FUNGI

Chapter 11 Section 3
OBJECTIVES:

 Describe the characteristics of fungi

 Distinguish between the 4 main groups of fungi

 Explain how lichens affect their environment

THERE’S A FUNGUS AMONG US!!!!!!!!!!
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Eukaryotic

 Heterotrophs

 Rigid cell walls

 No chlorophyll

 Come in a variety of shapes, sizes, colors

FOOD FOR FUNGI
 Must live near their food supply

 Most are consumers

 Secrete digestive juices
 Absorb the dissolved material

 Many are decomposers

 Feed on dead plant and animal matter

 Some are parasites

 Live in mutualism with other organisms

 Grow in the roots of plants (mycorrhiza)
HIDDEN FROM VIEW
 Single-celled

 Multi-cellular

 Chains of cells: hyphae (thread-like filaments)

 Hyphae grow together to form a twisted mass

called a mycelium

 Mycelium is hidden from view beneath the

ground
 HYPHAE & MYCELIUM

http://maflib.mtandao-afrika.net/TQA01074/english/images/fungi.gif
MAKING MORE FUNGI
 Either sexual or asexual

 Asexual reproduction occurs in 2 ways:

 Hyphae break apart and each new piece becomes a

new fungus

 Production of spores (small reproductive cells

protected by a thick cell wall)
MAKING MORE FUNGI
 Sexual reproduction:

 Special structures form to make sex cells

 Sex cells join to produce sexual spores that grow into

a new fungus
 REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

http://universe-review.ca/I10-21-fungi1.jpg
 SPORE RELEASE

http://www.wildmanstevebrill.com/JPEG%27S/Mushroom%20Images/Gem-studdedSpores.jpg

http://leavingbio.net/FUNGUS/Fungi2_files/image065.jpg
KINDS OF FUNGI
 Classified by:
 Shape

 The way they reproduce

 4 Main Kinds:
 Thread-like fungi
 Sac fungi
 Club fungi
 Imperfect fungi
THREADLIKE FUNGI
 Mold: a fungus that looks like wool or cotton

 Live in the soil

 Some are decomposers, others are parasites

 Can reproduce asexually (sporangia: spore

cases)

 Sexual reproduction: hyphae join and create

specialized sporangia
 THREADLIKE FUNGI

http://johnson.emcs.net/life/images/shotgun.jpg

http://a-s.clayton.edu/furlong/Rhizopus_-_bread_mold.jpg
SAC FUNGI
 Largest group of fungi

 Yeasts, powdery mildews, truffles, morels

 Reproduce sexually and asexually during their

life cycles

 Ascus: a sac formed from sexual reproduction

 Yeasts (single-celled) form buds

SACFUNGI
 Helpful:
 Yeasts: making bread, alcohol
 Antibiotics
 Vitamins
 Prized foods (truffles, morels)

 Harmful:
 Plant diseases:
 Chestnut Blight
 Dutch Elm Disease
 SAC FUNGI

http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/EarlyChemistry/PreservationChemistry/YeastCellsforWine.jpg

http://www.gourmetgirlmagazine.com/09/10/images/img.alibaba.comTruffles.jpg

http://aardvarks.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/morel1.jpg
CLUB FUNGI
 Umbrella-shaped mushrooms

 Reproduce sexually: grow basidia (clubs) from

which spores develop

 Most of the organism is underground

 Most familiar: Gill fungi (under mushroom cap)

 Can be poisonous or edible – be careful!

NON-MUSHROOM CLUB FUNGI

 Bracket fungi (grow outward from wood)

 Puffballs

 Smuts (plant parasites)

 Rusts (plant parasites)

 CLUB FUNGI

http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg

http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/bracket_fungi.jpg

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/hendzel_abby/Reproduction%20pic.jpg
IMPERFECT FUNGI
 All fungi that do not fit the other groups

 Do not reproduce sexually

 Some are used to produce foods:

 Cheeses, soy sauce, citric acid in cola drinks

 Most are parasites that cause disease

 Examples:
 Athlete’s Foot (skin disease)
 Aflatoxin (causes cancer)

 Penicillium (antibiotic)
 IMPERFECT FUNGI

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/labpics/Penicillium%20notatum.JPG

http://www.hipusa.com/webmd/images/health_and_medical_reference/skin_and_beauty/understanding_athletes_foot_basics.jpg

http://www.agnet.org/images/library/pt2003012f1.jpg
LICHENS
 A combination of a fungus and an alga that grow
together

 Mutualistic relationship

 Producers (unlike fungi)

 Lichens can keep from drying out

 Found in every kind of environment (even the

Arctic!)
MORE ABOUT LICHENS…
 Need only air, light, and minerals to grow

 They can grow on rocks

 Make acids that break down rocks and cause

cracks

 Easily affected by air pollution – presence or

absence good measure of air quality
 LICHENS

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Lichens/Foliose_lichens_130_d.gif

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/plants-gardening/plants/lichen/examples-lichens.jpg
QUICK QUIZ

 Why should you never eat wild mushrooms that

haven’t been identified yet?

 From what kind of a fungus is the antibiotic

penicillin derived?

 Where are lichens found?