DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

FINAL DRAFT ON
FOUNDATION OF LAW PROJECT COMPARISON BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN EAST AND WEST
Under The Guidance of: Dr. Deepika Urmaliya Project By: Sanidhya Mamgain Roll No. 112 Assistant Professor (Foundation of Law) I Semester, Batch 2013-18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Miss Deepika Urmaliya whose treasured support, guidance and advice has helped me to complete this Project. Without her administration and constant help this study would not have been possible. I would also like to express my appreciation towards my parents and my colleagues for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in achievement of this project. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them, and lastly I would like to thank my friends for keeping alive the spirit of cooperation in me.

SANIDHYA MAMGAIN

TENTATIVE CHAPTERISATION
INTRODUCTION HYPOTHESIS LITERATURE REVIEW BRIEFING RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS: A. DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN EAST:
1) ISLAMIC LAW 2) SITUATION IN MIDDLE EAST 3) INDIA AND THE CHANGE TO DEMOCRACY 4) THE PRESENT SCENARIO

B. DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN WEST:

1) GREEK THINKING 2) ROMAN THINKING 3) DARK AGES AND RENAISSANCE 4) REFORMISTS 5) THE PRESENT SCENARIO

CONTRIBUTION CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
The Law a particular discipline without which any society could sustain. Just like religion The Law is everywhere yet it is different in different regions. The reason of this difference is because of the difference in the culture of the society according to which their needs and demands are different. The comparison of the East and the West can be easily understood as both the world is diametrically opposite to each other. The thinkers of both the world have different views on how to establish the law, order and maintenance in the society. The East considered to be more oppressed where the freedom is selective that is provided to only few individuals had followed the rules of conduct of the Islamic law, The Vedic laws and had mostly witnessed autocracy whereas on the other hand when we talk about The West the entire situation is quite different the principles of natural justice, the era of downfall, the renaissance- where the idea of democracy was established first in the Greeks and the romans. The various topics of discussions would be the Islamic laws (The Sharia Law), the scenario of the Middle East and Israel and The Dharma their impacts and their contribution to the law in the present day society; for the east.

Similarly, for the west, the topic would be the Greek and the roman laws, the dark ages, the renaissance and the modern era, how they contributed to the development of the law in the west.

HYPOTHESIS
The main objective of this project is to relate the contrast and similarities of the laws of the two worlds. The reasons which led to the development of law in the two regions.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The main book that was concerned was the Raj Dharma by Justice M. Ram Jois. The book is has a very vast features, a very knowledgeable writer along with an understandable language. The book clearly explains about the concepts of Dharma and Raj Dharma in a very lucid manner. The concept has been explained every details. The most remarkable feature that have

been found on this book is the extracts from the Ancient books including Manusmriti and Mahabharata.

BRIEFING A. DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN EAST: The evolution of Law in the east is

mainly influenced by the Religious textbooks of these religions. In regard to the study of the east our focus shall remain with the study of the Islamic law, a bit about the situation in the Middle East including Israel. However our main focus of study with regard to the east shall be the evolution and the development of Law in our Motherland that is India.

1) ISLAMIC LAW Or Sharia "legislation is the moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia deals with many topics spoken by secular law, as well as crime, politics, and economics, on top of personal matters such as sexual contact, sterility, nourishment, prayer, and fasting. In the 19th century Westernstyle laws, courts, and punishments instigated to give the impression within the Sharia. Countries like Turkey abandoned the Sharia and embraced new law codes based on Western schemes. In family law, many states barred polygamy and divorce by the husband's denial of his wife. Some countries with Islamic rules like Iran have tried to back the drift of westernization and influx to the typical Sharia. 2) SITUATION IN MIDDLE EAST The legal texts of the land consist of Hammurabis Code of laws; The Zoroastrian Vendidad: Book of Law; Treaties and Legal Contracts from the Ancient Near East; and Roman Law 3) INDIA AND THE CHANGE TO DEMOCRACY Before turning to a democracy our country was under the kingship and therefore in the political system there used to be a king and his subjects. There were many duties which were to be followed by the king for the proper treatment of his subjects; all these aspects were covered under the Raj Dharma. It is the stage of evolution of human society in India when positive civil and criminal law, including the laws regulating the establishment of the courts, their powers, procedure and functions, as a part of Dharma. The part of Dharma which constituted the consequents on the creation of kingship and the system of legal

proceedings, the positive civil and criminal law, and the laws regulating the constitution and organization of the state was termed as the Vyavahara Dharma. Raj Dharma conferred power on the king to enforce obedience to the Vyavahara Dharma via might of the State.

B. DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN WEST: The development of law in the

West has been influenced mainly by the brains of The Natural Law. This Natural Law was controlled by different philosophers and thus resulting in the various eras of The Natural Law. 1) GREEK THINKING Sovereign or state has got absolute power but state actions are controlled by human reasons The main thinkers in this school were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. SOCRATES "I only know that I know nothing".1 He was an established Greek Athenian theorist. Ascribed as one of the originators of Greek philosophy, he is a perplexing figure recognized predominantly through the books of later traditional writers like Plato. PLATO Wise men speak because they have something to say; Fools because they have to say
something.2

He was an academic in Ancient Greece. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, reason, ethics, speech-making,

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mathematics and belief. His description of justice is chiefly natural law thus he approves with the idea and that it can be reached by reason. ARISTOTLE The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.3

For Aristotle, entirety has an end purpose, and this regulates it is good. If we can appreciate ultimate cause of an organism we can realize the essential processes to reach this good. He was the author of a rational and methodical system that became the outline and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. 2) ROMAN THINKING Law is different from theology. Some concepts of Roman thinkers are as follow: The jus civile (citizen law) was the collection of common laws that applied on Roman citizens and, the individuals having influence over cases concerning citizens. The jus gentium ("law of peoples") applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens. The terms jus scriptum and jus non scriptum factually mean written and unwritten law, respectively, however, jus scriptum was of statute laws prepared by the legislature and jus non scriptum was of common laws that ascended from accustomed practice and became obligatory over the ages.

3) DARK AGES AND RENAISSANCE DARK AGES Church was dominating State, Divine Command; King is the agent of God. The Dark Ages is a bygone periodization used initially for the Middle Ages, which stresses the social and fiscal fall that evidently occurred in Europe

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ST. AUGUSTINE He was an early Christian theorist whose works are measured very significant in the progress of Western thinking. He is regarded as one of the prime noteworthy Church Fathers. His best works are City of God and Confessions. His will to deal with basic political and social topics never mean that the staging of his ideas comes prepackaged as a system. On contrary, his political urgings are strewn thru his huge texts. Moreover, the frameworks in which the dogmatic and societal matters are spoken are likewise varied. MEDIVIAL TIMES A slight reform was done; they too said that our ultimate purpose is God. THOMAS AQUINAS Saint Thomas Aquinas was a Catholic Priest Order and one of the primary Medieval academics and theologians. He was massively influenced by Aristotle. His most persuasive work is the Summa Theologica which entails of three parts.The first fragment is on God. The second part is on Ethics. The last part is on Christ.

4) REFORMISTS They all said that God and State are different human activity and should be completely separated. They gave SECULLARISM. SECULARISM is the norm of parting of government institutes, and the persons delegated to represent the State, from religious foundations. In one sense, it may declare the right to be free from religious law and educations, and the right to freedom from legislative obligation of religion upon the folks.

HUGO GROTIUS

"Even God cannot make two times two not make four."4

He stated that human reasons (logical and practical) is sufficient and should be separated from the religion. He gave The Social Contract Theory, is the view that persons moral and/or political duties are reliant on a contract or agreement amid them to form the society in which they live.

THOMAS HOBBES
It is not wisdom but Authority that makes a law.5

Hobbes lived thru the English Civil War. It was a clash between the King and his supporters, the Monarchists and the Parliamentarians. Hobbes denotes a compromise amid these two factions. Hobbes occupies the ground of one is who both major and old-school. Given his rather plain view of human nature, Hobbes nonetheless manages to make an argument that types civil society, with all its gains, possible. JOHN LOCKE I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts.6 For Locke, the State of Nature is a very different sort of place, and so his argument about the social contract and the nature of mens bond to authority are thus quite different as in comparison to that of Hobbes.

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JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
People who know little are usually great talkers, while men who know much say little.7

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most persuasive thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known protagonists of this vastly influential theory, which has been one of the most governing theories within moral and political theory during the history of the up-todate West.

5) THE PRESENT SCENARIO The countries of the west especially in the Europe have evolved their present day legal system from the principles of the Natural Law. The Europe has faced a variety of political changes in the past millennia, including the Monarchs their removal and resurrection and once again the institution of democracy in the land. Most of European countries today are now democracy and follow the principles of jus naturalis that is the natural law.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The Research Methodology in the project work will be Doctrinal. Doctrinal research acknowledges the work that has previously been done in the particular area. It involves consulting of various textbooks, journals, reports, articles etc. they may or may not be authoritative but definitely persuasive. Online resources will also be used

in the research done. The topic shall be recapitulated in further sub topics and the
research shall be concluded after proper analysis and reasoning.

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DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN THE EAST

In East there is a vast difference in thee culture, religion and hence the law. The East comprises of the land of three major religions: Islam, Judaism and Hinduism which are spread across the entire Asian continent, their presence in the region has led to the development of the Law in the particular Region. The evolution of Law in the east is mainly influenced by the Religious textbooks of these religions. In regard to the study of the east our focus shall remain with the study of the Islamic law, a bit about the situation in the Middle East including Israel. However our main focus of study with regard to the east shall be the evolution and the development of Law in our Motherland that is India. Talking with the concern of India, we shall make the broad study with regards to the Vedic period and its influence in building up the Law of our Land. In the process we shall see the various stages with regards to the vedic influence in our present day legal system. In the end we shall be discussing the present day picture of law in our society. It shall be mostly based on the analogy drawn between the vedic rulers and the present day parliamentary system. ISLAMIC LAW Sharia "legislation is the moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia deals with many topics spoken by secular law, as well as crime, politics, and economics, on top of personal matters such as sexual contact, sterility, nourishment, prayer, and fasting. "Sharia is only applicable to Muslims"; "under Islamic law there is no separation of church and state"8 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHARIA The Islamic Law has is stronghold in the Arabic region of Asia and Africa, also it is the majority religion of the countries of Asian-Pacific. The Sharia Law is supposed to have

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formulated from the word Allah itself. However the laws expansion can be categorised under following stages: Muhammad presented a new religion into this frenzied Arab realm. Islam stated only one true God. It commanded that devotees follow God's will and laws. The Koran sets down elementary values of human behaviour, but does not provide a comprehensive law code. The early caliphs also seized lands outside Arabia including Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. Consequently, basics of Jewish, Greek, Roman, Persian, and Christian papal law also swayed the progress of the Sharia. Islamic law grew with the mounting Muslim Empire. The Umayyad dynasty caliphs stretched Islam to India, Northwest Africa, and Spain. Criminal Law The classic Sharia branded the gravest crimes as those cited in the Koran. These were measured sins against Allah and carried obligatory punishments. Some of these crimes and punishments were: Adultery: death by stoning, Robbery: execution; exile; imprisonment; or cutting off the limbs, Theft: cutting right hand off; Slander: lashes; Drinking wine or intoxication: lashes. Islamic Law Today In the 19th century Western-style laws, courts, and punishments instigated to give the impression within the Sharia. Countries like Turkey abandoned the Sharia and embraced new law codes based on Western schemes. In family law, many states barred polygamy and divorce by the husband's denial of his wife. Some countries with Islamic rules like Iran have tried to back the drift of westernization and influx to the typical Sharia.

SITUATION IN MIDDLE EAST

Middle East is perhaps the most mystic land. The Middle East is a region that includes a bulk of Western Asia and Egypt. The region full of conflicts, war and conquests. The

above said cycle is repeated again and again and hence has laid an impact on the legal development in the region. The legal texts of the land consist of Hammurabis Code of laws; The Zoroastrian Vendidad: Book of Law; Treaties and Legal Contracts from the Ancient Near East; and Roman Law9. HAMMURABIS CODE OF LAWS Hammurabi was the sovereign who mainly recognized the enormity of Babylon, the world's first megalopolis. Many remnants of Hammurabi's reign have been well-keptup. The most startling accomplishment of the Hammurabi chronicles is his code of laws, set in orderly sets, so that all men might read and recognize what was obligatory of them. The code then controls in clear and certain strokes the society. The judge who mistakes in a law case is to be barred from his judgeship forever, and severely penalized. The eyewitness who swears falsely is to be slayed. Indeed, all the grievous crimes are made indictable with death. For instance if a man builds a house poorly, and it falls and slays the landlord, the builder is to be slayed. If the landlord's son was killed, then the builder's son is killed. We can see from where the Hebrews erudite their law of "an eye for an eye." THE ZOROASTRIAN VENDIDAD: BOOK OF LAW The Vendidad or Videvdat is a collection of texts. However, unlike the other texts of the Avesta, the Vendidad is an apostolic code, not a liturgical blue-collar. The Vendidad consists of 22 fargards containing remains of debates amid Ahura Mazda and Zoroaster. Packed up by subject, these fargards deal with the following topics:

grief for the dead, the Towers of Silence, and the compensation of feats post death the self-esteem of wealth and aid, marriage and of corporeal strength decrees on offensive societal conduct such as breach of contract and assault

INDIA AND THE SHIFT TO DEMOCRACY

Our country India has seen many reforms in the political context, the shift in culture and the change in power. From the very early Indus Valley to Vedic era, from Guptas

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to Mughals and finally from British to our independence, we have witnessed in numerous changes in the forms of Government. In context to our country, our focus shall remain to the Dharma and the transformation from king to parliament.
DHARMA

According to Justice M. Rama Jois the dharma should not be confused from the religion, as dharma clearly says that it is nothing but the rule of law. The Hindu Jurisprudence is based on Dharma as promulgated in Vedas, Puranas, Smritis and other related works. The word Dharma is a Sanskrit expression which has no other substitute in any other language. Meaning Dharma is that which sustains every type of righteous conduct covering those aspects which are essential for the sustenance and welfare of the individual and the society. Origin Dharma was founded as the solution to the everlasting problems

antagonizing the humans that have an origin from the natural makeups. Basic Aspects The principles of Dharma are the fundamentals which are meant to sustain life of both the individual and the society. Any act or conduct which was in disobedience of the Dharma was called Adharma was declared to be injurious to society and the individuals. Before turning to a democracy our country was under the kingship and therefore in the political system there used to be a king and his subjects. There were many duties which were to be followed by the king for the proper treatment of his subjects; all these aspects were covered under the Raj Dharma. It is the stage of evolution of human society in India when positive civil and criminal law, including the laws regulating the establishment of the courts, their powers, procedure and functions, as a part of Dharma. The part of Dharma which constituted the consequents on the creation of kingship and the system of legal proceedings, the positive civil and criminal law, and the laws regulating the constitution and organization of the state was termed as the Vyavahara Dharma.

Raj Dharma conferred power on the king to enforce obedience to the Vyavahara Dharma via might of the State. The King had the power to punish the wrongdoers so as to enforce the law for the welfare of the society. However according to Dharma the King was not the supreme entity but it was the Dharma itself i.e. the rule of law that was above all.

Now as we are discussing the Raj Dharma we are going to discuss the various duties covered under this. The Duties10 i) Protection of the people was considered to be the supreme duty of the king. ii) Necessity to impose the punishments. iii) Punishments should be imposed impartially. iv) The guilty officers should also be punished for instance their property should be seized. v) Protection of people from the corrupt officials. vi) Work should be entrusted to the competent only. vii) Appointment of the ambassadors for the betterment of the diplomatic relations between the States. viii) ix) x) xi) National Security- the top priority. Revenue collection so as to maintain the economy of the State. Imposing the taxes to the subjects at a reasonable rate. Also the certain class of the people should be exempted from paying the taxes as they are unable to so. xii) xiii) xiv) xv) xvi) xvii) The income e from the tax should be used for the works of the public welfare. Protection of women- an obligatory duty. Protection of people from open and concealed thieves. Wages to the state officials should be paid regularly. Maintenance of the secrecy in the matters of the national interest. A king must be wise enough to understand the strategies of his adversaries.

xviii) Delegation of powers to the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

10

Manusmriti

xix) xx)

Duty to supervise the accounts. Also the King should not be prejudiced on basis of caste.

The above said were the main duties which were to be performed by the king, however, with the arrival of the British we for the first time witnessed a new form of governance that is the parliamentary form of government. Though we still were dependent but our Constitution which contains the basic features of democracy was derived from The Government of India Act of 1935 which was in the preindependence era. The new era showed the emergence of democracy in our country. Though our country has now acquired a right to vote enabling them to elect their own rulers. Tis have been a significant change and thus have provided more freedom to the people.

DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN WEST

The development of law in the West has been influenced mainly by the brains of The Natural Law. The history of legal development in West is different from that of the East in the point of view that as in East different codes were followed as in the different regions, for instance Islamic Law in Arabia while Vedic Law in India, however in the west only a uniform law that is The Natural Law was followed. This Natural Law was controlled by different philosophers and thus resulting in the various eras of The Natural Law.

THE NATURAL LAW

The word Natural Law has been derived from the Latin term lex naturalis (lex=law and naturalis=natural). It is a system of law that is supposedly determined by nature, and thus universal. Typically, natural law refers to the use of reason to scrutinize human natureboth social and individualand infer obligatory rules of moral behaviour from it. Natural law is characteristically juxtaposed with the positive law (law ought to be) of a given political community, society, or state, and thus obliges as a standard by which to censure said positive law.

Although natural law is frequently conflated with common law, the two are diverse in that natural law is a view that certain rights or values are intrinsic in or universally perceptible by virtue of human intention or human nature, while common law is the legal custom by which certain rights or values are rightfully cognizable by virtue of judicial gratitude or articulation. The Natural Law can be further classified under the various schools 1) GREEK THINKING Sovereign or state has got absolute power but state actions are controlled by human reasons SOCRATES "I only know that I know nothing".11 He was an established Greek Athenian theorist. Ascribed as one of the originators of Greek philosophy, he is a perplexing figure recognized predominantly through the books of later traditional writers like Plato. PLATO Wise men speak because they have something to say; Fools because they have to say
something.12

He was an academic in Ancient Greece. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, reason, ethics, speech-making, mathematics and belief. His description of justice is chiefly natural law thus he approves with the idea and that it can be reached by reason. He assumed that a just individual would keep an eye on the law by their sense of right and wrong driven by reason, but positive law strike down and says that it is no longer a substance of ethics but of following the sovereign or ready to face the penalties.

11

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ARISTOTLE

The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.13

Aristotle is perhaps the most important of all founding figures in Western philosophy. For Aristotle, entirety has an end purpose, and this regulates it is good. If we can appreciate ultimate cause of an organism we can realize the essential processes to reach this good. He was the author of a rational and methodical system that became the outline and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. ROMAN THINKING Law is different from theology. Some concepts of Roman thinkers are as follow: The jus civile (citizen law) was the collection of common laws that applied on Roman citizens and, the individuals having influence over cases concerning citizens. The jus gentium ("law of peoples") applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens. The terms jus scriptum and jus non scriptum factually mean written and unwritten law, respectively, however, jus scriptum was of statute laws prepared by the legislature and jus non scriptum was of common laws that ascended from accustomed practice and became obligatory over the ages. The jus singulare (singular law) applies to definite groups of people, things, or legal relations unlike general or ordinary law (jus commune). An instance of this is the law about wills carved by personnel during an operation, which were exempted of the gravities in general essential for citizens while writing wills under normal situations.

13

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2) DARK AGES AND MEDIVIAL TIMES DARK AGES Church was dominating State, Divine Command; King is the agent of God. The Dark Ages is a bygone periodization used initially for the Middle Ages, which stresses the social and fiscal fall that evidently occurred in Europe ST. AUGUSTINE He was an early Christian theorist whose works are measured very significant in the progress of Western thinking. He is regarded as one of the prime noteworthy Church Fathers. His best works are City of God and Confessions. His will to deal with basic political and social topics never mean that the staging of his ideas comes prepackaged as a system. To propose that his opinions are not cognizant by a clear theory is inaccurate. His political and social reveries create a notable tapestry. The stability marked in the expression of his mixed but linked ideas hints both fairly and directly to the notion that Augustines political-philosophical reports arise from a consistent set of premises. The state at the same time obliges the divine resolutions of chastening the wicked and cleansing the good. MEDIVIAL TIMES A slight reform was done; they too said that our ultimate purpose is God. THOMAS AQUINAS Saint Thomas Aquinas was a Catholic Priest Order and one of the primary Medieval academics and theologians. He was massively influenced by Aristotle. His most persuasive work is the Summa Theologica which entails of three parts. The first fragment is on God. In this, he gives five proofs for Gods existence in addition to an explication of The second part is on Ethics. However, unlike Aristotle, he argues for an assembly amid the moral man and God by clarifying how the good

act is one towards the sanctity of the Blissful Vision. The last part is on Christ. In it, he shows how Christ not only deals salvation.

3) REFORMISTS They all said that God and State are different human activity and should be completely separated. They gave SECULLARISM. SECULARISM is the norm of parting of government institutes, and the persons delegated to represent the State, from religious foundations. In one sense, it may declare the right to be free from religious law and educations, and the right to freedom from legislative obligation of religion upon the folks. HUGO GROTIUS
"Even God cannot make two times two not make four."14

Hugo Grotius was a huge figure in philosophy, political theory and law. His work went over a wide range of topics, though he is well-known for his hand-outs to the natural law theories of normativity. He stated that human reasons (logical and practical) is sufficient and should be separated from the religion. He gave The Social Contract Theory, is the view that persons moral and/or political duties are reliant on a contract or agreement amid them to form the society in which they live.

THOMAS HOBBES

It is not wisdom but Authority that makes a law.15

Hobbes lived thru the English Civil War. It was a clash between the King and his supporters, the Monarchists and the Parliamentarians, headed by Oliver Cromwell, who claimed for the quasi-democracy. Hobbes denotes a compromise amid these two factions. Hobbes occupies the ground of one is who both major and old-school. Given

14

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his rather plain view of human nature, Hobbes nonetheless manages to make an argument that types civil society, with all its gains, possible. JOHN LOCKE I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their
thoughts.16

For Hobbes, the need of a total authority, that is the Sovereign, tailed from the utter viciousness of the State of Nature. For Locke, the State of Nature is a very different sort of place, and so his argument about the social contract and the nature of mens bond to authority are thus quite different. While Locke uses Hobbes working trick of the State of Nature, he uses it to a quite diverse end. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU People who know little are usually great talkers, while men
who know much say little.17

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most persuasive thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the work, which reasons that the headway of the sciences and arts has begun the fraud of virtue and morality.

THE PRESENT SCENARIO

The countries of the west especially in the Europe have evolved their present day legal system from the principles of the Natural Law. The Europe has faced a variety of political changes in the past millennia, including the Monarchs their removal and resurrection and once again the institution of democracy in the land. Most of European countries today are now democracy and follow the principles of jus naturalis that is the natural law.

16

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17

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CONTRIBUTION
As far as the contribution of this field in the subject I would only like to suggest that this gives us a measure of what are differences in the east and the west, the reasons behind those differences and how these differences occurred. The field not only reflects the evolution of law in the two worlds but also reflects the evolution of the present day society of these lands.

CONCLUSION
I would like to conclude with the following message originally said by Mark Twain that East is east and west is west and both shall never meet. The developments that led to the present day legal system in the east and the west was entirely based upon the historical development that occurred in the lands of two different worlds. The following concludes every chapter that I have mentioned in my project. DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN THE EAST As per the project done the development in the eastern world have been mostly because of the influence of the religion texts. Even when we talk about our country India we can ignore these religion texts as they have also played a significant role in the development of the law of the land. Mainly influenced by the traditions and customs the eastern law is more what you can say to be conservative in nature. DEVELOPMENT OFLAW IN THE WEST The western world especially the Europe has perhaps observed more changes than its eastern countries. There was era where the domination of the Church was there but as the time passed by this domination of the Church changed the momentum to Secularism. In short we can say that the west has more freedom whether you call it the freedom of speech or expression, freedom of thoughts or freedom to line in your own style, you name it and you shall get it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCES Rama Jois, M. , J. , Raja Dharma with lessons on Raja Neeti, Universal LawPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

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