OBJECTIVES OF THIS LECTURE To derive the Prandtl-Meyer function for expansion waves To learn how to calculate the flow

w properties for expansion waves To learn how to apply shock wave and expansion wave theory to supersonic aerofoils

HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
MACE 31321

Lecture 8 Expansion Waves

EXPANSION WAVE

PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES

1 = sin 1
2 = sin 1
1 M1
1 M2

When a supersonic flow is turning away from itself, an expansion fan forms. Across the waves, M increases CONTINOUSLY, whereas p, and T decreases CONTINOUSLY. Isentropic process: s=0
3

An expansion fan can be visualised as an infinite number of Mach waves. Centered expansion waves are commonly denoted as Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves. The problem is to calculate the downstream flow for a given upstream flow and the deflection angle
4

PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES

Consider a very weak expansion wave produced by an infinitesimally small deflection d
c Ma e av w h

PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES

Velocity changes across a very weak wave
V + dV cos = V cos( + d )
For small d:

1+

dV cos = V cos cos d sin sin d

w1

w2 V

d
V+d V

sin d d , cos d 1

1+

dV cos 1 = = V cos d sin 1 d tan

w1 = V cos w 2 = (V + dV ) cos( + d )

Since

w1 = w2

1 = 1 + x + x 2 + ... 1 x

( x < 1)

V cos = (V + dV ) cos( + d )

V + dV cos = V cos( + d )
5

dV Let x=d tan and Neglecting 1+ = 1 + d tan nd 2 order and higher: V d = dV / V tan

PRANDTL-MEYER EXPANSION WAVES

Velocity changes across a very weak wave
d = dV / V tan
M

RELATION BETWEEN V AND M

From
V = Ma
2

dV dM da = + V M a

tan =

1 M 1
2

sin =

1 M

T 1 2 ao M = o =1 + T 2 a
1

1 2 a = ao 1 + M 2

1 / 2

da ~M a

We get

M2 1

d = M 2 1

dV V

= d =
0

dM dV 1 = 1 V 1 + ( 1) M 2 M 2

M2

M1

M2 1

dV V

Substituting
= d =
0

M2

Relation between V and M has to be found first.

7

M1

dV M 1 V
2

M2

dM 1 M1 1 + ( 1) M 2 M 2

M2 1

PRANDTL-MEYER FUNCTION
Re-arranging
=
M2 M1

CALCULATION PROCEDURES
Obtain the flow properties downstream of a convex corner for given flow properties upstream and the deflection angle .

M2 1 1+ 1 ( 1) M 2 2
M2 1 1+ 1 ( 1) M 2 2

dM M
M1

M2

dM M

M2 1 1+ 1 ( 1) M 2 2

dM M

= (M 2 ) (M 1 )

(M) is called the Prandtl-Meyer function. It is tabulated in Table C. Given M1, M2 can be found by knowing (M 2 ) = (M 1 ) +
9

For a given M1, obtain (M1) from Table C Calculate (M2) from (M 2 ) = (M 1 ) + . Obtain M2 from (M2) using Table C Use Table A to find po/p, To/T at M2 and M1 respectively. Since the expansion is isentropic, po,2= po,1, To,2=To,1, T2/T1 and p2/p1 can then be found.
10

QUESTION
A supersonic flow with M1=1.5, p1=1atm, and T1=288K is expanded around a sharp corner through a deflection angle of 15o,. Calculate
M2 Answer: 2.0 p2 Answer: 0.469atm Answer: 232K T2 p02 Answer: 3.671atm Answer: 417.6K T0,2 The angle that forward and rearward Mach lines make with respect to the upstream flow direction. Answer: 41.81o, 15o

SOLUTIONS
From Table C, for M1=1.5, (1)=11.91o. Hence (2)= (1)+=11.91+15=26.91o From Table C, M2=2.0 (rounding to the nearest entry in table) From Table A,
For M1=1.5,

p0 ,1 p1

= 3.671,

T0 ,1 T1

= 1.45

For M2=2.0,

p0 , 2 p2

= 7.824,

T0 , 2 T2

= 1.8

11

14

SOLUTIONS
Since the flow is isentropic, po,2= po,1, To,2=To,1, Thus
p0 , 2 = p0 ,1 = T0 , 2 = T0,1 = p0 ,1 p1 T0 ,1 T1 p1 = 3.671 1 = 3.671atm

SUPERSONIC AEROFOILS
Consider a flat plate of length c at an angle of attack of in a supersonic flow.

p2 p3

T1 = 1.45 288 = 417.6 K

M1>1 p1

p p p 1 p2 = 2 0 , 2 0 ,1 p1 = 1 3.671 1 = 0.469atm p0, 2 p0 ,1 p1 7.824 T2 = T2 T0 , 2 T0 ,1 1 T1 = 1 1.45 288 = 232 K T0 , 2 T0 ,1 T1 1.8

From Table C
Angle of forward Mach line = 1=41.8o Angle of rearward Mach line = 2 = 30 15 = 15o
15

Sketch the pattern of the shock wave and expansion waves on the plate. How is the level of static pressure acting on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate compared to p1? Does the plate experience a lift and a drag?
16

SUPERSONIC AEROFOILS
Consider a flat plate of length c at an angle of attack of in supersonic flow.
D L M1>1 p1 R
p2 < p
1

SUPERSONIC AEROFOILS
In supersonic inviscid flow over a 2D body, the drag is always finite. The drag is produced by the presence of shock waves and is called the wave drag.
D L R p2 p3

R = ( p3 p2 )c

p3 >

p1

M1>1 p1

L = c ( p3 p2 ) cos

D = c ( p3 p2 ) sin

Sketch the pattern of the shock wave and expansion waves on the plate. How is the level of static pressure acting on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate compared to p1? Does the plate experience a lift and a drag?
17

18

HOMEWORK
Consider a wedge with a =15o half angle in a Mach 5 flow. Assume the pressure at the base is equal to the freestream static pressure.
Sketch the wave pattern on the wedge Derive the relation between the drag coefficient and the pressure acting on each side of the wedge. Calculate the drag coefficient. (CD=0.114)
l M1=5

SOLUTION
From the sketch, the drag force
D = 2 p2l sin 2 p1l sin = 2l sin [ p2 p1 ]
l= c cos

D = 2c tan [ p2 p1 ]
D

The drag coefficient C D = 0.5c1V12 Since 0.5 1V12 = 0.5 1M 12 a12 = = 0.5 1M 12RT1 M1=5
= 0.5p1M
2 1

p2
p1

c
19

CD =

D 4 tan = 2 0.5c1V1 M 12

p2 p1 p 1

p2

20

SOLUTION
From the --M chart, for M1=5 and =15o, =24.2o, the normal Mach number ahead of the shock is M n ,1 = M 1 sin = 5 sin 24.2o = 2.05 From the normal shock table, for Mn,1=2.05, we have
p2 = 4.736 p1

REFERENCES
In Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by Andersons, 2nd edition.
9.6 9.7

Hence
4 tan CD = M 12 p2 p1 p 1
p2
p1

4 tan 15o (4.736 1) = 1.4 52 = 0.114

M1=5

p2
21 22