Bernoulli and Energy Equations

Bernoulli and energy equations
+ross$sectional area A p ! *
v
1 mg z &atum line Figure 1( )nergy of flowing fluid '
An element of fluid, see figure 1, will possess potential energy due to its height z above datum line and kinetic energy due to its velocity v, in the same way as any other object. For an element of weight mg,
E p = mgz Ep mg =z
(1
Ek =
1 mv ! ! Ek v! = mg !g
(!
"e know that a steadily flowing stream of fluid can also do work due to its pressure. #ook for a given cross$section, the pressure creates a force, as a result the cross$ sectional area A will move forward as fluid flows to do some work. %f the pressure at a section 1$! is p and the area A is the cross$sectional,
Bernoulli's Equation states that "For a perfect Incompressible Liquid, flowing in a continuous Stream, the total Energy of a particle remain the same, while the particle mo es from one point to another"! "here is one assumption that "there are no Friction Losses in #ipe"!
,herefore, force applied on the line 1$! is e-pressed as

F = p A
('
.ow if the weight of fluid mg moves from l$! along the stream$tube, then section '$* will have been created through movement of section 1$!. /ence, the amount of volume passing thru 1$! is e-pressed as
mg m = g
(*
"e can therefore say,

dis tan ce1' = m
A
m
WD = F D1' = pA WD p = mg g
(0
"e can then say the term is the pressure energy or the work flow, which, g actually refers to the energy of a fluid when flowing under pressure as part of a continuously maintained stream. ,hen the relationship between the pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy is known as Bernoullis equation and it is represented as follows(
p v! + +z =H g ! g
(1
,herefore, Bernoullis equation states that, for steady flow of a frictionless fluid along a streamline, the total energy per unit weight remains constant from point to point although its division between the ' forms of energy may differ. Note: )ach of the terms has the dimension of a length or head hence they are referred as the pressure head, velocity head, potential head and the total head. %n a case, where fluid is flowing between two points on a streamline, e2uation (1 becomes
p v p v! + + z = ! + ! + z! g ! g g ! g
(3
Remember: %t is assumed that no energy is supplied to or taken from the fluid between two points (in this case pt 1 and pt ! . )nergy could have been supplied by introducing a pump or e2ually it could have been lost by doing work against friction or in a machine such as turbine. Expansion of Bernoullis equation %t can be e-panded to incorporate the conditions mentioned above, giving
p v p v! + + z = ! + ! + z! + H L + w q g ! g g ! g
!
(4
/# is loss per unit weight. " is work done per unit weight. 2 is energy supplied per unit weight. )2uation (4 is known as energy equation since it incorporates losses. Applications of the Bernoulli Equation ,he 5ernoulli e2uation can be applied to a great many situations not just the pipe flow we have been considering up to now. %n the following sections we will see some e-amples of its application to flow measurement from tanks, within pipes as well as in open channels. 1. Pitot Tube %f a stream of uniform velocity flows into a blunt body, the stream lines take a pattern similar to this(
igure !: 6treamlines around a blunt body .ote how some move to the left and some to the right. 5ut one, in the centre, goes to the tip of the blunt body and stops. %t stops because at this point the velocity is zero $ the fluid does not move at this one point. ,his point is known as the stagnation point. From the 5ernoulli e2uation we can calculate the pressure at this point. Apply Bernoulli along the central streamline from a point upstream where the velocity is u1 and the pressure p1 to the stagnation point of the blunt body where the velocity is zero, u! 7 8. Also z1 7 z!.
,his increase in pressure which brings the fluid to rest is called the dynamic pressure.
&ynamic pressure 7
or converting this to head (using
&ynamic head 7 ,he total pressure is known as the stagnation pressure (or total pressure
6tagnation pressure 7 or in terms of head
6tagnation head 7 ,he blunt body stopping the fluid does not have to be a solid. % could be a static column of fluid. ,wo piezometers, one as normal and one as a 9itot tube within the pipe can be used in an arrangement shown below to measure velocity of flow.
igure ": A 9iezometer and a 9itot tube :sing the above theory, we have the e2uation for p! ,
"e now have an e-pression for velocity obtained from two pressure measurements and the application of the 5ernoulli e2uation. !. Pitot #tatic Tube ,he necessity of two piezometers and thus two readings make this arrangement a little awkward. +onnecting the piezometers to a manometer would simplify things but there are still two tubes. ,he 9itot static tube combines the tubes and they can then be easily connected to a manometer. A 9itot static tube is shown below. ,he holes on the side of the tube connect to one side of a manometer and register the static head, (h1 , while the central hole is connected to the other side of the manometer to register, as before, the stagnation head (h! .
igure $: A 9itot$static tube +onsider the pressures on the level of the centre line of the 9itot tube and using the theory of the manometer,
"e know that
, substituting this in to the above gives
,he 9itot;9itot$static tubes give velocities at points in the flow. %t does not give the overall discharge of the stream, which is often what is wanted. %t also has the drawback that it is liable to block easily, particularly if there is significant debris in the flow. '. %enturi &eter ,he <enturi meter is a device for measuring discharge in a pipe. %t consists of a rapidly converging section which increases the velocity of flow and hence reduces the pressure. %t then returns to the original dimensions of the pipe by a gently diverging =diffuser= section. 5y measuring the pressure differences the discharge can be calculated. ,his is a particularly accurate method of flow measurement as energy losses are very small.
igure ': A <enturi meter Applying 5ernoulli along the streamline from point 1 to point ! in the narrow throat of the <enturi meter we have
5y the using the continuity e2uation we can eliminate the velocity u!,
6ubstituting this into and rearranging the 5ernoulli e2uation we get
,o get the theoretical discharge this is multiplied by the area. ,o get the actual discharge taking into account the losses due to friction, we include a coefficient of discharge
,his can also be e-pressed in terms of the manometer readings
,hus the discharge can be e-pressed in terms of the manometer reading(
.otice how this e-pression does not include any terms for the elevation or orientation (z1 or z! of the <enturimeter. ,his means that the meter can be at any convenient angle to function. ,he purpose of the diffuser in a <enturi meter is to assure gradual and steady deceleration after the throat. ,his is designed to ensure that the pressure rises again to something near to the original value before the <enturi meter. ,he angle of the diffuser is usually between 1 and 4 degrees. "ider than this and the flow might separate from the walls resulting in increased friction and energy and pressure loss. %f the angle is less than this the meter becomes very long and pressure losses again become significant. ,he efficiency of the diffuser of increasing pressure back to the original is rarely greater than 48>.
(imitation of Bernoulli)s Equation: 1. ,he <elocity of #i2uid particle in the centre of a pipe is ma-imum and gradually decreases towards the walls of the pipe due to friction. ,hus while using 5ernoulli=s )2uation, only the ?ean <elocity of the #i2uid should be taken into account because the <elocity of #i2uid particles are not uniform. As per assumption it is not a particle. !. ,here are always some e-ternal Forces acting on the #i2uid, which affects the flow of li2uid. ,hus while using 5ernoulli=s )2uation, all such e-ternal forces are neglected which is not happened in actual practise. %f some )nergy is supplied to or e-tracted from the Flow, same should also take into account. '. %n ,urbulent Flow some kinetic energy is converted into heat energy and in a viscous flow some energy is lost due to shear forces. ,hus while using 5ernoulli=s e2uation all such losses should be neglected, which is not happened in actual practise.
*. %f the #i2uid is flowing through curved path, the energy due to centrifugal forces should also be taken into account. Example *
A siphon as illustrated in figure 1 is used to drain water from a tank. ,he tube diameter is 1! mm and, at point !, the water stream leaving the tube has a diameter of 18 mm. )levations (levels relative to a datum are shown. %f losses are neglected, determine( a ,he velocity at outlet point !. b ,he flow rate of water through the siphon in #;s. c ,he water pressure at the uppermost point '.
1 el '.0 m
'
el *.4m
el !.! m
igure *: 6iphon )levation C el
#olution a Apply 5ernoulli@s e2uation between 1 A ! with( p1 = 8( atmospheric ) ,1 = 8( l arg e tan k ) , h1 = '.0m, p ! = 8( atmospheric ) , h! = !.!m ,hus,
h1 = v1 + h! !g
!
v ! = ! g ( h1 h! ) v ! = 1B.1!('.0 !.! = 0.80 m s
b c
Q = v a = 0.80
d !
*
= 8.'B3 l s
Apply 5ernoulli@s e2uation between 1 A ' with(

!
18 p1 = 8( atmospheric ), v1 = 8( l arg e tan k ), h1 = '.0m, h' = *.4m, v' = 0.80 = '.01 m s 1!
p v h1 = ' + ' + h' g ! g p' '.01! + + * .4 18 ' B.41 ! B.41 p' = 14.BkPa ,he negative pressure sign indicates pressure below atmospheric or vacuum pressure. Note: ,he same results could be obtained by applying 5ernoulli@s e2uation between point ! A '. ' .0 =
Tutorials 1. Fluid, relative density 8.4, flows with velocity * m;s in a pipe that has a downward slope of 1(08 (sine . At a certain point in the pipe, a pressure gauge shows a pressure of 48 k9a. &etermine the pressure at a point !88 m downstream of the gauge if( a Flow losses are ignored (ideal D +***,$ -Pa. b ,here is a flow loss e2ual to 18> of the total initial head. +//,0 -Pa. !. A water blaster used for cleaning purposes has a pump with the outlet pipe 1! mm in diameter. ,he pipe is connected to a fle-ible hose at the end of which is a nozzle that discharges a water jet of diameter 0 mm with a velocity 08 m;s. &etermine the pressure developed at the outlet pipe when the nozzle is 1 m above it if( c #osses are neglectedD d ,here is a head loss of 18 m between the outlet of the pump and the water jet. '. A pipe inclined at *0E to the horizontal converges over a length l of ! m from a diameter d 1 of !88 mm to a diameter d ! of 188 mm at the upper end. Fil of relative density 8.B flows through the pipe at a mean velocity v1 at the lower end of ! m;s. Find the pressure difference across the ! m length ignoring any loss of energy, and the difference in level that would be shown on a mercury manometer connected across the length. ,he relative density of mercury is 1'.1 and the leads to the manometer are filled with oil of mass density 8.B h o .
!
*. A pitot$static tube is used to measure air velocity. %f a manometer connected to the instrument indicates a difference in pressure head between the tapings of * mm of water, calculate the air velocity assuming the coefficient of 9itot tube to be unity. &ensity of air 7 1.! kg;m'. +1,21 m3s. 0. A pipe A5 carries water and tapers uniformly from a diameter of 8.1 m at A to 8.! m at 5 over a length of ! m. 9ressure gauges are installed at A, 5 and also at +, the midpoint of A5. %f the pipe centreline slopes upwards from A and 5 at an angle of '8E and the pressures recorded at A and 5 are !.8 and !.' bar,
respectively, determine the flow through the pipe and the pressure recorded at + neglecting all losses. +2,24!" m"3s5 !,!/ bar. Note: ,his tutorial is subjected to change, so be aware. Gou are also advised to complete tutorial 2uestions by 1'th of August !884. 6ubmission of them can be re2uested any time thereafter.
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Bernoulli and Energy Equations

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Bernoulli and Energy Equations

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Bernoulli and energy equations

,herefore, force applied on the line 1$! is e-pressed as

"e can therefore say,

or converting this to head (using

6tagnation pressure 7 or in terms of head

"e know that

, substituting this in to the above gives

6ubstituting this into and rearranging the 5ernoulli e2uation we get

,his can also be e-pressed in terms of the manometer readings

,hus the discharge can be e-pressed in terms of the manometer reading(

igure *: 6iphon )levation C el

v ! = ! g ( h1 h! ) v ! = 1B.1!('.0 !.! = 0.80 m s

Apply 5ernoulli@s e2uation between 1 A ' with(

18 p1 = 8( atmospheric ), v1 = 8( l arg e tan k ), h1 = '.0m, h' = *.4m, v' = 0.80 = '.01 m s 1!

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