Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175

An ethnobotanical study on the usage of wild medicinal

herbs from Kopaonik Mountain (Central Serbia)
Sne zana Jari c
a
, Zorica Popovi c
a,
, Marina Ma cukanovi c-Joci c
b
, Lola Djurdjevi c
a
,
Miroslava Mijatovi c
a
, Branko Karad zi c
a,c
, Miroslava Mitrovi c
a
, Pavle Pavlovi c
a
a
Department of Ecology, The Sini sa Stankovi c Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade,
Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
b
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
c
The Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry for Science and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia,
Ru ze Jovanovi c 27a, 11160 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
Received 17 July 2006; received in revised form 2 November 2006; accepted 7 November 2006
Available online 12 November 2006
Abstract
An ethnobotanical survey was carried out on the territory of the highest mountain in Central Serbia, Kopaonik, which is characterized by
great plant diversity. In total, 83 wild species from 41 families and 96 preparations for use in human therapy were recorded. Among those
wild plants which are most commonly used for medicinal purposes, Hypericum perforatum L., Urtica dioica L., Achillea millefolium L., Matri-
caria chamomilla L., Sambucus nigra L., and Thymus serpyllum L. were particularly highly recommended by the majority of informants as
being benecial for all ailments. The most frequently reported medicinal uses were for treating gastrointestinal ailments (50%), skin injuries
and problems (25.6%), followed by respiratory, urinary-genital and cardiovascular problems (20.5%, 20.5%, 19.2%, respectively). Plants with
unusual phytotherapeutic uses are Galium verum L. (sedative properties) and Eupatorium cannabinum L. (inuenza-like illnesses), while plants
with interesting but lesser-known properties include Daphne laureola L. (rheumatism and skin ailments) and Ficaria verna Huds. (tubers
for treating haemorrhoids). In addition, 10 wild species used in veterinary medicine, as well as 25 herbs used for human nourishment were
noted.
2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Biodiversity; Wild medicinal herbs; Kopaonik; Ethnomedicine; Phytotherapy
1. Introduction
At the present time, when there is a tendency to respect
nature and natural processes more and more, the value of local
knowledge on the stability of ecosystem dynamics in sensu lato
deserves the most scientic attention (Cunningham, 2001). To
this end, an ethnobiological survey is of great interest as it can
mean new insights into ecological processes, or provide new
directions for conservation monitoring with signicant benets
for resource management. Since ancient times, ecological rela-
tions between co-existing organisms have provided the most
obvious demonstration of natures principles for people liv-

Corresponding author. Tel.: +381 11 2078 360; fax: +381 11 2761 433.
E-mail address: zoricaj@ibiss.bg.ac.yu (Z. Popovi c).
ing in the wild. In addition to their essential function as the
most available food source, plants, which have been waging a
co-evolutionary war against herbivores for 300 million years
by means of various secondary metabolites, were certainly the
main source of medicinal treatment. These powerful sources of
metabolites with their biological activities, alongside the differ-
ent practices in terms of preparing and applying herbal remedies
that have been developed by certain ethnic groups throughout
the centuries, have become the most useful database for the
evaluation of new pharmaceuticals.
The incorporation of local knowledge concerning ecological
relations into biological and ecological studies strengthens the
links between man and the environment, leading to the global
conservation of biodiversity. At the same time, this guides sci-
entic research in a new direction in the sense of determining
lesser-known biological material from the wild.
0378-8741/$ see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.007
S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175 161
Traditional pharmacopoeia and the use of wild and cul-
tivated plant species in different areas of Serbia have been
investigated by some authors. However, data from these reports
was limited to specic localities (Tucakov, 1978; Mihajlov,
1988; Milojevi c, 1988; Igi c et al., 2000; Radulovi c, 2000;
Stamenkovi c et al., 2000) or generalised (Jan ci c et al., 1995).
Therefore, this study was undertaken in order to compose
detailed documentation on wild medicinal ora, its ecologi-
cal status and usage based on ethnobotanical knowledge in a
locality with the most diverse ora and vegetationKopaonik
Mountain.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Research area
Kopaonik is a mountain in the central part of Serbia (43

15

N,
20

50

E) (Fig. 1). It extends 80 km in a straight line running

northwestsoutheast and climatic conditions are moderately
continental. The average minimum air temperature is 0.6

C,
while the average maximum air temperature is +6.6

C. Over-
all, the average annual air temperature is +2.7

C. The absolute
minimum temperature for the last 30 years is 24.8

C and
Fig. 1. Map of study area. (A) Investigated localities: Osredci (1), Radmanovo (2), below 1000 m a.s.l.; Brze ce (3), Vlajkovci (4), Gra sevci (5), Donje levi ce (6),
10001300 m a.s.l.; Lisinac (7), Bla zevo (8), Iri ci ci (9), Kriva reka (10),

Celi ci (11), Lipovac (12), Djerekare (13), 13001500 m a.s.l.; Batote (14),

Zunje (15),
Lepa gora (16), 12001300 m a.s.l.; Livadje (17), 1400 m a.s.l. (B) Map of Serbia with position of investigated area. (C) Position of investigated area on the Balkan
Peninsula.
162 S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175
the absolute maximum temperature is +27.6

C. The foot of
the mountain, lying in the valley of the Ibar River, is situated
at an altitude of 400 m, and Pan ci cs summit is 2017 m high.
Its relatively isolated position from the other mountains in the
central part of the Balkan Peninsula, its massiveness, varied geo-
logical composition, etc., have all contributed to the richness of
life forms, primarily in terms of plants and vegetation. Having
been designated a National Park, the best preserved and rich-
est part of Kopaonik has been placed under protection due to it
being of the utmost importance for the conservation of biodi-
versity. The ora and vegetation of Kopaonik make it one of the
richest and most diversied mountains in the Balkans, with 1350
species of vascular plants (91 endemic and 82 sub-endemic plant
species) (Laku si c, 1993, 1995). The signicant oristic diversity
and the presence of a large number of endemic species make the
Kopaonik region a sub-centre of mountain endemism in the
Balkans.
The Kopaonik massif is part of the Moesian oral province
and the Central European biogeographic region. As it is a moun-
tain with a great difference in altitude between its foot and its
highest peaks, the sequence of various climatic ranges and veg-
etation zones is visible on its vertical prole. On the lowest parts
of the mountain there is a zone of warm hillside oak forest, rich
in shrubbery, underbrush, meadows and bare rocky terrains, with
marked inuences of a sub-Mediterranean climate and vegeta-
tion, too. Typical plant forest communities that are present in
this range are: Quercetum confertae-cerris serbicum, Querce-
tummontanum, and Querceto-Carpinetumserbicum. Mesophyll
beech forests begin at 1200 m a.s.l., which are interspersed
with r and then spruce as low as 12501300 m a.s.l. Plant
forest communities found within this range are: Fagetum mon-
tanum, Fageto-Abietum serbicum, Fageto-Luzuletum typicum,
Fagetum subalpinum serbicum, and Fagetum subalpinum sub-
ass. piceetosum. Above the line of beech forests, there are
spruce forests with the following forest communities: Picee-
tum excelsae subass. myrtilletosum, Arctostaphylleto-Piceetum,
Piceetum excelsae serbicum, Vaccinieto-Junipereto-Piceetum
subalpinum, Vaccinietum myrtilli, and Abieti-Piceetum ser-
bicumsubass. vaccinietosum. These plant communities (Table 1)
comprise the majority of plants reported in this study (Peri si c et
al., 2004); our phytocoenological analysis regarding the degree
of presence of each species is based on their presence in these
typical communities.
Other wild medicinal plants are meadow species incorpo-
rated into the following plant communities: Agrostiedetum vul-
garis (Stachys ofcinallis L., Erythraea centaurium Pers.),
ArtemisioAchnatheretum calamagrostis and Carici humilis
Festucetum pancicianae (Teucrium montanum L., Rumex
sp., Achillea millefolium, Galium verum, Potentilla erecta
(L.) R ausch., Rubus idaeus L.), EricoSeslerietum rigidae
(Teucrium montanum, Rubus idaeus), PotentilletoCaricetum
humilis (Viola tricolor L., Stachys ofcinalis, Teucrium
chamaedrys L., Teucrium montanum), and Poetum violaceae
(Achillea millefolium). Above the forest range, there are
CariciSphagnetoEriophoretum and Hygro-Nardetum strictae
communities, where Polygonum bistorta L. was found. Some
of the plants recorded are ruderal species, i.e. can be found
near roads, elds, ruins, rubbish heaps, etc. (Arctium lappa L.,
Artemisia vulgaris L., Artemisia absinthium L., Aristolochia
clematitis L., Calendula ofcinalis L., Capsella bursa pastoris
L., Chelidoniummajus L., Cichoriumintybus L., Echiumvulgare
L., Equisetum arvense L., Galium verum, Helianthus tubero-
sus L., Leonurus cardiaca L., Malva silvestris L., Matricaria
chamomilla, Melissa ofcinalis L., Origanum vulgare L., Ono-
nis spinosa L., Pastinaca sativa L., Foeniculum vulgare L.,
Physalis alkekengi L., Sambucus ebulus L., Sempervivum tecto-
rum L., Solanum nigrum L., Tussilago farfara L., Urtica dioica,
Verbascumphlomoides L., Verbena ofcinalis L., and Xeranthe-
mum annum L.).
2.2. Localities and population
The villages investigated are located at different elevations
(6001500 m a.s.l.). They are relatively small in terms of their
givenarea andthe number of inhabitants. The native residents are
ethnic Serbs, who speak Serbian, a Slavic language. In their local
dialect, they call their native mountain Kopanik. Houses are
mainly isolated because of the impassable and hilly terrain. In all
the villages visited, young people under the age of twenty were
in the minority due to the migration of the younger population
to nearby towns, which has been a growing trend over the past
decades.
Seventeen villages (spread over approximately 150 km
2
)
were included in this research (Osredci, Radmanovo, Vlajkovci,
Brze ce, Djerekare, Gra sevci, Lipovac, Iri ci ci,

Celi ci, Donje
levi ce, Bla zevo, Kriva reka, Lisinac, Batote,

Zunje, Lepa gora,
and Livadje) through directly interviewing the inhabitants.
2.3. Ethnobiological survey
The survey was conducted during the period 20022005.
Data was collected from 60 peasants, mostly around 60 years
old, engaged in agriculture and cattle-breeding, and plants were
collected during our visits to the mountain villages. The moni-
toring of plant distribution and the presence of particular species
across different phytocoenoses (meadows, pastures, woods, etc.)
and the collecting of plants provided enough of an excuse to
enter into conversation with local peasants and herdsmen, whose
knowledge of medicinal plants was both extraordinary and valu-
able. In this, the rst phase of study, people were asked to list
all the plants they use (or know were used by their parents or
grandparents). Each plant listed was compared with a fresh spec-
imen and a picture from literature to establish different local
names or different phenological phases of the same species.
More specic information was recorded later on in the second
phase of investigation by means of a detailed interview with
specic questions. This data provided us with precise informa-
tion on the specic vegetative phase that the plant was collected
in, which plant parts were used, and precise ways for prepar-
ing herbal remedies and the means for consuming or applying
them.
It was noted that local peoples ethnobotanical and ethnophar-
macological knowledge was based on the collective tradition of
the village community and the memories of their direct ances-
S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175 163
Table 1
Wild medicinal plants in forest plant communities
Plant community with the altitude of its
distribution (m a.s.l.)
Plant species
Querceto-Carpinetum serbicum Rudski
(550700)
Agrimonia eupatoria L., Asarum europaeum L., Corylus avellana L., Crataegus oxyacantha L., Daphne
laureola L., Dryopteris lix-mas L., Erythrea centaurium Pers., Ficaria verna Huds., Fragaria vesca L., Galium
verum L., Helleborus odorus W.K., Hypericum perforatum L., Malus sylvestris Mill., Melissa ofcinalis L.,
Melitis melissophyllum L., Plantago lanceolata L., Prunus avium L., Prunus spinosa L., Rosa canina L., Rumex
acetosa L., Rumex sp., Ruscus aculeatus L., Sambucus nigra L., Solidago virgaaurea L., Taraxacum ofcinale
Web., Teucrium chamaedrys L., Tilia cordata M uller, Ulmus campestris L., Verbena ofcinalis L.
Quercetum montanum Jov. (600850) Achillea millefolium L., Agrimonia eupatoria L., Corylus avellana L., Crataegus oxyacantha L., Erythraea
centaurium Pers., Ficaria verna Huds., Filipendula hexapetala Gilib., Fragaria vesca L., Galium verum L.,
Geranium robertianum L., Helleborus odorus W.K., Hypericum perforatum L., Juglans regia L., Malus
sylvestris Mill., Origanum vulgare L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L., Plantago media L., Primula
acaulis L., Prunus avium L., Prunus spinosa L., Rumex acetosa L., Rumex sp., Ruscus aculeatus L., Salix caprea
L., Solanum nigrum (L.) Mill., Solidago virgaaurea L., Sorbus domestica L., Tamus communis L., Teucrium
chamaedrys L., Ulmus campestris L., Urtica dioica L., Verbascum phlomoides L., Veronica ofcinalis L., Viola
tricolor L.
Quercetum confertae-cerris serbicum
Rudski (400800)
Achillea millefolium L., Agrimonia eupatoria L., Castanea sativa Mill., Cornus mas L., Crataegus oxyacantha
L., Erythraea centaurium Pers., Ficaria verna Huds., Filipendula hexapetala Gilib., Filipendula ulmaria (L.)
Maxim, Fragaria vesca L., Galium verum L., Hedera helix L., Helleborus odorus W.K., Hypericum perforatum
L., Inula helenium L., Juglans regia L., Malus sylvestris Mill., Plantago lanceolata L., Primula acaulis L.,
Prunus avium L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., Prunus spinosa L., Rhamnus catharticus L., Rosa canina L., Rubus
fruticosus L., Rubus ideus L., Rumex sp., Ruscus aculeatus L., Salix alba L., Solidago virgaaurea L., Sorbus
domestica L., Stachys ofcinalis (L.) Trev., Tamus communis L., Teucrium chamaedrys L., Ulmus campestris L.,
Veronica ofcinalis L., Viola tricolor L.
Fagetum montanum Jov. (11001600) Allium ursinum L., Asarum europaeum L., Cornus mas L., Corylus avellana L., Daphne laureola L., Daphne
mezereum L., Dryopteris lix-mas L., Eupatorium cannabinum L., Ficaria verna Huds., Geranium robertianum
L., Hedera helix L., Helleborus odorus W.K., Inula helenium L., Malus sylvestris Mill., Prunus avium L., Rubus
ideus L., Sambucus nigra L., Solidago virgaaurea L., Tilia cordata M uller, Ulmus campestris L., Veronica
ofcinalis L.
Fageto-Abietum serbicum Jov. (10001550) Allium ursinum L., Asarum europaeum L., Corylus avellana L., Daphne mezereum L., Dryopteris lix-mas L.,
Fragaria vesca L., Geranium robertianum L., Hedera helix L., Helleborus odorus W.K., Inula helenium L.,
Solidago virgaaurea L., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Veronica ofcinalis L.
Fageto-Luzuletum typicum Mi s. et Pop.
(12001600)
Allium ursinum L., Corylus avellana L., Dryopteris lix-mas L., Veronica ofcinalis L.
Fagetum subalpinum serbicum Jov.
(15501750)
Allium ursinum L., Dryopteris lix-mas L., Geranium robertianum L., Vaccinium myrtilus L.
Fagetum subalpinum subass. piceetosum
Mi s. et Pop. (17001750)
Allium ursinum L., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng, Daphne mezereum L., Dryopteris lix-mas L., Fragaria
vesca L., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idea L., Valeriana ofcinalis L.
Piceetum excelsae subass. myrtilletosum
Mi s. et Pop. (14001950)
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng, Fragaria vesca L., Daphne mezereum L., Dryopteris lix-mas L., Juniperus
communis L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idea L.
Arctostaphylleto-Piceetum Jov. (15001950) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng, Juniperus communis L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idea L.
Piceetum excelsae serbicum Mi s. et Pop.
(17001950)
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng, Dryopteris lix-mas L., Juniperus communis L., Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Vaccinium vitis-idea L.
Vaccinietum myrtilli R. Jov. (14002000) Dryopteris lix-mas L., Juniperus communis L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idea L.
Vaccinieto-Junipereto-Piceetum subalpinum
Mi s. et Pop. (17501850)
Dryopteris lix-mas L., Juniperus communis L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idea L.
Abieti-Piceetum serbicum subass.
vaccinietosum Mi s. et Pop. (17501850)
Dryopteris lix-mas L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idea L.
tors (parents, grandparents). Despite the fact that they often
know that in other regions this plant is used for such and such
a purpose (learnt from tourists who also collect plants), they
prefer to do things their own way. The most frequent com-
ment was . . . as my mother/grandmother did. The majority
of informants emphasized that they never visit the doctor; in
terms of medicine they only value surgery, whilst placing their
trust in phytotherapy rather than in conventional drugs. All data
was immediately documented in eld notebooks. In this study
we considered only wild ora because cultivated plants have
already been incorporated into ofcial medicinal practice. The
study also included three species which secondary had become
wild (Calendula ofcinalis, Helianthus tuberosus, Mentha
piperita L.).
164 S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175
2.4. Botanical and ecological determination
The plants collected were determined by Mr. S. Jari c,
the Institute for Biological Research, Department of Ecol-
ogy, Belgrade, using professional literature for determination
(Josifovi c, 19701986; Javorka and Csapody, 1977; Laku si c,
1995). Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium
of the Institute for Biological Research, Belgrade. A phyto-
geographic analysis was undertaken according to Gaji c (1980,
1984), whereas plant forms were determined according to Koji c
et al. (1997).
The ecological status of each medicinal plant in this study was
assessed according to its degree of presence (DP) in typical plant
communities, which was gauged by visual estimations (two to
three people independently), according to the Braun-Blanquet
method (1965).
3. Results
3.1. Plants used for medicinal purposes
The results of the survey are presented in Table 2, in which
the plants are arranged in alphabetical order. For each species,
the following ethnobotanical and pharmacognostic elements are
provided: botanical taxa and voucher specimen codes, botanical
family, local names, English name, locality where the plant was
found, the degree of presence, the quotation frequency among
the informants, part(s) used, and usage and preparation.
In this survey, 83 wild plant species reported by informants to
have medicinal properties have been recorded. Of these species,
Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla,
Sambucus nigra, Thymus serpyllum, and Achillea millefolium
were cited by all informants, and every informant listed at
least three ailments treated by each of them. We also found
that rare information on specic usage (i.e. Galium verum as a
sedative, Ficaria verna for haemorrhoids) was signicant. The
reported species belong to 69 genera and 41 families, with the
obvious predominance of Asteraceae (15.85%) and Lamiaceae
(15.85%) families. Among the other families that were present
were: Rosaceae (7.32%), Malvaceae (3.66%), Apiaceae (3.66%)
and Plantaginaceae (3.66%), while the rest of the families were
represented by two or one species (2.44% and 1.22%, respec-
tively). Six tertiary relict species were recognized among these
wild medicinal plants: Castanea sativa Mill., Hedera helix L.,
Juglans regia L., Ruscus aculeatus L. (Gaji c, 1984), and Tamus
communis L. and Viscum album L. (T urrill, 1929). An areal
type spectrum comprises 19 oral elements (Fig. 2), of which
Eurasian (26.83%) and Sub-Central European (17.07%) oris-
tic elements are dominant, followed by Adventive (6.1%) and
Middle European (6.1%). A life forms spectrum analysis shows
the domination of hemicryptophytes (39.92%) and geophytes
(17.07%) in the medicinal ora of the area researched (Fig. 3).
The most frequently reported medicinal uses were for treating
gastrointestinal ailments (50%), and skin injures and problems
(25.6%), followed by respiratory, urinary-genital and cardiovas-
cular problems (20.5%, 20.5%, 19.2%, respectively). Then came
those plants with antiseptic and anti-infective properties and
Fig. 2. Contribution of areal types in wild medicinal ora of Kopaonik area.
Eur., Eurasian; Sub.M.E., Sub-Middle-European; Adv., Adventive; Sub.E., Sub-
Eurasian; SubAtl.-SubMed., Sub-Atlantic-Sub-Mediterranean; SubSSib., Sub-
South-Siberian; MEur., Middle-European; SubMed., Sub-Mediterranean; Circ.,
Circumpolar; Cosm., Cosmopolitan; SubArc.-Circ., Sub-Arctic-Circumpolar;
Others, eight areal types represented with one or two species.
those with sedative features (15.4% and 14.1%, respectively).
The study found a relatively small number of plant species
used to treat metabolic disorders (5.1%) or to increase immunity
(2.6%). A benecial effect on only one group of ailments was
recorded for 35.9% of the plants, whereas 47.4% heal two dif-
ferent groups of medicinal problems. It was rare that the same
plant could be used for three (10.2%of the plants recorded), four
(3.8%), ve (1.3%) or six (1.3%) different groups of ailments. It
is noticeable that the preference is for plants used in phytother-
apy to be taken internally in the form of tea. 60.3% of plants
were reported as being only consumed internally by informants,
while 16.6%were only applied externally, whereas 23.1%of the
plants recorded could be used both internally and externally. As
far as internal consumption is concerned, informants responses
showed that the dominant method by far is tea (84.6%), followed
to a much lesser degree by eating a fresh plant part (5.6%) and
taking a tonic preparation (5.6%). Only in rare cases was data
on the dosage for the preparation and usage of some recipes
obtained. External application depended on the ailments to be
treated: a powdered plant part, a plant part dipped in brandy or
oil, tea for gargling or rinsing. Dosages were mainly arbitrary.
The most common answers and comments were tea is perfect
for. . . or it is mostly used for. . .. The majority of plants (72)
are used as the sole raw material in various preparations (tea,
ointment, oil, and tincture), while a few plants (3) are used for
Fig. 3. Life grown forms of wild medicinal species from Kopaonik area. H,
hemicryptophytes; G, geophytes; Th, therophytes/chamaephytes; P, phanero-
phytes; NP, nano-phanerophytes; WC, wooden chamaephytes; HC, herbaceous
chamaephytes; T, therophytes; Sp, semi-parasites.
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Table 2
Plants from wild ora used for medicinal purposes in the area of Kopaonik Mountain
Botanical taxa, family and voucher
specimen codes
Local name English name Loc DP QI PU Properties, medicinal use and preparations
Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-ACH)
Hajdu cka trava Milfoil, Yarrow 117 IV
***
A.p. Aromatic, an astringent and diuretic. Consumed internally for
improving appetite (tea before a meal); for gastrointestinal
ailmentsdiarrhoea, dyspepsia (tea); for respiratory ailmentscolds,
inuenza, coughs and bronchial asthma (teaequal amounts of leaves
of yarrow, coltsfoot, lemon balm and owers of mallow). Externally
haemostypticafor wounds, ulcers, and haemorrhoids (dried ground
plant directly on wound)
Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-AGR)
Petrovac Agrimony 117 III
***
A.p., L Antitussive, analgesic, sedative; astringent, tonic diuretic. Internally for
dyspepsia, urinary incontinence, cystitis and rheumatism (tea);
externally for treating wounds and cuts; (leaf directly on the wound)
Althaea ofcinalis L. (Malvaceae)
(KOP-ALT1)
Beli slez Marsh-mallow 13, 10, 15 II
***
R, L Antitussive, mucilaginous herb that soothes and softens tissues,
expectorant properties. Internally for bronchitis, asthma, whooping
cough (cut root keep for 2 h in cold water in order to extract mucus);
for urinary tract infections (leaf)
Althaea rosea L. (Malvaceae) Cav.
(KOP-ALT2)
Pitomi slez Hollyhock 13, 8, 14, 15 II
**
A.p., L Antitussive, soothing herb that relieves irritation and soreness. Tea is
taken for coughs, colds and chest ailments. Externally as a gargle for
sore throats
Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-ARC)

Ci cak Greater burdock 1, 2 III

*
L Treats ulcers and fester wounds (leaf directly on wound)
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng
(Ericaceae) (KOP-ARC-U)
Uva Bear-berry 17001950 m a.s.l. III
***
A.p. A diuretic, uroantiseptic. Internally (tea)
Aristolochia clematitis L.
(Aristolochiaceae) (KOP-ARI)
Kokotinja Birthwort 13 III
*
Fr An aromatic tonic herb with antibacterial properties. Externally for
skin infections and wounds (for rinsing and poultice-tea)
Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-ART)
Pelin, Pelinkovac Mugwort 13, 57, 9, 1113,15 III
***
A.p. Aromatic, tonic herbdigestive stimulant, diuretic. Internally for body
strength, improving appetite, dyspepsia (tea)
Calendula ofcinalis L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-CAP)
Neven Marigold 13, 8, 14, 15 II
***
A.p. For treating the fungous ailments of foots and wounds (ointment);
against burns and frostbite. For swelling of the leg and painful veins
(ointment is prepared with 0.5 kg of pure fat warmed to boiling point;
then two handfuls of marigold owers are added and covered for 24 h;
the next day, the whole preparation needs to be warmed, ltered
through a cloth and put into glass asks). Internally used as a
vermifuge (tea)
Capsella bursa pastoris L.
(Brassicaceae) (KOP-CAP)
Ho cu-ne cu Shepherds purse 16, 15, 16 IV
**
A.p. An astringent, a diuretic, antiseptic properties. Externally to stop
bleedingfor surface wounds (dried, ground plant directly on wound)
Carlina acaulis L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-CAR)
Vilino sito Carline Thistle 317 II
***
R A tonic cleansing herb. For treating skin complaints, for ulcers, acne,
eczema and wounds (gruel made from the powdered root directly on
wound)
Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae)
(KOP-CAS)
Pitomi kesten Spanish chestnut 1, 2 I
***
Fr An astringent that controls coughing and has anti-rheumatic properties.
Internally for swelling of the leg and painful veins (chopped fruit kept
in plum-brandy for 40 days; then ltered and solution rubbed on legs)
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Table 2 (Continued )
Botanical taxa, family and voucher
specimen codes
Local name English name Loc DP QI PU Properties, medicinal use and preparations
Chelidonium majus L.
(Papaveraceae) (KOP-CHE)
Rusa, Rusoma ca Greater celandine 117 III
***
A.p. Anti-inammatory properties, improves bile ow, anti-spasmodic,
diuretic, laxative. Internally for inammation of the gall bladder and
bile duct, jaundice, hepatitis, gout (tea). Externally for skin complaints
lichensskin eruption, psoriasis, eczema (juice directly on skin)
Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-CIC)
Vodopija, Cikorija Chicory 117 IV
***
R A diuretic, digestive, laxative properties that reduces inammation.
Internally for liver complaints and diarrhoea (the dried crushed root is
made into decoctions for digestive upsets and to improve appetite);
reduces blood sugar (tea)
Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae)
(KOP-COR)
Dren Cornel tree 1, 2 III
***
Fr An astringent, laxative. For diarrhoea (fresh or dried fruit)
Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae)
(KOP-COR1)
Leska Hazel 117 III
***
L For diarrhoea and heavy menstruation (strong tea).
Crataegus oxyacantha L. (Rosaceae)
(KOP-CRA)
Glog Hawthorn 1, 2 III
***
Fl Cardiotonic, circulatory stimulant, hypertensive properties. Strengthens
the heart, regulates its rate, lowers blood pressure and coronary blood
ow (tea made from equal amounts of hawthorn owers, garlic,
horsetail and mistletoe)
Daphne laureola L. (Thymelaeaceae)
(KOP-DAP1)
Lovor cica, Vu cije
uho, Vu cja oputa
Spurge laurel 1, 2, 4 II
**
Ba Germicidal, a diuretic, expectorant and laxative. For rheumatism and
skin ailments
Daphne mezereum L.
(Thymelaeaceae) (KOP-DAP2)
Hajdu cka oputa Mezereon 58, 1316 II
**
Ba For rheumatism and skin ailments (fresh bark soaked in vinegar for half
of hour and rubbed into the skin)
Echium vulgare L. (Boraginaceae)
(KOP-ECH)
Lisi cji rep, Volovski
jezik
Vipers bugloss 1, 2, 4, 5, 16 IV
**
A.p. Expectorant and laxative effects. For diarrhoea (tea)
Epilobium parviorum With.
(Oenotheraceae) (KOP-EPI)
Sitnocvetna svilovina,
Sitnocvetna mle cika
Small-owered
hairy willow-herb
18, 14, 15 IV
***
A.p. Internally for urinary and genital ailmentsprostatitis, cystitis,
urethritis, kidneys (tea before breakfast)
Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae)
(KOP-EQI)
Rastavi c, Preslica Horsetail 35, 15 IV
***
A.p. An astringent, acts on genito-urinary system; diuretic properties,
controls both internal and external bleeding. Internally for urinary
inammation (tea)
Erythraea centaurium Pers.
(Gentianaceae) (KOP-ERYT)
Ki cica Common centaury 19, 1416 III
***
A.p. Tonic for the digestive system. Internally for dyspepsia, hepatitis,
improves appetite (regulates wind, bloating) (tea made from combining
equal amounts of common centaury, mint, common chamomile and
balm)
Eupatorium cannabinum L.
(Asteraceae) (KOP-EUP)
Konoplju sa Hemp Agrimony 1, 2 II
**
A.p., R Diuretic properties, as a tonic for debility and a treatment for
inuenza-like illnesses, lowers blood pressure, regulates cholesterol
(tea before breakfast)
Ficaria verna Huds.
(Ranunculaceae) (KOP-FIC)
Ledinjak Celandine 117 IV
***
Tu For haemorrhoids (one tablespoon of nely chopped root in a wine
glass with honey, three times a day before meals)
Filipendula hexapetala Gilib.
(Rosaceae) (KOP-FIL1)
Kon cara Dropwort 13 II
***
Fl An astringent, tonic properties. Lowers blood pressure (tea)
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.
(Rosaceae) (KOP-FIL2)
Medunika Meadow sweet 13 II
***
L, Ft Helpful for rheumatism (tea). Plant parts are put in boiled water, left
over night and drunk the next day before breakfast
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Foeniculum vulgare L. (Apiaceae)
(KOP-FOE)
Mora c Fennel 13, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15 III
***
Fr, Se Carminative, diuretic properties, relaxes spasms, relieves digestive
problems; for constipation, improves appetite (tea). Used as a
mouthwash for gum disorders and a gargle for sore throats
Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae)
(KOP-FRA)

Sumska jagoda Wild strawberry 117 IV

***
L Diuretic and laxative properties. For digestive disordersdiarrhoea
(tea); for haemorrhoids (the washed, clean leaf can be applied
externally onto the sore area)
Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae)
(KOP-GAL)
Ivanjsko cve ce Ladies bedstraw 13, 8, 1417 III
**
A.p. An astringent. For skin ailments, wounds, ulcers and acne (tea taken
externally); sedative properties (tea is taken for nervous irritability and
insomnia); diuretic properties (tea)
Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae)
(KOP-GLE)
Dobri cica Ground ivy 14 III
**
A.p. An astringent, diuretic, tonic effects on the bronchial and urinary
system. For bronchitis (tea), diarrhoea (tea), improves appetite (tea)
Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae)
(KOP-HED)
Br sljan English ivy 117 II
***
L Externally on swollen tissue (tea prepared from leaves and applied as a
compress). Treats ulcers and wounds (juice from the fresh leaf directly
onto the wound)
Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-HEL)
Morska repa Jerusalem
artichoke
1, 2 II
***
Tu Against diabetes (fresh tubers are eaten)
Hypericum perforatum L.
(Hypericaceae) (KOP-HYP)
Kantarion St Johns wort 117 III
***
A.p. An astringent, calming properties. Internally for moderate depression,
insomnia and gastrointestinal ailments (stomach ulcer, liver and bile
ailments, jaundice) (tea). Externally for haemorrhoids (oil); creams and
infused oils are applied to burns, wounds, cuts, muscular pain, sciatica,
neuralgia (owering tops fresh or dried put into olive oil and left in the
sun for 3040 days to obtain a red oil). For newborn infants gastric
spasms (by putting oil on the babys abdomen and by dressing warmly)
Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-INU)
Oman Elecampane 13, 8, 10, 13, 15 I
***
R Pungent, expectorant, antitussive. Internally for bronchitis, coughs, hay
fever, asthma, tuberculosis and pleurisy (tea)
Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae)
(KOP-JUG)
Orah Walnut 14 II
***
Fr, L Expectorant and laxative. Infusion is taken internally as a digestive
tonic and for constipation (leaves) and for diarrhoea and anaemia
(rind). Applied externally for cuts, grazes and skin disorders such as
eczema, herpes, and eruptive skin complaints
Juniperus communis L.
(Cupressaceae) (KOP-JUN)
Kleka, Venja Juniper 517 III
**
Fr Antiseptic, diuretic, anti-inammatory and digestive properties, for
inhalation. Internally for kidney inammation, poor digestion with
wind, urethritis, cystitis (tea). Externally for rheumatic pain
Leonurus cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae)
(KOP-LEO)
Srda cica Motherwort 3, 8, 13, 15 II
**
A.p. Sedative properties, nerve tonic, lowers blood pressure. Internally for
heart complaints, calming effect on the heart, anaemia, and numerous
problems associated with menstruation and urinary disorders (tea)
Malva silvestris L. (Malvaceae)
(KOP-MAL)
Crni slez Mallow 115 III
***
Fl Mucilaginous, expectorant, reduces inammation, antitussive.
Internally for lung ailments, bronchitis, throat infections, asthma and
emphysema (often combined with marshmallow)
Matricaria chamomilla L.
(Asteraceae) (KOP-MAT)
Kamilica Wild chamomile 15, 8, 13, 15 IV
***
A.p. An antiseptic, anti-inammatory with sedative properties. Externally
for skin and mucous complaintsburns, wounds, ulcers (tea); for
vaginal douche and galls (tea). Internally a stomach painkiller, for
dyspepsia and constipation (tea); it is used as a steam inhalation for
sinusitis
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Table 2 (Continued )
Botanical taxa, family and voucher
specimen codes
Local name English name Loc DP QI PU Properties, medicinal use and preparations
Melissa ofcinalis L. (Lamiaceae)
(KOP-MEL1)
Mati cnjak Lemon balm 16, 14, 15 IV
***
A.p. A sedative, relaxing, digestive properties. Internally taken for nervous
anxiety, depression, tension headaches and indigestion (tea taken after
meal)
Melittis melissophyllum L.
(Lamiaceae) (KOP-MEL2)
Mato cina Bastard Balm 13 III
***
A.p. Sedative properties. For nervous anxiety, insomnia, and hysteria (tea)
Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) cult.
(KOP-MEN1)
Pitoma nana Peppermint 1, 3 II
***
A.p. Improves digestion, increases perspiration and has antiseptic
properties. Internally for gastric ulcers, indigestion, inuenza and colds
Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae)
(KOP-MEN2)
Divlja nana Pennyroyal 1, 2 V
***
A.p. Sedative properties, carminative, for gastrointestinal ailments,
improves digestion, diarrhoea, spasms (tea)
Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson
(Lamiaceae) (KOP-MEN)
Barska nana Horse-mint 117 IV
***
A.p. Carminative properties. Taken for gastrointestinal ailments (tea)
Ononis spinosa L. (Fabaceae)
(KOP-ONO)
Gladi sevina Ze ciji trn Restharrow 3, 4, 8, 9, 1115 III
**
R Relaxing, digestive properties. Gastrointestinal ailments (tea)
Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae)
(KOP-ORI)
Vranilova trava,
Vranilovka
Oregano 115 IV
***
A.p. Antiseptic properties, expectorant, improves digestion. Internally for
gastrointestinal ailmentsminor digestive upsets, and insomnia,
headaches, colds and bronchitis (tea)
Pastinaca sativa L. (Apiaceae)
(KOP-PAS)
Pa skanat Parsnip 18, 1416 III
**
Fr, L, R Improves milk production and appetite (tea). Digestive properties (tea).
Diuretic properties (tea made from nely cut parts of the root, leaf or
fruit)
Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
(KOP-PHY)
Ljoskavac Alkakengy,
Bladder Cherry
16, 14, 15 III
**
Fr For urinary ailments (kidney stones); strong diuretic properties (1020
berries a day over a 10-day period taken with honey or jam before
breakfast)
Pimpinella saxifraga L. (Apiaceae)
(KOP-PIM)
Bedrinac, Bedrenika
mala
Greater burnet
Saxifrage
2, 3, 1315 II
*
R For bronchial asthma (tea made from equal amounts of greater burnet
and hawthorn); for mouth and throat infections (tea made from a
combination of equal amounts of greater burnet, yarrow and
chamomile)
Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)
(KOP-PIN)
Beli bor Scots pine 11, 17 I
***
B, Ne For chronically bronchitis (syrup100 g of buds in 0.5 l of boiled
water, strained after 2 h and mixed with 1 kg of honeydose: four to
ve tablespoons a day); for scurvy (tea)
Plantago lanceolata L.
(Plantaginaceae) (KOP-PLA1)
Uskolisna bokvica Ribwort plantain 117 V
***
L The same as for Plantago major
Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae)
(KOP-PLA2)

Zenska bokvica Plantain 117 V

***
L Antibacterial properties. Externally as a poultice to be applied to
wounds, cuts, festering wounds and ulcers (fresh, dried and oily leaf can
be applied externally onto sore area). Internally for diarrhoea, spasms,
intestinal and stomach ulcers (tea) (leaf only or combined with mint).
Antitussive and expectorant (tea made from plantain leaf combined
with owers of marshmallow, ower and leaf of fennel and coltsfoot)
Plantago media L. (Plantaginaceae)
(KOP-PLA3)
Srednja bokvica,
Triputac
Hoary plantain 117 V
***
L The same as for Plantago major
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Polygonatum ofcinale All.
(Liliaceae) (KOP-POL)
Pokosnica Sweet-scented
Solomons Seal
1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12 III
**
Rh For joint inammation, for festering wounds and ulcers, and ingrowing
toenails; ointment (fresh ground rhizome used for ointment
preparation, applied to sore area)
Polygonum bistorta L.
(Polygonaceae) (KOP-POLY)
Sr cenjak Bistort 12, 13, 16, 17 II
**
Rh Internally for diarrhoea (tea). Externally for skin complaints, festering
wounds and haemorrhoids (tea prepared and applied as a compress)
Potentilla erecta (L.) R ausch.
(Rosaceae) (KOP-POT)
Sr cenica Tormentil 35, 1013, 17 IV
**
Rh Internally for diarrhoea (tea). Externally for wound rinsing (tea) (a
handful or approximately 25 g of taproot cut into small pieces, boiled
for 15 min in half a litre of water; then combined with an equal amount
of yarrow, left covered overnight, before being ltered and used for
wound rinsing (compress soaked in tea))
Primula acaulis L. (Primulaceae)
(KOP-PRI)
Jagor cevina Jaglika Primrose 14, 14, 15 III
***
Rh For bronchitis and coughs (taken as a syrup and tea)
Rhamnus catharticus L.
(Rhamnaceae) (KOP-RHA)
Pasdren, Pasjidren Buckthorn 18, 15 III
**
Fr Laxative. For chronic constipation (tea) (two tablespoons of the fruits
are boiled for around 15 min in half a litre of water, and left overnight;
after ltering, sweetened with plum jam and half drunk in the morning
and the rest in the evening)
Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae)
(KOP-ROS)

Sipkinje,

Sipak Dog-rose 117 IV
***
Fr An astringent, tonic herb, rich in Vitamins A, B, C and K. For colds
and inuenza (tea)
Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae)
(KOP-RUM)
Zelje,

Stavinjak,

Stavljak
Sorrel 117 IV
***
Se An astringent, diuretic with laxative effects. For diarrhoea and anaemia
(tea)
Ruscus aculeatus L. (Liliaceae)
(KOP-RUS)
Kostrika Butchers broom 13 III
**
Rh A diuretic, aromatic, increases perspiration; Internally for kidney and
gallstones; (tea) (two handfuls of taproot cut into small pieces (100 g)
boiled in one litre of water, and left for 23 h; afterwards, ltered and
ve tablespoons taken during the day before meals
Sambucus nigra L. (Sambucaceae)
(KOP-SAM)
Zova Elder 14 IV
***
Fl A diuretic, antiseptic and anticatarrhral properties; pungent, reduces
inammation, lowers fever. Internally for colds, inuenza and
perspiration (tea); expectorant, for pertusis (tea made from equal
amounts of elder owers, marshmallow, coltsfoot and fennel)
Sempervivum tectorum L.
(Crassulaceae) (KOP-SEM)

Cuvarku ca Houseleek 117 I

**
L For earache (a compress made from juice applied to the sore area); for
stomach and intestinal ulcers (one leaf a day). The juice obtained from
cutting the leaf longitudinally is applied to the area with Herpes zoster
Solanum nigrum (L.) Mill.
(Solanaceae) (KOP-SOL)
Pomo cnica Black nightshade 117 III
**
A.p., Fr For ulcers, trauma, inammations and haemorrhoids (juice applied as
compress to sore area)
Solidago virgaaurea L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-SOLI)
Zlatnica Golden rod 117 III
***
A.p. For urinary disorders (kidney, urinary bladder), diarrhoea and
depression (tea)
Stachys ofcinalis (L.) Trev.
(Lamiaceae) (KOP-STA)
Ranilist,

Cistac Betony 117 IV
***
Wh.p. For skin complaintswounds, burns. Reduces high stomach acidity
(tea); for bronchitis, cough, asthma (tea)
Symphytum ofcinale L.
(Boraginaceae) (KOP-SYM)
Crni gavez Comfrey 13 II
***
R Expectorant (tea) (about 50 g of root boiled in half a litre of water.
After 12 h of extraction, drink the mucous uid after meals). Taken as a
compress (fresh ground root boiled to make a mush; it has to be put
onto linen and on broken bones previously immobilized by a splint)
Tamus communis L. (Dioscoreaceae)
(KOP-TAM)
Zmijsko gro zdje,
Blju st
Black Bryony 24, 14, 15 III
***
Rh For rheumatism (tea) and sciatica (rub sore areas with root; afterwards
sore areas become red and warm; apply oil or milk afterwards to
prevent inammation; or, apply a compress prepared from planed
rhizome with or without plum brandy)
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Table 2 (Continued )
Botanical taxa, family and voucher
specimen codes
Local name English name Loc DP QI PU Properties, medicinal use and preparations
Teucrium chamaedrys L.
(Lamiaceae) (KOP-TEU1)
Podubnica Wall germander 14 IV
***
A.p. For gastrointestinal ailments (tea)
Teucrium montanum L. (Lamiaceae)
(KOP-TEU2)
Trava-iva, Dup cac Mountain
germander
4, 5, 9, 11, 17 III
**
A.p. For gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments (tea)
Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae)
(KOP-THY)
Maj cina du sica,
Babina du sica
Wild thyme 1, 2 V
***
A.p. For gastrointestinal ailments (tea); for joint inammation (taken
externally, to be bathed in or taken as a tea)
Tilia cordata M uller (Tiliaceae)
(KOP-TIL)
Lipa Lime 16, 14, 15 III
***
Fl For perspiration; for diarrhoea, stomach spasms and insomnia (tea)
Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae)
(KOP-TUS)
Podbel Coltsfoot 18, 1315 IV
***
L For festering wounds and ulcers (wounds are to be bandaged with fresh
leaf). For vein inammation (kneaded fresh leaves mixed with fresh
sour cream put onto skin and wrapped in linen cloth)
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae)
(KOP-URT)
Kopriva Stinging nettle 117 V
***
L An astringent, diuretic, tonic herb that controls bleeding and slightly
reduces blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Internally for anaemia,
heavy menstrual bleeding, jaundice, stone in urinary bladder (tea).
Externally for sciatica, neuralgia and rheumatism (extract, fresh,
cooked with salt and poultice is applied to sore area); older people sting
themselvesmassaging the whole body with the young nettles aerial
parts (spring, summer period). For hair problems (i.e. loss of hair)
(approximately 100 gtwo handfuls of leaves boiled for 20 min in half
a litre of rainwater; afterwards half a handful of wild chamomile added
(25 g), and then left covered overnight. The following morning 200 g of
vinegar added to the ltered mixture, and used to massage the head
every evening)
Vaccinium myrtillus L.
(Vacciniaceae) (KOP-VAC1)
Borovnica Blue berry 317 IV
***
Fr, L An astringent, diuretic, vasoprotective, lowers blood sugar level.
Internally for anaemia, varicose and thread veins, poor circulation
improving blood supply to veins and capillaries(leaves); for
diarrhoea (dried fruits), fresh fruits are laxative (tea)
Vaccinium vitis idaea L.
(Vacciniaceae) (KOP-VAC2)
Brusnica Red
Whortleberry
17 III
***
L, Fr Diuretic properties. Internally for urinary tract infections and formation
of kidney and urinary bladder stones (fresh or dried fruit)
Valeriana ofcinalis L.
(Valerianaceae) (KOP-VAL)
Odoljen Valerian 5, 8, 10, 13, 14 III
***
Rh, R A sedative. Internally for nervous anxiety, insomnia, hysteria,
migraines, indigestion of nervous origin, hypertension, calming effect
on the heart and nerves (tea) (can add mint to valerian tea). It calms the
nerves, relaxes spasms, and relieves pain in the urinary bladder (tea)
Verbascum phlomoides L.
(Scrophulariaceae) (KOP-VERB)
Divizma Woolly Mullein 3, 5, 8, 10, 15 II
**
Fl A diuretic, analgesic, expectorant and antiseptic properties. Internally
for respiratory ailmentsbronchitis, laryngitis, asthma, inuenza,
tuberculosis (tea). Externally for rheumatic pain
Verbena ofcinalis L. (Verbenaceae)
(KOP-VER)
Verbena Vervain 14, 15 IV
**
A.p. A diuretic, calms the nerves, increases perspiration. Internally for
insomnia, depression, migraines and nervousness (tea); for fever,
lowers high temperatures, reduces inammation and relieves pain (tea).
Externally poultice for gum disease; (gargle with tea for mouth and
throat infections)
S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175 171
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tea only when combined with other ingredients and some (7) are
used in both ways (as the sole raw material and combined).
3.2. Plants used in veterinary medicine
Ten plant species used in veterinary medicine, taken inter-
nally (ve) or applied externally (ve), were recorded. Latin
names, local names, English names, the locality where the plant
was found, the degree of presence, the quotation frequency,
parts used, and the preparation and usage for some symptoms
are given in Table 3. All the plants listed were in the highest
index band in terms of the frequency they were quoted by infor-
mants. Parasites, which can easily be transmitted from host to
host through the consumption of contaminated food and water,
are treated by consuming herbs internally (Artemisia absinthium
and Dryopteris lix-mas L.), even though these plants are not
used by humans. The same is noted for certain plants used for
intestinal ailments in animals (ThalictrumaquilegifoliumL. and
Geranium robertianum L.).
3.3. Wild plants in human nourishment (culinary use)
Twenty-ve wild species were recorded as being used for
non-medicinal purposes (Table 4), 12 of which were also reg-
istered as being used as a medicine. However, the plant parts
used for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes often differed,
i.e. fresh or prepared fruit was most frequently used for human
nutrition, whereas the leaves of the same species were used for
tea in phytotherapy.
4. Discussion
4.1. Phytocoenological and ecological status of medicinal
plants
Both the diversied abiotic environment and the patchy dis-
tribution of tree and meadow communities provided a great
heterogeneity of ecological conditions for the existence of eco-
logically divergent plant species. In light of the current protected
status of the research area, the natural vegetation has for the most
part been conserved. However, due to activity occurring before
the area was proclaimed a protected area (1981), certain commu-
nities have been disturbed irreversibly (Tucakov and Mihajlov,
1977). The majority of the informants in this study state that cer-
tain habitats that include some of the plants recorded have been
damaged or disappeared totally. Harvesting the entire plant or
its underground organs is the most dangerous way of collecting
plant material in terms of disturbing the natural plant commu-
nities and environmental diversity. Although half of the plants
recorded have a high degree of presence in typical communities
(7.23% of species are categorised as having the highest degree
of presenceV; 27.71%of species have a relatively high degree
of presenceIV; 37.35%III, 22.89%II, and 4.82%I), the
people participating in this investigation showed a great sense
of awareness for their environment. Besides its medicinal prop-
erties, most informants commented on a plants abundance, its
ecological demands (soil properties, sun/shade preferences) and
172 S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175
Table 3
Plants from wild ora used in veterinary medicine
Botanical taxa and family Local name English name Loc DP QI PU Preparation and usage
Asarum europaeum L.
(Aristolochiaceae)
Kopitnjak Asarabacca 117 III
***
L For worms in calves (leaf boiled in water is
given to bull calves to drink)
Artemisia absinthium L.
(Asteraceae)
Pelin Wormwood 14, 7, 14, 15 III
**
A.p., L Internally for worm infestations. Aerial part
rubbed into the cattles skin is used as a
repellent for ies. Ground fresh leaves mixed
with pig fat, applied to cattles skin
Dryopteris lix-mas L.
(Polypodiaceae)
Navala Male Fern 117 V
***
Tr For intestinal parasites (extract of taproot)
Geranium robertianum L.
(Geraniaceae)
Zdravac,

Ziva trava Herb Robert 317 IV
**
A.p. For guke in pigs (aerial part boiled in water,
given to pigs to drink)
Helleborus odorus W.K.
(Ranunculaceae)
Kukurek Hellebore 117 IV
***
St Put cleansed stem in sick sheeps ear
perforated with a knife, leave until the whole
area surrounding the perforation becomes
torrid; whole treated area falls off, with only
the hole remaining
Hypericum perforatum L.
(Hypericaceae)
Kantarion St Johns wort 117 III
***
A.p. For bloating of cattle and sheep (aerial part
boiled in water is given to sheep and cows to
drink)
Rumex sp. (Polygonaceae) Zelje,

Stavinjak Dock, Sorrel 117 IV
***
Se For diarrhoea (boiled seeds in water given to
hogs to drink)
Sambucus ebulus L.
(Sambucaceae)
Aptovina, Burjan Danewort 117 IV
***
L For snake bites (juice from ground leaf
directly applied to bite)
Teucrium montanum L.
(Lamiaceae)
Trava iva, dup cac Mountain germander 4, 5, 9, 11, 17 III
***
A.p. For foot-rot (tea is taken for washing wounds
on cows)
Thalictrum aquilegifolium
L. (Ranunculaceae)
O cobajka Meadow Rue 517 I
**
Wh.p. Improves appetite in sheep (give tea to sheep
in the case that they are unable to graze)
Ulmus campestris L.
(Ulmaceae)
Brest Common elm 14, 14, 15 II
***
R For neck pains (tea made from ground root
used to anoint cows neck)
Loc, localities where the species is found, denoted with numbers on the map of the area investigated; DP, degree of presence in typical plant communities; QI
(quotation frequency) based on the number spontaneously mentioned:
**
quoted by more than 10% and less than 40% informants;
***
quoted by more than 40%
informants. PU (part(s) used): A.p., aerial part; L, leaf; Se, seed; St, stem; Tr, taproot; Wh.p., whole plant.
its method of reproduction, emphasizing that they prefer to pick
a plant where it is the most numerous.
4.2. The most cited medicinal plants and plants with
lesser-known properties
The majority of the plants were in the highest band on the
quotation frequency index (68.67%), whereas 27.71% of the
plants were cited by less than half of the informants, and only
3.62% were cited by only a few informants. Certain species
recorded in this survey were categorized as a panacea, more
than a medicine and were cited by all informantsHypericum
perforatum, Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, Achillea
millefolium, Thymus serpyllum, Tilia cordata M uller, and Sam-
bucus nigra. Dried parts of these plants were found in every
household, and people had a tendency to make them into teas,
which were consumed just for pleasure and prevention even
when there was no need for a cure. Aside from being the most
frequently cited species, each of them was also said to be a
treatment for more than three ailments. Generally, it was rec-
ommended that they be prepared by scalding the plant parts in
order to preserve the active substances. Besides the fact that
Tilia cordata and Sambucus nigra are not frequently cited in
medicinal literature (although they have been noted in numer-
ous ethnopharmacological studies, in Tucakov, 1997), the uses
reported for the most cited plants completely conform to their
well-known pharmacology proles (Luppold, 1984; Haas, 1996;
Gunes et al., 1999; De Silva and Torres, 2001; Popovi c et
al., 2002; Kubin et al., 2005). However, some of the plants
reported were used for treating ailments other than those known
from literature (i.e. Galium verum is known as an antioxi-
dant, but its sedative properties have not been reported until
now). Furthermore, in this survey we recorded certain species
that have not been used medically (as far as we know), such
as Daphne laureola and Ficaria verna. These reports could
indicate the necessity for further phytotherapeutical research
on plants that have not yet been exploited for their benecial
properties.
4.3. Plants used in veterinary medicine and in human
nourishment
Artemisia absinthium has been used for centuries as a ver-
mifuge (an agent that expels parasites), especially against
S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175 173
Table 4
Plants from wild ora used in human nourishment (culinary use)
Botanical taxa and family Local name English name Loc DP PU Preparation and usage
Allium ursinum L. (Liliaceae) Sremu s Ramsons 717 IV L, Bu Fresh or boiled leaves are used to add taste to
salads, soups, sauces and savoury dishes as a
vegetable. Bulbs are used as a spice for some
dishes, salads and meat
Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae) Dren Cornel tree 1, 2 III Fr Mature fresh fruits are used as food, or used
to make tasty desserts: juice, compote, jelly,
jam
Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae) Leska Hazel 117 III Fr Fruits are eaten and often used for making
cakes
Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae)

Sumska jagoda Wild strawberry 13, 5, 7, 9, 11 III Fr Mature fruits are eaten (rich in Vitamin C),
fresh or made into juices, syrups, compotes,
desserts, preserves called slatko, jam and
cakes
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
(Apiaceae)
Mora c Fennel 117 IV Fl, Fr Dry or fresh umbels are used as a spice in
delicatessen. Seeds lend avour to rice and
other dishes (often added at the end of
cookingbeans, cabbage, etc.) for improved
digestion
Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) Orah Walnut 14 II Fr Fruits are eaten raw and frequently used as
ingredients in various dishes (cakes,
desserts, biscuits). From the unripe shell a
well-known precious brandy is made named
orahova ca as well as fruit preserve. Leaves
and husks yield brown dye used in wool tints
Juniperus communis L.
(Cupressaceae)
Kleka Juniper 517 III Fr Berries are used for making and avouring
the brandy known as klekova ca, also used
for disinfection owing to antibacterial
properties
Malus sylvestris Mill. (Rosaceae) Divljaka, Divlja
jabuka
Crab apple 16, 15 III Fr Fruits are eaten and used for making juices
and also for apple vinegar
Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) Pitoma nana Peppermint 13 II L Leaves are used for avouring savoury
dishes (spices) and tea
Morus alba L. (Moraceae) Beli dud White mulberry 1, 2 II Fr Fruits are eaten fresh. They are a favourite
culinary ingredient because of their sweet
taste (jams, syrup). Fruits are made into tasty
brandy
Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) Crni dud Common mulberry 13 III Fr Fruits are eaten fresh
Prunus avium L. (Rosaceae) Divlja tre snja Cherry 117 IV Fr Fruits are eaten fresh
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.
(Rosaceae)
Vidovka Cherry plum 117 II Fr Fruits are eaten fresh; made into preserves,
jams and juice
Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae) Trnjina, Crni trn Mountain cherry 1, 2 II Fr Astringent fruits used after hoarfrost and rst
frost, fresh or dried
Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) Divlja ru za,

Sipak Dog-rose 117 IV Fr Ripe fruits are used for making aromatic
vitamin tea, preserves and jams
Rubus fruticosus L. (Rosaceae) Kupina, Ostruga Blackberry 117 IV L, Fr Dried leaves are made into tea. Fruits are
eaten raw or cooked and prepared as syrup,
fruit preserve slatko, jams, jellies,
compotes. Also used to avour red wine
Rubus ideus L. (Rosaceae) Planinska malina Raspberry 117 IV L, Fr Leaves are used to make tea. Fresh fruits are
eaten raw, or cooked and made into juices,
syrups, compotes, jams, and slatko
Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae) Zelje,

Stavljak,
Livadsko zelje
Sorrel 117 IV L Fresh young leaves are added to salads,
sauces and soups and used to make a cheese
and egg pie called zeljanik or zeljanica
174 S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175
Table 4 (Continued )
Botanical taxa and family Local name English name Loc DP PU Preparation and usage
Sambucus nigra L.
(Sambucaceae)
Zova Elder 14 IV Fl Fresh owers are made into tasty summer
juices and syrup. Dried owers are made
into tea
Sorbus domestica L. (Rosaceae) Oskoru sa Service tree 13 II Fr Fresh fruits picked after hoarfrost and rst
frost
Taraxacum ofcinale Web.
(Asteraceae)
Masla cak Dandelion 117 IV L Fresh young leaves (before owering) are
eaten in salads or blanched or cooked as a
vegetable pulse and fruit preserve
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) Kopriva Stinging nettle 117 V L Fresh young leaves are cooked as a
spinach-like vegetable, made into soup,
syrup and drinks. Leaves are dried for tea
Vaccinium myrtillus L.
(Ericaceae)
Borovnica Blue berry 317 IV Fr Fresh ripe berries are eaten and made into
jams, slatko, juices and compotes
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
(Ericaceae)
Brusnica Red Whortleberry 17 III Fr The same as Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Loc, localities where the species is found, denoted with numbers on the map of the area investigated; DP, degree of presence in typical plant communities; PU (part(s)
used): Bu, bulb; Fl, owers; Fr, fruits; L, leaf. Recorded plant species are cited by all informants.
roundworms and pinworms. It is extremely bitter due to its
volatile oil, which contains absinthin and thujone. Due to its
extreme potency, even a tiny dose can induce a coma or cause
death in an adult animal. Thus, dried plant material should be
used instead of the essential oil.
Dryopteris lix-mas is one of the most potent remedies for
tapeworms (Taenia saginata, Taenia solidum) and liver uke
(Fasciola hepatica) ever recorded in the history of medicine.
People use the oil extracted from the rhizome of the Male Fern
to treat these intestinal parasites. Filicin and lmarone found
in the oil are toxic to the worms, and oleoresin paralyzes them
and prevents them from attaching to the intestine. This specic
treatment works by paralyzing the muscles of the worm, forc-
ing it to relax its hold on the gut wall. Used internally, a Male
Fern rhizome is so poisonous in high doses that experts do not
recommend its use, advising less toxic treatments instead.
4.4. Plants used for other purposes
Agrimonia eupatoria L. (petrovac)the aerial part of this
plant is also used for rinsing out wooden dishes and buckets used
for preparing and storing milk, cheese and other dairy products.
The young shoots of Salix alba L. (bela vrba) and Salix caprea L.
(gorska vrba) are used for binding grain into sheaves in summer
and cornstalks in autumn, as well as for making different-shaped
and sized baskets for various purposes. The fresh plant Aris-
tolochia clematitis (kokotinja) is often put into bed linen as a
repellent for the human ea and other insects and the husks of
Juglans regia L. fruit (orah) are used to dye wool brown (for knit-
ting clothing). The aerial part of Artemisia annua L. is mainly
used for washing barrels intended for brandy storage (the plant
is put into the barrel, steamed with hot water and left for a while;
the washed barrel then retains the scent of this plant). The com-
plete aerial part of the plant Xeranthemum annum is used to
make household brooms.
5. Conclusion
An ethnobotanical investigation into the usage of wild herbs
on the territory of Kopaonik shows the signicance of medicinal
herbs in the lives of the peasants of this region. The main features
of this survey were the preservation of tradition, the collective
harvesting at specic stages in plants lifecycles, and the high
homogeneity of statements on usage and dosage that informants
provided us with.
In addition, signicant diversity in plant species and their
habitats was recorded in this study, with particular emphasis
on tertiary relict species (six). An analysis of the ecolog-
ical status of the species recorded highlights the fact that
most of them do not fall into the category of endangered
species (some of them are widely dispersed, i.e. ruderals).
A phytosociological analysis was also undertaken, which is
presented through the data on their geographic origin and
abundance in certain plant communities. From the numerous
wild plants recorded that are used in traditional medicine,
a number were poly-functional, and some have unusual or
lesser-known phytotherapeutic uses. This makes Kopaonik an
interesting area from the ethnobotanical point of view, and
could be indicative of the direction further phytotherapeutical
research in the Balkans and Eastern Europe in general should
take.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry for Science
and Environmental Protection of Serbia, grant no. 143025.
The anonymous reviewers gave valuable comments for the
improvement of this paper and are gratefully acknowl-
edged. We thank Jonathan Pendlebury, lector at Belgrade
Universitys Faculty of Philology, for proofreading this
paper.
S. Jari c et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 160175 175
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