Basic Concept of Base Isolation System for Buildings

Dr. Taiki SAITO Japan Society of Seismic Isolation

Chief Research Engineer, Building Research Institute, Japan Email: tsaito@kenken.go.jp

Contents
Introduction
Basic Idea of BI system

Design procedure of BI building

Response spectrum method Time history analysis Ultimate capacity of isolators

International activity of JSSI

Basic Idea of BI system

Isolation from ground

By balloon?

By Magnetic force?

Introduction
Seismic isolation

Stopper Rolling? Sliding?

Friction

Introduction
Restoring position?

Sliding?

Introduction
Restoring system

By spring?

By sliding on a curved plate?

Introduction
Gravity Force and Inertia Force Resisting Force

T = 2

m k

T = 2

L g

(m: mass, k: stiffness) Effective for heavy building

(L: curvature, g: gravity acceleration) Effective for light building

Introduction
Damping system
T
d0 d0
With Damper

time

Damper

Introduction
Requirement of BI devices
1. Isolating the building from the ground 2. Supporting the weight of building

3. Damping of response amplitude 4. Restoring the original position after an earthquake

Rubber Block

Introduction
Isolators
Rubber bearing

Rocking Weight of building

Large axial deformation

Laminated Rubber
Weight of building Rubber Steel Stiff Soft

Earthquake Load

High damping rubber Reinforcing steel plate Cover rubber

Flange plate

500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -300

2 Shear stress (N/mm )

2

1 0 -1 -2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Force (kN)

-200

-100

100

200

300

Displacement (mm)

Natural Rubber Bearing (NRB)

High-damping Rubber Bearing (HRB)

Force (kN)

800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -300

Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)

-200

-100

100

200

300

Displacement (mm)

Sliding bearing
Force (kN)

Introduction
Isolators
Sliding bearing or Roller bearing
200 150 100 Force (kN) 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400

50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -150

-100

-50

50

100

150

Displacement (mm)

Curved plane sliding bearing

Displacement (mm)

Linear Rail

Rail roller bearing

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CLB2000F (P =19 6MN)

Linear Block Rubber Shim Flange Plate

-6 P/P =0 98 -600 -300 0 mm 300 600

-12

Introduction
Dampers
Lead damper
Stud

Cast Lead

Steel Flange Plate

Steel Flange Plate

Steel Damper Rod

Steel damper
(kN) 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 -20

F = 1150 (kNs/m) V

0.38

-15

-10

-5

10

15

20 (cm)

Viscous damper

Introduction
Response of BI building

STERA 3D

Introduction
Response of BI system
X

Upper structure (rigid mass) Base Isolation level (spring)

Y"

Introduction
Response of BI system
Vibration model
X

Equilibrium of forces

Equation of motion M X + CX + Ke X = - MY

- m(X"+Y") Q=keX c X'

X + 2hX + 2 X = - Y = (2/T) = (Ke/M) X Y T: natural period h : damping factor Numerical integration X X

Y"

Introduction
Effect of natural period
Y: JMA-Kobe NS component h = 0.05
T longer Acceleration smaller

T longer Displacement larger

Introduction
Response spectrum
X

Response of SDOF system with natural period of T & viscous damping of h

T longer Acceleration smaller

Time history of acceleration

Response spectrum of acceleration for JMA Kobe-NS wave, h=0.05

Introduction
Effect of damping
JMA Kobe-NS wave

Acceleration response spectrum

Displacement response spectrum

Introduction

Reduction of applied lateral forces to super structure

Increase of displacement response of isolated story

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Contents
Introduction
Idea of BI system

Design procedure of BI building

Response spectrum method Time history analysis Ultimate capacity of isolators

International activity of JSSI

Design procedure of BI building

Statistics
Number of buildings
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86

Private house

Apartment building

1995 The Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake Disaster

2000 Revision of Building Standard Law

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Design procedure of BI building

Building Standard Law, Japan
NO 1 or 2 story wooden house 1 story S or RC building Specification code NO Need for Structural Calculation? YES Height>60m YES

Response Spectrum Method

Time History Analysis

Reviewed by local government official

Reviewed by special committee

Design procedure of BI building

Response Spectrum Method
Design earthquake is defined as the response spectrum at the bedrock level.
1500

cm/s2

Engineering Bedrock

1000 500 0 0 1

Hard soil Medium soil Soft soil

s
2 3 4 5

Soil amplification
1500 1000 500

cm/s2

5% damping Bedrock
s
0 1 2 3 4 5

Vs > 400 cm/sec

0

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Design procedure of BI building

Response Spectrum Method
Building is modeled by SDOF nonlinear hysteresis system. Upper structure (elastic range) Base Isolation level (inelastic range)
Force

Drift

Design procedure of BI building

Response Spectrum Method
Responses are obtained by equivalent linearization.
Response evaluation Upper structure (elastic range) Base Isolation level (inelastic range) Nonlinear system Force Equivalent linear system Force Ke Drift he
Ke: equivalent stiffness he : equivalent damping
100 80 60

1500 1000 500

cm/s2

h=0.05 he
s
1 2 3

0 0

Te

Acceleration response
cm

h=0.05 he
0 1 2 3

Drift

40 20 0

s
5

Te

Displacement response

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Design procedure of BI building

Time History Analysis
Artificial earthquake compatible with design spectrum
1500 1000 500 0 0 1 2 3 4

cm/s2

cm/s 400

5% damping Bedrock
s
5

200 0 -200 -400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 s

Three different phase models

Historical earthquake scaled to have the max. velocity 50cm/s

cm/s
2

Earthquake response is obtained by time history analysis (numerical integration method) using design earthquake ground motions.

600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 0 20 40 60 80 100

120

El Centro1940NS, Taft 1952EW, Hachinohe1968EW, etc.

Site specific artificial earthquake

cm/s 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 s
2

Wave generation from the nearest Fault, etc.

Design procedure of BI building

Time History Analysis
Building is modeled by MDOF nonlinear hysteresis system. Responses are obtained by numerical integration method.
800 2,860 600 600
RFL

RFL
Living Kitchen

10F

10FL 9FL

9FL

8FL

30,79

29,99

8FL
7FL 6FL

7FL 6FL 5FL 4FL

5FL

4FL

3FL

2,860

2FL

3,550

Isolator 1FL GL

Isolator

Isolator

3FL 2FL Sway

6,800 960 Y1 15,500 Y2

6,000 Y3

2,700 950

Rocking

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Design procedure of BI building

Confirmation of ultimate limit state
a. Allowable deformation of isolation device b. Compressive and tensile load of isolator c. Isolation gap (horizontal and vertical)
Example. LRB
Compression stress (N/mm2)

Isolation gap

Diameter: 800mm Rubber sheet: 5.1mm Number of sheets: 33 Rubber height: 168mm

Design criteria 21N/mm2 Design criteria 240%168 = 403mm = Shear strain (%)

Design procedure of BI building

Ultimate capacity of isolators

Ultimate Compression Test

Ultimate Shear Test

(from Prof. Nishi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

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Design procedure of BI building

Architectural planning
Isolators must support superstructure without losing supporting capacity of vertical loads subjected to fires expected to happen in or in the vicinity of isolation interface. Piping and wiring must have flexible joints and slacks between superstructure and substructure, so as to follow the displacement at isolation interface during earthquakes. It must be planned that entrances, connecting bridges, stairs, elevators and etc. do not pound to other facilities or injure humans. Information panels, which show that the building is seismically isolated and deforms largely during earthquakes, must be set up on noticeable place in the building.

Design procedure of BI building

Maintenance
Designer must draw up maintenance plans and inform owners, managers and others so that seismic isolation keep demanded performance during the buildings lifetime. Large relative displacement at isolation interface occurs during strong earthquake. Thus, obstacles in or in the vicinity of isolation interface spoil efficient seismic performances. Some isolation devices deteriorate by aging. Aged deteriorations must be considered by heat accelerated tests and others at design stage. Rubber bearings creep subjected to long term loads. Unexpected creeps and external damages must be found out by regular examinations. Breaks, water leakage and others may happen when piping and wiring have insufficient deformation capacities.

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Contents
Introduction
Idea of BI system

Design procedure of BI building

Response spectrum method Time history analysis Ultimate capacity of isolators, etc.

International activity of JSSI

International Activity of JSSI

CIB/W114
As one of the working commissions in CIB (International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction), W114: Earthquake Engineering and Buildings has been established since November 2006 . Headquarter: JSSI Coordinator: Taiki SAITO

http://www.cibw114.net/

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International Activity of JSSI

CIB/W114
The first CIB/W114 meeting, "International Workshop on Response Control and Seismic Isolation of Buildings," was held in Guangzhou, China on 27 November 2006.

International Activity of JSSI

CIB/TG44 book
published in November 2006
Contents 1. 2. Introduction Devices for Seismic Isolation and Response Control 3. A Comparative Study of Seismic Isolation Code Worldwide 4. Observed Response of Seismically Isolated Buildings 5. World Report 5.1 China 5.2 Italy 5.3 Japan 5.4 Korea 5.5 New Zealand 5.6 Taiwan 5.7 The United of America 6. Conclusions

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China

from Dr. Zhou Fulin adn Dr. Wen Liuhan

Around 600 base isolation buildings have been constructed. The one was constructed in 1991.

35 base isolation buildings are constructed on the two-story reinforced concrete platform of subway station in Beijing, China.

Base isolators at the large span structure of the Shanghai F1 circuit.

Miniature building models for shaking table test

Italy

from Mauro Dolce, Massimo Forni and Alessandro Martelli

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

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Korea

from Dong Guen Lee

Currently, there are only two seismically isolated buildings in Korea, with a third to be built soon. The Unison Research and Development Center building, constructed in 1997, was the first seismically-isolated building.

Korea

from Dong Guen Lee

The second was Traum Hous III, a 12story apartment building in Seoul

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New Zealand

from John X. Zhao

The first seismically isolated structure in New Zealand was the Motu Bridge in the North Island completed in 1974.

Rocking Seismic Isolation System

The isolation mechanism is provided by stepping action of each of the two feet of the piers. Steel dampers are used for energy dissipation.

USA

from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker

Construction of the first seismically-isolated building in the USA was completed in 1985, and by mid-2005 there were approximately 80 seismically-isolated buildings in the USA
The first building in the USA is the Foothill Communities Law & Justice Center, in Rancho Cucamonga, California, was completed in 1985,with 98 highdamping rubber bearings located below the basement level

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USA

from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker

The second building application in the USA was the City and County Building, in Salt Lake City, Utah, completed in 1989 with 208 lead-rubber and 239 natural rubber bearings. This project was the first in the world to use isolation for retrofit, completed in 1989.

USA

from Ian Aiken and Andrew Whitaker The USC University Hospital in Los Angeles, completed in 1991, was the first hospital in the world to use seismic isolation with 68 leadrubber isolators and 81 naturalrubber isolators.

Roof 6th

4th

Lower Foundation

The 1994 Northridge earthquake

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Macedonia

from Garevski A. Mihai and James M. Kelly

Primary School Pestalozzi" in Skopje, the first structure in the world base isolated by means of rubber bearings constructed in 1969

Thank you for your attention.

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