .imply ""'king ,I>< mel
.phy<ic. 1 vi,'bIe. Gm",d P"'h:rs '" Im.sh 1"" I",.S'" of
v""'ncy: ch.".>elers caugh' e " 'oring or !e"'ing ,I>< room,
hom<. josl b"rely empty. p.in.ing> ", i'n .liYt. ron.en' . ",.
fi<,..'ioM g!lmr><'<l in ,t.. mirror, Knowin;; " ur desi", to
ma., 'Ii< "0')' .""''''''' ()f "",. ning "gnme. n,. e.-.'",d
d"". no' Ull""), de;" "Y meAning; Inskad. ,t.. iilm p.-ofkrs
"""nlng emly '0 ",ithd" ", it . M "nO in;t".,,". ""n;;..!",
en,nuI', ",.. 01 ,n., cliche-mean ing )"" e".It.n> btu
me,nlng ~..it)' cut d",," '" :Ii,,' . Gai;><;,,1 wri .... ,'e"",
01>00, h..v.' "','C q...,nehe. tt.." k"'N', 'hirst , h if, A,,'I ", .
on whe.t.., " -" h",'~ I"", will.nd Cu,",' c"",forts
him.d f with pro""'''' 1"1'.1' Ca ,,' "I , ... " ',.,u", Co ol
Siv~. )''''', un ..... )" >u 1I" n, '" "'"" it"). nw.. " . 1", Ger'
.rud', cb im '" be d,'w, "'h l!e <loud,. ' h~ moon nd ,he
.~)'. S h< ,ncl ud.,. ,h. , "Ii'" I, . dn.. m." W~ h ..., "",><1),
..." " "" w o ... r.;,.,t,o> in"''P''''''ion' 01 belio,'ioT ore oll<:red
b)' 'he <~"O<k"; lhe film tt..",b), cil" b.n.1 ",.><ling. (reli ~n. my' h. Freu di. n !"ychology), T Oe ,'ery 1a".hoI of
n..,
fi"""
,he foIm _ a "k>sed <100'- ;0 i,..,I . cl;"1><' of ci""m.t'o< s;g-
nifn ' .",, ,ho cI<_ d..,.. of ,ho """,,)moon sui' e. 'he
", un:"...." lodging ,he s['ie" rende,,'o .... tht- chikf,
n::w, ..... the mod"""". the ."<"<'Ution chamber. tht- >ickroom.
'ho . tt;". tho cdl ... ,ho 'omb. Ye' while ,hi. most preg
n. n' image in"o';"hiy im1"'ll. u, '"
",h., i, happen_
ing bo:hind t ..... doo,. O"yer'; fil m draw, " ' up ooort.
i; no ><"<Te'. no'hing i, hap p<-ning beh ind ' hi' dom"
ti~ . ,,'" c)k ll<s of language, ,he im'g< is va<llOU>. G<rl",d
i. not llimply abou, "'J>f'-'""n .." ion. 1 .",i"i...... " ' um ing
bad again . nd .gain '0
lho "" k. ~(its d rift I ~ '
ward """,ning, i' _ " s. in"""'ni''''n,ly bu, "'8ul.,,),. to .....
""'" ernpt)'
s..-n trom ,his .t.mce . emptines, no longer lu... and
'on"Iiz<-> uo; i, ...."'''' u" rrom"ing nothing. it ch.II""geo
,he """,il)l of c .... nge. mea ning. <o,.d u""'. Ho"'c'-.."
luocOOn. 1 to oom< des"",. Gmnu/', borcJom i, prinu,H)'
""g.>t;w. e,'en puni,hi ng. ,he til",', ovfu"" of 1'1<>"0'"
con"i,,,te< ""'hing k: .. ,h' n 'h",.t
,oould O<ld. to fi'm ;n'''pM.tK", . nd fllm
A ,h """.
" K:wing , II "'.... G<rl",d .. 1"..... n';ng a n "",''''''k "..,uum . w. musl ..,. ,he mm rejecting lhe "'p ... ..,n",'ion.1
rich"" .. u.".lly .""",i'' 'ed wHh II"'" <i""m. , IW,. n o'l()l
gIorif)' ,h.,' lilm', tho"ri<-.,;.. t~m ";gnifying. "'gedy,
t" """'pt ,he ""',,, ntion. of ".ged)' - 'he 1.11 of tho ....".
inexorable I.",_ it; to """pi Gertrud', ",oding of he, oct"'n;. No, can "e "Kue ,ha, In. mm', "yti"ic
h".n ullimatly religiou. "",,ninS' for no "'tigiou, d isrou ... fra""" ,he na",. h .., .,ructu"" .. in o.~ of W"'th ,"
O,d,t. B)' ignoring IIw """"it)' of its """""nl ' by-mumenl
'e",.re,
",>dings w",,'J , "iSn '" tn. ii lm. t" n"""nde n' cul'u,.1 v.'u. , 'n
F''''. ,n. fil m ', p""I" .n l emp den,., 'he ric""", r>d c""'p"',i'),. tl>< m ning and
pk:"u"" ,>I ombi'iou>!y hum.ni"ic .n, Gmrud ",f" """o
be.
film . W. Cdnnot call it . tn.""''1'"'"'' (0" f. iled
m.>"e'1'''''
f,ilu",). G.,trud', empty in",,,. I, d"d. ,~
it to be , ategoric. lly agai n" m.".~.
More ,han
'n"""",.1 ri<.'"",,,,, 1.11. "nd," . " .,.
5ince the ,''':''"" of Gnt",d ou.ck. out """n ins .nd Op"n,
up ,he .rt-itrari...,.. of indefinite "'I"" i' ion , ""'hi ng ....
than rep", ,,,nt.t.,n i,..,II- ,1>o ",",u'i'), QI tl", pietu",. ttw
... bih,y of ,he I>'".-.:I_is cal l..'<1 in.., 'Iu." tiun , \\'~ Of< no'"
in beu", po<itioo> to> "'''.k'''''OO ..,...." <urnu" difr",ulli<-;
01 t he n.n.ti"". Afll>o ugh ("..,rtrud n,sl> rontont with iden,i;ying ,hoe .bo<nI <'us< . " cha,X,"'J .... rmin;ng-f. , ' he
f. lms uv~,, 11 c,,, ..1 I"ltem (embodied p.>,bcul.rly in 'he
.,k
n....
cu'''''''''
w"
'1""""'-'"
'UC"
Ii"""
g''''
0' .
"'1'" ,
"'S.
t. I"'''')') encourage. u, .., F""i" L"S"r. iml"'""n.1 I""'e

., "",k. M""""",. ""'" lhe ... rch fo' thoe .~t COU beromes a .... "'h for !IOU"" of "'P"-'""n'''ion- what ;,
symboli"'" by Ihe d""m, ,he ......
Gertrud', beha v."I_ ,hi, l.argo>r fon:e """'''nlly di>pIacn .ny d.tenninate
""'I'C< for ,he ""' ... Tho .bsenl COU ' urns ""t to be only
~ repreoeo .. tion. Genrud ', ~, poem ........ p '
1"" of Iov ." Bu, ................. mus' ..... did this rome from?
Wha, found, ;,. "....ning'
E.d;"t r.:>nry'.' f.lm, hod ", Ited u; .1 ,he Ih "",hoId of .
""".., . u tooriol voic non.Jiesehc rna"", """'n ing: ,he
'u l...,NI wo.-.:l of tht- ;nternl"" (V""'I'Y')' Dies 1, ... "",,,11
ID'~ of W..th), ,';"1 ",n.rnp' and n",,1 hlle (LA 1\ao.W"
tk I","", d' A",), or Chri"i.n ""riplu,"" (O.-dtll, Bul b)' relu,ing I" <i'u, '" its non o,I, ... wi'hin .och framework.
Gm",d loiod' from on< "'p.--nt.tion (Gertrud '. d",.m) '"
(I.ngu.>se) to OItw .. ("'1"'''')'. p<><m) nd ,he
chain ~ ",utQlogk-". poI\' nh,lIy infinite (ronlinued
., it i, by ,n. fi'm i""lf. ", hk h replay. with. dille",,,,,,,.11
the "'hr.', "'P.--n "''''''') , Begun in )'Oulh (tn. poem) . nd
",0"",'<1 by d",th (II""" 0"," " on !he S''''est''''''l. t .....
chain d i,play, not _ I > P<" "'go< from id", to image
but l"''P''tuol circle ''''n'''' ,nd hal"-'<l arbi"'rily. Th"
probl<:m ;. .hal of the
n.>'u", ,>/ "'p.-..*. ldtK>n; Ill<
film', "I>'n ,",a.>ey' OO '~I""i '~ ," m.ni .... , th.t problem in
it< ",ost p.>,,,.b,, fQrm
"' I'h<,"w> bo",dum ha, h.d . bod pre ... i' is . crud. 1
.;Je,1ce 01 modem .rt , "','.n'.S'''''' """"of", . ...ius< <Iomi
nan' nor." b)' emp'ying Ihem",'''" of """ " i"8- ""ion.
id .... lir",. tion. ''''I'''n'''- in short. "''ef)-',hing of in'"",,'.
Such "",01<; 'I><", ,"",hii,h
thot I>IocI< pur . ;oil!"ins ,h." "''1'' "",k Q( "'<d nlnS m",ni ng (m'.... phy>;.,.,
'" ".tig"'"; in>igh'. po,odyl. fo, . uch a n oper.'ion on ou,
1"01 "",,,,,bli,n.. til< """ wi,hin the oound, of ,he " ,,,.1,
r".do,Jcolly. tn.n . G<T1",d', v.lue .. mos' e"idenl in ito
abili'), _ in 1%1 nd 'hll ,oday _ h) bun.' u,. "is <I<", bll .. ,
a <I.'Sr",'''t," Iu"'"" , the p .. >bIem of ci""m.'ic "'p,.., .'n..,'ion: 'hmw ,<> m<>en " '~;o;h ' up"" ,t.< p<:n.. ptu. ' p" .:''''
of <in<o"" """ d,.""" u'llY.OO ;)'ntb'~k >lru,:!u",' ",ilt . 1
"'.)" ",m.in i""<1.'4""' . ' [J",Y'-'<"' ",i' I>oI " ",. , fu"" ",. 'om
(Xl''')' pn\Ju.ction p'''''ic<' f.OOs II> """, """'''''' i<mn
here, in. f,lm "'hich ""h;.,..'" it< ..... ,,"-~ ;., identit)' in ld'l\"
I'd" by ""gating o u' "rdi""", v;"wing h. bit .
At ,he <~.... 01 , h' pt .. <'igh1. I ,uW,ted '"" o.y of
W""h ",h",,,ed wh., Adorno c. lled " the otringency of
,"uetm. th .. ;. not q"ite 'ran'I'd"'.t ," In G.,tnid. th i'
,1)'.
.nothe,
'''''Y
'Y''''''''
...
CfRr~UD
.. ,,"",,'" 1>0, t<_ . Imost 01"'1'''' Li'" n.~ ofw",," ond

OrJ,', Gmrud
",Iord , t",n which broke; II>< 0'din. ry 'hythm of film ".,,,,ing. N""., p""'-onging "'" P<>'_
""pi"", witl>oot "U,..-ing > ",nh """,,; flu", (,f "'rr>'i,~'
dewlopment, tl><> film "ff<>,-. very I.". ,>il"" ple""".. of
ordinal}' cinemo. It ",ill not 60.. to
on
" 'ho "WOt~' to prod",. m""ninS": t h",, i; litt"'!tor on <>C -
<re,"" ,
1''''' "..,Ii.,. """.,'
ti"" ""''''''0 f, nd nd film ",hich '""" to """"",Ie >ig"if",.""" .,,J dru m ou' ..."'''''' ", i,h ( ,,<o ,,;i.~, "'p<>ht" ,n i,
"", ~0<J<l "". f'" pn.oJ""i n~ ""'dnins . If "''' wd nl. ,,~' ~.n
" ,11, .." '..,bit> " j n. ... ti ,, i n t",.st,
J the f'lm . . .
r<y < ""~>gi<.I.tud)', '\f ",,; n 1<" .1"'~"<>nc.1 , ,,",,n.tK~ . Bu.
thi, is 10 is"""" lhe I,,,lo.nzing torce ,>i. film .tn'ing to
be<;orne empty.
,o. ...
Dreyer's Uses
A\,.i lable ",;de"", , ,,U"'t< th., the idoe<Jological pooihoo of

Dreyer himself w.s "'''''''''''t;,... Acconlin~ ' 0 h i'~.
r.p!.." i\\",~ .. nl. in h i' Y<l" .h Dn-)'. , b<1ool>'d to the
R.d",1 50.", .. 10,1 f"rty,. run"',\',li,,, S"'''P rodkal onl)' in
'heir op positKm ru mil i..", "' pend,.""". A journ.li.. ,
Ore)"" turned from oocial jssues. By the tim" h" , .. rt,,,!
WOf. lor ,he Cope" h.s o" d. ily [l""i/>/..wl. O.ni.h "" w,"
1"'1"'''' h"d muffled thei, politic,1 .Wlt.. ",,,, and h>oJ
imo.-d " ",.d~rs of . 1I p"n"" ,ion,. Dreyer.
portag< at><! wi"), h>alU ", .rt;c"", . ,..' <h" "",.,,;.1'.< ()/ ,he
",'f'ron"""",")" cle". , ! ",'raIrlod,t, wh;ch w 1<", irnpor'. nl I,,, it> pomi<.l ,;.,"'. ,h. n it> o p-IO-d.te "yle, ' "Evon
" 'hen 1 "'.. ,,i.h U!,~,:. D",y.."t "-"<".IIed. "1 "os
ron",",'"",.. :" G,"en Dn.'}'<i< "'''1>0.;;'', hi' ,u'pocioo 01
abrupt ch,n);,,_ ar1i"i< 0 ' 1'01;.;c. I- ,""ul<l """''" ., no
.u'pri.. . "' I don't bel""e in ",,'oIution, . n ....'Y "',,'r, .s.
rule. .he h.JiQu, q uality of pulling d ~ ' " ~ .p""'n ' b.><k, I l><I." ,. mol'<" in " ,'oIu'""" ,n'he """ II .,j ".nre;.'"
,r.. un've ..... l .nd F*n'l\dne,,'. lIy 'i'u.' ing cinema art out
. ido indu ",'" d~~nlt ;oo s. O"'yd ..,.,.. he blocked
con,ider, ", of
<ondj,;"'n. of film
I>"ork, bo.'<l''''''
wo, k. II' h.o' """'""" (,1m. dnd ol her
c"'"mod " .... ? A. T. 11'. Ad""", po,n" Qu', '-n", d i,i.;""
<Ji I.bo< i, "'~ ~, be "" .. okd by ,he d .. im, 0/ un ilc ..... 1
gon' """ Fou, """ mplo. f""" d,ficr< "' ph", ..... ,,/ O"1-e..-,
"'d)' illu",,,o 00,,' his biograph"'" legend dkl "'"
p"r,,,,t . """Sni,;on of , .. "'")' h;" f"'Jdu<t.," p''''';n' ",os
",Iated
concrete hi,toric.1 cir<um,., n<...
\ \' l ~ ' n 1.=-,.. from So,... , _
fo.,..Uy ' pp.,.".J in DenmMk in 1921 . ,IS pol'''ya l, of tl>< French R.,,.olu,ion ",nd
"f t ..... N 18 Fin"i,h Ci"il 11"., w~'" eri';;;'eod fo' the" >1"'
I"' hy "'ith counterr",'()/u'ion" y "'8i""', Th ~ mtmooy o j
,he Red,' 100, ()/ the Finni,h Wdr ",a , fresh enougll for
U. n'oh I"";,,, ' 0 ..,., ,n 'h" idcntiH".hon of So 'an with .he
Il<~,he" i' faction _ hing "'" than "' h,, o ne n'''''' I'''' I''''
catkod " 0"" big ",,,,. m . gain>! the hoted Reds.'" lG<-orge,
Sodoul
e,-en clai""-od _ dling no ","",,- that ldt ....
~ . "' fiNn<! Or ' h<' White So,,,,,.,,,,,,, " , nf 1:,,,lorui .. >upporled by ,he O, ni, " Rodi<. l Par'y OS po rt , ~ an . n ti""'she";k <aml"';gn') 1"-ow fo und
of D,,'Y."-'
""pon"" OJ , \leh chOlS'" b-tll I""'um.bly it ,,'WI(I ha ,.
run . Ioog the Ii"", ()/ the an,,,,", .. ;;0'" to . Finn ~' ho
cia;""'"
,hoe film', """ ins< wore ituuthenti<:
\T1r< '10.0dd dot> MlI",'md to",," "'.'" in Fi""i<h
o" him"' ....'""".... "' ""
ch.p'" from 'M
Fi"ni% wa, <>f ind~,,m,,, , j, ~ , in aU ' imp/kil)',
f..,." .. , of w n;ch th" ," pl;c" "p;n;' ,n 01 the .rt'S! <on"i' U'e" o nl)' " "". T",o oth<, f"", .. '''', .. "'. h. w _n in
chap"'" '" o. , t.,....'sth<he prin6p1 .. ~nu"""''',1 by , ..... ,,,i ,t . nd 'h"
"H,he p",J u<l~ .n. 1-1<-", ' he
be<ome; m("" romplic.t<-d. Dreyer'. se.",h f<>r , ..... arti_
... n', role in "'"""'-produc'ion filmm.lking . werved him
tow. nI . n . h,.,<>ric. 'ily of style, .n ",,-.,d <""",m fu,
"'" ..." pbi i" fj"IJmd-<J' a"~' h,,, d", ;" tM

u"rld. '
Such . n
ho"'o,",,, ronsi,ten' w ith O,,-,yd, ....
'""' ''' , ......'. i. in""nuou'. After , .. Ru,si.ln R",-o/utton ,
s.c.nJinav;"n go,'ommen' , looked "'it h .mie' y"
of BoI," vism. and f inl. nd be<."", .n object ~ on ,""
d .nS"" of Red in,urn-cticn, I.Mo<:! id.n~ f"" , h. 1'I'h;tE
Finn, " 'ith p," riot;c <oc ... fK'-' : ,he o F*ning ,itle lTro P~ -
1),.,
q......' i..n, '"Of wh.t in'o,,-,,'
might "'" ,,.., ,1.,,'<1 inkJ
j,
Onovd ..... ",k
~,.t". >"
.""'hI>,, 01 ":,,,1">< i< it ? I";'w,
"""" 'p"",f,n lly, dO<'> an analysi. of ' f>< Cd""" and ,he
film, "pen up iss""" of film., . _ ..I p'~tin:>TIw man,
hi> t>;ograph " . 1 ~';;enJ, hi' . "'Ih"''''. and hi' folm.-h"w
con 'hey I><
with
t" .."", I /on""'. ",,
,i",>!,,"
"" P'-'"
within . nd (Kl',,;dc the in,';'''';''n """"rn. '"
AN
AE~,HETIC
or'
CO"'"
IN HISTORY
','"" Oon ,,,.
OR"",', f"'1it ...1v"'''',, "r <"" ""', ~" "'" "",tI" ~~e.
'.,n bout hi< film . A ,,,,,k of.rt., lhe "" ul, 01 m,,,y
"""J" ,,/
II,,, """ ""'P",..-)"
pic''''.
'0
ha,
n" """td
,ha,
""'''''''k
."m".. '''''Y """"to ~"'"'n """ d .... "'TO holy ca""" {,
.n,,,'.r,
I"" "'s<:
m
..,
DR .... E. 'S USES
"w"
.nd "'110
flOW " 'i'll M"
R,;nk.>nlt , T"" film .}'m
f'd,..."ic.lI)' I"'r''')'' n o< oufferi nv of Jow. in ,..., P""""
"Iul;,,,,,,ry pe,iOO . BUI ,f>.' ,m igr(.. pmd u<ing ,..., foIn
h.>d fJ.'<l ,..., ",.olu,ion. <'''1-'ing 10 Ik rlin horro, ,ton.,
ooout , .... ",'W s.",ict orde " whKh D",)~'J "'-"'Ord,-d in II;,
ten.. i<'um.l'i>lic . Iyle:
mn~in~ f","'nS'-'~
f,om ,..,in" " ripping "",h..!,d<, .hoo'ing down "",n ,,-hil,
wh'''' . nd child",n look on .' In a di")'i ng lum, ,'''' cur'.
F.: ...." uli<'" of 'Ik' Je"" in ,..., film"'-""""" on id ....logic.1
,'ehick "" n,.. ""';g'-<,'
0/
f"'"",,,uti<>n
A, a n",,1 ,,,,;';1, !lOme of ,..., .""ig""' ",ho h.>d ",0.1.! on
The 51'g"",li;rd 0" ... ",' u""'d I" R...... '0 ",ork tor ,he
So,." foIm iOO,,"'Y' Agom. fo, Drey'" 11rt Sligm"'!:W 0.."
"""" 10 h"" ron,Hw"..! onl,' <June"
"'0'" in EUrof'"
\l'ith .""'"
whom ..., ..dmir<..!; the pulilicol ;",pl ic.'io,,, of lhe P'''j'''' .1'1,,,,,nlly ""'.I"-'<l him .
So gre.t ",os 0<..,)-',,(, . " ""h ment t" ,..., .hi.",,,,,.1 ,hoi
hi. prod ..ction. ,""",,"im," "",ame, willy_nilly. in"'"",n,ion. on beholl of wry diffe",nt politic.' "",Hion,. He
",ri"" <>i iln", d',\. ... ''''', .... 'imply ",-"."", ;n,,,,,,,,ed in
...". beg.>n hi>tone. 1 ",,,,.,,,h,.nd d,-GdO1 poIi<)-', 5<><", I"" cull 01 J".nne J'A", provided focu, f"" C"l>oIic a nd righH,'ing de""",,,,,,,,,,
,nd y.,id,'<l a symbol I""
Am.", F,.<>c>i .. ," T..., ''''8''
0/ ""oclionory nal""",li,m in Fr.FI<e d urin); ,he 19:!Os fond.
.n ""no in 11\" Id" ,i,1e of Dre)'ers f.lm: "lind ,mid ,''''
fl.! ....... th<o ,,'hi'" ..,.,1 ot J".n", ms< "".,en",.,d ,ho,
oou l ,,' hich!.;os b,...:."",> ,..., "",I of F,.""'...... Je. n"" ...,,",If ho. berom<' Ih<' i",,,,,,,,ion 01 imf"'n.""b~ ~'.""'."
A,
o.~ of W",lh ""nd. in a cri,ic.1 "'I.,ion 10 I....' Gennan <>ccuf'dlion of Den"", ... , 'The film "'..
pre'<led b)' """" docum,'nl.';'-; (n ...
,m ""IS [1941[
,00 nor c.,,-,. if ;" v."8'" (1943)) whick ,udio:"""" t..d
<on,;'i,,,,.J . ub-,.",i,', "' ""mon",';'.,. on Iii" uOOe. the
(\:'''I''' I;',n. M,,,,,,w,. Ooy 'if W""" "P"""'..! in I<:",..,m_
b.', 1943-. ilic,1 11I<"""n, in tn..' C\:<uf'dl,,-,n , s.1>o'.~
ag.,inst tn.. (ri:ml.;ln,
groWing. In Augu" ,...,'" had
t-n public "ri..,oo th<' fI'",emmen', ,,,tu,ing to acqu",,,,' '0 1<:><; ru l.. ",.il\"'-'<l. T..., Germ.>ns disarmed ,...,
D.ni,k .rm)': ;n ..1.' '''.'''. Ilk admi,,' of ,..., D.n i,h n.,,)'
ord~,,-,,! h i' A..~, t s unk "', Ih.l, i' ""uld "'" be u><..J by ,...,
Genn.n . Hi,k, kad ""k,.,>d th<o.m.'S1 0< .11
bu, lhe
D,,,,,, .muggled J.ws by ""'" 'o5"',-.I.,n, ",hik ,..., king
BoI,"",iI,.
"'1"""""" So,,,,,
'n
.>c"'"
lria") "'1"""'01, Finl.J.oo . . . worrun in wlUre, .1I.><l<ed 1.'

,'''' Russ .. n ".g~' !fog. 1): I.ot t" 'ho.' ht>us<wif, Sin dk"
,.u"" thon '"""ooe, to the R.'<l., More obIiquel)" ,..., foci
'h.t boI~ the F,enc h .00 ,'''' Finni,h epi ...><l.. ,how
",'voiu';on, "-'>ding '0 "'p",,,ion m".1 t... , i,u.,,'<1 wi '~
""1"-"" 10 roooition. in ",n'"mpo'.'}, lA'n mon:. Whik
D .... )".,
p"'l"'nns tho.' f'lm, ,he <",ont')-' w . . ,h.~~ n by
""'Of,1 1,00, upri.ings. Du,ing pool"'" in fl.lIio n.nd un
<mplo)'m~n' in 1918. D.ni," 'yndic,li'!> OTSo'ni,ed "",..,,,1
d"moo",.tions, 0"" of whic h ,'oo,'<l in ,he """k;ng 0< ,...,
.lOck e>.ch.mg<' , W""n ,he k'adcr of ,..., ,)ndic.U,,, " 'os
j.liled, S'-''''''.] ",ik" w.s <-.I ....! Mid sp',,>dic Jemo."",. _
,ion. left COf"' "hos,'n ;n ,umu l, lor d.ys, In M~ ."ik,..
ff"""..! .Imos' ','n ,hou..,nd " o,k,,, in 19'9 0''''' 'h i rt~ _
f"", ,I>oo ..md." lA"pi'" ,he u nil.."""ILl;ng impul", of
u" .... , .nd d,.. p;" O...')'d . ;n.i""ne. upon i, ';m<'l<,>.
hllm.n do",ment. the film bkt... ,',nd on i"",-" of m...
o<'>on .md "-" 'o] u,;oo lhol .n .... in DcM' ..... , , .... Ii ",,'.
n" 51'S",.'i:Ld am", 'h~
,,1m " 'hicll 0",)", m.ld~
"""ide S..OO in.1\';", i. so ,Kjdk'<l wilh irICon,is',-,,,,,,,-,, of
pwdoc'ion r'x'ic< ..,.. ...,," p,,-wp', .nd hi"",,,.] ,i'u._
,ion 1h.1l we mu>t qu. l if~ .'nlUSl e''''')''h;n~ IW"'y .hI""
i" The foIm d".I, II'Hh ,he .n'i"..mi'ic Mwrn' unde, '''''
idS! 00<. aul i' ,,'0> ,11", ;n ('ri'm"I<'y, ", ilh I,,,"f'" of
o.m i ~" Ru"i.ln ""I"OS wlo" lIod "wkNl ,,ilh S"ni'l.. ,sl<~
w.,
fi,,,
,t...
\1'.'
"""",.r
t""
.not"",""'' '"' '
w.,
,,'.<
J""',,
1"'1:.Io<ly ,,"'" Uw SI.l. 01 o..>id In il<'f..""" 01 ,ho Nul or

...... I... ,m. ron"'-". Doy oJ Wnlh <0<11.110< _ ... '" P""'"
'ho Om..p.>,Ktn 'y<.... ~y. V.....1., 'ho WO', whon it ..ouIol
1\0'0 b<.-e~ <y to d.im to 1\0,.. m...l p.>nim mm.
On)", c. [mly in ..... '-..t ,"'" ..... in,,"Od""
o.y of Wro,h
to
h.. "" rontempo ry poIitic.1 ..1... tICn. "
_t. . . ;" _
c.nw.........
<_
"' ......
C""'.
So,., ""'"
ad.,
'''0 ....""';.
,ho,
",,,.,,., '" """"
n..:
.....
)"<1, ... n.m).......... '" 0..-,.""" _ , _ principk.oo...

"'" permit u, to ,,-duo:<" , .... rotn-.o' kl."Olio&i<" Of"' oo... '"
"", .. mpo... ')" ... ""'"""'. no. rol",. ,... _ ""pi<> ,,,..
H.. , . I........ fn....
PuIl' ... S.sOd< ..... boogrorhicol
o.ry.....oo ru.~,...,...
,,0" ... ~ ronsidor ''''' filmo' ~.J ".<)d' Qn., r~ to

~n
I, ""k I"" "">1>10..",, 0/ ,mlty.oo <I"",,i,)" ,...., ,ho
t"
tr.'i,. """,,".. .
fohn, po><. In ....

n<! <i""m rep .........
I"ion. in tl><- iml"''''''''' .00
"" u",,. in styli'hO:
d i""""i"uily. oloogo'l."d <oo,in"
'he.'ric.oli",lion . <f"''''''
....... 00 bored<>m; .n ,,,..,.. form..rl,,, ..-.g;.,. we mu" k>oI<
~.... ~~. idKoI<.pc.1 ""'...
W.' "",,... """ 1<....... 01 ".~.... """ ..aM" ,,h.,h ..,
....~~ ...... u""'. In 1\IIi9. /N ... toui.
:-:._ bq;.>n.n '"'~ 01' .... idooIogoc.1 ~P"
poi.iono 01 ro<>t<-mpoo-a<y r~ ..... u.Iy : ."Tho q.-x.n .....
",",. 10 ..... ;.: Whoch film" bo.>"lo .and ~""" .dk>w
.1<",
In <OO I ~" to .heoe 10m 1n0laOC"H. 01><" mighl glanc<!

th. ,,,"" "I 1Ie<toI, Brb' . !>n')""'. junior by o.dy ... 1....
Y"' .... l:.om ........ b<-g;> ... his c,,,''' in ,"" ""'...., romplo.....-..t
ho. fi .., ""'i<'< ,,"Or\< in 1918 .and ""'00 h ... Iir>t ",,,,,,,,.
lioN.....,.... in thr ,....... 19V"-28. In ml. ,,hil< o.q....
..,. j.U'''S u So",i"
F"dmo fo< bre.odt 01
"''''11 ,ho ........ '" 110<
n.....,...."Y~. w ....... 000)'" wt"IIt '" <O<In hopin& '"
wi n j .-.d Jid). 11"",11" ""P""'~
brought the
'n .. 'pi.;, 0/ inqui.y imin8 '0 Ji.pLoy <Yrtoin controdic.
'10 .... <>I.ni"ic p<><'"e uoo c'plr.U,m. Aller 'lie
ho
".>t n " ...."' ... , .'t.xLing lou" .. n prt"<c ...-.plOons .bou,
0; ..... "". . . , ....... 101 which On'}.... "'I"''''!<"d: r"" <i"""",
<.n "'~ du wit ...... , .on: A ... "" '" ... if ,I>< ... ~ 0/
.-,.1,,),.- 0+<." """M, ..... h.~ic ~Iion /or<>.-..t him
to "'~ ,ho """"" ... fOCiol ..t"1t(" 0/ hio .rtistic "",,,,".
tile Drr}....., ........ d.. wn '" .ho >""y 01 ft........ d' An:.
which hr d,.m.l1ized ,,,,,," limn. 1:>0.1, _II mn.- .... col
",I.>.." in""'...... 'ion in. -,",I ,.;, .... ion.
of lit<
~ jilin) ..... in poon ~pun ... '0 thr rio< in
u...."pIoyr...... t in Ik..tin In 111)0.-31. TItr v........ of ~
.'>fAr"'! 11'1-1.\--4-1) We."", .n . ,t.-gt"Y '" 1><-....'" u...;...
I"" O..I"'ion . 11r, Trio! of ,.,.0 of ,1,... .. R""", (1952)
oJ'p'ed An,.. 5<-gh< .....
ploy In "...t" '0 ",,",u ta riu
'1>0 .. in, ory: ",.nne', ,.oit .... "'" " ,. 0<. bu, 'ou
,."...//. tl>o crirs of oppr<SO<d FlO""" . no. "'"'PO"""" of
ho
~
roion" o/fo.-........ in , ....
,.. ..... 01 _ l.... i<mobIo-.and inl..tliblo 8....,111.
p<>II1' ;.
o.q..........., _ theory <"OUIJ "'" ""~_I<dge
Im)'lic_Ii<on. 01 hi> .."'~ witl"... ronlt"'por.ory ..; ..... ions.
ron""",
A POSSI BLE Or..'[MA
So,"", 80.* . nd TIl< S''8-'~ o..a ""
n,,' ;,mpiy nl .S.i".. ",,>I> t<'preMion. 1"'0'" dAn: io

no! ,imply .. pO.'" ,i <"," ",i ... ;;." ....,.. .. Doy of W,.,h ..
.... 'ghtfo.w.rd prol<-s' .go;"'01 .)t.nny. The prOOlenuli<

.......... of D"')...... works ....,,' on ''''"'''pllO ...... ,1>0 fit .....
~ ... n..:ti~ oonl<mpor'''' id~" p<>5itooru.
"y.
ComoPi....,,......
, .... ldomi ... nt oo..rgt"Oiol io.WuIugy f"",. u n""m~ red

po .....S'" tr.n.mi, it wilk (1)"> ..1 clo~ty. ~".., ito .ho<rn
l.mgu.S'" An.d ",h,," >"<mp' '" ""k it 'urn ~k ' 00
",fI,..<1 i' '''II. in'erwp' it .00 1M ". ,. ,i,iN. by ,".... Iing ill
""""",ni",, . by bIori:i~~ ' ..... mr .. Comolli and Na moni
J""'C<'cd...t 10 ",....",..,. y,>Oi.>gy <ti .... w'}' in wh.,h
1iJm. .... y be reLaONl 1(0 , .... dt>minan. potitical Idtology.
A, """ """"",,", ,ton cl.>irnf"d, Ji .. t .... """"'~
......q ..... prod"". (r.g.. ,be- folms 01 t..-Iouch), AI
1.... 01 .............. .o~ ....... r......... hicf> "'''nIj. ... tod: , ....
dominon. dodogy ,1I""'gII breolulown of uadiOOol.tJ
o; .......... ,i< "p'''"'''''''''ion. 'n t..twftn. thr", are .."..".1
f'O""ibilj!jn (poIiliGtl ""' ...... buu'll<"" Iorm. ~,""" 0; .........
eI<. ). one 0/ whiooh is .oPf""O!"i>" to the
of ,h" bod:
,,-on:
w'"fi'"
.. film' uolrich ........1
"tIlt to ""long fi,,"ly
"oJ",." """Y.
amb<g""'" ...".....
~,'h io II>< ~ 'rr"

"""I'I.-tdy
/:1 .....h '"rn ..I to "'" 'Moly;' m
r", !I."..g~
til.......,. '" Iht .iIdlJr mini. IIwy

gl'"', _
..... ~,
d""., .
IItt)I.WI """,. _ . ~"..;,.. ....
....tm!l ""'" ,It< fro"*'- - ,.....'Y
IhltJ!h ,It< ""'.

Juny "....
R...mr
<norl.. .. j.Id . . . . _WW''''' 110M;'. ""'_

~".",..._,
_ _ ,/w ....."'S
ti"i>hN ,....t1KO.
,.,..,_Ihr
""""'S """",
. lItt pl.ou .......

Ih""" .., , _ , . ,lor ...." .., lit< ~ "'~,.;"S " II>
.......... _ 1" off ""'IW
fr-u:wt Irl> ...
..,. il. 0.1"'" ohoo~ I,
il. l.<>;>lmg.,
"" fro"""",k . "''' "0 ..... '" ~ ..",.." I, io il: ""'" OOIJi~g
il I>d . ilhin
I,,",,, .
I ...... . ,1"
"..;~
p/M> .",i<It <,""*> Ih< fil ..
II>< _ . ff'~ ~ II,. fil .. ot<iqwIy. 1o.>kl."I
lItt"".,,,,,, ..(
i."",,,.1
"1'"""
"P''''''''''''''''''
,"in
_'''.'!I'''''o.ll
;. 10k,.,
~ "!fJI'~ ;
if _ - .
d .,.,...... , , . . .
If<
DREYER'S u:m;
",it "'" .... '"0' it .. titMW ~'iI" <tolCk>' i';,
<OOama,
.pUlling
l/tnt in on
""lin ... j.,,,,...,J ""..", u'hich ;. .i.,ply ""I

idtol"l1;c"I I~
im"",",,",
h., "".... '"100""......fu' ......

'M
to
fil,., TIt< idtoIogy
,<XI.
Ford, Dr<y', 1W<!rlI,"i,
(Th< ~I""
of
p/r.)"
Si"", 1'169 ,he re<iuc,iwne .. of the Co"m typology h,'

bemme 'ppa"'''', (Doe ny f,lm de.,ly .nd unprob
Icmotically "'P"" " '" a d<>mirumt ideology? C.n " ... ,,<opt
so .boolute plit b<"" .. n form . nd content 0' . ignif"" and slgnif,,'<1l) Yet ' he pa""go: qu,,"'<1 ,bow <"hoes
Comoll;'. ",m,o.l on 10.. ""M"'u,, 1 gaps"
no,
,.,;"., .,.; "''''''''''ic km-n ... hich I q'-"""<l ;n <""p"" " ,'e ,
n-.,
cotegmy i. u>dul bee.u,,", it; ins""'''''~ on
lhe ioOOoIogic;>l
"I
",U>td. with the d;,,pan,;.,..nd .. n.ion.
hove fou nd wHhin D"'y,.....
film .
be.",,,,,"
C." ....
fu"","'"
",ptu'"'
wh""w.
,-.;'" ""')' in p roduc';',n .nd ...,"""'ic poiltion do

D"'yd. film> ""gin fro", wh .. ,he C.h .... dcocn..... os
",.>Ctio"'ry .... ndpoin l, Everything ".., .... ," studied .,
c.... rac'.n""' <)I" n..... ive "ruet"", in .he film ...,1<$ to
kwp 'h<>m in <ho.'Ck id<"'!ogk.lly, to .,,"re coheren' " .....1
meill>ing, In ("'~ '(nS In lcl l;gi~llty .nd cJo.ure, the .tos. nt
CO"" .nd lho.waro ~ mQli,'.wd .s ",Ii
gious p",desti""tion. In , uch film, ,,1""'''' JAn-. Doy of
Wn"lo, and O,lkl. the ""n";" 'plic;tly..,to .gain" the
Chu"," rue relig""i!)' that i in the
I).. io, repre
..,n,,'<1 by ,he film'. o,,"n ",I/.suff".,n l di"""",..., (the
J.nn" d'Arc .....1 ".n",ript, the D.... IT ... ..,,,,11, 'h" h";ng
,,"otd of OrJ,,), Hore th< P'..mc~ of elimin.t;"\; <H:!d;t "-~
Gue,.",,, iD"l' of \VllIln, OnktJ help> ..""tify ''''' fi'm .,
au.orlOmOUsly intelligible, ""t<ide hi'tory, H.....'. ''-'0. ""0
ousht to think of the
fi~" '" of ,he I.th<, . nd
0111,. ,,'" 01 'h< word in .... y ho, reinhm:o '1>ooIogic.1
The
h" ,he
toxt mak , the
n''''. ~'' . ;n" ,mgibh: boc.u.., ,he word rep",..nt< an exrb""""'Y pri"dpl<' ow' , "d . b<",o 'h< ,,'o,ld of 'h< film .
Religi<>n . . . .,."'oli", 1<>"", .. l .... on Od""logic.1 weish',
not <>I\ly plocing th< .. ' ~ 'n In.n ... ><;.,1. "omp",.II,ame
of refe",,,,,,, Imt . 1", ".Iid.ting;' "'p""""''';''.-., ,hto>';';"8 "", fil",', "y rrod ochoo of non.'ive: religion
in a <'pitallst """"-''Y, Jul;" Kris'o,', emphasizes, i, "'the
pn" ileg<-d pla<o of 'p<-'<ulation and ,he pr..c~ from ",h"h.
gi<'.n _i<>cconmnic /om'''inn can el.bo .. ,e til< theory by
",hkh ;t "'p",,,,nts its own ,;gnifying p,...,hcc ' 0 il..,ll_
tlowry "f bn~ ...S" .nd "f ''''' fune'ion 0/ lanSu.of;'-':"
"'_'ed
r,,,,,, .,...
1"-'''';'''''''
"''''''pt'''''.
..,. rc"
"""".Ied
A. fo, O"'yd< u,", of "'g<'<Iy. wo ,on .',,, ,h., ,"" .. _

i",iste""e on ,"thori .. ,;,.., in ... lIigi~lity has dnl'en him to
,hi. ",ooe , C""""ption, of
;"." ;,,bili.y fu,,",hon tn
o",rdetonnine 'h< iilm', .... n.'i'..., 'ystem . i'n.'dictioIU .
[""liol., .nd .ymme..... find ,hei, ulll""'te fu lfillme nt
"'hen the ;ndividu.ls I.'e is ,,, bo ,.,p,.,...",ed p"'.
d,,,,,,,,i,,,,d , Of "Wn S"' .... , uo.
of t"gic
.."f. k""","'dg<-. In I"'"".. d' /In-. D")' of W",'", ond c..,.'",J,
'he t"gk rrot,~i".t forSt mi,und"""nds _ If, hil
ing to
he .. .><!ions with he, ".u ll><n lic" d '" "
.>Cle'. Bu, . , m.rtytd<>m .p~"'-'S.
p n".~"n;,r.
of h~,
, ign;r, ~ " ""gnitKm ,>/ he, ......
,.,,,,.. 1"""nlity Wlwn I'.. m"' ....,. ~<,.,,,'n.oo bits vi
'''''pt out of Ihe room, ,he
he, destiny. "You, doli" e,,,,,,,,'" "k. M.... .,u. " M)' d,,>(h'" kanne' .ns",,,,,.
When An""....,. Mortin bot,., .nd . bandon t.:t, ,he ron
r.,...,o: we.", to bolieve that ~he ,.,.ign' he",,11 to d th,
n.. film
u. to """ Gertrud., undeI>t.lndins th. t . 1
'''''"I\h p<'rf'-'<:t kwe" impos,ible, ~ charoc,", will ""'ept
"".hing k',,: """'" Sh< ",i'I><.I"".. from 'lw ",orld , Ind;
"id u.1 f'SY""" ~ 'SY ,'.,idd"" 'he nd"'d li,.., ,,""" u"-'; w""n,
in the end. the t"g" """,ine <Kaept' her
her ._nt;"1
n>tUft> c'Yst. ll iz~ ' f", her: he, .K"C~p"'""e <o, robo""" the
"",ti,.., f,,~ of ,he plot, which i. in 'urn <o,robonted by
the ou'come. D",)""'. cI.im thot hIS ftim, (. n' ~' upon
po;ydlOlogy .nd ....
. h;"o,;,;. 1 "",," boc""",.
intolligible. In h i'
hum.n psy(hology ...,1<$ 10
become d.fin<-.l '''n)ugh ,,,ig""';"'n '" ,I><., ;"",,;t,}tnh ly vi
an ;"'f".-",.I cou .. ' ",he",,,.
CO",",'phon, " I C h ';"i~oity .nd tr.gedy op,,,....
'h"'"gh . sf";-'Of", fig" .... , wom.n. n-., fem.1e prot.goni"
beco""",'he oih: 0/ hn'( ,.. h..WinS'he ",,,,.liV<' h'&""'-"
J~.nn. d' At< .nd Genrud fIo""tinn to n""- Ih< ",orld. of
'h<;, ""pti'''' folm . , 10 V""'P!I" fint !.<'one .nd then
C;~", """""""
d... ire<i obje<:t .round ",hieh th<
struggl< 0/ ,he plot t.kes pI;oce, OM<! p..... n,,'ngo, OS ,he
he.rt 0/ .he hou"'l",ld (a. Thou 5""/1 1/0<"" Thy Wit< had
p",,,,,nt<-d Id.) , In D")' of W",'", An n" ,h,p'" the """ ti,'.
'hrough prnn. "f " ~'w dod lw, d<;:,;,.,
M.mn. Yd th<
pi.>.' "f w"ma n in Drry... 1;lm' i, ~u it m~,',I",,' . From
0 "" ... nd",,,n., ,t.: " "",,,.,,,,. of th<.' feminh,. ch","""", i,
f'U",h.t_ by , upp"-.... 'n "I ,1>< 1, ...,u.lity. 0"" id.<>I<.>gic.1 lu"","" 01 the ,.bI,.ouil..,., d;'lO<!ic i. to postpon" .).. _
tema'",all)" the problem of the r.:-m.lo body , .he body is
only a fig"'" in ... ble. u. "">lie",,, i, ,,.n,lv.-red to locial
exp"...."'. (Md...," .he most ,,,,,"iou, ... mple,) U.uall),
"' 11'=
i,. """"'phon
.y"""".,.,;,,,
..,,,.pt.,,,,,
,,,
I,,,,
""i,
",.It,,,.
.,1<0
f.""
,""""""I...,
".ged....,
'h"
f,,,
4, 0nirI,
2. V""I'Y'"'
,he body is " " 'pped 'ish"Y in d<>1~, p ...... n""<1 OS ,,'ha,
MikMil B.,khH n. d""'ri~"g , .... im'g< <>I '",. m,<I "".1
limili <.oon , , . , .... im p<n<trablc
<. mi"" . ~.II.
I...,.de'"" "f t .... body, Cam. lily . _<ls ils<,]f. g"""sq ...... }'
. nd in"'rmium"y. in images of pain . Ofren eh."octo"
ro~
bod ... into p<>S<S no k.-ss rigid 'M" ,oo.e 01
the ..
i.sdf. V","~r "'p..,..,nt. 1&>"" .. . "'om>n
'0 t.. ['incl"'" And b-lo.-.I. Gi..,1e os on< '0 t.. . tropped to .
",--d , Ing"rl;", ro""ulsed on t.bIetop t t .... m<"K}" of tJ,..
doctor'.
In
d '''", . nd Day of Wro'". fIe.h
bt-com< ,.,.. m.teriol '0 be ""u lp'."<1 ."",,,~h 'orture
U """ d' AI'< t..ing bI.-d. H.,1ob M,rt. on , .... ''''ppado),
Onl), I.cill .00t. t .... close-up. con co"",1 .och d \oturbing
i.... s<"". In tile f><e (.nd.lI
of it th ",ush lighting
. nd n''''''''''' Wnre,t of h.g';: "" I-_ rif",,). tl>< feminine
bod)' find. it. jus! <hor""",ri,.t;"n, The ch.>nneling <>I "".
po",,1 in'o physX>gnomic onergy 'u .... in. !)noy""-' . "".,.
<-.I)), psy,hologic.1 dnem.o. Once .. k.-d if enlrrJJ "",,>d
any,hi"g ,,, Ek'gm.>n. Th Silnl",. Ore},", ""'f'",d.>do "'1f
I ",ere to m." a film
u,.biJno, I ",ould "'"
'0 nUl"h upon tile ",,".1 "1")<' as opon
,I,., psy<hoIogic. 1"",,:' n Th< .",..nly 0/ IhI< It"lT1.1e body
'om, into an ..... ,t.."." "'r".. , i"it)' ",h"" SUPl'-'rI, I",'
onlty of the ... fT.ti",. ,.
C~" . ;n <>I [)..,)'<,. " r'i"" I<..d~nc;" 1.., ",i~lon"
""""'I"ioo, of .n iso\.l'ed . uhjec1 I"'ing my .. oriou. and
imp<"""",1 ' 1';';,. In monograph on O",ye" coun,ry'
rrun K;',kos""ml, Theodol Adorno k". pointt-.l o ut how
, .... ",~;on of.n ;d,..lli" ..,If "'., m.ln;fo,tt-d;n , .... ""UI'
ring "", .. phol CJI , .... in'orio<. for Adorno, Kierkog",lrd.
in"'''''' em:>OJio.-d in ......ci"" ....... i'h .he homa n , obi<,<t in
ha biting . , ;""'Ill' 1"'.....,....1 'p.o<e. cut ofl from prodLlCl""',
Obj,.. d,,,,, .. h,'ely .rr. ng<-.I . mirror the ,ubjt', un
,.,. .
,,"0""'''''
bI<."
lid...,,,,. I"'""'
'"-"",,,,n'
",,,,,,,,Ir.,,,
.bott, ","
''''' ng;n~ o_n,lal ",t" "" In D.-e)"\'" <10.>",,,,,,,,. we fond

the .."", ",ndo",,), to,,.nl t....11.bso'1'tion of . 'objt
o""ide hi.tory. "'hery single """"'." ""'" , .... opening of
Thou SIr,1t Hooo, rh~ Wi/<, ""\0. ,,"orid unto """I.
"'
e" idcntly. t"'" .'" , .... p>inhngs h"'ging "'ithin
too.. fOom., The ch.>mber' . inh.>bi,.""
or ... nd
.Iongsid< pict""'"
double th<-m . o..vid G,,)' pau ... t.."".,h,
fi"..J..w.:i< porl,.'t Ifig, n An ... is gli"'pS<"<l
in Iron' of I"' in'ing of , .... cruc;fi,ion (tog. 3). Behind
t .... p """,h. of 0,*' loom inug. .. 01 .ho round.r< of tt.."ir
<no"hes. Im'~". ", hich I><> t .... old men t .... msel,.... (fig.
~) . Gertrud i. ",fleett>d in tile tape.try ""hi..d 0"" .... , Iov
Of> in pictun... CJI coopl<. by t .... ""a 0' 01. man bend ing
oMel bu,d,n . Th< <"'mbi" h.o. ~. h. 1I of mirro".
F",m 'hi, . .. nd point. t .... ""nt .. lily 01 . rI
in Michl
.nd Q.I",d t..rom ... ' ymptom.>ti< of Ore)",. lenci."")' '0
imp"''' ,0" "",;'1 in ro tile <"",octe,,' , ufTOoMingo, bu, "
' ''... """"" Ih'"ugh dew",i,.. ~" ..-Ie<t.-d by , ....
M"".
"""py
,j,
,h.!,
"*"'"
eha,,,,,,",,
lido"", .Iso So;;!;,"" ,MI t .... <h.mber'. lurnish ings

",-,<""ne .>es,o"ticizi, gaining ,OOr ';SnWIe."'" "not In""
,he ,ubow""" of " 'h"h ,h"y.", .... "olocto""', but oul 01
'ho
", hich . _mbles tho ilIu.ion <>I tt.." Ihings'o
>till life."'" In O"'yer. film" ""itt..", ,d.",n"'" ""Iism
i.,,,,,",.
"." P,)<lM,"".,.1
""p",..I"ily
w ill
!u""Y . 11
t"" poc" u",
frame "",,'''ieo, p"",;,.,ly .Iigned ""fa. , firepla-s,

",ood",ork .nd co n>roo upon ", h"h tile c,,,,,, .. Iing< B ,
Fot Droyor. ,ho eM"'bo, i, ploc~ of
Ofn. p",Ki,k Il<,nd ",rit.., 'Tt.."",.re't.." boo", ,..hi ,. ,,.110,
"'All' brok"n by d,,,,,,,.i,,, obj..'<lS. ooIid. ioolati like
)\em, in co",,"" Dro}"" ,"" mbors P'" ;I<,n< on di'play'
lik" mu""um And .' hop. t1>< d"me"" in'o,""" i,.n .", hit>;
!ion .tw"", Y,. in K""k"~.,,; . Ad""", "S"'''' II,,, "'-
ill," .
."""t""le.
...
D."",.'5 USE.'i
""'.U..,
name,," du nut ..'Om alie"

they ........ e" up
",llg;"u, ~mbol', c",.tlng a ,.,,;ond i"w.,d_, the e,i.
.. "t .. 1 subject'. relig;"us ""Uden"I." A
'pilit""l
izotio" <>u'" in DreyoI'. ch..lm"''''' HQ"c"l'i"g ghootli!<e
around the chor","' ..., (he objec" 'p".' ui m)'5tory
"'yond
e:<p"""n<~. They ore there. D",yer .ssuT\'s
u,. "fo< .ymbolic ","SUn,. ~W" if the .ymbol, <o"not
... ",oJily under't<:>ud,"" n.., perceptu.1 ,t,.,,8"""" 01
the"" bQurgroi> roomS can 'ignlfy ." obs<ure but P""'"
,i,,, 'j>iri(u.,lity, Hom. Of chuh. ,.., t".. n \OC.Je..re i,,'e,
ch..lng<'ObIe; t'" chom"" he<um,.. < ch<pet
In .pite of.n the .. detenni""tion" Iftry , film' do,
i " eomolli.nd I\"boni'< ph,. ... , " throw up OOstilCt..s in
' h" '''y of id,'Oiogy" ; (he film. po .....
moment., To
hoce lhe id ....logic.l impl i<. '~'"" "f o,.,yoI'o I. .. film" we
".",.j to fUm 10 lhei,!!<,1'" .ml disloc.tion'-Ih..ll ,el.,ion
of n.... H,'. fenn to cinern,t'oc lorm whkh h,,, be<n lhe
{,,,,,te, of 0'"' i"'l"IT}.
,,,,,ila,
..,n""
I""
0". ""ult h., al",ody be<n ,uSl\'"'I<'d; a 'hifting of ou,

, ""nlion hom lhe "",,,,,'i,~ to fil m styl . lnm", d'Arc.nd
V""'I'YI, the on< through oompo!oition .nd disron ,inui.y <<l.
iting, the othe, through ;i8u", """"""-." .nd C' me""
,,=k.
f""",
u. to ""'M to tho, ""'''',,,';''S <~ Om ",,,,,ho,,k
~~p."'i,,,"'.,
TIl< ol><kn'''g ,,( 'h)"hm in Day '" W",O, lore.

grouOO, .n. """'S< ~I Ii_ ,n 'he
,""e8),
"'''' hnued ;" Onl<t '00 Cmrn1l by k>n~"henu,g ,he t.ke.
"""vl,,S ,h<, C
_m,,., ",d .Iow ing the fisu",-'S' n"",e
m~n". I" , II 'he .. film" "'e m,," nolice fdmic "'p",,,,n 'a
bon . , ",\ali"ely IOO"i"'OOoo' <y".m within ,he I",,,
fig u 'e, of d ..
ci ....."" .,~ qtK>ted and d.r.mUiarized.
Om viewing "I ,he film mu", , h'n8";
con follow lhe
tim only by """""ing nu""',',,, "' cint'ma os. 'p<'<iil<
medium, The inodeqllM)' of n.na,ive func'lon ) litm;"
"'p.-n"'ion IhwOTI. Oil' d ire '0 ",,,'hro<J.~1t ''''' " 'p '
",.. ntalion '" tho na"all, .
Th .. ",.ult rould , how","I, boo i" olifted "'ithln "'''''''
conception. 01 trad itional ..,,,he,,,,,. We ought, 'h. ' 'l!u,
men' g"'"', '" P')' ... o"li"n to 'he ." ",.,Hum, and o,.,ye,.
lil .ny .. yll ... i, u"ng ""rt.'n d'.., ...... '" f",," ". '0 notie.
,I>< artlul"" .. of ,I>< ",,,,. To ""me ""ten'. ' he descriplion i.
ocru,.'e, y.., the five la'" film. p<'("""" """" , ..,100.1 W''"
l\lTe thon bringing ,he medium to ou, not..,." To. ru i"
degree and in ceTtlin way., ,he problem' po<ed by 'he
ftlm. block any Immed .... con,,,m,,,"'''_'-''''''' .. "."
WQlh." An ,he <h.u",,'eli"i< p"",ureo ,owald d iou"ity
0p""" no' only '0 "{',... the film apo" a( ,he ",am," bu,
"'"nt'.
"ic.,
w.
. 1"" ' 0 k""p it from I>o.';"g .,.,oily ... ,mil ....-..I to """'empo'
Ta'Y "",'hdic "andaId .
So completely canonized h.!,.I",""< d',\rc .00 1'.ml'Y'
bc<ome that we ""'y fO'l;"t how they challenged "'" only
Hvllyw<:>ud "'mn, bu' . 1.., d.\rtl '''''''' th,,,,,,,,of film .". I"
il> time nd P"Ihap< .,'en ,till. L>",...,., ok I","", J'A"
emorg<s ., un<:l..,if.. ",". Finaneed by an inlem.Iion. )
romo"ium . the film ""'Sh' neither . n ...ntgard ooi
en", no, . pohli<otly progre ..i,.. on<: .ocrording 10 p"'"
"''''''', ,he produce .. hoped to "",. e. commen:i.llly pop.
ula, mm " 'hich WQuld Ihw." Hollywood'. hegemony in
Europ<'." y., ,he nlm', ,ty'" . "med it of commercial
failure. Ot~)"" ",j:ted bo,h d ' " i<a l con,inuity d~,'"""
.nd ..'.n' garo. procedme>, Unlik ,hE America" d"""",.
/"'""" d'A" oH. n foreground'
the "'p"noe oj "",.
k>gic; p.~ it ",fu"", '0 d i,m;" 0' des'roy """alive
,,, ' h<' v.rouo m." "" .. of Vert'''", Lege,. and Bun""L It
n~it"'" h.,.." "" its dioron linui'''.. '0 char.><t< ",.' ~'n .nd
m,,.,d (In ,he " .. nl\e, oIl'tldm'ki") "or lund.m.m lly <h. l
tengc'S ,he authori,y of. p",filmic ,,,,,,,,, (in ,he rna""." of
Ei..,,,,t";n). It, idlos)""",,;.,; drow """. of Dreyer' d
v.need m,,,.,ml""""'o to rondemn the film .. ""unci".,..
m.' ic." II ' ,I\" "a "' an a .. of mm..",...,,,,. ' hi' f,lm', """"
,uw " "",el'b"n " j a<h<",
"'~n."" .)/ ,h<. O>1".,;"",ot. 1 Ru,,"" dnd F",nch
<1",-'''\.0 ',"'k ., thei, ,ubject< ,'~)I ''1\t phys>:. l ""'i,il)
,unning oI.,w" .. eps. tr.ln ",.<1><$, ,"'-' ral""g (~
p.,"'<5bu'l! bridll'-'S, """,hi ", "",n.. ~.,.) . :>: .. ,,"" ""f"",
ru.d <" nr,ned "len, fil m p"r.:lp.olly ,o .he dia log"," "".
ch.,,8" ' " ' ....1. 11'1>< film'. n.rt.livo _n"-'<n ,Ile Slyle c~'uld """m ""Iy ;ta'i<, "Vel')' in'c","',,~
dnd be. ulifuL"
floe"."';n , "bu( "", a film.
R.I ' ''''I "ie. of " 'oOO"ful poo,oWaph.:' fo, 1',"1
Ro,h.!, ""The wI')' .... uty of lhe individu.l "","a l imdS'"
de",oyed ''''' ~I"," ".Iu~ 01 the production ."" Od.""" of
,he film implicitly ..........t ,he same point: /"'""" d'A ......
{'~' .ffilialion, we", with othe, .m (pointing, !iC1J1p'un'. musi<). "'" with {'i""ma . M",,,,.,.e,. /U"'" d......... ,
,<'Ii.""., up"" Intcrtitle,_ ", {'en".l ,,, ,he .ilm, diol<-<
lic <>I 'm.S" . <><1 la ngu. S"- al"" ""'"' ...'" """ ~j ' he "" .
<n..a ttJk." of "pu'" cinem."; , ...., . iilm must ...."'-",fly
P;Ch}ri.ll. i,,,,, oj .h< .. inl vi the wON, In its d.y. I><!!<'p
boo'", .. n n.".. ti", and "yo, mo<l./","", d',\,.- unia,hlon
ably unftlmic. emb.lrr... ingl)" impu", ci..,ma ,
S""il.tly. V.m'I'!I' .hould ... located within <i",u",'
of Europe.n film t"'-"'T}' circa 1930. The coming '"
""und ch..llienged the "pure film" ...,,,hetic '" ,he 19200
'f"<""
..Ii,',
"",,,,,,,n'
""""..l
"",.d,
""".,.'-'<1
st."""
,,,,,.,,....1.
The .ilont Him .v~n '.gam< oil bu, ,'.n"I>o.' 1.0" ' ''' ) , Am<'''''. n
ho,..,
con';nuity oditing .,";1) ' ....,<b<d .... und . r><! to. in""'....d u'" (>/ ('am,,, ...... ".ment o.lped <I.rif) n.".t"...
.~ . Director> ., differen' Clair .nd E;"'ru;lein "",uSn,
makr integ.. l"' mm, "'hkh would un~)' !lOur><! w;,h
imagr ,
In ,hi, ron" " . ~bmP!l' bo),;omes no loss ""d,ssif"bI.
,h.n I","", d'A I'C hod bo,.,n, C."",..".ly, .n< r.lm 1m, ' to
to. c;..rro.n hp"",ion;,t cinema ar><!
contemporary
American horro, film" Technoiogic.II)'. ;,. ;ol<rtill.. . nd
rasp)' Tob., oou r><! .)""em ",mind u, th.t it i, on<" of Ih_
"aru;itioMI film. of 1 92 7_~ , 5,)"li" o,oll),. Vompy." off"'''-'en .<:ur><!, .nd rompk. '~ m.,. "',,,__<,,,<n" ". for
""'''' di"upti"" ,h.n tlw , ,,,, .. mpolO'}' "I"'riment< of
Mamouli:o " Of Lub;' ''h. Ab.,,~ .11, ,he breakdown of ,he
",I. ,ion ho",,.,m """aliv. """"me a nd <;""",.,0, "'I""
.. nta'ion vioLll<"d cur"'n' roncom, . bou' ",ho , ,0. .... unci
cinema , h ould~ : 10, , ,,,,h din."<tO,.. OS C!.oi,,' ,i,u.1 n .. rt . ppropti.>' dy d",,,,. ,,,,, with SOno< "'''n'', lor
<", ldin ;;o," t directors, .n .rt of contr.punta l 5OUnd
im.!ge montag., Ibm",', muffk<l ",hi,pe" ar><! sobs, ito
loJ;' in 'T(hroni<atiuo, .nd i" jer~y. u"modula ted sound
cuts only i""e' '''' lhe problerru; of M"ali'" .pace and
lime, it
",u.:h ........... ""h .. tllan In. rontempolOry
wor. 0/1'."" ", C!.o i,.
~e i, no doubt
bo,h j"",,,, d'A rc . rod 1'.",I'l"
fy" . Iosl """" 01 their r.dkol ed)l" ,h ")ugh beiog i"""tpO.
Tal<"d inlo ,ho d;""""", 01 In..rt r.Jm, A, . cot.go'}, Ih.
,rt fLlm d;f!o" .,..'i . .... "self lrom the ... rod.,m ired com"",r
cial produ,", by "'p"""nting ,he "pel'5Onal vi,;.," " 0/ 'he
indi,-idu.1.rtist, lho di,';';"" 01 Jabo, 01 I.."",y C,1",maklng
i , now ow,""",n by ,ho lilmma ke" "'" h.,,, . 1",.0<1)' ......'"
how D"')'ds bi<>gr. pho,. 1",~"r><! r~ "' '''~ view 01
h i, own 1"Qrk. and <>Ihe, lac",,.. , upp"''''''nt it , The independen' p,oduction citru"''''''''''' 01 bo'h I"'"'"' dA",. nd
I'"",,,., ttl<, m util.,ion 01 bo,h ', lmo by n",,..hip .nd 'he
".gon.. of distri"" ';';'" , ,iT< f.oct ,~.t bo,h h'''" pl.y.-.l
"'ped.I,y
.broad. t iT< ~no n i>.. li<ln 01 ,0. rolm.
by ci""..cluo.. 'I-..' ""o'hng of .",h fi'm in '" m.n) varying
,~rsions ,ho' it i, diif.:u lt '" ",,,,,,'. , . n " risi",1 ' ",I -oil
,he .. 1"",0" 'ended to <h"S" l'o",I'l" .nd .'I""'ially I"'"""
dA ... ",ith '''' 'u," ,~ h'gh . rt, Th., i, why il was n"' .... '"
0, '" d,lamiliari,..
, !.o "jes, ' 0
any
un ifood 1"''''''"01 vi,.,n i, , ubjected to!l"''' ,,,,,.,n by ,ho
r.lm" o,'..all functioning. Bu, i, is al50 poosibie ' 0 arguo
'h.' in the I"'nod 1925- 30, ,he art fd m hod no' become ,ho
'0
'0
.,Ii"
,.,.,m,
,h.l,
,ho.o,,,-,,"
f."
t_
'ugge>' ,ha,
",uti"" commodity that it i, lod.y, The earl)" a rt cinema

in 1><>,...... , limil<!. f"hion , . prOS"",i,,, lore., in
'hat ill"'rmilled dir!o", like Ga~, L'Herb.,r, Ep"ein,
rato." and Murnau to work producti,,,I)" within n,,;oo.1
fil m ind ust""',
By ,he eaTl)" 19500 , howe,'er, ,0. art cinemo emerg<-'y, The '>nd of World War 11 broke
do ..'n intem.tional h.lrrien, Amenc. n Him prod""'",n,
beoet b)' 'Il< com pe!iliorl of "''''''''''", toiera,,>d and "",,0
enroura)\<"<f ,he grow' h of ,he .. , ci""m. , In thi' """",xt,
o.y of W",lh (19-13) must 0. _ n " ' n " .rt f,lm"' .n~"I",
0 prototyp<'. Tho fil m ', h,,,a..l'ooo o.''''"",n natural
and ,up.","'u ..1 "" p!.onation '~ .. An",,', o.h,,';", . n tidp.'d how tl.., . rt dnem. "f If><- 1'1500 ",,,,old u" .mbiguity
to fo"1!fUUr><! ,ha" ..:k, p'ycholog). Yel o.y of W ..th' ,
im l"'""nal "'p'. ",n" ,.,n,1 cherne and i" "'tard.,ion
0/ rh)"hm .." it 'I'-'rt (rom ,he ",.li" . nd n""",.I;"
.I"'"",ti,.." '" Hof lywood at 'f><- time, Tha, ,,,d.), 0.1 0{
1'1 .. 10 i, wat<habie ,hould not "",.e u. Iorget, .. w~ "'w
in chapter eigh" lha' d uring ,I.., 1'1400 lhe film', po""r "'as
di><omfiting.
Tt", "ory concepl of .rt cinema come. under dire<1
,"uli in Dreyer'. two Los. films. 0, 111<')' .triee '" ""' Ke
Ihern>< I,'~ , unroru.u,,,,bie ""
The "'~"'" /or
,he chang< I;', in ,II<' w.y 'hat ,he.,ric.liLA,;"n .nswered
to ,he probl"m....~ by ,I.< .... und cin"" .. , 0"')........
.. ,,' ,he ""uM film .s ",.d ing '0 . """" 'n.. ,rk., .... rt 01
film n,.king, "'T"" .. Iking f'lm PTe"'"" it.. lf Ii. . . t"". t",
~ in c" n '~n'''''d rurm,"''' Thi'
aU to lhe good,
Dn'}'" ' I><>ughl, ,i"", d uring lhe ,ilen l . ra he had championed litera ry-lhe" ric.1 ..,,,helk in opp"'iho" '0 ,he
"pu",.fLlm" posi'ion . Ou' .It.. a fLllul begi""ing. ,he
sound fil m d id "'" bocomo a, fran ~ l)' 'he.,,..,.I ., h~ had
I><>pe<I. S,,'ift , honS'" of "" n ~. ,he .. k-cti,-. . " imilation 01
Ru,si>n ,nd F",,,,h 'uttins de"""' nd ""''''-''''ins of
"-"hn",,,,,. I",,,, mu,,", a nd r.d;', puo",'(l 'ho Ci """,,, to",. m a ",,,,,h'e o' I'-'"Oi,'o"" .. unli" Dnoy"(' "",;o",~
M",..,,,,,r. Dwyer o<Ii".ly ,,",ugh' ' 0 di,,;ngu;,h
hi' r.Jm' from lhe "film-prod"",:' I Ie"'" the 'pl'-'",nl arch.ism of lhe fiI,,,,' ",'urn '0 ,he lhe.trical unilie<. Bu, tha,
'''''}' rerum permitted ,he films 10 preserve ,he ",,,,,n'ial
'pli' 01 na"a t h~ logic (now, the play te>tl from 'pa'io.
tempo'.! Iorm (""w, ,he cinema'ic .d~pta' io n ). Oncr ,he
'pli' i, formu lated, ci""mAt., rep"",-"'ta'''''' ca n p ....long
,iT< pl.!y. ''''. pu"" u'" it. fill it with empty <pot,. ",d"""
it to. ground 10, ",ork upon d.'''',1 "g"'''''' oj .tyl< .nd
ord in.ry p'oKlk .. of v;'wing.
w."
In,,,,
."Y "",M.
..,"""be
w.,
''''>a''''.
llIe d ... o.:..l HolI)'wood d""ma ""'I"i"",, a IIow 01 nor

tOti,.. infonn .. if)n ,,hkh. while "arying withi n cerlain
ra ..... no""rhele>. aim. fo r c.... c omf"'"ho,n,i~ ilit)" .nd ...
su",d run'umpt~,n . II is no' a
of. ~ .... nhtati'"
meuur", 'h" d .,ic.1 <>u .. l. 'po". I nd 'empo,.t
d i""",Si thn,ugl"ou"t thi' book ""'.." ",od inS
convention. bo,;"od upon. ron!inuou, in'elligibm,)". II III<
d ...",.1 """ing ro'w~ntion. oxi.t .t ,he midpoint 01 a
continuum. ""0 <an Io<a'~ o,he, n>ndol, a' opposi'" poios
0""
,",uk! be t o< '"inf"''''"'t ~", ",... ,Ioad d""m.o ,
which n,'o ..whcim. 'h~ ""',,.r ,,ith '<)<' ""'ny stimuli. tHti.
nd ~,'cty
""""nl<n" and
>..am,*, "'ould bo:- """", c.. ly Cnll,th Bi<'S'"ph,. ,t..,
si"st....I..m< film. "I R(obt,tt B"...... ,he .uperimposition
film' 01 Stan B,.. h. S'" a nd ",,'tain wnrks by Tati .nd
Ri,,,M . Such film. ca nnot bo: w.tched only"""" U"'y .....
dooignl
boo u"""imil.bIe on, 'ingle ,';'wing. An oppo'it. moo" might bo: c, ll<>d minim. 1 ejne"",:' II tl><>
"icw~r "" I",nd, to the infom,.t"",""""rlrud film with.
..".., 1)/ confu,ion. minirn.>1 cincm.:> dkik. "".'" of boredom. fudg<! by <I.o,sieal v",wing pro<odure,,, tl><> film
pre""" " too few "imuti. too much repetition. too lew
oornpl""it;". Minimal cir.ema 1"'0" .... i" in,te.><! <>I
w.n'iog to ,low the film do.... n, the 'pe<tatur .... nts
' p""d it "p, (I "'.. goo.- . skf'd '0
Ot*, at ...,to
I.,rer than 2 ~ fr.m<' per _ond.) E"''''plri <>I minim.t
d""mo would be ><l"'" fil"" by Andy W.""~ ond Mkh..,t
Snow. Ju.t .. defini ti , .ly~, it> (OPP<";' <' ", ;ni",. 1Ci""",,"
",Iu"", ..,rlain Imm, 1 .tr.t<'g;" (<,<gn"",)" <uoo"",..,...
drive).nd o", .. in viewing "",,..,nhon' dem.nd"" by to<
d...ie.l model.
The 0I0",.r.l
poce olOrd<l . nd G<rlru,j "'0'10",
.!IOin" ~ur CillIwn,ion 1..,,,IIo." ic d<'Si"" in .ho, ma nner ~f
"mi nimal cinema." W. "'.nt 0 folm t" bo: lresh . nd
on
0"" ""'''' ins- Y"t "'.' want ,,, bo: .bIe '" ""urn to it, ....~ng
mOn! each 'ime: ' IH.~ entiei,m', i.m il .. , ,u, l"", d.pth
metaphor.1 In
pe<t, the m;nimal '"""" m.y bo: ""''''
, oJie.1 than ,he ,-"wJ.,,.J
oi",, .t., t.,,", ...... "'.
promi'" p",lundity, oOOnd.oo.', den,i'),. Imo,' in" ,t" ,,
101< rich,....,. ",hi .. minim,. 1 ejnema ""t,.;"' (OU' " '1;<' '0
plumb the d.pths: ."'rything (.""h .. tlw.-e i<) i, on tt..'
surla>. no more .. "" Ied _h tim<, tk""ring "n tt..'
brink <>I ".,i Dreyer'. !.lto film' 'pproach whot jeanFron"" Lyotard coil. ad""m.'"" ; the~ ".n to
the
very ide. 01 \ ;""", """'UrS pict"r.,., """'",,, EmP'i"" .. , 1.'ent in lhy of W",'h .nd 0,",1. ",.nire.t in G<"ff4i. ha"nts
q""""'"
"""'"
1''''''
repeI"",n.
in'ric.'"
f,,,,,,.
'0
'0
pm,,,,,,
'I'-'''''
c".,
,II" ....
'0
"n" .
"'f"""
the 10'0 film, ., ,he reject;,," <Jf tt..> "'..,.; to <oti'fy any
""",he,,,, <'non. II ltho"gh Dr,,),,", had no over! d""irt' to be
"die. l. hi' m"'ginol position in film prodLJ<"'"", .m<' 8'"
through the film" ",lu",1 to be ro" '''m<d .i'I><> , diver.ion or ordin.r)" ..... To ,hi , ,,I<'"t. D",y"r Soever< hi, work
lrom ,he.tt cinem. of the 1'.1600: these film . "ruggle with
,heir
,ta,",
commodities.
In the light 01 the /t,rego;ng. Dre},",' c .-e", ,uuost.
mort' 'ppropria '''''Iogy than ,he ",Irk 01 Bn'< ht; tha'
"f Arnotd 5<t..... nb<>'S. C "nting
diUoren<". _
thdt D"'}'e' "",. ' founded. ,h.,<>n:'ic.1 ,)'stem. that hi.
""-,,, ,.odi<-at "..,<1<, w<,,' "'~ ,II his youth, ,00 !IO on",,"'ettlwk>s< tlw "Immo~e' n,...mbk.. ,lw "om
in
w",king 'I\";n" ide"tog""dlt)' J"h,""i"'-..d hdllit, .>I ...,.thetic run,u mption. W. need not . har. l(>("J",- Adomo's
""thing <>I m ... culturo to'S"'" that Schoenbo:~. ",o,k>.
by
inhuman auh>no"'Y, "PI""" ,t..' <>rdin.,,}' 1'1<,,<ures "i <><"ll<,tic o' l",ti."" . 'With 5<hoenb<>rg .1I.bil.t)' c......:,. In opposition " , on ... p"ldUflion and ron.umptio". 5<oo.nberll' pi<m.. ,nd Dn,'y""'" film, . tand
., ",-,&,,00"': Sc","'nbo:rg 'hr<>ugh the .)'Stem.,h>.c-d ."ti
"tru",on.. t pi"o. D",Y''' 'hrough rop ...""nta,ional di.
iu"".",n, . nd , ... ui. i.... [,.. o.1,,,,,,.lIy, b<>l h "'eft. ",t>oo<
ch.ll.ng_ " nJ in.ry "~~ p,<h,n""n. "fton ,,,uiV" to
ju,My th .. ch.lleng, by "oW",,,,,.' '0 ,t., .",h,,n,), of ",li
gion, n.. JII&i'm of .uch pl<><:<s Kl>I NidI'<. A S.roroo,
from W,,,,",,, .'01-.
nd Id(IIb', UIJJJn nd 'ho
Chri"idni1y of Ui I\<;iorr II< J"'"". d/I ... lhy 0{ w,.,~,
.nJ 0,",1 ",HId " "t desperote unifying 8".t""". It i>
no! ""eidon,.,1 ,h ""'ny 01 th~ m""t rodka l mod.m .i1is"
(K.ndi",' )', C,8". 0"_,,,) ha ,'. "",,-.:I<,d rdigi".ity to motiv.te fonnal '"'I'"",,,,-'n"'"," ,00. indC<.'d, pe""'P'".1
d;'pk'>sure. ('l'J>e prin<if"t . It,'m.tive. 'PI"-"Ied tu by
Brecht, CoJ.ro . <'t ,1 . woulJ ""-'m to be politic.,) ,,, in
Scoo.nb<>rg, ,"">r' ., ",'we" .'" th<> tOYbidding prol>l.m. '~
D,e),o,', film, <a",..,t b<> re,,,I,-.,,1 by a ppedl to 'he ooly.
Fin.lly, ",a~)f unfin i,hM "",Io,s haunt the I"t
0/
I;." th ani ... , dnJ ",'.'n ,110.' foni,t..-.:I work. illwe """,,'hing
;11>""1,,,;,," .I;.,'''t them, Ad"",,, I"'int< o"t th.,t
II,,"! l.fur ""
,,,I ,or
rom if ",ch l.n" pnl'!""''''' ""I~ tlr"'"g)' u",*,.
TI>< /." Sch."nbr'll ~""I-',.,.{ ",-,t
1 I".-.d'gm, 0{
~ ",",k. Tlrf "",." mu'"
,,,,,,~ .Il
,""t<
,I>< uwh ,"<ist Ie><
k<. "" t/rd,
a,
""'0
"" j'"
po""
'h,.;,
"""l,
",,a ....,.,. .
Y"'"
M".,k"n. ""''' ,h",
""rI,.
''''"'1-''''''''''
.W"''''''''''''
","'k ."d
""rI,. ""
'''''f""d
II"
In imi l., ,,'ay, Dre)'''''' l.l Ie fiim, rn.Iy b<> >.lid to work
"",,'<.,.
vpoo film., .""h, '" e,>;S1 I...... ummiosup;; ,)/ ,

,han glOmI""" 0( wh .. d""ma might "'"'""""
~'.". !);oW'ph." , leg<oo-'he ","bb<>m ind' "i
duali,l retu,ing.lI rompTOm;" -m.)" have beEn bo""",
ie, I."" tLmma.., .... bu, "pa,aJill"" of poooible cine",,"
are wha' "," must """k in ~"irnati"g Ore)'e'" in tc"''' fill
u, no"" We do not ~ \: ~"ide""" ,ha, modem foImma ke"
ha,', f"""d Ore)"r', film> importJ",. Al,in RobbeGrillet
00 M"g""'ite Du,a, h.,,, >ock"md"d);<"d ,ha, ,hei,
ha, t....,n .ff"",,-,j by his" g .... " Son~'g
Bndhtt Co'/
rn.>d~ uooe, 'he .,.g .. of (mkl, a film
whi<h ...... . .... m.i,..,J .n 'he"" Y" . ...., . kind uf "k. 1",.
pe""""" ~i my im.gi ...... WI_" ... A'",'omit ,fun "'1'1"',/, .oc.
conl i"R '" its t"no. h" lu< Mound , ",,'es. g<)Od de,,1 '0 G.-,.
I",d" Mir.hel Delaha)"" find, Dreyer" hand el'e,),where,
in Hitchcock. Godard. B""",n, MizoglK hi. S"aub' "'No
S""" film ,<h.,h do", no' go ""'k '0 DreY"'. ,he ero, of ,t."
modem ci ..,,,,,, :"
Yet ju" .. '"'e had '0 Avoid ",,,,-,,,iwly 'implc n,,'ion, 01
inA"""'e "" Dre)..." '" mu,t we .,'oid the same ",ro, in
<onoKl .. ing his eff"" .. on ",hc, filmmake .. , I, i. "",to m"
Ie, of finding Dreye'ian dev"", in o,he, foImm.tk,.'
w,)rks, fo, 1h.>1 simpl)' ptit'5 .It'Tnenb loo5e from II-o.'i, fUn('
tion. in di,t.,,,,n' film . W"'" i , sta , e i, not ,he b<",ow
i n~ of ;",bted d""ke, "", the I,,"'tion . '''''m'''''~'', 'h,
pJOblem. " nd proce",," 'M' Dreyer', film. open up. Inftu
enceo, ""ite. Tyn;., oov,
,he .hithng rok-o .<signed
' 0. givon "k-ment. " Inft""""" i. oeIJom ,,,.igh' or Ji'<'ct;
il mo"", cr.bwi,"" like (Shl..Jo",k)' in."",) ,hc knight',
m<we in
An artist rarely provides. model to be
oop;,." 1' "001"'" . rt;'t; m
ope'" up rock! 0' prob.
I""", launche, 0 1I,,,,,,,,,i<al e"",.ion in'" """'" 1"" .
sibilit., . The p,obIem. openN up .'" not ",-",e,s.rily
",,,led _ n,ithe, by ,hc fi""
(O",ye, did not. as I,-e
hal'" Jisc .. _
at "'''sth . _,,~,'e ''''' probIemo hi' " ',,,x
,.ised) no, by ''''' .ocu'" ...... , The .OCU"OCI,. ... n.rorm ,he
probiem. I~"'ition 11-"." is.'"", ",ithin difi"",
""~" "",,"" U... ini,i.1 P"'''''''''' I""'''' d'"" ,nJ """'1')1'
P<"" pmbI,," " of .pol"l .nd le",!"".1 <onti nu;')'; o.~ of
IV",l/., O"M. ,00 GmruJ. p,oblem' of ,hy,hm, the.,,,,.I
ity,
.n d emp~n""" aoJ .11 of lilt> mm" p,ob
km-., ()/ 'he "".t~ '" " I " . n.'i", "W< t ~ th< 'po' ~ '.t , 'mp< ""
"rocl""" "I ci""",. , W.. t .. . t <t. ... i , "", d in..... inff",'n.,,
("J h.w nu di"'ip,,-,>" ) "'" .. t"". w.ys in whi<h modem
ftlmm.~e'" h.", " .. " f,,,mro
It .. of _"nd.,), import,' ""o, 10< in",,,,,,,. ,h., 'he
'"'0"
d.im. ,h.,
w.,
<""'""'"
<"""',
,rti"
.,*'
"""to",
'1"""""'"
t""'" ..."'"
Y"""g
J n L"" Guddrd knew .00 admirt>d Drey'r's

a "'"'"
01 rrobIems ",hkh Godard aJd",_ in. film Ii..' Vit' ......
t ';'. We haw .I",ody """" how. in I" ~ d, I",,",,, d'A,c.
<:1,,,,,,n, .. oon "I"'" foe,", in dialog"" 'ran,trum, '"''
'p~ of d.",k. 1 editing. dis,urbing ,he unity "I p,,;n' of
l'ieW.oo ,hot'", ..."" ,1>0,_ I" Vi" ...... "it, Godard ",luIM
~, th is problem by ""!ting Nana', f""" in dial<,suo ,d1h
.""the" 11,,1 Godard go f.rthe,. ,,..,ahng e>ch ,."",,, . ,
,'. rion' upon ,he face motil. Tn. "pe"ing <I,-"i" 1',,"""t
N.N from 'h"", "]>1'-p",fil<> looking loft. f,,11 f"""
looking .. ,he camero, profik lo"\:in~ ri~h t_ .-.d lhe fi.-sl
shot of 'he ;i"" epi.ooe ooncl u~ ... the circu il b)' pre""nling
hc, from ,he ",ar_ The",. fter, God,rd',
po>ition"
""'king _"",", . 00 ,.JitinS build up ..,t of f",""u'ation,
f" more ,;chemahe ''''n any,hing in I"'"'" d' A"_"",,,,
Ihing much ""'''' like ,he rigoTOo' """),,',.,,,.;..- olOnkl
0 ' GtTtruJ, Conw"",,ion ooon", ., '" foimc" fro m behi"~
""" p.rticil"n' (epi.ode 71 0' b.,'hind both (episode I); trom
angled aoo "'''ighl>(}n '"b;li,'e po>ilion., (episod,,,, 4.
S, 10); 0''''' """ pmi<il"'nl', ,houlder in ~"'g take I~p
isod. 2) .." ;n m.ny .hot. (episode 101; ",ith Ca me,.
Ihat . ,C'.OO I"'n, 10 ",frame e;>eh 'p"'.l.e, (ephude 3) OI
~'hkh I,ac" in a nd Oti' "". , i"s'<'''''' I.pi.ude b). Two
""luences pn."",,' " irtu, lIy ," '"'Y "ped of Nan.r, f..... ,
one by ""'n~'~" (episode S). t"" "'''''' .n long 'piralling
'r2>C~i"g
("pi"ode 9). 0"" epi.ooe e\'en "'p"""n,..
c"',ach'''' po;'" 0/ ,';"IV w;'h(,u' identifying ,n. ch.te",'.,
(episode 1;:), Aoo nM until epi.ooe 11 (Na",,', " ""'" .....
t"'" with II",. 1'.,.",1 are ,he cu!ting .nd fr.mi"g of 0,
lhodox."" lew,,",.hot u",<1_""'ing by this pornt be.n
'horoughly dd'mih.. ,i,,'d , Thu, the f."", u,
from
t...
d, I'""""J'A .... in Vii' .... sa , ... fu"' lion, not , impi)'
to "'''''1'''1e Jeanne wi,h Nana, Neithe, Mm.t!\" """ Unita
tion, 'he "'quo"", cil .... 0",,,,,', film . . . 1""", d""'",,, of
1-0.,,,, ,hc ;""" . nd the glance fra):","'" ci"<-""Ali< '1""0,
offering. point "f dep."tu"" fo, C,id.td, "w" "" listie
"wl:_" W"'" .. """, I i, I"" Ore),,,,', f,lm. _
C"""'''
,ho"
"''''rpt
fus>''''
c."
""'~
",.""".,,><1
G<,.l. rd .1..,
V."" "" ,... . "theotnc.I" film,
in ,,"', I.o!;u<>;;<' ., ,'n".1 10 it ; ""I n my ntm """ must Ii..~n
'" I"~'pk .pe.King_""" N.) 1..... tho" di"",nt;n".ty. O"'1d.
'''''oIlY "I II"",,,,. I... ,;.,~ h opened "1' probl<m' 10.
,ubso."l '.... nt lilmmd k,'" '" .~,it ",t nd eh,II'.>n!;o, In w ' )'"
",h.h we h.t"" ...."" O"'y"r's film. 1""'" ,n.> rrobiem ,>I
h<"" ~, "'p,."'nt 'heal,ical t..!S, oow, film m.y be. ""pe'_
"'"",ne .. :' p"')"'" wo.-t. h" helped d,.nge lilt> ... .. " 01
" filml ,1I<.'re" in ,II< modem d ""m.J . A. S'ephen Hea ,h

No, ",!;<;estl. <...."'.1 11"",'1" d("!' ",-.J
'''''''re Wlm. "imp''''';'''' <>f .... Iily," (... lom <>f Ioc.ie
. nd timt'). Con""I"'nlly. d film', ' .... ..,;ng ~I '11<.,';'-. 1
"'preo<"",xm can rupture man, " f the ,",,,,,01 norms;
"Of., " 'a)' 01 ",,'.';n); ,he limit. c>i cinem. <c>i po.ing it<
,pt"6fo<ily) ho; b<,..,,, p f<"(;s. I) .he 1/MJ,riadbJl"", of film:'"
r"od",kall), by delini ng IhemSlw; .gainst dom in., "'
ronceplion. 01 whot cinem. c~n or m,'" 10.' (Rei" , nd
Mill.lr di>parapo ,he moJem "cine"", c>i immob;liry'I,"
Oreyd. I.'e film. define ,he "' '''''''"'''''' 'jX'C iftcj,y of
dn<ma. cj""".., a., a mi,l "'p"""n"""",,1 modc , Th u.
(>nU, .nd Cn,,,,d b<.k,n~ ;"'SO " 'i,h Tit<
I".m, 0' 1-1", .,.
V, .. y. tho" wi,h I<hil;.a",. ', A "
R.-!,,",,!I' _<>d Osh;
mo',
by 1I""8i"8
An.,!, """, .. l ~.ntly ,~ .11, ,,'i.h 11", w,,,k (}I O,noele
Hu;liet and Jean-Marie Straub,
;n Godard', film.,
in ~"'n<." .... PI",,,,n l, 5tt."b ""Mid,'n od 0,1.", to pre,h .. w<>uld b<,. ","""wl>on' bo!'''.... n lfitthcock.nd O,,y<-<." ."d in. n <_y he ' 'is,,,,,",ly dd. n<ll
0"'Y"" "",k. ' I k ... .gain, ho",,,,....-, ,he prim.o,)' i" u ~ ; ,
,h.' " I ' '''P's.s;ng. "I push ing ott in ,,",w di_n, lik. the
,i"".,. .",i."
liI'"'
""ro,',
0",,"
A.
0'"''
"",,' " I>o.,n,

k.!light'~
(1VQIo.t'll ""-""', 0-1 tr~n~fy"",i ng' he f"'lIl 0-1 prot>-
lem. ",v 1ed in D",)..,,, work, So it IS im po".n' 1M' Tit<

Bridfgroom, 11, ""tr..... "nd ,i Pimp ronden"" .l play ,,'Xl,
but in an ut""ly un_Onoyerian way_ b), simply red ucing it
to a fran'''', elliplic.1 'en minUleS; ,~ film ""age"' .~ play
by mNn. of d ne""," bu. by framing tl><
to ",,'e.1 .he
wing. a n.,! tl>o inrurnpi<", 11""
I, is .imd.lrl), importan,
Tit< Ch"",irl< of A,,,,,, Mag _
dal"". Boch u"" table.u rompo'it .... " "d km~ to ke' with
",an' rLf;ure ",,,,'emen' , bu, ,he .. Dre)'e""" de,~.... ' 1'_
pe" withi n .l run'ext
"."ohm", ,ru,'m , Straub aru.!
Huillet' . film ....d . n.mati,.., o.u .. li'), in a
",on.' ,.di
c.1 w.y thon Dre),er'. film. do: ,inco the dev"", of .he
"chronicle" e ie,'.,.. . n..,r ",mporal .U<C'-".ivi.)' aro"e
c,u"'lily, 'he St>g<nenl'> are f.r tIlOre .utonomou. , ,he ",I>~.u. ("'>we"" c .. mm<'<ll .. m more empty of n.rr.,;ve
signif".n-, Ilowe,'er much A,,"" MOSd.>I",.llh re>em ble' G<rln<d (mode fou r )'''''' eorlier), HuilieoStr., ub'.
' ",atment of mu&k.1 pe,fo<m.llKe ;t",,,,,, and ""'i..,,
Of<'ye'" 'The ""'go Genrud ,ins. in Erland ', 'I""",e,,'
ond .f"" the w"'l uet, .00ugl1 p"rformed "'ilh ,he st)'liza.
'ion Ij-'p"'ol of tl>< film, are in 'e>.t and emot ional e'preo.iv.
;.y h ighly mo';vatt'd by co ....1 facto .. ;n the na,,";"~ . Bu,
S'"ub.n.,! Huil"', P"" ;. ,~ ,,,,,, j. the p,-.,bf"", "f m","'al
."so
.1Id,
'M'
f.,
perfo""""','" a no p",,,,ntation.1 'pec'acle by cutting ,he

perfonn.o"'e Ire< of 1")'c...,I" 8""f <' U"", by,'liminating
c~p""'i" ily, an.,! by not .ho~ 'ing a ny li.reneT>, In .hi> w O)',
,he film can rep",,,, nt ",,,,,,th;ng c..,,,,d c.nn". , .he /...,.
d" cm ~ I""" 0; m u.ical perfonnonce, MoNO,.. ,. in A'm.
MagdaJm.i &<h , ,1>0 "spa"""""" p re,'ak n' in Ord,' and
Gn/,"d i, j ~ ' .. p<)... d ",i,h its oppos;' e , .n "'info""" ,;""
owrlo.>d"' str. teg}' ", h<'",by ,he """'''''', ,'oi<e--m-.r <om "",n"'Y I"ppe" u. w;,h hi""",,,,1
Thu. Hum", .nd
Str.ub "'-"ga'" and su rpo" O"'yd. <inc"" of immobili.y
b), "'!ting i' ",Hrun a ront." , ,hat indud". it, ~pP'''''''
,h<' . ""ic perf""""""",,,
. goi"" . " '''~''''' helming
;at"ta'~ '" " f ... ".ti"e inf"fTn'>(ion, In this hamewo<k,
.iln,', ".d;b<)".lIy "" "ali,," ",e"'" 1><.-e"n", c'ipped
.od I,.so",,,"',)". ",ha, Stra " b ~_ Il,--d "p"in"" in StockNo,,"'n', ,..n"" "f ' ..........'nl'> ""''''';n8 fo, ' hoem",I..., ;n
""" plele f"-"'<l,,,,, . nd formu l,tl in.,!i "~I""lIy , nJ ;n ron. iderable ;..>Ia.;"., from <'oKh ,,'her."" lla<h i. ~"'miTl<'d
ronorad",,,,)" figu,e: tl>o n."ation ,n.,! drom" '" """"'"
pl.y """,""' " h i'
,,,,,,a n' " , ,he nobili')'.nd",." .
po..,r for ,n." rou'l!'''';>~'' wh ile ' he ;;'~.""<l 1""';"""""""
""'.. ' he m u"" 't..,11 . nd it< ",d . t;"" ' "'onomy" ",ith
""p'-e! W Ih... "vn.,!i,..,,,. <}f mid""'ion, Thi. ><xoun'
sch"",.ti,.., ' i>(' rompt",i'r " f Am", M'ga,,""a Il<>(h , but
,he , ~ ""'h ".,,,,tJ
'he fil m .",;mit,.,..,. .nJ
)"t de,e" te", O",)..,rion prindp"" by ,;tu,,;ng them
with in a n<w fo~1d of i""ui'Y, ' ''''' in w hich the ex. m;no,;""
"f ,!>eat,.;...1n.'p,.,,,,n""">1\ i. c"ned 01.1 ' in .n ove"ly pooli'.
ica l <'< ",'e"
'The "par...!i!'."'>o; _ poosible (;""""," I" en , ;n Oreye
,, 1m, depend, ,hen , prod .ely on h;, ,,'orks' tension, an.,!
i C.h"" d. Ci""". can
eire Dreyer .. a .....,.;lei ' ugg<'<t t"" hi ' r,lm,,' <"n'em po" 'Y
, ignif".",. """ upo:m hom' they ",,,,k "pon " '1'"""n .. hon .n.,! P"""p'i<ln, A. """ lewl, the )'Joblem i< th. , of.he
n.". tiw j"-,,..,Iu'ions <>f , I,. I, .. film" A hidd"n and ;m I""..,n. ' ca u,,' i> ,d,~"oJ
i,,;';"II), , ul"' mo' u,, 1 .u
thorily, ,",,,, ,,,, .h<wl)' Ii"Su'''ic "n.: (tn.., b<ook, 'he wo<d)
befo", "'mmg \>ack ' 0 b.,,,omo. only I"," fil m i'M'{ (the mm
,II< Jocumen' ,,f ]e.n",,', Iri.l. the fil m .. the book V'''pyr,
tn.. film as ,1>0 Die. Ir.. . .. the Wonl ,.he perform., ,,,,,
,,; Gertrud', I""'m. script), R" p ",,,,ntation has no u ltimate
m"a nins: .1><',,-" io o nl)" am",fi l)', the "'xt, "" ..,1"..1)' ,,,d
cjrcularly ",If referring. IVh."
the filmo from her
mdic ;",.1 ..;"" 's ' he di>juncti<ln ""'w",,n , ,,,h ,,,,,,,,i"e
d.".,
'''00
II,.,
",Ie, ..
,,,11 'USb"''' ",.,,'
''''n
.""1"
"""" u'C' M,d , I" , fu"""m, .)/ clntrn.hc .p""~ and tl"", a d l>j " ",,'k>n which i n' rod"c~ , '"" i,,",,' "I dnem ,
'1"'<;[0; art . Ad,pting """,I nd pLo),> fu 1 ~1I,'c,w""n
la n~u..oS", _"'
It s!>wl<! thu, not bo "''Pn,l ng th, t D",}" " 111m, h ,,,,~

\>e<:'>fnO imp"rt.,n' fOOT ",m in member.> of ,1>0.> [ m " p"'"
.,-.nt-g.mlt>, "I'Il"," . t",eh", l;;t filmm . ~ <", M , II)" r<j<cting n.m. Ii,'", h.,.., not found h;, wott ., exempf.'Y.'
, ....,.. ,' lmm ers hlt " 'hom
. nd focl .,n rem.in
Im p" ""'" p,,,blom." [)re)'ds
,,oy.
in "'h"h r oIT, II..., ,,,,,,,'U," ,an 1.:,. <..... l"np-d ' hmuSh P""
""l"u.1 .,"d "'1"'-_nl.";o,,,,1 f""'O""" . p<"<i rlC to rinern.I .
The JifflCult ..... ~ the t.bIe,,,I,,,,,, dl. k,<oc, of til< d;'('(Inlinuili". 01 ~m'<' d'~rr .md V""'~., of .h<"tr\r,]iz.j,"'"
in Day of \\,,,,,,.. Onkt .nd Gmrud, , 11 , how "" ,",' cin"m,
con ron"""" il< Q,,-n sys'"m, again" "" t'I".t i , '~ "*,,,.
renee . nd 'p<"<'t<ol<>";" l p ...."", . ~. " ",lui",... ;; U""
of din-cto, ,,"1>0 p<_ probkm . wh"h wnt'-"'lI"''' 'Y
mm"", ~ e" mu.l odd ","" but in oto." terms ,han hi. o,",' n.
I, ,,-ould be ' I"'<\ou< to ""IKO Ore),o, to a failed
" 'W.~.n:li", ~, If he "",Id o" quiro b..'('(Im" Str. ub Qt il
C<tlrud " -",,, """ eI)' ,n.f 'un fo, Illdo. Som_~ . Ore),"'"
....., "",;!S o,,' n 'p<'ciflC
In l"""t. h"'Y art;,!,.
""0'. contoin, ""mdhlng " I ,he old . nd 01 In., """', 00'
.. Jd.om in such ' on", "" ... ni.<! 0' ;n D"1' r,lm>, .,...,.h
ronitic .nl mode,n , ch.II" n gl ~ g in ,hel, "c'Y ." h, i, m
""".h,'o
",,,'kd"""""""o.
"" iw'"
'!he oId -fashi<>ned lthythm!." he ",m. rk><L "".n unde,

,.," in d ,,-um,to nce, be ,he most mod.m")," "",bedd,,j
in p"y<hoI<>g"al and ,h,,,,,*,,ol a" umph<)M , bu, ., 'he
<an", ti n", """ing 'he iX'S>ib; II' y "I .1' """,hW$ and orP'''
.irion, . He ", .'" ftlm., "' 00."
dele,min"iun,
,,~ I ido " 'i,h " die-.I "yll"" "'potin"' ... .. '."', ~I"'s ",h.,.h
",h;\,;t the m<><t I"dl' i.... ol ",sul.rit)" " nl), to TO I.. d iW""Iof . ,,,,,,,,,,,.001,.!t Ur< . n..., , uhmo",y wh"h ,n., wo."
...,' . 'pnns< In"" On'),,,,, rn. ,);lo.>l r",<lIK' ~ ,n pos; '~ ,n
. nd run" " ""iw ..,.lh<'ic, 00' In ,hel, peri>gic.>1 ". n,m i"ion
in ,",'.y h;oJy I''''f"''''-'<I, )'d ,h., ..,me ftlm. Colnn,,' be
,en " i""-,, from ,>the, ;d"""'Sic.1 d""'rmin" k>n<. For, ,,,I d",'ic do n ,~ ""' . " ' "" politi"" Uy rod ".!. D re)'o,',
""",. , ",main t",n by in"", oon ~ic l< . Lik. Sd.,,,,nbe,s in
Ado"",', "",o"nt,
0,<1, ~!i,oguc h i, Toti, ~ nd B",,,,,,n ,
o.(')~" '. hi"""'. 1 ;mp<""""" I.,. ;... hi' " ,n' " d "",'Y
inbo,''' .... n'''' ... Iti , h ,d n . t ~'n
u. ' <>Jay is tI"" " I d; _
,.-<1<>, wh". In the ""p "'e haw . n. ly,ed. "pen, " I' .
pn,bl."" . ... dis... ",,' o<'ww n ,, 'min.'" cir><''''''ic f"K'
to",... n,1 .no'h". dn,'m.: ., d n" m,' ",ho;h J ,,,,,md .
r""h p"rc~p' u . 1 _ .. ihe< , i"."", II"h"h r.jo. .... I" ",.
"""""II)' coneel"<,, a nd ""n, " m<'<I, Semicomp""
h<n,ib!t, 'he film. of C., I-Th<-OOo. 0,,,,,, , <'>. i,t on ,he
" .. ');In uf u"'ity, m,. nmg. r~a,u"._ ll<')';, nd I." 'he c; n
cma <Jf " nl"t<II;git>i lit)
"",",.Ii""
t..,.
Ii."
t",
d"""" ..
Biogmphiml Filmogrflphy
"i.
Orey"" origin ", .. ob>cUn''' m. ny 0/

film., w~
kno .... th., h<' w born ;n C"l"'nh.g~n on 3 February 1889.
but ""yond ,hal we muS! ,dy upon hi. own >cooun" "f h i.
l,,"'h. " .0."",,<><1 ch"'Ay .hrough hi' frirod 000 bOlg'
"phcr ~bbe N''''g.o.ud, O"-'Y""
Swedi'h: hi'
r.,he,... >donti.y . 00 b.>ckgrouM .no unk...,,,-n . O"'Y
01.;",,-'<1 Ie~" On' ,lui"" ..... ilk'gHima,,',' Hi,
dit'<l SOOn . f'e, h i' N ,I),. We du nul ""'" b .. ,,,, 0",),,,,,
origi",,1 n.ln<, >inc. "" '''''' Itw. """'" of til<' Doni," l.m,ly
who ddopMl him. H. told Neergoard that thi, family 'run
>i"cndy Io.~ me .no", ,hat I h.ld I" "" ''''y grateful for the
food I got.nJ I ",. lIy hod no <I.im on .nylhing to.<' us<
mo,"" "'
"""Oc'
m)' molher t-I <1><01,>4 1>0,-, "'''l ",ul ,,11")'iog lot n", by
going off.nd dying . .. ,'"
MOON ing ", Dreye,. tho> ramily ",.nINl hIm to "'I"Y
tlwm by """'''''ing'' cor.,. p;"nisl, but ..., h.ld 00 mu.bl
t .~'n t. A", .;.., ,,/ "Ir"" ~ *" io munOcip.l 1 admi n;,"""""
in. p'",.,,,.""p.ny. OJ in a
company_ ,he Ia,
~r ~,""".;tw...t in ,he . ","~o'"
p_ 9 _1<'<1 hhn ' 0 ''1
""",""hil1g diff.",n,.
n.., "'., joom. I"m_
'9(111 .nd 19'2. D,,-1'.'
did " ..""," . nd "'",.,., "'I", rt i n ~ r", Bnfi"gsU Tid<tW
.nd RWt, two COl"'nt>.w'n """"pal"'''', B)' J"')' 19" . he
w ",or ' in~ for ,he d' ily EbI'IIbI..uI, fl:; tmblod<l. popu'or I",;!S w;tty ",.;,;ng ;n ,he ron';,,,,,,,"" f,.hion. ",Ik:-d
"""'Sly "PO" [.'.,"".
dnd in Q<h>i>L'T 1911. D",)'.,
began' series 0/ .niele. CoI!led 1'0, Tid. IIrlI fHrmn '" Ou,
1'-), The",
l.u ill<lo". profiling COl"'n"'g~n ",kI>n';"';. Un<kr (Il< f'>'<uJon )',,, ''Y",runen'' (" 'nch). u..,y ..',
,cl"1l"rt>
""'(! ""
1\(;''''''""
""rio...
w.'"
D"J"'"'"
",.,.. ....,
.'<>CurH'eAl .'LMOG ..... 1'HY
;",Iud"" in h i, ..,,'or of heroe, .uch r.I", fig""" as O k

Ol..,n. A,t. No.,l,..n. onJ ..... nv No,~ i", d i""Ivrs. it>.!",'.
,he e.... y' """" m"", "".:king ttwn <1<,.."
fl"""" "aU, Tim< rut D",)""r in touch with ,he "..".Id of

iii", . ,><1 the_t,,, II~ 1,1<, ",,.11<d th.t 0"" d ay. film pro
d "<., "''''pl..i""d to him that h ~ h.>d. ""ipt problem: he
~ ju,t IockO'd hi< he"';"" in . to"w oot dKin't know ho,,"
to got m~ .. ge to her. When Dreye' ,ugg<"Stod
p ig"""" tl><' p!'O<l"""" p'''~ th, t he wri"" film, ' A t
this tim". it w", ""t u nu;u.1 f", joum.lim to en"'r tl>e iilm
oo'in .... ' t he ,~.ful d irector A . W $,mdbe'l; O.>d bo.~ n
.. "'P<>"Ct f", .ix )~'. '" belore r>;"rdi,k hirO'd h im in 1913,
""'"""n 1912 .nd 1913. D"'Y'" wrut.' 'h"",....,1"> for the
fi,m 01 Skandin..'i, k Ru .. i.k. Hond_l,hu,. 11. t hen
joined Nonl i,k film, """'I"'gni. firs' 1"'" .,;_ ;n 1913.
and la,", fulltim,' in 1915. In .11 t ",.;t t",.nty-Ihl't'e film.
,,j ,n., p<'.;.;.d ,,,";it Dreyer os :scriptwri," ' ,
<"''''''
R",ggrt<'''' Do"" (11)<- B"",,'. DouSIrI<r/, 1912. Director:

R.I,mu, Ot"""". Story:""'P" D... y." .00 Viggo
C,,ling. Photog,.ph)" Adam J"h.n.., n. 1'1'("I<><t""';
0.;, Skand ino.';,k<- II'ndcl,hu., First ,hown: 9 Au gu.1 1912. PIa~,,: Ol.f F~I\M. Emil", Sannorn.
Richanl Je"",n .
II.ollcnr.."."io:mnr (1)u, 8011oon E<pIes""/. 1913 o;"""Qro
Rkhord J..... n . Storylocrip" D,eyer. l'roductiQn,
SkandinaviskRu ....1re It.nd~ lsh ... , Fi"" .hown: 6
Man:h m3. Playe,,: Ri<hard Jon .. n, r:mil;' 5.onnom, V.ldemar M.,a....., Dre)'" is ""KI ro h""
pl'red 'h<> mk 01 . bolloon c.pt.", in this film,
/(,\~m""';l<mdt-orm. m" W., Co"""rcndml). NIl . 0;"""0<
VIlh~1m Clucks..d .. S,ory,..,rip" D"'Y~" f'hot<>sr'ph)': Allred lind, Adam Johan..,n Pn),h><h"n ;
SkaOO in"'is'Ru.,i,,,,, Hond.i,hu., FiTSt ,ho",n : 27
Ap,il 1913, PIa)""': Eman",,1 CrcS"rs. R;",hanl J_n>en. Emil", $.0"""",
fI, "11 Cre'he (H.", .,,~ C ....
,qn. D i" ..""" So(" ,
Woldor, S'~t")' .' ocript : Dreye,. Pho.ogr.phy: Md
Gra".;,...'. R"",u,..,n . I'n,odu"""n ; N",disi< Film.
" om",,);",- ~1,, ' >I",,,'n; 1913, PI ..',~ ; Ma j. 8;",,,,,,
li nd. Cerd &-'<Ie Ni,..,n, S",,,,,t"Bilk"
EM,"~ Op/iml,.."JIW (I", ..... ",, I."'J . 1913. Pi""'or: Soh "
WoU",", S'o'y ''''''P'' On")"..-, . P.-.-.Ju" "" ; N,,,'d bk
Films "'''''""gni, Fi",. >t><,wn ; s.'ptt'm bo.' r 1913.
11_),.",: ~ll< n A~",'rh<>lm..t .1,
,/r,o,.
lO:I
C,," ',~kr. H"''''nrl;gltrd; rlkT IXI S"",k (""101 fTh<o Sr<1 of Ihe
W,.;".!; 0..1<; 0'. n" 001 W",;"3 IX>I;). 1913. Di"'<~""

Hi,lm." DavKl"-'n . Story.'.Cli pt: Dn!)~'r. Ph<."og'"
phy : l. lot ..... n, Production: Nnrdi,' Film> K",n_
""gn i, !'i,." ' '''''''n: 15 Sepre",ber 1913. PI.y"":
A"S" F~n". t..u I.;ou' '',-"n. Ella Spra nge
NI Mcd Vabnro< ISu"",dn ... ... ,1. 1914. Dilt'Cto< HoJge,M""..,n. Scrip" Dre)..,., B,"'-'<! on Ihe ""wi Dw
W'ffim .;.d" by""" ..... "on S ult""r. PhoIography:
M.riu. Cl.""'n, Productioo ; Nonl i >~ F;lms Kom
p.tgni. fi ..., . ho,,'n, 1~ Sep'ember 1915. Play"" 01>1
F~ "ss. Augu,ta HI.d , Johann< FritzPe"',...,n.
J"",I<"",,, Skn<k; .Ik, s.w.,I,"rrdm; til" S<&,""",U,
.,1,1.-
/>rut'f/ ('r/I<' J,"",,/t,', T"mr;(>[", TI", S"'kr....'. 1I."d; "t.

n., I.L<,
IIr,
1915. 0;-
Skr/,.,.., fl,.d).
Ad""""",,
"",to", Ale> Christion . Story;",,;pI; D"'Y~" 1'1>0.ogr'phy: C. fioc""" f'roduch on : No!d i ; ~ Film.
Kom"");,,i, Fi ..... ho",n : 20 December 1'115. rl,)",,,,,
A.ge He,tel , All BIUt",her, Fred.rik J..cobsen,
I'<'ngr (M,,,"Y)' 191 ,. Di ...." ' o" Karl Mantziu . Serip"
Dn!)".,,-. !I.l"'-'<! on the 0..",.1 L' "'8"'" by l;mi!.: Li>l.
Production : No!di!\l< Films Komp.tgnl, Fi"t ;ho",",
1 J.nuary 1916. PIa)"""': Karl Mantzio>. R. Sch),be,-g,
S,..,OO AlII\''T'''''m,
v.. Htoid D;worl; rlkT Djd-""ko, p",I,i!' ('r/I<' While DetOJ; or.
Thr !)noW, P"'"<giJ . 19t5. Director: Ho!ger.Mad",n.
Script ; Pre)""" &."..; on 'ho.' ",,,..,1
by H""",t
do !I.l1z.tC , PhoIogr'rhy ; ~ t. Cla" "'n . Prod",'''''
Nord is, Film. Komp.gn i. First ooowo ; 25 J, n".,)"
1916. PIa)''''': Ca,1o Wieth. Ce!d [gedo-N,,"'n,
S,'"nd Komh h,
Dm Sb-,,,, ... ('''Y'' ((",IY"
lW"hf"I!. 19\5. Oi"",o,.,
A, \,', SoOOberg. Script, P"'Y"'. 80,.,<1 n" . n i<l,-. by
ViS!;<> Cavli ng, Phutograph)": Ol"'n, Product~'"
Nonlj,. Film. Koml'''gni, Fi ... , .hown : 23 Februaty
1916, 11.)'<"" Rita s..c,heUo. H~my 5o,,,,,,,,nn ,
A. T.. >n;.,, fu nJer.
R"'~'n''''; rill" lHN ...0, "''''' m..- RnhI>-. S"ibr; "'.
n ... W/Oi" \ \'"",",j 1915. Di "-'C,,,, ; Augu" H~,n '
Script, D",y''. 6",.,<1 "n on ;d". b), Swn Eke.."" .
rr<xl<" t ~,n ; Nonl ;,k Film, "''''' p.tg'' i, f ;" , , h",,o
~ M.y 191&, !'l ay'~: Rit. s..x< ..... "o, A""," de
V,"td . "f. H"n. R;",hre"
r." rQ~ La" "8 1 _ ; dkT n Forl!"';odtt> M rmoi".,.
(11)<- Lif< 'rr" Tim ... " . Cl'imi'llli; (]T. 111<" M"""i .. of.
Cl'im i"oI'. 1915. o;""'tor; Ale> Christi.m . Script:
r.,Itt,
,Itt
,...
l lOGllAPH lCAl f1lMOGIlAPHY
B. ",d "" on W,"by 5wn EI,,,, .. d . Photog"ph)' : C. Fischer. Production : "ordi.k Film. Komp'go.i . Fi,.t .""" .,, : 7 Augu", 1916. r~.~,.: rngebo.g
Sk<)V. Lam;'. 0 1",n. h<;:lerik J~n .
Culd,,, Cift; ,/I", It-thjtTI'' (Tho- _
of Gold; "'. The Cloy
11 ....0. r~15 Di ,~,to" H"tgc.M.d;.: n. s.,,;pt:
D reyer, Bo",'" on th"
by Carl G.nd ",p . 1'1><>tosr.ph)" : M"iu . Clm " . Produ.:,;'m: Nordi
Fitm. K""'I"8'" Fi, " ."',wn: ti> Au~ u " t~ 1 6
PI.!)'ers: Carl" Wieth, A!;Ilet< '''0'1 rr'''g<' '' . An ton
do Vern;" r, P" to. Fl"h,rup. F,,->dcrik l.>e"""-'H.
IIn'i!"",,", lI""m'hghi In., 5<ad of lire f\r1'il i.mJ. 191-1, DiO'<,<I"r: Katl M,,",-iu . Sc, ipt : O"-')w. 1l.\...J on the
",,,d by V'l\8o C.\'Iing . 1'ho!"S'aphy : L t..""n
['T"d""'.,,,: Nmd~ Fitm, Kon' P'S" i. ~' ''t <il<"""
~ s...pt,'mbo., 1916. I... )" ',.: K,rl ~ t\n"iu . VitA
HI"hfeldt, S"c"d A~<'r h<,hn
Om My<!iskr Sd.lliakd"",,; rllrr !.<gol"",,," C_ m ... MY"
Irr~'"' 1AdIj', C'""I""""' Or. TOr H","S< of IIr' COl'
o.",y,. 1'116. D irt'<:t"" Aug"" Bk'm, Script: 0",)",.
Based on lhe novel by S,."n Eh..
Phok>!;ra rh y:
I ""'o",,n. "",ductio" : N"rd i.k film' K"ml"'~ni.
J:i", ol>o",n :
).no.,)' 1917 1'Ia),'''': )'clo. N;.,I'n ,
Mogd" ... "g. All Hlu"-,<h,, . Vihe"" Km)',"
110"' RWW K. ,." (II" R",/ "'1'). IY I6 . Din""o" H'~g<.' T '
M,d",,, . $t"'l "'rip! . Onp' . "h<Ik'g phy: M,rius
CJ.us< n. [' ~,.J u"'m: " "rd,,' Fit "" KomF"'gn i.
H.", .h(,w n: ;:"1 MdY 1917. I'IO)x"': 10,,""'''' Frit<
)'de""'n. 1I,'"ry 5<'<-'m. " n. 1Io.'''el ~ r." ..'.
Nr. IIJ
N", !IJJ, 1':1 16.
1I(~!:,'r
Mad",n . Scrif''' On')w. 8,""d on til<' "0,.,,1 by C.rl
Muu,ma nn. l'hollWap hy: M.u;u, Clou..,,,, Prod""tio,,: Nordi'" fil" .. K""'Jhlgni. fiTS! .h.",'n : 2,
IUn< 1917. 1'1.,),,''-': .... Ima H inJi"~. Gudru n Bruun .
S""n,J MeI'ing, r"t"r Fj<l"rur. Eoi k Hoi",,!:. Pel"T
1)"')',,, .
",,,,,I
I,
rons,
(1'",,,,,,,,
".t.>d.
D,,,-,,',,,,
""-'I""".
LyJ". 1916, D,,,d,,,, llolgo, -M.><'". Scrip!: Dn,),,,r. Ba",,,

"n., >~>'1' by Vi!\j;o C.,'linl:' l'ho1osro!'hy ; MMi ~ ,
Cla ",",'n, rroJ'Ktion : N",d hk Film> K'''''l'''l:n i.
Fi, " , h",.-n : 9 April 1915. l'1;oy,.,.: \',I,I,'m" p".
I,nd"r. fbN room"-'n. ~.' n" y Pc,,,,,,,'n. R,>tw.-rt
SchmK!,. Ph iloI' E\o,"'h. Ch.rk'> Wilk"",
G~rd.... , D<og; tlkr Mi,m,dl. IDoy of fooJ; or, N-SIffW). 191b.
Din"'l"" Ale< Chri" i,n . Sto'Y'<'-;I": D"-'}",,. rho">g'"rhy. 11. f. Rimm.' n. l'",dncl~!n : N.,r,j;" f ilm'
Koml"'K"" Fi."t ,,,,-,wn : ~ II"'" 1918, J'bY""<: Aim.
..-.1"".
H i "d ',, ~ , flt ,-" R.",,,,", ,\"Urn d< \,

Philip
lIo.,<h , C.rl w"ritz~n, H i '~ "On COt!. Sc"",,,herg
Gillru",. 1916. Dn'<-"'"'' August Blorn. Scrip" D"-')"",, Elased
on ,he ""wi by Ha.-.ld T,ndrup . Phmosr.phy:
)<,11.". " nkc .... j<me, Prod""h(",: Nordisk filins K,,,,, .
I"'sni. firs t """"-0'1: 9 ~" y l'Il'I. ['Iayo.., Jon."""
l'rit~,P, ,,,' ''''n, Ch"ks I\"illo ~ . G" nn." 5<,mm,.-,
k ld l. h<"cri k J, e<><-n, !Io.'r'el Kr.,,,
1101<1 l1<..di, lIlold 1'0"")""1, 1917. Di"-,<'o,, R,>tw.",
"-'n . Script : Dn')"r. BaS<d on the no,,,,1 b), Eina,
R",,-"M;. I""-"'W,""Y: s,>lus \\'.,,~. I'nKi",,'ion :
Nord " .. Film' K,>rnl"'gtli. Fi ... t . h< ~.-n: 10 October
1'117. PlAyer>: Ingob",!: Sp,>"g.teldt, EhN Thorn ",,,, F't.'tc, Fjel,trup. Gun na r So:,mme,kldl. Emm.I
Wiehe. K.; Lind, Od ,
GM'."d,,,;
(Th, CO""'''''', Hm .,.I. MS. Din"""" Augu" Bhn . Sen]'!: U",ycr. Il.!..,d "" lhe "" ...1
/(" I""S'" by 1',,,1 L,,,,t,,u , r",,-""S,.ph)': L, t..,s.n .
P'oduction : r-.:(ordiS\; Film' K'''' I'''go.i, Fi",t >hown ;
I~ Nov,-mb.'r 191~ . Play"": Agne. Reh"i, Aoge
F""os. Gudrun Houlherg, All Blu"-,,he.
0;,,,,.
L."."n.
"n'
Th" ( .!I"ming "rip" w <", p"'l"",d by Oreyer ,nd ooId 10

Nordtsk. Out if
" '"n' ,, 1m!. ''''-'r 'pp','."'d "nJ,'.
,~""r lilk.,
'her
IJ<o falw ~ "8" (111<' I-ill" I-";,,~YI'>' 19".

C~"'" "' ()sI" (1", G."'I of Oslo! 1915
M.rnko, i ... """ ITh<
M,.,,,,,. 1915.
E''''IJi""kl IMt ...,I"", SI,il'l, 1915,
0.-" Mk I _'rr IThr Do.; """""S"'), 1915,
Om ' I;"I~ hu. m ... S~>lNI H''''.",I, 1915
[\, h<mm,iigl!edsfukU ~" ... m". Sem1 Gift . 1\015.
SI"'""""~"'" i Gn'",i"! ella 51 .."d""""", 51, A(.m' ITh< 51 "'""
"' ....... ,iGnm;<y;o., Tho-S'","" "'''''''<1SI. M,,,,,)
1915,
m... R.,,). 191,
.\I." '" ,,'"
"'''i<n'''
l,ot .... ;."" m .. Am< '1 'h<- 1m"'. 1 'l1~

Om gyIJ< I"'" (1", GoIJ<->< PIbS''''). 1916
51jb~ Iykk (S~*" 1101'/"""") ' 1916,
/h,S"" dkr lil-ct mr.- A1<o..-,. or II- Li/<J. 1916.

Tht Fi,~. 1916,
Si..a"'YS elh i!J;r 1I"", .... "r N(~J . 1'l10.
o.>d<.4r>,~."" ((),m" of Dcl!1h!.
M,md..-l ok. ""I-.Ie ~ t<J< 11k M." 1\'1>, o,.,'"'i a
1<.,..1
Of the .. film" only '.,.0 _ 11.'<'11 Mod V",mm,.nd 11n',I_

1m.., H"" .... ligh.-d _haw ","m f"un.!
At Nordi,~. O"-'Jd, ,.,k. ,,""\.
mateM!. to .>d.pt the m"eMI to
'0 ""'U'
tv. H'~,.",
to ",rit. intern-
.mp",
,I....nJ to) ....",k with c'<lih)t' in <utting ,he f,nished
film_
In 191 1 o.' "",,,,,,<I;",' 1917 he h.>J . d."Sh,,>, . nd ",'.,Ii,'_
'ng in Frederick. VI Alk romfortdbl< middle-c"", .,""
popu l" "i'h o<t ...... EaS"' to di"-,<', he .,koJ tho f""l'.!u<t,
Tn"" , "1 hQl'" ,hat y,," .nd N"rdisl< Film, Co . " 'ill '')' ,,,
'-", pl<JH th e, .,;t;ty.nd ~, . " me on< ,>/ 'he proj .. I am
locoking fct. If you d(J ''''''. you won ', "-W\.1 iL'" In M~
N<>rdi,k SOt'e him. cho"'. to r.lm 0 nowl he had bough'
os lite,.ry ron"" I"nl.
Plrl'sitit'JI/1'I/ ('l fit Prtsitim/). /918.
KJo,j V.."" e, SroJ':;rn
hi' pr'h"
I,;' g","dfo"I",
~',,"',i", til'P',I, hi> doughl"
11,,,,,,", UI'P"" V"""i",', ,,,"ittt

/au,!!" &org<
&rg<,
1i"'1"'"""utu,
Fro",
BriJI"t.
).""I>.I/""",n
M.'G
I,,,, I",,,,,n
Ax'" M"J",n
Vi<",ri",', fonr,
Vto'-P .... iJ,"t fl,......,.
'lid'
B)' ,he tim<

D",ye, m.Jde Th, r,.,;,u.,t, he h.>d " ... n
Th, Oi,'I, of . N, I;"" (;, pt.)d ;n o..'n"""k In M.rch 0/
1918) and pe,hops 01.., I"tolnll"", (which had t-n ,hown
p';"a ,dy ;n J. nu.ry 0/ ,he same Y""'J , lo.n Mitry h ..
,ho.; in A""""" "I S~;s,,;;.m'. Do:II"."" (KisI! of
Onth. 1916), ,nd G<""I9" S.>duul 'ha' of the C,'n'nan
" 'an'-sa,d" ,h. , ,,,' Bu' Th<
a l,,'ady
d;.'i",t; .. " to""h; i t i, c,''''; n I" """ "r ,1>< IYnd""",""t film. 0/
In.,. <iknl ,.,._ en' ... "'''';1''.;","<1 "r II", ""<1"m,.",,,"O_
"The >clillg is undoni.lhl)' no! comrkld)' nwdcm" -.nd
)e.", I.a"" ])"'y'" ag"-'-'<l : "j 1.:, ,o.' ach" , do ",ha , ,hey
lik.",. c. IO, I sa", my miSla k, .. on tI", """",n . rnat', ho",
0""' I.:"m, t~ d in'Ct :' DR,),,,, "'"' I""icvl.,/), prouJ 0/ to.
dt'CO" "I ",o,h-d toward a simpl if"",'ion 0/ lhe ",1 . I .1",ad)' h..,d at
time. 'he'ory
if )'ou ",olk in'o "
mon', ,,,om you g<t.n impr" ..ion of hi,
, 1,,), and
c".,o<te, ju,t b)' k>oIh ins'.'"
AHl... ugh rumplo..""<1 in 1'118. 'o.' "'m ,,'a, fi"" f('lea,,'<l
in Sw,-d<n m lhe following Y'"'' not "ntil9 Ft'!'''''f)' 19.!O
dOd it I""m;"", in C"l""' h,se" , Why N."Ji,k 1><1d t>Kk
th< D"n;,h ",10,..., i ... ncl.:,., bu, the dday h.d p,,""".'nt:
in 19.!O Nord i.k n';'.."'" ..,,,,n f"m. m.>de In 1918, ,,,,,,
nom, made;n '~17. /1'-. film. IN<I~ In ,~ ,~. anJ """', film
m.Jd~ in 1915! Th;, unu.u.1 proc"" .. re ""')' b< expl.in! bJ-'
the dt'Clinins fort .. nes of the finn .fte, 1917,
'''U''S,,-..t
p""jd"",
,ho,
w.,
SCRIPT. Drey",_ 11.1"", 00 the ""'-01 by K.! rl Em U F,.nz""

PHOTOGR.il'HY, H.n> \''''g~ , ART DIRECTION: kn.
G, lind lu,,,,redit.-dl.nd 0",)"" PRODUCTION, No,di>k
F;[m. Komp.gni. FIRST SIIOWN: 1 February 1919
ISw""onl_
Ha l,'.',! Huff
F.lith I'.>
C." M"Y'"
Olga Roph"d-Lind.n
Betty K;,kb)'"
A",I Richard Christen"'n
IH'" Niel",n
H.I I,nde,lkll ,'m.1nn
f,nn)' r,'~ ....'n
,ho,
.ho"".
1"'".,,,..
,,.,.,
Co"",
B/dr/r It! S(lfflllJ BfYj

(Lm'Cf..f froll' St'fflll:' Roof ). 1919.
Je>""" Tro mooun

Eli,h Pio
Viggo W;"h<
Emil Hol..,ng""'"
S"cn Scholando,
Viggu l indstrom
Vilh<lm Po'e",,' "
Grott';"' ,,"
Jr (1,,,,",,,,,/
propk" n ""mi,.."
Mich.",",'
I'm Pi","
ro'"!" .... Tln" il',
C.,10 W.,,"
~"
CI". P"n' oppi<!,n
Sin'
R./"'."imr,
Carl lI illd, .. nd'

K,lIin, Bell
Ch,isti.> n N .,I",n
",.imi
(0"",,1 Molt,
0,,,),",
Long befure 17>< ~t .ppe''''''1.

h..d . Iready
begun
on much I., fg'" film.
5<>"m ', 11<""'_
T..., rru;..'<:t " . , 'ppm",od in the . pri ng " f 1918, ~n 1>...1".-.
Dn')"" ~,d filmed The p",.iI/", ' . In to. f,lI, 'wo ..,ript.
"'"'" ",<i't<-n , i", "I""""'$I),. """ b)' O"-'Y~" ,..., "''''-'I by
&lg;o ' I h,y~'. (Altho";;" ,"'-,
d,,;m
,he ""rip'
"' adarted 11"",. M,n., C",dli ".),,,1. ,ke", i. "" "";_
dOflCe of ,h i. in ,o. film. ) In o..,<~mbe, 1918 dis!,," '" 0""'"
be,,,,,,,," D""w .m d M.m.ging Di ...'Cro, S~h" whom
Drc)"" .>CCu.ro of ''Yi n~
""bo' .,~e lnl .... , Dre)'e' .00
II~)~', oS,,-e<.I upon. ""rip' in e.rly 1919_ In M,,,,h ,""no
fo l;"w,-.I ,he quo"o" bo<,,,,,,,,,, Dr.),", .,\<1 Nu,~i>~ ~i .
ou, ...od on pp. 1S-16, F~ to ad...,,,, '0 Ncml"" .l>udgot,
D"-"Yo, "'e n' ...,.>ci ",j,h ,"'-, filming. Dre}'O' """ lied ,Iu,
Finni,h "p;ood ,' fits' .nd """",ned i' fo, ,he
N01di.k .>cim ini,",..,"_ 0Is< " . p pronod 0/ what "" sa",
, 00 'old On')", '0 b""ht-ad with 'he fil m ,"lnll'> w roni,i>ed in 1919,
"'Of'
1.<0,.., f"''''
,ho,
(",I;"
'0
SCRIPT: Ed g;o ' Ho)'t", Dre)'"" B.,,.,J ~ n til< """"I s..'1M!~

of 5<>" " by ~I.,,;" (" .... lIi . PIlDTOC I/AP /lY, G,,,,,,;"
Sch""","';~t, IIRT DI~ccnDN: D",)w. A,d Bruon . Jon,
G . Lind, P~OD!I(TlON: ~ord;" FIlm' Koml"sni. rI~ST
SfIOWN: 17 ~" " ,' mt..', 1920 (O>k>. Vic'ori.-TIl<"",j,
fl eis"
Sol."
I,,,
Jacob
1"/,,,
H,""."..:"
" .. />in"""
co ..... ',,,
o..r G. ..r.
1;al><I"
F,"""k.;
m.it>..t_,
(,,""' M'n "'/

11"10;",",,,
,\I,,,,.
(".,,' ,~ ;
T,,,,",,,,
Erl in ~ lI .n ....'"
.,Ii"
..'I.... ,,,
0..",
~ i ,,...n
!I.I"d, d !loll
I"do>
of (""",~oi
..., ,1>." ,...,
Weigel
G)'kht,
Will.,lm J~n""n
H.II.,OO", HolI""",n
Ebon St,. nd",
loo..n"", Me)w
~,r,I'" l-I.,ldon
lIus<> Bruun
Ten"" K,a ft
Emma Wiehe
lll no. ~'. lnl'<1 "'.s first ","'oS<'(! uut,j"je o.nOn'Y"' ,,'os .ghost '0 leo ... 'ho' it hod """" n.,
wit""''' hi' P''''''''''''n ("'" pp . 16) . A' tll<
D,,",," I""m;,," ~ (2~ Jon " ..y 192IJ, N"rdbk "ffi"'ol' ... t.-.I
fronkl), ,h"t
on ,,,,'mr' to
of
to. fi fm', gIo.-y, 111< rdm w", tn"t<-.I a. prnn.<il)' Ed!;>..
II ~ )~.,-' . wO'k_ A ,,,,,,,,,,/01 ploy"' ngh' , H~)'", di.pa cog<"'!
D",}""
cuu<nS
"'ript, fur "'ns ' ''''ninS t"" Chri,'
ep;oode, .00 for 'lOt m. ~ ing ~""" gh " "" of Tenn, Kr,f,
whom Ho)" , Iud gcm<' to I"in. '0 obt.in fo,
role 0/
M.r.., An' ''i"",,,,_ Bu';n ,..., Pros'"'" ""companying the
prem;'re. D",y~'
d.imed . ,
ro", d i=ro, '0
compe'" ",ith ,"'-, Amffic.n' . nd Swed.,.' ",fined dehne
.tion of <"" ,oct,,,.TId im.S" """I""ition,
"'-' <I< nd
_",,!
.w,"""''';
1.<0,.., w.,
f",
"'0>".' "''''''
"i,
t""
w., ...
t""
. 'OC .... PH'CAl n u.tOC .... Mly
So "',
U~ i"
,hi, ","nf')l'''''' '101 maJt ""Y "",...... 0/-
"''''I'' '" """1"'/, in
110;' ",,"' ft,I. , tw."", U" I.".. Ok" ~

1, ..1 ,,,.. di",Io, ~,_ "ot"", nuod. ill""'''* 10 ""1'
I'''''~f in
i,o./i<.;dUQ/ <hot.m! '"""
''''''pkl' '10')1
in
~', "~ ,"m'''g Ih, ""m wlto "'i"S'
i''''f,
,n.
i,.
...
,,,,,,1.,
,/IJ!, "...
. 'ru'gi"S oh.Jl.!I" ""', in , I.;: I;o"",,/I'J,'/t

if ,h
I n".~ ,oo.ld Irmol I/",.<a"d ~. ,. iI,
..... 11 """"1''''''' P,;
C.n Th, V",!" is II"~
ft'" V."is/' di""Io, joN wi""" ,h. ,",,1000 is lir, 'Uil"rol
",,"Id """.i" .,
'"""om"",
""", ,.
u",y< .~m.'<l up ,, 'h ~;"'u 00 po!i'i.c.Il ""'1.0"0"')',

Sorno.' <h o"h ~"' u p;; .,t.l<k<J lho dOpichon of Chrf>1
blasr""mou,, " A s.uc;"Ii'1 """"p.pc' .. I ~'<l /.tin", "Ot"l('
b;g ",,"'.'" .!\>l in;! I"" hd/c>d R........ ond roml"",d il un'
f,,'o,.bly " 'l'h Imo/""",,, "The American capilalbt f"m
roml"ny
.fford 10 '" open minded, ",hi!.' tile Oan;,h
fil m " It~n beN"', ",,/s a r<'C<H'd
.p;rilu.' n."m,,'
m;nd''<ln,.... oo "",,,,,,,,us h.trcd IOf ''''' ""0"0",""
c."
f,,,
SCR IPT; 0",)'(;1, ll.>s<'<.i "". sOon . tory by Kristol.. Ja " "m.
PHOTOGRAPHY, G"" g~ Sch",",..,igt, PRODUCTION'
S,'en Film;ndu",;, s,,,,,kh,, lm FIRST SHOWN: ~
0<">1>.' , 1920 (St"ckholm, 1< .. 110 Tho~I"' J Sho,," n in ,he
Un i,.,.. S,.'e, as 11" Witch W"""n ,
M.,X"ct, lhIn>dollrr
"1M ..;
0" ''''ri"~
C"n'",
".",,,.
'h' X",w,,,,
0" m.lk
Thf FOIIl'th .1I(lI'IillJ{l' 0/ f)({I1/('

. JIt"WlIrr). /lJi/ ~
l1il <l," Carlb,, 'll

tn., Rood
C", ... Almroth
0 1.", 11."' ''''' . 00 Ku" II'otin
~1. ' h i ldo Ni<h"n
Emil Hol..,ng"-'"
l.<Jrentz Th)'hott
No.di<l< "',. noI p""'l"'nng, In t920 it. m., inslay din,,'

1(>1', Lau u.u,it,en .,ft, A" "-'S,,It, NMdi ",1<>.<00 only
eight film' t hot ye.., Dr.ye, m.), weli hove bel;",'t'd ""
would """0 "'''e, luck worting 10' S,-en,k Film,OOu,tri,
In 1'120 S,'<nsk boughl N"rdi,k', Hol;"rup >Iud;" ond hi,,-d
Chri,~'n""n
m>k< /I.'x", ' """" ,ho t.mo
0"')'0,
'n Sw<'<i"n ,,, , h<d n" 110"",,', W;J.",' Ih.ll , um" ...'T. "".
,,,,,Hng W 0",)"", I!ildu, C. , I""'!>- ' '''' ""t",.. pLo)inS
Oome MJrg.J"'t. "'0' moftJII)' ill dllTing the filming.OO
di<.'<l """'~ ,"e"",rd . " "oil "", O"'W, "'" Ch,i",'n'n
... )~<l "n ",Hh 5wn,' . ",o"p"'t>dbl): bo,,>us<' ,h.,' f,,,,, cu'
pmdu<""n ' ha ' pt)'; n 1921. Ilot "
w('n' 10 B!.~t i n
o. '; '("n"-n to Porn""" . o..,,'a-Bio,;kop a nd Dre),,-, to I""
,m ., ff fi nn l'nmu.film,
'0
Prijl'//i"fllII ( !lil' H":wlI,i' ,, d o;.;' ,
iJtI
,I.., "",,'
J;""',,,,
nil' Gr;u'itillll'tf'lI (lltf' Sri~II",rh('(/ {J'll',

l.rlct 01/(' .411(}t/J1'IJ. f iji!.
SCRIPT: 0"1'<", {law<1 "n u......Oq_t by A,!I" M ..d" lung,
PIIOTOGR~P/lY, frieJ .,h Wei .. ",."." ART OI~~Cro~,
Jon. G, Lind , IIISTORIC~L ~DVlS[RS, I'i\;t,,, Ad,'n.
Prof, Krol. PROOlICH, 0"0 Sc hmMl" PRODUCTION,
!',;mu ,film. 1\(>, lin . f iRST SHOWN: 7 f,'h , u.,y 1922
(C"penh.!gc ~ , p,I.>J""",,,,)
Hm,,,,, l""'"
)4l:vI ' ~ I
p"lin.> p'd""" "
V[ad;mi, G.oiJ,,,,,,
,..
. 1OC ...... HICAl . 'I.MOCU.HY
Drr Iflr EII/!fIllK (011((' II/JOII If

"I "(lHC,/.J
19??
__ .
~'''', p.1Ie Ro.en k,.ntz, B.,oed on ,"" pl.), by

Holgor Drach"""", PHOTOGRJlPHY, ~ Seh"",_
""gh', J1RT DfRECTOR, Jen. G, Lind, EDITORS; Dreyer,
Edl. l'la"""", PRODUCTION, Sophu. Mad",n, Copen h.S'"" HRST SHOWN, J O<t.x.:" 1'f.!2 (Copenh.!sen ,
P.Wst"" tret).
SCRIPT;
th, P',n,... of Illy,,,

lh' prin '1 P,-"m'"
In, kins '" Illy,,,
CIo" I'onttoppi<ldn
5,"'00 Methl;ng
P,,'e, Jomdoril
Hakon IIhnr..~' , Ri!n""
K.ln.'" P"ul..,n, Gerda ~ I .>d""n, V,lde",""
Schiol<,-Linck, Toro.n Meye" Mu,,,,,
sm.,I, ViU'-' IV ~'I><, Mo"-"""od A",I><"
Iknry 1.;0.....,." Lil, I<ri. l"'"'''''''
~u" ~Immerm'n", Ikxhl hbe" Kare"
Th, lbil,el, Emil;' W.IOOm, Lo .. Mad",,,,
Wilhelmine Henri.""n, FR."'''''k L",'h
K1:>J"" 1IDs"'"
Toool Roi"
Rich.,d EIok-sIdw.ki
IIu- "",,".,,1 S"(k,,,,,~rski
Duwan
Klimo<',
Rylo!'ilch, .1...
Rum." JooanllL"i Mo),,,,
"""itt,
Add" Rou"""Eichbcrg
Emm)' Wr J", F"."j,ich K"h "", lIu):" Dob1in
111<* .." ... , "s...cIM" SooW/""
fro;'
.Ii.,
H." ....
r.,I",
In 1'122
tI"""
For.
.11<', I>< Idt No,d,,);, D",)w ...., m. '0 h.!\-~
k"pl opt'n tl>< poMibilit)' th.t "" mighl ,dum, He cor",,.",r>d,od with tl>< prod~, F""t u"til ., Ie.,>! 1'f.!2, and
hi, perm,,,,,nt odd",,, ",ma ined a Copenh'g"n ","" Hi.
",.t pro;'', ho""",,,,, ....,m, to m.,k tl>< t>rc.k ",ith 1'010'di.k. In tt...' ".TI), 1920>, [I.'rl in housed many Ru;s","
emign',_ Kar>di". ky, Ho.o", i", 1',,'10"'. P;"Iago .. oy.
Gabo, U"i"k)', Chag.n , Shkk,.-.ky, Pa""", k, N.OOk"",
Among tl><", ",'e", m.n), of St.mi,l.l,~')'> """pt', tl><
mo>t f.mou. ""-'mbe, 0/ ,,'hich " '" Rkh,nl 1IoIes1.",.ki.
\l' i,h
actors, """'" peri"rme" from Ma, Mcin!\anlt's
,roupe, and !lOIn< Sca"din..l";""
U"h.on",,,, M,,)w,
Tho,k' il Rei .. ), On'y'" filn"-..:I a n ad'I"a,'''' "I ,t..., O"'e
A.lg" ,\ladclu"g'. """d u.~ 0, ... J1"",I.'r, l'lan,,.'<! in "drl)'
1'f.!1, ,ho> fil m
.hot in ,I>< . u"""", "f ,I>< "'''''' Y"a<, ,\<
u,ual, Ore)'" "ud~,<! huoo..,.j, 0/ prin" a,1d 1.00000tAph.
'0 get
f", ""15, .nd mllOh 0/ til< .1.,<,<>< ,an", f,om ,I><
,'m'8";" 0"''' bo,'kmging., Tile St'S"',U::.'o/ 0.", "'.. ,I>< fir>'
"f On'p'" film, '" "troct ,''','nt.,n in
,.l led b),
Ri<"'-'h> C. nud" """'-' ,i tho>e f'-'l),rf,rthmic 1",..__.,. 'h"
'he arti",n, "I ,II< "'"-,,n "',," .. ~,n '''',''e,''''
'''S<'
""'otS
w.,
ill.,,,
f,.""",
~'"
",turned to o""m.,. hl film On", "I"'"
Ti"" I"" the It..at'" ow"",, Sophu. Mad",n , Tho "riRiMI

ol"'''''w, slill O.ni,h ",,,,;,,,,,"wl fa",.ri',', h;od bo","
.ld .'pt<..:I by Nonlisl. o.rl),., 1\Ul Sin! molS' f e."", f,om ,I>< ,he""" M.d",-", ",",cd a 1t"II"",1'
studio ,nd OR.'),e, ,hot 'ile film Ju'ing ,he P"riorw.o,",'
' .",a'''''''
.urn"""
II. i n~, Ore)' ",,,,1,,, ",ilh CI.<a
W<ith !'oolOppi<l.". ""., ,,( II", m(>S' l'''l'ulo, O.ni,h .t....
During tho >hooting, sh", c.lk-d , ),c di"-"',,, "\\'<",d,"ful, . , , Dre}'o, i, <0 ~",in;n hi. <lyle_"" T" ',<""'>m;,~,
D",)'~, pl, n",->.! wh" I>< c.lk'<l "Ch i",''''' ",-,," ')""'m 10,
,hooting the ,."" ,h<' moo' 'pac;"u. "" ",ou ld be bu il',
a .mall< , one, 't..n a ,mal." ,,"" w;'h;n
then wi,h",
'h" , . nd '" on to ,he ,m. lb,..,t .. ar>din~ .. ,II< "" ,, "", "I
tho> ",,,',od
Dre),e, hoptod ,o.hoot i" ph.l"-,,, ,,'nn.,;ng
hos w.y from ,t.. mos' inti"""" ..,,, '0 ,I>< la,);,,," Un/o,,unJlel)', , .. .>Clot J"rnJorfl'. "",,"' ;tm,'nt, <"-""ged the
'''''',,;ng sen."'ule and 'I>< pion
.bondON'd , "
an" "I"'" Ti_ "" """ unhl 1964, ",t.,' n , Nonli'~
"mplo)'"" 10u l><l PO"""" (~ it ;" a 101m ,'atilt , Wh., ",m.in.
.'" ,.. r. ..., h..l lf. ""'n' ,IT ~'" In'"", . nd "",..:I,,,od M ., ""
from tt... f'MI >c<...,.
,ha,
'""t.,
w.,
~,.. , ; ~ .... , d"-.....-d ' '''' ..,,, lrom Hom. d io,,,re,l in Serlin .mp;, O",yer d.i",,-"; to ho,'. <njoyod "'oorking ",i,h
pp, 17- 18J. d ..pih ,..
"f figh" wi,h
Ch rislemen. 8e<:.u.., F",und wa< often oupil>d ,,'ilh
pLlnning Mum.l u, D<r 1,1", Mo/!n, Oreyer ",I ..-d C<m"
s>;I,,,obly upon the o",-,la nl ca meraman Rudolf Mat".
1.0'''",", ;nd;'-"" lha, Dtcy", ""go,ja,od ", ilh Nord; 10
OO}' ''''' riSh" to Sophu. M;'-hacli.' play llPt"'ul_sbtyliup
(IlPt"M;""ory Wn/d;"SI I", him to lilm . t Uf
Nor.
C"1l''' to ..... '" Wile" Miell..! "'., " ni.hed. """,'O"er,
1',,,,,,,,,,, ch.ng..-d lho lilm ', endi ng withou, Oreye~. con",' n ' , Tho! n.'u,,' "I ,ho <hanll"" ",maio. OOs<ure, b UI
10.... thon . )'''~' ... y.
O"'Yer k-ft Serlin
JI/irhflr/. /924.
roo""," (..,.
"""n"
"'i'"
. ft",
DII Silt! ATt, Dill HI/JIm

(ThOll Shtt!1 HOllor Thy /rifo':
j Ht A ftH/(T 0/ lilt HOI/.lt/ /925.
SCRIPT, /)")'~" Tho." ''''' II ,rboo . B.!.....t on ,..., ,,"wol by
Ik""" n !l>ng. PIlOTOCRtlPIIY: K.!rl F",und (i" 'o,'''''' '
Rud'~ph
(><>mC
tlRT DlRfCTOR, Ilug"
lI'ring. MUSIC: H. n. J<>' ph Vie' h, I'RODUC[K I;ri<h
PU""''''' , PRODUCTION: Oed B;osiwp /,,.. UI Se,\;"
FIRST SIIOWN, U. S.p'embe r 19:!. (1I<,linl Sh"wn in tl...
Uni,,-..d 5' . ' ,.,. 0",;".-.1,
M.t'
,,,'e""").
SC RIPT, Dn'<" , S""nd NiodOO'l, B....-d on ti><' play TY0In on" Fold by 5,,,,nJ R,ndom, PI/OTOGRAPI/Y, Georgo
Sch""'\'O;";t, ,o.RT DIRECTOR: 0"')'0', PRODUCTION:
P,II..!i" m Film . FIRST SIIOWN' ;; (k',>b<-, 191;; (C"P'''' ''
hagen. l'.I.>d".... " ot),
,.Vic""
FnmJ.....
~m'
Cl<!u",7... ""
M"I_I
lhe Pn'" "",
B<'ni ,min Chri,t,'n,,'n
l.-.iMff
Swill
ti l.... Mrl,,;tpIJ
Du, d< M ."I,,,"
~n(. 1/,,,,, 01;-.
~ t ..!)'
W.lte, SI<"k
No" G,,'S'"
Roben G.ni",n
G",to Moshdm
Did," A,I.n
Freund
Chnoli.," AI<"nd,', Mu,-,.kl
K."
Lik Ch,.;,,,,",,,," bdotc him. Dn)", ,,,'0' ,,, UI. ,,,

" '",,k I,,,. Eh<h P"m""'" P,""m,', is ..id ro h ..... "'SI!"""d
Mi(hJJrI. and D,,' y~' , I. ;mo no! to how "",. 110.-.:1 ,h.t Stiller
hoJ . 1",oJ" .wP'h-d !l>ng', ""wi in 1916," Midwrl w ,, ,
.hot in Uf., Temp"II~>f " tid ..... nd D",)'" ,.nd U.... ",.,
,\-W., 'h, n./!"y

II" "",
101.-,
tI"
II" Joc!.:t,
"""II"
U>7S/,,,,,,,,,,""
J""'nn"" M,,)<t
A.<lnd H"lm
K.! ri n Nd l<""""
M .. hilJo Nid..,n
AaS" HoIlm.n.nd Byril H''''ig
Clar. Sct.. nleld
I'elri"" Son""
Juha"""" Niol",n
H)' 192~ Nm di "' ... f,,,bIc,nd only 1'.1l.>d;um Film '

"ff,tC<l Il<lni.h d i",",,, .ny "Pl","o n;';es, 1'. II <><lium h.d
bu;1I i" ~ un Lao l.. u ';t,<n', p"pul., ,,,,,,,'d'"
leOluring "l."ng on<! Sh,,"," 0 D.n;,h 1.. " ",1 .nd II .-dy.
Thou Sh_I, II"",,, n,~ Wi?, lhon, ", n i",""Nl "ppo"un;'y ICH On'),c'. A "., "I. ,'''..,."""" 'I'"' ''m,,,,, w buill in
' he Slutli<>-romp"'''", N" .. ,S'..J '"PO"', with lunct;"ni n~ ~." ",01",. ond ,.k"' ri<;')... It '''0' 'hi ' film 'h., ""_
I tOG ..... PKKAL " '-" OG .....
,,,
/11
G/olllr/((Umlllm ( TIll' /Jrir/r

0/ Clolllr/(f/) 1925.
SCRIPT' Dre)1'" B.,,,,-'torie., Glvnt .. lsbrudro .nd

[Ii", Va"sri, by Jarub 8,,'(1. Bull, PJ/OTOCRIoPJ/Y, Ei"",
O l",n, ART DIRECTOR; Dk')W. PRODUCTION: V,,'o';"
Fi lm , 0, 10 , fiRST SHOWN, I J''' u",y 1926 (0, 1",

Adm ;"l!'.l,..;!, . nd C.,", I<'\>.>o T".'",I),
01, GI"",S.'''dro
&.it, hi< do"!I" ..
CUf'<.'lIy
in F,.""". Tho.' f,lm plo)'ed "
11><""-,,, in r.ri.
. 10"" , .cd Frenc h lilm m.S',;"" n.,m<"< b..,
fitm, of , I... p'' '' '" Tho," 510011 H...". Thy l'I'i~ " .1", , ....
only Dr<y"' film to b. "-"'kl<Ie, ,. T~,"M"" raid (1'142),
with I(." in NeH""""" ithe d,ugh'e, in Dreyer'. ,-.,rsJon)
!,!.>ying tl>< motl><".nd wil h M.th ilde t--.: .. I.. n .gain ,.k
ins tl>< ,<ole of ~hd "
wrty...,,,,,
ldo 8"""<1,
To,," , hi, "'"
Gin'm"J ~I."gsrtl
/I.. I"'~"
"'tK.,.,1""",,',
a""",,', . 'if<
I ...
&'8" /laug11
Stub Wil""S
To"," T,IIbad<
H, ..IJ StoImO<n
Eina, Si, .."""
Ein .. T,',,;,o
R."mu, Rasmu'""n
Sof, Rd"",,,
AIIh;\d Sto.",,,,,,,,,
O;c.. l.""n
U~~ ,We/, ...I, Th, 8"d, "f GI"",dal h .. k. b.>c k to

Stiller_ in Lhi. , .... , hi. film fa/ron (In1), Dre)"",hot tl><
film in N",,,,,)', but tile proi' " ' .. oo-fi ... """" by SI'ons>:
Filmioo u,tri. D,,-'Y'" LoIJ N"<'!I-'rd th.. l>o.' hod to ,,'ork
mu<h i'Sie' tho" u,,,,,t U.. ' a<tor, "v" '"' 'Um""" """' -
.. ,
l OOCllArHlCAL H ....OGUPHY
tl>< ", w,,,k o"d tI.. ,,,, "'" no tim< 10 "',i'o,

ddai"--.l ><rip! , "., I>< dif\"'t."! fmm 0" "u!li"" ond."" "'tors imr"",i>! day ~' doy."
t"", from
And'" LurvUIo, l""'l"'" Am>, AI"",ndre

M ih.llosro, R. No, ,,y, Ho"ri M,il!.>rd,
)c,n Aym<, LOOn Lari,'e. Henri G.utier,
and Paul lorgo
"With 'he ''''''''pt~m ()/ ,ho, s.:.:;,;-k G~"",.'" d ~ film'."
w""" Paul Rotha in 1930, ",1>< ", ..ist. no produn"g romL(I HIS.\-iOIl de i emme dAn: 1927.
p.>ny in Fr.""" ,,' hich rerogni< .. ,he artist -mind of ,he

French dirt'do,."" It w.s this finn which . in the . pring 0/
1m, .igned Drey., 10 "",,,act, B)' Oc!ob<" le.n"" d' Arc
w ""tlod the _ubj<ct 0/ hi. fir5t film /.,,- ,he SodeN!_
I"""ph Del,dl had . I.>J)' publ;,heo.j lif. of I nne in
1925" nd he
con'in";ty f", ,he film bet"'""n 0.- mile, 1926. nd l anua'!-' 1927: altoough D"')1" ~"-d it,
De l'e il we"' '"' 10 publi.h his "'r>rk
Iloso.", <k I","",
d'A" 11927). Dre)1" t" ",,"! ;n 'INd to Pie"" C"""' pO,n.
Iq21 ,,.!;t;"'n of 'he ,n.1to,I, . n" Cham p;"'"
the hi._
t, ",,<al <on ,,,it,nt
' ho! fil",."
Tho' d",,,m ,t-anc<,> 0/ tho' fil m', pwductior> .'" qu i,,
.... Uknown, (See, /.,,-. deldiled occoun'. my films". w"I"
I\miotr "" I","", d','!,...") Hermann Warm and I."n Hugo
.",n' fo ur month, designing ,"" ,",IS . Worm ""'i",,>1 the
in 'rimi<m of "",.!;",'.I min ".t""'~ ; "In . r.ri>ion Ii~fity I
found tl>< , tory 0/ joon .... d' A,.. Hiu'I,,',od b)' min;'tu",p.> ;"k' f,,,o' th" Mid~k Ase" n", ';n'I"" "'prod""'.,,,.,/
t h<' build; n!;', I."d""'p'", . nd Ih<' P'''p~'' 'h<' ""h'o Ii",,
. 00 th<' ;nron"'" P""I".'("';vt' pro,';.!,,,! "t,.." 1<0, tho' film',
"'IS_" " Tho: "'" a l", ",flo,,, tl>< "y~. 0/ 1<''' Hugo" "'g<'
ok.. ign. of ,I>< 19200, ... hich we,", do"" in , rd"'u",
Ir.I""" ",ode N><--d o n N'" b.>ckgmu nd " o'.bo:" l u ~ I;'",.,
ond .imp-ie <ust" ....... ,
The film'. in'eriors we", ,oot ;n B,llancourt, ;n .n
emp')' Reno"l, ""<"mbl}' ,001' which D",)", ",n,,-d . Set_
for room, "'en> ooil, ,,;th w.lI, 'M' co,,1J .I>do oway 00
",",',ho,.J .,""", . r,""rio, ''''''''ing 'o"k pi """ i", 5O",h"m
s ub",b "f P",i" """ Pd i' CLl",." . Tho: ",t ,,f R"u<"
...... huge ",n"">c'ion 0/ ,,.11., "","et<, lIou ..... , ~,."._
b,idge, . nd church . Th" bund inS' func'ioned.s ch.lnging
,,,on,,, I<,;~ ' '', "nd ,1O'.&' 'p><e . 110"("." ... fi lming I..tt'd
O,'e' c iw>t month., 'h<' ",h'rior ...'t. we"." mO<t ~ of ",,,,,, n'
,.,he, .h.n pI ..... ,_ T" m.l to. ""n, ' 1'1'''' wh;", on
1"'""10""",,,;.: fil'" "ock, tho! ;n l.>riQr ..,1s "''''" Hnt,od yellow, tile " " "",,,, ph, k. A't" rpt"".,j w;U".>u' m.~~ - up ,
.nd I"och",m.'''' fil n, "gi,h".. d ' he;, fae ..1 det.il, wit h
'0m.lrk.!1>10 '!.>'itr o"m.oOO i" S "" mo"y "'", ngk <' m'".
posih"'" ,'.",,-><1 0.-<')" , U",' n ic ~n .""" "c. ~ Gru,',"""
I'hom"", qUi fait d,.. trou .... "
'
w,,,,
u.
f,,,
t.",.",,
iII",_
t""
SCR IPT, D"'}w, )''''''rh o., It.'il, fI.,,.,,! ""

Qrigi",,1 <oro, pf ."" tn.!. PIIOTOCRAPII)"; R "d ' ~pn M ,I_ AR T
DIRECTOR, It~"""n" W."", 1"0" H"go. COSTIlhtr.S,
V, I,n.i"" Ilus<>. MUSIC Vk'o, Alh , 1.<'<, Po"~"-1 . IIISTOR_
ICAL ,'!DVISr.R . ""'IT>.' C,,"mpi<m , PRODUCTlO,\',
G(.no',. ... <1<' Film" p.ri, . fiRST SHOWN 21 April 19211
(C"1"'n)"'&'n, Pol.>J,I<'d"d)_
s..""",,'
I",,,", d','!,..
pm., C."cloll,
Nie/wI",
L<"'"'
I""" LmuJ;'t<
AI.,,"".
I",," iko.r<",
Ir"," d'E>lh'<l
C.iILl"""
E" "'"~
R~",-'"
F.Iron<Ui
[uS""" Sil,-, in
M'u ..... S<hub'
M k"" l Si"",n
An'onin ""oud
R,,,",
And'" Be'l<y
J ~'n d 'Yd
,.,tI",
""
".
'''''''lIMHlCAl Fll-"OGUI'HY
~!o" 01 'ho: f,I",',
".S"
pi.lY"'" ,,'etc "'P<';" ""L'nd.O<' "I F.I<"""Ui; . t '''',
,Iw,
ti me, W,nn " .... 11. I"-"pi< j<,k.-.d

jNn"" " '", "'ut_
<kn'<l ""ke, ,n., .."",nd ti m.: 0)" P.",,. German . nd.
HunS'",n (M.t'),,, O nly"' i, ,.id t., h.w ,,Iio::-<!
u l~,n
p"""""
.h.-!>"ing F.I.:o""Ui ' ho; """'.. o f 'ho;

J.~" work
tu "'-'Ip ",., "'-""'kop "'" f'<<1vnna""" . Wh.t .1""," CUnl"TJlpot''Y "b,.!"~',,, ""', Ii'" '" oil . , ...
ul ...."'ting;n
<h",nol<wr.1 .,.d,..-,.nd .. ",mdly II", h",,,",,,
ru~ilent_;iLn product.",
",. ,. with ",,~>d mu >-i<, ca m,"" hum . n<! t ... Ji"-ct,,.-'.
""""",nd. """",-< . Iill "".. "" D",)..,~ ..,t,

Drty<T, ,""bod fr>' ....i"S ,1
" oct", f"'~"";' ""'my
p<t>",.I."J oint.larly tiring. 0"", th. JirtCtor has cOO.... tl" ~/(Jr (,IO'I"IJdy "oidntff 110" in hi, "",n"",
~"' , ;, good) ).., "" /,mgt>
I).., /(J,
I"
[rom h ....nd ).., 1M"" him 1111 ./(w. in iIt'sM",," oi/r"",.
mr.
... ,.,.... "dnI
wi,.,
'h,
u",,,,,
Ioy"_ ,,"",ligh" u".,h ....... ., """" to
hi<
"'"~ "",rl.
/lnd
",,>n,
J.ri"S II,;' ~ m'...",>IoI ..... II"
ntTru.' I"" ..., ."J I).., w'I"',rJ ,,"", iI;"i,!! 1',...:1"", II"
..i",,", II" ..cto, ''''' ",":rot II" pe"-.';'!! <of ,I... (1,.",,"'. h, i"",m.l" it. , ,"
Tho.' film had an unu,uall)' Ioog .hooting schedule, Fdt
<onelli "'. . . nMu"".,.J 10' t .... , ,.,nng """ in M,,,,h 01
1'127. F; l "';n~ b"fl,n in M.r . nd by mid. Jul)" '"" c..,'" h.>d
no
IlOGaMHlCAl Fl L"OGlArHY
",,,,",<."'"'
.hI: ,.,rt"", ..dumber "".","" Tn" Roue"

,...,'" .hot [,.1;,....,n
Au;;u" ."J I':ol'<'m[,.r. By ,hi: end
01 '9l7,'"
daim,"", tn 00 n;rw m;H;"" fro,.,.. fi lm;"11
,.. wmp1<.,'<I .'" Inm;ca lly. wM" O",y'" wa. fdm;n;;
U. nz""" d< leo"", d',",,,,, Marco d< G !)""" "' making
u. M"'~illt~'" t'" "" I"""", J ',",rc. a ",,,,k .mp....;'.,,,g
Joa.,,,,,', m il;,.ry .'plo;t" Tn" two productk>r'I' kod to ,,,,, ..
,;.loraNe 'p<,<ul.ltion as to how long 101m oompa" .... wold
m;.k ,ho 1<-.... "" 'h>ry... ,he """""'pa")',n~ car""'n from u.
Cnliq"' cinlmJJlog"'l,hiq"' indic" ...
co>'
">t.
The Copenhagen p",mie'" ....,mbkoJ '1'1 UppeN!.'"

OOienc.;n 'h< Patadst.atM, 'nc roon' t}".
,I>< "'''''''';"11 n..d fi,,;,I><..!. Fak,,,,,,,,; ."...,
.n..! a,hoJ ,I>< .ud.,,,,,, h> W"" ,h.nk> ,,, Ore"", bu, "u'
0/ .hyn.,,, "" would root rom< lo"". nl_ " '---', . " 'I><
ral.>d" ,,", m ..... ge' "'.. ,h.llle"go.od by A. C. Me)"'t.
promi""n' !>.lni," "",ialist, h' open ,I>< '"",' n, 'u 'ho.' ";'(_
worke .. for 'I><~t "'pon ... O n 1'; IIml . 'h;, w", done,
nd reportedly 0''''' ''''0 ,hou,..nd wmh'" saw til< fi'm
and "..,'" .'-"'<1
wri'" ,1><;, op;n.",; "n
01"-" ''TI>< '" .,..,
h:rd. Y
a,, ~ , ,,,rtu "od ""'" lIy
by Soc;"' y ",a<
d'lI", ."'"
Tn" r,ri. premie", of ,"" fi lm had more diffocul' .....
11>1'11' W.,. <""'-xl P"'" "", ..... ning on l6 Ju",-" bu, ,"" film
did not
imm<xli.1!"'y." Con,,mpor.ry ",""oun" bl,ffi<-'
,t,r, p"""u,,.. uf 'ho' ."hb,,""p of Pan ." Til< film finally
prem;""..! 0" 1, O<h","" 1926 ., 'ho' "'"""" v "'",,"a'ed Sa il<
",,,st'u,",,,,,,,
,1><,.,,,,, M,.,
'0
w,""""
j<""""
"P""
w""
.,><1,. W",,,
Mari,"'" and pla)"'d .1""", a mon,h '''''re, '" fulk.,. ,.." ..

,Ion w ",Ie.sed;n June ''11'1 , ," us;"'g
",,,,",rk:
"'am onl)' gl.>d
,he """-,,,,;ng ,>/ ''''' " ..... pt.,h
hos <"',n;;o.d tho' ;;0.'",,,,1 op;n "", 01 thi' o"",,'he'''';''g
"'".00 '0
,ha,
,,,,.ion
fil m . "~'
To ""'" 'he I"rtu"'" oil,"',,,,< d '''",
. ro,'r 1;1",;1'1;; w"uld
""l";,,,.n .",h",<>logical expedition. The film , uIVi,..".
in
""'->"f.1 diff",.n, ".,.,;"n., .nd no one contai", . 11,"" foot ..
'11. ,>/ ,""
Wha, koJ '0 ,hi. curio".
0/ affai",?
DU'ing his Hktime, Vreye , off.reJ ''''0 expla""'ion,.
01"'".
''''to
1. Af"', Vn.'ye' ,hot ,"" mm, ,"" prod"",,. ",fu ...oJ '0 Ie
him
<u' iL "The ed iting
dono ,,';,hou, hi. ronn"

hm" at its C"pen""gen
premiere, 'n ,hio ocoou n' , /"'"'" d'A1C b...:<>m<S a",~",-~
G.,."j. Thi. ~.'rI.n."ion Ioot'S p~u,iNHty;" ,"" ligh' of
oH"" cI .. m, b).' Dre),,,r ,h., "" ed ited ,"" film an..! ""' ..
,inc ..! ,Ile p",Juc.rs not to ru' it ."
2 V"-'Yet cu' ,Ile o';g;",,1 "'-'!l"h~. ",hich .... , ,."n' ' 0 UI
f,,, Cet ......... d;<tt;buh"" ;" .928 u' 1'11'1. Th;s ,.... ga'iv.
"'., ioc;""" ,,-od in 0 labo,.,"'Y foot'_ 'n r.ri" Dre)",
p.t<J ' <>;;0."1><', . ",,... I"'''"'' d"",!Tom ou, .. bk . It i,
'h;, ,'."ion ",hoch h., ,un';'-,xl ," Thi, "'rI ...,t;"n i,
plau'ible, bu' d"". not aerou n' I", ,"" dl!l<T'-'pancies be ..
,",'as
."J I>< " w,I>< fil", i<H ,he Ii""
h .......n
"."icon.,
A 'hl,d ''''pl.n.';"n "'" bet'n .>d,onc.xl by to Vueo: '" n",

in Ep;n;o), ;n 19)5 bumed II><' mnt ", I loy 11><"'';'",,,
A" "'igi".J "'';;''';w st ill ,u,,,i,"xl . od it wa, this .... hich
".,,,.
"'.s ",d i"",,'o,....!;n I'I5Z, This !>o:<.m< ,n. SQn{JrUed ,.r

.io n eu,",n'ly in di>tribu,ion ,,," Y~' c",,~n 'h;, prin'
nN
on .. in.1I til<- .hot' \(' to. ~nd in ,,'ho::r v.,,;oos,
A. for., I <On Jet,",,;O(', '1><" m."", ",m.; ", un"",,1ed
All " '. e. n Sd)' i.
proN bly from til<- ... rl}' 19JO>, ,"," ",.f .... "ion, 01 lho.' film
in positi"" prints . nd
doublles> m. ny inkm"IP'i\'\"' "'.'" d",,,,n 10"", ,ho""
How m",h m ight wo bo: m"';ng' C<>n'empo.ary aceoun"
of the D. nish p",mi<r< d.",rib< the film .. 2,-100 mete"
long and La,,;ng ,,",,"'''''n nin<'y minu'., and
h"urs,
Yea .. I" .r o.-.),.r , I, ime<! th" tI,... fifm "'., orig ..... lly 7,200
t""t long (i,e .. abouIZ,200 ""'Ie"). The prin' "'n"',,"<'<1 in
,ho: C i,,.,,,,.th1 "" ~r."".c.. (. nd d istributed in ,ho: Uni,ed
S."", by t ho.' Mu,,:um "I M,od.", A,, ) ;. abou, Z.200 mc
tetSlong 'nd . 1 ,;!en' ' p.,,,d run , .bou' 120 mi"u''' ,
Krogh 01 th< D""i,h f ilm ~ h ,"' u m " ,,,tin,,,-" to roll.He ~II
..'a ildbl. f""tage into a ,ingl. I'<r<ion
D",yor w contracted '0 rnak noth<, foIm for tho.'
Socio'''; G(,r.e,.Ie, and i'
annour>Cl'<!
Fako""tti
wouW again ""," Acmm ing to Ehbc N""' ga.rd, ,he firm
I>ro ~ . it; C"ntract with Orey." nw", i, .dJ.".,.. t t.;rt I",,.!
",ith II>< coming of ..,und .nd l ho< f. ilure 01 c.l'C<'"
/torr, 110< s.x;<";",,d ' 0 cu, bdcl production . There is . 1",
.,'\donee ,t.;r, D"-'Ycr C(lnjjn tl<"! h> ""vo bu.;""" d,'.I;n&s
wi,h th< form 1rh', In tho.' 19)00,
.I"."
'ha'.
",;"cd
''''0
M""
w.,
'""t
"".f1>-
MIIf/Jyr ( fht DrffllJl ()f
Allrtll Cm.,,) /932.

SCRIPT, D",yer, C hristen luI. B.o..-d on ' h" booi<. I" " GIa;,
o.rUy by Sheridan u, Fa nu. PfiOTOGflAPHY, Rud<>lph

Ma'e, loui. N"", ART DlRF.C1VnS . H.m-.-nn W.rm,
Ha n. B;ttrrunn, C.,..", Silv, gnt. MUSIC: Wollgang ....,11,,,,,
PROOllCO:S, 0.<'),<'" ,,;,..,1., de G u""bu,S' PRODU(
HON.- C . .. Th , P"'Y'" F;lm l'r-oJukti(m, lIe,hnPon.
SOUND, C" .. r~ SiI".n i, SYNCHRONIZATION, r .,,1 F.Ikenl><rg, Wolfgang Zeller. AS5IST~"'T5 TV mE DIRECTOR, Ralph Holm, m""" 'toy"a, Preb<n Birch. fiRST
511011',11, 6 M.y N3Z (Berlin, Ufolnwolter Kurfij"tendamm)
D.. ,;,t GrrIJI

l ul "'n We>!, i .. .. Nicola, do Gumoorg
AI"'S"'""t.. Clwp;n, tI" ''''''1';'''
Ho n,;"" ,' G.>rard
tI", do<~"
J,n H",,,,,,irnk<'
M,uOC< Schut<
Ilmr.rd, tiff' """.. ,,>t 0 ... ".,,""
u,,",
Sybil'" 5<hn1i"
Ren. ~1.m (l.1
GiMl,
AII><I1 IIr.,
1""1", II,.. m'"S"""'"
N.
s"oonini
!",,,,,r, 0" "" ......"""
Mor,'
tI",
J'''''
n"""
D"-'yor c"uld not. M,'e ""urned I" w.nk in Denm ..\;;

prod uc'~.n, In lho: fall
,)/ 1931, D",y.'r ,,'"'' his <" se "gai"" ,I>< Soc""; G"""r.'"
."d In., p,,,ng B.'mn Ni",la . d.. Gu n" bu ,s (a f,.,,\d or ,I><
H"g<") ""~ oU.... ,,.! to ' '' PI'''' film, In ['ori;, Drey", arId
Ch ri'h'" Jul <""'p' ....,.! a """ pi pU ' P',,,,'<lly in "'''''hon
'!I'in,' Browning', Dr","""" "I could damn ",,,II rna, . 0""
<>1
Tho SQU",", " '0' I.e F.n u, In Gt..,s DarlJ!I"", the ",1'p I.,n is wry f",,, , A r.w mohf, <.n bo.' tr"",d
back '0 ,he "0 ...' >: "T O. Room In tho D" l\on Volant" i,
.bou' a )'<lung m,.n ,,'ho
d",.,~, 01 bu,;.,I ,
."J is pu' ;n to <offi" .I i,'o, "C.rm iU."' i, .bou l v" m rt"-'
" '"ma,, ";':timi,;ng' you"g g;rl in , ohab," u,
D"-'Y'-'r S<'n' h;, .,,;,.. "t Roolp" Ho lm I" .-.."r,," a <ost.
.nd .fte, looking under Seine bridge, a nd in ,he Solo-.tion
Army H<>Im "" um<'d wi,h, PuI;,h iourn"h" 10 pl. y ,he
docl'" and .In .,"re..', mo,her to rI.'y M.ugucrile Chop in," Under ,he "",udon)'m of lui;" " W,-"" Bamn d.
Gumbu'l! h;m,.,lf pl.),od Da"id G.ay, Tho o nl)' proks
;ioNI acl<>r in th< c.st ~ ' .. S)'bil l ~ Schm"., W"Q, .1 1n..'''Sh
only twenty-I"'o, hod .I",ody pLoyed in Mdz""r', tJ/r<rfo11
and rabs", Diafy '1- 1.001 Girl, The Him ".a 10.0, i" fits .nd
m~'r, )'N r, on [<""d';,,n in C"u" .. mr~'rTI' , Dn' )'~r
0;"''' <I.;m,,,! th.t on ,n., fir<, .loy of fil m ing, _ h~ l.ho,,,,-'
d,. ,'W ;n", tt.... <.m,r., ~'S!I;ns tn" im.g. ... Dre),o, Ii ....,.!
,n.., <'If,,,, ,nd i",i","! ,h .. i, Oe "-'I"-",,,,.! for .. ...,r.ll.~ ho: .
N",d;sk "M 1'.lIad ium I>.ld halle"!
,t."" ''',,:.,.
".Y'.'oln;n,,_
>1.,,"
,~
n ., r,lm ",., ,ho., ",it" ""'gg" .. tt'~ lop ""''-'01,'n1>.oo

I. ' on ~ , Bedin for I""")'""h","".. ,.,,, . nw ,,,,., ..:"re
"',. '~""I"",,-,.! b), \\'''lfgan8 Zdkr. ".1>0 hod "",-,,,.,j
Rdn,n~d. p,;"" AcirmtJ 1\926 1
~ullm.nn' s AI,W.'
4-, fI', 11 IN1'! I, Tt., I\<rlin pr"m;,',,' "'0' tu ,,,,,,;I, wi,h bo. ~"
,ni,,'d ",ith .orpl.u>", "",,,j; n~ I" N",' ,~ .. rJ . t h"
.,k!
:no
. IOG ..... HICAL mJotOGaJlPHV
"'" ond '"'" of V.m!'Y'"_

<am~r.m. n
1<.,1 HofflNn .n<l tho.' o<rur Wil ly Frit><h

,hou l" d.t tho.' I..... kk.,. '"I'.id ".h;" I ,~,' "
Our kl>O"'i..JS. of D",y~t' : ",,,' m. jor l'''*'Cl ron,,">
from """'"f'lP'" x<ounts aoo the "",,,,,,irs '" ,"'" pol";':;.
poln'. Emes'o QuadWl><' . .... Quadro"" lolls ;. ;n 19.)6 ho.'

aOO Dreyer P"'f'l,,"<l Mud"mi". a film 10 ",.
;n
Som.> Ii.l. &ch-d b)' .he Turin new'polf.'" Ul Sr<mp<l ' 00 on
"mig'" Russi.! n p,oo""or in ron. he >11.1>0,.1"", "..,,k.-d
*"'"
. 'OGaJlPII'CAL '''-'''QG .... H,.
on 0 snipl in Tu ri n oml lh<n 1<11 fm Arne> , 0 "0,' period

nf moo'~" Il><y.not ",",..., ..1 ,,,,,~ .. mI "",,",,, of fOOl'~ '
but D",)w relu m<'d to
wil""~ ' wmpl<ling ,I>< film,
He", ,I>< acro<In ts di,,,!'8'" According ' 0 Quad """" ,I><
pn>d"",' ta" off "'ill, ' I>< _'y
D",)w 1.>11 P"""'I<
with "",I.n" .mI , u",trok . Acro,ding to Ore)"" the
" udio oomli.ion.
un.>CCt>f'Llhle , he muld not 'gn."
",i,h ,he prod"""" . nd he "' forced '0 """'P' .n ""' '''''
1>0,' dMl ,, 't "" n' ." Mud.M" "'.. "". nlu.lly ",m pic'l<>d by
Ff.,,,,,,
f/J'ff/ms DlfJ! ( D(II'
0/ "
""
hI/h) 1944.
."J
,,'Of"
Qu.>d",,,,, 01",,,,
D"1'~' ",Iurn..>d k> D<n"", ri< oml k> j<oumol;sm. "'ri' ing
",'w'f"pe' pit"'" umlc~ U"" fC~ ' h,->d p><-'Udon)'m "Tum men." Ma ny of hi. film ",vie,,', 0/ 'his periOO ha,'o bo.. ,n
rollc.....>d t" 'Iw v"lmn.,; Om rumm . ,. ibbl<> i" En ~lj'n OS
D"Y' ;n IJ<oublr RtfI';.;,.,. No' until .ft~, the r."i. in,-. (!,>d
D<nma,' was Drc')... hIe to m. k notl><, mm , To .... ""
he h,d roo! lo!,);"tt"n his cr.f" he di"-'Ckod i!'""m-
,h.!,
me,, ' do"""",n,.'Y , ... ,,,_
I<"".,n,
Moin/fir/pm (Cootl /IIolhn)

/942.
SCRiPT: D,o)",. PHOTOGRAPHY, Vomer )on..",. ruul
G, .n. IIJ!!SIC: I'oul $<h.,rtoc" k. NARRA10K fot>t>o" Nc"'!I".,d_ PRODUCTION, M"8"n, Skot_H.n",n fn' No,d ;"
Film. K<.... pogni. Don", Kulnnf'lm mI Min;"eri.,'m ...
Film o,:h,.I., . Engi;,h , 'Of.ion in 1'I-I7;n "s.x-;.I Ik"'''''''k''
"" ie!;, Th< ftlm dop" " ""'" .1>< Don;,h SOC'io I ...... '......
-noll>< .. "',Ips .n u nmmi. J rnolh<', t.ke
of
ho.', "'Or ""fo", . mI o ft~, it ;. born.
ro,
c.'"
'"1''-'''''''
SCR IPT:' On,)'." Mog.ns S kol_H."... n , 1'",,1 KnuJ..,n_

B" ...d 0" ,I>nd ' -J~ n ..,n, O lg.> Thorn","_ EDITORS: Edi,h
Senl" , ,.,I, Anne M.n. r.I."",n, IIISTDRICIIL ADVISER:
K'j Uld.1I PRODUCTION: p. lladi" ", Film. FIRST
SI/OWN, 13 Nowm\>o., I'I-IJ (Col"mhaS"". \ \'",IJ 0",-"... )
,u"" ...
fh/"",,",
"n""
A*""""1n
M,m", Aka/",, ', _,1m
Marlj"
1Irrluf> M.rlt
I~~
Uo.m"iu'
Ore)"" hod ",,~,,-od ror foreign offo ... 00' ,I>< Ocr~p.>_
,ion bIock.1dcod fo", ign import mI so !I" "o ,he D.n i.h film
indu,try .
of ,he """ k"'_ Ho h.!d ",,-,n "'n_
.Ml"ring .od'p' ing H.n. ' W i"),-""'n '. ploy II n,,< P,<lm,Mf" J,<,od'> . mI f""" hi' d ipping', nco"".mI books
" ~.nJ Iw" 01h<'B p"'f" " od. ""ript. whic~ w ubm itted
'0 :-':onli'" in e.rly 1'1-12. Wl><n Nordi,k I><,it. ted, T.go
N;"I""n of r . lI.dium offon.od ,,, ' " pro" ,I>< film D ,,-)'",
..,;d ;"'1 . 1,-.-.)" counted "" commg b.Kk,""
11"'. "'" .""'"
'ff
Kilp<Hn.mm
""n,
Thu,k;W Rn"s<..
U.be," ~h,,"i n
S;grid I':oiioml.m
1'",1:..,., l.,>nl". ff I(w
Ann.! S,';"~k;".
AI""" H<>I><" g
O l.f Uo>;ng
Sigurd Be'g
H.l .. W Holst
Costing l he ''qu i,. lon' of . Imo't 'i,ly l ho" .. nd dol l" .. ,

o.y vf IV",II, "'....11,"<1 l he mos' "" I", n,,,... Don;,h film to
date. D",)", hod ho!,,-'<l to ,hool tl>< fil m in , hro""logical
".-dc,. bol Tnori<;Id Roose', stage sch<'<lul"
it.
NC'w" h",,,,, On'YC" mo ....d 10 H. II ~ ru p '0 Ii,,, near ,he
,tudk>, .00 he ""!I"n "'''ri<ing day . mI nigh'." The pli n";-
ro","'d.
no
. 1OG .... PK'CAl fll.MOG .... 1HY
8',0'1",.,;0".
pal pl.)"", "'p,,<n',,' two

C>I ,he D.ni,h
,he ..", WOliJ: ~ h.J "" " n on ..:1o,.nd d i""'o, fo,
forry )'OOI>.nd Ne i;"nd.m h.d beson he,
in '868.
,,'''''''''' Lcruorff.Rj" a nd Movin
"''' ti v~ ",-,,,..,,,n,...I>
and hod mado Him> o nl)' .i"", 19-1 1, All 1m" w~'" ,.,labIb _ playo",. t the D'ni,h Royal The. tre.
D,,'Yo, "'''' in Vity of W .. ,h "p"',ibilille> for gIOJl
figu"," as . haTJ>lym",,,,,,,,,"'" ....... , df,,,,, _ fou, or
defl....-d ., m!;",'.1 wood s<u!f'!u ""." He sough' a slow
pace which he c.lled "&'''''rti''o "-''''PO
. c.lm ....'5>
in the ""'.... ., whkh i. a "",,ural 0""' fOf
,.Iking (il ""
.... ,1>0, 'he imp"-_' can find a little """ .nd I""-'n
t""m ",I,,,", in tt........,'''",: . , T,", 'empo ind'-""<l dt"<ei,'''';
"'0""
,.0,,,
D.ni,h ",,;cw,,,,. ",he> di>I'''''g,<l Day of Wnl,lL More

I'''-'I'",-",ic ,,'as lI.>,i": "Uk it; ""'''-''''ror''')' ,,_" '"' Tm;
1*, thi>;. , film ,",'h kh is no' of t"" momen', a masrerpiece
""""" aruc hro",s,k and ago""s .""
Ii,,,
t""
Tv;; Affllllliskor Oill'o Peop/f/ 1944.

SCRII'T: Orey .., .\larlin G"n,,",r, "',.,.; on ''''' rI.'Y lI "m
,.. by W. O. Som in. PHOTOGRAPHY: Gu n"" , Fioe"".,
IIRT DlNI:CTOR: Nil, S,c""... II. MUSIC' La .. _Erik
l.l.-..on, rD ITOR5: Dn'Y"" FA "i" H.m ",. rbe.-g . PRODUCER: Hugo BoI.n<kr, PRODllcnON, S.... n'k Fi'm
indu"ri, 5'ockho 'm . rlRST SHOWN. D M.rch ,'<-IS
{$lO<kho'm, Rod. K,.m). i'LtlYfRS: Georg Rydo""rg (Dr.
A_ ' .und,. ,,) , \\'.00. R"' h ~.ro, (M ..;"nnc). C.briel Alw.
D,, ~~S' "i,it '" Copt" ""gen. ,1>< 5",oo i,h prOOucor
C. A, D)'m'in!; ;m i,,d D.-..'Y" " , SIO< ' '''~m ' 0 m.ke 0 ftlm.
S;~ o."y., h>mp"" 'oJ. tho.' fi' m ",,,,,i",<l 1""" respuns<>. n."
fuop!, rI'y,'d .... ,n.n ,,-wk ,n S,,',..kn . aoo no' un'i!
19-17 dMl it "PI".. ;n n.; ~m ., k , "''''',,' i ' ...., oh<,wn I>u.
",,,,,,. The !, Im ~ ind,,,';.n cmrurr,,,men', I>u, why? n."
ptOO"<"'''' bl, med Dn'),(s n.ooli ng : ''11-.> fil m "'. . . I, il
un', a 8"'" mi,uO<!c",UooinS ,,,,",,,m,,.lIy anJ "Ii"i
C.II),- \\'" ,,,,., ..,"<1 i '
BaJ <...-.ugh H"" ","' k .., m.m <'Y
._ n~ i,; w,'
~ing '" lost "10'" "">ocr by ."".....
ins ;' ."" D,,')-'., d.i",,<l tn.t ........ n' ..<l ","0 "'''''r ""tOf'S
.nd tho' Dymling fu,n<l , .......' t",o " pon nim"
N"",,' '''''''s, " I ,uggest,<l i n ch.p' '-'' n;""-,,
Film
d"", op"n I"th '" 0,,"", in i" uS<> 01 "" "',,,. muwm<nt ,
AI'.r
opening mont S" ""I"""'"", ''''' fiJ>t OC<"ne might
n.w "'."n ""'" by Hi'chroc\;,
"""m'"'
P"*-""
I.".
",.,,'0'1"
t""
t""
l lOCUrH'<;Al Flu.t(K;UI'I'Y
,,"
oM "" ..moM",<Ion ;" '"

"""",,.ho..
Unlo,'oM' dy, , ... ,.,.. of 'h< fi' ", ;s "'~hi n ~ like a.

deme o. , ... doubly . ul>jec' i" opo.'ning; onl)' t ... ending
Idis<"\l,S<'d On p. Isn u"'"
mobility in as "rin8"'"
("h;"n. To" R", ... ", nd , ~ , ""OJ,'''''' t),.,I. i" <i""",", in
li te""ure, 'F.il" ", c.n """"" ime' be import., o' . foe_
I",. .,. oue<e .. , Abort i,'. 0' P"""'''ur~ 'hrusb in , ...
' ngh" dl""",",m, ",h ll< un imF"""""'c ;" lhem""I,,,",, of'en
f"""fwd"", ,)< 1""0 In. "'or fn, " ".)" ,Hling " iumphs: '"
Tl>c yo",; boo",,,,,,, n ,u 1l."f'I'.OO Or>!,t ,",w ,he i"""pI;"n t>I '''''' un film<'d pruj<'c1s, the <""'pI~'io" of ""'~,,I
"""" docume""""", . nd I"", "''gi nning ()/ n ",),ds job ..
t.... t'" ma"Ag"'.
Aft", t ... war, D",y'" .nd his 0<>1' Eli, "ompos<><! a
..,. ip!
~t.ry Queen ofSc",,- In 1946 Drey discu ...."!
II", P">i<"<' "'ith Film Tr>dcrs. L,d of H';I. ;n , oot oothiog
"m<' of it, 11>1' >enp', wntt"n in f: "gli,h, , 'ill '0,",' ;"'."'_ ' n
April 194<1 D",)"," <am<' to Am<ric. fur ,he p"'m~-'" 01 Doy
of IV",," ,00 began to ..... , upport k" . fi' m nn tn.- lih_ "I
)'"'<, He "'., enrou",go.'<lUn Imn wrote lhe first droit t>I
,he .ip!, "The Slory of ,he J.>"' k.u ." 0,,", ,he ,..,,' Iwo
d,'('>d" s, ' i>< Chri" film '''0' '0 b,,,,,m. a ~ <"wridi~g go.>l;
documen"T)' "'o.k, On/,t, , rid
We,,"
"'I""P..,tioru f", '''''.,
'h.,' D",)", rou ld still di,,-'C' ."'
<a""''''
.b"u,
G<."".
P''''''
,,,,en
Unfoni""-'l proj:ts m."o' '''''' D",)", hod .till 10 m. k~

living. DUring ,he
d,,",,u,,,,,"",,), f.lm rrrouction hod
grown in D<ftm.!,k . ,w
tho, W", D",,,", w bIe 10
keep 00')' by ,,'o"jn~ Qn S''''.""m.-n,-, r-:m",,,..! .00"".
In ttl< Ii" which Ioltow., .""n,,,,..! ;te"'S w~'" no' d irt'C1t'L"k. NARRATORS: !knrik ~ 1 .1b.,'1\, A.q."n

And, ....n. PRODUCTION; Fall.d iu'" 1';1", I", M in;;_
Filmudvalg,
A ,tudy of 1M""''''' pollution 01 groundw"to,. ,h,' f,lm
nO\'Of .how n to the publk,
~,-;,.."",,
DIRECTOR: Torbcn An 'on S",nd",n, SCRIPT: D",)""

PI/OTOGRAPHY: K.:l,1 Aooc......"" MUSIC: rmd R",,,,,n
NARRATORS, Su ... n no ral.oo, Ro lph Elton. ,o,ksd
Oohk,up. PRODUCTION;
F;I'" I", Min;;"
te';""",,, FilmuJ".lg,
Llllltifuyl:irl:m (Tnr Dlmisn

Villflge CllIIan) 1947.
""''''''!I'',
~' ..
'!Jf Gmllie ( Thr St'f.;mtn Axd.19-17.

".n"f;" m
SCRfl'T: Drewr, Il<',nh.ru )en,;.:n. PI/OTOCRAPHY,

" ,\!tlt'n Fro nk, Ml/SIC; S"~nd Erik TorI" COMM r.,'1TARY: D"'y~r, Ib Koch-Olsen . NARRATOR, fb KochOllo<n, lllSTOIlJCAL ADVlS[RS, Victor H~rm.n .. n, H,
Lenrorg.jen",n . PRODUCTION: p",ben Fro nk Film for
Dan.k Kul'urf,lm.
n-." church', lu",,'ion. in ,he lito of comm uni'y. Ceremoo .... ftldrk b;rth , "'0 ..... ;1',
aoo do.,h.
KIIIII/JI'II
Mot! Kilttill'll
( Tn(' Stmf!xlf' Af:tlill.u Gilll(('l). 1947.

SCRIPT:' Drryer, Carl K",[", PHOTOGRAPHY; ""'ben
Fr.nk . MUSIC:
o"ut><h. NARRATOR, Alb.>rt Lu'''''r.
PRODUCT/ON, I''''''''' n Frd nk Film tor Don.k Kul'urfifm.
Sd"n, jf", "'f"lfI.lS'"
""te,
Dr Nn/r Hn:f!t'll
(Tn(I' Gilllxnt tnt' FfrryJ. 1948.
SCRIPT; Oron'r, 8.lsed on ,hort "my by )oo..n"", II. )"" ..,n. PI/OToGRAPHY, )0fgon Roo., PRODUCTION, Do"'"
Kufturfifm tor Min i"o"",,,,,, Filmudv.l lg.
A elkhe ,""",n abou' driwr .., r",y, but in a , upoma ,u ral
dmbid""". The", is flO didlog"" dnd ''''' ",u.k is.I""'"
oon,,"i"8 mainly of "",ir.,,,. ')'m)'dni. A forry """'"' into
pori and 0 oouple OIl """orcyd" '''''' oil ,n.n . 'hmpt to
catch a.,.,'''''r lenv. 11"" "", fb,h in~ by, h~ whinins
along the fO.d, and a moun'ing 'p'--edome'or of<' ,w if,ly
i n~""t. fl'h<,n' .'" """" , hoi, in thi> ,,,,.I"o-minu'" ,hort
'han ;n .11 of e.-.-'".j. ) F;""II)' til(' """orc),<h<l. t1)' to 1"'"
dn old Cd' ';g<dgging ;nto ,1><;, )'d'h; .S it . "'~",," Ih... m 011
,he ""d , '''''Y gl;n\ps<' ,"', 10k'<' of." dnw" o,,"h, A bell
nn;;;. Tho.' f,'TIJ' 1''''1'"'''''' to jNW. n-."
I'"'n. to.
drifl i n~ b.l'P' ", ,,.''''-.I;n , m",,"; i n;' ""'" two coWn"
<.""'..
1'horvltld)'('11. 1949.
'ROliN!'.! Og NfXOJ C{'JIop/J.I,!!1IiJlg
SC~IPT; Dr~) . ,.
(Tilt Rflllfilt!iJlg of ROlliI' (11,,1 NfXo.l)
p,.I><n Fun k PHOTOGRAPHY. P"""'n

h.nk. MUSIC Swn~ bi ~ T"p . NARRATOR; Ib KtXh
Ol .. n . TECHNIC.... L .... DVlSOR; SisuT<l Schul',. PROIJUC
TION, P",ben Fro nk Film tor D.nsl< Ku ltuTtllm,
A study 01 tho.> D.ni,h sculptor. "''''k,
'Rttfli()f'IIS Otlmr/Olll
/954.
DIRECTOR: Poul "'ng. SCRIPT: D",Y"'-' TECiINIC.... L
ASSISTANTS: \\: illv H.n.. n. 10Mn,><"S v.,th. !'HOTOC
RAPHv. A"n"I;s~ R"ento. ' g, MUSIC /",,,, ' eco, J.
NilRRATOR: Poul Jorge " ",n, PRODUcnON; s"g.' Stud",
.nd
~"T<li.k
Foim. Kt>mfMgni 1m D, n,k Ku ltu.-nlm .
(tIi,Chili/hoollof Rilliio) 1949.

D/HCTION ....11.'0 SC~IPT; Otto Sch .. y. PHOTOGRAPHY:
Corio fl<mlt ... n. eDITING, O'''yc', MUSIC E. Bindo,"p
Ipi.mo). PiWDUCnON: NoT<li'k Film' 1,,, D.n .~ Kul
tu,liIm .nd &rli"s<);" Tfd<>uk,
E! SIO! 1 I;' Slot

(Cn.lfil' ~"ifhi" II Cnsflr j 1954.
S/()t:\lrolll.II)fOI'II
( The Brit/J.[I' 0/ StolYfrolll) 1950.
SCRIPT.- D",y"" PIIOTOGRAPIIY' J~'&"O ""'os, MllSIC

from
N,\RRATOR: S,,,n Lud ,'Lgo< n. HISTORICAL
.... DVISER; 01", Nom, PRODllCTlON' Texni. f ilm k"
""",rd .
D.u,' Ku ltu,film
SCRIPT: D"')'e" PHOTOGR .... P/I)~ r ...ben h.nk. MUSIC:

S,'end S. Schultz , PRODUcnON: ""'ben Fronk Film 1m
D. n,k Kuiturlilm
A con,'on,;.,...,1 "'!>ridS" fil m.'"
:r;;;ll{Ihsj)mrl' OJ.[ KI"ONbo/"J.[

(SI",jmpl'lIrl' 111ft! KrollborK). 1950.
'NO/I l'f om Norrltll (Somt'fhi'~i(

HIlP/Jt'lIf'1i ill fhr No!!h) 1956.
DIRECTOR' J ~' ~n 1<00<. SCRIPT' D",wr. PIIOTOCR ....

PH)~' A_ Jen><-n. MUSIC I..,if ""-yse;, COM.IlNT,\RY:
""-i fri ;, M"II",. J~tg~n R"o' . NARRATOR; Kor] Ro<><. DIRECTOR O F STAGE SCENES: Erling Schrorue, . ....CTORS:
DIReCTION ANO SCRIPT: fl<n' S,o'Iod , "'s<'d on. n ide.

by Dreye.-. .... NIMATlON; !Iorge Hamo.,'g. PfiOTOCRAPflY; B;r1ho.> IM.-Iod, A, CI.usen , Borge H.mto.'g.
EDIn!>;G: Bent s"rfod . nd J ~ tgen Roo . MllSIC; H.""
S<:h,.;be,. COMM(NTARY: Ki''',n Bundg.",d . NAR
RATOR.- J Imo.h Bj.mh<,I. PROOUCTlON.- I\<n t Ilotfod f,,.Minh"''';',,,,,,, Fil mudv.lg.
Erik Merl<. Olaf Uss;n);. An""""'tte S"<'11dsen, J.kt>b

1'>:",1..,,,, f~ hI,"" 109" B"'''n"m .J~'', Ebbo mth .
PRO DUCTION, T~k" i, k Film. 1".- D.nsk Kul'u, film .
n.
I IOG""PII 'CAl fll MOC. A"'''
AI ' hi' Ii".." , i>< gom',nmcn' cU,"omarily .warded ,he

m,on"w'rship "f , .. in fi'm '''',.,''''' 1(, d i"insui,h.'n>, ,), 1952.
Dr<,},t, w .,"Mdt-d lhe man.St." hip "I Ih. D.gmo'. """
01 lhe ii",-",'.md old,,,, '''''''''-'' in C0l"'nhagen . flo won
tl>< p",t 'wo' .". pt;"na'
Urban C,d ', widow
I" .h, ",. g ...." "'no' ,\ k.d 5<h ... " . M~ge n , Skot_
11."", n I ~" whom Dre}.." had p,odu<ed Grot ,I I","",).
And joha n",,, M,'}"". the . cto, wh<' rn.d pIoye~ in Lon ....
In..,
Th, Slit",.I'''" 0 .... , ",d Tho" Sho/I
II.."" Thy Wit<, Dn're, ~~'" II>< ~>b """,' ;ern" ,;.!)', TI><
Dagmar'. "'I"'rt"i'" ,d"--d ul"'n
ci"""", _ Tit< R;'~,.
~ . W. O/cwd<>s _ bu' d id not ,,,dude ,'""" ican
"""1"''''''''''
5ow,,,, 6.'*.
'''''.r!
'ilm. ' i~, ' T.... em'~ 8"/1" ~","",'
s"m
R"",t.,oo ''''''n 'm"" p ~, .
picl",,",. IH"," cu';',,,, '0 ''''''gin" D<ry'" ~",,,,,,tly

f"""~'w i ng Th, lI"""ir City.) Ma nagor>hip "I th<' Dagm ...
which Ore)"" "" Id unlil ju" befo", hi< do~'h . did h..,p hi'
"~''''ing up I"d,,,,; Ctr.",d ,,'0, O\ ...k by. OI,\n " ,.""." ,,(
contemp''''')' d e,"<I"pmenl> in ,n ,em,I""",1 r,'mm. klng,
D"'l'" saw Kioj Mun k', pi')' TIw Woni at ilS C"""nh;>.
goon pnomie", ;n 1932 . Twc n'y ye... ", 'Ct , D.nsk Ku ilu,f,1m
'"g~.
T'iI" '' ';'' I;en. n. ...l t>I r.n ...1i"m, lhal lJ"1'"r
""<1 '"
fi lm ,'''' pIAl', , n<,1 In. go 'x~n_nt . " l>sO(l i'/ ~l nH.n
dd ' earl ~" YerSKm "",an i lhal Pallodi um hod 10 ""il two
prodLlC'ion \\"ont qUidJy: ',..0 mon,hs ;n ,he " udio
and ' ... 0 "",nths " Vedcrso o n 'ho \\"0<1 jutla nd .... ths. In
weno ''''' 81 , ),,,,, r-oid Henrik M.lmo.rg, I",,..hom
Munk h.d wli!!o", ''''' role of Morten Borgen, and lIirgitte
'ede .. p"'l. \\"ho
I""II"-'n' w""n . "" pI.yN Ingo,.
II"I:n F,'J""'r>.'1 "'.IS "",'n '0 , ..'
'0 gi'''' birth.
,he , .... ed Dr<)'~, to "'P"-""ord "", g,,,,ns. and ""
them in ,he fini,h<.-d oouoo" ..k, While ."" was in ,he 00<p;,.I. lJ"'Y""M !lend' ",' n pI" n",-d "nd . .. g<-d ' '''' "".
um" I"'n SC(' n<' , tlo." last
,hot. D"'l"' fil m("~ ''''0
"'rS~>n< 01 t hi, l.st see .... """ ... ndoring II", m i,,,,,\<' a ,
mrnpletc i)' gonuine. the "' '''', ,w.ion foHowing Munk',
play in k.'",~ .on,, douM A. to
"u"" 01
t ~'n, Dreye, cho,. to u""' t"" former in ' he final film,"
Tho! " nu ,,,,,length 01 ''''' , hots ~e t "nnin...J, prod,,<tion routi"" ... hich DreY'" W." ."" '0 loIlow in Ctrl",d,
U, ..... tly. """h d. y " 'ould be d<"".~<,j '" "'''' ,"'". In thr
n,,,ming . ,I>< """0,, ",hc_,.,."<1 I",,,,. "",ipl, wh jle Ore),,,,
bIock,,j , ,,,' ''''." ..
pI<_ <.. ""." mO""_ n l> .n<,1
. nd
p"'ition, . Ai.", I" ",,,h ,
lighting would
be d~"'rmined .nd I"" octorS would "'''''''''' ' '''' '001 ,..ith
tlo< ca rner. moving. At .00,, 1 r,,'. oclock.
>cene would
00 " lme<! , ,,'j' b """ '" ,,..,, "".h",. H.",ning 9<>t<d ,,,,", d~
",rilled
.hoot ing:
Th< ""jp, "'" ",,,,h mo" ,j",pI;fitd "~bm
Th<
co .. ,,,, .ngl". for in,'a"", """ "01 <ltddtd !>t.
f<'re"aod . . . , I\'t ""r/;td I",," 0"10' 'ht shooti"x pro~,_d. D"'1I'"", ""i< "'"' '"'' h' am",St Iorop/t fo' ,I!<
"'''' "f plI<Jh'S,.pily o"d liglrjjn.~ ""h ..
""'mg.
No,,"aUy l"" "'Or/; ".ith mum .i"l~ Ug"'i"g pial j"
I'" ..Ie ... ore >WI lit<! to 'I...-ific Om! broIu", 'I~
m"st ""'~ tht """"rt"nil,! to ..1 {retly. I" Ordct. 'hti,
"",Uiott. "~ft ~, "."",Uy pl"""td ,hot ''''Y had fi> "'"" 1
,t"" at tm- ,. .... I j .... '" ''''Y ",id
li_. II
';"Xl< , t'P /0" ",",h to """
,ho, u~ u""ImW u" ulJ holT '0 bt """"'.
Th< OCtorS
<"'Putl;, ",;,,-,
[ och ;moil' is romp<JS<d
Y".",
t"" Col"
w.,
""pit.,
""'l"'"""'''
t""
On/d
n#1' /I ~/'(/} 1954.
SC~ IPl'
Dn.')"'" 6 ....'<1 on ''''' p ... y by KA i Munk. PI/D

H,'nn ;"g 1>..'0\<1,..,.. . IIRT DI~ECTOR : Eri k
......... MU51C Poul 5<h"""""' . [DITOIt, Edith S<hlii"... L
PRODUCER, E,i k Niel""n . PRODUCTION: PAII, dil,,,,
Film. FIRST 5I1DW,'I, 10 ja nuary 1955 (Cupenhagen. D"STOC ~.-I PI/Y,
""" B i" )
hlo' ..... llo'S'""

Mjj:ktl
_.-
I<>h."",,
A"dm
I .",
. . ,,"<. h;, d.".~"I"

I',I"" cl.",,,,
pd>t<"
hi.,...,
HilI< luge'
It",', wj/<
~-, M,,,",,
Me"
Henri .\1,10.,&
Emil1!." Ch,;,"'n,,",n
P",ben Lerdortl.Rye
C. y Kri,I;'n""n
S;'s''''' FNe"'rle'
Ej"'" Ft-d .rSrlel
Ge,d , Niel..,n
On Roo
Honry S' j&
An"" EI...,beth
Su .... m>C
SylVia Eckh.u,,",n
Hanne ,use.. n
Edith TtA ...
""od
''''pS,
"",,<I
,,,00<..
t"" """"",0--
t""
t""
t""
",wi.
II,."
."i<h
,"'i,
,1m,
,jJ,", ,''' ","" ",,"ld ..","
'''''J' O;"',
""d
lik< "1","li"8 in ",I,d Ih< Iwkgrvu".

II" Itg/'li"S
.'" "",folly I"'!",<d,
"'iml~. I migl" "",,","
,I" P'''!!,,'''''''''''g'' IHn 0" !Jiilor'. "'ill, I",,"I~ IrtOpI,
"1Ii",~ arou"d. N""""lIy "~",,"lJ I,at~ uw "'" !.imp
"" 1I'~"","g ligh' "" all of ,I...." . H,"~","w IW<'I'I~
1""1'"' ..,0.. , ,w:h /< ill far, broIm, .n iIId,ei.uol l'''
.<rudy.
, A,,,,,I,,, '" ,I" ligh' illS 1frr:1> '" 'h, film
""'ltd al""", i,,~~"i>/ro prrloI..... , . Whil,
i< i,,
""". lot is u~IH,,~ """,,,J in d...".... .11 ,I" lim<.
A>""
,,,,it
joI,."""
..."..,.", . 11 ,I.. ,~h" ..'"'to< ...... I"" ... ligh' "" ,1''''1''
/, .. "",1<01 ~"'II' J'f~"" I' .... 0,1,..., ,It< clra .....'m ..... ...J
an,u,," """"Jg .."d, ",I ... ,. a,rJ ,I" '"~" ..;,'" IwJ M "
s"'''I1~ '" '" n, /Qm,~ .n, .,," ,rf{ "ill,," , ,I,;' ,,"or, g ''''kn/
"" 'h, ........."."

'ru'
Ol'\.')w delibe,.,ely oi""..! 01 "'" J "n~."'k, ,,), 1,., "I bo'

I;."',,
lo ng ,ok"" "'p'e"'nl Ii>< ~Im nI ,n.., f" tu,..,. y""
must ".. ,hie ' 0 ",",Ie..' , ,,1m in ,I,. "",..,n , ' ; ght shut,
Short "",,<><s. quick 'ul> in my,';"'" mo,' th., ,iI"nl
nim, I>u, th.- ,,,,,.~ h ""..!ium 'h<~_w jjh ",nlin u,,1 "'J"'"
n,m'<,mon'_bekmg< I~ It..' ,.mnd film. I u><...t th i'
"'"
OIOGU.HI""" flu.tOG U . .....
'1
,h.,
t '>( ~m iq"" ~"" in D4y

W,",IJ, . nd I'w la l'" re.lized
tht' A"",Iic.n, U"" i , very moch-lliorhcock did il frequ<ntly in R"",." " Acrording 10 N""'g",l, ,..., talces in
Onkt muldn 'l "'" ~'."n lonll'" b<cau M,l mb<'g mold n'l
"''''''''' ''''' h;s h",, Io)ng ,"""ugh

ON" "'os . ,"'...,., wilh 001 " D.n;,h ",,';"w,rS.nd
. "dience.,.nd ;1 won ,'''' Golden Lion Aw.,d . t ,'''' 1955
V~nice Film F",ri,'al.
Cn1rt1r/. 196-1,
SCRIPT: Dt<!}w. B.!",,, on lho.' pi,}, by Hjalmor SOd"me'll.
PI IOTOGR A PINc ''''n n in~ fknd,,..,, , .'lilT DlRCCTOR'
K. i ~.o<h, MUSIC; )"'8,'n krSilJ, SONGS; G""ho.' ~ i,;t,;.erg

TMon""" . UJTrOR: Edilh 5<hlii ....1. PRODUCTION: ral
l.diu m Film, fiRST SHOWN, 19 Dt''mbE, 1%1 (rari>, '-"
S'ud io Me-Jic;';).
mm<iousJ)' introd....,. 0 cruci.!) 1")-.:hoi<>gk.1 momen'
'hrough qu",'ly-.pokn Ii"" or "wn Ihwugh ;;k "'o .....

s"i'in~ on SOO~,-berg" concopbon "f di.lJosuo. Ore)""
<o" ,;Jo",.! lho, t'lm.n ,'xr ... ri m ~nl; n m.ki"~ ;m.~_.
" nd.'Y t" 'I",,<h, II"
,0. 1 ,'''' <h.,..,,,,rS' o,,\>;' of
"'I"" ' ;n8 1"" ,o""h ,,'ho,r" ,..., f.Hhfu l I ~ 'ho, pI.)'wright',
i",,,',-d
G~"",' ~.,,~i~g
B.;nd l R,>I""
~bI>t' R,,.l,
B.!"rd O"'~
G<>bnrl li<ima"
[.-Ia>.a I.~"""
Am N!Il!~"
A,d 5'",byo
,iI< I(,,~";"g" >nord
"eco Gt'buh,
K"m r"s', """I,,,
Ann. M. lb.'rg
,iI< mew, M'Sllrficu5
Ed uard Mie!c...,
K."I Gu".". "' oldddt, V.I" , H ~l m, lIo"
Knul",n, Williom KnobI.\I<h
,h."
in 19.jQ ht' c on>id~,,-d fLlmin~

D",y'" cl.oime-d
''''0 ",u,k; bJ-' I lia lm.,. So"erberg, tho.' nowl D" GlR> .nd
' h< ploy Gr,lrud, T.,-o <1<".&.. I,lt~r, ..., ,,-'.><I Sl~n ~oin' .
monograph H;'lma, s;;,u""S' &rITlld (Stod.oolm , 1%1)'
"Th rough ~"in I .uJd~nly ... w SOOc''''' '~ ' ' ploy from
'"'w
I"'''I"-"' i,,,, ,'''' Apart from b;oS"ph ic. l.nd "", ,,,,1
.ruly.is, IIdn' , >tool' p',;n" ou' Si\ok,-be'l\" ",Ii.lo", up''''
di.llog"'" "Conflicts mo'~ri.!I;"" ou' <>f a l'f""",ly Iri,;"1
",,,,,,-,,,,"oon., hI> eM".,,,,,,, rr..'l""n'))' I.,il 10 romm uni
c. I,' a nd me,' n d ifl"".' n) 'hlng> with ,..., ""me "urd'o
In en," ... ,' ,,, Ih><n'. 1",.";ly ,'mrh-"'<I p"in lS, "" of"' n
"yli,,'~m .
"""pi
D",),-'r',
~ . liQw, th< 1"0)" f""l)' do..eI)", c"ept lor
,bridging ,..., ,hlrd oct .nd including an epilog ... , The
epilog"" was .'"de'<l, Dreye, ",id , bee."", 01 '.,-ho , redlly
h'I'I"""'-.I" '0 lho, pro"'S"" i,t'> "'ol -lif~ proto,)',.." ~ I .rio
\'On f'Ll'"n " TI>< , 1m w
in 10 "" mon,h. in 196-1,
.nd ed iled in 'h"", do),,;.
Upro.,. a " "nded &r'n,4, fm ,'''' ",mid prem",,,,, rari.
paid ho.n.lg" to 0...'Y"" tl>< Cin<>m.nhi.'l"" moo nle-d a Mrool','''ti''<, O,d<l .nd /Joy of "'",0, w~'" ""' i",-.I, ,...,
D.n i'" em"",,)' ...,Id a "-'-"plion, .nd 0",),-" ",a, in '",".,""" ond Ii'''-.I . Aft"r ,..., P"'' ' .howing of GmTlld on
,I>< morning of 18 lAooe mb..'" rumors of d;"'SI~' eireul,,,".
Af' ~, II>< c I'oning'. pno", " " ', it "'," "onfi,mO<!
Dru),ct
Odd "'''' ,. 0 film "'twlll"~ "pi>ot'-'!;" plwd ",I. {"On' '-.... b"n, ,"" TI... P" '" .".... k. ",-'n' "idou,," During it> ">n,
Gm",d o",'><"..! """II
It, 'clo.",;n De n",ork,
A"",ric~ , .nd eJ",w""", <" co.io ..." rom",rably d;'",'"g'
ing ",vie"". In Fr.nc<, oowO\w, a 'ok"'Kion .oowing in
April 1%5 ,oj"-,, 'ht' nlm', "'pu,."ion.-
,ho,
,h"
,...:1.,,,<.,,.
tlOCllAPlI ,CAl ""JoIOCIlAI'HY
D"Y" " """" ;" ....ty '96.1,
Ai..., C... ,,.../, I)",)", mhnu.-,l '" ",~, k on '''''"'_ A I

' hough I>< hod vi, ilt'd 1"..,1 10 ",,,'Co fo, Iox"ion" hod
romriled c" .... full of photo> ond noto" . nd h.d k omJ
Hob",w, I>< W., . 1",
ye." old.oo in POO'
I><. lth. " i,..,id 'hII' prospecti'" b.Klo l> ,,-or""'<1 ,h." if",,'
".,,,od. P">io-'" I>< ,v<>oJld not li,'o h, fin i,h it , In Nowm!J",
,ewn,y-""""
1967, ,I>< Dani,h gOI'emmen' offorro 'h"", million kn"",r

'0 help oubsidizo ,I>< /"'u> fi lm, In ".n)' 1968. RAI, ,I>< 1.. 1
ian fi lm.nd ,,'k'I'ision corpor.'ion , c.me forwMIl '0 , up
T"" f,lm II',. "","or '0 !J" "",do , I)".)"" d~od ""
20 M.reh 1-. .nd
bu ...-,l in F,,-,l"riksbe'K chun:h_
),.rJ in C<>p<nh.>go.'n , The
!J".,. h .. "');'\o>'ul('
p"" ''''''',
\I'.'
11''''''''''''''''"
Notes
15 John Simon. "8ull in the Chin. Shop," film f-/rti"'g.

ISprinS 1%8): 40--11.
DREYER' S INTEREST
Amble" A~I",. Lt
p 17:;
2 Ibid . p . 176.
J Ibid . p. 178.
C_" '" ""'"
II'orio: Cerf. I_ I,
( Ken Kelman . "0",),<"," in I' AJ,m; Sit""); ... .. film

Cui,"", ~ (N~ ... Yurl<: Pr""l!er. 1970). p. H2.
5 Bo'll" Troll<. "T .... \\'odd '" Co ,1
~.:.
Sign. mJ
Smmd Z5 (\\';nter 1955---56): 126.

6 I'.rhr Tykr.
C~
C""" n , '''''l), p_.J
r!/Ihr
,,,"it,,
film (Ne,.. York'
7 Tom MlIr.e, 171,0"""" of Girl Drryn INc'''' York A. S

Born ... 1971), p. 31 .
B
(l"rt~y
01" ...... d"
Amellguo!. "\.es noi.. bLo""",,,, d, ,'J ",.,"

,..,]fJl (D-ember 1968), p. 61.
m.<m..
~ Je, n se"",I L><'. D"Y'" (I'oris ; r;d;t~'n' un'''''lSil. ;"...

1'162). p . 155
10 Ph ilipp< 1''''''01. Dr" ClIIlrN rl ""'.''''''''' ''. [,"""

d"""""'8"'rh'1"'" no. 53_5611'"" , M;",,<d , 1%7), pr17_ 19,100-101,
II R<>/>;n
\\',~ ><l ,
"C." D",)'\'T." ,;1 ..
Arr,l 19 7.), 17
c""'''''''' 10 IMarch -
12 INd., p. II.
13 My mooo~r.p h on.he film (f;imS"ON It> "Ll _ " a,

''''"'''" dA ,.. (Bloomington : 100;'"", Un;'''''il), i'", ...
1'173])
""""pe"t;,-. ,.,ding . In m.ny "" )'0,
,he aPr""" " <)1 ,ho" p",.. n t bo..k..,.,ko ,,, ""","" ,nd
H"" '''''\)'''',
l ~ jo>n.l tMn Cull<" S'",," u,"I;'IRo.:'''' (I,h""" N, Y.: Cm
""II U";V~" "y Pn:,., 1975). p. 160.
I"'ri""",.
,urr'"
w,,,"
16 More 'pe<:;r,ully. I .,,, i"~,,o t.,d to

by VOc:h>l
Sh~k,," sk y, 1Iori. foOc:ho.o nNum, ,nd Yuri Tynia ....w 001
Ie<:,cd in tho,' lo1lo""ng , "'"01011;''' , l<O<" T Lemon.nd
~!>ri<ln J. \\<ei" .,ds .. R _ ("",wi" C,i,;rom: fo", E, _
"'JI' (li"""ln : Uni....,;ity of N,.." ..1o.a 1'" ..., 1%5),
I..Id;,I .. M.. cj .... and Kry'''yM Porno" , .,d . ..
Rl'IJdings in R""ioin IlltIko lumbrO!gc. M.... : MIT
T'w;;, 1971); Tu""''''h C.... ,"'Y S,udi<>. nQ. 7:8 (De
"m"'" 197.1), '1"", ..1 numbo., on Ru,,"" Foml.li!rn,
Toool'<)' .,d " Th... ,,, <k Ia lim",,"" (P.ris:
S... "iI, 1965).
V""o' r:rli<h , R.",,,,, Fo .... ali..,.
("Th< I-LIg"" Mou',.... 1'1691; 8ori, fOc:ho"Num, Tht
y.,"". ToI,"; (..\nn ",.too" Ardi" N7.!1, , nd Mi].;h,il
!l.l;hlin , PmN"", of Do<w...<SIry" /I.-In (Ann AtOOr:
Anli" 1973). 5'"",'u Ii't ..-o.k, w hi<h j h>\'" fou nd
" ",lui f<l< 'h;s Pmi' include
Todomv", Lo
(r.m: s" ud, 1%8) .00 flX IOj",de 1.1''''''' {r.n.:
s"ud , 1971); RoI.,\d Il.>,.,"",', "'I"'roduc,;"" to ,he
Struc,u.,1A""ly>;> of N.rr.ti ..,." "",'" Lit",,'Y I!;,wry 6
{\Vin'", 19751: 237_7.1: SIZ lI'. ri" s" uil , 19701: ,n<!
'"Atl.1ly.., "",,,,,II,, d'un COtl '" d'Edg.>r Poe." in o..udo
Ch.:Ibn~, cd .. Sbn'~UJ"' nO'",I"... ,I /a1U<!k (PdI' S:
1.."00...,. 19731, PE' 2<J.-~ : .nd Gerard Ge""ue, fiS " .... //I IPdlis: s.ro,1, 1'l7t1, PI" 67- 275 . I" ~Im ,ho,,,ry,
thi, bo..k "",e,. good dea l '" the ",riti n;;' '" And",
l'Io"n. Se'!;<'i Ebe n,tem, or>J N .... I 8"",h, "'IX'(i.o lly h,
'he lalto(. ~ of Film I',ocli<t (New y",1;: r'''''g<',
I97J I
1',,,..,..,"
I"'' 'UJ"'
s..- .1""
T,vc.,"
17 s.,., V,l'", S hklow,kv. "'Art T,,,hn,,,,,,." in u,mu"

.r>J R,';'. Nu""," " ,':"'.11,/ C.;I";',., 1'1'. J-2~.
18 Ibid. , p. 2.
19 Bori' T""""he" , ky, "Lir..',.,u", .r>J Biograph.,." in
M""' jka .,,<1 P,,,,,,,,,,,,", ~.-.di"S; m Ru",," IIJ<Ih pp.
~ 7- 5:;.
2()
For a mgent discu ... ion of the .torylpiot di.!inchon, see

T,,,,L.,, rod""",. "5(",,,, Approhe. 10 R ...;"n For_
"",I;"n," Tu",,/inh e",,",), $'I/Jit>-. no. 7,8, Pr. 17_1 ~ .
21 Ge ... "o, Fig"", III. Pr-
~7_182
Fu"""",, .'I""".... v.I", .,
21 j ... Muk.oro... ky, korlt<til;

$triJr! Ft>. , ... "._ M"k E. Suino (A nn Arbo" M;ch ig.on
Sla,ic Con'ribu lio" 1970). P1'- 91_'12.
Res"""",.,,,
23 Victor Shki<>,..ky, "T""

T",""",,"
S.wI .... no. 7,'8 .
n,u'Y
of .he Word,"
p_.t6
U Ct, ...J lkblionc. "O;,...,'Oon: 5" ..." 12 (Sum me'
1~71I'
9 Erik N~'I!-'f<l, lnvtrJt I>iIWet .. D,m",.,l (Copenhagen'

lide"",nn. 1971). p. 99
10 UrWn Gad. f ,I""" . Om, Midle->- "8 M ... I (CopenN!;"n'
GyldeM.l" 1918), p. 5,
11
'h<'"
Ur!<ttJ,
l>ill~,
.. Don ...ri;, p. 91,
12 T",o uI Dr<y<>r' Nordi," cor"'... " . da,ed 2" febnJao)'

1913 'M 12 May 19!5. N''''
p"""rwd b)i ,he
o. ni'" F,lm Archi"e
be,,"
'll.
2S Forth. mos' ",.t, my .""I)"'i. ignores 0",)'<1" f ture

Tw ""'rk 119-16) .nd hi. ,hurt d"""",."tarii' . Th"
(Otm<I """'" to "'" i"r ...,.hng onll. for. few .tylistic
.nd n.",Ii," le .. ureo_ while ,he ott", rem.;n b"".l
ri<"=. Whe .. " ..(uL 1 . h.1I "",,"oon .h... r,'m. in
", ... ing; de .. ilffi inro"",,''''" on
ma)' he Ioond in
the filmogra pny.
N~'ll"<rl,
"C.rl Dreyer," in And",,,, Sarris, ed" Inl",A""-~ u';lh

Film Dimw,., (New Yo,k Avo", 1%7), p, 151.
1. Let,", uI:!6 June 1913, lener 0/ 12 M.. y 1915 (both On file

a! O"" ',h Film Arch".. ); W.I"'r Cal."",,,, Tht
S!"'.... of '-"1>. .. /1,..1""" (Cambridge, M. ..... li.nord
Unowrsity PreM, 1952), p. <1:11
0.",,,,
&O""U"'' ' ' .
15 In'e,yiew wi,h Bjorn

./6 Jonu.", 1%01
{type""ript on file.t (4nish Film AKh"..,). p. l.
16 Cad. Film"", p. U7. flow ",.11 Ore)'or learned Ihi. Ie,
",0 m.y "" _n in Tho" SI .. II Ho"", Thy Wijt, "''''''''
.'" , ...1. correspond neally 10 ", d'. m>turgi<. 1"""","
AN AUTHOR ANO HIS lEGEND

Ebb< N""rgaard. C. rlTh.-odo, D"'l"'" A Film Di,,,,,,,,',
ililft II.(md~n ' 8";".h Film In Stitut., 1'1(0), p_ 5.
2 Bon, T,"""."",'.I:~. "Li""Ature ond B~raphy:' io\

M.:."'ik. 01'<1 p~, lVoJi"t' in /I ..... " """i<.<,
P 55.
) QuoI<d in Victor
Er!k~, /I ......
hnmtI;s... p.25J.
4 Qu""'<l in B. M. Eict..nwpm. ''IM ~. pi tt.. "",.

m.ll Me'hod ." in Motejk.> ,nd Pe>morska , Rndmg. i"
Ru... i.m /Mia, p. 31.
5 "C.,I TneOOo, Dr<)... r

N3L P 86
u~t.I",
'ig," PoIili""'. :!6 Aprit
s.-. S"end A0S" Hon><m. ."Iy J"d.M..;.Ji",,;,.. in Om"""t (C"openh.S"n: C. E. God" 1970).
7 MarS""ri'e Eng""'!\- ed . 1#' [l""",," Slumpl"" I90J19JO (CopenMgo" ' De, D.n, k~ F~mmu .., um, 1'168)
pp. 13_20
8 [bb< r-/oerl!-'"rd, S"'ry of 0.";,/, fi!m (Co!",nNgcn,
The o" n i'~ In''",u,,, , 1%11. p. 38
17 Cdrl Dre}'er. D"Y'" it! Do"bk ~~;q", ed, Don.ld

S kollor \1\'0'" Yo,k, (h, " on, 1973). p, 22.
18 ~"Sodoul.lli,roi" S""'I>I.d. d""",.. ""I ), pt . 2

(r.ri" 0.,00<1 . 195.2 ). p, 373.
19 r.t.. B.Khlin, lIi,wi",
_'I"' d.
( i"",,",
".n.
MulierS".".. (I'. ' i" I.. No,,',,]]e Edition. l'i-t7).

p 105.
W N'''rga.rd, SW'Y of Doni'" Film, p. 47.
21 N"'S"N, Ln ... ,df hi/We, i V4"m. rl:, pp. 103, II.
22 Ibul.. p !IJ
2J
Quo~
.... , j
in Erich UlriLh .. n. "I .. ""Ile "~x"lue:' i" 51)

V4">J. rilm (Cop<nh'l5"n: Nordi'" film" 1'<56).
)0.
24 G,d , fi!,",", pp. lll _1 2: .... . 1", N"' I!-', d, Ln,'",",

bilW<, i D.mm.!.t. p. -IO.
25 G.>d , fi/m;o,. pp. I09---W, D",yu "nee deso:ri""d the
"~ u "'I""O pr<Xluction principle" ",,-_iog d,,,,.,,o,
"I ront" ~: "Along with ,h,o prodUCe<, I.... d><JS<: th.;
>erip!, "',
h ., . .. i",n,", he h.>J ';me (or di",,>
,,,'"
"{"Corl Th.tx!or Dreyor udtaler .ig," p. 8 1.
"''''''ted
2b Len.r from Dr.)",r.o F"" 31 OctobEr 1'fl7. D.n;,h

Rim Ahi,. rolledion,
27 Ebb< N"' S'o<d, " L"'rli n;; "S """''''':. ;"SQ Nt i
Film, p , 60.
Z/j Qu.Md i" ElL>
o."s<
lC0l"'nhogen : Mini,,'}, oj foreign Aif.i,. , 1968). p. IS

-14 O'~,.l"<.I in C~ ,I l<""'" " My 11",), ,,/ Worki ng b in R.lo'
hon 'o.he Fu. u,",,"' Fjlm C"",,,,,,,, ~ (FaIl19lj61 : 65
~5
La"ges<J'" "1'1\ lu r . hid .""hI ei , do.
on ~ h::'I~Iw."d, f\Is1 ... 27 ,." .... ,)' 1'155, p. 26. s.,. ,,,,.
Judith 1'ud",lwr. ''C.rl -111<'0 Dreyer e' .. si'whO!1 en
1947," An'., <I.
(hll 1947) , pp. 25_U,.
c;_.
29
Nc,,~. ,d .
"g"""
in 1914, 00' Goo", We"""

t o.,t Dreyer prob.lbly
,uoo.ilt....-J it ye.r earl;'r, ""fo"" he hod runtriKted
hi",,,,,lf to Nordi.k. The
mad~ . The
scripl , w h kh sli~h "y n'''''mbks TN Prrfidtr" , ""' ..... n
published, ~ Gosl' lI"emer. "DiOJro Fo"""," C"'I~i",
no. 139 (1975). pp . lbl_ 69.
,"m "' ,..,w
" [.o" ling "!l "",,'e,," p. 60
JO Le,,,,, from D"')'er to Fro<l . 11 Aug"" 1918, Don"h

Film Ah i'" roIlcc,""' .
31 So: S .... ,k [psc'>Jd. J "SLkl .1 $a " , 80);," [ .. ,~"
n Jon".'Y 1921; dipp;ng o n r,,., .t tt.. D,nhh Film
Archi,..,.
J2 l ... tt,, from 0.-.)'<"'0 F" .. " 1900"'0.,
Film Archi .... rull""tion,
JJ Lett", from Dre),,, '" Fro<t, 20

Film Archi,.., roIlec,ion,
~Oo r
191~,
-16 Quoted in Herbert Lull. " Eric Pommer," film' i" Rtt ....'
10 (OctobEr 1'159): 469,
~7
o.. nish
'ery
K",,,,,,",,,...
,,,,,,,.,,,d .. "leU", ,U <li,,,,,,,,ul
35 {/>iJ.
2~
M.rch 1919, o..ni.h
l..,tt,, from o.-.y.' to Ol",n . 25 Morrh 1919, D.ni,h

Film Arrhi .... ",""""ion,
l< tt .. from Dr~y'" '0 01",,,. 26 M.rrh t9N, Donish
Film Archi"e w lle<:,ion,
l<,,<'T from Dreyer '0 Fros' , 17 No,'emOor 1920, D.ni.h
Film Arrhiw C(~lec.ion ,
-lO Cf. N""'S",,d, .. t.;"rling "!l mes"'r:' p. 64; L.mgeoon,

." p, 2b,
'"Jeg h.r ol.id ...,tot
41
D,...,...,;" 1Nu~, ~,j!m"""
~:
Ifd .. pp, n - 23.
p. 27.
.tJ Prcbon Thorn",n. "'\""rk ,ng with Dreyor," in 5o""n

Dy''''So'.,d, ...:I .. C.,I Th. Drt)'tl': v."i<~ fil", Dm-c/v'
1"""'''''
<"" "8" ,upP'>S<;dlr ,,,boti,
mm
Pr. 12- 1)
Lett"r from 01""" to Dre).. r,
Film Archi"" roIle<:'ion,
"",.i,,,: l\om"",(,
ru ted "on .rtifKioI ond "n"'-"<'<">Saril), imposed 'happy

ending'" for ......J bu, p')'C00I0gic.1I), CcorM::' """'; '
As tt..
''''''i,". n..,w ....,. it e<>rt.inly <I"", "'"
roo ...., h. ppy ending.
do I,
N",di, k:' C." .... du Cin.'m.l ...". 207 (n.,c.,m"'" 1966),
"
Lette, from o.-.y" 1u FrOSl, ~ J.n",,} 192~, D."iih

Film An:h;,'e rulle<tion , See .1", Luft. "Erich P,m"
mer," p, 469; C.rl D",)'er. "The Film -M.,ker .nd ,t..
Aud;'n>," in RoO." Hugh<>, ....-l fil",' IIrok
(1'-:e", York Gm,.., I're .. , 1m), p . n : .nd tl>< 810,
g.. phir.1 Filmog'.pny 01 ,n..,
,"Ol u"", . A my'-
0",
1918, o.ni,h
).I Le" .r from Dreyer to S""h r, 23 ~bKh 1\119; puNished

"Bn'" hi dl",k'"r W. S""h,:'
no. R, ijm"-,
1%111 , ".p .:
D"Y" i" Do"bk R11lom, p. N . D",y" . 1", ",Id "

I,..,t on< snip! , D.'IJrn Fu'''''' rD.-oth U";!t'<J, 1u.t..
S",ediih nnn Sven,k.1 Bio. S,'emk.l bought II>< ..:ripl
c.,"gos
-IS QuotW i"

SOOouL lIi,wm' girtbok <I" d"""'.
,'01. 5 (Pori" 0.,,,,,,,1 , IQ75), p, ~ J2
~9
"C.,I D,,'}w," In 5.> .... i' , e.L
I""n.';"'~ ,
p, HS.
50 "K,ind.". de' "., ")'Id , .1 C. rl Th . Dreyer Rei''''

h;em f.. Afrik.1 ~'
(u"d.ted dipping"" fir.,
, t tt.. D.nish Film A" h iv('/
r.",,_ ,
SI Re<h<ndorti If''''ud .l "Skuld. j<g la v. Filmen i8"'"

bIov d~n lig<-' ",.ode,,:' /l<,/j.s,/rt r ia"".." 17 No,'"",b,:,
1143. p. 4.
Ro._ ",
5: r ;."" l l""'ud .l. "Fol,;k FO_ Ih ~lI'" om

c~.id.n'"
IS N"""",1:><, 1143, p. ~,
"""nrN4J<-',
'-3 "Ca, 1 Dn'yer," in S,IfIio, C'd ..
I.'",';",~ .
p. 162
5-l Robert C .. ft. "'\\"'Oom:' booklet "",oml"'ny;ng lVet.-nr ,

Th, C"",pl,l< M",,, (Colum b'" Reror<l C K ~L - 2J2L
p.lO.
55 See John ErnM , rrogram 001 .. f<)f D"'},e(s docun\t'n

t>n.. (Oonish Film AKhiw, 1%l1. n,p , 11>< "'ript for
M.'JI 51""01, ' igned b), D"'}"' nd hi,""" E.ik, i, on
file.t the Dani,h Film AKhil'e,
61 Dny. in DOlIN, RLfirr:I;"", p . 28_
76 DI'O)'"r .. id of the 100$ toko." in C,,',.J , 'The ;>d,-on

t0S" of thi, """h.,,,j i. c"'.ro ,I,., ....,,,'" h ,o char<" to
..,., "", Mon.' the cam,,, lul l poycl>olo>g>r.ol d~,"' ~ )P"
m,m' ,d, i(h ~, .... not hoW t" t.. Io<"".n b<oca u,"" "I ""'"
C.me.. p" , it;""," (j. n Aghed. "D",)"" .. 'Gertrud' Nt
""p<ri"",nt." S,,",,>I;> o.,gblMLt, 16 ~ovc mbo,'r 19I>f:
d ip(>ing on file at the o"n;"h Frlm Archive), In thi. as
in other n"I"-"'", Drryer n"..,mbles K<nii Mizoguchi
"'M, oo:uroing te, his SCriP""ri"-", e,pI. ined very linl.
of what he w.nred .00 ini,1<'<l "n '",,"ting kong
The "-,,,ul, w.o, that" e,'ory in,"nt the en!i",
wa,
","",,,n!t.ting lully' "Nnt onl), the ""rots, but .11 the
"-,,hn.,ions, .11 the ,t...,tric;'n, ,,','n' round toget!\."
. , ingl. mon_ ,
H~ .,k,
to gi," u ...
mo~imum , . nd .11 .t the ... me "-'wnd" (Ariane
M"')(K h ~ i "" , "hntM"'n M',,, Y,,,,hit . ... Y.><I. ot K.".o
~ li)'aS""' . ," C./r",,,, J"
1>8 IAugust Sept,'mbt. 1%1 1, p, 25),
62 Qoold in ErI.,h . 11."".;.," fo"".li"". p, 259 ,
7i 0...,..,. i" Deubl. RPfiN';':"', p_ 27
63 D"'l"" i. De"ih JUofi"'hon. p_ 1;>;1
711 Ture Daohlin. "u,.jThMor Ore)"" Parts," Lo Cm<'

"'WShJphir r,,'"f'I;.... 27 Morch 1926, p_ 5_
50 See D."id Bordwell, " r'''Oon , DE. th ,.nd Teo""",n,,"

film Com"",,( H (Sum"",. (972), ,;1-<'>3_
~7
See " Ca, 1 Th_ D",yc'T fi k DOS""" BOo," <lipping d.t,-.;I
,iI" "
28 february 1952 from u n.cired ""U"'" on

Dani, h Film AKhi,'"
58 film Centre, Tilt Him lod",,,y in 5i, 0"""""

(I'ari" Ur--:r:SCO). pp . 67-70
th,-
G"mt~
5'l Herbert Steinth.t ., 'Ordet' opot i film, h,'o. KAi

Munk ,","";e," Niti\n,. 1_7 Aug'''' l'lSol. p. 18
60 LonS"",m, "Jeg h Itid ..,bt " , ," p. 26,
".fft.""
.""'1'''''''
0"""", "'-'
6-1 (.luWd in 1'",,1 Utten",i ... , "En noroi,k f""'go ng

rari,," rUmj<n",..1<n (1924). p 6M
i<J Dnyr i. Do.1b R.fl,d;':"' , p_ 135_
f>5 Dnyr i. DOl!I>I, iVfiecoo.., p_ ;$
80 Ibid .. p , 1116,
t.6 Dny' in o".bk
/1.,11,,1>.., p.
67 --COIl Drrye.," in Sarri,. cd "
81 "C I Dreve " in 5,uri., ed ..
5,},
I""""'".J~.
p_
r"",
ffJ Dre),er "The Filmma ke oo the Aud"'""e," p_ .5 ,
!13 Dny' ;" Do"bI, /I.'flrel;':"' , p, I6/>,

Ij.l
Ibid .. pp, ltJ.
8S
Int~"'ie,,, with Hen ning !lndt.. n. 2, )"'... 1'<76,

R<>Jol'te. Dl>nm., ,<,
&
D,,!!,, rn Do.Nt 1I.<fk';':"', p . I!I-I
70 Ibid,
, :' p . 67.
Remork by D",y'" in I..rgen Rooo. docwnen .. ry film

C. rl T'Ir /)"V" (1_ )_
I)!j
W.It.." Ilenj.min, "The Work of Art in the AS" of

Mhanic.>1 ReproductOon." in 111"",;'"";"",, cd, H.nnah Ar~OOt (~~ ... York : Sehockon Book., 1%9). pp
!19 Dr'!!'.
n,-26
74
O''Y'';'
0<0_* RPfka ..",. p, 165,
75 Joh n H, Winge, "In'e,,,.,,,, with D",),Cf,"

S",,,,d 1 ~ U. n,.,,), 1950), 11
p, 142,
82 Dahlin, "C.rlT'h&>do. Drt'ye.;' P.r;'," p, 5,
l ~~_
loS Ca .1 D",Y""
S<owrrplayo, .n, . OIi,'c ' Stall" ",."
(lhnd~n, Tlu"" .. . oo H udoon. 1970). p, 7,
'
7l See .Ist> !.<erne., "My Way of Working ,
I"',""'" ~ .
1I~_
87 Qu"t"'; in l.nb...wn , "I~g h., .I tid ..."'"t
_, ," p . 26_
I.'on A'my, qur"'-..! in Kc"" Jc. ~"" .OO Chari .. foro ,

11"1<",, m<y<!.JpMi<ju<"" d"",," , "01, 2 (1'.n.: l.lffont.
1917), p, 70,
In
D.J.i* iV/hI;':"', p, 116,
EARLY FILMS : NARRATIVE FO RM

Si,~/r'
.'w
Henry. Albort J'himps, Th, PhotoJ"""" (Lotchrnont,

1\'"", Yor\:; 5tanhop"'DodS", 1914: ",pti~ted 1<m1), p . 6-1
2 A. Va" S" ",,, I'Q","oU, n.. Pho/vpOIy S~ (Spring,

f .,td , H(>tI>(' C,,"" ....><><.!.""" School, 1'119). p . 115.
J Phillips, P/aol.:d""",.
~
p_
" ug""
St rin d~s. "Memorondums to ,100 M"",t.m;

<>I the Inti""'te The.tre from tn. Director," Opm LeI''''''
/0 II!< inti""'lt :roo.1.... tra"'. W.lt., John...,,, (S.. nl.,
University of Wa.hington P..,.., 19(6), p. lO.
7 A con,ider""" of the kR",m""l,k1fi1m may bo f.. und ;n

~'S". S.doul . I/;",,,i ,, 8"""'),> du rin<m V< ~ . 5
(l'oriS: o."""l. 1'175), PI" 481_517.
R
Dn."" ;n><eu," ,cly <Jaime<! Mich_" to

~fi l m , "
s..., "Carl Dreyer." in
" tho? i;r>'

In-
Som.. ed "
/""""', p. 156.
J..,. ....
1967),
!krrid., D< Ia
g"'m""'~ "
pp_ :JO-JI . Ct. )"I"
century symbolic
(Po",: Minu;.,
Kri,""-' on p...... tll;_' h .
!'....ice in u
Tw, du """""
on.
1-1.08"'" Mou.on. I 70), pp_ u.-21.

to ~13 r.d &nhe., 'Lit... lu .. and Di=n!inuily," C~'MI
f_.
mno. Ri.;:t",N 11"",.,<1 (E,". ",,,,,,,

em Un;,'o,ot'y I'",," , 1'I7'.!). p . 173.
No"hw~"
p_
Quott"d in 80 .... Eiche""'um. "Tt.< Th.,. >')' uf Ii>< Fo,_

m.1 Mel hod." in M't<1 ~ . ,1'<1 P<>'J'I<)t5k.> , ,'<1 , _. KNdin!.
m
Ptorri<>, pp, 27_2!l_
R",,,,,"
)4".,
.'<1, __
R,,""" fo r-
3 ~pite d iff~ring ."umpt""'" ''''0 "",eo",hol> h.vo

>hown .h 0)' NW. ,h _ _d lm"n,;':'n,' ,,,,>dcling .nd
multiplan" lighting k>d \>0..."",.., ,,'" "' M arn , 5""
1',,1....
"On U,.. H i "",,), , nd Id>lr'll)' <>I film
LigMing," S<""" I;' {F. II 1975). ijJ..IOO; Ho"Y S.,IC
" Co'''''ponden<e,'' .sn...,. 17 {5l"ing 19 761; 11 9_ U;
B>ny
'-rh(. r""ly 0<-,..-101""''''' 01 Fi lm hm","
So".
Fil.. ro"" I
{197~) ,
91 _T06
no. 22'1
131,
.. "Film o nd Sy"em , Term. <>I An.ly,js," Scrwo 16 {S" m me, 19751: 'fi
7 s"" T)'n"""". "Rhythm ., 'h<> Con.,,,,<tiw F"""', in

Ve ......" in MO lejlo.> .nd Pomo"k.1 . ed . .. &odinS' in
R....." fu-tri, pp_ 12!!_30_
8 l\'''''rg.>rn . C.,I V"!!"', p , la
9 D"Y' in 0il"N< kfIt.... . p 52_

10 I. il .>CCidon tol .h.. ' iw . OJ f<" d" wing Ii"". . . nd
.yn,he,;'" ",,"'pc"";,.., kn" wn .. lhe ,.".". crko<,., Ihe
"d", .~nod ch.",,,,, " .hor.rld h.,.., besun", be w idely
"-"-'" b~ . r1i ", 0' Ihis l im~ nd Ih.!. Vo"",-,<-" . h.o::>uld
how utilized ,he de,'ice in hi. I"inli og' T,OC(>S of Ih<>
""""'-'pi of 'he th.mbe, m.y be i",",k.'d. in min;"_
'uri<,'~ furrn, in ,h., lorerun"", of ' Il< pOOt<>g"ph;",
"'OW o
11
"",0.,
""-,,idon" , "''''''
",.U, . nd '-ery k'"
w~. hu ;!r
up f"""
V~'Y
,,1m
f",n;,hins" On I"" "'.n,, ",rum ew,.nd . few pich ' w, of b mil )' gm"1" f"med in the
~ k 0".1 from'" wry ",, """'Iy u><'<1 in ,ho' old day.
Fo, ' '''' ou'fi tting ul th~ in"'';''", I ",os in'pired 0)'
Vilhelm Homme,,""i .nd '0 >orne e"ent by til<
Ameri<. n p,inlor
Whi. tI"r," Quoted in J0'8""
R""", C.rl Th. D"Y' 11%0),. docuOlentary filOl,
J,,,,,,,
EAR LY FILMS , THE CO NSTR UCTION O F

SPACE
ft.".....
c.";'-1> d. Cin""'.,
5 " Rhy.hm,. ,t.< Cons"""' i,"

in V,,,,,,,,," in M._
,eju a nd I'"""""k.> , t"d, .. KNdinS' in R...... fu-li<o,
11 Michel Buto,. " Le lh-.., C<>mm<' obj.t," llLp<.wi", II

(pa ris: Min"il, 19(4), p. 107.
2 ' "Them,"i"," in J.t>mon . 1'<1

... 11>1 Critki>m, 1'1'. 78-87.
"1.. lil<' de I. Mnot.'ion,"

(M.y )971 ), p. :l'),
f..,,,,,
p. 144.
Uro.n Gad, f il"""" 0.-.., .11.11" ''$ M."J (CQp<nh.S"n;

G)'ldendal., 1919)' pp. 9, 31.
5 l!rid ..
12 Quokd on [,Ii<h, R......" FomJOl,<m, p. 268 ,
13 Th< 1101 ."

1~
t"" f,lm {New yt>r1<:
1970). p. 115
"u, Pt"'ident," unattributffi .rnel< on Roge' lI<,u.1%7) ,

' inN, ,od " F.n<y<lcphlif d" em;;"'. (I'
p, 1235,
.ri" "",.d.,,
15 F. , It. Gombric~, Th, $",,),

1%<'>1, p , 3U _
16
C(~ I "',.
I)""", '" Do.N< Rrfif(/O><r,
"f 1101 ("'e,,, Vorl<: rh.id,m ,

p. 11>\,
17 See Wolt .. """i_min, C"'rin' ","",tai",- II 4ori< lI>tt m

tlor E.. of lIish COpit.I;'." '" nS, H",,' 7.<rhn (Londorr ,
New u,ft Book 1973), pp. 168--69.
NOTES TO PAGES......
Vis",! fmqlion, Tho- .II"" I'm"" (Be ....Ie)' . nd

Lo. Angele., Uni,'orsily <>f C. 1if,,,n;' p,..",. N7~),
p . 475.
18 .-\rl Rro1
of All Hi>Im!I, ".'" M. D. HO)tling<' (f'.:ow

York: Do" 1950). p. H,
t~ Priocipl"
::0 11;>01 .. p. 21.

21 Sigmund f",,,d. ''lh< U""'''''''y.'' ;n
ed . 0. C .... lioily .",s tIttHarpe . 1958). pp . 12)-24.
lI<!~i . m i n
U"""',.....
Nolson,
(Ne", Yo.)"
o.hl;". "C.. FI1"'" Dreyer ~ raris." p. 5.
2J
semo~ "" ,
2~
Nce'g.. nJ . Drty<'. p. 11
25
s..., John Pope-Hem..,.,y. Th< furl,.il i" II:< Rmori<><m
D.."..... p,
In.
(Ne", Yorl<, P.n,heon. 1966).
26 Beta
Ba~ .
TIo",'!I ef,lt< Fil",. ,,"OS. Edi'h _
(Ne'"
27
""mol .... D..".....
do ... , 1977), Sinee Nosh . 1.... """,id... o..yer. "'''~

prubl""",,"= . nd =lr>dictory, il i. worth dct.riling hi.
conelu,;"ns,
Na,h explains lhe .""ions and goopo in ~.
Iihns by """"'... to. me .."""" o..ye"o w<>tk ...
whole .. like II>< discou ... of a psycho;1Iwyric po'ienL
O""';ng upvn F"",d;'n .,><1 u.;a ,,;'n >Crou " ts cl
'ymplom /om"";",, and uPO" Jul .. KrislC\.. ~'"'mina
lion cl ni""t"" ... th..,e ... lu!')-' 'moot", P'o<lic", N ..h
cl.ol"", lto-ol Ih< O",),,,..,,t c"n"il"I<" 0 h),s",,,,,..! di ..
The film. c.nnot ' :""ally .",pre....
,he
problem 01 bi.."""lLty withm. ngidly po""",,to-ol rul_
lu""" (p . 16). n.. '0,1 _ k, to ronl,in '"i'!","~
'h'"u~ h ,,"p"""nid ,"""'n' (e ,g. ,. f.mlly an ch urch
a. male .u,hori'), I. Bu, ,0. ""',,,mLly of 1M film,' reP""' ~'" <"'. ... sym ptomaric e"'pl;""" th<", ..merge
,ymptvrn. 01 des,,,, . nd
to ,e!igiou. dis-000 ..... N"h ..",. dui", .. "'p",..,n,ed , ",nlr.iI),. by
th< act clOOking (performed by cha,xte. and viow".),
Religiou. di'\roU"" is ,ubveffi>d by th< .ruption of
bise, u.lity, ped.llly in In. ,ealm 01 In. vok~ (choi.Ix"" Qrtrud',
n.., O~ , '''''I. N.,h ronel ude>, e>.hibil, hy"eria on ., 1e 1 Ih,.. 1e,,,I . In
n,,,,'~w ,,''''' . "'.
i"",lnlwl me n .nd id ... lizM
women, a polarity whieh ,rouble> to. ... ual difference
upon " 'hieh p.>'riar<:hy ""to. In m;"'", ,m". lhe film f
"''''''' em.,,&< ymptQIl\il'icallj in n.rra!i\e disk.,.
lion probk>m' 01 point of ,-jew nd cho"" composi.
tion> which ",hibit a hY''''rical p.>,alY'i', And "'Nt
Nash cali, the '"body of ,he to,," e>.hibi" ky"o", b)'
,he f. nla,;." which it c"" .... fu, In. . udienceof Iooi<ing (ligh' . hyp""'i') .nd f.n'...... cl
'ho.' di""''''''''-''''d My pUl t:.t..:k "'gl'lhe,.
The vol"".nd comphlty of Mark
.n. l)"i,
.re
''',en {rum 'hi' 'ynol"is. Wha, I wont ,,,
">.amine bri<fly .'" """" <rue;.1 di fb~nc_'S "",""_"' ''
N.. h. co"""'phon "f film cri'icism . nd ,h. , ..,. out;"
'his book. TO. impl;"";"n. i"r 'he study of Dreyer will
"" o\'id~nl.
For one thing, Na.h', ps)-choonalylie categorie, do
"'" d"",rim i na ~ .moo~ proc ...... thai w. u.u.lIy ..... p
distinc'. To t.k< one ..,;.mpi<, Nash id.nhf.... wha'
0. call. to. b,mod imag<>. "tI,.. ' ignif.. r of "'pre>-, ion ... tn. b" of 'ymbolic """.inl" (p. 13). This
"bor' m.y b<. ,hadow, a window p.>ne, a chke.-.d
I.bri< , pic'u"" f.ome. o\'.n ". dork ...,10 .m"",nding
lhe lit "",,,,," (p. 10), "Within lhe fro"", ,he", i. alwaY'
oome lor><! oIbarrie," (p. 10). If 'here is alw'y ..om.1Und
of ba ...... in lhe Dre)", >hoi (whic h. in any ~wn'. i< not
,he co .. ). i' io b<ca_ Nash', CoIlegory ;" exce ..h"ly
c"",..,.
"""l\-"
,.,is"''''''''
"""s'
y"rl" Dow 10m). p. 61
W,
p. 23.
28 I!.lt.\~, 1Mo>y, P 74.
.v
29 "M,'J a"k."<ining
foI""' n 'iliad u, S.t"n'
fl l.. ,..~". no. 5 (1922), p, 92,
001<.: "
JO "Form ~ nd Mate,;.,1 ;" ''''an tOe Terrible'" (Ph .D

.Ii .... U"iversity of Wisron,in. 1917). p. 24.
f."'....,,
PROBLEMATIC UN ITIES
'p,"""'"
Ebbe N",,'S<'ard, "Du Skol ""'''' I);n Ilu,'ru."

""'~
P"'S" ""
I,,, ,he o.nish Film Museum (Fd""'I)' 19;;.11, n,p

See aloo Kelm.n. "Dre)'eT," pp. H7- 57, and Milne,
Ci""", of 0..1 0...,..,.. pp. 71:1-7'J and
_ i,.
:/ T",."""""",
S'Y~ in Film (Il<rkeky and Lo. "n&<I... ,
Uni", ,. ;,y ')/ Co lil".n'" 1'",. . ,
p . 9.
I~m ,
) l!>;d .. } . 14 1.
4 ",o,, 1.<,yis C""",IIi. "Rh<,orlque de fa Terreu " C.h" ..

"" Cm..... no . 207 (December 1%8). p. 42.
5 11;>01 . ? 4,1.
w.,
6 AI",. ,hi, book

<"mpi<' cJ, ''''' Bri'ish Film Insli
luk Fubl;shi'd Mk N ..,, "'''''''S''P" Oreyn (Lor>'
ill
".,h',
,..
NQ1U TO PAGES ......
roomy. If 'ny .... ight Ii""" or J.rk rna.... in a shot GIn

oig:nify ""1",.IIOn .nd lack, .urely the NrrN image
O<tur.! in hund ...'(\. of thou .. nd. Qf shot. (most of tht-m
"'" in IJnIy...- f~msl. SUniLIo1y. the I..,,,,sy of "the body
in """""" includ .. P/><"""""'" ., Ji>pdr ., "' t~:
"the dtc:Iupogt dfoct<:<l on the body of the film lI,."",
dArc1 . nd '-'p""""'tabonally on j"on'o body": in O>drt
"the reonimotion of 1,,&,'" cut body": .nd "the bod)' of
G.rtJud . . . c011rinu. lly Ir.rnol, pto><! ".;Ohin
Pfder" (p. 31), The """""P' here dQ<O "'" distingu"h
among .wgery on foctitiuus char"""",. bod~ the
framing or editing of the repreoenW bod),. the <oof,,,....
mentol. cruneleT', oction< by .... IT.I""'.... , .nd tI,..ed~
ing of the finished film. It is too "'y tu .ub6umo ,11
t _ pn."""""", und", the .. me t... d by simply I.t.-Iing them "cuttins 01 the body." (And " ."", ".., goin by
colling " film body is "'" d<ar to "" .1So room)'.re the
roncq>IS tho. ,hoey en<OUr"g< lree ossoci.!.ion , . ' ",hoe"
N h d.lm. ,,,,,1 thoe che<k<,.,d
ro/ Int\"". d ......
. nd of th., ki .......... I a _ h signif"" ". p"'<.'1'Iti.llly
ptnduch"" I""",Ie bQdy pn:'<"<>ely 'in <IlKie' .. (po 13),
The .d,c"ti.iou. pun illu.".' .... oerond prOOl"",
in N.. h'. critk.1 m<tl>od, II. ""plki' ly .i.u ." hi'
work wit hin" critinl ", hoof wllkh
"P'''"
""...,. of
conmuctim" (p. 31, When I'"h em
p ..... ,,'" pro..-e<:o.nd function, hi' "su"",nl ;'I"''''''r.
hoi , '"The ..... ,rl< "I ,ho.' Dt<-y"'.'o;' ""i'hin .h i, in"i'"';",,
is to fo",ground In. ph,n""y ,t_tu"'," ploy in i'"
(p . ll). y,~ to>" oft"n .he dyn.lmks of ,n. nlm. So un
..... mi"'-'OI ,.j ,,, . . h tend, '0 """reh lor r."", 'Y"cm.
of ",,,,,nings. ' 0 u"" I"yc"""'''''ly...... n.rmeneulk
key, .nd 'hu. to proddc only ."",n.r in!e'P","'ion 0/
Dreyer', film. , The ..... y often Iii.. . n ;;ol,.ed e"'m<' " '
oul 01 conte<1 .nd inte'P"''' it; me.ning in ~u<tiw
r.,,'udiant.oo:an;"" ' com._ N.,h , Ltim . 1m iM"' '''''.
t"" ''1''he om" . 1qU""~ "" "f , hoJ fil m [Ordel) 'IV"" has
it" (i .e ., 'h.: ,,<mi),..,......... ,ho" child', '"""uO q"""
' io" i.n~ os to who, .... "'i' 'h<' photlu .. (I" 191_ Si"", no
0'"' '"
k<. "W"" ho. it!' OOW do w~ know .h.t
,hi. i. the ",,,,,. 1q"""ion? Ph '.'ing it th;" w'y, """'ever, in" i"" the crilk to cI.mp down lhe F",,,d"" .p'
In G<rln<d. two riclu",. on Ih. ",.11, If><> 10'1;<"
of ...... n h.: 'mo ll.' ,~. ""om.n . re ",id to "" "CO" ,
notinS the I'""... r ",I ;.:". , ""'''' d"",;n.",,' ; . nd , .. ,.
;"8 '''': p>bI<m ' N"",u.Ii'r (p . 27). n .... pk' u", re
"'" con.id.",d lor tn.ir roJ .... in ,h "", ,or ,he ... qu~nce: tn.)' 0p""" , ;mply ... bot'.KI
for fi,ed
thefTW<. Li8hl .nd d.rk in In. fr.m .... of O,~,'
..,id
'" f" .. lId ,n" "Iigh' " .nd "d"k" ",.,..;0". of Ch,.;,
.;""ily "...,..,n .....J in ''''' """.b,.., (1'_ 161. Bu, 'hc
.0'1
f"''''"'
""t
""",id,''''
0'*,
1"""".
""'om, .'"
,n,
C "~ '''''ni t \' i, no d.rk.r i"

{ram< ,h.n ,n.
lif;ht, SO tho.- p,,,. lkl i, iu,.ir",d .. ,l<:ly by mnemo"ic.,
With lew '''''.p.io"" ''''' """'y , .. n"'." cdCh fdm.
"",r.'iv. into "'p"""'n"""n. ,,,- I"'ri.ln:hy. d .... i"',
"'p"li'ion, clc .. Ihu, ''''ying .1 If><> I ,~.I ,,! "'ig'
n,f"';s." not 01 'ho.- .ignioo. (I ,hould .M tho t IH,I<: i.
g.sined by colling """"'thing. 'ign.r"" "f d .... i'" ii ,,",'
is SOing tu 1",., it. i" li' ""ry f.,hio", ymOO/ of
d .... i"'_ 1 j, "",m. to "'" ,h., N"h', mooogroph. J'''pire
ilS ,,,id.n. int.",,,, .Iil" in'o .1k.-g<>ri<.1 ",.d ing; no
diff.re nl i" princip/< from lho.- hum.ni" OJ rehgiou, intNpn:""irnls
cri.ic, h .." al"",dy propo><.><!,
" dorl<"
,ha,
7 "I'"'hkin & S,c"",: Eu.~ O'lrSm" m Vkl,,, E~kh,

..d_ . Tw" ,;"lh C....1u'Y Ru ......" Lit'1II'Y Cril;':;"" IN. w
H.wn , Y.'" Un;wr5ity I"ess, 1975). 1'_ &l
8 "n.., Idt>t>logy of.he T",,'," SoI""'S""di. no_ 31_32 (F.II
1975_Wi",.r 1976), p. 2ll,
~
f rancis Taylor P. " .""",. S<..... "'
H,rro"",'B,,,,,' . 1m), p. 95
n" Sm-<n (N"w York
10 Anne s"ncheM, "C utting ' ",' film," in N.ncy N.um

""'1\. c'Ol_ . W, hi""'" Ihr ,\I,..... (N,,,, y", k,
19371. p, 215,
N,"'''''.
11 ".",1 Rei~ ond CO\'in Mil l... TI" Th"Oj .... o{ Film Edi,iOR (N,,,, y".k, I-Ll;hn!l" Hoo..,. 1%111. p. 22"
12 D",w. ,,'m.,ked , "~h' film ,1><"" JCdnne d'Arc ru.
i"";n .... tly"""" <.f.lc.l." ,,, nt.g.srd. film. whICh i
' bo",u tcfy OS " 0' . It" "'. a fdm . irnol ., film th.","
<;"ns bu'" all humo"kind, It i. in",nd,'(! fo, In. ~ .... .d
""' ....... ond i' has ",""".hi ng ' 0 gow '0 '''''''1' Qpen
hUm.ln mind," iTy pe.mpt copy of 1950
f.1e in 'hc p.,n;,h film A.... h;,"_)
''''''''''''0'1' "0'1
13 je,,, N,rt>oni, "L.o Mi"" ,' n ok"",u",_ ' C.h,,," 0"

Cm....... no. 2()7 (o...c...mbe, 196/11. p. 41.
14 Int,,..;., w ,,'i,h
Bend,,.,". 15 Ju"" 1976.
15 0"Y"': Cod,,", d "",""" ",,,1;, p, 64.

16 "I'ud""kin, B""h" and Thr M,'II...-," I"p"r d.lh'e~
a' tn. Conle"'nc~ on Film and Pertunn."",. U~i"""'il y
01 Wi!iOOMin- Milw."I<eo.'. Spring 1977.
17 If,... , ,,, W,.;,..
5<11
51",.;.., (N.,," York, C,wici
Fn..'01"_
"n"
,i/m
19}71, pp_ 2 17_ 18
IS Thr A,I of,lI< fjl., (New yo,k; C.,.I;"r. 1970). p. W6,

19
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j"
Oct.,", RLfi""im, p.
10 Qooted in
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~;o-~
1"'-l
-=- .. -. ..
,.
,
I",
'I' ,
-l!!;
"!
J
... " '"
:..
"
'" .f
::;.j,:.
'l.
l~ 1'~
j:j l!'
4~~
t.'-, ''<, . .
"1".~. C
l$t"
l
~
;II ita
" .,. ," 3
.'!' ~
~: ~ "':Ij
.E. ,."
~:r;
, ... .... '"'

" " "
.., <:I. "..,. .. "'
0 .... ,c"';;>f~~::<-'
:.. 1
e:~-~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i .."
~~~. ~~.~ .ii":El
".::!~ n
,~l . ,o.~,',~"
"j_"._""
'.' _=0 >
ii~~~E~n, ~ !~. ~ ~ ~~ ~
~!'~ ~h~:U~' ",~, ta.:.::

tl~~~"
fi ~ rh ~fi : t~ g
" l,;ir.:<''' fp~ p."
':,;,"'r:l;:;_c~
.... .. -!:
~"-~~~ Of!;!:> !it.;'" - "'P :>:l
_1i::_~",a~' arl 1l ~ zi l--. i!
"
ins the "1m, D"'Y"r'; in"tu< '~ ,n, 'n h i' <as! , u!lS""
hi ,...",",," of how important ~ff.s<r,,",n sp.><~ "'"'
'" b< . "" Imagine
".~ are .ittin~ in an ordinary room.
Suddenly we.", ,old tlld, 'he", .. . corpw ""hind the
door. In an in"an' ,he room w< are .itting in i, rom
pletely ahered: e,ory,hing in it ha. taken on another
Icd: 'he ligh" ''''' '''''''''P''''''' ho"" chonged, though
'he~ "re physic.lIy the .. me, Thi' "beeause """ h .."
'Iwm. TM,
ch.ngc..t, and tho otoje<ts." .s we
is the orift"Ct [wont to got in my "1m" (Nt"rgo.rd. c"rl
DI<y<T. p . 27).
18 SIZ, p. 67.
I~
,ha,
"Corl D",yer," in s"rris. ed. , Inl"' .....~ . p. 1-1;.
"""m.
20 o.rrld . Dt 10 .~_"",Wkg",
21 "Muot:' in INn C~l1o' c, . 1. . ltd."" d" fi lm (I'aris, AI
"""..S, 1976), pp . 171 -7<
<0""',,,,,
VAMPYR
I~
"C.rl Dreyer.'" p . 13
2 Cm""" of Corl D"Y". p.

) Corl D")'<'". p. 2 7
4 Th,
r,,,,,,,,,, ...
Univo"ity
p . )9,
15 Ro.~.nd I!.>rt l><'S. " lhl,,,,~ . u"",h,. Ei><n,"'in, '

\5 (S"mm(" 1974),:;S.
I~
16 T<'t".n Tnd",,,,. {WI,,!", de I<r pn,.,.. p,
Sc"""
~5,
h'n, Rich.ru Iluward (l,hdCd: Com<11

1975). pp, 25- 27.
~'''ng' ' :'
in C40ud< Choorul . ed ..
.... ruu .."', 19731.
DAY OF WRATH
f.",.,hc.'" S<....... 17 (F. II 1'fl6), ~-67
W. <on i"I"
..,,~.I " "",n"
.""a';'" " ,wu,lIr (PMi"
6 I'."py, . nd ,he
7 Ibid .. p . -13
6 'n,n:xl""",n to ,I>< S,,,,,wr. 1Anol)."" 0' Norra",'e,
'1 Film 1'1lIC1i<Y,
p~,
5 .oLe dl",,,"rs
S<mioli<j"'
pp. S>-95
Noi' l BUr<:h . no",,),
U~ .
9 Ibid
10 !loti. Tomo,he,."ky, 'Them.t""" in Lemon.nd Rei"

."j,., Ku"""
CM"'('i,,", p.90
F""".U"
I I And", !\.uin, \\'''''1 I, Gn"",,! V<~ . 1 (lIc,kek.)" .nd l""

Angeles: Uni''''''i'y of Coliforni.l 1'''''', 1%7), p. -IS
12 And,,, B.,in, In," /I.<ooir, ".n . W W. Hal",~ II .nd
Will" m H . Simon (N"" yo,k , Simon .nd 5chu,"'r,
1'fl3j, p . 8\1.
1) Incidentally. D"'~d s concorn ,,;,h "'p,.,..,nta tion,1
'''''''' and off",,,,,,, olf.-et< " con,i,med by 'wu >c.

eount. of hi. plonning fo, ,he iitm, In prcla.c< '0
N,,,,'V',,,', S.. ,), 0( 0..,<11 fdm he "",oil>. th.1 NeE,'
S.. rd ' <>kl hom , "R."".",b... , 0,",' ,t... ""I ... i ,h., ,he
phot<>g!"aph dOC'Sn', I", is , II ""n.. " ..,. n,., pl\o::ol"!l"ph
I"" with ,he
0/ """"', if you w.n' it ' 0. Bu' ,t."
d i"""' .. h,...., not "'om<d ,,, m.~~ it lie in ,uch . ""y
'hiol sty'" .rt ....." D",Y'" S"'" on : "I ""lie,'e 'hoi Y""
~ ",'e n", 'he rou'.)l<: h) ,,,ntu,," 1m' .. , ""t in I'ompyr
''"'~ J had origin.I[~ pbnno.-.J ,,," (I'", i ..., Tht $"''Y of
o.."h F,lm, Pr ~ -5). MOJ<'(>V~', ",hen h~
, I>00I .
gre""'''
w.,
,ha,1,,-"'
''''' """!O:U,W' o..:ill,>!,
,"',.,,, ,he .."". J.v (OJ
.. , "",,..,,"," tt.< t>Id
(m
"'Om.n .nd 'he )'"ung (01JI'''', .nd th ,. is 1yp;,:.1of tt...

,iI",', """.,." Hing <>1..,,..,,",,,,,, ,ho.' "pi",><l., " ""u .. lly
<untln",,,,, (I 1<lI"b M. ,'" P"'S""'''''' I""" ,I>< >dCl'i>l Y
10 ,he Iort"", ch.m"'" to
the couple I.. ". the
chore h . nd "Th'~ at .he 10",,0: .he .... i rwli,tic moli
"ation {the 00)' choi, ",he..",. fu, the immol.tion, tl><
cart bring. wood fo, the ".ki.-): and ,he ""'smen" , ,,,
l i n~t"d by <l i,,,..,I,'., (in ,he film, a 'h i ~ '0 . ",,'he, d.y is
,ru"lu...t by. f.ode). 5<, Ikrl,,/, Marte's ,,,,,land k>f'u,",
run.mne ingle d.),.
m><>n.
".n>.
and N,
2 YI.>dtmi, NizJm)', Insoo 'tlo E;""r<mn,
I,,,, Mon"g". and Jay l.<>yd" (N ,'", y",k, Hil l ,nd
WanS- I%Z). p.;4
J ImJ .. p.71
-I Ibid. , p.63
5 fn.'<le!'i< J.un"""n, 'Me'>eo>mmen'"I)'.'" I'MU,
~I,
no. I
097<):9.
6 ;;..., D<>u~s Si,k'. ,",'m"k, in S"koo Sirk, <..t . I"n 1101
lid.y IJ'<'" y",k, YikinS- 197<). p. 1211.
7 RAymond Du'W"'" C"" in ,10, Ci""",. (LonJ,,", C.lde,
.nd Boy'''' 1966), p. 50
8 !loon' B.,in, jO",.k Col,"," in U

(r.,;" r~' mmorion . 1975), p. ~I
Ci"""" d, I" ,,""ull
9 I h ..,. found no oou",", tor II>< film', wr,ion of the

""" ... . To., , .. ndard Dani,h " . n<l,tion of Thorn of
C.l.m,,', poem d .... from II>< Midd'" A~('. An.;l is
f,irly Ii ral "'"' . It mAy t... r"""d in H~nri k Jul Hon..,",
ed .. Nr~; of Nordj<Jr. LilI""i"" ",I . 3, 1300- 1515
ICopcnh'gen:Cph . s"m)eren, 1973). pp. 31- 32, Very
hk l, the ,.., ....'" wa, rompooed for the fdm .
10 S<>e
~",,,,,,wo
Cnli<.lll"~"i'!l
ORDEr
ISori' Tom",he,''''v, "TI><m.>Ii<>," in lemon ,nd K... ,
eds" R.... ,," r,mrr"lisl Crilrcism, p . 61.
(i""". ",uri D,"
La,.", C.,,,,t. ,, "Th<o 1.;10",1 M,,,,,S","
INd , p. \Xl
3 (Win '., 1976): 32. .
5 1M., p. 107.
11 "A P"'P"> d u 'D"",,," ,"
Bib [ igu ~:
,. in '" r,",,",,,,,, do>;
,is''''' (Paris, Editions du S<-uit 1973). p. m .

12 H"w,ud B,,"es, "On tl>< Screen ," /1,'"" Yorl H""ld
T..-w.",. u. April 1-..8, p. I .
II "11'", Srn::<:n in
s.:, p. 21.
R~,' .""."
p. 164
3 1<1.. , if (in"",.1 mi . I, p. 67.
6 !rnd,
7 Jrnd" p, 1;: 1.
~
N"", Yu!k Tim,.,. U. April 1948.
All oough D",), c.11ed Or<k! "drwm<O"''''ion'" of

I om , uggesting ,he fil m ,,'or"" !<>Word
"the.tric.li",,,,,,,'" 01 dnemo,
tn..,,,,,
9 rffh';q'" of F;f",
co.,,;ns. p. 2.34.
H 'I""o<l,,ct;';)O '0 It.. S'n o;lo,.1 A""ly' ;, 01 N. rr.liw,"

p. 2 ~3 .
10 f."hlhq"'" l"!I<hclogi< d" """"'. "'~. 2. p . 37.
15 D"Y' i" Do.Ok Rrflrtt.... , p. 133.
II s"., R.1ymoOO Durgn.ot, '"",,

r,imins IS I~mbon 1%6)
1!..",Io,., um.:' Fil""
"n"
16 " [ntn>Juction to the 5truc,u..1 AMly';' 0/ l\'.rrative,'

p. 2~,
12 Dnyn"' {',,"rr<"
17 "Film Slyle.nd T<'Chnolog;' in the Fntlies: ' f,lm Q""'.
13
'"Iy ~1 (~.Il 1977): 47.
16 D"Y';" OVuOk
1~
RrfI"'~,
Quo'od in Rho nd Q'U, "Sku Ide j" g I.., Filn",n

'II"n
:' p . ~.
15 David f\QnJ",dl , "C.""".

Sf"ce:' p, 23.
in Ltomon .nd 1(0., ,'(I ...

p.1 2.
~ "";.,"
26 ""Cinema., 0.""0:' un publ;, iM'd s<-mi"" , P-'P< ' , U,, ;

"",,itl' vi Wiooonsin_M,d;""n, p, 9.
27 "On ,I>< Connti<>rl be'~'''''n [)"";ce; vi Sf"th" C"'"
"",,c'ion a oo ~"",.I Slylistic o.,'ic~, 119IQ)," Tw,,
Cm'u'll
no. 7,8 (D<--mbet 197<'), p. 00.
S'.";'"
,otI"
28 Ibid .. p . -IS.
2'J Jmrod,u:,;,m 10 ,II<" 5iu/ogy of AI""".
(N~'"
V"rl<: Scobury
'''os. E. B.....M""
"'<"', 1976), p, 74.
. nd Ci n<ma'ic
"''"'Y p"....,n.J , tyle ,t ....

,dol"-'(I. ,..., mo", strongly the . bs<>!uhsm <>I hi> mu.ic
.pp""".J . E,."" ,",'''''''' tho ..,.rrios< 0/ \oon.! .00 ,""uoo
""longs to ,he nature " f "is ",,,.k, in !iOngs and in
Cl\ufUS<", in mdod",,",, and in OF"" " (i .... i" h.lf of
Scho<n""I")!" worh l. ,he ~1 d<'lerrn ;",,, ,..., ch,Ir""""
but ",,,er.he form 01 it. mu,ic.
n.e ..,,,hOlic .b",Iub,rn of Socho<nb.:.-g 1I""'!iO I,,,,..,, h~ ewn ",iu""
,I>< ."", II~" d em.>OO. " """mus,,. 1 k>K... "" mu,ic,
""he,he, they "_'" from mowu"" the'''e, lilm,
thniqu., o. ,-"<" )"""h(".1 mu,ic--m.king." 1-1 . Ii.
5tU<",,"""hmid l, S<1oo<"/letg (r>:o,,' Yo,k: G rove P",,",
195'1) , p p. 15'J_t<l ,
'Nd .. p. l U.
T""h n "lU~'"
Mo v~",o,, '
Ib In"'rY",,,, ",ilh o. nd t ... n, 2, Jun" 1976.
13 INd .. pp. 123- 24.
Fe"" ..;;, Cn"""",
pr . 11, 16_17
17 "T..., furthe, Socoo.,n"",s',
;:1 0"),<,',, (.oj"",,, ""'",.,."." " , pp. 126---28.

n Ony' in Doohk I!<fi.x,;oo, p . 12J
Z5 "... rt ..
p. 127,
14 D,, in DooOl< R'fi"'''''' p . 1!'/
p. 12'),
20 0"Y'in UoJ"Ok JI.<{I';oo , p . 12J
2~
"D"'}'~""
""'"t....... "'.
1~- 1 5
18 D"lI"';" DooM,
*"""
"</k<'i.m. pr SJ-:;.!
Iq Quoted in Stephen He.th , "L.-.",,", from Brech,,"

1, (Summer 197~): 12~ - 23 ,
2()
"1Jr<.-ye,," p , Ie
231
"on. 1'0 ' AGES .......,
21 'W),. I I. E>.p<><ilion)" i~ J"h~ 11.lrmn .,,;I . T~

Throry of til< N",-./, [1.'"" .~"'YS (New York; (h l"rd Uni
,,,.-.ily I're>.s. 1 97~). p. ~7.
SmrmiN of Iii< cr ......... Iron . M.. ~ E. Suino (Ann Arbor; Michigan Sl.>vic Contribution,. 1976).
iO " Prop<><ihoo,:' p , 62.

11 "The Third M,,,n ing:' i" He. '''. I .. 1_g<. A!"-"" T<xl.
p. t.3.
,....j"'.
23 I bElieve thai And'" !Ia.in,,-os Ihe firSl film Ih<.-ori'l 10

,u~'1 how. film migM ,)","'motical1y aclu.I;". ""et.1 styli, tic .Itemat"e . ~ his diocu .. ioo 01 Ciliuol
KA ... in 0""" Wrll<s (I'.ris: Edil;",", du Cetf. 1972). pr.
66- 72. In mo.. renl ye.". Noi'l BUKh ha, od"ond
'his Ii"" of 'hin king t),rouSh hi. discos;ion of penny
, t me' " .. o in film . , in hi' .naly'" of AI in
n."''Y of film P''''''ict. p. 14 . nd . ""'''' ,-"onsi,'oly. in
"0., Mabu .. 'M' , Le lr...il de Fritz Long: ' in
Dominique Nogue" .,,;I .. Ci""",., Th"" i<. Ltd.,..
(rari.: KIin'hied . 1973). pp. 227- 48 .
"""'"01"
2~
9 The term ha, been , uggested by Edw. rd llroniS"n.
Juri Lotm.n. A"aiysil of 0" 1II<Ii< Tu tr.n . D. B,rton

John""" (Ann Arbo" Ardi 19i6). p. 124 .
12 "'An.s Technique." in Lemon and Rea. ed". R....."

. " ..... Iis! (<i'ie;"' , P' 12
n My dis<ussioo ,,10"'_ 101i(Jw wit h """'~ mod If....
t"n. that ",gse>ted by Kri'lin Thomp"""' ,.,. C",,
""pi " I C;""m.tic E"",,,:' C,ni- T""r. 1 (Summe, 1977) ;
5-1- 6,.
1. John S"""n. I'm .. " $aml;"K' (Now York; Berkley,
I ~n).
DREYE.RS USES
s"" L ., Fu, h" ff. " Coml"""iO" I>ctw..," Oa"i, h
25 Vloda Pe'rie, '"Dn>yd. C""""pt 01 Ab$tr><'ion," Si)1ht

""d Soon.!.t4 (Sp<ing 1m) ; no,
GERTRUD
~ Ellio" SO< in. "G",,"J;' Sig'H
1%5): 57.
."J 5.,",., J.I (Sp'ing
2 S.. nk-v K.ouUn"nn. "'5<""n' A DI'C}'''' Film." [1.'"" 'ri,,,,

Tim<>. 3 lune 1%6. P, J3
J DwiO(h' McDonald. ""Films." Esq.ire. J:I<oc"mbEr 1%5.
p,86.
N"""p'pe"': ' s.:.",ji~"', E""""",," R""..,,' 21 (1973),

2(17_9; W J, H.,,''')' .nd Ch";';t;"n ReW"'". Dom ..
.,," tit<' 0. .... (I~,rt \\'... hins ....no K,nn i"" P", ... 191~).
253 _ ~~. S.. m p ..... of Dn-~d o ;Ou ,n.!;,m rno)' I>c f""nd
in " D,eye, "",m.Ii,le: ' C.I>I,,, d. C;";"' no, 207 (0<-.
c<>mb..l'l68). pro ~-J I.
o'"
2 Q"''''"j in Knod 5<""nbE'S, .. O"'Y ..... 75: ' EbtnzbloJit.

I f eb,,",ry 191>1, d ipping on role at the O.nio.h film Ar
chi,"",
J D"1I'" '" 00.1>1.. &fiec';"". p. 176,
~
A, E. F. Dickinson. V""Sh"" Will","" (L<mdon , F.bEr

nd F.ber. 1963). p. 350,
w . 39. 2H,
T, lV. Adorno. '"Arnold SchoenbE'll IR74_ I95I." in

s"01,,,,1 and 5hierry Weber. ,od, .. I',;."" (London:
N<",ille 5l"'onn.n. 1%71. p , 170.
, 1Ie,,!I" Tmlle. '"An In"'",",,,' wilh C.rI Th , O",}"" ." Film

C"I,"" , no. 41 (Sum""" 1%6). p. 5'1
5 A, D, Henri""'n. "D. n, k o.wkl.>""".!'rop.oll"oo.;

Atbtjd.." fcbru.ory 1921; diPf'i"g ,'" filo at ,he Dani,h
Film Archi,..,.
6 '"The Third M",ning: ' in S"'phon H""n, 00 .. I_t'.

Music-Tal (Now Yo,'" Hill.nd W.ng. 197!!). p. f>.],
b Goo'll'" Sod"u l. /Jilloirl' :;ml'nll. au

(P.ris, 0.,"""1. IYSl). P, 383.
7 Trolle. "In Ie,,''''''': ' p. 5'1.

8 Noel lIoKh .M J,,'W" 0.. .... "P"'l""ilioo.: ilflmm
OR'. "'" , 5 (Spring 1914). P' 62 , s.., ~I .., p.,,,,, 11"",,,<.
N"", of "" ilppretlli"".lup.
HerbEn Wcin..lOCX
(New York: Knopf, 1968). pp. n_l~S nd Millon lI.b
bitt . .. MOO<"> .rnd A.ron:' in Benjami" Bore" . oo Ed
,,.rd T, Cone. ed ... l'tr>p1i"" "" S<l",.."",~
S"or';.skJo" (p<in"" .... n l'Tin,,'''m U n i\"~", i 'y 1'.....
1968). PP, 53-<00.
'w,..
""d
<"in""'. 0<>1. l . pl. 2
7 Carl Theodor Dreye,. '"M,,,j .nledning av f'lmen . '111..:1

'" s,,1,n, !>ok: .. "inm,'Y". no, 3 (1922). p, 92.
o.-.r,""", (1'1",,' Yo,k ; Pfoeg<'T. IQ70).

pp. 1J3- .'\'! M W.I"" (;,1<",-"",. nr, U.n!'" Sy"'''' of
L,ru, Rdat.... , (C.mbridll", Ma" .. H.,,.rd Unil.""ity
P", ... 1952). p. lS3
8 5<.. II'. Glyn Jo",",.
9 C. rl Th. D"'Y"r. "Panni "" .nis,,,, ~migni>' Berlin: '

C4h""J. C....... , no, 207 ()eccm bE' 1%6). pro2(1-21
10 D")I'r in Dou!J/r R1fKticm, pp.

11 r. T. $",)",
H~ri t .8"
F,._, In,,",""
/ho<, (I'.:ew York A",,ri<.n
rn, ... 197".:) p. 7'J
12 IU'S'" M,m..,U, .. t"""" wit" Co,1 Dr<-y"';' I""J8"m fJI.,

RiTi<1e ...,.3 (Aug"" 19'11), p . 67.
13 1Io!rl<Jlt B.....: hi , S., r,. """"' (p ,ri" I: II rrlw, 1970), pp.

1-48- 220.
I~
O"ren" "lIra .. Slmg ond Morguerit. Duro'," SIS/,I.,ra

500"4 ~ 5 (Winter 1\rni76): 13.
~7_50.
j n .l.<>",. Comolll .nd 1'.,,1 N .. boni, "Ci""m>l

Id ...... "Sy'Critki'm, .. ..,.."..... 12 (Spring 1971). p. 2'1.
15 lbia .. pp. 32- 33.
16 juh.. Kriste.a, "Signil)'ing Prac,ice and Mode of Productbn ," EJin""rsh 76 AlJJgazJII<", no. 1 (1976), p. 65.
32 B",II,,, C.ri (Ne'" York: Farr", Strou, .nd Girou>,

197~), p. w,
)J
J.j
I"fo"""/''"'
19
Nosh'. """"'II"ph V"!I" dis<u,,,,,. "".",al lunc

tions 01 wom"n in Drryef. (,1m,.
M",~
)0
Q""""/Y
Godlrd ranked
"l..,,-s,m, INn> Br<'("ht," P 117.
HN'~ ,
J9
T"n4"" 0{ fJlm
-I()
"A"di IOn".,1 to l" '0 je.nM.';" S t r.u~ ,nd o.n.,,,,

Huilk:' is
'00," tn ,h......." 1. n<>. I, p. 15 . 5'," " \>
<o lk:d V""'PJI' " , ),0, most
vi ,II (,Im',".nd os,ha' "'h" f...,
O....'Y., '... no'....- .b., to prod",,~. film in color (h<> h.od thought .bou, it for mo ..
'han "",n'y Y'''''')' 110r hi. film on Chri,t (. profound
,",'ot'. 'goi n,t the ".te .nd tn,' orig;n; of "nti liw in. """.,,)'
i<
Semi,,,,,,) ",mood, U5 ."..
not wonh a frog's tan" ("F~"""," Clh;'-.. 4u (.-""".,
nO, 207 I ~bor 1966). p, 35).
fdlling. p. 386.
t"''''
,ha,
"",,'<1
~I
~Z
~)
19.17) p. 121 .
""'m' n'
,t""
Q",,'<I;n K.rl 11 . Wome" S""'h.""", . Lit<.rod \V,,,*

(&00,","), .nd u.. An!;"k. Uni"",-;J'r <01 (. IUom;'
p",,,,,, 1976), p. sr.
lII"m,,,,,',,,,,,,
1'.,,,,, Gobi,
p,
n.
'-n...~,')'
. nd [)<olinit;"n of
5tru<t",.~
Matet"Ii" Film," i n I'eter Gid"l, I .. 51'U(/.nl/ film
film 7'.1/ N"", ILondon ; S pring 00<>1<;, ''<to7), p. JU5
27 D"Y"" in IN.OI< " <fl'io.. , 1'. 5-1
26 0... di<j"';I," ,.,{,",""fl. W.ri.,
\ o-- I ~,
s.:-h<",n~"l: 1~74_195 1 , '
in joh n E"""
d""u"",ntarioe. (U."ish
Aml>ol.mo (lAlnd",,: eri'ish Him In.titUle, 1976), p.

~l
D"Y'in Oo.N,
II.<fi"''''''J,
r . 161
1973j, Pl' 5)..;,9
p. It-l.
30 Ibid .. P 171
Qo<>t~d
.' is'"
w"
23 "'M . Ei.. n"ei n'. New Film ," Nro.' YorJr Ti.,,,,,, 16 Fe\>.
roar} 1930,~ . 10, p, 6. A .imil.r v",'" "' .. , "'pre..ed
l>v jorge lui. lIorge. in "1.-0 Fug.o," Su " no. 7 (Augu"
31
AItMugh plen'y 01 e"idence
[J,,'Y.' w"h l.um;O", .-..:I C"ffoth .-..:I ("(OI>p.>'<'d &to
.)Ij
19 (fall
21 "'Hi ." lP""oo.l. "r~on"" d' Af<Filmen i Polad, Tea, .. t" :

u.,ru,!ed dipping on me a' ,he Danish Film Archiw.
29 Ad"",,", "A, noId
".,,*,,
37 lbid __ p . IllS.
23 h>t.-r".;"w with Hi"'" I(a""u,...-,n, 26 )"nuarJ-' I%!;

ty~pI on fok>., 'i>(> lhni,h Him Af<hi"~, p. 5
1~ ,
no, 16-1 (M.1I'ch 1965),
1m). pp 236, m
12 Buck ,Mo.-." N'goli", D"lrclico, p, 119.
2.
"
au C;""",.,
r",d with lIeetM"en', l"le qu.""'I<. s.,. G,::';',,4 on

Ct>/o!nJ, ed, .nd tro"" Tvrn Mil"" I)';,w York ; Vil.;ng.
20 QuIlted in Susan lIuck-.\1urss, Thr 0,-,:>;" ,>{ N'l(QI""

D"*'Ik-J (Now York: F"", Pres., 19771, p. 118.
21 ''Tho: \\'n,ld ,,( Cod U",y,"; ' f ',I,.
1%5): 27.
"Cim,I. I",," C_him
35 Yuri Tynkmo,', "On U ter., ry E",lutlon," in Matei\.;.o .nd

l'omorsJ<.o, ,'<I,., Kndmg> ,"
H>rIi<>, p. n
17 Rm-t.i, oM hi, W",ld, "ans. H.ote..., I,wol,ky (Cambrid~ ~t.ss .. MIT 1'",.., 1\1611), pp. 321_22,
18 Henri!< S!.1 n!e,up, "D",)'e, "il ,lull>< en n)' "Iml),p<,"

7 ju .... 1%l; clipping o n fi~. t O. n;;h Film
Arch",.,
"")W TQuwnio, "t n'",'ic. O,'OC Luc Moulk,," Cohim

d. Cm/m.l, n<>. V!J (~mbo, 19771, p . n
fo, Ute,'d.
n.p.; C:',I""
BIOGRAPHICAL FlL\l OGRAI'H'l'

50.", Mike SMI'P, "Sf"'<'<h C h, irman !'ronk:. D."" Di,,-'Ctor C.. I T h. D"'Y.r," Th< 19'", 9 o.-o,m"'" 1971;
clipp ing on nk: a ' 'Il< Donish film Archi"".
,..
NOTES TO PAGES
m-m
2 Quotl in Eb<>< N""'S"Ofd ,
"D" Sbl,.",. din """"","

D.n;'h Film AKhi..., r"'S',m not., F.o"",'Y 1%-1, n .p
2Q
3 In,,,,,",w with 8~) m Ra,m u' ""n , 26 J. nu.", 19<>1;

typ<O<npl on r,1< a l II", o" ni, h Film AKh i"., pp: 2- 3_
21
I)"""" to Fro,,- c_
1..<".'
from
chi,'e ooIiec'ion, -
l'I1S; Doni.h film A...
5 Je' " M;,'Y' lIis"'" Ju d"""",, '''''_ 2 (P.ri>: td ih.,n,

un '"<"';";""', I\WII, pp_ 273_76; Co<>'8'-'S Sod""l, //i,.
ght'",rr d" em ...... '(>1 . J, pt . 2 (Po", ; I:k oo<:l,
1952), I' Ja)
w,,,,
in Erik Ulrich",n, "p",siJ<" t",, " Dan;;h Film

A",hiw p"'S'. m nol.,. M.Kh .1956, p , 1: '"-'" . 1>0 Judi'h
Q",~ I
1'''''""I''''r, "M"I"'" Pic'u,,", m D..'nma ri<: ' "01')1""""

Q""rl"';~ J (mn t. , 1917--181 ; 19_
7 QU011 in J8rg<-"1 Rom', dorument.'Y film Co.' Th.
O~
R Inref" io<w w;lh Ra,mu,,,,n , PI" 3- 4
11 "Vii <Ie
II.m~",
F"'_
.'I",.
O, " "h FoI",
I!oJs "m D''Y'"
p.
t..o. Storm mOO 'HI..! 1 So.,", !Io);'~'
<8
)."".'1 ''1<';
A,d;.,.
<1;rr"'s "n fik, II." D.... ;. h F,lm A<ch, .....
f""
N""S""nI> II<'!( "'" 0"Y'" p. -Ill,
12 Th< f#m Til! ,"<om', p_
23 s.,. "Ec""", cI ",-,u"oll..," ,,, C'''OJ"' C""",.!oK"'I"'OJ"" no. J.I (16 )u ly 1'1271 , p . 16.
2~
25
"0 ,"),", b"'gt~ s. " i", rd igb<den 110m "ilm idJd,"

p_ 147.
J n Arruy ,"d )eon-CMr"" Rey""",t A,,,,,,",,,' 0.
t""""
IP,n.: T,II.ndie" 192'11, p . ,
26 "Dreyer bruS'" .. "I., td;gbod,," .,,,,, stilmkldel ,"

p. 1P.
'J"'''''''
27 I.",,", o.,,.'n, "Ccu, GU ; ~n ' jo"" I.

d 'A..... de
[}r.,~<r," "u,
d< I"""R< d'A",," Cinfmogo:i<l< """
"'"' 11926). p. ~7
1'4""""
"""'t,w.,.i; """'pik.J I,,,,,, "''''.... n .. ;'' u, C,jliq.'

C,"_','S'.ph.) ..... -.,1 . 1,...,. 16 (11 Match 1927). p. 1;
28 Th'.
9 S""lk, "Blod. al Sot.n. Bog," rw~'. 22 J.nu.'Y

l'T.!l; clipping on fil< " U.. D.ni," Film A<c" i v~_
10 Qu,,"'d in It.- N"'S."nt,
s.-. 1,0 Ci""""''S'"J''''' F.."""i"" m' . J8J 16 M.Kh 1926);
<" rl""S ,,,. t,k . t " ..,
12 Henriksen. "D.n.k O,'e,k"" ,.,.Propasand ."

13 r.:"",&",td, Cor' Th , 0"",,, A Film Di""to,', Wo,t ,
p. 14.
00 . 171 18 M.teh 1927). p_ I, no. 27 {1~ Ma)' 1927) , p _ ~ ;

00 . :l5 (23 luly 1927). p_ 17; no . 37 (6 Aug"" 11127). p . 13;
n ~ . .I<J (27 Aug"" 11127), p, H; and in "t'Acb"it<
cinffllal ogr~ plllqu ." (jnt.. (",'
I".'
Itl"!
115 No,'em-
be, 1'127), p. 29,

29 "Hj," rpseud .].
"Ie.""" d' Arc-Filmen ; P.I..!, T,,,,,.."
30 "C. que p<n", n' de '1.0 p. ,,;"n d. Jeo""" d' A....... in

"1-"
!U
d'A", ," Ci""""S""j"" ,.". >bY
(1928), PI' 1>3-6-1
1\1...,.,
,"'''0
(c;.,,,,,.,.,Off"e een
31 "E n F""",:' C"",,"''', 211m", 1928, p . 6; Ron< Lol>r<

hm, "La I'."".m de Je,nne d'A ," C"",,"'''. 27 ju,,",
11128, p . 6 .
IS ""''''''''''"'-'''''''' ("""ud .], "D.." v", en g. ns-" Film

IbWilm M"8".j~/ , 3 JU"' 1922, p. 6.
32 Mordaun . 1t.1l, "u r.""ion d~ Je.n"" d 'A<c," N""

yo,tTi""", 31 Morch 192'1, "'-'C , 6, p. 7; U<m Mou .. iniK,
I:,\g, '''Sol, J. (in"'" (1'.",; F.d;"'u" r,."",;. " uni.,
1967) , p . 2&1"_
t'."""
14 Ricc;"k> Canudo.
ok< imllS
'rale d":h''''''. 1927). p. 149,
16 fit.- N"'S""nI> &g "'" 0"'Y", p . 37.

17 Fur 0 dc.... i ~'" """QU nt of Stiller', film, ..e Gos ..
IV",.,..."., Maw";" Stillrr och honj fi lmer. 1912-1916 (Stockholm : I' A_ N~,.. ...>d., 1969), 1'1'. J12-!4. s.,. , 1> E<ik
Ulric h""n, "D",~e, 0jJ 'M L~I:" '""""""""'" no . 41
O.nu.ry 1m), p, 102.
18 I..<ll<.'r lrom Dreyer to hoot, 4 J.n",,'Y
Film Arrh i.,. col"-'ctkm .
19 N'-"-"S'"'td, "D. SIul! i\-,..
~;" HuM",,"
1 92~,
p. 1.
Do .. ish
33 Antonin Amud , " Inte,,,iew lor C;"""",,<I<-:' in ~

W";tinSO , I, Su .... Sontag (Ne'" Yorl<: Noond.~, 1976) ,
p .1 St.
:J-4 n",)"" . ''The Film".. , ., . od the Au<I",,,,~," pp .
~2 - 4l . s.,. .1 ... the ""ch"'g< of leiI<.''' be""-,,,n Herm On G . W";nberg and mp.M in Sigh' .. oJ s" ..s 4-1
{Summe, 1975) : 1 ~7. n<! S'.~"I.nJ "",md -14 (FoUl'175) :
~
35 "F.n fil",S\<.a, e, F und .~ IIftttlbladM. 2~ la n ... ry

<lipping on f,lo ,lin., o""i,h Film "",,hi"e,
I%~;
.16 B0'l," Rudbo!ck. "O",}w, I.,n"" d'A" fondN I AI

f.ld~u,, " ." [1.0< 1_ . :l8 F.bru.'Y I ~ d ipp;ng'm
fik> . 111>< Oani,h Fil m A"hiv.
37 HolI, " .... I'. " ion do
I ~.n ""
d ' A,,:' p. 1.
38 In'e,,",w with Ro.mu,,,,n. pp,
~- 5.
39 Rolph Holm. "Vamp)""'n f,. Courtemp;.m'." IhU'g*' /lftmm!i,. 16 April 1'142; dipping on fifo ., ,I",
Oan i'h Film A"hi"e,
.JO E.g .. ;n !Wo>', dOC\Omen,.'Y film C.,/ Th, D"'Y""

41 fbb<
-l2
~'mK"",d,
80s om D"'Y""
p. 68,
U._.
I~ ud, l. "C. rl Th , O",}"", G"nkom" >Om

Film-In.lru ktur." ftJii lw.,. 8 Feb",.", 1942; cUpping on
fdo .n fun;.h Film Archhe. Se< also Rechondnrff,
4.; "GI ."
.j./
.." p.
"F,I, k. f",."illinS'" "", Re.-...."""."'en >"

f. I.o<Irob/akI. 18 N",""mb<, NH. p, ~.
, I"" Film
<';on' ,.., (I.<mdon), "" film IMuSlI)' in Six .rol""n
C",mln".. pp . 22. 71.
".,"".
~9
/"I"'''.... ~ p. 162,
Erli<h. R.",im Fo""oli",,,. p. 261.
50 Fo, <l<toi1, of , .... /"".' pro;":'. ",', 0 .. ';,] 80"' .... 11.
"r."",,,. o..th . nd T",,,m.n'." ' ilm C<om""",' 6
(Summ", 1972), 5'1-63
51
n..
p~)' i. . .. il.bk- ;n EngH.h tr.nsJ,tion in K.! j

Munk. fi,,, Ployo (I':ow York A"""b nScaoo ",.,tan
Fou nd.It;"n. 1~S3) , For, comp"' OOn of tl>< play.
Ore),er'. Him nd Mollander', Him. "-'" Thorkild
80rup ren,.,,, . Roman og dtllm. lIIi'ir W fi lm ICopen h.o.
1\"" : Gylderul ol. 19(5). pp . 1S3-207.
~ fl-ht
N""f!"'I'Ii,
80;1: om O"'J"". p p. 92-96.
53 Q""""J in wid .. p. '16
Quad",,,,,. "II 'Mudundu ' di !}re)'Of." C _ .

no. 67 (l Augu,(1951). pp. 49_51. 57. cr, "'Kv;ndon do,
"or ,k)Id 1 Cor] Th . ~r. "'j'''' hjem fro Afri .... r
und."-"<l <lipping on file .. lhE Dani,h Film
A"",,",,.
~ ....... . to
"Skuldo io' I,,,.. FiI ..... n igon
48 1!Od; "C. rl D",)"cr." in s"rris. t'd ..
s...
~S
Recl><ndorff. "$kulde io's 1'''0 Filmen ;gen , .." p. 4,
.u.
And ... Il.>.in.
~7
Quoted in "C,,1 Th. D"'Y~r i pok-m;l m1 Sve",l

film." 1./0",.0/"". 23 l Ull< 1959; dipprng on lile" t he
O.n;'h Film A",hive,
"/"",4< rotn.:' p. ~ ).
54 /biJ. Cf. obb< I\ ",,~rd. "'The \'oOrd:" Sighl .nd

S",md 2~ (Summer 1~;5): 172_73.
55 Quo"-'<l ;n Jon Aghed. "O"'ye" '(;.,rtrud . tl ~.'p< ri

ment." Sr..",ka Dagblo.Ut. 16 NO"ember 1%1; (lipping
on file .111>< O.nish Film A",h;"".
56 Som Rein.lfjRl",.r ~ G<rlrW (Stud,hoim ; Bonn"'r. 1%2). pp. :lS5-56.
57 il<l,gc Troll.;. "Inb'"'",''' wi,h C..I i)rcy" r," F,lm C.I'"''', roo. 41 ISumme, 1\166). p . 56
56 H,'n,;k Sla nseru p. 'T.J ""rile n.' P'."' '''''' pJ Gmrwl:'

'""""'''''''". "'" S5 (fu"", 1'168). p . 167
'i'I 5.", ElIio" S'oin. "'Gmrwl." Sighl and S",md J.! (Spring
1%5), ,.. 00 I""" B<'~ngcr, IL Nou,,,,," d _ "'" .
di",,", (1),';, , 4o,lold. 1'168) , pp . 256-56 .
60 Se< B<ra"l\"r. pp. 1.<;7_56,
Bibiiogmphy
" -'O ris In. DFf .l'er
___ Prei"" to Th< S/o~ ofo."M fjlm, by E~

gaaro. COl"'nh.gon : The O.nish In,," "'e , 1%2 ,
"1;"."
SCRIPTS
C.rl Ore)'d . StOT)" 01 the Je,..
res".:-Typ<"S<ript on me
wi.h It.;, New York Public libr.ry
Of
lin>ln Center /'" .1'1<
d<i priml f"!nl : ' [n
Ci.q"' Fi!m .
N~r '
Turin :
Ei n,ud i, 1967.
Performing Art ]9-19.
F.rn't, Juhn , <t .1" <'d . " Oreyer .\ 1_11; ," """""'"''''" no. 64
(De<.mber 1963), p p. 9-1- 99.
Ci"'l"" film. Turin: EOn.udi. 1%7.
Skul ..... Don.ld. ed, D ,"I"'"
rm" ~p/Pyo . T"",I. l<'d by 011\-." St.lllybr...
Ou""", tm. F.~;;t i .h ", n.t..;.... 01 C. rI Th<-odor Dreyer,

Om fit""" (Col"'nhow:" C)klond.1. 1'!M ).
london,
Thain<'> . nd Hud",,,. 197\1
/"." N.,, Yorl<; 0;"1 r"",.
WRITINGS
Cot"-'Sprn>d.",,,<, k,..1
,oro,.nd
F""'''''''' "",,,,,;.,1 on deposit .t 1M lldni.h Film Arch;,-e.
CopcnhaSOJl
''Tho? Film",.J
Doobk R<fif(/;"", N<w Yorl<:
1~T.1.
V.rious origin.1 "'rip! m>t~n.l ; on d"f""' ;' . t.he D. ni,h

Film Archi,-. Copenha..:eJl .
Dre).. " C.d Th<,.'<)d" ,_
j~
,.nd the
A udie~ ."
In Film: 8roIt
0 ..... edi"-'<l by Roboort Huy,hes . Ne,,- Yo,., Gr"'~ p..,...

,~
INTERVIEWS
Allombe rt, Guy. C.rl O",ycr. I"un d .. homm.,. i<"S plu,
mv<t~,...,u, ~u ,io.rm . h " P.,i.: ' "''''. '<>-22 0.""0'11><,
t964, p. t~
lI"'gi . En,o, " Pomeriggio con Dreyer." Ci"",", 2 (13 Ju ly
t<}49): 16--17,
C.ro. J''''''' "Vi.I, ,,I.h C.,I Th . D",Y"'." 1,""1>'" 2 (0.:.

mbe,195JJ bt.
"C.rl Th, Dnoyer "d "" .ig:' fuli!i ...,,- 26 April193! . p. S
Dahlin. Ture, "'C.,I Th , Ore),o, " P.m." La
S"'I"'''' r,"nrai",. 27 M.rch 192b. 1'1', 5-1..
Ci""".ro.
Did,,"",;,,, d. r j"""". ed it,'" by

Raymond S.Jlou, .nd INn-Jocque. BlOch;"r, r.ri" Ed;'
t;"n. uni ",,; ;,..., 19f1>
- __ , "ME'd . nledning ",' iii"",,,. 'III"'; u. s.. t.n. bnk,"
fjlmm'jl". no. 5 (1922), p.92.
d" Cmr-, no, 207 (o.-rembEr 1%6), pp. 06--74.
___ . PM.taph).. ic of Ookl ." In Th, film C"II.", ~<Od",

odired by P. Adam, Sitr.ey. 1'1.", York: Pr""l!"r, 1970.
DUl"'d)" o.'ni., '"Corl D",yer: UN., 80", '" T",.I G<niu.r

Films ""d ,i/mi"S H (F.bn",y 19(8): 45-46.
___ . "Lim;"";,,,," In
" Mil pn:>h loom "' .~IS d", ... "",... : ' BiugO'<1f"laJtr,
[M.ho,'., Mich<l. "C.rl Dreyer," In Andre", S.rri., <'d .,

I"",,';";''' wah Fil", Oi""",,. Now Y",k: Avon, 1969.
D",yer, C.rI
n ..."Od"r. '"filmogr.phi< OOITImen' ''''''' C./r;""
E;s",,,., Lot" H. " R'''''''nt''' ...", C.,I Drryer." C.him d.
".., . .; 11964), p. 12
Cm"". ,.., . .ffl (Ju .... 1955),
- --
G ..... n.
"J"g h., ,,,,I , ;1to ! ;Im ." a.'n.blodd, 180.:
",m\)(>, 1964. Clipping"" fi le .. . 1\< O. ni,h Film Archi,.
"['.,."..; b ..,h>urs Cmlg~.:1 El<rlin: ' (.hit" d.

(Oe",be, 1%11). pp. 20-21.
no. m
0.,,,,.
pp, 1- 5 ,
OlouOGur""
/'mg.'"
Jacb:>n , Ragn.> . "lu nch with C.orl Dreyer."

~, "'" 3 (Augu" 19'17). p. 67.
[..,nnon. I'''le'. "The p, .. ion oK.,1 Dr<ve._" Th,
21 ~'n'l>... r 1%-1,
p_ 7.
film
Cod, UrN" . Fll""""

GylJendaL
Guam,,,,,
v,.."
Hord)'. FOT>y,h . s",,,o;,,.,,.;,,, Fll",_ l..(lnJo,, : f.lro n P".....
1'152.
H,'nd ;ng. Amold . 0.
IW ..lwr. Judi th . "Motion (>;cIure. in Den""' T ~," 1101lyuood Q... ,t<,/y 3 (lVinter 1'1017- 08) : 19~99.
1'15 1.
p. ~ .
Sado"l. G"",S' . "C.rl Dreyor nou. d it: .... rrin<ir-I

io'. 0 d'"n I>omme: ..... out"" homm ... : " In ILIt,.. r "'""'"..,. no . lOW (2~ December 1%-11 , p . 8
T"~",, D."ge. "Inte""iew wilh C.rI Dreyer:' Film Cui,"",
""_ 41 15um ..... 1%6), PI'. 58--60.
Win~", .
John It. "In"'"-.,,,, ,..ith Dre)'.r." 5igM "oJ s". "d

18 (j.n""y 1950): 1...... 17,
Midkt "8 Maal. Copen"'S"n :
1~19,
u,m<'f, c..rl. "My w.y 1>1 \\'ork ;n~ Is in Rd.lion to (he Fu_
tu~ : A Co,,..,,...,.ion with Carl 1>",),",," fil", C""'"''''/ ~
(F.1l1%6): 62- 67.
Rhendorlllp>eud,]. .' Sh lde . i<g ",,-. Film." ig<'n. b!<"d, hI;< .. >den ," II<>-Imgsk.- TiIJ",~,. 17 1\;000emOe' 1943.
,.,
Isbio''''''"
, ~,
/ill,
Copenh.gen,
Uf'''i.>. 19-15
F"",medt! F"Sit i Don,t Film . C,,,,,," haW',, : A'hol", .

- - - . Stp..<r ; G"'""",. Copenhagen : Winkelm."n
19.16.
M,"" .m, Ron "lnA" ~,""." o.tw,-",n N.tion. 1 Cinem."

O')nm"k .nd Ih. United St.te<." Co"",," /0"",.1 1~ (Winter
1974-75r 3-10.
N,,,,tgO.rd, Ebb<> , Ovcum",r."I ill D,,,mork. Cope nhagen :
5(.o.,"'n' Fitmc.n " ", 19-18,
___ ... The Rio< , ,he , . II,' r.tl ' lw R,o< uf [)mi,h Film ."
HoIl!!"""i QUO,1erly ~ 11949- 51)) 217_Jl
- TIt, Sr.,),
In,ti tut. , 1'162
of D<om,-" rilm , C"pen h.S"n: The [\onish
N",&,oo'd. Eri k. UTnoM
IhIW,~
; o."",ont COp<'nhoS"n:
L.d.m. on, 197L
Crifim/ miff HiJIOr;m/
Sto""lI"'nl, Uff<>, . r.tl D~.rd, Soren, 1),00;;1, fil,""

C"I"'"h.S""o O.n;,h Film In'~ tute . od the Minist,,- of
FQ"' ;sn AlI'irS, 1973,
SIIIr/ifJ fllld D O(ll/lImr)
ON DREYER'S CAREER
O N DANISH CINEMA
A, M.lrseoo,l.
""rg'''''''
'"D,eyer e, pIo,t.nt," (.hi"" Ju (i";'n., ""

OulyAugu,t 19591. p, 13.
El<b<. TIl, G""" 0.",; TI" G"", ,"~'tlrmr Film

c-f""y. 1.< Ang."" Locor. ~.,<h Group, 1973.
Ag<l. Henri, U. G,,"d. dnial, P.rio: tdition> d u CctI,
B",,,,nd<>rf(. On, Film"" 1m" /'.'....... ''8 U;'IO";", J ,-.,."

(openh.S"" ; Univ~ ... J-Forl.get, 19)9,
Amett., Jacques-NeTT<, ""Carl Th. Dre,-..; in

d"""", Ci"iost I. P.rio: C "'nrumn, 1m.
( ..d , j om<... "In A.,.."".. "f
(M.rch
I~) :
,I>.- Don;' " film ." I_x< 5
51-57.
DIn,,..
Ensb<'S- ~I.rg""ri'e . v....

Slumfilm Im- 19JQ, C"penMWn : D. n.,h Film Ateh;,.." I%.'!.
__ _0.">< S'"'"fi1m: Dt $1.,.., ,(,_ Copenh..ogo>n: Rhod.,.,
,~
D.m""
d"
Ari ...,,,,, Cuklo. " t",,,klu,;,,,,,,'"; n c .rl TIL 0"'Y'" C,."
q'" film . fu,in: E;naud;. 1%7,

ASlrue. AIe""nd",. "[)",)""r in memori.m,
no. 85 Uu"" 1%8). 1' 1'. 16-1 - N>.
Ayh<. Amed{..,.
1969.
1977.
corr,
Em,t, John . &.;..min 0""1",,,", Copenhagen: Do""h

Film A",hi,'e, 1%7.
(F.11 1%5): 2(,-38,
Ci""""
"sa "'"It. r.ri"
Bon d. Kirk. "Tlw World 0/ C.d Dr..,-er." film
. Koso-oro","""
Edition. du
Q"",t<rl~
19
Ilows.", Eil,,,,,. Tit<
"U"" of C.,I Drty<'"
N.w Yo"': Mu-
B,.khos<, ~ .. " . Th<

I,.,n, 197.!
B""'-""s< LN,"""
Chi<:ogo: The Good
Cohm"" el"""", no, 207(D<wmbt>, 1%8). Spi.ol n u"''''' '

on Drey.,.
C..I 1lu-.Jdo, 0"l"'"
seum, 1970.
".,
e~rl
'Th>do, D"'J'"
A", st . ' ~ .m ' N'~" rl.OO.
Film Mu
&'''''1''*'''''' ho nkfmt om Main ; n, p ..
Cu"<>GO, C. ,1os f.....,.. nde, . C",I
1iM>do, 0""" .
Fil"",J<o<a N.cion.1 de E' I'<'N, 19r>-\ .
Dy ...S".. ~ , So",n , ..d. C. n T" . Or"

", . CUf""n o.g.-n , Ministry '"
~oreij;n
Lo Due . "Trilogie m)"t;que de Dreyer." u/i ..... d.
tmo, .., . 9 (Febru.'Y 1952), Pr' 61_63 .
.. u rn of Moo.m Art, 19r>-\.
Modtid:
o."i>h fjl .. Olm--
Allai,.. 1\161i,
fcnm fr.np;,. no. 12-1 (11 November 1 9~7) . 5pe<;"1 numbe,

on Drryer.
Ego""k, N.,I. " Carl Th , Dnoye .. films,il og ,; r. eligh.ds
opl ",I...'" Vin"utl 19 (1963) , 232-10,
10;,,,,,,, t..."",. "R~.I ; . "",,, i",-'<ol <M' D",~ e, , " u/i ..... ".
Ci"/mo-, no. 65 (1)<<.,,,,,,., 19>6). pp. 17_1M.
""'.. , H~IR< . D""", C.,/ Th . D"'J"'- m """'" jilm<biKr,
C"f'l'11""gen , Gjel t(" .... p, 1m.
J'.ms., John "AI""'" fdm:' /("'"'0"'''" JJ (Dt-cembe, 1<164):
luft, Herbert C, "O"')"'r," F;I""
"Mil ,.."
em'
,"a f;lmm~ 7 u"""' 1<),\1) '
Tom. TIt< Ci",""", of C.n Drty<'r, Ne",' York: A. S.
8."".., 1971-
M"",y, lb. "<.;.,1 Th . Dreyer." Alm"" , k 2 (1967- 68) ; 20-27.

7~ - 75 .
"C ",.. Da ""." 5i8"1 ami
So""" 37 (Spring 1968).
1\)"",;, oJ( Co,/ n . D"l"". C"I"'nhag<n : Da ni,h

CO"em ",ent Film Fo.",d .tion. 1%5
No,h,
M. ~ . D".,.~ .
,-ondon ,
B ~ ",h
Film In,Mute , 1m
,...,..goard,
Ebb< . uri T'hNikff O"Y"'" A film Dim:h:>(,

Wo,t. lAndon , 8 ~ t"h Fil m In,Mute N,,,,"' InJ"" Sene.,
,~
- - - . [/obt N"'W"'M'
V ""~ n ' k.o b>
&>s "'" Ofi'. Copcn h'!l"n: Dan ...
F"rl.);, 1963
- - - , " L..: ' \ing OS meSle,:' 50 ,,", I 0."", Fjlm,

COI"mhoge " ' Nord i'k, 1'156
NJlt#ro n"" 00. 76(AlIgu~t 19(;11). Sp<!Ci<ol nll",bI"'"' ~""

1'.,,,10 , i'l>lIirl"'" " 1).-(,)'<,,, <oJ".. ~t ",<>","omeol<." l",iks
Ci"""'-'I"8,"/,oiq""", notO. SJ-06 (1967)
!j;/_84.
l'orrio\. CloLHl". C.rl T" . Dr<yt" I'ario: 5q;he ... , 1'16'1,
o.s-, 6 M.y 19r>-\ . Clipping on fiJ., II,,, J).l ni,h I:ilm
Fur!"mm.. , 1... lf "C. rl D"'Y" r, Fil", ",,,,,,"'''.'' 5, ... ,...
I,."" ... , k;, 11')" uri 11",..w.- 0.,."..,.. Va r"..-" : Filmm,'.

Agcn.jo \\yJ.",,,...,., 195c
Arch,ve
Pod..,I""r, ILHlilh "M,,,.,n I'><t",.,. in Denm ..k." 110/-
Celsted, 0"". "En d.n film,in>lru k"" og han, V"" k:'
Iy..w Q",,'''n~ 3 (\\"i nt,,
A~ad",
15
M a~
194!l
G",t." F""-"<Io. "Spiritu.1 Men .00 ~ . t ",.1 INofT,,"n." !n

O"",r, edi",d and ",ith . n introd"''''r)' .... Y by M.,.
Nash, L<mdon : Britioh Film In,tit" "' , 1m.
1 'I-l7_~81 ,
NS- W.
1'< ' '''. 11. Dily . "e. rl D'e)'o" The Di""<IOr .. A,ti.1:' In
Scrnn .,," Awilma, '-'<HIed by John F. . em&< . nd Arnold
R.1ttenbmy. London : Chalh>.nd \\' ;,><Iu" I9-IZ
Grc." Mi... u,1 Th . 0"l"'" I"S'"i", .. Ki oo\",. , 197{1 ,
R.n;"ri, Ti"", , " \ fogh del "bro." Bioi"""

Au ~" " 1%8): 92- 115,
G"""" ~ l ... "Om {)noy'"'' Kuo;to,ri,k., T~ . n ; k . " Wu .......

&vy, no . ~ (March 1%7). pp . l4_J6
lI.odboo/:, COl"'nh,s<n : M,"i ....)' lOT F",," i~n AIf. iTS, 1974.
_ _ _ . "lhtro!t.1 Cor] Th. n",),", ; . !d,rd,,,,,,,,",,: K...

""'''''''''. no. S5 (jU"'i 1%11),
Pr.
INj_6'I
Kelman, K.n . " D~r." In Th< rilm C. l,""Ilnbt, ",H,ed

by ~ Moms S;tney. New York: Pr""s er, 1971),
~,
TW, 65 ijun< 1%8). S pe<ial number on Dreyer.
nrro 29 (jul)'-
R, ,,,,,u'''''ft , 8i<>m. ''11>0:: Ci""mo." Iknm"rI:: A" OfficWl

- - - . " ]"",!",
""ry 1'l-t9.
08 Fa>d," . nd ." Fyn' SI'f'''<krn/,. 2 r.,b-
Schroder. raul, T","""","", I.t Slyk i" Film: 0::., B""",",

Or<ytr. Berke",y . nd lo> Anse""': Uni'-"rSity of C. liforn;"
r .....,lm,
se"",I,"" Jean. c"rl Th. D"Y""' rori>: Anll>ol<V d u

0"""", 1970.
- - - ." 'D<>u),-u" N,*",,_ Uniq"'" YU k> p.>SSKm d""

C .. I Dreyer." [/uk< O""""t''S''plliq.'" nos. lO- ll (Fall
1%1 ), pp. 150_bl
from SMa,,', Book
II'nrik"'n, A. D, "Don;k Q,wlJ ..... Propog>nd ." '\';":1J<r, S Febno.ry 1921. ClIppins on "IE .t the D.n;'h Film
Ar<hI,,, .
He ye-r, Ed!}! . "A P"'JX" BI.de al 5.o .. n. Bog:" fu/i/i l:m,
9 Janllolry 1921 . ClIpping o n ii]" ,he D,ni.h Film ""hi".
a'
___ . D"Yr. r.ris: tdilicm. uni,,,,,i"'i,,, . 1'162
S,,.ui>, JeonMon., "N'r<Xe.'" Cu. ...... d" Ci_, no. 2fJ7

(De.:~mbr ,
/..t"""
l%.Ill, p, l>-
Skalk !poeud, J. '"BI""o .1 So'a " . Bog," fh'~' , 22

J.nu.') 1921 , Clipping on fil< ., ,he D.ni.h Film A"hiv .
TO,<:Iti .... "00"" "The Nordic Arc .... ici"" 0/ Dreyer.'" In

D""Y". edited ~OO with ,n in'rod",to'Y e,say by M"k
N"h , '-'>rdon: Brili,h Film InSliMe, 1977.
""lit! do Hollig< lobo Stonn mod BI.do .1 So .. n, Bogr '

FvlM, ,\t'i,. 2S J.nu.')' 1921. ClIpping on file at the D.n;.h
Film M"hi,'.
Ton<, r"r Ciorgi<>. c",1 1MIo, D"'lI"" Fi",,,,,,: l.-> NO(lv<)

1.. li.o,lm
nlt
Trolle. 8"rg" Th< ,\,/ of Cod Drry-t'r: ,\" '\".I~ .i .

Copenhagen, O.ni.h G<wemmen ' Film fmmd.bon, 1955
Christ""",n. l1>OOdor "!'1" ... nkan ." Don;,h Film A"'hive

prosr.m no"', Aprill<J53,
_ _ . ""The World 01 Carl 0",)",,"" 5i8hl

(Win' 19>5-56), 123-27
<mo So""J
25
Ubich sen, F.rik. "C.. I Th. P"')'ers Verden ," /krling<i

Tidbt&, :!O J.n .. ,)' 1955, ClippIng on file . , 'ho DanI'h
Film Archi,"
o."i," fo,,~, Offia J"" r-
- - "'tl", Duahty 01 D",),.,,""

no. 5J (ju"", 19(5). pp , 1!l--:!O.
""I.
Voughon, P.i. "Co.l U"'Y" 000 , .. T"m. 01 C"""","

Sigh/o"" So.nJ ~J (Sum""', 197~): 156-62.
Vi""'nt. C.,I. "C.rll1>OOdor D",y'" " i.o ,u. upe .. ."
B.."", < """ 10 IO<-Iol><, 19-19); H - 20,
Wood, Robin . "C.rl Dre)"r," film Commenl 10 (Morch_
April 1974): 11)-17.
I\i....,,, . Widow
Th. Stigmati:J'd 0""

M"t u>"" ilch, VI.dim ir. "Oem 'ab," ',g s,'nlund n,
o...,y .. , .folm ," K""""",,,,,, no. 52 (M.",h 1%01 : 133_3<1.
Trol le, BOlTse, " Dw Gr.I?i<h""<'1'I," D,l ni.h Film A"hi," pm
~t'm not., NU"omlb." 1961.
One< ul"'n
Hm<
"'1),0, I'., t"SOr8." 1W4oI;i ..lr" Fd .. ,
N~"<lkr,
no,
(1922_
Kammerher",n l poeud.l Der ,." en c..ng-p.aa HIm ,"

film fu/i,ilnr, 3 Ju ... 1m. Clipping on fo r.,., ''''' O.ni,h
FIlm Archi'"
Trol k-, 1""1;0 " E""",n I
film ,"
M , 9 ( M .~,
1m), ~ _ I1.
d.",k
Ko$mo""".
ON PARTICULA R FILMS
Dreyer's Early S<riplwriting
Midta"
01..." , en'l<, .nd Malmki"'r, PouL "Filmindex XXXVIII:

C I Th. Dreye.. manu,kriptarbejde I~r 'P""siden"'n: "
no. 41 (january 1':159). p. 120.
"K.mTT><r>rill<t 1'" d<l h"ide Lo."",d .'" "'",",/",r",/ film'

'"'y'rfik no. 8 ( 1~25I, Clipping on Hie.' , .... Dani,h Film
K";m,,,,, ..",
M <h,,' .
Werner. Gus .. . ""/Jiidnr fo""""" Choplin, no. 1)<1 (19~, pp

1&1---$.
(N')vomlbe, 1959), 51&-Xl
Th< T''''5id<nt
Ulrich..,n, r:rik. "0.-..)" " (>g 'Mi"""l: """'''''''''''"', ... ' ~1

(J.nuary 1'15\1), 102- 5.
Ulrich",n, Erik "'Pnffld""", " D.n i,h Film

gr.m ""'~, M.r<h 19SK
M<hiv~ p",'
luh, Herbert. "Erich P,,,,,m"r,
1',,, II." Films i" Rrt ...., to
"MichAd." Dani,h f ilm An:hi\'<' progr.m note,

f.>bruary 1%\1.
,..
Thou
I II UOG .... KY
Sh~ 1t Ho~o'
Th!lIV;j_
N'-"""lI'.rd. Ebbe "Du S"'I"",edin flu,,,u," D.n"h Film

A",hi"" program no'e, Febru'T}' 1\154.
Th. Brid, af
s.,xlOph,
program
Glomd~1
r,jk
ool~,
L.. ["',..;on d"
M"u""na<. U",,, . CAg< "'gnH Ju

lra ...;.i. "'u"i. , 1%7
""ooIi, Vi """n",. U!
RADAR. ,_ .
,,,,<ion, di
G;"'~"""
dA"". I'>dM'
Bond, Ki,k, "Ug<r, D",)... " .nd Monl. ge:

(OctobeT 1932), pp. 135_38.
C""Ji'~
A.I
Bordwell , [h" i<! . Film.~"UIr W "u, ilrMo"", J< '''''""' d'Arc ,"
BIoo"''''glOn: 100"'1101 VIti"'''i'y Press, 1973.
~,iom
"
/Q ".".,
de
i"'""" dA,....
Pari" Gal
Lui>. "Sur /"'''''' d' >In: de Carl TI>eodor Dre)",

no. 1~7 (FobruaT}' 1973). p. ~ ~,
!'ie,..,.
Fr,""",
Ch.mpion,
I'm'/s d, ""'""'''',, ,''''' d, ,"'"'" dA,..:
T,x", InrJ.""", , ' "",rs, 2 ",b. rario: Librairi< spee ..1e
P"Ut I'hi"u;'" du
19:.:0_21.
Cilllmogo>""!wt> _
(IonS) . 5p"",,1 numoo'
o..lteil, Jooeph. /0<" of .'\"'. T"n<l""" by
,m D ...ye .
M .ko.~",
N,"", York, Min ton. B.kh. 192{i.

~iom
Co,,lo.-y.
J< I"'"'" d'A,.... 1'.,;" , M. I' T';:;m,""
c"efls< n. Alf, "D",)'OI og Je.n"" d'A",:' .'" ,J'y,..,1

2~ June 1951. Clippi ng"" mo.t tOe Da"isi> Film
AKhi"".
TUIr"'k.
C""".,...,.
po,.;o.,
Ji G"'~n""
d'J!""
Mil."
H. D, [Hilda Doolittle]. "Joan of Arc:' Clost Up ) (July

19211). 15- 13
P.""
f.<lite"",
,.,..,t~,
'95,.
_ _ . '-r<""hn",ue de La <.""'r., da"s Ia 'Je, n ne d ' An;:' de

Dreyer: ' hposition u"i,,,""le et internatio""lo do Btu,e!leo, eoo",," tolioo ok> mrill"", film> <If lou.< l<s ""'I". 8rus..,Is: Iklgi.>n Cin"m.. """""' 1958.
" U! Ill""'" J, 1"'"n,J'.'\"." LA,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ju C;n""'. no . 100
(febtu. ", 1970) . .j5 _ ~. Dooo .." "n tho
''n>o
Pot.lmkin. HarT)< "D,e}'er, in TI><o", a nd Pract;c"," i"

!..owi> ).>(00., <"d .. Th, C,""I",.mi (j"""",: Thr ril", Wrili"8'
ofll",,,, AI"" "",..nUn (New Yorl<, TeMhe .. Collego rrc...
19171. rv, m - :l6.
J ,"""",~ Ie moJo h..!rrnoniqu<:
P.ssion do Jea " ne d ' Aro;:' do Carl Df<'yer." c;"",.
(mil""'
no. 113 (IS Jul)" 1928). pp. 2.,- 24,
R.!main. Paul "Le !len, do.
'u
w."
50'' ' ' ' 'de. Jean

, "u.
ok /"""", d'Arc pri>< de
Carl Dre)... r."' t,uok< (i""""IOS",pIIiqu<"<, nos.
!K;"IK~
Ill",,,,,,
00II'
113--19 (Fall 1%2). pp, J<t- Sl.
--- "Ro,..,., el f'n"'" (de D"'r~' ~ 8",,,,,,,1:' {'ud<"<

C;""""''''I:'''I,I",1''<"<' nos. 1~ _ 19 (F.I 19621. pp. ""'-10?:
V, S, Ipoo.ud .1. "J.. n"" dA",. Fotpos .. , ."
Brrlm~*
10/.
,"".,.;" :.:0 April 1928, Cli pping on file al the Dan ish Film
1927
G . U!
DomLL 1945.
""hno.
N" ''l?'' ,d , f:,*", . "/_'"' d' .'\ ",." ' D,,,i;h Fi)m A",hi"e pro-
g" '"
dans
lb5i'i/.
___ . u,
"M . E\>en , "'in. N",, Him:' ,,,<,,,, Yo,l; Ti""", 16 Fob",.!},

1930, "''C. 10. p. I>
!"'''''''' d'A'~
Ayff>:. Amed"" "!..os ,. ,~, du ';1,:, ....0... Colo....., au Gn""".

rw, 17 (Novom "",, 1952). pp, 58- 60,
Bu~u<1.
C;""".
M., k,", Chfi, . "I... P.,i, '''' d .. J", ,,,,,, d'A,,:' !n J""'I"'"
Che,'.''''', ..-d ., RIj:"n4""u" .. , Ir "'"lmo, "', . S. 1'.." , Edi
" "'" du s.ouil. 1953.
G"""",...
11930)."
,<>"
S, 'Gk>mdalW",*" ." D.nish Film A",h,w

M.y 1m.
Among'"'!' B."ru;lCmy. "Fonclkm. du ~'... plan 01 du <oJ

rag< da", u, "....", de Ita""' d'>I,.,.' t,"d"
grap/oiqu<o. n". 53-56 (1%7), PI' 155-r,.}
110"" , I'ie....., . U!
lim.lId , 1'Ill!
K hn~"'r, W..-, . "An.olyb<. 1 T",.ti", Q" the Ore yot Film ,

'Th<' 1'...
,~ Jo.o" of An:' with Append ,x of , C"n"rue
tivo Cfit"'" ..." (;rp<"""","1
I (Fob.,,"'), 19JO) , 7-10
A"'hiw .
V. n N.";,, Wilhelmina . "'Abo"'I","",. d'Ar<: ' Unpublished
monu""';pt.
- - . "J'''''ph D<, Ito.,." Th' fIl5IIiom
of I""" ,of A","
W,," ,u,,, (Ju",I{fly 3 (fall 1975), :!112_9/!

W. hl , Jon , "F ; )m k "n"""r~".
""'tI"nA "" . :.:0 (Octobe, I<>5(,J,
f ilm'
liJel"'r og trium'er." Kos

.j(I_41
Warn>. H ~rm.lnn ""D",y ." brugtc .., nl..,rd igb..oJc" ""'"

" ilmi<!dcl."' Kos""""",. no. '!O (Iu,,", 1%91. I-k>-n
I'.mpy'
N~"""I>o'l'
BuuL Aide, .nd Lattu.d., 6lana . \",ml'Y" I'II,,"X'

,." d< o.,.jd GIlIJI. Mit.n: Poligono. Noll!.
C. siroshi. Us<>. "'II ,. mpim."'
Um"", ""~
"'y>!,
di S!ro/",;'" t'II.lt"
(p..,,,d,l, "C~rl Th. Ore)," , komm'"T il\<'"
M.,w., m.a 9, no. 10 (11431:
S-~ .
W"",jo"",,,, H." . TN Wit<h IA"", ,,*"';"'1"), Tro,,"

fa ted by john M. ... r..,ld, Booton : Little, Brow" , l'flc
"'Sgi. MlI.m: Po!igono. 19-15.

Ch ri",-"""",
n...\d')T.
"V"'"f'lI' , Pmi, " Fil", Arrhi"e
progr. m '"'''', n.d.
I'olm, R.lph _ "V.mpF"" Ira
Co", l emrieIT~ ." Ikrli".~*
Two PropJ,
Chri;to"",n, TIo.,Jo<. '7.
chi"" P"'S',m flOI<>, n.d
M," ........."
poo,s!> r-i lm At
Io/Im"';" IIi April 1'142. U p;""g on r,1e .1 It.. D.nbh Film
Archi,'e
D<Uumtwlarl ..
je"..,,,, Viggo Holm V"mpy"

Cop<nl\.o<" , Ud"n fo rbg. 1'J6.lj
Scm,G'""""gang
"V.mpy', .n ),,<,,,,,<mw>ng .r "' ''-'TI'I<' ~m'''''n

Jigkd."r." iJ"ptJbI;,1>od n"nuo<,; 1" 0" fil< d' ,t.. P,n;;h
Fil m Arrhiw, 1'J6.lj.
.,ott
H.rri"l;,on. Curti . "Choul"" ."d (;",,.'~', . " Sight

Sound 21 ("'pril-J u"" 1'15:): 157- 61 .
u, hnu, Sl><rid, ,,. ,,,. G .. ", o.,lI~, London : I'<'e, P ..,,,, .
192'/.
M. lmk;":'. PuuL "Uh)W' " i ". ""If :'
(April 1971), 17~79 .
r-.:.sh,
~b,k
K"""",""",
00 , 102
"'v..mI'Y' .nd tl>< F.nt..ti<: S<m>< 17 (Fall
Prum , 0..10 P . 'T"I P"'Y"" Soon,: ' films '" R<-<"",, :!O
tla nu.,) 19oW): l! _ ~1
""''', toho. "Mim.i',If""." Ooni>l\ f ilm Archi," pnwom
"'-""', r""" ...,y I~.
Mol mkja!" P,.. I "Film 'Mo, XUII: P"'Y"'" Ookumo,,

1>I"'m:' K""""", ..o, no. -16 (O<t''''''' 1959), p.-IO.
Onl.,
A"do~n, H." . " Ko j Mu"k og C.r! Th, D",y"':' Fy"'
\'n';Irdl/.ld, ~ June 1954. Clipping nn file .1 Inc D.niJh
Film AKhiw .
1(,,,,,""
Jro,.o !>Ii', "I fi lm
1976): 2'/-67
IIon'p-je"""", n,."kild .
Cop<"haS"'n : Cyld<'n<lo l, 1975
''1lw St .. ngo Ad"e"tur" 01 David Cr.,'." Clooe-UI' 8

(Mo",h 1931), 50- 51.
C"'p<1. Ki,-;ten, "0""1," f ..11< fi l""'li"phiqlU', no. t'H.

Paris: IDHEC. n.d.
\\"einb<rg, Herm. " C, ,00 Gretd><n . "V"""pyr_ An Intef";,.,,, w;th ~"'" "'" Gu,,<burg:' Film (" It.rr, no. n (Spring
I~). pp. 57-59,
Fo" ...
Mud~~d"
Quodro,"" Em ... to, "'II 'Mudundu' Ji p"')'" ",:0;", don.

M.t."la:' Ci"","" no, 67 II Augu .. NSl). pp . ~9 _51. 57
Da~ ~I
~ I "!!,,n.,
"C.,I PreY"" N"", Film." 'ilm. in /Vt..." ,
6IJ, ou,,), 1'155), Iq-:!l.
.".,bt
t...ngesun , Ella. "Jog 1\.0, . I,id

01"" det ""kIe:' !yl.
lo"d, 1\0>'' ", 271."uo,,' 19~5, p . 26.
Mu n'. K.j . Fh" 1'1"'1" I\'ow Vorl: Americ.n-5ca ndinavi."
,,,uodo 'ion, 1~53
NW'lI"",d, r,I>bo . .. 'T h" \\Qnl.'
(S f";"S t. ,,): 172_'"
W",lh
Sig/o !
""a
$.,"".1 U
Bam"', M. l. " Oi<> h.,. ... F;Ct.." fil""'!;" p""I\" no. 68.
I'ar;" IPHEC, " .d
I'",,;c, VWim ir. "P"'yo(, C""""P' of Abo".>rlion:' S'gh!

,nd So""d U ISp,;ng I'ISS), In_7J.
Ch';ote" .." , Joha""", H, "'Gt",Jon' d.>g_ '_rcd"", dog:'

film 70, flO . 10 (1970), pp. 154---<JO.
no. S5 (Ja"uary 1956). 2S_lS,
"'Din I""." L'An,"'-"'",<"" n"nm"
p p. IO- 3S. Tr.,,>cript,
flO .
100 {Fobru,'Y 1970).
Rohme" Eric. "Une AIce". ch",'",nne," C,hm d"
C;"""'.,
Steinthal, He<b<n, "Oroft op>wr i film, h,-o, K. j M"nk

I<""d.,: ' r.oiUikm, 1- 7 A"g",t 19"":>1, p. 18,
IV.hI, J,n, 'Ord<. og billcde,ne" Kosmo""", no. 3 (0".

""mbe, 19501). 1'1' 3-5.
SOderberg, Hialm.r. SonrIaJ, V..t. Vol. b, D"""ik. Stotk

1Io1m: Bonnier. 19~1 .
& rt",d
S nl\<'rup, Henri . '111 .-erd~n p"'mie .. pol G<rt",d,"

no. lIS (jU1l< 1968), p. 107.
KOSI'."'''''',
"shed , J.n , "D"1-" '" 'Co,nud' ett ""I""imcn',"
S"""'"
DogMlodrl, 16 N",,,,,,bo, 19M , CIiJ'Ping on lil< he D,ni.h

Film Ar-<hi"".
B.<,.nl\<'r, J""n, IL No","",u d"""'" ",.>IoIi"""", r.ri" loskid, !%S.
Stein, Elliott, "'G<TI",d," Sight.n.

~.
So"". 24iSpring 1965):
T<'chi";, Andr<, "u ""role de la iin." Cohin>.Iu [""""",

no, 11>-1 (M.r<h 1%5). pp, 72_73.
1'~igh. ,
8>,il, 1M r""g 1';"'('. New York: Knopl, 1974.
!!(lnd, Ki,k. "1h< 8.0.., o"m.nd of Life fo, 1.<"' ." ril",
C""'''''''' ~ (foil 1_): 67_1n
I\'righl. H Cres, "(;nll.d." fil .. Q"",,"ly 19 iSpring

1966): 36-.j(),
/lfImmogt,
___ . ''1h< Cr> nd OW M.n e",".. Stir." TIt.- 50<,din",,"," Ti",,,., M.h 1%5, p. 25.
Burch, Norl, .nd 0..,.., Jo'8'" "Proposilkm ."

no, 5 (Spring 1'17~ ), pp <10-65
C;.,q,,,,,,,
(1965) , SJ"'cia1 number on Dreyer,

o"la""y" M;""""' , "(;iu1>i",," C.him du Citlbrur, no, 11>1
(M,,,,h
-l4
1~),
p, 72,
Cr.,,.,n, Sen . '1"o ..-dc med Dre),, i \'"""zi.o," [ lSI"'"

!<WI, );) AusuS! 1\165, Clipping on file" lhe D,ni.h Fi lm
Monty, lb. "Gnt"'"."
Koonw"""", ",-"
III (femwy 1% ,
pp,94_9!O
Nink.o , "o..ge med Dre~r." l\>Iilik..", 10 Augu>lI964, Clipping on l ile., lhe D.ni,h Film Archi",.
Philippe, ) n-Cl.ud . "C..I nn')'.. ""' ".nu l I'.ri, p .......
.n"'r >on d~mle, mm em","" nit", ... , n..:..'tnber 1965,
pp,53-59,
H~lmJl'
$i>d.rllng<
em",., Sto< . hoIm : Son -
nier. 1962,
Skolle-r, Don . "To R.-oru. G<rt",d:' film Com ...... ,

1_): iU- 76.
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Dreyd. )0.", Film," ;,)'" [""'''''''' 8 (Summer 1m):
59- bJ.
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Archi"
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Ouly.Augu" 1_): ltb-20.
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David Bordwell - The Films of Carl-Theodor Dreyer (1981)

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David Bordwell - The Films of Carl-Theodor Dreyer (1981)

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Formatos disponibles

The Films 0/

Un"""it)' of C.li~~ "" 1_

Uni,w' iI)' "r C. lilorn;" fu ..

Uni,'.",ih' 0/ C. lilom" P",,",,, Ltd ,

01 ,he Uni".",;ly 01 C. lil"",i.

Printt-d in the Unired 51'''''0/ Americ.

c"._ .. ..... ..... "'..

..... , .... "' <:-I.,...."... """)'. '

""',.- O). ,lI>OYI8,., m.n ru'''l<

"Bitt /ie's a 'oU krittik: ai~tl,e?"

George Hnr;m"", 1939

A NOTE ON VERSIONS Of DRF.YER'S FIlMS

1l10GR'''HIC A,] f!I MQ(;RAP"V

PRQH! FMATIC I INmrs

c.reer. I ..... gr.teful for Ihi upport.

[) ... y~(., .tE

D. ,joj Al wn, Bod!> Rohma n , and

low deep debt ' 0 'he , .. If of the O. ni,h Film Ar

A Note 011 /4;rsiol1s of Dreyers Films

II>.! f)"'ili), lalin poo'm ; un/ortun.>leiy. lhe o";g'nol

Anoth' bu. TIt< Sligm<'iud On,.,. I ho'" kept o nly

,,( ,I><> ~nli,.., (,Im,

d,.Slicolly chol l""ging w.~ . II "'" ,.aM '0 e"-'mine ."""

.ha, <rihc-ol ",udy in 'er""" "'i'h foimmaki ng,

w, ought to ' ' I'<' "' ,h., ""rt. in folm,

THE CHALLE.I\'GE OF DREYER'S WORK

i" lor one i","'nce, bIWJI)' relig"'u, .. ading 0/

<"en p<1F"b-\e, dimen. ""'. ber,-",J "","'e e , p"";""''''. Ayi,,-.

P","""ts 'ho ..~ ... oo . ,,,,,,,u", 01 ,he la,,, Him , unWed

mQ'" ' p",,,,n' . "_m,

und., .n ~lectron mk""""p<, ,he .... ng.

ponen .. uf 'he humanis, position ha,'e devo,ed ",lollvel),

'I'heJ-e i" r,nall)" ,he pusitiun which ..reS.... D"'Y"' ''''"

mov""","t; in V""'~T w"uld then '''lI8'''t the "labyrinth

th ink, S"ner.lize S imon', grie,-.' n, ... cri'ic will oflC-n

Dl.EYU.,. ' NTEREST

"""neo ,""t don', q ui'e m . A. ShI;lo",ky """": ' 'There is

bool: tTie< 10 mdicat. Dreyd. val"" lUI CUrren' film .tudy,

Why 'hi' "'n"rue'? Hi"orically, i, i, .. 0""" proxima,.

o.n",,' 'pl;, lorn> from "con"'n' " (e"ef}1hing in a film h ..

F;rYlI)", ".., c>n """,;de,

ho", a ",,,>live film ron",,,,,,. 'P<"'" .nd 'p.> 'iai ",la

(lightin,. "",'m'!.., . ..,,,ing. beh.t,.iot a nd p~n" 01

""lion 01 'f''''m. nelf" u, ' f""dfr wfw", a film c",ate,

R.p"'""n,.'ion i. impor"'n' for u,

often .. tfw)' t,an>mit it. ,w "ugllt '0

w",k. How, then. <"On f""""list theory ,itut.lte an art ""Ofk

<i""", ;" in "itu'ion . How We petcriw. film

The most common 1.)"" <)1 idoo'<)g;".' a""y,is <""""n

<an !'fa;" ~ of W"'lh OS ""Jng "In 1.,"Of of'" f..'mini;m. 0'

,uggost ","",,0 """ .. I implications "I the

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At, Author and His Legmd

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CRAFTSMAN AND ARTIST (1919-1927)

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