Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
: NYAYU AISYAH
KELAS
: 3 EGA
NIM
No 18
An Illinois bituminous coal is burned in a boiler furnace with air at 78 oF, 92% humidity. The
barometric pressure is 29.40 in.Hg. the furnace gases leave at 553oF. The refuse is
discharged moisture-free, at 440oF. The refuse as analyzed contains 12.2% carbon as coke
and 16.1% moisture. The specific heat of dry refuse is 0.25.
The proximate analysis of coal is :
Fixed Carbon
50.34%
Volatile Matter
30.68
Moisture
9.61
Ash
9.37
100%
73.7%
Hydrogen
4.75
Oxygen
9.23
Nitrogen
1.58
Sulfur
0.55
Corrected Ash
10.19
100%
12.2%
CO
0.2
O2
7.0
N2
80.6
100%
Calculate :
a) total material and energy balances for this process based on 100 lb of coal charged,
neglecting the combustion of sulfur.
b) Percentage excess air used in combustion, based on that required for complete
combustion of all coal charged
c) Dew point of the flue gas
d) Actual volumes in cubic feet at the given condition of temperature, humidity and
pressure of the flue-gases and air supply per 100 lb of coal charged
Answer :
B
O
Air
I
L
Coal
Flue Gas
CO2
12.2%
CO
0.2
O2
7.0
N2
80.6
Refuse
100%
a) Calculate the total material and energy balances for this process based on 100 lb of coal
charged.
Basis : 100 lb of coal charged
Carbon in coal = 73.7 lb
The refuse as analyzed contains :
- Ash
= 9.37%
- Carbon in coke
= 12.2%
Carbon in refuse
= 100%- 12.2%
Weight of refuse
= 10.67 lb
Weight of coke
= 10.67 lb 9.37 lb
= 1.30 lb
Carbon in coke
= (100%-16.1%) x 1.30 lb
= 1.09 lb
Carbon in flue-gas
= 87.8%
= 48.8 lb mol
The weight of flue-gas :
Compound
percentage
(%)
CO2
48.8
0.122
5.95
44
261.80
CO
48.8
0.002
0.097
28
2.72
O2
48.8
0.07
3.42
32
109.44
N2
48.8
0.806
39.33
28
1101.24
Total
48.8
O2 supply
= 21 / 79 x 39.3
air supply
= 100 / 79 x 393
= 49.8 lbmol
= weight of N2 + weight of O2
= 1099.7 lb + 336 lb = 1435.7 lb
RH = 92%
T
= 78oF
from FIG 20 the humidity (H) is 0.0307 lbmol H2O / lb mol dry gas
H2O = 0.0307 x 49.8 = 1.528 lb mol ~ 27.54 lb
H2O as the result of combustion process :
Weight of H2 = 4.75 lb, so the mol of H2 = 2.375 lbmol
H2 + O2
2.375
H2O
2.375
1475.20
Mol of each
compound (lb mol)
Molecular
weight
weight (lb)
percentage
(%)
CO2
5,9536
44
261,9
16.8413
CO
0,0976
28
2,7
0.1736
O2
3,416
32
109,3
7.0285
N2
39,3328
28
1101,3
70.8186
H2O
4,43
18
79,9
5.078
Total
53,23
1555,1
100
Material Balance
INPUT
Component
OUTPUT
mass (lb)
Coal
Dry air
H2O in air
TOTAL
Component
100 Dry flue-gas
1435.7 Refuse
27.54 H2O in flue-gas
1563.3
TOTAL
ENERGY BALANCE
Reference Temperature: 78oF
mass (lb)
1475.2
10.67
79.90
1565.7
= 1,190,000 Btu
b. Enthalpy of coal
c. Enthalpy of dry air
d. Enthalpy of water vapor in the dry air
Heat of evaporation = 18,940 Btu per lb-mol at 78oF
=
=
= 28,940.32 Btu
Total Input
0 Btu
0 Btu
=1,218,940.32 Btu
Output
e. HV of refuse
Weight of carbon in refuse = 1.09 lb
HV = (1.09) (14,490)
15,794.1 Btu
965.64 Btu
f. Enthalpy of refuse :
Weight of refuse = 10.67 lb
Enthalpy
g. Heat of formation of CO :
Mol of CO
= 0.0976 lbmol
Heating value
- Enthalpy of flue-gas:
Compound
mol (lb-mol)
Cp
= 11,882.29 Btu
T (oF)
Q (Btu)
CO2
5.9535
10.05
475
28421
CO
00976
7.08
475
328.23
O2
3.160
7.28
475
11812.53
N2
39.328
7.04
475
131528.88
H2O
4.43
8.28
475
17423.19
TOTAL
18,9513.83
h. Enthalpy of water :
Mol H2O = 42.75 lb + 27.468 lb = 70.218 lb ~ 3.901 lbmol
EnthalpyH2O
i. the heat loss
Total
= 15342.63 Btu
= 985441.83 Btu
= 1,218,940.32 Btu
ENERGY BALANCE
Input
Component
Output
Energy (Btu)
Component
Energy(Btu)
Enthalpy of air
0 Enthalpy of flue-gas
189513.83
Enthalpy of coal
0 Enthalphy of refuse
965.635
Enthalpy of water
vapor
15342.633
11882.29
HV of refuse
15,794.10
Heat loss
985441.83
HV Coal
Total
1218940.32 Total
H2 in coal charged
Total O2 required
= 8.515 lbmol
= 49.716 lbmol
x 1013 x 29.92
492
29.40
= 36709.03 ft3
Volume of air supply (29.40 in Hg. 78oF)
1218940.32
29.40
= 19861.96 ft3
LAMPIRAN
Calculate the cp of each gas :
Where T0 = 78oF ~ 298,55 K and T1 = 553oF~ 562,44 K
Cp CO2 :
= 6,339 + 10,14 x 10-3 (298,55+562,44) + (-3,415 x 10-6) ( (298,55)2 + (298,55)(562,44) + (562,44)2)
2
3
= 8,28
19. Batubara bituminus dibakar dalam sebuah tungku pemanas dengan udara 85 oF dan
dengan kelembaban 90%. Tekanan barometriknya adalah 29,20 in Hg. Gas dari tungku
pemanas keluar pada suhu 572oF. Residu meninggalkan tungku dengan keadaan bebas lengas
pada suhu 520oF dan ketika dianalisa mengandung 23,2% lengas, 12,3% zat terbang dan
41,4% karbon tertambat. Panas spesifik rata-rata dari residu adalah 0,23.
Analisa Proksimat batubara adalah :
Karbon tertambat
56,34%
Zat terbang
37,75
Lengas
2,97
Abu
2,94
100%
Analisa Ultimat parsil pada basis abu terkoreksi dan lengas bebas adalah :
Karbon
84,43%
Nitrogen
2,00
Sulfur
0,82
Nilai bakar tota, dari batubara adalah 14.139 Btu per lb. Uap kering jenuh pada tekanan
gauge 150 psi diproduksi pada rentang 780 lb per 100 lb batubara diisi. Air diberikan ke
pemanas pada 72oF. Analisa Orsat dari flue gas adalah :
CO2
12,0%
CO
1,2
O2
6,2
N2
80,6
100%
Hitung :
a) Kandungan hidrogen bersih pada batubara dari neraca oksigen, dimana pembakaran
sulfur diabaikan
b) Analisa ulimat lengkap dari batubara
c) Neraca massa lengkap dari proses, berdasarkan 100 lb batubara diisi
d) Neraca energi lengkap dari proses, berdasarkan 100 lb batubara diisi
e) Efisiensi termal dari tungku dan pemanas, berdasarkan nilai bakar total dan nilai
bakar bersih
f) Persen udara berlebih yang digunakan, berdasarkan pembakaran total.
19. Answer :
Udara
Boiler
Steam
Gas 5720C
Batubara
520 0F
Refuse:
22.3 % Moisture
12.3 % VCM
41.4 % FC = 41.4 % X 17.25 lb
= 5.07 lb
24 % Abu
= 2.94 lb
100 %
=12.25 lb
C VM = CBB - CFC
= 84.43 56.34
C VM = 28.09
C = 28.09/37.74 = 0.74
Neraca Karbon:
C Batubara = C refuse + C flue gas
C refuse = C FC + C VCM
= 5,07 + 0,74 = 5,81 lb
C Flue gas = C batubara C refuse
= 84,43-5,81 = 78,62 lb ~ 6,55 lbmol
lb dry gas = 100/13,2 x 6,55 lbmol = 49,62 lbmol
maka berat flue gas :
Komponen
CO2
CO
O2
N2
Total
Mol udara
kering (lbmol)
49,62
49,62
49,62
49,62
Komposisi
(%)
0,12
0,012
0,062
0,806
Mol tiap
komponen
(lbmol)
5,95
0,5954
3,07644
39,99
49,61184
BM
Berat (lb)
44
28
32
28
261,8
16,6712
98,44608
1119,82
1496,11728
x 39,92 lb mol
= 50,53 lb mol
O2
Oksigen balance
Oksigen pada fluegas
Total fluegas
= 49,92
= 5,95 lb mol
O2 pada CO
= 49,92 x 0,062
= 3,07644 lb mol
= 9,323 lbmol x 32
= 298,33 lb
O2 total
= 0,2995 lb mol
= 2 x 1,288 lb mol
= 2576 lbmol
= 5,152 ib
:2,97%
Carbon
:84,43%
N2
:2%
:0,82%
:5,15%
Dari grafik halaman 120 di dapatkan pada RH 90% dan T = 85 F di dapatkan molal humidity
= 0,04 molair/ mol udara bebas
total H2O di udara
= 1465,4 lb
Total output
Abu dalam refuse
Berat refuse
x 2,94 lb = 12,25 lb
H2O
2,575
2,575
Komponen
Mol tiap
komponen (lbmol)
CO2
CO
O2
N2
5,95
0,5954
3,07644
39,99
44
28
32
28
261,8
16,6712
98,44608
1119,82
16,523199
1,05218
6,21330
70,67612
H2O
Total
4,87231
54,4818415
18
87,7016
1584,43888
5,53518
100
Neraca massa
BM
Berat (lb)
Komposisi
(%)
Input
Coal
100 lb
Dry air
1465,41 lb
H2O dalam udara 36,3816 lb
Total
1601,17916 lb
Output
Flue gas
1496,12lb
Refuse
12,25 lb
Water flue gas
87,702 lb
Total
1596,072 lb
ENERGY BALANCE
Reference Temperature: 85oF
Basis: 100 lb coal charged
Input
a. HV of coal
= 100 lb x 14139Btu/lb
= 1,413,900 Btu
j. Enthalpy of coal
k. Enthalpy of dry air
l. Enthalpy of water vapor in the dry air
Heat of evaporation = 18,940 Btu per lb-mol at 85oF
=
=
Enthalpy = (2.0212)(18,940)
= 38,281.53 Btu
Total Input
0 Btu
0 Btu
=1,452,181.53 Btu
Output
m. HV of refuse
Weight of carbon in refuse = 5.81 lb
HV = (5.81) (14,490)
84,186.9 Btu
1,225.61 Btu
n. Enthalpy of refuse :
Weight of refuse = 12.25 lb
Enthalpy
o. Heat of formation of CO :
Mol of CO
= 0.5954 lbmol
Heating value
-
Enthalpy of flue-gas:
Compound
mol
= 72,486.85 Btu
cp
CO2
5,95
10
435
25882,5
CO
0,595
7,06
435
1827,3045
O2
3,076
7,25
435
9700,935
N2
39,99
7,03
435
122291,4195
H2O
4,872
8,26
435
17505,5832
TOTAL
177207,7422
p. Enthalpy of water :
Mol H2O = 4.5962 lbmol
EnthalpyH2O
= 16,514.61 Btu
Enthaply of steam = m x hg
= (780 lb) (1196.45 Btu/lb)
= 933,231 Btu
Enthalpy of BFW = m x hf
= (780 lb) (338,75 Btu/lb)
= 264,225 Btu
= 31,270.2 Btu
= enthalpy steam enthalpy feed water
= 933,231 Btu 31,270.2 Btu
= 901,960.8 Btu
r. heat loss
Total
= 198,595.297 Btu
= 1,452,181.53 Btu
ENERGY BALANCE
INPUT
Component
HV coal
OUTPUT
energy
Component
1413900 HV refuse
Energy
84186,9
0 Enthalpy refuse
1225,613
0 Heat of formation
72486,85
177211,46
Enthalpy of water
16514,61
901960,8
Heat loss
1452181,5
3 TOTAL
TOTAL
198595,297
1452181,53
5.95
CO
0.5954 lbmol
O2
3.0764 lbmol
H2O
4.8723 lbmol
C
lbmol
O2
CO2
5.95 lbmol
C
O2
CO2
0.2975 lbmol
H2
5.95 lbmol
O2
0.5954 lbmol
H2O
2.436 lbmol
4.8723 lbmol
O2 required
Air required
Air supply
= 50.53 lbmol
Excess air