T Ta ab bl le e o of f C Co on nt te en nt ts s

P Pr ri in nc ci ip pl le e 3 3
O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e 3 3
B Ba ac ck kg gr ro ou un nd d 4 4
R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e a an na al ly ys si is s 5 5
I I) ) M Ma as ss s F Fl lo ow w R Ra at te e o of f t th he e R Ra an nk ki in ne e C Cy yc cl le e. . 6 6
I II I) ) W Wo or rk k A An nd d H He ea at t T Tr ra an ns sf fe er r. . 6 6
I II II I) ) T Th he er rm ma al l E Ef ff fi ic ci ie en nc cy y o of f C Cy yc cl le e 9 9
I IV V) ) A Ai ir r - -F Fu ue el l r ra at ti io o a an nd d A Ai ir r E Ex xc ce es ss s 9 9
V V) ) M Ma as ss s f fl lo ow w r ra at te e i in n t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e 1 11 1
V VI I) ) B Bo oi il le er r a an na al ly ys si is s 1 11 1
V VI II I) ) C Co os st t o of f G Ge en ne er ra at ti in ng g S St te ea am m a an nd d E En ne er rg gy y. . 1 14 4
E Ex xp pe er ri im me en nt ta al l S Se et tu up p 1 15 5
P Pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e 1 18 8
E Ex xa am mp pl le e# #1 1: : R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e a an na al ly ys si is s 1 18 8
E Ex xa am mp pl le e# #2 2: : C Co om mb bu us st ti io on n a an na al ly ys si is s o of f t th he e b bo oi il le er r 2 22 2
D Di is sc cu us ss si io on n 2 24 4
R Re ef fe er re en nc ce es s 2 24 4


U Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pu ue er rt to o R Ri ic co o
M Ma ay ya ag g e ez z C Ca am mp pu us s
D De ep pa ar rt tm me en nt t o of f M Me ec ch ha an ni ic ca al l E En ng gi in ne ee er ri in ng g
I IN NM ME E 4 40 03 32 2 - - L LA AB BO OR RA AT TO OR RY Y I II I
S Sp pr ri in ng g 2 20 00 04 4
I In ns st tr ru uc ct to or r: : G Gu ui il ll le er rm mo o A Ar ra ay ya a
E Ex xp pe er ri im me en nt t 4 4: : P Po ow we er rp pl la an nt t a an na al ly ys si is s w wi it th h a a R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e
P Pr ri in nc ci ip pl le e
T Th hi is s e ex xp pe er ri im me en nt t i is s d de es si ig gn ne ed d t to o a ac cq qu ui ir re e e ex xp pe er ri ie en nc ce e o on n t th he e o op pe er ra at ti io on n o of f a a f fu un nc ct ti io on na al l
s st te ea am m t tu ur rb bi in ne e p po ow we er r p pl la an nt t. . A A c co om mp pa ar ri is so on n o of f a a r re ea al l w wo or rl ld d o op pe er ra at ti in ng g c ch ha ar ra ac ct te er ri is st ti ic cs s t to o
t th ha at t o of f t th he e i id de ea al l R Ra an nk ki in ne e p po ow we er r c cy yc cl le e w wi il ll l b be e m ma ad de e. .
O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e
T Th he e o ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e o of f t th hi is s l la ab b i is s t to o a ac cq qu ui ir re e e ex xp pe er ri ie en nc ce e o on n t th he e b ba as si ic c R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e a an nd d t to o
u un nd de er rs st ta an nd d t th he e f fa ac ct to or rs s a an nd d p pa ar ra am me et te er rs s a af ff fe ec ct ti in ng g t th he e e ef ff fi ic ci ie en nc cy y a an nd d c co os st t o of f g ge en ne er ra at ti in ng g
e en ne er rg gy y. . I In n t th hi is s l la ab b, , w we e w wi il ll l d de et te er rm mi in ne e: :
a a) ) M Ma as ss s F Fl lo ow w R Ra at te e o of f a a R Ra an nk ki in ne e C Cy yc cl le e. .
b b) ) T Th he er rm mo od dy yn na am mi ic cs s p pr ro op pe er rt ti ie es s ( (e en nt tr ro op pi ie es s, , e en nt th ha al lp pi ie es s, , q qu ua al li it ty y, , e et tc c) ). . D Dr ra aw w a a
s sc ch he em ma at ti ic c o of f t th he e c cy yc cl le e i in n a a T T- -S S d di ia ag gr ra am m. .
c c) ) W Wo or rk k a an nd d h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r i in n t th he e d di if ff fe er re en nt t s st ta ag ge es s o of f t th he e c cy yc cl le e. .
d d) ) T Th he er rm ma al l e ef ff fi ic ci ie en nc cy y o of f t th he e c cy yc cl le e. .
e e) ) M Ma as ss s f fl lo ow w r ra at te e i in n t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e. .
f f) ) B Bo oi il le er r e ef ff fi ic ci ie en nc cy y
g g) ) A Ai ir r- -F Fu ue el l r ra at ti io o a an nd d a ai ir r e ex xc ce es ss s. .
h h) ) C Co os st t o of f g ge en ne er ra at ti in ng g s st te ea am m a an nd d e en ne er rg gy y. .

B Ba ac ck kg gr ro ou un nd d
T Th he e R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e i is s t th he e m mo os st t c co om mm mo on n o of f a al ll l p po ow we er r g ge en ne er ra at ti io on n c cy yc cl le es s a an nd d i is s
d di ia ag gr ra am mm ma at ti ic ca al ll ly y d de ep pi ic ct te ed d v vi ia a F Fi ig gu ur re es s 1 1 a an nd d 2 2. . T Th he e R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e w wa as s d de ev vi is se ed d t to o m ma ak ke e
u us se e o of f t th he e c ch ha ar ra ac ct te er ri is st ti ic cs s o of f w wa at te er r a as s t th he e w wo or rk ki in ng g f fl lu ui id d. . T Th he e c cy yc cl le e b be eg gi in ns s i in n a a b bo oi il le er r
( (S St ta at te e 4 4 i in n f fi ig gu ur re e 1 1) ), , w wh he er re e t th he e w wa at te er r i is s h he ea at te ed d u un nt ti il l i it t r re ea ac ch he es s s sa at tu ur ra at ti io on n- - i in n a a c co on ns st ta an nt t- -
p pr re es ss su ur re e p pr ro oc ce es ss s. . O On nc ce e s sa at tu ur ra at ti io on n i is s r re ea ac ch he ed d, , f fu ur rt th he er r h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r t ta ak ke es s p pl la ac ce e a at t a a
c co on ns st ta an nt t t te em mp pe er ra at tu ur re e, , u un nt ti il l t th he e w wo or rk ki in ng g f fl lu ui id d r re ea ac ch he es s a a q qu ua al li it ty y o of f 1 10 00 0% % ( (S St ta at te e 1 1) ). . A At t t th hi is s
p po oi in nt t, , t th he e h hi ig gh h- -q qu ua al li it ty y v va ap po or r i is s e ex xp pa an nd de ed d i is so oe en nt tr ro op pi ic ca al ll ly y t th hr ro ou ug gh h a an n a ax xi ia al ll ly y b bl la ad de ed d
t tu ur rb bi in ne e s st ta ag ge e t to o p pr ro od du uc ce e s sh ha af ft t w wo or rk k. . T Th he e s st te ea am m t th he en n e ex xi it ts s t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e a at t S St ta at te e 2 2. .
T Th he e w wo or rk ki in ng g f fl lu ui id d, , a at t S St ta at te e 2 2, , i is s a at t a a l lo ow w- -p pr re es ss su ur re e, , b bu ut t h ha as s a a f fa ai ir rl ly y h hi ig gh h q qu ua al li it ty y, , s so o i it t i is s
r ro ou ut te ed d t th hr ro ou ug gh h a a c co on nd de en ns se er r, , w wh he er re e t th he e s st te ea am m i is s c co on nd de en ns se ed d i in nt to o l li iq qu ui id d ( (S St ta at te e 3 3) ). . F Fi in na al ll ly y, ,
t th he e c cy yc cl le e i is s c co om mp pl le et te ed d v vi ia a t th he e r re et tu ur rn n o of f t th he e l li iq qu ui id d t to o t th he e b bo oi il le er r, , w wh hi ic ch h i is s n no or rm ma al ll ly y
a ac cc co om mp pl li is sh he ed d b by y a a m me ec ch ha an ni ic ca al l p pu um mp p. . F Fi ig gu ur re e 2 2 s sh ho ow ws s a a s sc ch he em ma at ti ic c o of f a a p po ow we er r p pl la an nt t
u un nd de er r a a R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e. .

F Fi ig gu ur re e 1 1: : D Di ia ag gr ra am ms s f fo or r a a s si im mp pl le e i id de ea al l R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e: :
a a) ) P P- -V V d di ia ag gr ra am m, , b b) ) T T- -S S d di ia ag gr ra am m

F Fi ig gu ur re e 2 2: : S Sc ch he em ma at ti ic c o of f a a s si im mp pl le e i id de ea al l R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e

R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e a an na al ly ys si is s
T Th hi is s e ex xp pe er ri im me en nt t h ha as s a an n i im mp po or rt ta an nt t d di if ff fe er re en nc ce e w wi it th h t th he e c cy yc cl le e s sh ho ow wn n i in n F Fi ig gu ur re e 2 2. . T Th he e
d di if ff fe er re en nc ce e i is s t th ha at t t th he er re e i is s n no ot t a a p pu um mp p t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e c cy yc cl le e. . T Th hi is s i is s n no ot t e ex xa ac ct tl ly y a a c cy yc cl le e. .
I In ns st te ea ad d, , i it t i is s a an n o op pe en n s sy ys st te em m. . T Th he e w wa at te er r c cr ro os ss si in ng g t th he e c co on nd de en ns se er r i is s s st to or re ed d i in n a a t ta an nk k a as s
s sh ho ow w i in n F Fi ig gu ur re e 3 3, , b bu ut t t th he e p pr ri in nc ci ip pl le e o of f R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e s st tu ud di ie ed d i in n T Th he er rm mo od dy yn na am mi ic c i is s s st ti il ll l
v va al li id d. .
T Th he e b bo oi il le er r w wi il ll l b be e f fi il ll le ed d w wi it th h w wa at te er r b be ef fo or re e t th he e e ex xp pe er ri im me en nt t a an nd d t th he e e ex xp pe er ri im me en nt t w wi il ll l b be e
e en nd de ed d w wh he en n t th he e w wa at te er r i is s r re ea ac ch he es s t th he e m mi in ni im mu um m l le ev ve el l o of f c co or rr re ec ct t o op pe er ra at ti io on n, , g gi iv ve en n b by y t th he e
m ma an nu uf fa ac ct tu ur re er r. .
A An no ot th he er r i im mp po or rt ta an nt t d di if ff fe er re en nc ce e i is s t th ha at t b be et tw we ee en n t th he e b bo oi il le er r a an nd d t tu ur rb bi in ne e t th he er re e i is s a a v va al lv ve e t th ha at t
g ge en ne er ra at te es s a a t th hr ro ot tt tl li in ng g e ef ff fe ec ct t. . T Th he e t th hr ro ot tt tl li in ng g p pr ro oc ce es ss s i is s a an na al ly yz ze ed d a as s a an n i is se en nt th ha al lp pi ic c
p pr ro oc ce es ss s. . T Th hi is s p ph he en no om me en no on n w wi il ll l b be e a an na al ly yz ze ed d m mo or re e i in n d de et ta ai il l. . A Al ls so o, , t th he e b bo oi il le er r g ge en ne er ra at te es s a a
s su up pe er rh he ea at te ed d v va ap po or r. .

F Fi ig gu ur re e 3 3: : S Sc ch he em ma at ti ic c o of f R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e s st te ea am m t tu ur rb bi in ne e a ap pp pa ar ra at tu us s

I I. . Mass Flow Rate of the Rankine Cycle.
Evaluating the time of operation and volume of consumed water, the mass flow rate can
be measured as:
water
water
water water water
time
q m

&

Here, time is measured with a chronometer for a known volume of water
water
in the
boiler.

I II I. . Work and Heat Transfer
For this analysis, it is assumed that the process is ideal and there are not pressure
losses occurring in the piping, but as has been said previously the boiler generates
superheated vapor and there is a throttling process in the valve. Figure 4 shows the
modified cycle of the plant.
The evaporator, in this case a fire-tube boiler, produces a superheated vapor (Stage1).
Taking a control volume enclosing the boiler tubes and drums, the energy rate balance
gives:
( )
1
]
1

+ +
2 1
2
2
2
1
4 1
2
0 z z g
V V
h h m Q
water in
&
&

neglecting kinetic and potential energy, the energy equation reduce to:
( )
4 1
h h m Q
water in


&
&

Then, vapors pass through the valve, states1-1. For a control volume enclosing the
Figure 4: Real Rankine cycle
valve, the mass and energy rate balance reduces under steady state to:
[ ]
1 1
0

+ h h m Q
water v
&
&

Since there is not work done in the valve and heat transfer
v
Q
&
can be neglected, last
equation reduces to:
1 1
h h
which means that there is an isenthalpic expansion in the valve.
Making a similar analysis for the pump and condenser, the work and heat transfer are:
( )
3 2
h h m Q
water out
&
&
and
( )
3 4
h h m W
water p
&
&

The energy balance for a control volume around the turbine under steady state condition
is:
[ ]
2 1
0

+ h h m W Q
water t cv
&
& &

Neglecting heat transfer
cv
Q
&
to the surrounding, the process in the turbine is assumed
adiabatic and reversible, so isentropic (
1 2
S S ) and the energy equation reduces to:
( )
2 1
h h m W
water t
&
&

Then, knowing that
1 2
S S and also
2
f
S and
2
g
S which could be estimated with the
pressure and temperature at outlet of the turbine, the quality of the vapor can be
calculated as:
2 2
1
2
2
f g
g
S S
S S
x

with
2
x , the enthalpy
2
h is calculated as:
( )
2 2
2
2
2 f g g
h h x h h

where
2
f
h and
2
g
h are calculated with the outlet temperature. It is important to
emphasize that the valve generates entropy from state 1 to the state1 . Without the
expansion valve the cycle would be close to an isentropic expansion 2 1 in the
turbine. All parameters
1
h ,
1
h ,
1
S ,
1
S ,
1
S ,
B
h and
4
S can be determined from
temperatures and pressures at each stage.
I II II I. . Thermal Efficiency of Cycle
The net work of the cycle is defined by the difference between the turbine work and the
pump work:
( ) ( )
3 4 2 1
h h m h h m W W W
water water p t cycle


& &
& & &

If the pump work is neglected, the net work of the cycle reduces to:
( )
2 1
h h m W
water cycle
&
&

Then the thermal efficiency of this system is defined by the rate between the net work
and heat transfer from the boiler:
( )
( )
4 1
2 1
h h
h h
Q
W
in
t

&

I IV V. . Air -Fuel ratio and Air Excess.
The chemical composition of the gases at the outlet of boiler is:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) O H M N G NO F O D NO C CO B CO A
water 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + +

at the inlet, there are dry air and fuel (butane):
[ ] [ ]
10 4 2 2
76 . 3 H C M N O M
fuel air
+ +

Then, making a balance between inlet and outlet:
[ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O H M N G
NO F O D NO C CO B CO A H C M N O M
water
fuel air
2 2
2 2 2 10 4 2 2
76 . 3
+ +
+ + + + + +

so,
4
B A
M
fuel
+

76 . 3
2G F C
M
air
+ +

5
fuel
water
M
M

Where the coefficients (A, B, C, D, F, G and M
i
) are the molar mass necessary to
balance the equation. Then the air excess is:
100
) (ideal M
M
E
air
air
air


the ) (ideal M
air
is the molar mass of air when the chemical reaction is complete, and
there is not formation of water and intermediate compounds:
[ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) O H M N G CO A H C N O ideal M
water air 2 2 2 10 4 2 2
76 . 3 ) ( + + + +
Balancing this equation:
2
13
) ( ideal M
air
, 44 . 24 G , 4 A and 5
water
M , which is:
[ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) O H N CO H C N O
2 2 2 10 4 2 2
5 44 . 24 4 76 . 3
2
13
+ + + +

Then, the Air-Fuel ratio is defined by:
fuel fuel
air air
P M
P M
AF

Where
air
P and
fuel
P are the atomic weight of air and combustible, respectively. The
29
air
P kg/Kmol and the 12 . 58 10 4 +
H c fuel
P P P kg/Kmol.
V V. . Mass flow rate in the turbine
From the generated amperage and voltage:
VI W
t

&

so, the mass flow rate in the turbine is:
( )
2 1

h h
VI
m
t

&

Where
t
is the efficiency of the turbine. Here, we will assume this efficiency equal to
one.
V VI I. . Boiler analysis
From the chemical equation of combustion, balanced in term of moles:
[ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O H M N G
NO F O D NO C CO B CO A H C mass N 76 . 3 O mass
2 2
2 2 2 10 4 comb 2 2 air
+ +
+ + + + + +

the first law of thermodynamics for a volume enclosing the boiler is:
( ) ( )

+
P
comb
R
mh Q mh

where

R
and

P
are the sum for each reactants and products of combustion.
Remember that
i i i
M n m , where
i
m is mass,
i
n is number of moles and
i
M is the
molar mass of the i-th component. Last equation is written in the form:
( ) ( )

+
P
comb
R
nMh Q nMh

Here, h is the enthalpy of reactants and products at the temperature of inlet and outlet
of the boiler. They could be found in the table of enthalpies of formation.



Figure 5: Enthalpy of formation
A An no ot th he er r f fo or rm m t to o w wr ri it te e t th he e f fi ir rs st t l la aw w i is s: :
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]

+ + +
P
f comb
R
f
h h nM Q h h nM
0 0

w wh he er re e
0
f
h i is s t th he e e en nt th ha al lp py y o of f r re ea ac ct ta an nt ts s a an nd d p pr ro od du uc ct ts s, , r re es sp pe ec ct ti iv ve el ly y, , a at t t th he e s st ta an nd da ar rd d
t te em mp pe er ra at tu ur re e a an nd d p pr re es ss su ur re e. . R Re ea ar rr ra an ng gi in ng g: :
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]


+
+ +
R P R
f
P
f
R
f
P
f comb
h nM h nM h nM h nM
h h nM h h nM Q
0 0
0 0

T Th he e f fi ir rs st t t tw wo o t te er rm ms s a ar re e t th he e e en nt th ha al lp py y o of f c co om mb bu us st ti io on n ( (
0
PR
h ) ) a at t s st ta an nd da ar rd d t te em mp pe er ra at tu ur re e a an nd d
p pr re es ss su ur re e. .
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]

+
R P
PR comb
h nM h nM h Q
0


T Ta ab bl le e 1 1: : E En nt th ha al lp py y o of f f fo or rm ma at ti io on n, , H HH HV V a an nd d L LH HV V
T Th he e e en nt th ha al lp py y o of f c co om mb bu us st ti io on n a al ls so o i is s c ca al ll le ed d h he ea at ti in ng g v va al lu ue e ( (H HV V) ), , a an nd d t th hi is s i is s n nu um mb be er r
i in nd di ic ca at ti iv ve e t to o t th he e u us se ef fu ul l e en ne er rg gy y c co on nt te en nt t o of f d di if ff fe er re en nt t f fu ue el ls s. . T Th he er re e a ar re e t tw wo o t ty yp pe es s o of f h he ea at ti in ng g
v va al lu ue e: : h hi ig gh he er r h he ea at ti in ng g v va al lu ue e ( (H HH HV V) ) a an nd d t th he e l lo ow we er r h he ea at ti in ng g v va al lu ue e ( (L LH HV V) ). . T Th he e H HH HV V i is s
o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d w wh he en n a al ll l t th he e w wa at te er r f fo or rm me ed d b by y c co om mb bu us st ti io on n i is s a a l li iq qu ui id d. . T Th he e L LH HV V i is s o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d w wh he en n
a al ll l t th he e w wa at te er r f fo or rm me ed d b by y t th he e c co om mb bu us st ti io on n i is s a a v va ap po or r. . F Fo or r t th ha at t H HH HV V i is s m mo or re e t th ha an n L LH HV V ( (s se ee e
T Ta ab bl le e 1 1) ). . F Fo or r c ca al lc cu ul la at ti io on ns s, , w we e w wi il ll l a as ss su um me e t th ha at t w wa at te er r f fo or rm me ed d i is s i in n t th he e l li iq qu ui id d s st ta at te e a an nd d t th he e
H HH HV V w wi il ll l b be e u us se ed d f fo or r
0
PR
h . . N No ow w, , w we e c ca an n c ca al lc cu ul la at te e t th he e e ef ff fi ic ci ie en nc cy y o of f t th he e b bo oi il le er r a as s: :
comb
in
boiler
Q
Q


V VI II I. . Cost of Generating Steam and Energy.
T Th he e m ma as ss s f fl lo ow w o of f f fu ue el l i is s t th he e p pr ro od du uc ct t b be et tw we ee en n t th he e d de en ns si it ty y a an nd d f fu ue el l f fl lo ow w m ma as ss s a an nd d t th he e
t ti im me e o of f o op pe er ra at ti io on n: :
fuel fuel fuel
q m &

w wh he er re e
fuel
i is s t th he e d de en ns si it ty y o of f b bu ut ta an ne e g ga as s a at t a at tm mo os sp ph he er ri ic c p pr re es ss su ur re e. . T Th he en n t th he e c co os st t o of f
g ge en ne er ra at ti in ng g s st te ea am m p pe er r u un ni it t m ma as ss s o of f s st te ea am m i is s: :
water
fuel fuel
m
ice Pr m
t cos STEAM
&
&

w wh he er re e
fuel
ice Pr i is s t th he e p pr ri ic ce e o of f t th he e f fu ue el l. . A Al ls so o i it t i is s p po os ss si ib bl le e t to o d de et te er rm mi in ne e t th he e c co os st t o of f
g ge en ne er ra at ti in ng g e en ne er rg gy y b by y: :
VI
ice Pr m
t cos ENERGY
fuel fuel
&

E Ex xp pe er ri im me en nt ta al l S Se et tu up p
T Th he e e eq qu ui ip pm me en nt t h ha as s a a d da at ta a a ac cq qu ui is si it ti io on n s sy ys st te em m t to o c co ol ll le ec ct t t th he e i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n. . A Al ls so o, , i it t w wi il ll l b be e
n ne ec ce es ss sa ar ry y a a c ch hr ro on no om me et te er r f fo or r e es st ti im ma at ti in ng g t th he e t ti im me e o op pe er ra at ti io on n. . A A v vi ie ew w o of f t th he e r re ea al l e eq qu ui ip pm me en nt t
a an nd d d da at ta a a ac cq qu ui is si it ti io on n s sy ys st te em m i is s s sh ho ow wn n i in n F Fi ig gu ur re e 6 6. .

F Fi ig gu ur re e 6 6: : T Th he e m mi in ni i- -p po ow we er r p pl la an nt t
T Th he e m mi in ni i- -p po ow we er r p pl la an nt t h ha as s a a b bo oi il le er r ( (s se ee e F Fi ig gu ur re e 7 7) ), , w wh hi ic ch h i is s a a d du ua al l- -p pa as ss s, , f fl la am me e t th hr ro ou ug gh h
t tu ub be e t ty yp pe e u un ni it t. . A A b bu ur rn ne er r f fa an n s sp pe ee ed d i is s e el le ec ct tr ro on ni ic ca al ll ly y a ad dj ju us st ta ab bl le e t to o o op pe er ra at te e w wh hi it t a a
m mi in ni im mu um m o of f e ex xc ce es ss s o of f a ai ir r. . A A v vo or rt te ex x d di is sc c, , l lo oc ca at te ed d d do ow wn ns st tr re ea am m o of f t th he e b bo oi il le er r u un ni it t, , m mi ix xe es s
f fu ue el l a an nd d a ai ir r a an nd d s se et ts s u up p a a r ro ot ta ar ry y g ga as s f fl lo ow w t th ha at t r re es su ul lt ts s i in n e ef ff fi ic ci ie en nt t h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r f fr ro om m t th he e
f fl la am me e t tu ub be e t to o t th he e b bo oi il le er rs s w wa at te er r, , ( (s se ee e F Fi ig gu ur re e 8 8) ). .

F Fi ig gu ur re e 7 7: : B Bo oi il le er r

E El le ec ct tr ro om me ec ch ha an ni ic ca al l a an nd d e el le ec ct tr ro on ni ic c b bu ur rn ne er r a an nd d b bo oi il le er r c co on nt tr ro ol ls s a ar re e l lo oc ca at te ed d w wi it th hi in n t th he e f fr ro on nt t
o op pe er ra at to or r p pa an ne el l e en nc cl lo os su ur re e. . A An n A A. .G G. .A A. . c ce er rt ti if fi ie ed d e el le ec ct tr ro on ni ic c i ig gn ni it ti io on n g ga as s v va al lv ve e a an nd d
m mi ic cr ro op pr ro oc ce es ss so or r b ba as se ed d g ga as s i ig gn ni it ti io on n m mo od du ul le e a au ut to om ma at te e a an nd d s su up pe er rv vi is se e f fl la am me e c co on nt tr ro ol l. . A A
t tr ra an ns sd du uc ce er r a as ss si is st ts s i in n r re eg gu ul la at ti in ng g b bo oi il le er r p pr re es ss su ur re e b by y c cy yc cl li in ng g t th he e b bu ur rn ne er r o on n a an nd d o of ff f. . A A
p po op pp pe et t v va al lv ve e, , l lo oc ca at te ed d o on n t to op p o of f t th he e b bo oi il le er r, , s se er rv ve es s a as s a a s sa af fe et ty y v va al lv ve e. . I In n t th he e e ev ve en nt t o of f
c co on nt tr ro ol l m ma al lf fu un nc ct ti io on n, , t th he e p po op pp pe et t v va al lv ve e w wi il ll l o op pe en n a an nd d r re el li ie ev ve e b bo oi il le er r p pr re es ss su ur re e. .

F Fi ig gu ur re e 8 8: : F Fo or rc ce ed d a ai ir r g ga as s b bu ur rn ne ed d
T Th he e o ot th he er r c co om mp po on ne en nt t i is s t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e a an nd d g ge en ne er ra at to or r, , ( (s se ee e F F i ig gu ur re e 9 9) ). . T Th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e c co on ns si is st ts s
o of f t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g m ma aj jo or r c co om mp po on ne en nt ts s: :
1 1. . A A p pr re ec ci is si io on n m ma ac ch hi in ne ed d, , s st ta ai in nl le es ss s s st te ee el l f fr ro on nt t a an nd d r re ea ar r h ho ou us si in ng g. .
2 2. . A A n no oz zz zl le e r ri in ng g a an nd d a a s si in ng gl le e s st ta ag ge e s sh hr ro ou ud de ed d i im mp pu ul ls se e t tu ur rb bi in ne e w wh he ee el l

F Fi ig gu ur re e 9 9: : T Tu ur rb bi in ne e a an nd d G Ge en ne er ra at to or r
T Th he e g ge en ne er ra at to or r i is s a a 4 4- -p po ol le e, , p pe er rm ma an ne en nt t m ma ag gn ne et t, , b br ru us sh hl le es ss s u un ni it t. . T Th he e r ro ot to or r i is s s su up pp po or rt te ed d b by y
p pr re e- -l lo oa ad de ed d p pr re ec ci is si io on n b ba al ll l b be ea ar ri in ng gs s. . T Th he e g ge en ne er ra at to or r i in nc cl lu ud de es s a a f fu ul ll l w wa av ve e, , i in nt te eg gr ra al l r re ec ct ti if fi ie er r
b br ri id dg ge e t th ha at t d de el li iv ve er rs s d di ir re ec ct t c cu ur rr re en nt t t to o t th he e g ge en ne er ra at to or rs s D D. .C C. . t te er rm mi in na al ls s. . T Th he e g ge en ne er ra at to or r
t te er rm mi in na al l b bo oa ar rd d a al ls so o c ca ar rr ri ie es s a a s se et t o of f A AC C o ou ut tp pu ut t t te er rm mi in na al ls s f fo or r e ex xp pe er ri im me en nt ta al l p pr ro oc ce ed du ur re es s
t th ha at t m ma ay y e en nt ta ai il l t th he e u us se e o of f a a t tr ra an ns sf fo or rm me er r, , o or r d de ea al l w wi it th h f fr re eq qu ue en nc cy y r re el la at te ed d t to op pi ic cs s, , r rp pm m
m me ea as su ur re em me en nt t a an nd d o ot th he er r A AC C r re el la at te ed d e ex xp pe er ri im me en nt ts s. .

F Fi ig gu ur re e 1 10 0: : C Co oo ol li in ng g t to ow we er r
F Fi in na al ll ly y, , t th he e c co on nd de en ns se er r t to ow we er rs s o ou ut te er r m ma an nt tl le e i is s f fo or rm me ed d f fr ro om m a a s si in ng gl le e p pi ie ec ce e o of f a al lu um mi in nu um m, ,
( (s se ee e F Fi ig gu ur re e 1 10 0) ). . T Th he e t to ow we er rs s l la ar rg ge e s su ur rf fa ac ce e a ar re ea a a af ff fe ec ct ts s h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r t to o a am mb bi ie en nt t a ai ir r a an nd d
p pr ro ov vi id de es s a a r re ea al li is st ti ic c a ap pp pe ea ar ra an nc ce e. . T Tu ur rb bi in ne e e ex xh ha au us st t s st te ea am m i is s p pi ip pe ed d i in nt to o t th he e b bo ot tt to om m o of f t th he e
t to ow we er r. . T Th he e s st te ea am m i is s k ke ep pt t i in n c cl lo os se e c co on nt ta ac ct t w wi it th h t th he e o ou ut ts si id de e m ma an nt tl le e b by y m me ea an ns s o of f 4 4 b ba af ff fl le es s. .
P Pr ro oc ce ed du ur re e
1 1. . A At t t th he e m mo om me en nt t o of f m ma ak ki in ng g t th he e e ex xp pe er ri im me en nt t, , t th he e s st te ea am m t tu ur rb bi in ne e w wi il ll l b be e o op pe er ra at ti io on na al l i in n
t th he e n no o l lo oa ad d c co on nd di it ti io on n. . S So o, , t th he e f fi ir rs st t s st te ep p i is s t to o s se et t t th he e o of f t th he e m ma ax xi im mu um m l lo oa ad d
a ap pp pl li ie ed d o on n t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e b by y t th he e g ge en ne er ra at to or r. .
2 2. . A Al ll lo ow w t th he e s sy ys st te em m t to o r re ea ac ch h s st te ea ad dy y s st ta at te e, , a an nd d t ta ak ke e r re ea ad di in ng gs s. . T Th he ey y a ar re e: :
a a) ) B Bo oi il le er r t te em mp pe er ra at tu ur re e. .
b b) ) B Bo oi il le er r p pr re es ss su ur re e. .
c c) ) T Tu ur rb bi in ne e i in nl le et t t te em mp pe er ra at tu ur re e. .
d d) ) T Tu ur rb bi in ne e e ex xi it t t te em mp pe er ra at tu ur re e. .
e e) ) T Tu ur rb bi in ne e i in nl le et t p pr re es ss su ur re e. .
f f) ) T Tu ur rb bi in ne e e ex xi it t p pr re es ss su ur re e. .
g g) ) W Wa at te er r f fl lo ow w. .
h h) ) G Ge en ne er ra at to or r a am mp pe er ra ag ge e. .
i i) ) G Ge en ne er ra at to or r v vo ol lt ta ag ge e. .
j j) ) T Ti im me e o op pe er ra at ti io on n. .
k k) ) R Re ep pe ea at t t th he e s st te ep p 2 2) ) f fo or r a an nd d o of f t th he e m ma ax xi im mu um m l lo oa ad d a ap pp pl li ie ed d. .
E Ex xa am mp pl le e # #1 1: : R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e a an na al ly ys si is s
P Pr ro ob bl le em m: :
S St te ea am m i is s t th he e w wo or rk ki in ng g f fl lu ui id d i in n a an n i id de ea al l R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e. . S Sa at tu ur ra at te ed d v va ap po or r e en nt te er rs s t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e
a at t 8 8. .0 0M MP Pa a a an nd d s sa at tu ur ra at te ed d l li iq qu ui id d e ex xi it ts s t th he e c co on nd de en ns se er r a at t a a p pr re es ss su ur re e o of f 0 0. .0 00 08 8M MP Pa a ( (s se ee e
F Fi ig gu ur re e 1 11 1) ). . T Th he e n ne et t p po ow we er r o of f c cy yc cl le e i is s 1 10 00 0M MW W. . D De et te er rm mi in ne e f fo or r t th he e c cy yc cl le e: :
a a) ) T Th he e t th he er rm ma al l e ef ff fi ic ci ie en nc cy y. .
b b) ) T Th he e m ma as ss s f fl lo ow w r ra at te e o of f s st te ea am m. .
c c) ) T Th he e r ra at te e o of f h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r, , i in nt to o t th he e w wo or rk ki in ng g f fl lu ui id d a as s i it t p pa as ss se es s t th hr ro ou ug gh h t th he e b bo oi il le er r. .
d d) ) T Th he e r ra at te e o of f h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r, , f fr ro om m t th he e c co on nd de en ns si in ng g s st te ea am m a as s i it t p pa as ss se es s t th hr ro ou ug gh h t th he e
c co on nd de en ns se er r. .
e e) ) T Th he e m ma as ss s f fl lo ow w r ra at te e o of f c co on nd de en ns se er r c co oo ol li in ng g w wa at te er r, , i if f c co oo ol li in ng g w wa at te er r e en nt te er rs s t th he e
c co on nd de en ns se er r a at t 1 15 5 C C a an nd d e ex xi it ts s a at t 3 35 5 C C. .

F Fi ig gu ur re e 1 11 1: : S Sc ch he em ma at ti ic c o of f t th he e R Ra an nk ki in ne e c cy yc cl le e
S So ol lu ut ti io on n

A As ss su um mp pt ti io on n: :
1 1. . E Ea ac ch h c co om mp po on ne en nt t o of f t th he e c cy yc cl le e i is s a an na al ly yz ze ed d a as s a a c co on nt tr ro ol l v vo ol lu um me e a at t s st te ea ad dy y s st ta at te e. .
2 2. . A Al ll l p pr ro oc ce es ss se es s o of f t th he e w wo or rk ki in ng g f fl lu ui id d a ar re e i in nt te er rn na al ll ly y r re ev ve er rs si ib bl le e. .
3 3. . T Th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e a an nd d p pu um mp p o op pe er ra at te e a ad di ia ab ba at ti ic ca al ll ly y. .
4 4. . K Ki in ne et ti ic c a an nd d p po ot te en nt ti ia al l e en ne er rg gy y e ef ff fe ec ct ts s a ar re e n ne eg gl li ig gi ib bl le e. .
5 5. . S Sa at tu ur ra at te ed d v va ap po or r e en nt te er rs s t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e. . C Co on nd de en ns sa at te e e ex xi it ts s t th he e c co on nd de en ns se er r a as s
s sa at tu ur ra at te ed d l li iq qu ui id d. .
A An na al ly ys si is s: :
T To o b be eg gi in n t th he e a an na al ly ys si is s, , l le et t u us s f fi ix x e ea ac ch h o of f t th he e p pr ri in nc ci ip pa al l s st ta at te es s l lo oc ca at te ed d o on n t th he e
a ac cc co om mp pa an ny yi in ng g s sc ch he em ma at ti ic c a an nd d T T- -s s d di ia ag gr ra am m. . S St ta ar rt ti in ng g a at t t th he e i in nl le et t t to o t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e, , t th he e
p pr re es ss su ur re e i is s 8 8. .0 0M MP Pa a a an nd d t th he e s st te ea am m i is s a a s sa at tu ur ra at te ed d v va ap po or r, , s so o f fr ro om m T Ta ab bl le e A A- -3 3 o of f M Mo or ra an n a an nd d
S Sh ha ap pi ir ro o, , kJ/kg 0 . 2758
1
h a an nd d K - kJ/kg 7432 . 5
1
S
S St ta ag ge e 2 2 i is s f fi ix xe ed d b by y MPa 008 . 0
2
p a an nd d t th he e f fa ac ct t t th ha at t s sp pe ec ci if fi ic c e en nt tr ro op py y i is s c co on ns st ta an nt t f fo or r t th he e
a ad di ia ab ba at ti ic c, , i in nt te er rn na al ll ly y r re ev ve er rs si ib bl le e e ex xp pa an ns si io on n t th hr ro ou ug gh h t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e. . U Us si in ng g l li iq qu ui id d a an nd d s sa at tu ur ra at te ed d
v va ap po or r d da at ta a f fr ro om m T Ta ab bl le e A A- -3 3 o of f M Mo or ra an n a an nd d S Sh ha ap pi ir ro o, , w we e f fi in nd d t th ha at t t th he e q qu ua al li it ty y a at t s st ta ag ge e 2 2 i is s: :
6745 . 0
6361 . 7
5926 . 0 7432 . 5
2
2

f g
f
S S
S S
x

T Th he e e en nt th ha al lp py y i is s t th he en n
kJ/kg 8 . 1794 1 . 2403 ) 6745 . 0 ( 88 . 173
2 2
+ +
fg f
h x h h

S St ta ag ge e 3 3 i is s s sa at tu ur ra at te ed d l li iq qu ui id d a at t 0 0. .0 00 08 8M MP Pa a, , s so o kJ/kg 88 . 173
3
h . . S St ta ag ge e 4 4 i is s f fi ix xe ed d b by y t th he e
b bo oi il le er r p pr re es ss su ur re e
4
p a an nd d t th he e s sp pe ec ci if fi ic c e en nt tr ro op py y
3 4
S S . . T Th he e s sp pe ec ci if fi ic c e en nt th ha al lp py y
4
h c ca an n b be e
f fo ou un nd d b by y i in nt te er rp po ol la at ti io on n i in n t th he e c co om mp pr re es ss se ed d l li iq qu ui id d t ta ab bl le es s. . H Ho ow we ev ve er r, , b be ec ca au us se e l li iq qu ui id d d da at ta a a ar re e
r re el la at ti iv ve el ly y s sp pa ar rs se e, , i it t i is s m mo or re e c co on nv ve en ni ie en nt t t to o s so ol lv ve e
3 4
h h
m
W
p

&
&
f fo or r
4
h , , u us si in ng g
) (
3 4 3
p p
m
W
p

&
&
t to o a ap pp pr ro ox xi im ma at te e t th he e p pu um mp p w wo or rk k. . W Wi it th h t th hi is s a ap pp pr ro oa ac ch h: :
) (
3 4 3 3 3 4
p p h
m
W
h h
p
+ +
&
&

S Su ub bs st ti it tu ut ti in ng g p pr ro op pe er rt ty y v va al lu ue es s f fr ro om m T Ta ab bl le e A A- -3 3 o of f M Mo or ra an n a an nd d S Sh ha ap pi ir ro o: :
kg kJ h
m N
kg kJ
MPa
m N
MPa kg m kg kJ h
/ 94 . 181
10
/ 1
1
/ 10
) 008 . 0 0 . 8 ( ) / 10 0084 . 1 ( / 88 . 173
4
3
2 6
3 3
4

,
_

,
_

+


a a) ) T Th he e n ne et t p po ow we er r d de ev ve el lo op pe ed d b by y t th he e c cy yc cl le e i is s: :
p t net
W W W
& & &


E En ne er rg gy y b ba al la an nc ce e f fo or r a a c co on nt tr ro ol l v vo ol lu um me e a ar ro ou un nd d t th he e t tu ur rb bi in ne e a an nd d p pu um mp p g gi iv ve es s, , r re es sp pe ec ct ti iv ve el ly y
2 1
h h
m
W
t

&
&
a an nd d 3 4
h h
m
W
p

&
&

w wh he er re e m&
i is s t th he e m ma as ss s f fl lo ow w r ra at te e o of f t th he e s st te ea am m. . T Th he e r ra at te e o of f h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r t to o t th he e w wo or rk ki in ng g
f fl lu ui id d a as s i it t p pa as ss se es s t th hr ro ou ug gh h t th he e b bo oi il le er r i is s d de et te er rm mi in ne ed d u us si in ng g a an n e en ne er rg gy y r ra at te e b ba al la an nc ce e a as s: :
4 1
h h
m
Q
in

&
&

t th he e t th he er rm ma al l e ef ff fi ic ci ie en nc cy y i is s t th he en n: :
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) % 1 . 37 371 . 0
/ 94 . 181 0 . 2758
/ 88 . 173 94 . 181 8 . 1794 0 . 2758
4 1
4 1 2 1

kg kJ
kg kJ
h h
h h h h
Q
W W
in
p t
&
& &

b b) ) T Th he e m ma as ss s f fl lo ow w r ra at te e o of f s st te ea am m c ca an n b be e o ob bt ta ai in ne ed d f fr ro om m t th he e e ex xp pr re es ss si io on n f fo or r t th he e n ne et t p po ow we er r
g gi iv ve en n i in n p pa ar rt t a a) ). . T Th hu us s: :
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
h kg
kg kj
h s Mw kW MW
h h h h
W
m
cycle
/ 10 77 . 3
/ 06 . 8 2 . 963
/ 3600 / 10 100
5
3
4 1 2 1

&
&

c c) ) W Wi it th h t th he e e ex xp pr re es ss si io on n f fo or r
in
Q
&
f fr ro om m p pa ar rt t a a) ) a an nd d p pr re ev vi io ou us sl ly y d de et te er rm mi in ne ed d s sp pe ec ci if fi ic c e en nt th ha al lp py y
v va al lu ue es s: :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
MW
h s Mw kW
kg kj h kg
h h m Q
in
77 . 269
/ 3600 / 10
/ 94 . 181 0 . 2758 / 10 77 . 3
3
5
4 1


&
&

d d) ) M Ma as ss s a an nd d e en ne er rg gy y r ra at te e b ba al la an nc ce es s a ap pp pl li ie ed d t to o a a c co on nt tr ro ol l v vo ol lu um me e e en nc cl lo os si in ng g t th he e s st te ea am m s si id de e
s si id de e o of f t th he e c co on nd de en ns se er r g gi iv ve e: :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
MW
h s Mw kW
kg kj h kg
h h m Q
out
75 . 169
/ 3600 / 10
/ 88 . 173 8 . 1794 / 10 77 . 3
3
5
3 2


&
&

A Al lt te er rn na at ti iv ve el ly y, ,
out
Q
&
c ca an n b be e d de et te er rm mi in ne ed d f fr ro om m a an n e en ne er rg gy y r ra at te e b ba al la an nc ce e o on n t th he e o ov ve er ra al ll l
v va ap po or r p po ow we er r p pl la an nt t. . A At t s st te ea ad dy y s st ta at te e, , t th he e n ne et t p po ow we er r d de ev ve el lo op pe ed d e eq qu ua al ls s t th he e n ne et t r ra at te e o of f
h he ea at t t tr ra an ns sf fe er r t to o t th he e p pl la an nt t: :
out in cycle
Q Q W
& & &


t th he en n, ,
MW 77 . 169 MW 100 MW 77 . 269 W Q Q
cycle in out

& & &

e e) ) T Ta ak ki in ng g a a c co on nt tr ro ol l v vo ol lu um me e a ar ro ou un nd d t th he e c co on nd de en ns se er r, , t th he e e en ne er rg gy y r ra at te e b ba al la an nc ce e g gi iv ve es s a at t
s st te ea ad dy y s st ta at te e: :
( ) ( )
3 2 out , cw in , cw
cw cv
0 0
cv
h h m h h m W Q 0 + +


w wh he er re e
cw
m&
i is s t th he e m ma as ss s f fl lo ow w r ra at te e o of f t th he e c co oo ol li in ng g w wa at te er r. . S So ol lv vi in ng g f fo or r
cw
m&
: :
( )
( )
out cw in cw
cw
h h
h h m
m
, ,
3 2

&
&

t th he e n nu um me er ra at to or r i in n t th hi is s e ex xp pr re es ss si io on n i is s e ev va al lu ua at te ed d i in n p pa ar rt t d d) ). . F Fo or r t th he e c co oo ol li in ng g w wa at te er r, ,
) (T h h
f
, , s so o w wi it th h s sa at tu ur ra at te ed d l li iq qu ui id d e en nt th ha al lp py y v va al lu ue e f fr ro om m T Ta ab bl le e A A- -2 2 M Mo or ra an n a an nd d S Sh ha ap pi ir ro o
a at t t th he e e en nt te er ri in ng g a an nd d e ex xi it ti in ng g t te em mp pe er ra at tu ur re es s o of f t th he e c co oo ol li in ng g w wa at te er r: :
( )( )( )
( )
h / kg 10 3 . 7
kg / kJ 99 . 62 68 . 148
h / s 3600 MW / kW 10 MW 75 . 169
m
6
3
cw

&


E Ex xa am mp pl le e # #2 2: : C Co om mb bu us st ti io on n a an na al ly ys si is s o of f t th he e b bo oi il le er r
P Pr ro ob bl le em m: :
F Fi in nd d t th he e u us se ef fu ul l h he ea at t g ge en ne er ra at te ed d b by y t th he e c co om mb bu us st ti io on n o of f
m
lb 1 o of f e et th ha an ne e i in n a a f fu ur rn na ac ce e i in n a a 2 20 0
p pe er rc ce en nt t d de ef fi ic ci ie en nt t a ai ir r i if f t th he e r re ea ac ct ta an nt ts s a ar re e a at t C
0
25 a an nd d t th he e p pr ro od du uc ct ts s a at t 1 15 50 00 0K K. . A As ss su um me e
t th ha at t h hy yd dr ro og ge en n, , b be ei in ng g m mo or re e r re ea ac ct ti iv ve e t th ha an n c ca ar rb bo on n, , s sa at ti is sf fi ie es s i it ts se el lf f f fi ir rs st t w wi it th h t th he e o ox xy yg ge en n i it t
n ne ee ed ds s a an nd d b bu ur rn ns s c co om mp pl le et te el ly y t to o O H
2
. . F Fi iv ve e p pe er rc ce en nt t o of f t th he e h he ea at t o of f c co om mb bu us st ti io on n i is s l lo os st t t to o
t th he e f fu ur rn na ac ce e e ex xt te er ri io or r. .
S So ol lu ut ti io on n
T Th he e s st to oi ic ch hi io om me et tr ri ic c e eq qu ua at ti io on n f fo or r e et th ha an ne e i in n a ai ir r i is s: :
2 2 2 2 2 6 2
16 . 13 3 2 16 . 13 5 . 3 N O H CO N O H C + + + +

( (w wh he er re e t th he er re e a ar re e 3 3. .7 76 6 m mo ol l
2 2
O / mol N i in n a at tm mo os sp ph he er ri ic c a ai ir r, , t th hu us s 1 13 3. .1 16 6= =3 3. .5 5x x3 3. .7 76 6) ). . W Wi it th h 2 20 0
p pe er rc ce en nt t d de ef fi ic ci ie en nt t a ai ir r m mu ul lt ti ip pl ly y t th he e
2
O a an nd d
2
N mol b by y 0 0. .8 8. .
2
H w wi il ll l b bu ur rn n c co om mp pl le et te el ly y t to o
O H
2
a an nd d C w wi il ll l b bu ur rn n p pa ar rt ti ia al ll ly y t to o
2
CO a an nd d p pa ar rt ti ia al ll ly y CO: :
2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2
528 . 10 3 528 . 10 8 . 2 N O H bCO aCO N O H C + + + + +

c ca ar rb bo on n b ba al la an nc ce e: :
2 + b a
o ox xy yg ge en n b ba al la an nc ce e: :
8 . 2
2
3
2
+ +
b
a
t th hu us s 6 . 0 a , , 4 . 1 b a an nd d t th he e c co om mb bu us st ti io on n e eq qu ua at ti io on n i is s: :
2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2
528 . 10 3 4 . 1 6 . 0 528 . 10 8 . 2 N O H CO CO N O H C + + + + +

A As s h he er re e i is s n no o w wo or rk k d do on ne e i in n a a f fu ur rn na ac ce e, , t th he e f fi ir rs st t l la aw w o of f t th he er rm mo od dy yn na am mi ic cs s f fo or r s st te ea ad dy y s st ta at te es s
w wr ri it tt te en n a as s: :
( ) ( )


R
C
f
P
K
f
nMh nMh Q
25 1500

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
) H C mol Btu/(lb 4 . 204598
8 . 590 016 . 28 528 . 10 2 . 4626 016 . 18 3
9 . 1100 011 . 28 4 . 1 4 . 3243 011 . 44 6 . 0
6 2
1500

+ +
+

P
K
f
nMh

( ) ) H C mol Btu/(lb 36424 0 0 07 . 30 3 . 1211
6 2
25
+ +

R
C
f
nMh
t th hu us s, ,
( )
6 2
6 2
6 2
H C kj/kg -13007.9 3.32584 -5592.8
) H C Btu/(lb 8 . 5592
070 . 30
6 . 168174
) H C mol Btu/(lb 6 . 168174 36424 4 . 204598 Q

T Th he e u us se ef fu ul l h he ea at t g ge en ne er ra at te ed d b by y t th he e c co om mb bu us st ti io on n i is s: :
6 2 6 2
H C kJ/kg 6 . 12357 ) H C kJ/kg -13007.9 ( 95 . 0 95 . 0 Q Q
useful


D Di is sc cu us ss si io on n
R Re ef fe er re en nc ce es s
M Mo or ra an n, , M M. . J J . . a an nd d S Sh ha ap pi ir ro o, , H H. . N N. ., , 1 19 99 95 5, , F Fu un nd da am me en nt ta al l o of f E En ng gi in ne ee er ri in ng g T Th he er rm mo od dy yn na am mi ic cs s, ,
3 3r rd d e ed di it ti io on n, , J J o oh hn n W Wi il le ey y & & S So on ns s, , I In nc c. ., , N Ne ew w Y Yo or rk k. .
E El l- -W Wa ak ki il l, , M M. .M M. ., , 1 19 98 84 4, , P Po ow we er rp pl la an nt t T Te ec ch hn no ol lo og gy y, , M Mc cG Gr ra aw w- -H Hi il ll l, , I In nc c. ., , N Ne ew w Y Yo or rk k. .