AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY SECTOR

Contributed 4% of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 1995 but about

50% of methane and 70% of nitrous oxide

Conservation agriculture needs to be implemented it is a concept for
resource-saving agricultural crop production that strives to achieve
acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while
concurrently conserving the environment.

Forests have a vital role to play in the fight against global warming. Forests
absorb and store carbon in their trees and soil. But if forests are cleared or
disturbed, this carbon is released as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases. Up to a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions come from
deforestation and forest degradation Reforestation is the natural or
intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been
depleted, usually through deforestation Reforestation can be used to
improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from
the air, rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global
warming since forests facilitate bio sequestration of atmospheric carbon
dioxide.

ENERGY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR
Contributed 38 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 1995

Fuel switching replaces inefficient fuels with cleaner and economical
alternatives, such as substituting coal or kerosene for natural gas.
Complimented by modern equipment upgrades, fuel switching is a simple
approach to reducing energy consumption and costs for end-users, while
also curbing carbon emissions Production of biofuel that contains energy
from geologically recent carbon fixation.
Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such
as sunlight, wind, tides, plant growth, and geo thermal heat.
Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished
constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from
heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is
electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower,
biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from
renewable resources.
Climate change concerns and the need to reduce carbon emissions are
driving increasing growth in the renewable energy industries. Low-carbon
renewable energy replaces conventional fossil fuels in three main
areas: power generation, hot water/space heating, and transport fuels.
Waste Management uses landfill gas as an energy source. Their landfill gas-
to-energy projects create enough energy to power and offsets production of
almost two million tons of coal per year these projects also reduce
greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. This is a good substitute of
natural gas and run the vehicles more efficiently

Recycling is a process to change (waste) materials into new products to
prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of
fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution
(from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the
need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse
gas emissions as compared to plastic production. The recycling rates have
to be increased for better waste management.

Utilization of waste paper as biofuel also helps in sustainable environment.
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called "energy efficiency",
Improvement in the energy efficiency of power plants thus reducing carbon
emissions
Modern energy-efficient technologies, such as plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles, and development of new technologies, such as hydrogen cars, may
reduce the consumption of petroleum and emissions of carbon dioxide
Deregulation of the electric power sector to drive technological progress
BUILDINGS & TRANSPORTATION, INDUSTRY SECTOR
Contributed 31%, 22 % & 43% of global energy emissions in buildings,
transportation and industry sector in1995
Emissions from housing are substantial, and government-supported energy
efficiency programmes can make a difference
New buildings can be constructed using passive solar building design, low-
energy building, or zero-energy building techniques, using renewable
heat sources. Existing buildings can be made more efficient through the use
of insulation, high-efficiency appliances (particularly hot water
heaters and furnaces), double- or triple-glazed gas-filled windows, external
window shades, and building orientation and siting. Renewable heat
sources such as shallow geothermal and passive solar energy reduce the
amount of greenhouse gasses emitted. In addition to designing buildings
which are more energy-efficient to heat, it is possible to design buildings
that are more energy-efficient to cool by using lighter-coloured, more
reflective materials in the development of urban areas (e.g. by painting
roofs white) and planting trees. This saves energy because it cools
buildings and reduces the urban heat island effect thus reducing the use of
air conditioning
GEOENGINEERING
Climate engineering also referred to as geo engineering, is the deliberate
and large-scale intervention in the Earths climatic system with the aim of
reducing global warming. Climate engineering has two categories of
technologies- carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management.
Carbon dioxide removal addresses a cause of climate change by removing
one of the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Solar radiation
management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing
the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.
Solar radiation management methods may include:
Surface-based (land or ocean albedo modification); e.g. cool roofusing
pale-coloured roofing and paving materials.
Troposphere-based, for example cloud whitening using fine sea
water spray to whiten clouds and thus increase cloud reflectivity.
Upper atmosphere-based: creating reflective aerosols, such
as stratospheric sulphate aerosols, aluminium oxide particles, even
specifically designed self-levitating aerosols
Space-based: space sunshadeobstructing solar radiation with space-
based mirrors, asteroid dust, etc.

Carbon dioxide removal methods include
Creating bio char and mixing it with soil to create terra preta
Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage to sequester carbon and
simultaneously provide energy
Carbon air capture to remove carbon dioxide from ambient air
Planting trees to offset carbon emissions
Ocean nourishment including iron fertilisation of the oceans

SOCIETALCONTROLS
Another method being examined is to make carbon a new currency by
introducing tradable "Personal Carbon Credits". The idea being it will
encourage and motivate individuals to reduce their 'carbon footprint' by
the way they live. Each citizen will receive a free annual quota of carbon
that they can use to travel, buy food, and go about their business
POPULATION
Various organizations promote population control as a means for
mitigating global warming. Proposed measures include improving access
to family planning and reproductive health care and information,
reducing natalistic politics, public education about the consequences of
continued population growth, and improving access of women to education
and economic opportunities.
NEGATIVE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Creating negative carbon dioxide emissions literally removes carbon from
the atmosphere. Examples are direct air capture, bio-char, bio-energy with
carbon capture and storage and enhanced weathering technologies. These
processes are sometimes considered as variations of sinks or
mitigation, and sometimes as geo engineering.