3 Phase Power Basics

Thomas Greer
Executive Director Engineering
Services
TLG Services
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Agenda
Terminology
Basic Electrical Circuits
Basic Power Calculations
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Why This Electricity Stuff?
To Become an Electrical Engineer?
So We Wont Have to Call Our AE?
To Moonlight Teaching at the University?
I Don t Think So!
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Why This Electricity Stuff?
Able to talk the talk
Fundamental
language with
customers,
consultants, and
contractors in this
industry
Improved technical
skills help you to
meet and exceed
the expectations of
your customers
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What You Will Take Home
Understand basic terminology in electrical
circuits and power systems
Able to perform basic power calculations
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Current
The movement of electrons in a circuit. It is the
flow of electricity.
Unit of measure is the ampere abbreviated
AMP or A.
Represented in equations by the letter I.
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Direct Current
Direct Current (DC) - Current flows in one direction
Common DC source - battery
DC Current
Time
Current
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Alternating Current
Alternating Current (AC) - Current flows first in one
direction and then the other, reversing direction
periodically
Common AC source - Commercial Power (AC Generator)
+
-
AC Current
Current
Time
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Voltage
Is the electrical potential or force that causes
current to flow in a circuit.
Unit measure is the volt, abbreviated V.
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Impedance
Impedance is the total opposition a circuit offers to the
flow of electric current
DC circuit impedance include resistance only
AC circuit impedance includes resistance and reactance
Reactance comes from inductors and capacitors
Measured in ohms ()
Represented in equations by the letter Z
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Electric Circuit
Route in which current flows from a power
source to a load and back to the power source.
V
Z
AC Power Source
Switch
Load
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Hydraulic and Electric Circuit Analogy
+ -
Battery developing
electrical pressure
Direction of current
flow
Resistance
(electrical load)
Wire conducting
current flow
Pipe conducting
water flow
Pump generating mechanical pressure
Mechanical Load
Electric Circuit
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Ohms Law
I =
V
Z
I = Current (Amps)
V = Voltage (Volts)
Z = Impedance (Ohms)
V = IZ
Solving for Voltage or
Impedance
V
I
Ohms Law - The current in an electric circuit is directly
proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the circuit impedance.
Z =
or
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Applying Ohms Law
Z=10
V =120VAC
Example: AC circuit with resistive electric heater load of 10 ohms.
I = V/Z
I = 120/10
I = 12A
I = ?
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Are You Still There?
Any Questions?
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AC Waveform - 3 Phase
9
0
1
5
0
2
1
0
2
7
0
3
3
0
1
2
0
1
8
0
2
4
0
3
0
0
3
6
0
A
C
B
One Cycle
Frequency
#Cycles Per Second
Hertz
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Peak and RMS Values
RMS value of an AC current is
equal to the DC current which
will produce the same average
heating effect in a given
resistance
1.0
Peak 1.0 (170V)
0.7
0.9
0.8
RMS 0.707 (120V)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
Irms = .707 Ipeak
Ip = 2 Irms
For Sinewave
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Distorted Sinewave
Voltage Waveformwith distortion caused by load with
switching SCRs
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Harmonics
Used as Building Blocks to Define a non
Sinusoidal Waveform.
Periodic Sinusoidal Components
Multiples of Fundamental
3rd Harmonic of 60Hz Sinewave is 180Hz
Harmonic Distortion - A current or voltage
waveform includes includes non 60Hz
components. Therefore, it is a distorted
sinewave. Most real world 3 phase loads include
harmonic distortion.
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Power
Rate of Doing Work
P=V * I
P = Power (Volt Amperes or Watts)
V = Voltage (Volts)
I = Current (Amperes)
Z = Impedance (Ohms)
Since, V = I * Z , Power can also be expressed as follows:
P = V
2
/Z and P = I
2
Z
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AC Power
Apparent Power
Total power measured in Volt-Amperes or VA.
Obtained from the measured current and voltage.
KVA (Single Phase) = (V * A) / 1000
KVA (Three Phase) = (V
LN
* A * 3) / 1000 or
KVA (Three Phase) = (V
LL
* A * 3) / 1000
Where 3 = 1.732
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AC Power
Real Power
Power which is actually available to do work.
Total power (KVA) includes reactive components due to
inductance and capacitance. Power useful for work is
resistive component only.
Measured in KW (kilowatts)
Must be obtained by measurement with a Wattmeter or
calculated.
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Power Factor
Ratio of Real Power to Apparent Power
PF = KW / KVA
Power Factor is described as leading or lagging
based on whether the current leads or lags the
voltage
For a sinusoidal current and voltage the power factor
equals the cosine of the phase angle between the
current and voltage
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Capacitor
Electrical device that stores electrical energy.
Does not allow instantaneous voltage change
Capacitance - storage capability of capacitor
Measured in farads
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Capacitor
The capacitor current is out of phase with the generated voltage,
and leads the voltage by 90 degrees.
Capacitor voltage and current
+
Voltage
Current
0 90 180 270 360
Time
0
-
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Inductor
Device which stores electrical energy.
Impedes instantaneous change in current.
Inductance - measure of the amount of
interaction between alternating current and
resultant changing electromagnetic fields in a
device.
Unit of measure is henry
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The inductor current is out of phase with the generated voltage, and
lags the voltage by 90 degrees.
Voltage
Current
0 90 180 270 360
Time
0
-
+
Inductor
Inductor voltage and current
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Lead and Lag Power
Factor Components
Single - Phase
Transformer
Three - Phase
Transformer
Choke
Induction Motor
Lagging Power Factor
Leading Power Factor
Capacitor
Filter
Unity Power Factor
Incandescent Lamps
Heaters
PFC Power Supplies
Synchronous Motors
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Efficiency
Efficiency = =
Power out Kw out
Power in
Kw in
110 kVA 100 kva load
Input and output PF must be known as efficiency is a ratio of Kws
EX: PF in = PF out (this case only) = 0.8
Find efficiency.
Efficiency = = .91(100) = 91%
100 (.8)
110 (.8)
Ratio of useful output energy to total useful input energy
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System Efficiencies
Building
Xformer
99%
UPS
90%
Load PS
80%
Stepdown
Xformer
98%
Overall Efficiency = (.99 * .98 * .9 * .8) =70%
Sample System
Overall system efficiency is obtained by multiplying
efficiencies of series components
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Still With Me?
Any Questions?
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Single Phase Systems
220/230/240V - 50 Hz
110/115/120V - 60 Hz
load voltages may be obtained from these systems
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Single Phase Systems
Neutral
Three load voltages may be obtained from this system
1. 120 volt single phase, two wire
2. 240 volt single phase, two wire
3. 120/240 volt sing;e phase, three wire
120V
240V
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Three Phase Systems
380/400/415
480V
220/
N
480V (Line-to-Line)
Delta Connected System
No Neutral
Line-To-Line Voltages Only
480V
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Three Phase Systems
380/400/415
480V
220/230/240
N
277V (Line-to-Neutral)
480V (Line-to-Line)
277V
Wye Connected System
Load voltages obtained from 480V systems
1. 277 volt single phase, two wire (L-N)
2. 480 volt single phase, two wire
3, 480 volt three phase, three wire
4. 480/277 volt three phase, four wire
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Three Phase Systems
380/400/415
208V
220/230/240
N
To find the line-to-neutral voltage if the line-to-line
voltage is 208V
V 208
1.73 1.73
120V
120V (Line-to-Neutral)
208V (Line-to-Line)
120V
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Three Phase Systems
Worldwide Voltages available
60Hz
600/346V (Canada)
480/277V
208/120V
220/127V (Mexico)
50Hz
380/220V
400/230V
415/240V
38
POWER
CALCULATIONS
Putting it All
Together
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Determining kVA of Power Feeder
Service (Single Phase)
KVA = V A
Assume a single phase 120 entrance service
specified at 20 A.
KVA = = 2.4
1000
120 20
1000
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Determining kVA of Power Feeder
Service (Three Phase)
KVA = V A 3
1000

EXAMPLE 2: Assume a 3 phase 208/120

entrance service specified at 200A.
KVA = = 72
75kVA UPS should be selected.
208 200 1.732
1000
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Determining kVA From Power Profile
of Equipment
Simple Addition of KVA Values
EQUIPMENT
VOLTAGE /
PHASE LOAD
1 CPU 208 / 3 Phase .11 KVA
1 Controller 208 / 3 Phase 12 Amps
4 Disc 208 / 1 Phase 6 Amps Each
1 Printer 208 / 1 Phase 5 Amps
6 Terminal 120 / 1 Phase 4 Amps Each
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Determining kVA From Power Profile
of Equipment
EXAMPLE (cont)
EQUIPMENT CALCULATION INDIVIDUAL
CPU None Required KVA = .11
Controller KVA = KVA = 4.3
Disc KVA = KVA = 1.25
Printer KVA = KVA = 1.0
Terminal KVA = KVA = 0.48
P
V A 3
1000
V A
1000
V A
1000
V A
1000

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Determining kVA From Power Profile
of Equipment
EQUIPMENT KVA EACH
TOTAL
KVA LOAD
1 CPU @ .11 0.11
1 Controller @ 4.3 4.3
4 Disc @ 1.25 5.0
1 Printer @ 1.0 1.0
6 Terminal @ 0.48 2.9
Total KVA 24.20
EXAMPLE (cont)
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Determining kVA from Power
Profile of Equipment
A 30kVA UPS could be selected as a minimum
To allow for growth a larger unit should be
selected. This should be discussed with your
customer to determine what size is needed.
Rule of thumb is 20% - 30%
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Determining kVA from Power
Profile of Equipment
Equipment Voltage Load Phase A Phase B Phase C
CPU 208v / 3 Phase 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5
Controller 208v / 3 Phase 12.0A 12.0 12.0 12.0
Disc #1 208v / 1 Phase 6.0A 6.0 6.0
Disc#2 208v / 1 Phase 6.0A 6.0 6.0
Disc #3 208v / 1 Phase 6.0A 6.0 6.0
Disc #4 208v / 1 Phase 6.0A 6.0 6.0
Printer 208v / 1 Phase 5.0A 5.0 5.0
Terminal #1 120v / 1 Phase 4.0A 4.0
Load Calculations by Phase
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Determining kVA from Power
Profile of Equipment
Equipment Voltage Load Phase A Phase B Phase C
Terminal #2 120v / 1 Phase 4.0A 4.0
Terminal #3 120v / 1 Phase 4.0A 4.0
Terminal #4 120v / 1 Phase 4.0A 4.0
Terminal #5 120v / 1 Phase 4.0A 4.0
Terminal #6 120v / 1 Phase 4.0A 4.0
Total Phase Load 68.5 69.5 71.5
Load Calculations by Phase (continue)
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Determining kVA from Power
Profile of Equipment
Calculating the kVA from the most
heavily-loaded phase (phase C):
kVA =
208V 71.5A 3 kVA = 25.8
1000

Load Calculations by Phase (continued)
A 30kVA UPS could be selected as a minimum
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Something to take home
Single phase capacity
V x A = VA
120 x 100 = 12 Kva
Three phase capacity
V x A x 1.73 = VA
208 x 100 x 1.73 = 36 Kva
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Something more to take home
Power factor = Kw / Kva
Kva = Kw / Pf
Must know kVA and kW to properly select UPS size
kW can be determined from PF and kVA
Maximum UPS output at rated power factor
100Kva/80kW unit can be fully loaded at 80Kva if load PF is 1.0
The End