Está en la página 1de 196

Conceptual Design of Products

Stephane CARO
Institut de Recherche en Communications et Cybernetique de Nantes Nantes, France stephane.caro@irccyn.ec-nantes.fr

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

1 / 109

Outline

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

2 / 109

Outline

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

2 / 109

Outline

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

2 / 109

Outline

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

2 / 109

Outline

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

2 / 109

Introduction

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

3 / 109

Introduction

Introduction

Course Objectives To show how to identify customer needs and to transform it into specications Basic knowledge in product design development Functional analysis and value analysis Interviews and focus group Introduction to Kansei engineering

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

4 / 109

Introduction

Introduction (Contd)

Design is an engineering activity that: affects almost all areas of human life; uses the laws and insights of science; builds upon special experience; and provides the prerequisite for the physical realisation of solution ideas. (Martyrer, 1960)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

5 / 109

Introduction

Introduction (Contd)

Design Process
1 2 3 4

Task denition Conceptual design Embodiment Detailed design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

6 / 109

Introduction

Introduction (Contd)

Design Process
1 2 3 4

Task denition Conceptual design Embodiment Detailed design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

6 / 109

Introduction

Introduction (Contd)

Design Process
1 2 3 4

Task denition Conceptual design Embodiment Detailed design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

6 / 109

Introduction

Introduction (Contd)

Design Process
1 2 3 4

Task denition Conceptual design Embodiment Detailed design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

6 / 109

Introduction

Introduction (Contd)

Conceptual Design A distinct phase 75% of total product life-cycle cost is committed Two sub-phases of the conceptual design
Obtaining a rich solution set Selection of most suitable solutions

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

7 / 109

Introduction

Introduction (Contd)
Cost of Making Changes During Different Phases of the Design Life Cycle

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

8 / 109

Engineering Design

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

9 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Design
References
1

French, M. J. Conceptual Design for Engineers, 3rd ed., 1999 (Springer) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, 2nd ed. Wallace, K.M. (editor); Blessing, L., Bauert, F. and Wallace, K.M. (translators), 1996 (Springer-Verlag, London) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Konstruktionslehre: Grundlage erfolgreicher Produktentwicklung. Methoden und Anwendung, 2005 (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg) Angeles, J., Design Theory and Methodology, MECH593 Lecture Notes, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

10 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Design
References
1

French, M. J. Conceptual Design for Engineers, 3rd ed., 1999 (Springer) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, 2nd ed. Wallace, K.M. (editor); Blessing, L., Bauert, F. and Wallace, K.M. (translators), 1996 (Springer-Verlag, London) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Konstruktionslehre: Grundlage erfolgreicher Produktentwicklung. Methoden und Anwendung, 2005 (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg) Angeles, J., Design Theory and Methodology, MECH593 Lecture Notes, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

10 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Design
References
1

French, M. J. Conceptual Design for Engineers, 3rd ed., 1999 (Springer) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, 2nd ed. Wallace, K.M. (editor); Blessing, L., Bauert, F. and Wallace, K.M. (translators), 1996 (Springer-Verlag, London) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Konstruktionslehre: Grundlage erfolgreicher Produktentwicklung. Methoden und Anwendung, 2005 (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg) Angeles, J., Design Theory and Methodology, MECH593 Lecture Notes, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

10 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Design
References
1

French, M. J. Conceptual Design for Engineers, 3rd ed., 1999 (Springer) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, 2nd ed. Wallace, K.M. (editor); Blessing, L., Bauert, F. and Wallace, K.M. (translators), 1996 (Springer-Verlag, London) Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Konstruktionslehre: Grundlage erfolgreicher Produktentwicklung. Methoden und Anwendung, 2005 (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg) Angeles, J., Design Theory and Methodology, MECH593 Lecture Notes, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

10 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design

Characteristics of an Engineering Science Problem Problem statement is compact and well-posed Problem has a readily identiable closure Solution is unique and compact Problem uses specialized knowledge

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

11 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design

Characteristics of an Engineering Science Problem Problem statement is compact and well-posed Problem has a readily identiable closure Solution is unique and compact Problem uses specialized knowledge

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

11 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design

Characteristics of an Engineering Science Problem Problem statement is compact and well-posed Problem has a readily identiable closure Solution is unique and compact Problem uses specialized knowledge

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

11 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design

Characteristics of an Engineering Science Problem Problem statement is compact and well-posed Problem has a readily identiable closure Solution is unique and compact Problem uses specialized knowledge

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

11 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

According to (Glegg, G., 1970) An engineer is a creative artist. He [sic] creates by arranging in patterns the discoveries of science. A scientist can discover a new star but he [sic] cannot make one. He [sic] would have to ask an engineer to do it for him [sic].

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

12 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

According to (Glegg, G., 1970) An engineer is a creative artist. He [sic] creates by arranging in patterns the discoveries of science. A scientist can discover a new star but he [sic] cannot make one. He [sic] would have to ask an engineer to do it for him [sic].

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

12 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)


Typical Engineering Science Problem Statement A simply supported steel beam with a 10 cm diameter circular cross-section is loaded as shown. Determine the maximum stress and deection.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

13 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

Another Typical Engineering Science Problem Statement How much current is owing through the circuit 0.1 sec after the switch is closed?

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

14 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

Characteristics of an Engineering Design Problem Problem statement is incomplete, ambiguous, and self-contradictory Problem does not have a readily identiable closure Solutions are neither unique nor compact Problem requires integration of knowledge from many elds

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

15 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

Characteristics of an Engineering Design Problem Problem statement is incomplete, ambiguous, and self-contradictory Problem does not have a readily identiable closure Solutions are neither unique nor compact Problem requires integration of knowledge from many elds

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

15 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

Characteristics of an Engineering Design Problem Problem statement is incomplete, ambiguous, and self-contradictory Problem does not have a readily identiable closure Solutions are neither unique nor compact Problem requires integration of knowledge from many elds

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

15 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

Characteristics of an Engineering Design Problem Problem statement is incomplete, ambiguous, and self-contradictory Problem does not have a readily identiable closure Solutions are neither unique nor compact Problem requires integration of knowledge from many elds

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

15 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

Typical Engineering Design Problem Statement Design a system for lifting and moving loads of up to 1500 Kg in a manufacturing facility . The facility has an unobstructed span of 15 m. The lifting system should be inexpensive and satisfy all relevant safety standards.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

16 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)


Topography of Engineering Science and Engineering Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

17 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)


Contemplating Engineering Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

18 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)


Guidance Provided by Design Professor

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

19 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)


Benets of Understanding Engineering Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

20 / 109

Engineering Design

Engineering Science vs Engineering Design (Contd)

Possible Logo for Engineering Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

21 / 109

Engineering Design

Denition of Design

Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences and mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

22 / 109

Engineering Design

Denition of Design

Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences and mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

22 / 109

Engineering Design

Denition of Design

Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences and mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

22 / 109

Engineering Design

Nine Step Model of Design Process


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Recognizing the need Dening the problem Planning the project Gathering information Conceptualizing alternative approaches Evaluating the alternatives Selecting the preferred alternative Detailed design Communicating the design Implementing the preferred design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

23 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 1: Recognizing the Need


Sandra: Jane, we need you to design a stronger bumper for our new passenger car. Jane: Why do we need a stronger bumper? Sandra: Well, our current bumper gets easily damaged in low-speed collisions, such as those that occur in parking lots. Jane: Well, a stronger bumper may be the way to go, but there may be better approaches. For example, what about a more exible bumper that absorbs the impact but then returns to its original shape? Sandra: I never thought of that. I guess I was jumping to conclusions. Lets restate the need as there is too much damage to bumpers in low-speed collisions. That should give you more exibility in exploring alternative design.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 24 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 1: Recognizing the Need


Sandra: Jane, we need you to design a stronger bumper for our new passenger car. Jane: Why do we need a stronger bumper? Sandra: Well, our current bumper gets easily damaged in low-speed collisions, such as those that occur in parking lots. Jane: Well, a stronger bumper may be the way to go, but there may be better approaches. For example, what about a more exible bumper that absorbs the impact but then returns to its original shape? Sandra: I never thought of that. I guess I was jumping to conclusions. Lets restate the need as there is too much damage to bumpers in low-speed collisions. That should give you more exibility in exploring alternative design.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 24 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 1: Recognizing the Need


Sandra: Jane, we need you to design a stronger bumper for our new passenger car. Jane: Why do we need a stronger bumper? Sandra: Well, our current bumper gets easily damaged in low-speed collisions, such as those that occur in parking lots. Jane: Well, a stronger bumper may be the way to go, but there may be better approaches. For example, what about a more exible bumper that absorbs the impact but then returns to its original shape? Sandra: I never thought of that. I guess I was jumping to conclusions. Lets restate the need as there is too much damage to bumpers in low-speed collisions. That should give you more exibility in exploring alternative design.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 24 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 1: Recognizing the Need


Sandra: Jane, we need you to design a stronger bumper for our new passenger car. Jane: Why do we need a stronger bumper? Sandra: Well, our current bumper gets easily damaged in low-speed collisions, such as those that occur in parking lots. Jane: Well, a stronger bumper may be the way to go, but there may be better approaches. For example, what about a more exible bumper that absorbs the impact but then returns to its original shape? Sandra: I never thought of that. I guess I was jumping to conclusions. Lets restate the need as there is too much damage to bumpers in low-speed collisions. That should give you more exibility in exploring alternative design.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 24 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 1: Recognizing the Need


Sandra: Jane, we need you to design a stronger bumper for our new passenger car. Jane: Why do we need a stronger bumper? Sandra: Well, our current bumper gets easily damaged in low-speed collisions, such as those that occur in parking lots. Jane: Well, a stronger bumper may be the way to go, but there may be better approaches. For example, what about a more exible bumper that absorbs the impact but then returns to its original shape? Sandra: I never thought of that. I guess I was jumping to conclusions. Lets restate the need as there is too much damage to bumpers in low-speed collisions. That should give you more exibility in exploring alternative design.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 24 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 3: Planning the Project

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

25 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 5: Conceptualizing alternative approaches


Motivation A ltering methodology at the conceptual stage that would cleverly lter-out less prospective design variants
The aim is to reduce the set of design variants. To come up with a single design solution is too limited

Benet Will cut the development cost and time Challenge To quantify the quality of the design alternatives in the absence of a mathematical model

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

26 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 7: Selecting the Best Alternative

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

27 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 8: Detailed design

Models and Prototypes Rapid Prototyping Production Prototypes Testing

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

28 / 109

Engineering Design

Step 9: Communicating the Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

29 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

30 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Axiomatic Design (AD)

References
1

Suh, N.P. The Principles of Design, 1990 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Suh, N.P. Axiomatic Design. Advances and Applications, 2001 (Oxford University Press, Oxford)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

31 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Axiomatic Design (AD)

References
1

Suh, N.P. The Principles of Design, 1990 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Suh, N.P. Axiomatic Design. Advances and Applications, 2001 (Oxford University Press, Oxford)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

31 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Axiomatic Design (AD)

References
1

Suh, N.P. The Principles of Design, 1990 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Suh, N.P. Axiomatic Design. Advances and Applications, 2001 (Oxford University Press, Oxford)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

31 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Denition of design
mapping process from the functional space to the physical space to satisfy the designer-specied FRs

FRs: Functional Requirements, DPs: Design Parameters


S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 32 / 109

Axiomatic Design

The concept of domains

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

33 / 109

Axiomatic Design

The concept of domains (Contd)


Characteristics of the four domains of the design world for various designs

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

34 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Can the eld of design be scientic?

Motivations of the axiomatic design establish a scientic basis for design and improve design activities by providing the designer with a theoretical foundation based on logical and rational thought processes and tools make human designers more creative reduce the random search process minimize the iterative trial-and-error process determine the best designs among those proposed endow the computer with creative power through the creation of a scientic base for the design eld

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

35 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Can the eld of design be scientic?

Motivations of the axiomatic design establish a scientic basis for design and improve design activities by providing the designer with a theoretical foundation based on logical and rational thought processes and tools make human designers more creative reduce the random search process minimize the iterative trial-and-error process determine the best designs among those proposed endow the computer with creative power through the creation of a scientic base for the design eld

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

35 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Can the eld of design be scientic?

Motivations of the axiomatic design establish a scientic basis for design and improve design activities by providing the designer with a theoretical foundation based on logical and rational thought processes and tools make human designers more creative reduce the random search process minimize the iterative trial-and-error process determine the best designs among those proposed endow the computer with creative power through the creation of a scientic base for the design eld

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

35 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Can the eld of design be scientic?

Motivations of the axiomatic design establish a scientic basis for design and improve design activities by providing the designer with a theoretical foundation based on logical and rational thought processes and tools make human designers more creative reduce the random search process minimize the iterative trial-and-error process determine the best designs among those proposed endow the computer with creative power through the creation of a scientic base for the design eld

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

35 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Can the eld of design be scientic?

Motivations of the axiomatic design establish a scientic basis for design and improve design activities by providing the designer with a theoretical foundation based on logical and rational thought processes and tools make human designers more creative reduce the random search process minimize the iterative trial-and-error process determine the best designs among those proposed endow the computer with creative power through the creation of a scientic base for the design eld

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

35 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Can the eld of design be scientic?

Motivations of the axiomatic design establish a scientic basis for design and improve design activities by providing the designer with a theoretical foundation based on logical and rational thought processes and tools make human designers more creative reduce the random search process minimize the iterative trial-and-error process determine the best designs among those proposed endow the computer with creative power through the creation of a scientic base for the design eld

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

35 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Design Axioms

Axiom 1: The Independence Axiom. Maintain the independence of the functional requirements (FRs). Axiom 2: The Information Axiom. Minimize the information content of the design.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

36 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Design Axioms

Axiom 1: The Independence Axiom. Maintain the independence of the functional requirements (FRs). Axiom 2: The Information Axiom. Minimize the information content of the design.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

36 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Functional Requirements
Beverage Can Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

37 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries

The origin of corollaries

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

38 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries (Contd)
Corollary 1: (Decoupling of Coupled Design) Decouple of separate parts or aspects of a solution if FRs are coupled or become interdependent in the designs proposed. Corollary 2: (Minimization of FRs) Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. Corollary 3: (Integration of Physical Parts) Integrate design features in a single physical part if FRs can be independently satised in the proposed solution. Corollary 4: (Use of Standardization) Use standardized or interchangeable parts if the use of these parts is consistent with the FRs and constraints.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

39 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries (Contd)
Corollary 1: (Decoupling of Coupled Design) Decouple of separate parts or aspects of a solution if FRs are coupled or become interdependent in the designs proposed. Corollary 2: (Minimization of FRs) Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. Corollary 3: (Integration of Physical Parts) Integrate design features in a single physical part if FRs can be independently satised in the proposed solution. Corollary 4: (Use of Standardization) Use standardized or interchangeable parts if the use of these parts is consistent with the FRs and constraints.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

39 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries (Contd)
Corollary 1: (Decoupling of Coupled Design) Decouple of separate parts or aspects of a solution if FRs are coupled or become interdependent in the designs proposed. Corollary 2: (Minimization of FRs) Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. Corollary 3: (Integration of Physical Parts) Integrate design features in a single physical part if FRs can be independently satised in the proposed solution. Corollary 4: (Use of Standardization) Use standardized or interchangeable parts if the use of these parts is consistent with the FRs and constraints.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

39 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries (Contd)
Corollary 1: (Decoupling of Coupled Design) Decouple of separate parts or aspects of a solution if FRs are coupled or become interdependent in the designs proposed. Corollary 2: (Minimization of FRs) Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. Corollary 3: (Integration of Physical Parts) Integrate design features in a single physical part if FRs can be independently satised in the proposed solution. Corollary 4: (Use of Standardization) Use standardized or interchangeable parts if the use of these parts is consistent with the FRs and constraints.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

39 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries (Contd)

Corollary 5: (Use of Symmetry) Use symmetrical shapes and/or arrangements if they are consistent with the FRs and constraints. Corollary 6: (Largest Tolerance) Specify the largest allowable tolerance in stating FRs. Corollary 7: (Uncoupled Design with Less Information) Seek an uncoupled design that requires less information than coupled designs in satisfying a set of FRs.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

40 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries (Contd)

Corollary 5: (Use of Symmetry) Use symmetrical shapes and/or arrangements if they are consistent with the FRs and constraints. Corollary 6: (Largest Tolerance) Specify the largest allowable tolerance in stating FRs. Corollary 7: (Uncoupled Design with Less Information) Seek an uncoupled design that requires less information than coupled designs in satisfying a set of FRs.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

40 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Corollaries (Contd)

Corollary 5: (Use of Symmetry) Use symmetrical shapes and/or arrangements if they are consistent with the FRs and constraints. Corollary 6: (Largest Tolerance) Specify the largest allowable tolerance in stating FRs. Corollary 7: (Uncoupled Design with Less Information) Seek an uncoupled design that requires less information than coupled designs in satisfying a set of FRs.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

40 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Mathematical Representation of Axiom 1


Independence Axiom - a 3-FR Example FR1 0 0 DP1 FR2 = 0 0 DP2 FR3 0 0 DP3 FR1 0 0 DP1 FR2 = 0 DP2 FR3 DP3 FR1 DP1 FR2 = DP2 FR3 DP3

Uncoupled Design Decoupled Design Coupled Design (3) (2) (1)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

41 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Mathematical Representation of Axiom 1


Independence Axiom - a 3-FR Example FR1 0 0 DP1 FR2 = 0 0 DP2 FR3 0 0 DP3 FR1 0 0 DP1 FR2 = 0 DP2 FR3 DP3 FR1 DP1 FR2 = DP2 FR3 DP3

Uncoupled Design Decoupled Design Coupled Design (3) (2) (1)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

41 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Mathematical Representation of Axiom 1


Independence Axiom - a 3-FR Example FR1 0 0 DP1 FR2 = 0 0 DP2 FR3 0 0 DP3 FR1 0 0 DP1 FR2 = 0 DP2 FR3 DP3 FR1 DP1 FR2 = DP2 FR3 DP3

Uncoupled Design Decoupled Design Coupled Design (3) (2) (1)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

41 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Ideal Design, Redundant Design and Coupled Design

Case 1: Number of DPs < Number of FRs: Coupled Design Case 2: Number of DPs > Number of FRs: Redundant Design Case 3: Number of DPs = Number of FRs: Ideal Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

42 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Ideal Design, Redundant Design and Coupled Design

Case 1: Number of DPs < Number of FRs: Coupled Design Case 2: Number of DPs > Number of FRs: Redundant Design Case 3: Number of DPs = Number of FRs: Ideal Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

42 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Ideal Design, Redundant Design and Coupled Design

Case 1: Number of DPs < Number of FRs: Coupled Design Case 2: Number of DPs > Number of FRs: Redundant Design Case 3: Number of DPs = Number of FRs: Ideal Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

42 / 109

Axiomatic Design

The Second Axiom: Minimize Information Axiom

Minimize the information content (I) I = log2 1 p1 p2 pn (4)

pi - probability of satisfying the i th functional requirement

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

43 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1

Cutting a Rod to a Length Suppose we need to cut Rod A to 1 0.000001 m and Rod B to 1 0.1 m.
Which has a higher probability of success? How does the probability of success change if the nominal length of the rod is 30 m rather than 1 m?

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

44 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1

Cutting a Rod to a Length Suppose we need to cut Rod A to 1 0.000001 m and Rod B to 1 0.1 m.
Which has a higher probability of success? How does the probability of success change if the nominal length of the rod is 30 m rather than 1 m?

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

44 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1

Cutting a Rod to a Length Suppose we need to cut Rod A to 1 0.000001 m and Rod B to 1 0.1 m.
Which has a higher probability of success? How does the probability of success change if the nominal length of the rod is 30 m rather than 1 m?

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

44 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)

Solution depends on the cutting equipment available the one that has to be cut within 1 m will be more difcult because the probability of success is smaller the job with the lower prob. of success is more complex the probability of introducing errors increases with the nominal length. P=f tolerance nominal length (5)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

45 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)

Solution depends on the cutting equipment available the one that has to be cut within 1 m will be more difcult because the probability of success is smaller the job with the lower prob. of success is more complex the probability of introducing errors increases with the nominal length. P=f tolerance nominal length (5)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

45 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)

Solution depends on the cutting equipment available the one that has to be cut within 1 m will be more difcult because the probability of success is smaller the job with the lower prob. of success is more complex the probability of introducing errors increases with the nominal length. P=f tolerance nominal length (5)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

45 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)

Solution depends on the cutting equipment available the one that has to be cut within 1 m will be more difcult because the probability of success is smaller the job with the lower prob. of success is more complex the probability of introducing errors increases with the nominal length. P=f tolerance nominal length (5)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

45 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)

Solution depends on the cutting equipment available the one that has to be cut within 1 m will be more difcult because the probability of success is smaller the job with the lower prob. of success is more complex the probability of introducing errors increases with the nominal length. P=f tolerance nominal length (5)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

45 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)
Design range, system range, common range, and system pdf for a functional requirement

I = log2
S. Caro (IRCCyN)

1 Acr
Feb. 11, 2014

(6)
46 / 109

Conceptual Design of Products

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)
Design range, system range, common range, and system pdf for a functional requirement

I = log2
S. Caro (IRCCyN)

1 Acr
Feb. 11, 2014

(6)
46 / 109

Conceptual Design of Products

Axiomatic Design

Example 1 (Contd)

Cutting of the Rod with Hacksaw

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

47 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 2
Refrigerator Door Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

48 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3

Refrigerator Design FR1 Freeze food for long-term preservation. FR2 Maintain food at cold temperature for short-term preservation.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

49 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)

Refrigerator Design FR1 Freeze food for long-term preservation. FR2 Maintain food at cold temperature for short-term preservation. DP1 The freezer section. DP2 The chiller (i.e., refrigerator) section preservation.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

50 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)

Refrigerator Design FR1 Freeze food for long-term preservation. FR2 Maintain food at cold temperature for short-term preservation. DP1 The freezer section. DP2 The chiller (i.e., refrigerator) section preservation.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

50 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)
FR1 FR11 Control the temperature of the freezer section in the range of 18 2 . FR12 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section at the preset temperature. FR13 Control humidity of the freezer section to relative humidity of 50%. FR2 FR21 Control the temperature of the chiller section in the range of 2 to 3 . FR22 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section within 0.5 of the preset temperature.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 51 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)
FR1 FR11 Control the temperature of the freezer section in the range of 18 2 . FR12 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section at the preset temperature. FR13 Control humidity of the freezer section to relative humidity of 50%. FR2 FR21 Control the temperature of the chiller section in the range of 2 to 3 . FR22 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section within 0.5 of the preset temperature.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 51 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)
FR1 FR11 Control the temperature of the freezer section in the range of 18 2 . FR12 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section at the preset temperature. FR13 Control humidity of the freezer section to relative humidity of 50%. DP1 DP11 Sensor/compressor system that turns the compressor on (off) when the air temperature is higher (lower) than the set temperature in the freezer section. DP12 Air circulation system that blows air into the freezer section and circulates it uniformly throughout the freezer section at all times. DP13 Condenser that condenses the moisture in the returned air when its dew point is exceeded.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 52 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)
FR1 FR11 Control the temperature of the freezer section in the range of 18 2 . FR12 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section at the preset temperature. FR13 Control humidity of the freezer section to relative humidity of 50%. DP1 DP11 Sensor/compressor system that turns the compressor on (off) when the air temperature is higher (lower) than the set temperature in the freezer section. DP12 Air circulation system that blows air into the freezer section and circulates it uniformly throughout the freezer section at all times. DP13 Condenser that condenses the moisture in the returned air when its dew point is exceeded.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 52 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)

Design equation 1

FR12 0 0 DP12 FR11 = 0 DP11 FR13 0 DP13

(7)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

53 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)
FR2 FR21 Control the temperature of the chiller section in the range of 2 to 3 . FR22 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section within 0.5 of the preset temperature. DP2 DP11 Sensor/compressor system that turns the compressor on (off) when the air temperature is higher (lower) than the set temperature in the chiller section. DP12 Air circulation system that blows air into the chiller section and circulates it uniformly throughout the freezer section at all times.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 54 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)
FR2 FR21 Control the temperature of the chiller section in the range of 2 to 3 . FR22 Maintain a uniform temperature throughout the freezer section within 0.5 of the preset temperature. DP2 DP11 Sensor/compressor system that turns the compressor on (off) when the air temperature is higher (lower) than the set temperature in the chiller section. DP12 Air circulation system that blows air into the chiller section and circulates it uniformly throughout the freezer section at all times.
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 54 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)

Design equation 2 FR22 FR21 = 0 DP22 DP21 (8)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

55 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 3 (Contd)
Schematic

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

56 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4

Hot and Cold Water Faucet

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

57 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4

Hot and Cold Water Faucet FR1 : Control the water ow rate Q without affecting the water temperature FR2 : Control the temperature T without affecting ow rate

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

58 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4

Hot and Cold Water Faucet FR1 : Control the water ow rate Q without affecting the water temperature FR2 : Control the temperature T without affecting ow rate

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

58 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4

Hot and Cold Water Faucet FR1 : Control the water ow rate Q without affecting the water temperature FR2 : Control the temperature T without affecting ow rate

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

58 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)
A coupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

59 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)
A coupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

Q T

1 2

(9)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

60 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)
A uncoupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

61 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)
A uncoupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

Q T

0 0

1 2

(10)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

62 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)
Another uncoupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

63 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)
Another uncoupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

Q T

0 0

(11)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

64 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)

Another uncoupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

65 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)

Another uncoupled hot water (HW) and cold water (CW) faucet

Q T

0 0

X Y

(12)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

66 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)

Implication of the Information Axiom

Q T

0 0

(13)

only one moving part the information content is lower

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

67 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 4 (Contd)

Implication of the Information Axiom

Q T

0 0

(13)

only one moving part the information content is lower

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

67 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5
Two-degree-of-freedom Robot Arm

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

68 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)
FRs FR1 : The overall stiffness, K (i.e., resistance to deection when the load is applied at the end effector) FR2 : the overall accuracy in positioning the end effector 1 ) FR3 : acceleration of joint 1 ( 2 ) FR4 : acceleration of joint 2 ( DPs DP1 : Stiffness of the motor 1 (torque exerted by the rotor of the motor 1 divided by rotation) = 1 /1 DP2 : Stiffness of the motor 2 (torque exerted by the rotor of the motor 1 divided by rotation) = 2 /2 DP3 : Inertia of arm 1 = (Hij )1 DP4 : Inertia of arm 2 = (Hij )2
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 69 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)
FRs FR1 : The overall stiffness, K (i.e., resistance to deection when the load is applied at the end effector) FR2 : the overall accuracy in positioning the end effector 1 ) FR3 : acceleration of joint 1 ( 2 ) FR4 : acceleration of joint 2 ( DPs DP1 : Stiffness of the motor 1 (torque exerted by the rotor of the motor 1 divided by rotation) = 1 /1 DP2 : Stiffness of the motor 2 (torque exerted by the rotor of the motor 1 divided by rotation) = 2 /2 DP3 : Inertia of arm 1 = (Hij )1 DP4 : Inertia of arm 2 = (Hij )2
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 69 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)
FRs FR1 : The overall stiffness, K (i.e., resistance to deection when the load is applied at the end effector) FR2 : the overall accuracy in positioning the end effector 1 ) FR3 : acceleration of joint 1 ( 2 ) FR4 : acceleration of joint 2 ( DPs DP1 : Stiffness of the motor 1 (torque exerted by the rotor of the motor 1 divided by rotation) = 1 /1 DP2 : Stiffness of the motor 2 (torque exerted by the rotor of the motor 1 divided by rotation) = 2 /2 DP3 : Inertia of arm 1 = (Hij )1 DP4 : Inertia of arm 2 = (Hij )2
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 69 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)

Design equation 1

K 0 0 1 = 2

1 /1 2 /2 (Hij )1 (Hij )2

(14)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

70 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)
Two-degree-of-freedom Robot Arm

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

71 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)
FRs FR1 : The overall stiffness, K FR2 : the overall accuracy in positioning the end effector 1 ) FR3 : acceleration of joint 1 ( 2 ) FR4 : acceleration of joint 2 ( DPs DP1 : Stiffness of the motor 1 = 1 /1 DP2 : Stiffness of the motor 2 = 2 /2 DP3 : Inertia reected on motor 1 DP4 : Inertia reected on motor 2

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

72 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)
FRs FR1 : The overall stiffness, K FR2 : the overall accuracy in positioning the end effector 1 ) FR3 : acceleration of joint 1 ( 2 ) FR4 : acceleration of joint 2 ( DPs DP1 : Stiffness of the motor 1 = 1 /1 DP2 : Stiffness of the motor 2 = 2 /2 DP3 : Inertia reected on motor 1 DP4 : Inertia reected on motor 2

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

72 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)
FRs FR1 : The overall stiffness, K FR2 : the overall accuracy in positioning the end effector 1 ) FR3 : acceleration of joint 1 ( 2 ) FR4 : acceleration of joint 2 ( DPs DP1 : Stiffness of the motor 1 = 1 /1 DP2 : Stiffness of the motor 2 = 2 /2 DP3 : Inertia reected on motor 1 DP4 : Inertia reected on motor 2

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

72 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 5 (Contd)

Design equation 2 FR1 FR2 FR3 FR4

0 0 DP1 0 0 DP2 = 0 0 DP3 0 0 DP4

(15)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

73 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 6
Buying a House

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

74 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 6 (Contd)

Probability distribution of commuting time

Probability distribution of the quality of schools

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

75 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Example 6 (Contd)

Conclusions

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

76 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Remarks

Does a smooth nonlinear function exist? Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. The design matrix is more a binary matrix Uncoupled design may lead to weak design, i.e., design matrix with high condition number Do we really need decoupling? What about units? (Semangularity and Reangularity) Functional requirements are usually phrases

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

77 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Remarks

Does a smooth nonlinear function exist? Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. The design matrix is more a binary matrix Uncoupled design may lead to weak design, i.e., design matrix with high condition number Do we really need decoupling? What about units? (Semangularity and Reangularity) Functional requirements are usually phrases

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

77 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Remarks

Does a smooth nonlinear function exist? Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. The design matrix is more a binary matrix Uncoupled design may lead to weak design, i.e., design matrix with high condition number Do we really need decoupling? What about units? (Semangularity and Reangularity) Functional requirements are usually phrases

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

77 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Remarks

Does a smooth nonlinear function exist? Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. The design matrix is more a binary matrix Uncoupled design may lead to weak design, i.e., design matrix with high condition number Do we really need decoupling? What about units? (Semangularity and Reangularity) Functional requirements are usually phrases

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

77 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Remarks

Does a smooth nonlinear function exist? Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. The design matrix is more a binary matrix Uncoupled design may lead to weak design, i.e., design matrix with high condition number Do we really need decoupling? What about units? (Semangularity and Reangularity) Functional requirements are usually phrases

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

77 / 109

Axiomatic Design

Remarks

Does a smooth nonlinear function exist? Minimize the number of FRs and constraints. The design matrix is more a binary matrix Uncoupled design may lead to weak design, i.e., design matrix with high condition number Do we really need decoupling? What about units? (Semangularity and Reangularity) Functional requirements are usually phrases

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

77 / 109

Robust Design

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

78 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design

References
1

Taguchi, G., On Robust Technology Development. Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream, 1993 (ASME Press, New York) Caro, S., Bennis, F. and Wenger, P., Tolerance Synthesis of Mechanisms: a Robust Design Approach, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 127, pp. 8694 ` de Caro, S., 2004, Conception Robuste de Mecanismes , These de Nantes, Nantes, doctorat, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Universite France

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

79 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design

References
1

Taguchi, G., On Robust Technology Development. Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream, 1993 (ASME Press, New York) Caro, S., Bennis, F. and Wenger, P., Tolerance Synthesis of Mechanisms: a Robust Design Approach, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 127, pp. 8694 ` de Caro, S., 2004, Conception Robuste de Mecanismes , These de Nantes, Nantes, doctorat, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Universite France

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

79 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design

References
1

Taguchi, G., On Robust Technology Development. Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream, 1993 (ASME Press, New York) Caro, S., Bennis, F. and Wenger, P., Tolerance Synthesis of Mechanisms: a Robust Design Approach, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 127, pp. 8694 ` de Caro, S., 2004, Conception Robuste de Mecanismes , These de Nantes, Nantes, doctorat, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Universite France

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

79 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design

References
1

Taguchi, G., On Robust Technology Development. Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream, 1993 (ASME Press, New York) Caro, S., Bennis, F. and Wenger, P., Tolerance Synthesis of Mechanisms: a Robust Design Approach, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 127, pp. 8694 ` de Caro, S., 2004, Conception Robuste de Mecanismes , These de Nantes, Nantes, doctorat, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Universite France

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

79 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design

The roots of poor quality in goods or services are to be found in the sensitivity of these to variations in operation conditions (Taguchi, 78). The design of a mechanism is robust when its performance is as little sensitive to variations in design variables and design environment parameters as possible (Caro, 03).

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

80 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design

The roots of poor quality in goods or services are to be found in the sensitivity of these to variations in operation conditions (Taguchi, 78). The design of a mechanism is robust when its performance is as little sensitive to variations in design variables and design environment parameters as possible (Caro, 03).

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

80 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design (Contd)

Principles due to G. Taguchi (1987): Minimum loss function; minimum sensitivity of the designed object to variations in the design environment.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

81 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design (Contd)

Principles due to G. Taguchi (1987): Minimum loss function; minimum sensitivity of the designed object to variations in the design environment.

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

81 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design (Contd)

Taguchis philosophy is based on two concepts The loss function: measures the quality loss for the customer due to a bad product design; Signal/Noise ratio: measures the sensitivity of the design performance to variations in design environmental parameters. = S = log10 N 2 2 (16)

: mean of the performance function : standard deviation in the performance function

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

82 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design (Contd)

Taguchis philosophy is based on two concepts The loss function: measures the quality loss for the customer due to a bad product design; Signal/Noise ratio: measures the sensitivity of the design performance to variations in design environmental parameters. = S = log10 N 2 2 (16)

: mean of the performance function : standard deviation in the performance function

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

82 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design (Contd)

Taguchis philosophy is based on two concepts The loss function: measures the quality loss for the customer due to a bad product design; Signal/Noise ratio: measures the sensitivity of the design performance to variations in design environmental parameters. = S = log10 N 2 2 (16)

: mean of the performance function : standard deviation in the performance function

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

82 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design (Contd)

Taguchis philosophy is based on two concepts The loss function: measures the quality loss for the customer due to a bad product design; Signal/Noise ratio: measures the sensitivity of the design performance to variations in design environmental parameters. = S = log10 N 2 2 (16)

: mean of the performance function : standard deviation in the performance function

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

82 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design (Contd)

Taguchis philosophy is based on two concepts The loss function: measures the quality loss for the customer due to a bad product design; Signal/Noise ratio: measures the sensitivity of the design performance to variations in design environmental parameters. = S = log10 N 2 2 (16)

: mean of the performance function : standard deviation in the performance function

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

82 / 109

Robust Design

Taguchis Example

Quality levels of Sony color TV sets made in Japan and San Diego

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

83 / 109

Robust Design

Example (Contd)

Process capability index Cp = Tolerance 6 Standard deviation Cp (Japan) Cp (San Diego) = 1 = 0.577 (17)

(18) (19)

Tolerance 6
Tolerance 12

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

84 / 109

Robust Design

Example (Contd)

Process capability index Cp = Tolerance 6 Standard deviation Cp (Japan) Cp (San Diego) = 1 = 0.577 (17)

(18) (19)

Tolerance 6
Tolerance 12

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

84 / 109

Robust Design

Example (Contd)

Process capability index Cp = Tolerance 6 Standard deviation Cp (Japan) Cp (San Diego) = 1 = 0.577 (17)

(18) (19)

Tolerance 6
Tolerance 12

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

84 / 109

Robust Design

When an objective characteristic y deviates from its target value m, some nancial loss will occur. Loss function y m L(y ) = L(m) = 0 L (m) = 0 by means of a Taylor series expansion of L around m L(y ) = L(m) + L (m) L (m) (y m) + (y m)2 + 1! 2! L (m ) (y m)2 + 2! (22) (23) (20) (21)

L(y ) =

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

85 / 109

Robust Design

When an objective characteristic y deviates from its target value m, some nancial loss will occur. Loss function y m L(y ) = L(m) = 0 L (m) = 0 by means of a Taylor series expansion of L around m L(y ) = L(m) + L (m) L (m) (y m) + (y m)2 + 1! 2! L (m ) (y m)2 + 2! (22) (23) (20) (21)

L(y ) =

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

85 / 109

Robust Design

When an objective characteristic y deviates from its target value m, some nancial loss will occur. Loss function y m L(y ) = L(m) = 0 L (m) = 0 by means of a Taylor series expansion of L around m L(y ) = L(m) + L (m) L (m) (y m) + (y m)2 + 1! 2! L (m ) (y m)2 + 2! (22) (23) (20) (21)

L(y ) =

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

85 / 109

Robust Design

When an objective characteristic y deviates from its target value m, some nancial loss will occur. Loss function y m L(y ) = L(m) = 0 L (m) = 0 by means of a Taylor series expansion of L around m L(y ) = L(m) + L (m) L (m) (y m) + (y m)2 + 1! 2! L (m ) (y m)2 + 2! (22) (23) (20) (21)

L(y ) =

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

85 / 109

Robust Design

Loss function L(y ) = k (y m)2 with k= Cost of a defective product A = 2 2 Tolerance (24) (25)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

86 / 109

Robust Design

Solution Let the adjustment cost be: A = $6 k= with L = $0.24(y m)2 (27) 6 = $0.24 52 (26)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

87 / 109

Robust Design

Solution

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

88 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation


Design Variables (DVs) Nominal values are controllable; the real values are uncertain due to manufacturing errors, wear... x = [x1 , x2 , . . . xl ]T Design Environmental Parameters (DEPs) are not controllable Examples: ambient temperature and pressure, behavior of the user of the good under design p = [p1 , p2 , . . . pm ]T (29) (28)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

89 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation


Design Variables (DVs) Nominal values are controllable; the real values are uncertain due to manufacturing errors, wear... x = [x1 , x2 , . . . xl ]T Design Environmental Parameters (DEPs) are not controllable Examples: ambient temperature and pressure, behavior of the user of the good under design p = [p1 , p2 , . . . pm ]T (29) (28)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

89 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation (Contd)

Performance Functions (PFs) depend on DVs and DEPs f = [f1 , f2 , . . . fn ]T f = f (x, p) (30) (31)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

90 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation (Contd)

Performance Functions (PFs) depend on DVs and DEPs f = [f1 , f2 , . . . fn ]T f = f (x, p) (30) (31)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

90 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation (Contd)


Rocker-Crank Mechanism x = [lc , lr , e]T p = [fp , ]T f=N Objective: min(f, f )

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

91 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation (Contd)


Rocker-Crank Mechanism x = [lc , lr , e]T p = [fp , ]T f=N Objective: min(f, f )

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

91 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation (Contd)


Rocker-Crank Mechanism x = [lc , lr , e]T p = [fp , ]T f=N Objective: min(f, f )

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

91 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation (Contd)


Rocker-Crank Mechanism x = [lc , lr , e]T p = [fp , ]T f=N Objective: min(f, f )

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

91 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Design Problem Formulation (Contd)


Rocker-Crank Mechanism x = [lc , lr , e]T p = [fp , ]T f=N Objective: min(f, f )

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

91 / 109

Robust Design

Optimization Problem

Minimize Subject to:

f(x) = {f1 , . . . , fm } hj (x) = 0, j = 1, . . . , p gk (x) 0, k = 1, . . . , q xll xl xlu , l = 1 . . . , n

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

92 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Optimization Problem


Statistical formulation Minimize Subject to: Knowing: fi (x, p), fi (x, p) , i = 1, . . . , n gi (x, p) + k gi (x, p) 0, j = 1, . . . , r p, p , x

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

93 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Optimization Problem


Statistical formulation Minimize Subject to: Knowing: fi (x, p), fi (x, p) , i = 1, . . . , n gi (x, p) + k gi (x, p) 0, j = 1, . . . , r p, p , x

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

93 / 109

Robust Design

Robust Optimum Solution

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

94 / 109

Robust Design

Robustness Index

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

95 / 109

Robust Design

Sensitivity Jacobian Matrix

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

96 / 109

Robust Design

Design Sensitivity

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

97 / 109

Robust Design

Design sensitivity Hyper-ellipso d

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

98 / 109

Robust Design

Robustness Index

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

99 / 109

Robust Design

Robustness Index (Contd)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

100 / 109

Robust Design

Robustness Indices Comparison

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

101 / 109

Robust Design

Selection of the Robustness Index

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

102 / 109

Robust Design

Tolerance Synthesis Method

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

103 / 109

Robust Design

Case Study: 3R manipulator

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

104 / 109

Robust Design

Case Study: 3R manipulator (Contd)

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

105 / 109

Robust Design

Conclusion

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

106 / 109

Complexity-Based Design

Introduction Engineering Design Axiomatic Design Robust Design Complexity-Based Design

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

107 / 109

Complexity-Based Design

Complexity-Based Design
References
1

Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D. and Angeles, J., Complexity analysis of curves and surfaces: application to the geometric complexity of lower kinematic pairs. Submitted to Special Issue on Computer Support for Conceptual Design, Computer-Aided Design, on Aug, 9th, 2006, CADD- 06-00171. Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D., Angeles, J., Complexity-Based Rules for the Conceptual Design of Robotic Architectures, 10th International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kine- matics, June 25-29, 2006, Ljubljana, Slovenia Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Angeles, J. and Pasini, D., A Formulation of Complexity-Based Rules for the Preliminary Design Stage of Robotic Architectures, International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED07, August 28-31, 2007, Paris, France
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 108 / 109

Complexity-Based Design

Complexity-Based Design
References
1

Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D. and Angeles, J., Complexity analysis of curves and surfaces: application to the geometric complexity of lower kinematic pairs. Submitted to Special Issue on Computer Support for Conceptual Design, Computer-Aided Design, on Aug, 9th, 2006, CADD- 06-00171. Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D., Angeles, J., Complexity-Based Rules for the Conceptual Design of Robotic Architectures, 10th International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kine- matics, June 25-29, 2006, Ljubljana, Slovenia Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Angeles, J. and Pasini, D., A Formulation of Complexity-Based Rules for the Preliminary Design Stage of Robotic Architectures, International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED07, August 28-31, 2007, Paris, France
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 108 / 109

Complexity-Based Design

Complexity-Based Design
References
1

Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D. and Angeles, J., Complexity analysis of curves and surfaces: application to the geometric complexity of lower kinematic pairs. Submitted to Special Issue on Computer Support for Conceptual Design, Computer-Aided Design, on Aug, 9th, 2006, CADD- 06-00171. Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D., Angeles, J., Complexity-Based Rules for the Conceptual Design of Robotic Architectures, 10th International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kine- matics, June 25-29, 2006, Ljubljana, Slovenia Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Angeles, J. and Pasini, D., A Formulation of Complexity-Based Rules for the Preliminary Design Stage of Robotic Architectures, International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED07, August 28-31, 2007, Paris, France
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 108 / 109

Complexity-Based Design

Complexity-Based Design
References
1

Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D. and Angeles, J., Complexity analysis of curves and surfaces: application to the geometric complexity of lower kinematic pairs. Submitted to Special Issue on Computer Support for Conceptual Design, Computer-Aided Design, on Aug, 9th, 2006, CADD- 06-00171. Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Pasini, D., Angeles, J., Complexity-Based Rules for the Conceptual Design of Robotic Architectures, 10th International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kine- matics, June 25-29, 2006, Ljubljana, Slovenia Khan, W.A., Caro, S., Angeles, J. and Pasini, D., A Formulation of Complexity-Based Rules for the Preliminary Design Stage of Robotic Architectures, International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED07, August 28-31, 2007, Paris, France
S. Caro (IRCCyN) Conceptual Design of Products Feb. 11, 2014 108 / 109

Complexity-Based Design

see Conceptual Robot Design le

S. Caro (IRCCyN)

Conceptual Design of Products

Feb. 11, 2014

109 / 109

También podría gustarte