Jordan Ripley 3/10/14 ENC 1102H Annotated Bibliography This annotated bibliography will look at articles related to alcohol

use at college football game-day events such as tailgating, and attempt to answer the question, How do social norms and expectations affect alcohol consumption at college football game-days?

Oster-Aaland, Laura K., and Neighbors, Clayton. The Impact of a Tailgating Policy on Students Drinking Behavior and Perceptions. Journal of American College Health 5.3 (2007): 281-284. SPORTDiscus. Web. 12 March 2014.

Oster-Aaland and Neighbors article The Impact of a Tailgating Policy on Students Drinking Behavior and Perceptions looks at an unnamed Midwestern university, and the impact that a policy regarding alcohol use at tailgating events had. The authors begin by talking about the negative effects alcohol has had and continues to have at colleges in the U.S. They go on to say that although alcohol is commonly linked with athletics and athletics-related events such as tailgating on college campuses, there has been very little research into this topic. They decided to look further into this topic by going to tailgating events of a major university in the Midwest. In 2003, the university had a policy banning alcohol at on-campus tailgates, although this policy was seldom enforced. By the 2004

football season, the policy had been lifted. The authors decided to survey students at this university both before and after the policy change to determine its effects. The survey found that the average number of drinks consumed by students had stayed relatively even. However, the students perceived that more alcohol was being consumed around them. They also believed that the policy change would result in an increase in football attendance, although there was in actuality no change there as well. This article does not talk about social norms too much, but it does touch on another interesting, related topic. It shows that the major power structure of legal policies does not have a significant impact on the drinking habits at college football tailgating events, showing rather that something else (in this case, social expectations and norms) is what really impacts alcohol use.

Lawrence, Shawn A., Hall, Thomas, and Lancey, Patrice. The Relationship among Alcohol Consumption, Tailgating, and Negative Consequences. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 21.3 (2012): 222-237. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 March 2014.

Lawrence, Hall, and Lanceys article The Relationship among Alcohol Consumption, Tailgating, and Negative Consequences is very similar to the Oster-Aaland and Neighbors article before. It opens up talking about problems dealing with binge drinking and drunk driving, especially on college campuses. The article looks at the interpersonal effects of drinking, the risky behavior drinking can cause, and the academic consequences that often arise from student drinking. The authors also look at the tradition

of tailgating, and its ties with alcohol consumption. To further explore the ties between alcohol consumption and tailgating, the authors set up a survey to see if college students who regularly tailgate at college football games more likely to report recent binge drinking and the negative consequences associated with binge drinking. The survey revealed that students who tailgate did, on average, tend to indulge in binge drinking more, and reported more of the negative consequences associated with drinking than their non-tailgating peers. The authors conclude by discussing implications of their findings, and what steps can be taken in the future. Personally, while I feel that this survey accurately found a correlation between binge drinking and tailgating, it never quite found evidence of causation between the two. However, the correlation can be used to show how social expectations with regards to drinking can occur anywhere, including tailgating (since social expectations to drinking at parties, for example, are widely accepted).

Glassman, Tavis, et al. Alcohol-Related Fan Behavior on College Football Game Day. Journal of American College Health 56.3 (2007): 255-260. SPORTDiscus. Web. 12 March 2014.

Glassman, et al.s article Alcohol-Related Fan Behavior on College Football Game Day looks at the drinking patterns of both student and non-student ticket holders before, during, and after a college football game. The authors feel that this subject is important because of the thousands of deaths, assaults, and injuries sustained due to excessive drinking at universities across the country; they feel that the symbolic mixed message

that excessive tailgating sends to students is problematic (pg. 255). However, most university administrations have long been in the favor of keeping alcohol legal at college football games and their related activities, in order to avoid a public backlash and appease donors. In order to study the alcohol consumption at college football game days, the authors surveyed 762 season-ticket holders, both students and non-students, of an undisclosed university. 45% of the respondents admitted to regular alcohol consumption on college games, and these respondents admitted to drinking more at tailgates than at other social events. The survey additionally asked about hypothetical initiatives to reduce drinking at tailgating events, with the data showing that those who drank the most tended to be the least supportive of these initiatives. The authors concluded that the established drinking patterns associated with game day present a significant public health threat and liability risk for universities, and that school officials must be more proactive, implement specific game-day interventions, and evaluate them to determine their effectiveness (pg. 259). While I do agree with the conclusions that the authors made, I feel that conducting the survey voluntarily online may skew the results, as a truly random sample is harder to obtain. This article does help create a sense of importance for my research question. In addition to simply answering the question, I could use information from this article to explain why the question is important.

Abar, Caitlin, Turrisi, Rob, and Abar, Beau. Brief Report: Tailgating as a Unique Context for Parental Modeling on College Student Alcohol Use. Journal of Adolescence 34.5 (2011): 1103-1106. ERIC. Web. 16 March, 2014.

In Abar, Turrisi, and Abars article Brief Report: Tailgating as a Unique Context for Parental Modeling on College Student Alcohol Use, the authors look at the correlation between the alcohol use of students parents and the students themselves at tailgating events. The article begins with a brief introduction into tailgating, and how alcohol plays a large role in its functions. It also talks about how various studies have shown correlations between the drinking habits of college students and their parents; if the parents tended to drink more, then the students tended to drink more. To combine these two together, the authors created a survey that would question freshman students at a major Mid-Atlantic university on their tailgating habits, as well as those of their parents. The results of the survey showed that students whose parents drank alcohol at tailgating events tended to drink more than their peers. The article ends by making the conclusion that student alcohol misuse, especially at college football tailgating, can be predicted by the use of alcohol by their parents. Personally, I really liked this article, since it brought a new perspective to the topic. Rather than just focusing on what students are doing, it looks at reasons as to why they are doing it. In the context of my research question, I could use this source to show how social expectations might come from how students parents behave.

Neighbors, Clayton, et al. Event-and Context- Specific Normative Misperceptions and HighRisk Drinking: 21st Birthday Celebrations and Football Tailgating. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67.2 (0001): 282-289. FRANCIS. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

Neighbors, et al.s article Event-and Context- Specific Normative Misperceptions and High-Risk Drinking: 21st Birthday Celebrations and Football Tailgating looks at the alcohol use of college students at two separate events: 21st birthday parties, and college football tailgating festivities. The authors recognized that alcohol abuse in college students tends to be context- or event-specific, and that the perceptions of what other students drink tends to influence other students; in short, what one believes that others think and do has a profound impact on what one does (Neighbors et al., 2005). For the purpose of this bibliography, only the context-specific drinking at tailgating will be looked at. By sending out a mail survey to various students at North Dakota State University (NDSU), the authors were able to collect data on students perceptions of tailgatingrelated drinking habits and their actual drinking habits. The survey found, interestingly, that students believed that only half of the students who tailgated drunk alcohol, while the actual percentage was 77%. However, students did tend to predictably overestimate the amount of drinks consumed during tailgating. This study really helps back up my research question, since a major purpose of this study is to look at the impact of expectations. I could use the data to show how the expectations of how much is drunk might be influencing behaviors.

Haun, Jolie, et al. Game-Day Survey Results: Looking at Football Fan Alcohol-Related Behaviors. American Journal of Health Education 38.2 (2007): 91-96. ERIC. Web. 6 April 2014. Haun, et al.s article Game-Day Survey Results: Looking at Football Fan AlcoholRelated Behaviors looks at the negative effects of alcohol on college football game-day experiences, and how to combat them. The article begins with a situational exigence, talking about how alcohol is a large problem across college campuses, but how little research has been done on the problem of alcohol at football tailgating events. To make up for this lack of research, the authors conducted a survey to 352 college-student tailgaters. Almost 2/3rds of the students surveyed reported drinking at the tailgating events, with nearly 3/5 of the students drinking being male. However, females who drank tended to report more negative consequences of drinking (hangovers, vomiting, violent behavior, etc.) than males. The survey additionally found that students between the ages of 21-26 drank much more than students under 21 and over 27, and also overestimated how much their peers, on average, drank, showing what the authors consider what may be justification for a social norms intervention. I think the line about social norms really caught my attention, since it fits so well with my research question. The authors also stated that some females who try to keep up or match their male counterparts alcohol consumption are often at risk, and that quote adds an interesting look at gender and social norms.