PETE 411

Well Drilling

Lesson 36 Torque and Drag Calculations

Slide 1

Torque and Drag Calculations

u Friction u Logging u Hook Load u Lateral Load u Torque Requirements u Examples
Slide 2

Assignments:
PETE 411 Design Project
due December 3, 2001, 5 p.m.

HW#17 Due Monday, Nov. 26

Slide 3

Frictionless, Inclined, Straight Wellbore:

1. Consider a section of pipe in the wellbore.

In the absence of FRICTION the forces acting on the pipe are buoyed weight, axial tension and the reaction force, N, normal to the wellbore.
Slide 4

Frictionless, Inclined, Straight Wellbore:

F =0 F =0

along wellbore : ^ ar to wellbore :

DT = W cos I

(1) (2)

N = W sin I

These equations are used for ROTATING pipe.

Slide 5

Effect of Friction (no doglegs):

2. Consider Effect of Friction ( no doglegs):

Slide 6

Effect of Friction (no doglegs):

Frictional Force, where

Ff = mN = mW sin I

0 m 1 [ m = coeff. of friction] {usually 0.2 m 0.4}

(a) Lowering: Friction opposes motion, so

DT = W cos I - Ff DT = W cos I - mW sin I

(3)
Slide 7

Effect of Friction (no doglegs):

(b) Raising: Friction still opposes motion, so

DT = W cos I + Ff DT = W cos I + mW sin I

Slide 8

Problem 1

What is the maximum hole angle (inclination angle) that can be logged without the aid of drillpipe, coiled tubing or other tubulars? (assume m =0.4)

Slide 9

Solution

From Equation (3) above,

DT = W cos I - mW sin I

(3)

When pipe is barely sliding down the wellbore,

DT @ 0

\ 0 = W cos I - 0.4 W sin I

Slide 10

Solution
\ cot I = 0.4 I = 68.2
o

or tan I = 2.5

This is the maximum hole angle (inclination) that can be logged without the aid of tubulars. Note:

m = cot I
Slide 11

Problem 2
Consider a well with a long horizontal section. An 8,000-ft long string of 7 OD csg. is in the hole. Buoyed weight of pipe @ 30 lbs/ft. m = 0.3 (a) What force will it take to move this pipe along the horizontal section of the wellbore? (b) What torque will it take to rotate this pipe?
Slide 12

Problem 2 - Solution - Force

(a) What force will it take to move this pipe along the horizontal section of the wellbore?
F=? N F=0

W N = W = 30 lb/ft * 8,000 ft = 240,000 lb F = mN = 0.3 * 240,000 lb = 72,000 lb

Force to move pipe, F = 72,000 lbf

Slide 13

Problem 2 - Solution - Force

(b) What torque will it take to rotate this pipe? As an approximation, let us assume that the pipe lies on the bottom of the wellbore.
Then, as before, N = W = 30 lb/ft * 8,000 ft = 240,000 lb T d/2 F

Torque = F*d/2 = mNd/2 = 0.3 * 240,000 lb * 7/(2 * 12) ft

Torque to rotate pipe, T = 21,000 ft-lbf

Slide 14

Problem 2 - Equations - Horizontal

F = mN N=W T=F*d

Force to move pipe,

F = mW

= 72,000 lbf

Torque, T = mWd/(24 )

= 21,000 ft-lbf
Slide 15

An approximate equation, with W in lbf and d in inches

Horizontal - Torque
A slightly more accurate equation for torque in a horizontal wellbore may be obtained by taking into consideration the fact that a rotating pipe will ride up the side of the wellbore to some angle f.
Taking moments about the point P: Torque, T = W * (d/2) sin f in-lbf Where f = atan m = atan 0.3 = 16.70
o

T d/2 f P W

T = 240,000 * 7/24 * 0.2873 = 20,111 ft-lbf

Slide 16

Problem 3
A well with a measured depth of 10,000 ft. may be approximated as being perfectly vertical to the kick-off point at 2,000 ft. A string of 7 OD csg. is in the hole; total length is 10,000 ft. The 8,000-ft segment is inclined at 60 deg. Buoyed weight of pipe = 30 lbs/ft. m = 0.3

Slide 17

Problem 3
Please determine the following: (a) Hook load when rotating off bottom (b) Hook load when RIH (c) Hook load when POH (d) Torque when rotating off bottom [ ignore effects of dogleg at 2000 ft.]
Slide 18

Solution to Problem 3
(a) Hook load when rotating off bottom:

Slide 19

Solution to Problem 3 - Rotating

HL = HL2000 + HL8000
lb lb o = 30 * 2000 ft + 30 * 8000 ft * cos 60 ft ft
0.5

= 60,000 lbf + 120,000 lbf

HL = 180,000 lbf

When rotating off bottom.

Slide 20

Solution to Problem 3 - lowering

2 (b) Hook load when RIH: The hook load is decreased by friction in the wellbore.

Ff = mN

In the vertical portion,

N = 30 * 2000 * sin o 0 =0
Thus,

F2000 = 0
Slide 21

Solution to Problem 3 - lowering

In the inclined section, N = 30 * 8,000 * sin 60 = 207,846 lbf

Slide 22

Solution to Problem 3 - lowering

Thus , F8000 = mN = 0.3 * 207 ,846 = 62,354 lbf HL = FL 2000 + HL8000 - F2000 - F8000 = 60,000 + 120,000 - 0 - 62,354

HL = 117 ,646 lbf

while RIH

Slide 23

Solution to Problem 3 - raising

2(c) Hood Load when POH:

HL = HL 2000 + HL8000 + F2000 + F8000 = 60,000 + 120,000 + 0 + 62,354

HL = 242,354 lbf POH
Slide 24

Solution to Problem 3 - Summary

RIH ROT POH MD ft

2,000

10,000

60,000

120,000

180,000 240,000
Slide 25

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

2(d) Torque when rotating off bottom:
In the Inclined Section:

N = W sin I F = mN

Torque = Force * Arm d = Ff * 2

Slide 26

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

(i) As a first approximation, assume the pipe lies at lowest point of hole:
d d d Torque = Ff = mN = mW sin I 2 2 2 7 1 = 0.3 * 30 * 8000 * sin 60 * * 2 12
o

Torque = 18,187 ft - lbf

Slide 27

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

(ii) More accurate evaluation:
Note that, in the above figure, forces are not balanced; there is no force to balance the friction force Ff. The pipe will tend to climb up the side of the wellboreas it rotates

Slide 28

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

Assume " equilibriu m" at angle f as shown.

F F

along tangent

= 0 = Ff - W sin I sin f

mN = W sin I sin j (6)

^ar to tangent

= 0 = N - W sin I cos f

(7)

Slide 29

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

W sin I sin f Solving equations (6) & (7) = N W sin I cosf

mN

m = tan f f = tan ( m )
-1

(8)

Slide 30

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

(ii) continued Taking moments about the center of the pipe: d T = Ff * 2 Evaluating the problem at hand:
-1 -1 f = tan ( m ) = tan (0.3) From Eq. (8),

f = 16.70

o
Slide 31

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

Evaluating the problem at hand: From Eq. (6), Ff = W sin I sin f

= 30 * 8000 * sin60 * sin 16.70 Ff = 59.724 lbf

Slide 32

Solution to Problem 3 - rotating

Evaluating the problem at hand:
d From Eq. (9), T = Ff * 2 7 1 = 59,724 * * 2 12 Torque = 17,420 ft - lbf
Slide 33

Solution to Problem 3
2 (d) (ii) Alternate Solution:

Slide 34

Solution to Problem 3
Taking moments about tangent point,

d T = W sin I sin O 2 7 = 30 * 8000 * sin60 * sin 16.70 * 24

o o

T = 17,420 ft - lbf
Slide 35

Solution to Problem 3

Note that the answers in parts (i) & (ii) differ by a factor of cos f

cos f = cosf16.70 = 0.9578

Slide 36

Effect of Doglegs
(1) Dropoff Wellbore

d = dogleg angle

Slide 37

Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Axial Friction (e.g. pipe rotating)

along normal

: W sin I + (T + DT) sin

d
2

+ T sin

d
2

-N=0

W sin I + sT sin

d
2

+ DT sin

d
2

-N=0

N @ W sin I + 2T sin

d
2

(10)
Slide 38

Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Axial Friction

along tangent

: (T + DT) cos DT cos

d
2

- W cos I - T cos

d
2

=0

d
2

= W cos I (11)
Slide 39

cos

d
2

Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction (Dropoff Wellbore) While pipe is rotating
N = W sin I + 2T sin DT = WcosI
Slide 40

d
2

(10)&(11)

Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction While lowering pipe (RIH)
N = W sin I + 2T sin

d
2

(as above)

DT = W cos I - mN
i.e. DT = W cos I - m ( W sin I + 2T sin d ) (12) 2
Slide 41

Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction While raising pipe (POH)

DT = W cos I + mN

DT = W cos I + m ( W sin I + 2T sin ) 2

(13)

d d d Torque = mN @ m ( W sin I + 2T sin ) 2 2 2 (14)

Slide 42

Effect of Doglegs
d = dogleg angle

(2) Buildup Wellbore

Slide 43

Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Friction (e.g. pipe rotating)

along normal

: W sin I + (T + DT) sin

d
2

+ T sin -

d
2

-N=0

d d W sin I +2T sT sin + DT sin - N = 0

2 2

N @ W sin I + 2T sin

d
2

(15)
Slide 44

Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Axial Friction

along tangent

: (T + DT) cos DT cos

d
2

- W cos I - T cos

d
2

=0

d
2

= W cos I (16)
Slide 45

cos

d
2

Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction (Buildup Wellbore) When pipe is rotating

N = W sin I - 2T sin DT = WcosI

d
2
(15)&(16)

Slide 46

Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction While lowering pipe (RIH)
N = W sin I - 2T sin DT = W cos I - m N DT = W cos I - m W sin I - 2T sin

d
2

(15)

d
2

(17)
Slide 47

Effect of Doglegs
While raising pipe (POH)
DT = W cos I + mN i.e. DT = WcosI + m WsinI - 2Tsin

d
2

(18)

d d d Torque = m N @ m W sin I - 2T sin 2 2 2

(19)
Slide 48

Problem #4 - curved wellbore with friction

In a section of our well, hole angle drops at the rate of 8 degrees per 100 ft. The axial tension is 100,000 lbf at the location where the hole angle is 60 degrees.

Buoyed wt. of pipe = 30 lb/ft

m = 0.25

Slide 49

Evaluate the Following:

(a) What is the axial tension in the pipe 100 ft. up the hole if the pipe is rotating? (b) What is the axial tension in the pipe 100 ft up the hole if the pipe is being lowered into the hole? (c) What is the axial tension in the pipe 100 ft up the hole if the pipe is being pulled out of the hole? (d) What is the lateral load on a centralizer at incl.=64 if o the centralizer spacing is 40 ft?
Slide 50

Solution 4 (a)
(a) Axial tension 100 ft up hole when pipe is rotating :

I AVG I AVG

60 + 68 = 2 = 64 o

Pipe is rotating so frictional effect on axial load may be neglected.

Slide 51

Solution 4 (a)
From equation (11),

DT = W cos I lb o = 30 *100 ft * cos 64 ft = 1,315 lbf \ T68o = 100 ,000 + 1,315

T68o = 101,315 lbf

rotating
Slide 52

Solution 4 (b)
(b) Tension in pipe 100 ft Up-Hole when Pipe is being lowered: From equation (10):

N = W sin I + 2T sin

d
2

N = 30 *100 * sin 64 o + 2 *100 ,000 * sin 4o = 2,696 + 13,951 N = 16,648 lbf

Slide 53

Solution 4 (b)
From equation 10,

Friction Force = mN = 0.25 *16,648 Ff = 4,162 lbf

From equation 12,

DT = W cos I - mN
Slide 54

Solution 4 (b)
From equation 12,

DT = (30 *100 * cos 64 o ) - 4,162 = -2,847

\ T68o = 100 ,000 - 2,867 (T + DT)

T68o = 97,153 lbf

Slide 55

Solution 4 (c)
(c) Tension in Pipe 100 ft Up-Hole when pipe is being raised: From equation (10),

N = W sin I + 2T sin

d
2

N = 30 *100 * sin 64 o + 2 *100 ,000 * sin 4o = 2,696 + 13,951 N = 16,648 lbf

Slide 56

Solution 4 (c)

Friction Force = mN = 0.25 *16,648 Ff = 4,162 lbf

From equation 12,

DT = W cos I + mN

Slide 57

Solution 4 (c)
From equation 12,

DT = (30 *100 * cos 64 o ) + 4,162 = 5477 lbf \ T68o = 100 ,000 + 5477 (T + DT)

T68o = 105,477 lbf

Slide 58

Solution 4 (d)
(d) Lateral load on centralizer if spacing = 40 ft. (after pipe has been rotated): From above,

at q = 64

N = 16,648 lbf

This is for 100 ft distance

Slide 59

Solution 4 (d)

for 40 ft distance,

N centr.

40 = 16,648 * 100 = 6,659 lbf

i.e., Lateral load on centralizer,

N centr. = 6,659 lbf lb Note : 40 ft of pipe * 30 = 1200 lbf ft

Slide 60

Alternate Approach
(d) Lateral load on centralizer if spacing = 40 ft. (after pipe has been rotated) From above, at q = 60 o , T = 100,000 lbf From above, at q = 68o , T = 101,315 lbf So, 30 ft up-hole,

T = 100 ,000 + 1,315 * (30 / 100 ) lbf T = 100 ,395 lbf

Slide 61

Alternate Approach
From Eq. (10), N = W sin I + 2T sin

2 N = 30 * 40 * sin 64 o + 2 *100,395 * sin(1.6o ) {4 * 40/100} = 1,079 + 5,606

\ for 40 ft centralizer spacing,

N = 6,685 lbf

N centr. = 6,685 lbf

Slide 62