Magmatic Differentiation

FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
Charles Darwin in 1844 first suggested the possibility that fractional crystallization playsa role in the formation of igneous rocks. This is the process by which solids, generally crytals, which form from a liquid are prevented from reacting with the liquid. Evidence for Fractional Crystallization 1.Observed changes in bulk composition of liquid, e.g. a single volcanic flow or within a single volcano. 2.Zoning in minerals - most silicate minerals crystallized in igneous systems exhibit evidence of zonation, which reflect changes in composition. 3.Reaction Rims - produced by chemical reaction between crystals and liquid or sudden changes in T and P. e.g. pyroxene rims on olivine result when the liquid containing the olivine becomes saturated with respect to silica as a result of the growth of olivine. Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 ===> 2MgSiO3 In fractional crystallization the solids are removed or isolated from the liquid, resulting in the remaining or residual liquid having a new composition. e.g. Basalt liquid crystallizes olivine (Mg2SiO4) which is undersaturated with respect to SiO2, causing the initial liquid in to become depleted in Mg and enriched in Si, resulting in less Mg and more Si in the liquid, after forming the olivine. If the olivine is now removed from the system, the residual liquid is now depleted in Mg and enriched in Si compared with the parent liquid. Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology FIKTM ITB
Many mechanisms of fractional crystallization have been proposed.
Gravitational Effects
This is the most often suggested mechanism which is interpreted to indicate that fractional crystalization has occurred. This is dependant on the density of the solid phase(s) and the density of the liquid phase from which the solids are crystillzing. May have crystal settling or floatation as a means of fractionation.
Crystal Settling
Most often cited gravitational effect in the recorded in the published literature. Early formed minerals olivine (3.3-3.4 g/cc) and pyroxene (3.2-3.5 g/cc) are generally denser than the liquid (3.0 g/cc) from which they crystallize. Due to the density contrast between liquid and solid, the solids settle out of the liquid. Evidence for settling has been observed in a variety of environments from a single lava flow, ~ 1 m thick, to plutons, 1,000's of metres thick. e.g. Palisades Sill (Triassic Age), outcrops along the west bank of the Hudson River, in New Jersey and has thickness that varies along its length from 230-365 m. At or near the base of the sill is an approximately 2.5 m thick olivine-rich layer (with 20% olivine). This olivine has been interpreted to have been concentrated by crystal settling from the overlying liquid, early in the crystallization process. Calculations show that the olivine-rich layer accumulated in over approximately 7,000 hours (290 days).
Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004 Petrology & Economic Geology Laboratory Dept. of Geology FIKTM ITB
Crystal Floatation
This aspect of fractional crystallization has been demonstrated experimentally by Walker and Hayes (1977) and Campbell et al. (1979), for basaltic liquids (3.0 g/cc). Plagioclase (2.6-2.7 g/cc) has been shown to accumulate at the top of the liquid by floatation. Observed in volcanic flows, with plagioclase laths concentrated at or near the top of the flow. One other Fractional crystallization mechanism.
Convection Effects
This is interpreted to be due to P and T gradients within the magma chamber as convection currents carry solid material through the chamber where they experience various temperature and pressure variations. Liquid circulates within the chamber Crystallization occurs in the cool portion of the cell Absorption occurs in the hot portion of the cell Result is zoned crystals if the absorption is incomplete Convection is only effective when the volume of liquid is much greater than the volume of solid.
Fractionation Mechanisms
Fractionation mechanisms relate the final composition observed in an igneous suite to the original, primary composition of the source material which yields the end product. For fractionation an Evolutionary link is implied, yet no specific process is suggested. DEFINED Formation of a variety of substances from an initially homogeneous, single parent material. Any mechanism which accomplishes this is a fractionation or differentiation mechanism. Every fractionation mechanism involves the migration or transport of atoms of a particular element relative to other elements, resulting in different bulk compositions formed from a single starting product. The composition of the source material producing the magma may effect the type and degree of fractionation the magma undegoes. The obvious manifestation of fractionation is the variation observed in the chemical composition for a single volcanic flow or pluton. Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004 We will look at three fractionation processes:
CHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

The chemical composition of rocks is determined by analyzing a powder of the rock. This aspect of geology is carried out in ERSC 3P31 - Geochemistry. Routine geochemical analysis of geologic materials can be carried out using either or a combination of the following two techiques: 1.X-ray Fluoresence Spectroscopy (XRF) to determine both major and trace elements 2.Atomic Absorbtion Spectrometry (AAS) to determine both major and trace elements Specialized techniques and or equipment are necessary to determine other elements.
The composition of an igneous rock is dependant on:

1.Composition of the source material 2.Depth of melting 3.Tectonic environment where crystallization occurs. e.g. rifting vs. subduction 4.Secondary alteration
LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY
Immiscibile - liquids can not be mixed, e.g. oil and vinegar Proposed to explain the juxtaposition of two distinctly different 'liquid' compositions with no intervening, intermediate composition. e.g. globular masses of granitic composition in a basaltic matrix. Varioles, spherulres ===> variolitic, spherilitic This process has been in and out of favour with petrologists for the past century. Liquid immiscibility has been proposed to have played a role in the formation, by fractionation, of: 1.Archaean volcanic rocks from the Abitibi Belt of NE Ontario and NW Quebec. 2.Lunar Mare Basalts. All Apollo missions returned samples exhibiting evidence for immiscibility. 3.Cretaceous deep sea basalts. In all of the above ==> basalt host with 'granitic' globules or varioles. Immiscibility has also been proposed and or observed for alkali intrusions, which may have two silicate liquids or a silicate and carbonate liquid, and mafic intrusions, which may have silicate and sulphide liquids.
HYBRIDIZATION AND ASSIMILATION

A magma rising through the crust may assimilate country rock material as it passes from its source area to its site of crystallization. The assimilated material will change (contaminate) the chemical signature of the magma, resulting in a 'new' liquid, which when solidified will be distinctly different from the original, uncontaminated magma. Xenoliths and inclusions within a plutonic or volcanic rock provide evidence for the assimilation process. Assimilation is a thermodynamic process involving the following principles; Heat of solution = heat of melting + heat of mixing where: 1.Heat of solution is the ability of a magma to dissolve an inclusion. 2.Heat of melting is the heat capacity of of the solid phases plus the heat of crystallization of the minerals involved. 3.Heat of mixing is the heat required to mix the phases.
Examples of Assimilation
For a basaltic liquid assimilating a granitic solid consisting of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase and alkali feldspar and biotite. Q, F and B will be melted, the heat for melting comes from the heat generated by the crystallization of olivine and pyroxene from the liquid, not from the temperature of the basaltic liquid. The granite inclusions will not be completely melted ====> partial melting. The end result is a basaltic andesite with inclusions of chewed up, partially digested granitic material. For the reverse process where granitic liquid incorporates basalt, the anhydrous minerals in the basalt (olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase) become altered to micas, amphiboles and epidote by the addition of H2O. The heats of crystallization of quartz, feldspar and biotite from a granitic liquid are not large enough to melt the basalt inclusions, resulting in very minor changes in the original liquid composition. The result is a granite with amphibolite inclusions. Any changes caused by assimilation and hybridization are dependant on the nature of the inclusions and the nature of the magmatic liquid into which the inclusions are emplaced.
DEFINITION and VARIABILITY

IGNEOUS ROCKS
Solidified from molten material or a MAGMA
MAGMA - naturally occurring liquid (mobile rock material) generated within the earth, capable of
intrusion and/or extrusion from which igneous rocks have been derived by solidification and other processes. Magma may or may not contain: Solids - crystals, xenocrysts, xenoliths or rock fragments Gases - dissolved gaseous phases in the liquid
LIQUID PHASE:
Chemical species in liquid phase consist of metallic ions, e.g. Fe2+ (ferrous), Fe3+ (ferric), Mg2+, Na+ etc. held within a discontinuous, fluctuating matrix of variously linked Si, Al and O atoms. The relative abundance of the ions present is dependant on the composition of the magma and the physical conditions, T and P, under which the magma exists.
GAS PHASE:
Most melts are capable of containing gases dissolved in solution in the liquid phase Gas species include H2O, CO2, H2S, CH4 (Methane), NH3 (Ammonia) With a decrease in Pressure, gases come out of solution and form discrete gas bubbles in the liquid - produces vesicles in volcanic rocks, responsible for explosive nature of volcanic eruptions. The composition of the gas phase varies widely in magmas reflecting the composition, T and P of formation, source material etc.
SOLID PHASE:
May be crystals which form early as the result of crystallization from the liquid or rock fragments, xenoliths, or inclusions of country rocks.
GENERALITIES CONCERNING MAGMAS

Cooling
1.magmas do not crystallize suddenly, crystallization occurs over a temperature interval of approx. 100600C, more commonly 100-200C. The rate of cooling depends on the depth, shape of chamber, crystallizing phases, etc. 2.Magmas cool exothermically, releasing heat into the host rock or atmosphere. 3.Magmas are open systems, which allows for the transfer of material, dissolved gases and fluids with the surroundings. 4.Cooling is influenced by the environment.
Magmatic Temperatures
1.Extruded magmas = volcanics, are emplaced at atmospheric conditions, not influenced by Pressure. The composition of the magma affects the crystallization temperature. For Basaltic rocks the observed temperature range varies from 900-1500C, commonly the range is 1000-1200C. 2.Intruded Magmas = plutonic rocks, are emplaced at depth within the crust, and as sych Pressure effects the temperature of crystallization. With increasing pressure the temperature of crystallization decreases. Granitic plutons crystallize at approx. 600C.
Rates of Ascent and Cooling

These are related to the structure and physical characteristics of the magma body, e.g. size, shape, viscosity, composition, etc. Ascent- upper limit as inferred for kimberlites, which rise from the mantle at 40 km/hour. - lower limit, a few cm/1000 years Cooling, ranges from quenched material extruded at the surface to plutonic bodies. A medium to large batholith with a volume of 10,000 km3 up to may require 10 million years to completely cool.
Major Elements
These are the 13 major oxide components which are reported as weight percent (wt%). Because these are reported as a percentage the total should sum to 100 %, ideally, however acceptable totals lie in the range 98.5 to 101 wt%.
OXIDE
Range in Normal Igneous Rocks 35 - 80 wt% 8 - 22 wt% 4 - 30 + Wt% 1.5 - 8 + wt% 0.5 - 8 + wt% Varies < 0.15 wt% Varies
SiO2 Al2O3 TiO2, Fe2O3 (ferric), FeO (ferrous), MnO, MgO,CaO Na2O K2O H2O+,P2O5 CO2
2.Minor or Trace Elements

Values for these elements fall in the ppm range and are rarely reported in terms of wt %. Elements include: Li, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, plus F, Cl, S. Theoretically any element can be analyzed for, but you must be aware of the overall composition of the rock, e.g.: Basalt - analyze for Cr, Ni, Cu, but not Li, Be, Ba as these are not important or neccassary to analyze for as they are not present in detectable amounts. Granite pegmatite with lepidolite mica, analyze for Li, Be, and Ba but not Cr, Ni, Cu.
3.Rare Earth Elements (REE or lathanides atomic number 57 to 71), are

reported in ppm or mg/g. The REE are important for petrogenetic studies, because as a group the REE behave coherently. Whenever you see a published whole rock or mineral analysis ask if it is a good analysis, Does the total add to 100%.
LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY
Immiscibile - liquids can not be mixed, e.g. oil and vinegar
Proposed to explain the juxtaposition of two distinctly different 'liquid' compositions with no intervening, intermediate composition. e.g. globular masses of granitic composition in a basaltic matrix. Varioles, spherulres ===> variolitic, spherilitic This process has been in and out of favour with petrologists for the past century. Liquid immiscibility has been proposed to have played a role in the formation, by fractionation, of: 1.Archaean volcanic rocks from the Abitibi Belt of NE Ontario and NW Quebec. 2.Lunar Mare Basalts. All Apollo missions returned samples exhibiting evidence for immiscibility. 3.Cretaceous deep sea basalts. In all of the above ==> basalt host with 'granitic' globules or varioles. Immiscibility has also been proposed and or observed for alkali intrusions, which may have two silicate liquids or a silicate and carbonate liquid, and mafic intrusions, which may have silicate and sulphide liquids.
Liquid Immiscibility
Liquid immiscibility in the Fo-SiO2 system
Figure 6-12. Isobaric T-X phase diagram of the system Fo-Silica at 0.1 MPa. After Bowen and Anderson (1914) and Grieg (1927). Amer. J. Sci.
MODAL ANALYSIS
Two types of analysis are useful when examining Igneous Rocks: 1.Modal analysis - requires only a thin section, 2.Normative analysis - requires a chemical analysis.
MODAL ANALYSIS
Produces an accurate representation of the distribution and volume percent of the mineral within a thin section. Three methods of analysis are used: 1.Measure the surface area of mineral grains of the same mineral, relative to the total surface area of the thin section. 2.Measure the intercepts of each mineral along a series of lines. 3.POINT COUNT - Count each mineral occurrence along a series of traverse line across a given thin section. For a statistically valid result > 2000 individual points must be counted. The number of grains counted, the spacing between points and successive traverse lines is dependant on the mean grain size of the sample.
Advantages
One can compare rocks from different areas if you only have a thin section, no chemical analysis is required, using a petrographic microscope. Gives the maximum and minimum grain sizes.
Disadvantages
Meaningless if the sample has a preferred orientation of one or more minerals. Porphyritic rocks are difficult to count. Total area of sample must be sufficiently larger than the max. diameter of the smallest grain size.
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION

Numerous means exist for classifying and naming rocks, all of which arise because as humans we feel we have to recognize and categorize common or contrasting features in related things. Systems of nomenclature and classification may reflect: genetic, textural, chemical or mineralogical features. GENETIC basic system which classifies rocks on the basis of where they form. plutonic - at depth hypabyssal - intermediate depth volcanic - on the Earth's surface. This system is not very practical, but it serves as a first approximation, it tells nothing about mineralogy, chemistry of the rocks and can not distinguish basalt from rhyolite. TEXTURAL relies on the grain size of individual minerals in the rock. aphanitic - fine grained < 1 mm phaneritic - medium grained 1 to 5 mm coarse grained (pegmatitic) > 5 mm This system has the same shortcomings as a genetic classification, however specific textures present may aid in classification, e.g., phenocryst, ophitic, coronas, but these are not indicative of a specific environment of formation or a specific lithology.
CHEMICAL
This type of classification requires a complete chemical analysis of the rock in order to pigeonhole a sample, and is not practical under field conditions where only a hand lens and hammer are available. A chemical classification system has been proposed for volcanic rocks and a comparable scheme for plutonic rocks is not available. This leaves us with a system based on mineralogy.
2.MINERALOGICAL
The one gaining application is the result of several years work by the IUGS Subcommission on the Classification of Igneous Rocks or Streckeissen Classification.
IUGS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

This is based on Modal Mineralogy (MODE - an accurate representation of the distribution and volume percent of minerals within a given rock). The system is simple to use, can be applied in the field, using a hand lens and a hammer. It is based on the percentages of Q (quartz), A (alkali feldspar), P (plagioclase), and F (feldspathoids, e.g. nepheline, leucite). Further subdivisions are dependant on the type and percentage of mafic minerals present.
NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OR NORM

Normative analysis is defined as the calculation of a theoretical assemblage of standard minerals for a rock based, on the whole rock chemical composition as determined by analytical techniques. The original purpose for the norm was essentially taxonomic. An elaborate classification scheme based on the normative mineral percentages was proposed. The classification groups together rocks of similar bulk composition irrespective of their mineralogy. Various types of NORMs have been proposed - CIPW, Niggli, Barth. Each of theses proposals has its own specific advantages and/or disadvantages. The CIPW norm, originally proposed in 1919, was proposed as a means of comparing and classifying all igneosu rocks for which chemical analyses wers available. The NORM takes it's name from the four authors who proposed it - Cross, Iddings, Pirsson and Washington. This NORM was very elegant and based on a number of simplifications: 1.The magma crystallizes under anhydrous conditions so that no hydrous minerals (hornblende, biotite) are formed. 2.The feromagnesium minerals are assumed to be free of Al2O3. 3.The Fe/Mg ratio for all feromagnesium minerals is assumed to be the same. 4.Several minerals are assumed to be incompatible, thus nepheline and/or olivine never appear with quartz in the norm. Since the CIPW NORM was introduced in 1919 several other normative calculations have been suggested, e.g. Niggli norm, Barth mesonorm. The latter is used commonly when examining granitic rocks. Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004
Al2O3 Saturation
PLPAlumina Saturation Independant of the silica saturation, alumina saturation is based on the 1:1 alkali:alumina ratio of feldspars and feldspathoids. Any excess or deficiency in alumina in a rock is reflected in the mineralogy. Four classes of alumina saturation/undersaturation are: 1.Peraluminous - Al2O3 > (CaO + N2O + K2O) corundum appears in the norm Minerals present in the rock are: muscovite, topaz, tourmaline, spessartinealmandine, corundum, andalusite and sillimanite.
2.Metaluminous - Al2O3 < (CaO + Na2O + K2O) but Al2O3 > (Na2O + K2O). anorthite appears in the norm Al-bearing minerals are typical, e.g. biotite, hornblende. 3.Subaluminous - Al2O3 = (Na2O + K2O) normative anorthite is small Feldspars and feldspathoids are the only minerals with essential Al2O3. 4.Peralkaline - Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O) and rarely Al2O3 < K2O Acmite, sodium silicate and rarely potassium silicate appear in the norm. Alkali ferromagnesium minerals common, e.g. aegerine, riebeckite, richerite
Rock Classification (Silica saturation)

Oversaturated - contains primary silica mineral Saturated - contains neither quartz nor an unsaturated mineral Unsaturated - contains unsaturated minerals
Al2O3 Saturation
Four subdivisions of rocks independant of silica saturation, based on the molecular proportions of Al2O3, Na2O, K2O and CaO applied mainly to granitic lithologies. Peraluminous - Al2O2 > (Na2O + K2O + CaO) Metaluminous - Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O + CaO) but Al2O3 > (Na2O + K2O) Subaluminous - Al2O3 = (Na2O + K2O) Peralkaline - Al2O3 < (Na2O + K2O)
Silica Saturation
Incompatible Phases Under magmatic conditions some minerals react with free silica to form other (more silica-rich) minerals. These reactant minerals are said to be undersaturated (with respect to SiO2). Other minerals are stable (can coexist) with free silica (generally in the form of quartz) and are said to be saturated (with respect to SiO2). Typical reactions are: 2SiO2 + NaAlSiO4 quartz + nepheline 2SiO2 + KAlSiO4 quartz + kalsilite SiO2 + KAlSiO4 quartz + kalsilite SiO2 + Mg2SiO4 quartz + Mg-rich olivine
=======> NaAlSi3O8 =======> albite =======> KAlSi3O8 =======> orthoclase =======> KAlSi2O6 =======> leucite =======> 2MgSiO3 =======> enstatite
Shand (1927) proposed the following list of minerals, subdivided on the

basis of silica saturation and/or undersaturation, i.e. those that coexist with quartz (+Q) and those that do not coexist with quartz (-Q).
Saturated (+Q) Undersaturated (-Q)

all feldspars leucite all pyroxenes nepheline all amphiboles sodalite micas cancrinite fayalite (Fe-rich olivine) analcite spessartine Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 forsterite (Mg-rich olivine) almandine Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 melanite (Ti garnet) sphene andradite zircon Ca3(Fe,Ti)2(SiO4)3 topaz pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 magnetite perovskite ilmenite melilite apatite corundum calcite
Undersaturated (-Q)
Olivin Leucite Basalt, Komba Vulcan Island of Flores Sea
0.5mm
all feldspars leucite all pyroxenes nepheline all amphiboles sodalite micas cancrinite fayalite (Fe-rich olivine) analcite spessartine Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 forsterite (Mg-rich olivine) almandine Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 melanite (Ti garnet) sphene andradite zircon Ca3(Fe,Ti)2(SiO4)3 topaz pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 magnetite perovskite ilmenite melilite apatite corundum calcite
Saturated (+Q)
Saturated (+Q)
0.5mm
Arabian Granite of Mekah and Madinah
Saturated (+Q) Undersaturated (-Q)
letters to nature Nature 327, 692 - 695 (1987); doi:10.1038/327692a0
Evidence for liquid immiscibility in the upper mantle

Hans E. F. Amundsen Liquid immiscibility, the separation of magmas into two or more immiscible liquid phases, has been shown to occur both experimentally1 3 and in nature 4,5, but this phenomenon has received only limited attention in modelling magmatic processes, as known cases of liquid immiscibility are generally restricted to magma compositions encountered during late stages of crystal fractionation, and relatively shallow crustal levels. Here I report the results of a study of trapped quenched liquids in spinel Iherzolite xenoliths, these are fragments of upper mantle material carried to the surface in volcanic rocks. These xenoliths carry quenched coexisting basaltic, carbonatitic and volatile-rich ultramafic liquids, showing the existence of a previously unknown field of three-liquid immiscibility. This type of immiscibility occurs in primitive volatile-rich magma compositions at upper mantle to crustal levels. Furthermore, metasomatic growth of amphibole apatite phlogopite in the Iherzolites is associated with introduction of carbonatitic and volatile-rich ultramafic liquids, indicating that such liquids may play an important role in mantle metasomatism.
HISTORICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

Several aspects which historically have played and continue to play a role in the classification of igneous rocks should also be considered.
GRADATION IN SILICA CONTENT

-referred to as acid or basic, implying a range of silica content. Acidic > 66 wt% SiO2 Granites ~ 72 wt% SiO2, granodiorites ~ 68 wt% SiO2 Intermediate - 52 to 66 wt% SiO2 Andesite 57 wt% SiO2 Basic - 45 to 52 Wt% SiO2 Basalts range from 48 to 50 wt% Ultrabasic - < 45 wt% SiO2 peridotites 41 to 42 wt% SiO2
COLOUR GRADATION
Felsic rocks are light coloured, contain felsic minerals (e.g. qtz, feldspar, feldspathoids) which are themselves light in colour and have a low density which contribute to the pale colour of the rock. Mafic Rocks are denser and dark coloured, the result of containing mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, olivine, biotite). These minerals contribute to the green, brown and black colour of these rocks. Ultramafic vs. ultrabasic
SATURATION CONCEPT
Used in reference to the SiO2 and Al2O3 which are the two most abundant components of igneous rocks.
SiO2 Saturation
Minerals present in igneous rocks can be divided into two groups: Those which are compatible with quartz or primary SiO2 mineral (tridymite, cristobalite) these minerals are saturated with respect to Si, e.g feldspars, pyroxenes. Those which never occur with a primary silica mineral. These are undersaturated minerals, e.g. Mg-rich olivine, nepheline. The occurrence of quartz with an undersaturated mineral causes a reaction between the two minerals to form a saturated mineral. 2SiO2 + NaAlSiO4 ===> NaAlSi3O8 Qtz + Ne ===> Albite SiO2 + Mg2SiO4 ===> 2MgSiO3 Created & compiled by Andri SSM Octo-2004 Qtz + Ol ===> En
Rhyolite Texture ? Composition ? Genetic Type ?

Granite
Obsidian boulder deposit

Basaltic columnar joints of Devil tower
Olivin basalt
Basaltic columnar joints Gabro
Biotite granite porphyr
Amphibolitic inclusions from basaltic protolith in granitic rock
South African Igneous Complex
Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa
Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa
Chromite-Olivine Layered Intrusion (Cumulated Rock) of B IC - South Africa
Chromite-Olivine-Anorthosite Layer, An Outcrop of BIC Related to Gravity Settling of Early Differentation Process
0.5mm
1mm
Chromite-Anorthosite-Olivine Rock in Thin Section
Leucite-Olivine Basalt (Basanite) Of Komba Vulcan Island Flores Sea
Dacite of Karangsambung
Classification of Igneous Rocks

Figure 2-4. A chemical classification of volcanics based on total alkalis vs. silica. After Le Bas et al. (1986) J. Petrol., 27, 745-750. Oxford University Press.
(a)
The rock must contain a total of at least 10% of the minerals below. Renormalize to 100%
Q
Quartzolite
90 90
Quartz-rich Granitoid
60 60
ldsp ar G ran ite
lite na To
Granite
Granodiorite
Alkali Fs. Quartz Syenite Alkali Fs. Syenite

5
A lk ali F e
20
20
Quartz Syenite
10
Quartz Monzonite
35
Quartz Monzodiorite
65
Qtz. Diorite/ Qtz. Gabbro

5 Diorite/Gabbro/
Syenite (Foid)-bearing Syenite
A
10
Monzonite (Foid)-bearing Monzonite
Monzodiorite (Foid)-bearing Monzodiorite
90
Anorthosite
P
10 (Foid)-bearing Diorite/Gabbro
(Foid)-bearing Alkali Fs. Syenite
(Foid) Monzosyenite
(Foid) Monzodiorite
60
60
(Foid)olites
( Fo
id)
Ga bb ro
S id) (Fo e nit ye
Figure 2-5. Classification of the pyroclastic rocks. a. Based on type of material. After Pettijohn (1975) Sedimentary Rocks, Harper & Row, and Schmid (1981) Geology, 9, 40-43. b. Based on the size of the material. After Fisher (1966) Earth Sci. Rev., 1, 287-298.
Pyroclastic Rock of Kendan Cicalengka Bandung
Classification of Pyroclastic Rocks

Magmatic Differentiation

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Magmatic Differentiation

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FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION

Many mechanisms of fractional crystallization have been proposed.

CHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

The composition of an igneous rock is dependant on:

HYBRIDIZATION AND ASSIMILATION

DEFINITION and VARIABILITY

GENERALITIES CONCERNING MAGMAS

Rates of Ascent and Cooling

2.Minor or Trace Elements

3.Rare Earth Elements (REE or lathanides atomic number 57 to 71), are

NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION

IUGS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OR NORM

Rock Classification (Silica saturation)

Shand (1927) proposed the following list of minerals, subdivided on the

Saturated (+Q) Undersaturated (-Q)

Arabian Granite of Mekah and Madinah

Saturated (+Q) Undersaturated (-Q)

letters to nature Nature 327, 692 - 695 (1987); doi:10.1038/327692a0

Evidence for liquid immiscibility in the upper mantle

HISTORICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

GRADATION IN SILICA CONTENT

Rhyolite Texture ? Composition ? Genetic Type ?

Obsidian boulder deposit

Basaltic columnar joints of Devil tower

Basaltic columnar joints Gabro

Biotite granite porphyr

Amphibolitic inclusions from basaltic protolith in granitic rock

South African Igneous Complex

Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa

Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa

Chromite-Olivine Layered Intrusion (Cumulated Rock) of B IC - South Africa

Chromite-Anorthosite-Olivine Rock in Thin Section

Leucite-Olivine Basalt (Basanite) Of Komba Vulcan Island Flores Sea

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Classification of Igneous Rocks

ldsp ar G ran ite

Alkali Fs. Quartz Syenite Alkali Fs. Syenite

Qtz. Diorite/ Qtz. Gabbro

Syenite (Foid)-bearing Syenite

Monzonite (Foid)-bearing Monzonite

Monzodiorite (Foid)-bearing Monzodiorite

(Foid)-bearing Alkali Fs. Syenite

S id) (Fo e nit ye

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Pyroclastic Rock of Kendan Cicalengka Bandung

Classification of Pyroclastic Rocks

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