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1. Instrument transformers function to both measure primary signals by transforming them into secondary signals, and provide isolation of secondary equipment from high primary voltages.
2. Current transformers and voltage transformers use inductive and capacitive principles respectively to perform this measurement and isolation function, with various accuracy classes defined for different applications such as metering or protection.
3. Instrument transformers require both internal insulation between the primary and secondary components, and external insulation to withstand high voltages, and can be oil-paper or gas insulated depending on the voltage level.
1. Instrument transformers function to both measure primary signals by transforming them into secondary signals, and provide isolation of secondary equipment from high primary voltages.
2. Current transformers and voltage transformers use inductive and capacitive principles respectively to perform this measurement and isolation function, with various accuracy classes defined for different applications such as metering or protection.
3. Instrument transformers require both internal insulation between the primary and secondary components, and external insulation to withstand high voltages, and can be oil-paper or gas insulated depending on the voltage level.
1. Instrument transformers function to both measure primary signals by transforming them into secondary signals, and provide isolation of secondary equipment from high primary voltages.
2. Current transformers and voltage transformers use inductive and capacitive principles respectively to perform this measurement and isolation function, with various accuracy classes defined for different applications such as metering or protection.
3. Instrument transformers require both internal insulation between the primary and secondary components, and external insulation to withstand high voltages, and can be oil-paper or gas insulated depending on the voltage level.
Conference on Electrical Power Equipment Diagnostics Bali, Indonesia
Thomas Prevost Instrument Transformers: Link between primary and secondary equipment Function of an Instrument Transformer Measurement Transform the primary signal into a secondary signal which can be transmitted and measured to secondary equipment. Isolation Isolation of the secondary circuit and equipment from the high voltage of the primary circuit. Measurement Function
Transform the primary signal into a secondary signal which can be transmitted and measured to secondary equipment Transform primary current into secondary current I p = 1000 A I s = 1 A Transform primary voltage into secondary voltage U p = 400/3 kV U s = 110/3 V CT for Measuring and Protection CT for Measuring: High accuracy in the range of rated current Saturation with over current (FS) CT for Protection : 1% accuracy at rated current defined accuracy in high current range (e.g. 5P20 error < 5% for 20 times rated current)
Accuracy for Measuring CT 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 cl. 0.2 cl. 0.2S cl. 0.5 cl. 0.5S Accuracy classes according to IEC 60044 1 class 0.2 - 0.2S and 0.5 - 0.5S Limits of amplitude error
Limits of phase displacement Current in % I N Current in % I N %
m i n
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 cl. 0.2 cl. 0.2S cl. 0.5 cl. 0.5S Accuracy for Protection CT Standard accuracy classes for protection 5P and 10P Definition according to IEC60044 -1 12: Burden in VA (cos = 0.8), Accuracy limit factor (ALF) and accuracy limits
Example: 30 VA 5P20 (max. 5% Error at 20 times rated current) Accuracy for Protection CT Other accuracy classes for protection cores acc. IEC 60044-1: PR: - 5PR and 10PR Accuracy defined as 5P and 10P - low remanence factor K r 10 PX: - defined with knee point voltage E K
and max. excitation current I e at E K
(with increase of voltage E K to E K + 10% max. increase of excitation current 50 %) - max. secondary resistance R CT at 75C
Accuracy for Protection CT Transient requirements according to IEC 60044 6: TPS: defined with knee point voltage and max. excitation current
TPX: max. error during defined breaker cycle no requirements for remanence
TPY: max. error during defined breaker cycle max. remanence 10 %
TPZ: max. Error (only a.c. component) Specified secondary time constant Very low remanence Hysteresis for different CT Definitions B H P, TPS TPX TPY TPZ Remanence points ref Trench Inductance during transient current (TPY cores) t t 1st fault duration t 2nd fault duration t fr
dead time t al permissible time to accuracy limit with air gap without air gap B Saturation threshold ref Trench Accuracy Definition for Voltage Transformers IEC 60044-2 Measuring Voltage Transformers (0.8 1.2 U N ,) Protection Voltage Transformers (0.05 fu U N )
Accuracy of Voltage Transformers Function of an Instrument Transformer Measurement Transform the primary signal into a secondary signal which can be transmitted and measured to secondary equipment. Isolation Isolation of the secondary circuit and equipment from the high voltage of the primary circuit. External Insulation Requirements:
Withstand voltages: A.C. lightning and switching impulse arcing distance Withstand voltage during rain arcing distance, shed profile Pollution requirements Shed form, creepage distance Mechanical requirements Material, sizes Porcelain Insulator Composite Insulator Internal Insulation Insulation between cores and housing Bushing insulation Voltage grading inside the bushing Oil-Paper Insulation:
Paper impregnated with mineral oil Compact design Low aging when hermetically sealed against outside air Maintenance free
SF 6 Insulation:
Gas insulation with overpressure of some bar Some bigger design No aging Pressure monitoring
Conventional Instrument Transformers Inductive principle Current Transformer Oil-Paper Insulation 72.5 kV 550 kV SF 6 Insulation 72.5 kV 800 kV Principle of Current Transformers i2 = x i1 n1 n2 n1 n2 Magnetic core i 1 i 2 Inductive transformer secondary side short circuited i 1 : primary current n 1 :primary turns i 2 : secondary current n 2 : secondary turns Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of Current Transformers R 1 X 1 R Fe R 2 X 2 R B R B X H U 1 U H U 2 I 0 I 2 I 1 I Xh I 1 I FE I 2 U H U 2 I 2 R B I 2 X B I 2 R 2 I 2 X 2
I Principle of Current Transformers Magnetic core with secondary winding to fulfill the measuring task
Internal and external insulation to fulfill the isolation task primary bar insulation metallic shield secondary wires core ref Trench Current Transformer aluminium cap terminals head casing lifting lug external insulator
metallic bellow Cores primary rod high voltage insulation bushing filling oil terminal box (Oil-paper insulated) ref Trench 72.5 550kV High voltage terminal Insulator (Porcelain or composite) Metallic expansion bellows (hermetically sealed) Fine grade bushing active part CT Ground electrode CT measuring cores Oil / paper high voltage insulation design for AIS Current Transformer ref Pfiffner Current Transformer 245 550kV High voltage terminal Composite insulator grading cylinder Secondary connection SF6 gas device incl. monitor SF6 gas insulation design for AIS Current Transformer ref Pfiffner Voltage Transformers Oil-Paper Insulation 72.5 kV 550 kV SF 6 Insulation 72.5 kV 800 kV Principle Voltage Transformers u1, n1 u2, n2 u2 = x u1 n2 n1 insulation Secondary windings iron core Primary winding bushing high voltage High voltage terminal Metallic expansion bellows (hermetically sealed) Insulator (Porcelain or composite) Fine graded bushing HV electrode Primary winding Secondary winding Iron core Oil / paper high voltage insulation design for AIS 36 245kV Conventional measuring devices voltage transformer ref Pfiffner Equivalent Circuit and phasor diagram of Voltage Transformers R 1 X 1 R Fe R 2 X 2 R B X B X H U 1 U H U 2 I 0 I 2 I 1 U 1 U 2 U H I Fe I Xh I 2 I 1 I 2 R B I 2 X B I 2 R 2 I 2 X 2 I 1 R 1 I 1 X 1
U Voltage Transformer Voltage Transformer Type aluminium cap external insulator lifting lug terminal box metallic bellow filling oil bushing high voltage insulation Windings iron core (Oil-paper insulated) ref Trench Gas insulated Voltage Transformers GIF-outdoor voltage transformer HV-electrode GIS-voltage transformer HV-spacer pressure vessel rupture disk LV - winding ref Trench Conventional measuring devices voltage transformer High voltage terminal Composite insulator Grading cylinder HV connection SF6 gas insulation design for AIS Primary winding Secondary winding Iron core Ground electrode HV electrode Type EGF 245 550kV SF6 gas device incl. monitor ref Pfiffner High voltage terminal Metallic expansion bellows (hermetically sealed) Insulator (Porcelain or composite) High voltage capacitor (C-divider) Bushing (tap voltage approx. 8 12 kV) MV VT (EMU) Secondary winding Primary winding Compensating coil 72.5 550kV Oil / paper high voltage insulation design for AIS Conventional measuring devices CVTs ref Pfiffner primary terminal lifting lug head porcelain insulator housing terminal box Housing metallic bellow capacitor intermediate transformer + compensating coil Active part Capacitive Voltage Transformer ref Trench Principle of CVT Active Part Intermediate transformer Compensating coil Secondary windings Secondary windings N Damping impedance and varistor Spark gap NHF High voltage Capacitive divider ref Trench Combined CT/VT Type EJGF 245 550kV Type EJOF 72.5 170kV Current transformer Voltage transformer ref Pfiffner Combined Transformer Type IVOKT high voltage Current transformer active part Voltage transformer active part (Oil-paper insulated) ref Trench Questions