Aerospace engineering

Aerospace engineering
Aerospace Engineer

NASA engineers, seen here in mission control during Apollo 13, worked diligently to protect the lives of the astronauts on the mission. Occupation Names engineer aerospace engineer profession aeronautics, astronautics, science Description Competencies Education required technical knowledge, management skills see professional requirements

Occupation type Activity sectors

Aerospace engineering is the primary branch of engineering concerned with the research, design, development, construction, testing, science and technology of aircraft and spacecraft.[1] It is divided into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. Aeronautics deals with aircraft that operate in Earth's atmosphere, and astronautics deals with spacecraft that operate outside the Earth's atmosphere. Aerospace engineering deals with the design, construction, and study of the science behind the forces and physical properties of aircraft, rockets, flying craft, and spacecraft. The field also covers their aerodynamic characteristics and behaviors, airfoil, control surfaces, lift, drag, and other properties. Aeronautical engineering was the original term for the field. As flight technology advanced to include craft operating in outer space, the broader term "aerospace engineering" has largely replaced it in common usage. Aerospace engineering, particularly the astronautics branch, is often referred to colloquially as "rocket science", such as in popular culture.

Overview
Flight vehicles are subjected to demanding conditions such as those produced by changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature, with structural loads applied upon vehicle components. Consequently, they are usually the products of various technological and engineering disciplines including aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, materials science, structural analysis and manufacturing. The interaction between these technologies is known as aerospace engineering. Because of the number of disciplines involved, aerospace engineering is carried out by teams of

Aerospace engineering engineers, each having their own specialised area of expertise. The development and manufacturing of a modern flight vehicle is an extremely complex process and demands careful balance and compromise between abilities, design, available technology and costs. Aerospace engineers design, test, and supervise the manufacture of aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space.

History
The origin of aerospace engineering can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the late 19th to early 20th centuries, although the work of Sir George Cayley dates from the last decade of the 18th to mid-19th century. One of the most important people in the history of aeronautics, Cayley was a pioneer in aeronautical engineering and is credited as the first person to separate the forces of lift and drag, which are in effect on any flight vehicle. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the Wright Flyer imported from other branches of engineering. Scientists understood in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. some key elements of aerospace engineering, like fluid dynamics, in the 18th century. Many years later after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1910s saw the development of aeronautical engineering through the design of World War I military aircraft. The first definition of aerospace engineering appeared in February 1958. The definition considered the Earth's atmosphere and the outer space as a single realm, thereby encompassing both aircraft (aero) and spacecraft (space) under a newly coined word aerospace. In response to the USSR launching the first satellite, Sputnik into space on October 4, 1957, U.S. aerospace engineers launched the first American satellite on January 31, 1958. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 as a response to the Cold War.

Elements
Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:

Wernher von Braun, with the F-1 engines of the Saturn V first stage at the US Space and Rocket Center

Aerospace engineering

Fluid mechanics the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels (see also lift and aeronautics). Astrodynamics the study of orbital mechanics including prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, several have graduate programs covering this topic (usually in conjunction with the Physics department of said college or university). Statics and Dynamics (engineering mechanics) the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems. Mathematics in particular, calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra. Electrotechnology the study of electronics within engineering. Propulsion the energy to move a vehicle through the air (or in outer space) is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, or rockets (see also propeller and spacecraft propulsion). A more recent addition to this module is electric propulsion and ion propulsion. Control engineering the study of mathematical modeling of the dynamic behavior of systems and designing them, usually using feedback signals, so that their dynamic behavior is desirable (stable, without large excursions, with minimum error). This applies to the dynamic behavior of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems, and subsystems that exist on aerospace vehicles. Aircraft structures design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims to keep structures lightweight. Materials science related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance. Solid mechanics Closely related to material science is solid mechanics which deals with stress and strain analysis of the components of the vehicle. Nowadays there are several Finite Element programs such as MSC Patran/Nastran which aid engineers in the analytical process. Aeroelasticity the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing flutter, divergence, etc. Avionics the design and programming of computer systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the simulation of systems. Software the specification, design, development, test, and implementation of computer software for aerospace applications, including flight software, ground control software, test & evaluation software, etc. Risk and reliability the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods. Noise control the study of the mechanics of sound transfer. Aeroacoustics the study of noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. Flight test designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and handling qualities data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements. The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical physics, such as fluid dynamics for aerodynamics or the equations of motion for flight dynamics. There is also a large empirical component. Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmosphere. More recently, advances in computing have enabled the use of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the

A fighter jet engine undergoing testing. The tunnel behind the engine allows noise and exhaust to escape.

Aerospace engineering behavior of fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing. Those studying hydrodynamics or Hydroacoustics often obtained degrees in Aerospace Engineering. Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle (subsystems including power, aerospace bearings, communications, thermal control, life support, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation, velocity, lifetime).

Taught courses
Aerospace engineering may be studied at the advanced diploma, bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others. A few departments offer degrees in space-focused astronautical engineering. Some institutions differentiate between aeronautical and astronautical engineering.

In popular culture
The term "rocket scientist" is sometimes used to describe a person of great intelligence since "rocket science" is seen as a practice requiring great mental ability, especially technical and mathematical ability. The term is often used mockingly, such as in the expression "it's not rocket science" to indicate that the task is simple. Strictly speaking, the use of the word "science" in "rocket science" is a misnomer since science is about understanding the origins, nature, and behavior of the universe; engineering is about using scientific and engineering principles to solve problems and develop new technology. However, the media and the public often incorrectly use "science" and "engineering" as synonyms.[2]

References
[1] Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. Wiley & Sons. October 2010. ISBN 978-0-470-75440-5. [2] (http:/ / spectrum. ieee. org/ at-work/ tech-careers/ engineering-is-not-science). IEEE Spectrum, December 2010.

External links
International Journal of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering (http://www.waset.org/journals/ijame/) NDTAeroTech.com, The Online Community for Aerospace NDT Professionals (http://www.ndtaerotech.com) Building an Aeroplane FlyDubai (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Za-MwK0AJU&feature=topics,)

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Apollo 13 Mailbox at Mission Control.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Apollo_13_Mailbox_at_Mission_Control.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: NASA File:First flight2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:First_flight2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: John T. Daniels File:S-IC engines and Von Braun.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: NASA File:engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Engine.f15.arp.750pix.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S. Air Force photo by Sue Sapp

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