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Evan Mullvain, Nate Wagoner, Craig Worley National History Day April, 2014 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Adams, P. John. The Twelve Tablets. 10 June 2009. Analyze Article. 19 October 2013. <http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html> The twelve tables of the early Roman Empire, is a primary source. It was the first attempt to create a basis of law for Roman citizens, before this the justice system was based solely on the integrity of adjudicators of the Roman court. With the creation of this set of laws, they had something to base their early judicial structure upon. This will allow us to get a deeper understanding of the Twelve Tablets, which was the base of the Roman law, which is one of the societies we are investigating. Congress.Gov. Constitution Annotated. 26 June 2013. Analyze Primary Document. 19 October 2013. < http://beta.congress.gov/constitution-annotated> This is a primary source document of the exact wording and specifications of the U.S. constitution that has been modified over the years since its creation. The U.S. constitution was built under different circumstances and standards than previous laws and rights at the time. It was the first written constitution and allowed citizens to view their rights and the rules they must follow on paper. Before, this was not an option as to British constitutions were not written. This source will allow us to easily read the constitution and understand the components involved with it. This will also allow us to understand the components that are involved with the rights and responsibilities of the modern citizen. Diotima. Translations of Documents. 2600BCE-1900BCE. Primary Documents. 5 February 2014 <http://www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/wardtexts.shtml > This primary document allows you to see the common political issues of the public, like wills, public disputes, and disputes over land. You get to see how people of higher class are always favored in the court system. You also get to see how the individuals handled the disputes of smaller manners; they dont go to the state for help, they solve it between the members. Duhaime, Lloyd. Timetable of World Legal History. 11 November 2013. Translated Primary document plus analyze. 2 February 2014. <http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle105/PageID/104.aspx> This is a primary document and a secondary document together. In this document they not only translate the Hammurabis code, but then they go into greater detail such as the punishments for the actions there happening. You also get to see some of the process in the court and how decisions were made. Duyvendak,J.J.-L. The Book of Lord Shang. 1928. Analyze of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/duyvendak_jjl/B25_book_of_lord_shang/duyvlord.pdf>

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The book of Lord Shang was created to draw boundaries for the people of the state of China. This book of rules and guidelines was known specifically for being of anti-Confucianistic opinions. The purpose is to convey the message that obedience is the most important trait of humanity. This will help our project as it will allow us to further analyze our understanding of the "Book of Lord Shang" and the legalism government that accompanied it, and how the government viewed their citizens and made their decisions.

Hammurabi. Babylonian Law-The Code of Hammurabi. 1910-1911. Primary Document Translation. 19 October 2013. http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp This is a translation of Hammurabi's Code of Law to English. Hammurabi was an organized ruler of Babylon who developed a strict set of rules and punishments to keep the peace of the people. The most miniscule of crimes had its punishments too. The Code of Hammurabi is not the first to be applied within a society; this is a new form of old government techniques. The list containing the 282 laws is set for three class within a society: Amelu (Patrician, Aristocrats, Rulers), Muskinu (Beggars), and the Ardu (Slaves). This is important as this was the 1st written law code and it will allow us to compare it to today's law systems Han Dynasty Legal Code. n.d. Article. 19 October 2013. <http://bladams.tripod.com/empire/han_e/handynastylegalcode.html> The Han Dynasty's contribution towards redefining the law system remains under-crediting. Romans receive the highest amount of glory, when it was the Han dynasty that gave the most effort in their efforts at changing the law structure. Dong Zhongshu, a Prime Minister during the Han Dynasty's Era, lessened the harshness of laws. Many of his beliefs can be related to laws and writes that are in effect today. He was more focused on using more peaceful methods to keep the unity of the society. This is significant, as it will allow us to view the law code of the great Han dynasty, which gave the people such few freedoms that the dynasty was eventually overrun with crime and a revolution that over threw the government. Humphrey, John Peters. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1947. Primary Document. 5 February 2014<http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/#content> This is a primary document that was written by the United Nations to ensure that All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and that there was equality throughout the world. A lot of countries signed the document and declared that they would follow this document which ensured a more rights to the people, and that there is to be no more unusually and violent punishments.

Madison, James. Bill of Rights. 25 September 1789. Document. 19 October 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html> This is a primary document of the United States' Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments are

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known as the Bill of Rights, and as a whole are a part of the United States Constitution. The reasoning behind the Bill Of Rights was to protect the rights of the people. This will allow us to analyze how the rights and responsibilities of the society has been able to change because of the changing times and issues. Philadelphia Convention. Constitution of the United States. 17 September 1787. Document. 19 October 2013. < http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html> This is a primary document of the United States. The constitution divides the United States government into three branches, and is the base for all the laws that are brought upon by the government. Amendments that are included in the Constitution protect the rights of many people including African Americans and women. This will also allow us to compare and contrast the constitution and the Bill of Rights which will show how laws can change.

Superbus ,Tarquinius; Porsenna, Lars. The Roman Republican Constitution. 509 BCE. Translated Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://web.archive.org/web/20010412095946/http://web.reed.edu/academic/departments/classics /RepublicanConstitution1.html> This is a translation to English, from the original constitution that was made in Rome. One of the major advanced methods in the court system is that there can be an appeal to the decision, in case there is no certainty on the decision. This method of being able to appeal the court decision is still used to day in politics. This document was also one of the first that was openly adapted to the changing times. This will help our project as it will help us get a better understanding of the Roman Law code, which is an essential component in our for comparing the past and the present rights and responsibilities of the citizens have changed through time. The Tale of The Eloquent Peasant. 1800 BCE. Translated Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1800egypt-peasant.asp> This is a folk table from the 1800BCE Egypt. It helps illustrate the rights that the citizens had back then. This story follows the life of Hunanup, a normal citizen who is only conserved feeding his family. This is only a portion of the original document, as the rest is lost, or not translated yet. This is a translation of an primary document. This will help our project as it will recount one of the oldest law fables that was used to live your lifestyle by, which is absent today in our society. UsHistory.Org. The Bill of Rights. 2013. Article. 19 October 2013. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/18a.asp> After the construction of the constitution in 1787, there was the need to adapt the constitution to the changing society that was found in that time period. To do this, the bill of rights was created, in which amendments could be created to change the constitutions. The 5th amendment stated that you have the right to a trial without in dictionary, not to be double jeopardy, or self-incrimination. That all stated that the legal system was a lot more fair and logical compared to the ancient law systems that was used in Hammurabis time period. The 6th amendment stated that the defendant

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had a right to a speedy trial, a right to be informed of the charges, to call a witness, and the right to have a lawyer consult with you. This was a lot more fair compared to the ancient methods used, like being throw into the river, and if you survived, you were not guilty, and if not, well you died. The 7th amendment stated that the defendant had to right to be trialed by one's own peers. This also illustrated the new fairness of the law code. However that is all of the responsibility of the government to rightfully convict the right citizen. However the punishments have gotten a lot weaker. The 8th amendment stated that you were protected from excessive bail, excessive fines, and finally cruel and unusual punishment. This reduced the hoarseness that the criminals experienced. In the ancient times, death was the common punishment for such crimes ranging from theft, to the destruction of other's property. This resulted in the death of Thousands of people. However no, it takes a jury to determine that a mass murder was evil before they can even put him on death row. This resulted in only a thousand people being put to death in the last 50 years in the United States. This article will help our presentation as it will give us information on how the modern law systems of today compared to previous versions of the law systems, like the systems adopted in China, Rome, and Egypt. Yang, Shang. Reform of the Law. n.d. Translation of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://ctext.org/shang-jun-shu/reform-of-the-law> This is a translation to some of the text that is used in the legalism code. It illustrates that when a ruler is getting ready to step down from power, or getting ready to die, that it was their duty to make sure "an intelligent ruler reigns." which illustrates that they were worried that another political group was going to come to power after the turmoil of a leader's death. So as a result it is like a duty of the prince to prepare for the worse. This is still used today. Also the emperors couldn't be afraid to act, or respond on a wimp, as "he who hesitates in action, does not accomplish anything," revealing that empires must act spontaneously which usually results in rash, extreme decisions that usually violent actions and decisions. Also the system of legalism believe that the intelligent population of the nation should be rulers of the nation as "the stupid do not even understand an affair when it has been completed, but the wise see it even before it has sprouted," meaning that the stupid populations should be in charge of lower responsibilities and the smarter populations be in charge of higher positions, like roles of leadership. When there is a large difference between the education levels in the population, and the educated get the political power, it eventually leads to them extorting money out of the educated, as they don't understand the complex law and tax system. Also with this system, the government can especially control the uneducated mines of the majority population because of the threat of the harsh punishments. This then controls their way of life, as they are afraid of what could happen to them if they made the wrong decisions. This source will help our project as it will allow us to analyze the law code of the time, and then make a comparison to present methods. Yu,Guanghua. The Development of the Chineses Legal Systems: Change and Challenges. Routledge; Reprint Edition. 2012. Online <http://www.chinalawdeskbook.com/pdf/CLD%20Ch2.pdf> This system of legalism is the type that is the most influential to the legal system that is still used today. It traces its roots to the teacher of Shang Yang. This system of legalism followed a system of rewards and punishments in order to keep the population in check, as legalist viewed man as selfish and devilish. The system held the population accountable for their actions. This system also

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didn't favor the nobles over the common population. They viewed that the stick, public, clear law was created to help control the country, and also reduce the risk of a revolution. The legalist viewed that they couldn't rule well without the use of stick laws. The reason that the people where so worried, as they were ever afraid of the consequences of their actions. So they acted in according to the law to avoid the heavy hand of the consequences. This system led to the unification of China. This source will help our project as it will help us analyze the legal law code of China, which will then compare the system of legalism to the present method that is used in all of the modern powers of the world today. Secondary Sources Ancient Egyptian Legal System. nd. Anlyze of Egypt. 6 February 2014 <http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptlegalsystem.html> This was a secondary source that analyzed the crimes of Egypt, and the different levels of the crimes, ranging from physical harm to tomb robbing. You got to see that there was a different level of crimes and with the direct crimes there are different types of punishments. This allows you to see how this society held their citizens very responsible for their actions. Blerk, Nicolaas Johannes Van. The Concept of Law and Justice in Ancient Egypt. 21 November 2011. Analyze of Society. 2 February 2014 <http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/281/> This is a secondary source that provides incite and explanations on primary documents. This provides a further and more in depth analyze of not only the Eloquent Peasant, but also provided analyze of how this was influenced into the society. You get to see how this system had its positive and negative influences on society. Cartwright, Mark. Roman Law. 24 November 2013. Analyze document. 2 February 2014 <http://www.ancient.eu.com/Roman_Law/ > This is a secondary document that analyzes how the twelve tablets affect society. This document shows the goal of the Twelve Tablets and how it was created to draw the nation together and promote a productive society. This law was also written so well that it wouldnt be misinterpreted by the public, or be manipulated.

Clark. Capital Punishment in Ancient Rome. n.d. Analyze Document. 19 October 2013. <http://www.xavier.edu/classics/documents/Theses/Clark.pdf> This is a secondary source. It describes punishments distributed by Roman Empire as means of creating a system of discipline to enforce laws amongst the society. Since the beginning of time, death has always been referred to as man's worst punishment, as the example was set by the highly achieved empire of the Romans. Other forms of cruel and violent retributions are clubbing, stoning, flogging, and beating. It will contribute to our project by supplying us with an example of punishment used in a used in ancient Rome, a society that has greatly affected and massive area across different locations throughout the world. This is one of the main sources that we will be investigating as this is still a method that is used today to punish the population. So we will be able to compare the numbers of death between the ages, through the same method of killing.

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Congressional Quarterly Researcher. Chronology of Capital Punishment. 10 March 1995. Article. 19 October 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/angel/timeline.html> This source is a summary of capital punishment throughout American History and how it has been viewed over the last 400 years, making this a secondary source. It starts off by describing how originally 14 crimes could be punishable by death, while in modern times, categorized, there are only 3. This reveals how the American justice system has become more lenient in distributing sentences as we have progressed to the future. This will allow us to compare the punishments of the modern times to the methods of the past, which will come from other sources. Crawford. Mesopotamian law. Analyze of Law. 7 February 2014. <http://www.erasmatazz.com/library/the-mind/history-of-thinking/earlycivilization/mesopotamian-law.html > This was a secondary source that rephrased the laws so that you could better understand the true meaning of the laws. You can see that there is an overwhelming trend that this law code was created to protect the weak from the strong and higher class individuals. Dollinger, Andr . Law and Order, The Criminals and Their Crimes. July 2013. Analyze Article. 2 February 2014 <http://reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/law_and_order/index.html> This is a secondary source that analyzes the punishments, and how decisions were made in court. This went into specific detail the parts of the law system, and integrates primary quotes to give a further understanding of the law system. Also it gave a further explanation of Maat, the goddess of the World Order. It also when into explanation on how the pharaohs were the living judges on big decisions. Finally it detailed how the death sentence was a rare punishment, yet torture and beatings were common.

Donn, Lin. Han Times. Nd. Secondary document. 2 February 2014. <http://china.mrdonn.org/han.html > This is a secondary source that analyzes the Han Dynasty. It analyzed the society during this empire, so it kind of backed up why the government had to supplement such strong laws and rules against the public.

Ducksters. Ancient Mesopotamia. January 2014. Analyze of Society. 7 February 2014 <http://www.ducksters.com/history/mesopotamia/code_of_hammurabi.php> This is a secondary documents. In this secondary document you get to see the purpose of the law, which was to promote efficiently in the economy and to promote peace. Also you get to see that all of the laws were created around the beliefs of Shamash, the Babylonian god of salvation, law, and justice for the people.

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Ducksters. Ancient Mesopotamia. January 2014. Analyze of Society. 7 February 2014 <http://www.ducksters.com/history/mesopotamia/code_of_hammurabi.php> This is a secondary documents. In this secondary document you get to see the purpose of the law, which was to promote efficiently in the economy and to promote peace. Also you get to see that all of the laws were created around the beliefs of Shamash, the Babylonian god of salvation, law, and justice for the people. Dunn, Jimmy. Egypt: Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt. n.d. Article. 19 October 2013. < http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/law.htm> This is an example of a secondary a source. This source reveals common morals and laws used by ancient Egyptians to evaluate that their moral code was deeper than what is right and what is wrong. Their rules were based on order, balance, and justice in the universe. This is important to our project as it allowed us to further our analysis of the Egyptian law system and how stick they were. This will then allow use to compare it to modern times Harris&Greenwell. The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant: Ancient Advice for the Modern Judge. n.d. Analyze of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. < http://www.harrisgreenwell.com/HGS/TheTaleOfTheEloquentPeasant> This is an analysis of a primary document written by an Egyptian scribe. This story reveals the relationships between justice and punishment, and justice and reward during the Ancient Egyptian time period by narrating through the eyes of Khunanup. Justice and truth were seen as of equal importance with the Egyptians. This is significant as it allowed us to analyze the written fable of the ancient Egyptians, hence allow us to compare it to todays law systems dealing with responsibility and rights of the citizens. Hoffman, Alix. Primary Source Analysis-Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 22 September 2010. Analysis of Primary Document. 4 February 2014.<http://independentstudyhistory2011.voices.wooster.edu/primary-source-analysis-universaldeclaration-of-human-rights/ > In this secondary source, he analyzes the reason for the documents creation, and why it was signed by so many nations with rights that they previously disagreed with. This was created after World War II, and it was created to prevent such a breach in rights breaks again, so the emotions of the time is what drove so many nations to sign it, as it was also created in hopes of stopping WWIII. Human Rights Education Associates. Simplified Version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2011. Analyze of Primary document. 2 February 2014<http://www.hrea.org/index.php?base_id=104&language_id=1&erc_doc_id=5211&category _id=24&category_type=3&group=> In this secondary document, it defines the rights that each citizen is entitled too. You can see quickly that there are a lot of rights here that are entitled to the individual, however arent essential to life, which is a contrast to previous societies in which they had fewer rights.

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John, Claude Hermann Walter. Babylonian Law-The Code of Hammurabi. n.d. Analyze of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. < http://www.come-andhear.com/supplement/hammurabi.html#Analysis> This is a secondary document on the code of Hammurabi, and explains the history, and laws of the Code. With the mixed population of different races in Babylonia, Hammurabi was still capable of a uniform law system that appealed to all people. This law system was very firm in that it was heavily if, then oriented meaning the punishment was similar to the crime committed. This is significant as it will allow us to analyze the 1st written code that was ever written, and will allow us to go back the furthers in history to retrieve information Law in Ancient Rome. nd. Analyze article. 8 February 2014.<http://www.crystalinks.com/romelaw.html > This is a secondary source that analyzes the political structure of Rome and their laws. This document goes into consideration of what is illegal, and what happens if you commit certain crimes. Also you see the oath that is taken during the trial process that allows a fair trial. McGrath, Jane. Whats so important about the Code of Hammurabi?. 17 February 2009. Article. 19 October 2013. < http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/code-of-hammurabi.htm> This is a secondary document on the analyzing of the significance of the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was not a vicious leader, like many rulers that took over that time period. He wanted everyone to be treated in the way that they deserved. The discovery of the stela (Stone Pillar) led historians into being able to identify life during the Babylonian time period. This will allow us to further analyze the Code of Hammurabi, which is one of the societies that we are investigating. Rough Justice. 22 July 2010. Analyze Article. 19 October 2013. <http://www.economist.com/node/16640389> This is a 3rd document. American has as many people in jail compared to any other rich nation in the world. 1 out of 100 Americans will spend their life in prison. There is a trend of politicians promising for tougher laws, which means that every time a politician promises this, the laws only get tougher. Since 1970 the rate of people left in prison is nearly quadrupled. This is because the standard time in prison as greatly increased, as the public views that the most dangerous criminals need to spend more time in prison. Many states are now removing the chance of a judge showing mercy, as they now have minimum amounts of time that each criminal needs to serve. Community service convictions now results in lower amount of repeat offenders, as the punishments usually entail larger physical work that the criminals dont want to have to do. This will help our project as it will help us in the fact that it is helping us compare the procedures of the past, and compare them to today standards. Theobald, Ulrich. Chinese History- Han Dynasty Government, Administration, and Law. 2000. Analyze article. 2 February 2014 <http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-admin.html >

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In this secondary source it analyzes the government system and the law code of the Han Dynasty. It depicts the limited rights of the citizens, while it also analyzed the legalist law code that was being implemented at the time of the reign. It also illustrates how the corruption of the empire led to some malpractice in the law in the terms of unrightfully convictions. TotalHistory.Com. Han Dynasty Government. Nd. Analyze article. 1 February 2014 <http://totallyhistory.com/han-dynasty-government/ > This is a secondary source that goes into further detail of how the Han dynasty led a vicious and bloody reign over China along with their law code that was very stick and gave the citizens very few rights. This explains that the government thought that man was created evil and that if they had too many rights that they would try to over throw the government, which ironically they did.

Trueman, Chris. How was Rome Governed?. May 2013. Analyze article. 7 February 2014. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/how_was_rome_governed.htm> In this secondary source it analyzes upon how Rome was formed and governed. This illustrates that Rome was a democracy that allowed for elections of their leaders, which gave the people some rights. However there was unjust within the social classes especially in terms of punishments. University College London. Law in Ancient Egypt, 2003. Analyze Article. 4 February 2014 <http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/administration/law.html> This is a secondary source that analyzed the political, economical, and social issues that led to the law systems. This website also goings into detail of how the court cases were decided, and how the legal proceedings happened, which highlight the lack of rights that the accused person had.

University of Chicago. Ancient Mesopotamia: Law and Government.. nd. Analyze document. 6 February 2014. <http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/law.html > This is a secondary source used to compare the different societies. In this document you get to see how it compares to the other legal systems of the Ancient era, and it highlights differences in between differences. This also highlights how this legal system is a lot more organized as the laws were all written out, so they could be diffused throughout the population. Western Han Dynasty. 2014. Article. 1 February 2014. <http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm > This is a secondary source that analyzed the society of Han and their society. It illustrates the efficient and very command economy and social structure. They accredit the strict government regulations on the people, and the threat of severe or deadly punishments.

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