Tema 4: Torsin en barras y en tubos no circulares

4.1. Torsin de elementos no circulares

Denotando con L la longitud de la barra, con a el lado ms ancho y con b el lado ms angosto de
su seccin transversal y con T la magnitud de los momentos torsionantes de los pares aplicados
a la barra de la Figura, el esfuerzo cortante mximo, que ocurre a lo largo de la lnea centran de
la cara ms ancha de la barra, es igual a:
=
T
c
1
ab
2
(4.1)
El ngulo de giro se calcula como:
=
TL
c
2
ab
2
G
(4.2)
Los coecientes c
1
y c
2
dependen de la razn a/b, dados en la tabla, estas ecuaciones son vlidas
dentro del rango elstico.
a/b c
1
c
2
1.0 0.208 0.1406
1.2 0.219 0.1661
1.5 0.231 0.1958
2.0 0.246 0.229
2.5 0.258 0.249
3.0 0.267 0.263
4.0 0.282 0.281
5.0 0.291 0.291
10.0 0.312 0.312
0.333 0.333
En la tabla anterior, los coecientes c
1
y c
2
son iguales para la razn a/b > 5. Para tales valores:
c
1
= c
2
=
1
3
(1 0,630b/a) (4.3)
4.2. Torsin de elementos huecos de pares delgada
El esfuerzo cortante en cualquier punto de un elemento hueco de paredes delgadas se determina
con la siguiente expresin
=
T
2t a
(4.4)
Donde T es la magnitud de los momentos torsionantes, t el espesor del elemento y a es el rea
bordeada por la lnea central. Para calcular el ngulo utilice la tabla anexa.
6
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress
GENERAL FORMULAS: y TL=KG and t T=Q, where y angle of twist (radians); T twisting moment (force-length); L length, t unit shear stress (force per unit area); G modulus of
rigidity (force per unit area); K (length to the fourth) and Q (length cubed) are functions of the cross section
Form and dimensions of cross sections,
other quantities involved, and case no. Formula for K in y
TL
KG
Formula for shear stress
1. Solid circular section
K
1
2
pr
4
t
max

2T
pr
3
at boundary
2. Solid elliptical section K
pa
3
b
3
a
2
b
2
t
max

2T
pab
2
at ends of minor axis
3. Solid square section
K 2:25a
4
t
max

0:601T
a
3
at midpoint of each side
4. Solid rectangular section K ab
3
16
3
3:36
b
a
1
b
4
12a
4
_ _ _ _
for a5b
t
max

3T
8ab
2
1 0:6095
b
a
0:8865
b
a
_ _
2
1:8023
b
a
_ _
3
0:9100
b
a
_ _
4
_ _
at the midpoint of each longer side for a5b
10.7 Tables
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
0
1
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
Form and dimensions of cross sections,
other quantities involved, and case no. Formula for K in y
TL
KG
Formula for shear stress
5. Solid triangular section (equilaterial)
K
a
4

3
p
80
t
max

20T
a
3
at midpoint of each side
6. Isosceles triangle
(Note: See also Ref. 21 for graphs of stress
magnitudes and locations and stiffness
factors)
For
2
3
< a=b <

3
p
39

< a < 82

K
a
3
b
3
15a
2
20b
2
approximate formula which is exact at a 60

where K 0:02165c
4
.
For

3
p
< a=b < 2

3
p
82

< a < 120

K 0:0915b
4
a
b
0:8592
_ _
approximate formula which is exact at
a 90

where K 0:0261c
4
(errors < 4%) (Ref. 20)
For 39

< a < 120

Q
K
b0:200 0:309a=b 0:0418a=b
2

approximate formula which is exact at a 60

and a 90

For a 60

Q 0:0768b
3
0:0500c
3
For a 90

Q 0:1604b
3
0:0567c
3
t
max
at center of longest side
7. Circular segmental section
[Note: h r1 cos a
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
h
r
as follows.
For 0 4
h
r
41:0:
C 0:7854 0:0333
h
r
2:6183
h
r
_ _
2
4:1595
h
r
_ _
3
3:0769
h
r
_ _
4
0:9299
h
r
_ _
5
t
max

TB
r
3
where B varies with
h
r
as follows. For 0 4
h
r
41:0 :
B 0:6366 1:7598
h
r
5:4897
h
r
_ _
2
14:062
h
r
_ _
3
14:510
h
r
_ _
4
6:434
h
r
_ _
5
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
4
0
2
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
8. Circular sector
(Note: See also Ref. 21)
K Cr
4
where C varies with
a
p
as follows:
For 0:1 4
a
p
42:0:
C 0:0034 0:0697
a
p
0:5825
a
p
_ _
2
0:2950
a
p
_ _
3
0:0874
a
p
_ _
4
0:0111
a
p
_ _
5
t
max

T
Br
3
on a radial boundary. B varies
with
a
p
as follows. For 0:14
a
p
41:0:
B 0:0117 0:2137
a
p
2:2475
a
p
_ _
2
4:6709
a
p
_ _
3
5:1764
a
p
_ _
4
2:2000
a
p
_ _
5
Data from Ref. 17)
9. Circular shaft with opposite sides
attened
(Note: h r w
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
h
r
as follows:
For two at sides where 04
h
r
40:8:
C 0:7854 0:4053
h
r
3:5810
h
r
_ _
2
5:2708
h
r
_ _
3
2:0772
h
r
_ _
4
For four at sides where
04
h
r
40:293 :
C 0:7854 0:7000
h
r
7:7982
h
r
_ _
2
14:578
h
r
_ _
3
t
max

TB
r
3
where B varies with
h
r
as follows. For two flat sides where
0 4
h
r
40:6:
B 0:6366 2:5303
h
r
11:157
h
r
_ _
2
49:568
h
r
_ _
3
85:886
h
r
_ _
4
69:849
h
r
_ _
5
For four flat sides where 0 4
h
r
40:293:
B 0:6366 2:6298
h
r
5:6147
h
r
_ _
2
30:853
h
r
_ _
3
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
0
3
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
Form and dimensions of cross sections,
other quantities involved, and case no. Formula for K in y
TL
KG
Formula for shear stress
10. Hollow concentric circular section
K
1
2
pr
4
0
r
4
i

t
max

2Tr
o
pr
4
o
r
4
i

at outer boundary
11. Eccentric hollow circular section
K
pD
4
d
4

32C
where
C 1
16n
2
1 n
2
1 n
4

l
2

384n
4
1 n
2

2
1 n
4

4
l
4
t
max

16TDF
pD
4
d
4

F 1
4n
2
1 n
2
l
32n
2
1 n
2
1 n
4

l
2

48n
2
1 2n
2
3n
4
2n
6

1 n
2
1 n
4
1 n
6

l
3

64n
2
2 12n
2
19n
4
28n
6
18n
8
14n
10
3n
12

1 n
2
1 n
4
1 n
6
1 n
8

l
4
(Ref. 10)
12. Hollow elliptical section, outer and
inner boundaries similar ellipses
K
pa
3
b
3
a
2
b
2
1 q
4

where
q
a
o
a

b
o
b
(Note: The wall thickness is not constant)
t
max

2T
pab
2
1 q
4

at ends of minor axis on outer surface

13. Hollow, thin-walled section of uniform
thickness; U length of elliptical
median boundary, shown dashed:
U pa b t 1 0:258
a b
2
a b t
2
_ _
approximately
K
4p
2
ta
1
2
t
2
b
1
2
t
2

U
t
average

T
2pta
1
2
tb
1
2
t
(stress is nearly uniform if t is small)
4
0
4
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
14. Any thin tube of uniform thickness;
U length of median boundary;
A mean of areas enclosed by outer
and inner boundaries, or (approximate)
area within median boundary
K
4A
2
t
U
t
average

T
2tA
(stress is nearly uniform if t is small)
15. Any thin tube. U and A as for
case 14; t thickness at any point
K
4A
2
_
dU=t
t
average
on any thickness AB
T
2tA
t
max
where t is a minimum)
16. Hollow rectangle, thin-walled
(Note: For thick-walled hollow rectangles
see Refs. 16 and 25. Reference 25
illustrates how to extend the work
presented to cases with more than
one enclosed region.)
K
2tt
1
a t
2
b t
1

2
at bt
1
t
2
t
2
1
t
average

T
2ta tb t
1

near midlength of short sides

T
2t
1
a tb t
1

near midlength of long sides

_

_
(There will be higher stresses at inner corners unless llets of fairly large radius
are provided)
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
0
5
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
Form and dimensions of cross sections,
other quantities involved, and case no. Formula for K in y
TL
KG
Formula for shear stress
17. Thin circular open tube of uniform
thickness; r mean radius
K
2
3
prt
3
t
max

T6pr 1:8t
4p
2
r
2
t
2
along both edges remote from ends (this assumes t is small comopared with mean
radius)
18. Any thin open tube of uniform
thickness; U length of median line,
shown dashed
K
1
3
Ut
3
t
max

T3U 1:8t
U
2
t
2
along both edges remote from ends (this assumes t small compared wtih least
radius of curvature of median line; otherwise use the formulas given for cases
1926)
19. Any elongated section with axis of
symmetry OX; U length, A area of
section, I
x
moment of inertia about
axis of symmetry
K
4I
x
1 16I
x
=AU
2
20. Any elongated section or thin open tube;
dU elementary length along median
line, t thickness normal to median line,
A area of section
K
F
3 4F=AU
2
where F
_
U
0
t
3
dU
21. Any solid, fairly compact section
without reentrant angles, J polar
moment of inertia about centroid axis,
A area of section
K
A
4
40J
For all solid sections of irregular form (cases 1926 inclusive) the maximum shear
stress occurs at or very near one of the points where the largest inscribed circle
touches the boundary,* and of these, at the one where the curvature of the
boundary is algebraically least. (Convexity represents positive and concavity
negative curvature of the boundary.) At a point where the curvature is positive
(boundary of section straight or convex) this maximum stress is given approxi-
mately by
t
max
G
y
L
C or t
max

T
K
C
where
C
D
1
p
2
D
4
16A
2
1 0:15
p
2
D
4
16A
2

D
2r
_ _ _ _
Ddiameter of largest inscribed circle
r radius of curvature of boundary at the point (positive for this case)
Aarea of the section
*Unless at some point on the boundary there is a sharp reentant angle, causing
high local stress.
4
0
6
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
22. Trapezoid
K
1
12
bmnm
2
n
2
V
L
m
4
V
s
n
4
where V
L
0:10504 0:10s 0:0848s
2
0:06746s
3
0:0515s
4
V
s
0:10504 0:10s 0:0848s
2
0:06746s
3
0:0515s
4
s
mn
b
(Ref. 11)
23. T-section, ange thickness uniform.
For denitions of r; D; t; and t
1
, see
case 26.
K K
1
K
2
aD
4
where K
1
ab
3
1
3
0:21
b
a
1
b
4
12a
4
_ _ _ _
K
2
cd
3
1
3
0:105
d
c
1
d
4
192c
4
_ _ _ _
a
t
t
1
0:15 0:10
r
b
_ _
D
b r
2
rd d
2
=4
2r b
for d < 2b r
24. L-section; b 5d. For denitions of r and
D, see case 26.
K K
1
K
2
aD
4
where K
1
ab
3
1
3
0:21
b
a
1
b
4
12a
4
_ _ _ _
K
2
cd
3
1
3
0:105
d
c
1
d
4
192c
4
_ _ _ _
a
d
b
0:07 0:076
r
b
_ _
D 2d b 3r

22r b2r d
_

for b < 2d r
At a point where the curvature is negative (boundary of section concave or
reentrant), this maximum stress is given approximately by
t
max
G
y
L
C or t
max

T
K
C
where C
D
1
p
2
D
4
16A
2
1 0:118ln 1
D
2r
_ _
0:238
D
2r
_ _
tanh
2f
p
_ _
and D; A, and r have the same meaning as before and f a positive angle through
which a tangent to the boundary rotates in turning or traveling around the
reentrant portion, measured in radians (here r is negative).
The preceding formulas should also be used for cases 17 and 18 when t is
relatively large compared with radius of median line.
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
0
7
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
Form and dimensions of cross sections,
other quantities involved, and case no. Formula for K in y
TL
KG
Formula for shear stress
25. U- or Z-section K sum of Ks of constituent L-sections computed
as for case 24
26. I-section, ange thickness uniform;
r llet radius, D diameter largest
inscribed circle, t b if b < d; t d
if d < b; t
1
b if b > d; t
1
d if d > b
K 2K
1
K
2
2aD
4
where K
1
ab
3
1
3
0:21
b
a
1
b
4
12a
4
_ _ _ _
K
2

1
3
cd
3
a
t
t
1
0:15 0:1
r
b
_ _
Use expression for D from case 23
27. Split hollow shaft
K 2Cr
4
o
where C varies with
r
i
r
o
as follows:
For 0:2 4
r
i
r
o
40:6:
C K
1
K
2
r
i
r
o
K
3
r
i
r
o
_ _
2
K
4
r
i
r
o
_ _
3
where for 0:14h=r
i
41:0,
K
1
0:4427 0:0064
h
r
i
0:0201
h
r
i
_ _
2
K
2
0:8071 0:4047
h
r
i
0:1051
h
r
i
_ _
2
K
3
0:0469 1:2063
h
r
i
0:3538
h
r
i
_ _
2
K
4
0:5023 0:9618
h
r
i
0:3639
h
r
i
_ _
2
At M; t
TB
r
3
o
where B varies with
r
i
r
o
as follows.
For 0:24
r
i
r
o
40:6:
B K
1
K
2
r
i
r
o
K
3
r
i
r
o
_ _
2
K
4
r
i
r
o
_ _
3
where fore 0:14h=r
i
41:0,
K
1
2:0014 0:1400
h
r
i
0:3231
h
r
i
_ _
3
K
2
2:9047 3:0069
h
r
i
4:0500
h
r
i
_ _
2
K
3
15:721 6:5077
h
r
i
12:496
h
r
i
_ _
2
K
4
29:553 4:1115
h
r
i
18:845
h
r
i
_ _
2
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
4
0
8
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
28. Shaft with one keyway
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
b
r
as follows.
For 0 4
b
r
40:5:
C K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:3 4a=b41:5;
K
1
0:7854
K
2
0:0848 0:1234
a
b
0:0847
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:4318 2:2000
a
b
0:7633
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:0780 2:0618
a
b
0:5234
a
b
_ _
2
At M; t
TB
r
3
where B varies with
b
r
as follows. For 0:2 4
b
r
40:5 :
B K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:54a=b 41:5;
K
1
1:1690 0:3168
a
b
0:0490
a
b
_ _
2
K
2
0:43490 1:5096
a
b
0:8677
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
1:1830 4:2764
a
b
1:7024
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:8812 0:2627
a
b
0:1897
a
b
_ _
2
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
29. Shaft with two keyways
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
b
r
as follows.
For 0 4
b
r
40:5:
C K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:3 4a=b41:5;
K
1
0:7854
K
2
0:0795 0:1286
a
b
0:1169
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
1:4126 3:8589
a
b
1:3292
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:7098 4:1936
a
b
1:1053
a
b
_ _
2
At M; t
TB
r
3
where B varies with
b
r
as follows. For 0:24
b
r
40:5 :
B K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:54a=b 41:5;
K
1
1:2512 0:5406
a
b
0:0387
a
b
_ _
2
K
2
0:9385 2:3450
a
b
0:3256
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
7:2650 15:338
a
b
3:1138
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
11:152 33:710
a
b
10:007
a
b
_ _
2
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
0
9
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
Form and dimensions of cross sections,
other quantities involved, and case no. Formula for K in y
TL
KG
Formula for shear stress
30. Shaft with four keyways
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
b
r
as follows.
For 0 4
b
r
40:4:
C K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:3 4a=b 41:2;
K
1
0:7854
K
2
0:1496 0:2773
a
b
0:2110
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
2:9138 8:2354
a
b
2:5782
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
2:2991 12:097
a
b
2:2838
a
b
_ _
2
At M; t
TB
r
3
where B varies with
b
r
as follows. For 0:2 4
b
r
40:4;
B K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:5 4a=b 41:2;
K
1
1:0434 1:0449
a
b
0:2977
a
b
_ _
2
K
2
0:0958 9:8401
a
b
1:6847
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
15:749 6:9650
a
b
14:222
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
35:878 88:696
a
b
47:545
a
b
_ _
2
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
31. Shaft with one spline
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
b
r
as follows.
For 0 4
b
r
40:5:
C K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:2 4a=b 41:4;
K
1
0:7854
K
2
0:0264 0:1187
a
b
0:0868
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:2017 0:9019
a
b
0:4947
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:2911 1:4875
a
b
2:0651
a
b
_ _
2
At M; t
TB
r
3
where B varies with
b
r
as follows. For 0 4
b
r
40:5;
B K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:2 4a=b 41:4;
K
1
0:6366
K
2
0:0023 0:0168
a
b
0:0093
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:0052 0:0225
a
b
0:3300
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:0984 0:4936
a
b
0:2179
a
b
_ _
2
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
4
1
0
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
32. Shaft with two splines
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
b
r
as follows.
For 04
b
r
40:5:
C K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:24a=b41:4;
K
1
0:7854
K
2
0:0204 0:1307
a
b
0:1157
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:2075 1:1544
a
b
0:5937
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:3608 2:2582
a
b
3:7336
a
b
_ _
2
At M; t
TB
r
3
where B varies with
b
r
as follows. For 0 4
b
r
40:5;
B K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:2 4a=b 41:4;
K
1
0:6366
K
2
0:0069 0:0229
a
b
0:0637
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:0675 0:3996
a
b
1:0514
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:3582 1:8324
a
b
1:5393
a
b
_ _
2
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
33. Shaft with four splines
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
b
r
as follows.
For 04
b
r
40:5:
C K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:24a=b41:0;
K
1
0:7854
K
2
0:0595 0:3397
a
b
0:3239
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:6008 3:1396
a
b
2:0693
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
1:0869 6:2451
a
b
9:4190
a
b
_ _
2
At M; t
TB
r
3
where B varies with
b
r
as follows. For 0 4
b
r
40:5;
B K
1
K
2
b
r
K
3
b
r
_ _
2
K
4
b
r
_ _
3
where for 0:2 4a=b 41:0;
K
1
0:6366
K
2
0:0114 0:0789
a
b
0:1767
a
b
_ _
2
K
3
0:1207 1:0291
a
b
2:3589
a
b
_ _
2
K
4
0:5132 3:4300
a
b
4:0226
a
b
_ _
2
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
1
1
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
TABLE 10.1 Formulas for torsional deformation and stress (Continued)
Form and dimensions of cross sections,
other quantities involved, and case no. Formula for K in y
TL
KG
Formula for shear stress
34. Pinned shaft with one, two, or four
grooves
K 2Cr
4
where C varies with
a
r
over the range
04
a
r
40:5 as follows. For one groove:
C 0:7854 0:0225
a
r
1:4154
a
r
_ _
2
0:9167
a
r
_ _
3
For two grooves:
C 0:7854 0:0147
a
r
3:0649
a
r
_ _
2
2:5453
a
r
_ _
3
For four grooves:
C 0:7854 0:0409
a
r
6:2371
a
r
_ _
2
7:2538
a
r
_ _
3
At M; t
TB
r
3
where B varies with
a
r
over the
range 0:1 4
a
r
40:5 as follows. For one groove:
B 1:0259 1:1802
a
r
2:7897
a
r
_ _
2
3:7092
a
r
_ _
3
For two grooves:
B 1:0055 1:5427
a
r
2:9501
a
r
_ _
2
7:0534
a
r
_ _
3
For four grooves:
B 1:2135 2:9697
a
r
33:713
a
r
_ _
2
99:506
a
r
_ _
3
130:49
a
r
_ _
4
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
35. Cross shaft
K 2Cs
4
where C varies with
r
s
over the
range 0 4
r
s
40:9 as follows:
C 1:1266 0:3210
r
s
3:1519
r
s
_ _
2
14:347
r
s
_ _
3
15:223
r
s
_ _
4
4:7767
r
s
_ _
5
At M; t
B
M
T
s
3
where B
M
varies with
r
s
over the range 0 4
r
s
40:5 as follows:
B
M
0:6010 0:1059
r
s
0:9180
r
s
_ _
2
3:7335
r
s
_ _
3
2:8686
r
s
_ _
4
At N; t
B
N
T
s
3
where B
N
varies with
r
s
over the range 0:34
r
s
40:9 as follows:
B
N
0:3281 9:1405
r
s
42:520
r
s
_ _
2
109:04
r
s
_ _
3
133:95
r
s
_ _
4
66:054
r
s
_ _
5
(Note: B
N
> B
M
for r=s > 0:32
(Data from Refs. 12 and 13)
4
1
2
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
TABLE 10.2 Formulas for torsional properties and stresses in thin-walled open cross sections
NOTATION: Point 0 indicates the shear center. e distance from a reference to the shear center; K torsional stiffness constant (length to the fourth power); C
w
warping constant (length to the
sixth power); t
1
shear stress due to torsional rigidity of the cross section (force per unit area); t
2
shear stress due to warping rigidity of the cross section (force per unit area); s
x
bending stress
due to warping rigidity of the cross section (force per unit area); E modulus of elasticity of the material (force per unit area); and G modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) of the material (force per
unit area)
The appropriate values of y
0
; y
00
, and y
000
are found in Table 10.3 for the loading and boundary restraints desired
Cross section, reference no. Constants Selected maximum values
1. Channel
e
3b
2
h 6b
K
t
3
3
h 2b
C
w

h
2
b
3
t
12
2h 3b
h 6b
s
x

max

hb
2
h 3b
h 6b
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at corners A and D
t
2

max

hb
2
4
h 3b
h 6b
_ _
2
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a distance b
h 3b
h 6b
from corners A and D
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
2. C-section
e b
3h
2
b 6h
2
b
1
8b
3
1
h
3
6h
2
b 6h
2
b
1
8b
3
1
12hb
2
1
K
t
3
3
h 2b 2b
1

C
w
t
h
2
b
2
2
b
1

b
3
e
2eb
1
b

2b
2
1
h
_ _ _

h
2
e
2
2
b b
1

h
6

2b
2
1
h
_ _

2b
3
1
3
b e
2
_
s
x

max

h
2
b e b
1
b e
_ _
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at corners A and F
t
2

max

h
4
b e2b
1
b e
b
2
1
2
b e
_ _
Ey
000
throughout the thickness on the top and bottom flanges at a
distance e from corners C and D
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
3. Hat section
e b
3h
2
b 6h
2
b
1
8b
3
1
h
3
6h
2
b 6h
2
b
1
8b
3
1
12hb
2
1
K
t
3
3
h 2b 2b
1

C
w
t
h
2
b
2
2
b
1

b
3
e
2eb
1
b

2b
2
1
h
_ _ _

h
2
e
2
2
b b
1

h
6

2b
2
1
h
_ _

2b
3
1
3
b e
2

s
x

h
2
b e b
1
b e
_ _
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at corners A and F
s
x

h
2
b eEy
00
throughout the thickness at corners B and E
t
2

h
2
b e
2
8b e

b
2
1
2
b e
hb
1
2
b e
_ _
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a distance
hb e
2b e
from corner B toward corner A
t
2

b
2
1
2
b e
hb
1
2
b e
h
4
b e
2
_ _
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a distance e
from corner C toward corner B
t
1
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
1
3
TABLE 10.2 Formulas for torsional properties and stresses in thin-walled open cross sections (Continued)
Cross section, reference no. Constants Selected maximum values
4. Twin channel with
anges inward
K
t
3
3
2b 4b
1

C
w

tb
2
24
8b
3
1
6h
2
b
1
h
2
b 12b
2
1
h
s
x

max

b
2
b
1

h
2
_ _
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points A and D
t
2

max

b
16
4b
2
1
4b
1
h hbEy
000
throughout the thickness midway between corners B and C
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
5. Twin channel with
anges outward
K
t
3
3
2b 4b
1

C
w

tb
2
24
8b
3
1
6h
2
b
1
h
2
b 12b
2
1
h
s
x

max

hb
4
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points B and C if h > b
1
s
x

max

hb
4

bb
1
2
_ _
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points A and D if h < b
1
t
2

max

b
4
h
2
b
1
_ _
2
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a distance
h
2
from corner B toward point A if
b
1
>
h
2
1

1
2

b
2h
_ _ _
t
2

max

b
4
b
2
1

hb
4
hb
1
_ _
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a point midway between corners B and C if
b
1
<
h
2
1

1
2

b
2h
_ _ _
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
6. Wide anged beam
with equal anges
K
1
3
2t
3
b t
3
w
h
C
w

h
2
tb
3
24
s
x

max

hb
4
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points A and B
t
2

max

hb
2
16
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a point midway between A and B
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
4
1
4
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
7. Wide anged beam
with unequal anges
e
t
1
b
3
1
h
t
1
b
3
1
t
2
b
3
2
K
1
3
t
3
1
b
1
t
3
2
b
2
t
3
w
h
C
w

h
2
t
1
t
2
b
3
1
b
3
2
12t
1
b
3
1
t
2
b
3
2

s
x

max

hb
1
2
t
2
b
3
2
t
1
b
3
1
t
2
b
3
2
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points A and B if t
2
b
2
2
> t
1
b
2
1
s
x

max

hb
2
2
t
1
b
3
1
t
1
b
3
1
t
2
b
3
2
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points C and D if t
2
b
2
2
< t
1
b
2
1
t
2

max

1
8
ht
2
b
3
2
b
2
1
t
1
b
3
1
t
2
b
3
2
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a point midway between A and B if t
2
b
2
> t
1
b
1
t
2

max

1
8
ht
1
b
3
1
b
2
2
t
1
b
3
1
t
2
b
3
2
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a point midway between C and D if t
2
b
2
< t
1
b
1
t
1

max
t
max
Gy
0
at the surface on the thickest portion
8. Z-section
K
t
3
3
2b h
C
w

th
2
b
3
12
b 2h
2b h
_ _
s
x

max

hb
2
b h
2b h
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points A and D
t
2

max

hb
2
4
b h
2b h
_ _
2
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at a distance
bb h
2b h
from point A
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
9. Segment of a circular
tube
(Note: If t=r is small, a can
be larger than p to
evaluate constants for
the case when the
walls overlap)
e 2r
sina a cos a
a sina cos a
K
2
3
t
3
ra
C
w

2tr
5
3
a
3
6
sina a cos a
2
a sina cos a
_ _
s
x

max
r
2
a re sinaEy
00
throughout the thickness at points A and B
t
2

max
r
2
e1 cos a
ra
2
2
_ _
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at midlength
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
S
E
C
.
1
0
.
7
]
T
o
r
s
i
o
n
4
1
5
TABLE 10.2 Formulas for torsional properties and stresses in thin-walled open cross sections (Continued
)
TABLE 10.2 Formulas for torsional properties and stresses in thin-walled open cross sections (Continued)
Cross section, reference no. Constants Selected maximum values
10.
e 0:707ab
2
3a 2b
2a
3
a b
3
K
2
3
t
3
a b
C
w

ta
4
b
3
6
4a 3b
2a
3
a b
3
s
x

max

a
2
b
2
2a
2
3ab b
2
2a
3
a b
3
Ey
00
throughout the thickness at points A and E
t
2

a
2
b
2
4
a
2
2ab b
2
2a
3
a b
3
Ey
000
throughout the thickness at point C
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
11.
K
1
3
4t
3
b t
3
w
a
C
w

a
2
b
3
t
3
cos
2
a
(Note: Expressions are equally valid for and a)
s
x

max

ab
2
cos aEy
00
throughout the thickness at points A and C
t
2

max

ab
2
4
cos aEy
000
throughout the thickness at point B
t
1

max
tGy
0
at the surface everywhere
4
1
6
F
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
f
o
r
S
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
S
t
r
a
i
n
[
C
H
A
P
.
1
0
T
1--------
..I ..
hJetplo. Uf) +ubo c.uQdrocb de a\uVY\lnio ef.-\-r-uc.Jura.\ secoOl\
G. ... Sem'I.. lO. \b c...VV'l s<::: Q uY\ e<; FLX:f 2.0 ton;"OY\C1 n 1-- e
T -::: 12fSio f -m. . \)c:.--tc-rm\'!\t:: c: \ Lor-ton1: e en c.a.dct una
c\e. c.uo+ro d<:- dlc.ha tvbo ,
UY\ Uf\lfF0rfY\C OdYo6UY\ h) dos. poredes dc- Q.SO'SCr'rl
a-h-cs de. o.sO<i? c.m.
So\\J L\ 0.) de e!;pLscr CCftrc
If, UY\
{; \ p or \0
t:>U0.\-co.do. es
b35 Om B.1- 5'"' erA) (S.q1.\'1 CT'A)::' 5f. CrtgCY/I,'J.._ (I)
que: el es\)c:Or cS c...onstOY'lt c
e.\ est:ue.rz.o cadofl-\-c. LOeb 'PQn:d es'
'r-=. T :: 'l 1-5 00 K91=" -em
2-l Q\"(\ t.l. (0.'-\06(,,1"11') qi
-6-)
b)'I coo CS,lk r \J (Jr\' 0.. b \
.f t ci ({"o cleJimitud
o
por \u \\Y\t-o

PI,) .' 'i co do
q,c,s L
Q
m
:- t) g.31..\ b (..I'Y) L
I \ eSf\>et""tO \0;c.oros c\c b es.:
'r:::-...L.. -= '1 + SOO V - (f'(\ F-
'Z.l:: ,QfY\ 1 (0. 0 g.3l1 b1IY(2)
=-:nl.bbb
eM"!..
t I c.n \os <:.afQS de t1- e.s.
-= ji -<"' o-___ yv'\
2.h. C\YY\ '2.
Y-:.
-J
Cf
pb . Dc\ prot\emo fie:. e\ Q \0 J que.
letS 'CCC\oY\es .:l!.e.. Uytu L::2-YY'\)
Y'v\6dU\O co 100000 c:\e J :0. "?>L(5

II cle.t:.rM\t\o c.on

KG
(\)
(omo J0fIetc:. I< c.s \.)(\Cl c.oY\So 0" -tc-
\{ :: 2-h:b
b-t \ -
;j cs c.\ modU\o (\
a LO(-\-0.Y\-\ c.
G - 1-DOOOO G:: 2...bOI 2L S.. 04I?
_ l3)
1(\ +v) - '2. (\+6 ) 4s)
QY\2....
4
COY'l porcd de C:Sfcsor
LCl c.of\S toY'+- c K csI
t<=. tI:?-(Q_\:;)2 tb-t't--:: 2. (a - l lCss- Of 9Y
Qt i-bt- - 2 t2. \0.\& (O.YQ6).\- 6.35 (0.YOb) - '2 (D.4Db)l-
ll1)
r.\ v\o e.
-; 'fl - (11-S00 \(Cj}{:'-cY't'\) (200(.Y"')
k'G (\1- fl-i4t:M (2.(,0 - - )-, 21
bJ TIJ 0 parcd. de C'::. 'PCSDf \JQ'(10-b\c.. t\:.O. LM *L. =-- O. cY'"
Lo k
\,,(-::: ..3S- D.30'S)'Z...
0..+
2
+- b-\:\- -t 10.\{, (0. -\- b.3S s)- (0.S02?)2 -
k:::.. \56 "$S" C:'M4 _ )
1\ d \0 \:.s
-: n -:. (2.1- s<)O r -QY\) ('200 _
KG 't<Cjf!cM2)
1:.Jernp\o_ 'De. ml'\'\ e.s,e c:\ mOVYU:..f\-t-o r"l') C')(; t'Y\O c.\e.. orS\'01\ qlC"
'j c.\ de \os CO\uffiI"CLS de
Cone(cto quc: p\Jc.0ef\ c;;.op:>rtal" 0 vi F-IJC\z..o ; fY\D dc..
Y't<'j -:.. \0 kfjfIcy) '2.. \ Moi-iCIl' 0 t; ut'l tf\Odu\o G 0
1
2.. 21"3Sq.. Lj 3b F!t 2.. \(\a l' c\ uc.: 0 ('. d.c: '(0 \f::O.? ,.
CfY\ t \ f'
So colvYV\r\a<::, -\-ic(\c.i\ \as proPlcddUcf;
Q) S6\':do oc=-40clY\ j be::: I.{O em 2.50 cVV'
b) Sdhdo 'j eM
c) ct-:. 4Dc. m) b<,; 40 CYV\ ) ef. pc...s.or t=Sc.yy\ ) l.::- '2..50c.ty\.
So\ut\;'(\.
Q de
rI \de2 U Lex e.s,
C, :: 2. 2\3oS q.Lj)t, i<'jf/cf:\L
\- v) 2(\-\-042)
l::2.S0
I 1
Q) C(')LfV\Y\a c..uodfnda.
I ,
\ e.stue.,'Co mr1-oV'\+c
1"l\().}C.)'('(\() es
t06\0.<;'.
D
T
T =- [). b6\T
If) 2.q
q1
. 1
e-spc Jo",ciD ""1 de.... \'0 c:c... (z)
I =i"" )
0.60'
I\ vo\or de. a e.-s
0.-:. Qc. -::. 2.0C1't\
2
SlJS \,\ u ("Y\dD (4) cn(3) ..
T-:. (La 't<'9..E/cm1.)
o.foO
[ \ IYlOY'r'c.'f\t-o m(),l(;1'Y\O qu: Sdp=>r-h:. \Cl
coL.IM t'\a es-
f::. \:,") 3 S.. kS- c.rfIJ---
On hz) c:f) (IS)
1<:: 3'2c",(I<.SC.,)'l - 3.' (O.lQ) (\- il lo.,q)
S\Js+Ittl ndo (H)) Y'"\ (tL\)
ilo}bH. (lSOc.m)
cug
c) CdUrl\'A0. cuadra6a. cLO
\ eSfuc..(W cc. de .\u6\0-.
r _ Utl)
'ltLq-t)l'b-\-)
.C OrYIO c:s cuodt-oda Q=b} CI'\ (ClW C\:-Ck b.::.'ce.
r\esfuc:reo cor-to'f\-tc c.s.
T 1::: it _ (\C\)
2-t: (q-t)'
..d\ \os:. c\c. I t- a (\Q)
,..=Uo /0"'2.) (2)(5ch\) (40crI\- SUllY"
if=- \2L SOO - C-M I - 0..0)
f\ detc:(M\"<J be.. b\u!'
TL l2.\}
KG
60
n
Jc \(

\{:=-. (q--tL -::.. l(S)L(L\O-sl'" l{:: 2. '4 3fS
'1. - 2.1c:-" 2(4D)lS)-'L\SY-
\us e...l\ l?..\)
-= (\12..SoO ')
(114
/P-: \.$4Q X\r} r<Xl -: O. 0 0I
\ sc d:1-cfm,f'd de -ta6\as
-=- TL _ (&)

doY\dc d \.tl\Of de K
C2.S 0
4

Sus -\-1 C(\ 8-)
N' =- '2. '2 S (?Oc.I'/\)'-' \< =- 000 (. iV\1.\
'ProP; CI"\(b)
:;. (1 )dH.. ;,;, t<Cjs: -ernJ ( 1. $,0<. _
(3(,O,OOOctv\l.\) U:t2) \(3f!cm2)
L 003. ')< \0
3
rod =o. 0 s:}s 1-
b) 001 """'- =cc-h:,f\'!,<J\o,- 01
6
.E \ co-r-\-o'{\ tc . es. de
""t1:... [1 +O. (,OIlS *.\- O. - \. V02, l%)3t o. 1-(9)
\ de (q)
T Sg\/" l"J('j . ___ 1 ___ _(6)
3 \
Vo.\OfLS. de Q
Cl.:: Clc
'2--
::. b4c-M

::. 3'2. c..m b=. k
2.
-
--
'LSC'fr)
i
- \l.Scrt\
- .
lJ\\
= _ 0.39 (,<) \
q 32.C.1'V) - - U-<..\
SV$ +- \ {v U ,) ) c\ va \Of c\e\ c (\ (\0
1 ::.. (321:\"1\) (\1. It) /em'). ' - __
3 [I {' - - - (),bQqS \-0. \. gDl- CO.Yl.)3
IT:... 103 -l\"})
r l (L: .fer m{ 1'0 de +u
-:: n (4)
kG
K t.
\( - Q b
S
_ .1b hq t \ _ -LJs )
- 1 12Q"