Mạng HFC Va Công nghệ Cable Modem

Mang HFC va Cable Modem GV: TS.
L Anh Ngoc

SV thuc hin : Nhom 5 5.TVT2 Page 1

MUC LUC ..................................................................................................................... 1
BANG PHN CNG CNG VIEC .............................................................................. 3
PHU LUC HINH ANH .................................................................................................. 4
THUT NG VIT TT ............................................................................................. 6
LOI NOI AU ............................................................................................................... 9
CHNG 1: MNG HFC( Hybrid Fiber Coaxial) ........................................................ 11
1.1. Tng quan v mang HFC ........................................................................................ 11
1.2. Truyn dn trn mang HFC ..................................................................................... 19
1.2.1. Truyn dn trn mang HFC .................................................................................. 19
1.2.2. Thit bi truyn dn trong mang HFC .................................................................... 21
1.2.2.1. B khuch ai hai chiu .................................................................................... 21
1.2.2.2. Cap quang va cap ng trc trong mang ............................................................ 22
1.2.2.3.Cu r (Tap) ....................................................................................................... 23
1.2.2.4.Node quang ........................................................................................................ 24
1.2.2.5. Thit bi kt cui truyn hinh STB (Set-Top-Box) ........................................... 24
1.2.2.6. Modem cap CM (Cable Modem) ....................................................................... 25
1.2.2.7. H thng kt ni modem cap CMTS .............................................................. 26
1.2.2.8. H thng IP Phone ............................................................................................ 27
1.2.2.9. H thng thit bi thu bao va tinh cc dich v ................................................. 27
1.3. IEEE 802.14 ........................................................................................................... 27
1.4. Kha nng bng thng .............................................................................................. 28
1.5. Post trn HFC ......................................................................................................... 29
1.6. u, nhoc im cua mang HFC .............................................................................. 30

Mang HFC va Cable Modem GV: TS. L Anh Ngoc


1.7. An toan trong mi trng HFC ............................................................................... 31
1.7.1. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................. 31
1.7.2. An toan va bi mt trong mang HFC ...................................................................... 32
CHNG 2: CABLE MODEM .................................................................................... 36
2.1. Khai nim v cng ngh Cable Modem ................................................................... 36
2.2. Lich s va mc ich ra i cua cng ngh Cable Modem ........................................ 36
2.3. Cu truc cua Cable Modem ..................................................................................... 37
2.3.1. S cu truc cua Cable Modem ......................................................................... 37
2.3.1.1. Tuner ................................................................................................................ 38
2.3.1.2. Demodulator ..................................................................................................... 39
2.3.1.3. Media Access Control (MAC) ........................................................................... 40
2.3.1.4. Microcessor....................................................................................................... 41
2.4. M hinh kin truc phn lp cable modem ............................................................... 41
2.5. Ph cable modem .................................................................................................... 42
2.6. Anh xa cua cable modem ........................................................................................ 43
2.7. Cac thanh phn cua h thng cable modem ............................................................. 44
2.7.1. Modem cap CM ................................................................................................ 45
2.7.2. H thng kt cui modem cap CMTS ................................................................ 45
2.7.3. Mt s server trong mang modem cap .................................................................. 46
2.8. Cac chun oc s dng trong cng ngh Cable Modem(CM)................................ 46
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.............................................................................................. 48



H tn thnh vin

Ni dung cng vic
Pham Quang Hng
(Nhom Trng)
- Tim Tai Liu
- Tng quan v HFC

Nguyn Vn Kin

- Tim Tai Liu
- Truyn dn trn mang HFC

Nguyn Quang Hng
- Tim Tai liu
- c im cu tao
- u nhoc im

Bui Trung Hng
- Tim tai liu
- Cable Modem

Nguyn Vn Hng
- Tim tai liu
- An toan trn mang HFC

Bui inh Hng
-Tim tai liu
- IEEE 802.14

Trn ng Hunh
- Tim tai liu
- Post trn HFC



PH L NH
Hinh 1.1: Kin truc c ban mang HFC ........................................................................... 11
Hinh 1.2: S h thng headend ................................................................................. 12
Hinh 1.3: S kin truc mang HFC ............................................................................. 13
Hinh 1.4: Mang truyn dn HFC .................................................................................... 14
Hinh 1.5: Cu truc mang truy nhp HFPC...................................................................... 15
Hinh 1.6: Cu truc mang truy nhp HFC ........................................................................ 17
Hinh 1.7: S truyn dn trn mang HFC ................................................................... 19
Hinh 1.8: ng dy headend n cac thu bao ............................................................. 19
Hinh 1.9: B khuch ai 2 chiu .................................................................................... 21
Hinh 1.10: Kin truc mang truyn hinh cap truyn dn bng cap quang va cap
ng trc........................................................................................................................ 22
Hinh 1.11: Cac loai cap quang ....................................................................................... 22
Hinh 1.12: Cac loai cap ng trc .................................................................................. 23
Hinh 1.13: B chia tin hiu truyn hinh cap PaciIic 1 vao 4 ra ....................................... 23
Hinh 1.14: Cu r (Tap) va s truyn dn HFC ......................................................... 24
Hinh 1.15: Node quang .................................................................................................. 24
Hinh 1.16: Set Top Box trong truyn hinh cap ......................................................... 25
Hinh 1.17: Modem cap .................................................................................................. 26
Hinh 1.18: Headend vi cac kha nng POST va IP ........................................................ 29
Hinh 2.1: M hinh Cable Modem .................................................................................. 36
Hinh 2.2: S cu truc Cable Modem ......................................................................... 37
Hinh 2.3: M hinh TUNER-CABLE MODEM .............................................................. 38
Hinh 2.4: M hinh iu ch QAM ................................................................................. 40



Hinh 2.5: S khi b chuyn i D/A ....................................................................... 40
Hinh 2.6: M hinh kin truc phn lp cua Cable Modem ............................................... 42
Hinh 2.7: Ph RF cua Cable Modem .............................................................................. 43
Hinh 2.8: Anh xa ph Headend/station........................................................................... 43
Hinh 2.9: Cac thanh phn cua h thng Cable Modem ................................................... 44
Hinh 2.10: Ba h thng chun Cable Modem in hinh ................................................. 46



THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt gha ting anh gha ting vit
CM Cable Modem Modem cap
TV Television Truyn hinh
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
MAC Medium Access Control
iu khin truy nhp mi
trng
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
iu ch bin cu phng
CATV
Communitty Attenna
Television
Truyn hinh quang ba cng
ng
HFC Hybrid Fiber Coaxial
Mang lai cap quang cap ng
trc
CMTS
Cable Modem Terminater
System
H thng kt cui modem cap
FN Fiber Node Nut quang
LAN Local Area Network Mang vung cc b
WAN Wide Area Network Mang din rng
SONET
Synchronous Optical
Network
Chun truyn dn ng b
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol
Giao thc cu hinh hoat ng



FDM
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghep phn chia theo tn s
VOD Video On Demand Truyn hinh theo yu cu
HDTV High Density Television Truyn hinh phn giai cao
HFC Hybrid Fiber Coaxial
trc
HFPC Hybrid Fiber Passive Coaxial
trc th ng
SDH
Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy
Phn cp s ng b
STB Set Top Box Thit bi kt cui truyn hinh
IF Intermediate Frequency Trung tn
HDTV High Density Television Truyn hinh phn giai cao
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc trn mang Internet
ISP Internet Service Provider Nha cung cp dich v Internet
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers
Vin nghin cu k thut in
va in t
HE Headend Trung tm x ly
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn khng ng b
DLC Digitar Loop Carrier B cung cp vong thu bao s
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift iu ch dich pha cu phng



MUX Multiplex Ghep (trn)
PC Personal Computer May tinh ca nhn
CPU Central Processing Unit B x ly trung tm
NTSC
National Television System
Committee
Tiu chun Video tng tu
PCI
Peripheral Component
Interconnect
Mt chun truyn du liu
giua ngoai vi n bo mach
chu (may tinh)
QoS Quality of Service
Mt tiu chun anh gia cht
long dich v
PHY Physical Tng vt ly
DSL Digital Subscriber Line Knh thu bao s
DSLAM
Digital Subscriber Line
Access Multiplexer
Thit bi cung cp dich v
ADSL dung cap ng
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers
Vin nghin cu k thut in
va in t



Cac mang cable TV truyn thng s dng cap ng trc, t trung tm ni n
cac thu bao. Nhoc im cua mt mang cap ng trc la cn nhiu may khuych ai
trn ng truyn: c khoang 1km lai cn mt may khuych ai. Vi th nu mt thu
bao xa trung tm khoang 30km thi cn khoang 30 may khuych ai trn ng
truyn.
Vic cn s dng nhiu may khuych ai dn n cac vn sau:
+ Vn li mang: nu mt may khuych ai gn trung tm bi su c thi
tt ca cac thu bao di no u bi anh hng.
+ Cht long ng truyn bi anh hng: sau mi ln oc khuych ai,
tin hiu u bi nhiu, meo. Vi th vi cac thu bao xa, cht long ng
truyn s bi anh hng.
Mang HFC khc phc nhoc im trn bng cach ni cap quang t trung tm
n mt loat im phn phi quang. Tai cac im phn phi nay, tin hiu quang s
oc chuyn thanh tin hiu in va cap ng trc s oc s dng kt ni n cac
thu bao. Cac u im cua HFC la:
+ Tng cng sut va cht long dich v.
+ Han ch cac su c gn trung tm.
+ Chia mt mang ng trc ln thanh cac mang ng trc nh, mi mang
xut phat t mt im phn phi quang. Cac mang nh nay hoat ng tng
i c lp vi nhau, do o tranh oc su c toan h thng.
V truyn hinh cap huu tuyn, cng ngh s dng hin nay tai Vit Nam la
cng ngh HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Cable) - cng ngh lai ghep giua cap quang va
cap ng trc.
Mang truyn hinh cap CATV truyn thng trc y ch s dng cac thit bi
in va cap ng trc cng nh cac b khuych ai. Chinh vi vy ma cht long tin
hiu cng nh ban kinh phc v la thp, khng ap ng oc nhu cu ngi xem ca v
cht long hinh anh, cung cac dich v.



Ngay nay, cac mang truyn hinh cap s dng cng ngh HFC, vi phn truyn
dn s dng cap quang. u im cua cng ngh nay la s dng bng thng gn nh v
tn cua cap quang cng nh mc suy hao thp khc phc nhung nhoc im cua
mang CATV truyn thng. Mang HFC-CATV co kha nng cung cp mt loat cac dich
v nh VOD, VoIP va c bit la Internet.
Kha nng cua Truyn hinh cap, nht la truyn hinh cap huu tuyn HFC la h
thng truyn hinh ma tin hiu truyn hinh oc truyn dn bng cap n tng h thu
bao. Hn nua, cng ngh truyn s liu trn mang truyn hinh cap (CATV) la cng
ngh Cable Modem.
Vi th, trong bai bao cao nay chung em xin gii thiu v cng ngh mang HFC
va Cable Modem. Ni dung bai bao cao nay cua chung em bao gm 2 chng:
hng ng id i aia: s a ra cac khai nim v
cng ngh mang HFC, m hinh kin truc cua mang, cac thanh phn cng nh hoat
ng cua mang. O chng nay chung ta s bit n chun s dng hin nay IEEE
802.14, an toan trn mi trng HFC cng nh nhung u, nhoc im cua mang nay.
hng 2 a dm a n cac nhin tng quan nht v cng ngh
Cable Modem, lich s va mc ich ra i cua cng ngh Cable Modem. Phn chi tit
s i su trinh bay cu truc va nhim v, chc nng cua nhung thanh phn cu thanh
ln Cable Modem.O phn cui s giup chung ta bit n nhung chun hin nay oc
s dng nh DOCSIS, DAVIC, IEEE 802.14.
Chung em hy vong rng bai bao cao nay s cung cp oc mt goc nhin nao o
v cng ngh HFC & Cable Modem. Mc du c gng rt nhiu song do thi gian va
trinh co han, ni dung cua bai bao cao nay khng th tranh khi nhung thiu sot,
chung em rt mong nhn oc nhung y kin ong gop cua cac ban va thy tip tc
chnh sa va hoan thin bai bao cao nay hn nua.
.

H N
hm 5 5-TT2
Kha TT
Tng i hc in Lc



NG HFC( Hybrid Fiber Coaxial)
1.1. Tng quan v mng HFC
HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial) la mt mang lai giua cap quang va cap ng
trc tao ra mt mang bng rng. No s dng ng thi cap quang va cap ng trc
truyn va phn phi tin hiu. Vic truyn tin hiu t trung tm n cac node quang
la cap quang, con t cac node quang n thu bao la cap ng trc.
HFC oc s dng cho cable TV t thp nin 1990. S kin truc c ban
cua mang HFC oc th hin hinh v sau:

nh Kin tc c bn mng HFC
Mang cap quang m rng t headend chu (master headend) n cac headend
vung (regional headend), hubsite cua mang ln cn va sau cung la nut chuyn i
quang in (fiber optic node) phc v t 500 thu bao2000 thu bao moi ni.
Master headend thng co cac antenparabol v tinh thu cac tin hiu video trong
khng gian cng nh cac lung IP. Mt s masterheadend con bao gm cac thit bi
in thoai cung cp cac dich v vin thng n cng ng. Mt regional headend
thu tin hiu video t master headend va thm vao cac knh cua chinh phu, knh giao
dc, knh cng cng khi oc phep, hoc a vao chng trinh quang cao.
S cua h thng headend oc ch ra hinh v di y:



nh 1.2: S h thng headend
Headend la ni thu nhn tin hiu t nhiu ngun khac nhau ( tin hiu quang ba,
v tinh, tin hiu san xut chng trinh ). Sau khi qua cac bc x ly nh: iu ch,
phn knh, m hoa , trn... Tin hiu oc a ra mang truyn dn va phn phi n
cac thu bao.
Fiber optic node co mt b thu phat quang bng rng co kha nng chuyn i
tin hiu iu ch quang chiu xung n t headend ra thanh tin hiu in gi n
thu bao, cng nh chuyn i tin hiu in n t thu bao ra thanh tin hiu quang
cho chiu ngoc lai. Tin hiu in chiu xung gi n thu bao la tin hiu iu ch
RF nm trong dai tn t 50 MHz 1000 MHz. Cap quang ni optical node n
headend hoc hub theo point-to-point hoc star topology hoc ring topology. Fiber
optic node cng co mt reverse path transmitter gi thng tin t thu bao n
headend. O M tin hiu theo chiu ngoc lai nay co iu ch RF nm trong dai tn t
5MHz42MHz, nhung khu vuc khac t 5 MHz 65 MHz.
Phn cap ng trc cua mang kt ni t 25 2000 thu bao (thng thng 500
thu bao) theo cu hinh dang cy va nhanh. Cac b khuch ai RF oc s dng
khuch ai tin hiu, bu lai suy hao do cap, va cac suy hao khac co nguyn nhn t
chia cap hoc r cap. Cac cap ng trc trung k oc kt ni n optical node va co
dang cua coaxial backbone phn phi cac cap kt ni nh hn. Cac cap trung k
cng tai ngun AC t 60V n 90V. Ngun AC nay cung cp cho cac b khuch ai.
T cac cap trung k, cac cap phn phi nh hn oc kt ni n mt cng cua b
khuch ai trung k tai tin hiu RF va ngun AC xung cac nhanh mang ring bit.



Cng cua b khuch ai trung k tai tin hiu RF va ngun AC xung cac
nhanh mang ring bit. Khi cn thit, cac b keo dai dy vi cac b khuch ai phn
phi nh s khuch ai tin hiu giu cng sut cua tin hiu TV mc ma TV co th
chp nhn oc. Cac dy phn phi oc mc vao cac b r nhanh t nhung im r
ring bit dn n nha thu bao. Cac b r nhanh dn tin hiu RF va chn lai ngun
AC tr khi co cac thit bi in thoai cn thit co ngun du phong an toan cung cp t
h thng ngun cap ng trc. Cac b kt cui r nhanh vi cac im r nhanh ring
bit thng s dng u ni loai F. Dy r ni n nha thu bao, cn co ni t bao
v h thng t nhung in ap nhiu. Tuy vao thit k mang, tin hiu co th i qua b
chia n cung luc nhiu TV. Trng hop co qua nhiu TV kt ni, thi cht long
hinh anh cua tt ca TV trong nha rt xu.
Mang HFC bao gm 3 mang con (segment) la: mang truyn dn (Transport
segment), mang phn phi (Distribution segment) va mang truy nhp ( Acess
segment).

nh S in tc mng
ng tun dn
La mi trng truyn dn headend n cac h thu bao. Trong truyn hinh
cap huu tuyn HFC, mi trng truyn dn la cap quang, in hinh la mt hay
mt s vong cap quang kt ni giua HE s cp va cac HUB s cp, trong mt s



trng hop khac thi vong th cp lai lin kt giua cac HUB s cp vi cac HUB
th cp t cac node quang FN oc lin kt vi cac HE theo cu truc hinh sao.
Ngay nay mang truyn dn HFC tr thanh su lua chon cua phn ln cac
nha cung cp dich v qua mang cap trn th gii bi nhung u im ni bt cua
h thng...
Mang truyn dn bao gm h thng cap quang va cac Hub s cp, nhim
v cua no la truyn dn tin hiu t headend n cac khu vuc xa. Cac Hub s cp
co chc nng thu/phat quang t/n cac node quang va chuyn tip tin hiu
quang ti cac Hub khac.

nh ng tun dn
Tin hiu t trung tm qua b chuyn i in quang thanh tin hiu quang
sau o oc truyn dn qua cap soi quang ti cac HUB. Tai cac im HUB co
th la mt tram thu phat lai nu nh cung cp tin hiu cho mt pham vi ln
(giua hai thanh ph), o co th ch la b chia quang thng thng chia tin
hiu quang ti cac node quang. Tu thuc vao yu cu an toan cua h thng
ma tin hiu t trung tm truyn tai ti cac HUB oc thit k theo cu truc
mang vong (Ring) hoc hinh sao (Star). Tin hiu sau node quang oc chuyn
i t quang sang in sau o oc truyn dn va cap ng trc truyn dn



tin hiu n tng h thu bao qua mang cap ng trc nh cac b khuch ai tin
hiu RF, cac b chia cao tn.
ng hn hi
Mang phn phi tin hiu bao gm h thng cap quang, cac Hub th cp va
cac node quang. Tin hiu quang t cac Hub s oc chuyn thanh tin hiu in
tai cac node quang truyn n thu bao. Ngoc lai trong trng hop mang 2
chiu, tin hiu t mang truy nhp s oc thu tai node quang va chuyn thanh
tin hiu quang truyn n Hub v headend.
ng tu nh:
Mang truy nhp bao gm h thng cap ng trc, cac thit bi thu phat cao
tn co nhim v truyn tai cac tin hiu cao tn RF giua node quang va cac thit
bi thu bao. Thng thng ban kinh phc v cua mang con truy cp ti a
khoang 300m.
Mang truy nhp truyn tin hiu t node quang ti thu bao. Thng thng
oc chia thanh 2 kiu: HFC va HFPC.
Mng truy nhp kiu HFPC (Hybrid Fiber Pasive Coaxal):
La mang lai giua cap quang va cap ng trc ma trong o ch dung cac
thit bi th ng chia tin hiu ma khng co bt ki mt thit bi tich cuc nao trn
mang ng trc.

nh 5 u tc mng tu nh



c im ca mng tu nh
ap ng oc cac yu cu xy dung theo mang 1 chiu hay 2 chiu.
+ S dng node quang co cng sut ln.
+ Mang quang chim t trong ln trong toan b mang tng th.
+ Mang ng trc ch co cac tuyn trc chinh va tuyn cap thu bao
vi cac thit bi chia th ng.
+ Kha nng phc v t 400-600 thu bao / node quang.
u im:
+ Cht long tin hiu tt do khng s dng cac b khuch ai.
Do khng s dng cac b khuch ai cao tn nn vic thi cng lp
t, vn hanh d dang hn.
Cac thit bi th ng co kha nng truyn tin hiu 2 chiu nn n
inh mang vn cao khi trin khai mang 2 chiu.
+ S long thu bao / node quang nh nn kha nng cung cp tt dich
v 2 chiu vi tc cao.
+ Giam chi phi cp ngun cng t in, bao dng, thay th cac thit
bi tich cuc.
hc im:
+ Kha nng bao phu cua 1 node quang nh do khng s dng khuch
ai.
Yu cu node quang s dng phai co cng sut ln, cht long cao,
n inh.
Mng truy nhp kiu HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial)
La mang lai giua cap quang va cap ng trc trong o co s dng cac thit
bi tich cuc ( b khuch ai cao tn ) trn mang ng trc. Cu truc cua no oc
trinh bay hinh v di y:



nh u tc mng tu nh
c im ca mng tu nh HFC:
ap ng oc cac yu cu xy dung theo mang 1 chiu hay 2 chiu.
+ Mang ng trc chim t trong ln trong toan b mang tng th.
+ Mang ng trc oc chia thanh 3 cp:
- Cp trc chinh: bao gm cap ng trc trc chinh, khuch ai
trc, b chia tin hiu ng trc.
- Cp trc nhanh: bao gm cap ng trc nhanh, khuch ai
nhanh, b chia tin hiu ng nhanh.
- Cp mang thu bao: bao gm cap ng trc thu bao, TV.
+ Kha nng phc v t 1500-2000 thu bao / node quang.



u im
+ Pham vi bao phu cua 1 node quang ln nh keo dai mang ng trc
bi s dng cac khuch ai cao tn.
Chi phi ban u thp nh s dng it node quang.
hc im:
+ Cht long tin hiu thp hn kiu mang HFPC.
Khng thun loi khi trin khai thanh mang 2 chiu.
Yu cu cht ch v ngun cp tin hiu, nu im cp ngun nao o
mt in thi toan b tuyn phia sau cng mt tin hiu.
C ch thi cng, vn hanh, bao dng phc tap.
S nh v
Mang HFPC cn nhiu node quang hn HFC. Vi vy trong iu kin mang
quang co sn thi nn chon xy dung mang HFPC. Con trong iu kin mang quang
con han hep thi nn chon mang HFC. i vi Vit Nam nn chon HFC.
HFPC co n inh cao hn khi trin khai mang 2 chiu.



2 Tun dn tn mng
1.2.1 Tun dn tn mng
Truyn dn trong mang HFC oc ch ra trong hinh 1.7:

nh 7 S truyn dn tn mng HFC

nh 8 ng d hadnd n cc thu a



Tin hiu Video tng tu cng nh s t cac ngun khac nhau nh :Cac b phat
v tinh, ngun quang ba mt t, Video sever oc a ti Headend trung tm. Tai
y tin hiu oc ghep knh va truyn i qua Ring soi n Mode(SMR). Tin hiu
oc truyn t Headend trung tm ti thng thng la 4 hoc 5 Hub s cp. Mi Hub
s cp cung cp tin hiu ho khoang 150.000 thu bao. Co khoang 4 hoc 5 Hub th
cp va Headend ni hat, mi Hub th cp oc s dng phn phi ph thm cac tin
hiu Video tng tu hoc s ghep knh vi mc ich giam vic phat cung knh
Video tai cac Hadend s cp va th cp khac nhau. Cac tin hiu chiu ti hoc chiu
xung tai tin tc t headend/hub oIIice n thu bao, nh la ni dung video, thoai va
du liu internet. Cac tin hiu chiu lui hoc chiu ln tai tin tc t thu bao n
headend/hub oIIice, nh cac tin hiu iu khin STB, du liu cable modem, va thoai.
Cac knh s va tng tu cua Headend trung tm co th cung oc chia s s dng trn
mang backbone. Mang backbone oc xy dung theo kin truc vong s dng cng
ngh SONET/SDH hoc mt s cng ngh c quyn.
Cac c im cua SONET/SDH oc inh ngha cp tc du liu t tc
OC-1(51,84Mb/s)/STM-1 (155,52 Mb/s) ti cac tc gp nguyn ln tc nay.
Trong mang SONET/SDH, tin hiu Video tng tu oc s hoa, iu ch, ghep
knh TDM va oc truyn cac tc khac nhau t OC-12/STM-4 (622 Mb/s) ti
OC-4/STM-16 (2448 Mb/s). O y s dng k thut ghep knh thng k TDM tng
rng bng tn s dng. Ghep knh thng k TDM thuc hin cp phat ng cac khe
thi gian theo yu cu thuc hin cac dich v co tc bit thay i qua mang
SONET/SDH, tuy theo cac giao din mang. Dung long node quang oc xac inh
bi s long thu bao ma no cung cp tin hiu. Node quang co th la node c nh vi
khoang 100 thu bao hoc c ln vi khoang 2000 thu bao.
Cable Multiple System Operators (MSOs) phat trin cac phng phap gi
cac dich v bng tin hiu RF trn cap quang va cap ng trc. Phng phap nguyn
thuy truyn video trn mang HFC ma cho n by gi vn s dng rng ri la iu
ch cac knh TV tng tu tiu chun, cng ging nh phng phap s dng truyn
dn cac knh truyn hinh quang ba trong khng gian. Mt knh TV tng tu chim
bng thng 6 MHz. Mi knh co mt tn s trung tm lam song mang (vi d: knh 2



co tn s trung tm la 55,25 MHz), do o khng co va cham giua cac knh lin k .
Cac knh TV s tao ra mt cach truyn video hiu qua hn bng cach dung m hoa
MPEG-2 hoc MPEG-4 trn cac knh QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
1.2.2 Thit tun dn tng mng
1.2.2.1. B khuch i hai chiu
Trong phn mang cap ng trc, cac b khuch ai hai chiu oc s dng bao
gm hai loai:
- B khuch ai phn phi ( khuch ai tin hiu RF va t vao 2 hoc 4 u
cap ra khac nhau)
- B khuch ai ng dy m rng Line Extender Amplifier mt h thng
HFC hin ai thng co t 4 n 6 b khuch ai cho tng khuch ai RF sau mi
node.
a s cac b khuch tu iu chnh bu p nhung thay i khac nhau theo
nhit suy hao va ap ng tn s.

nh : B khuch i 2 chiu



1.2.22 quang v c ng trc trong mng

nh 0: Kin tc mng truyn hnh c truyn dn bng c quang v c
ng trc
quang
Mi cap quang co cha t 12 n 14 soi quang tuy theo kich c mi loai cap.
Loai soi cap oc s dng y thng la soi n mode-SM co suy hao khoang 0,4
dB/km bc song hoat ng l=1310 nm hoc suy hao 0,25 dB/km l=1550 nm(mc
suy hao nay n inh trong dai nhit thng va c lp vi dai tn s v tuyn).

nh : c i c quang



ng tc
oan xut phat t node quang to ra co ng kinh ln nht (t 0,78 n
1,09 cm) cht long tt nht, suy hao 45 dB/km 750 MHz hoc 9dB/km 40 Mhz.
oan cui gn sat nha thu bao dai khoang 25 cm 50 cm, ng kinh nh, suy
hao khoang 114 dB/km 40 MHz (mc suy hao nay ph thuc vao nhit va chiu
dai cua cap).

nh 2 c i c ng trc
1.2.2.3.Cu r (Tap)
Mi cu r co 2 phn t chc nng chinh: khi ghep inh hng va b chia
cng sut. Trong o b chia cng sut tin hiu tuy theo s long cng cua cu r (co
th la 2, 4, 8...) con khi ghep inh hng co nhim v i hng 1 s tin hiu u vao
xac inh.

nh : B chia tn hiu truyn hnh c Pacific 1 v 4 ra



Vi tri cua cu r (Tap) trong mang truyn dn HFC oc ch ra hinh 1.12:

Hnh 1.14: Cu r Ta v tun dn
1.2.2.4. Node quang
La phn t nm trn ng ranh gii giua cap quang va cap ng trc, co nhim
v c ban chuyn i tin hiu in cho ng xung ( va ngoc lai ) khuch
ai va phn phi trn mang cap ng trc vi 3 hoc 4 u ra mi node.

nh 5: Node quang
1.2.2.5. Thit b kt cui truyn hnh STB (Set-Top-Box)
Thit bi kt cui thu tin hiu truyn hinh vi hai loai: STB tng tu va STB s.
STB tng tu cho thu bao thu cac knh truyn hinh tng tu nh mang HFC thay vi
cac knh phat quang ba v tuyn mt t trc y. Thng qua no cac nha iu hanh
cap cung cp dich v xem phim va mt s dich v c bit khac theo hinh thc thanh
toan ngay IPPV va s dng in thoai lam ng ln cho cac hoat ng tng tac
mang. n 1996 STB s oc gii thiu vi mt s chc nng c ban:



+ Do tim knh s va cac dich v video,tng tu trong cac dai tn ng xung .
+ Giai iu ch knh s thu oc. iu ch knh s phat ln.
+ Giai m / M hoa cac knh chon.
+ Quan ly bao hiu thu bao t Headend.
Cung cp giao din thu bao cho ngi s dng. Gn y cac STB cai tin oc
trin khai bi Motorola/ General Instrument. Cac STB nay co cha cac b do song kep
va modem cap tich hop bn trong, cho phep thu bao s dng dich v truyn hinh va
dich v Internet bng rng nh: IP telephoy, IP video phone , Interactivegames. Luc
nay STB cai tin hoat ng nh mt cng gia inh RGW.
Phn phat cac goi giao thc IP n cac thit bi bn ngoai nh la IP voice, IP
videophone.
Truyn tai, x ly, giai m cac tin hiu truyn hinh co phn giai cao HDTV.

nh : Set Top Box trong truyn hnh c
1.2.2 dm c a dm
La thit bi nm trong thu bao cho phep truy nhp n cac mang may tinh
(thng la mang Internet) trn phng tin vt ly dung cho truyn hinh. Co ba loai
modemcap:
+ Loai khi cm ngoai : kt ni vi may tinh thng qua kt ni Ethernet ( co
th co nhiu may tinh cung kt ni vao mang Ethernet, luc nay modem cap
con co chc nng cua mt b inh tuyn ) hoc giao din kt ni USB.



+ Loai card cm nm trong: thng la dang cm trn PCI cho may tinh. Loai
nay co gia thanh r nht song ch dung oc cho may tinh ban con s phai
co su thit kkhac cho dang may tinh MAC va may tinh xach tay.
+ Loai th ba cua modem cap la dang oc tich hop bn trong cac STB cai
tin tng tac.

nh 7 dm c
1.2.2.7. H thng kt ni mdm c CMTS
H thng nay nm trong Headend, thuc v bn kia cua mang so vi modem
cap. La thit bi kt ni cho ng t phia thu bao n ich la cac headend cua cac
cng ty cap, do o CMTS cng oc coi la giao din giua cac modem cap va mang
Internet IP.
CMTS co nhiu chc nng ging nh mt DSLAM trong h thng DSL.
CMTS on long ng ln t mt nhom thu bao trn mt knh n va
inh tuyn no n ISP kt ni vao mang Internet.
+ Mi CMTS cha mt hoc nhiu card ng dy modem ( CMLC ). Cac
CMLC chuyn cac dong s liu IP thanh cac tin hiu RF ng xung ( n
nha thu bao ) sau o a qua b nng tn a cac knh tin hiu o vao mt
knh tin hiu o vao mt knh xac inh va ghep chung vi cac tin hiu truyn
hinh va trinh tu ngoc lai vi ng ln. Mt s server trong mang modem
cap may chu DHCP (Dynamic Hort Protocol) oc xac inh bi RF2181.
Server nay cung cp cac ia ch IP theo nhu cu cho modem cap va cac thit bi
PC theo sau no. May chu ToD ( Time oI Day) oc xac inh bi RFC 868, co
nhim v la gan cac tem thi gian cho cac su kin iu hanh h thng. May



chu TFP ( Trivial File Protocol ) oc xac inh bi RFC 1350 ng ky va
tai v cac Iile cu hinh modem cap cho cac dich v thu bao ring l.
1.2.2.8. H thng IP Phone
y la h thng s dng giao thc IP truyn tin hiu thoai qua mang vin
thng trong o giao thc IP la giao thc chun cho lp chuyn mach goi trong mang
LAN, WAN,... Mang IP mang s liu c lp vi lp vt ly. Vic tich hop oc h
thng truyn tai thoai vao mang bng rng HFC co y ngha ln trong vic tao thun loi
HFC thuc hin mt xa l thng tin thuc su truyn moi loai tin hiu : voice, data,
video. H thng VoIP nay s dng thit bi kt cui la may in thoai IP phone hoc
may in thoai truyn thng POTS phone kt ni vi mt modem cap / mt STB s.
May IP phone la thit bi kha mi. No khng kt ni n mt tng ai s huu nao ma
kt ni n cng Ethernet chun trong mt modem cap / mt STB s / mt PC trong
nha. May IP phone hoat ng nh mt thit bi IP tiu chun va co ia ch IP ring cua
no. kt ni mt POTS phone n mt modem cap / STB s thi phai co cac modun
giao din mi oc phat trin va gn vao trong cac modem cap / STB s cung cp
chc nng nay.
1.2.2.9. H thng thit b thu a v tnh cc dch v
im ct yu nht i vi cac nha cung cp dich v truyn hinh tra tin la co
th quan ly truy nhp va tinh cc cua thu bao theo dich v. Mt phng phap ph
thng va hiu qua nht la s dng cac thut toan m hoa tin hiu ( ch nhung thu bao
oc nha cung cp dich v cho phep mi co th oc giai m tin hiu xem ).
H thng quan ly truy nhp cua thu bao va tinh cc oc goi la h thng truy
nhp co iu kin.
1.3. IEEE 802.14
Nhom lam vic IEEE 802.14 oc hinh thanh vao thang 11 nm 1994 chun
hoa lp vt ly (PHY layer) va lp iu khin truy nhp a phng tin (MAC layer)
cho cac h thng HFC.



MAC layer:
H tro cac dich v cho connectionless va connection-oriented
H tro QoS.
H tro CBR, VBR, ABR.
H tro cac dich v unicast, multicast, broadcast.

PHY layer:
500 thu bao tai im thit k tham chiu.
H tro sub-split (5 MHz40 MHz upstream), mid-split (5 MHz120
MHz upstream), va high-split (800 MHz1000 MHz upstream).
S dng lai tn s chiu ln.
Lua chon iu ch QAM 64 cho chiu xung.
QAM-64 vi 6 bit/Hz tao ra 30 Mbps trong 6 MHz.
iu ch QPSK oc chon cho chiu ln chiu ung nhiu ln.
Co mt vai knh chiu ln trn mt knh chiu xung.
Co bn k thut iu ch s dng 5,12 Msymbols/second cho chiu xung va
mt k thut iu ch s dng 1,28 Msymbols/second cho chiu ln.
Tc bit cua nm k thut iu ch nay la:
QPSK: 2 bits/symbol x 5,12 Msymbols/second = 10,24 Mbps.
16 QAM: 4 bits/symbol x 5,12 Msymbols/second = 20,48 Mbps.
QPSK: 2 bits/symbol x 1,28 Msymbols/second = 2,56 Mbps.
1.4. Kh nng ng thng
Ph knh chiu xung 550 MHz750 MHz.
Ph knh chiu ln 5 MHz42 MHz.
Ph 550 MHz750 MHz cho 33 knh 6 MHz.



Ph 5 MHz42 MHz cho 20 knh 1,8 MHz.
Chiu xung:
QPSK: 33 knh FDM x 10,24 Mbps/knh 337 Mbps.
16 QAM: 33 knh FDM x 20,48 Mbps/knh 1013 Mbps.
64 QAM: 33 knh FDM x 40,96 Mbps/knh 1351 Mbps.

Chiu n
QPSK: 20 knh FDM x 2,56 Mbps/knh 51 Mbps.
5 t tn
Cu hinh POST trn HFC oc ch ra trong hinh 1.15. Mt b chuyn mach
hoc DLC (Digitar Loop Carrier: b cung cp vong thu bao s) oc t tai headend.
B iu khin headend nhn knh thoai t cac cable modem t tai nha thu bao va no
thng qua DLC hoc b chuyn mach tin hanh x ly. Nu headend co trang bi
DLC thi cac trung k T1 truyn dn cac mach thoai s oc kt ni n mt tng ai
class 5 gn o dung x ly cuc goi.
Headdend cng oc trang bi y u cac tinh nng cua tng ai chuyn mach
class 5, vi kha nng nay headend co th thuc hin:
nh 8: Headend vi cc h nng OST v
Chuyn mach ni hat.
Tinh cc.



R tt cac ng truyn tng ai ni hat va giao tip truc tip n cac
ng truyn tng ai ng dai, do o tit kim cac chi phi truy nhp
cho khach hang.
Headend cng co th oc trang bi cac IP router iu khin cac dich v IP va
lin kt vi mang internet. B iu khin headend s tach lu long IP va chuyn giao
no cho cac router x ly.
ATM MUX (cng la mt chuyn mach ATM) la mt nut truy nhp ATM
kt ni cac truyn dn ATM n b chuyn mach ATM trong mang cng
cng. B iu khin headend co th phn bit lu long ATM, no la du liu,
video hoc la cac dich v CBR. Din an ATM inh ngha giao tip nay la
ANI.
u nhc im ca mng
S dng cap quang truyn tin hiu, mang HFC s s dng cac u im vot
tri cua cap quang so vi cac phng tin truyn dn khac: Dai thng cuc ln, suy hao
tin hiu rt thp, it bi nhiu in t, chng lo hoa va n mon hoa hoc tt. Vi cac soi
quang oc san xut vi cng ngh hin ai ngay nay, cac soi quang cho phep truyn
cac tin hiu co tn s ln ti hang trm THz (10
145
- 10
15
Hz). y la dai thng tin hiu
v cung ln, co th ap ng moi yu cu dai thng ng truyn ma khng mt
phng tin truyn dn nao khac co th co oc.
Tin hiu quang truyn soi quang hin nay chu yu nm trong 2 ca s bc
song quang la 1310nm va 1550nm. y la 2 ca s co suy hao tin hiu rt nh; 0,3
dB/km vi bc song 1310nm va 0,2nm vi bc song 1550nm. Trong khi o vi mt
soi cap ng trc loai suy hao thp nht cng phai mt 43dB/km tai tn s 1 GHz.
Tin hiu truyn trn soi cap la tin hiu quang, vi vy khng bi anh hng bi
cac nhiu in t t mi trng dn n am bao oc cht long tin hiu trn ng
truyn. oc ch tao t cac trung tinh la Plastic va thuy tinh, cac soi quang la cac vt
liu khng bi n mon hoa hoc dn n tui tho cua soi cao.
Co kha nng du phong trong trng hop soi quang bi t.



Mc du mang HFC cai thin ang k cht long tin hiu truyn hinh, nhng
cac mang con truy nhp vn s dng cac thit bi tich cuc la cac b khuch ai tin hiu
nhm bu suy hao cap truyn tin hiu i xa. Theo kinh nghim cac nha iu hanh
mang cap cua chu u va chu M, trc trc cua mang truyn hinh cap phn ln xay
ra do cac b khuch ai va cac thit bi ghep ngun cho chung. Cac thit bi nay nm rai
rac trn mang, vi th vic inh vi, sa chua thng thng khng th thuc hin nhanh
oc nn anh hng n cht long phc v khach hang cua mang. Vi cac mang truy
nhp ng trc, khi cung cp dich v 2 chiu, cac b khuch ai cn tich hop phn t
khuch ai tin hiu cho cac tin hiu ngoc dong n n inh cua mang giam. Do
vy xu hng trn th gii ang chuyn dn sang s dng mang truy nhp th ng.
1.7 An tn tng mi tng HFC
1.7 ii thiu
An toan tr thanh mt chu rt quan trong k t khi phat trin internet. Hu
ht tt ca cac ng dng tng tac u yu cu mt mc an toan. Cac mc tiu cho
an toan noi chung cp n ba i tong sau y:
+ Nhung ngi s dng dich v (Users).
+ Nhung ngi iu hanh quan ly (Operators).
Cac c quan chinh phu (Government agencies).
V phng din ngi s dng dich v, an toan co ngha la am bao tinh ring
t, bi mt, toan ven du liu, tinh cc chinh xac, kich hoat va ngng kich hoat dich v.
V phng din ngi iu hanh quan ly, an toan co ngha la toan ven du liu,
c lp, giu gin danh ting va uy tin tt i vi cac khach hang, tinh cc chinh xac
khng gian ln hoc la gat, lam ung chc nng mang, va co trach nhim giai trinh
khi dich v khng hoat ng do su c. Tom lai, chinh nhung nha cung cp dich
v/iu hanh quan ly mang cn su an toan giu gin cac hp dn trong kinh doanh cua
ho, cac ngha v cua ho i vi cac khach hang va cng ng.



V phng din cac c quan chinh phu, yu cu an toan hop l vi cac ch
thi, cac quy inh phap lut, nhm am bao loi ich cua cac dich v, canh tranh lanh
manh, va bao v su bi mt.
Vi nhung vn t ra trn, trong din an ATM, mt nhom lam vic v an
toan mang inh ngha mt b cac loai an toan gm nhung chc nng an toan ng dng
cho khach hang, iu khin, va cac dich v. Cac chc nng o bao gm:
iu khin truy nhp.
Xac thuc.
Bi mt du liu.
Toan ven du liu.
1.72 An tn v mt trong mng HFC
Cac vn an toan va bi mt trong mang HFC khac nhau t nhung mang co kt
ni dy theo im-im truyn thng. Trong trng hop cua cap ng, mang nay cung
cp kt ni truc tip thu bao n mt mach ng dy tai tng ai ni hat, vic nghe
trm thuc hin khng d dang nh i vi ng dy dung chung. Cac cuc in am
ring t d nhin khng th bi giam sat bi ngi s dng nhung nha khac. Trong
mt mang cap, vn an toan tr nn kho khn hn bi vi co nhiu thu bao truy nhp
vt ly n cung mt ng dy. Nh trinh bay phn trn, mang HFC hai chiu co
cac truyn dn nhiu-n-mt va mt-n-nhiu trn cung mt trung k.
c u cu an tn ti lp MAC:
C gng tao ra cac c ch an toan cho cac mang truy nhp a phng tin dung
chung co th so sanh vi cac mang truy nhp a truy nhp khng dung chung. Cac c
ch an toan bao gm sau y:
Xac thuc (Authentication): Thu bao phai tu xac nhn tinh hop l i vi
mang truy nhp. Thu bao nay phai xac inh thit bi thu bao nao oc
quyn phc v va tha nhn i vi profile cua dich v. Su phc tap cua
qua trinh xac thuc phai la ti thiu. oi hi nay dn ra cac giao thc
nhanh va i xng.



Mt m (encryption): Du liu ngi dung giua thu bao va giao din
HFC phai oc bi mt.
Bao v su phat lai (Replay protection): Mang truy nhp phai oc bao v
ngn chn su phat lai cac bang tin trc o.
Quan ly khoa (Key management): Duy tri bi mt thng tin ngi s dng
la then cht i vi bt k mang an toan nao.
Su thun loi i vi ngi s dng u cui (End user convenience): Cac
chc nng an toan hoat ng ma khng oi hi ngi s dng u cui
thuc thi cac hoat ng h tro i vi an toan h thng.
Tinh trong sut (Transparency): Cac chc nng an toan phai hoat ng
ma khng lam giam i cp cua dich v (CoS-Class of Service) cung cp
cho ngi s dng.
Kha nng xut khu (Exportability): Cac mang truy nhp a phng tin
co tinh chia s s s dng world wide. Rt nhiu quc gia co cac qui inh
v s dng, nhp khu va xut khu cac hoat ng an toan. Cac hoat
ng an toan phai tn trong trit cac quy inh v xut khu va nhp
khu.
Truyn du liu tin cy (Data transport reliability): Cac mang truy nhp a
phng tin chia s phai co dung sai cua cac li bit sao cho ti thiu m
rng li. Cac li bit cua mt ng truyn dn n phai khng la nguyn
nhn lam cho cac khi bit bi gian oan do vic m rng li v han. H
thng phai khi phc ng b mt cach tc thi sau khi co su gian oan
truyn dn du liu.
An toan vt ly (Physical security): An toan truy nhp a phng tin chia
s phai khng l thuc vao cac phn t cua an toan vt ly ngoai tr cac
thuc tinh co trong cac loai mang HFC.
Khi phc su an toan (Security recorvery): An toan mang truy nhp a
phng tin chia s phai oc thit k sao cho no co kha nng thit lp
lai cac thng tin bao mt (vi d nh cac khoa).



Kha nng nng cp (Upgradability): Cac c ch an toan chon cho cac
mang truy nhp a phng tin chia s phai cho phep nng cp hay thay
mi cac c ch an toan, cac thut toan, va cac m hinh an toan.
Mt m v gii mt m
Mt m va giai mt m oc thuc hin bng thut toan DES. Ch mt m s
dng la CBC (Cypher Block Chaining).
Co mt s vn v k thut mt m cn bit nh sau:
Mt m s dng phai oc chng minh va cng nhn.
Mt m phai oc thuc thi trn phn cng hoc phn mm.
Mt m phai khng chim bng thng nhiu. Du liu trc va sau khi
mt m co kich thc nh nhau.
Mt m phai co tr be.
Giai mt m phai gii han khuch ai li.
Mt m phai tu ng b .
Vi cac nguyn tc trn, IEEE 802.14 kt hop k thut mt m vao h thng
MAC sao cho truyn thng giua mt tram va headend oc bi mt va xac thuc. Thuc
hin iu nay mt cach rt rao, s bit ia ch ngi nghe trm va cac vn tht gia
co tu nhin trn mang cap truyn dn chia s. Qui trinh mt m co th tom tt nh sau:
Trao i khoa (Key exchange): IEEE 802.14 nghi s dng giao thc
trao i khoa DiIIie-Hellman cho HFC.
Provisioning: Trong chc nng nay headend cho phep thu bao ng ky.
Chng thuc ID cua thu bao trong cable modem s oc s dng xac
inh tinh hop phap cua thu bao. Co hai bc cn thit truy nhp cac
dich v: ng ky ID phn cng thu bao (certification number or serial
number cua thit bi) va s dng trao i khoa bi mt Diffie-Hellman.
ng ky (Registration): Trong chc nng nay, thu bao gi cac yu cu
ID duy nht cua no cho headend. Headend quan tm n thu bao hop
phap mi nay (thng qua provisioning) s x ly bng khoa bi mt trao
i th ng ky cho thu bao. Chng thuc ID oc s dng xac



thuc tinh hop phap cua thu bao. Nu headend khng chp nhn ID nay
coi nh vic ng ky cua thu bao bi tht bai.
Trao i khoa bi mt Diffie-Hellman: Thut toan cho phep hai ngi s
dng trao i an toan mt khoa dung mt m thng tin. Thut toan ch
dung trao i khoa khng dung mt m va giai mt m thng tin.
Thut toan DiIIie-Hellman dua trn tinh kho cua bai toan logarit ri rac trong
trng co han, so sanh vi vic tinh ly tha trn cung mt trng.



2 AE ODE
2 Khi nim v cng ngh Cable Modem
Cng ngh Cable Modem ( CM ) la cng ngh truyn s liu trn mang truyn
hinh cap (CATV) vn la mang lai giua cap quang va cap ng trc , dung cung cp
tin hiu mt chiu.
Mang Internet cua truyn hinh cap la mang truy cp Internet thng qua Cable
Modem. Internet va truyn hinh i chung trn mt ng dy cap.

nh 2 hnh a dm
2.2. Lch s v mc ch a i ca cng ngh Cable Modem
Cable Modem oc cac thanh ph ln cung cp dich v t nm 1998. Va
hin nay Vit Nam dich v nay ng dng kha rng ri.
Dich v cable-modem thng oc cung cp mc bng thng nhiu megabit.
Mc bng thng cung cp thuc su s thay i ph thuc vao tng nha cung cp dich
v. i vi khach hang, cable modem co th oc xp vao nhom giai phap SOHO.
Cng ging nh ADSL, nhung ngi dung u tin cua Cable Modem (CM) s thy
y la mt dich v rt tuyt, tuy nhin, khi s long ngi dung nhiu ln, cht long
dich v s giam xung.
Theo cac chuyn gia cng ngh thng tin, han ch ma ngi s dng VN
thng gp phai hin nay khi s dng truyn s liu qua h thng in thoai la gii
han v tc . Vi chun m mi V90, tc ti a ch co th la 56 Kbps. Cng ngh
bng thng rng la cng ngh oc s dng giua thit bi cua khach hang va nha cung



cp dich v thoai, cho phep cung cp mt dai thng rng hn trn i cap ng truyn
thng. Mc ich ra i cua cng ngh bng rng nhm ap ng cho ngi dung s
dng nhung ng dng, dich v mi trn Internet nh: nghe nhac truc tuyn, xem phim
truc tuyn, cac nhu cu kt ni mang, truyn s liu tc cao...Cable Modem cho
phep ngi tiu dung truy cp Internet tc cao hn va mt phn nh cua thi
gian, no co Telephone Modems truyn thng dial-up. iu nay ung vi hai ly do:
1) Bng thng rng mang li kt ni ln n mt trm ln nhanh hn.
2) Cac dich v la "lun lun", co ngha la khach hang nhn oc thng tin ma
ho mun, khi ho mun. Khng ging nh Telephone Modem, Cable Modem cho phep
ngi tiu dung giu cho dong in thoai m cua ho i vi cuc hi thoai bng
giong noi.
2.3. Cu tc ca Cable Modem
2 S cu tc ca Cable Modem
Cable Modem gm loai lp trong va lp ngoai PC. Trong mt vai trng hop
Cable Modem co th oc tich hop trong hp thu Set-top Cable va thng oi hi phai
co thit bi ban phim hoc chut iu khin khi kt ni Internet. Thuc t thi khi h
thng Cable oc nng cp ln dang Digital Cable, hp thu set-top Cable co kha nng
kt ni thng vao Internet qua ng kt ni CATV cho du ngi s dng co truy
nhp Internet hay khng.
Du loai nao thi s cu truc cua Cable Modem u co chung mt dang nh
sau :

nh 22 S cu tc a dm
Trong o :



Tuner - B u ch u.
Demodulator - B gi u d ng s.
Modulator - B gi u t dng s sang dng tun t.
Media Access Control(MAC) - Thit b u khin truy nhp
Microprocessor - B x l
2.3.1.1. Tuner
Tuner-B iu chnh tin hiu. La b phn ni Modem Cable vi ng cap tin
hiu hoc vi b tach Splitter dung tach knh du liu Internet ra khi knh CATV
thng thng. T o cac du liu Internet oc Tuner tip nhn di dang tin hiu s
giai m sang dang tng tu va chuyn ti Demodulator. Tuner co th oc tich hop
thm mt thit bi Diplexer cho phep no co th s dng mt oan tn s (trong khoang
42-850 MHz) danh ring cho Downstream va mt oan khac (trong khoang 5-42
MHz) cho Upstream.
Cable modem Tuner la mt thanh phn cua b thu phat song RF va oc thit
k danh cho vic s dng cac ng dng trong Cable modem.No la kt qua cua vic
tich hop mt b loc, may phat RF va IF agc.

nh 2 hnh TER-CABLE MODEM



2.3.1.2. Demodulator
y la thanh phn oc s dng giai iu ch cac tin hiu u vao. No co vai
tro quan trong trong vic giai m cac tin hiu oc chuyn i t dang tng tu
sang s.
Cac Demodulator u co 4 chc nng chinh: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation) s thu cac tin hiu tun tu gm cac thng tin m hoa gm ca bc song
va pha ri chuyn chung sang dang tin hiu n gian co th x ly bi A/D Converter
(Analog to Digital Converter). A/D Converter nhn oc cac tin hiu bin i theo
in ap va chuyn chung thanh chui s 0 va 1.
B sa li (Error Correction Module) s lin tc kim tra cac thng tin nhn
oc va so sanh vi du liu chun do vy cac vn xay ra khi truyn du liu lun
oc kim tra va khc phc. Trong hu ht cac trng hop cac goi du liu hay
Network Irame la dang MPEG va mt thit bi ng b hoa MPEG oc s dng
chc chn rng moi du liu u oc am bao truyn n ich.
Chc nng c th cua cac thanh phn nh sau:
B nhp thng tin a li:
B nhp thng tin sa li (Error Correction Module) la thanh phn co nhim
v kim tra giam sat mt cach lin tc cac thng tin u vao. Nh s dng c ch so
sanh vi du liu chun, no d dang tim ra nhung vn xay ra khi truyn du liu,
nu co su c s ngay lp tc oc khc phc.
B iu ch in cu hng QA
B iu ch bin cu phng QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
la mt chng trinh n gian vi nhim v truyn tai tin hiu tng tu va iu ch
thay i bin cua tin hiu u vao. Su m hoa du liu bng cach thay i ca
bin va pha cua song mang. QAM dung mt dang song Sin va mt dang song
Cosine vi cung b phn tao tn s chuyn i thng tin. Tinh truc giao giua
song Sin va Cosine cho phep truyn du liu ng thi trn knh. Xem xet mt chu
ki n mi song, nguyn ly truc giao co th trinh bay nh hinh sau:



nh 2 hnh iu ch QAM
B chuyn i D/A ( Digital to Analog Convenrter)
Chuyn i s sang tng tu la tin trinh ly mt gia tri oc biu din di
dang m s (digital code ) va chuyn i no thanh mc in th hoc dong in t l
vi gia tri s . Co nhiu phng phap oc s dng chuyn i D/A nh phng
phap thang in tr , phng phap mang in tr
S khi cua mt chuyn i D/A:

nh 25 S khi b chuyn i D/A
2.3.1.3. Media Access Control (MAC)
MAC-ngha la iu khin truy nhp mi trng la tng con giao thc truyn
du liu, mt phn cua tng lin kt du liu trong m hinh OSI. No cung cp cac c ch
anh ia ch va iu khin truy nhp knh, cac c ch nay cho phep cac tram cui hoc
cac nut mang lin lac vi nhau trong cung mt mang.



MAC thng oc dung nh la mt t ng ngha vi giao thc a truy nhp
(multiple access protocol), do tng con MAC cung cp. Vic nay cho phep nhiu tram
kt ni ti cung mt mi trng vt ly dung chung mi trng o.
i vi Cable Modem, MAC la thanh phn phn chia giua Upstream va
Downstream va thuc cht no la giao din giua phn cng va phn mm cua cac giao
thc mang khac nhau. Moi thit bi mang trong PC u co MAC. Tuy nhin, i vi
cac Cable Modem, MAC phc tap hn nhiu so vi cac Card mang (NIC) thng
thng do cac chc nng cua MAC s do CPU quy inh.
Nh vy, MAC co th hiu la mt mi trng s dng anh cac ia ch vt ly
cho cac thit bi mang, giup cac thit bi vn hanh va s dng trong mi trng mang.
2.3.1.4. Microcessor
Microcessor la mt b vi x ly kt hop cac chc nng cua mt b x ly trung
tm (CPU) trn mt mach tich hop duy nht , hoc mt vai mach tich hop. No la mt
thit bi a nng co th lp trinh theo y mun, va x ly theo b nh oc cai t sn.
i vi Cable Modem, nhim v cua b x ly ph thuc vao vic Cable
Modem oc thit k vi mc ich s dng cho may tinh ln hay ch cho mc ich kt
ni Internet cac may thng thng. Trng hop no tich hop trong PC, b x ly lp
ngay trong nay s co tt ca cac tinh nng cua MAC.
2.4. hnh in tc hn p cable modem
IEEE 802.14 xac inh m hinh tham chiu cho cable modem va b iu khin
headend. Kin truc tham chiu la mt khi co nhiu tng cn xac inh kin truc
phn lp. M hinh tham chiu la bang kin truc chi tit dua trn o xy dung cac
thit bi.
M hinh kin truc phn lp cable modem/ headend oc cho trong hinh 3.1 va
gm co:
Knh (channel)
+ Lp vt ly (physical (PHY) layer).
+ Lp MAC (MAC layer).



nh 2 hnh in tc hn p ca Cable Modem
U ban IEEE 802.14 phat trin ba tai liu tiu chun. Cac tai liu nay oc dung
chun hoa lp vt ly.
Ba tai liu o la:
M hinh knh cho chiu ln.
M hinh knh cho chiu xung.
+ Su hi t cac c tinh k thut.
2.5. Ph cable modem
Ph tn s cua chiu ln va chiu xung co vi tri khac nhau. Bng thng 400
MHZ t 50 MHZ n 450 MHZ oc dung truyn cac tin hiu TV knh chiu xung,
bao gm NTSC tng tu, m thanh iu ch FM. Bng thng 40 MHZ t 5 MHZ n
45 MHZ oc dung cho cac knh s chiu ln. Mi knh co rng t 1 MHZ n 6
MHZ, va co kha nng tai bng thng s trong tm t 1.6 Mbps n 10 Mbps khi s
dng k thut iu ch QPSK. Cac knh RF chiu ln oc thit k truyn cac
thng tin iu khin va du liu n headend. Mt s long ln cac knh chiu xung
nm trong bng tn 300 MHZ giua 450 MHZ va 750 MHZ. Cac knh RF nay oc
dung phat quang ba du liu va tin tc t headend n tt ca tram thu.



nh 27 h RF ca Cable Modem
2 nh ca cable modem
Truyn thng giua headend va cable modem co th at oc tt nht nh m ta
trong hinh 3.3. Mt b thu cable modem (xem nh mt tram) oc kt ni n tt ca
cac knh 6 MHZ chiu xung (t knh 1 n knh m) cua ph. Cable modem phai co
kha nng iu chnh bt oc bt ki mt bng tn nao trong cac bng tn 6 MHZ
nhn du liu t headend. Tai kt cui u phat, cable modem cng phai co kha nng
phat bt ki mt knh chiu ln nao trong t 1 n n knh chiu ln nh m ta trong
hinh 2.8:

nh 28 nh ph Headend/station
i thoai giua cable modem va headend oc khi tao khi mt modem lp t
vao. No tu ng bt u lng nghe cac knh chiu xung, tim kim va ghi nhn thit bi
cua no. Mang ap ng lai bi vic ch inh cac knh chiu ln thich hop ma trong o
no co th truyn du liu cua no. Tu thuc vao cu hinh cua headend ma mt knh



chiu xung thng thng oc lin kt vi cac knh chiu ln. i thoai giua
headend va cac station la do lp quan tri MAC chiu trach nhim.
Kha nng mt station do va cu hinh cac cng vt ly cua no trong h thng oc
tham chiu nh Irequency-agile cable modem.
27 c thnh hn ca h thng ca mdm

nh 2 c thnh hn ca h thng Cable Modem
Mt h thng CM bao gm cac thanh phn sau:
- B khuch ai 2 chiu.
- Cap quang va cap ng trc trong mang.
- Cu r (Tap).
- Node quang.
- Thit bi kt cui truyn hinh-STB.
- Modem cap(Cable Modem).
- H thng kt cui modem cap CMTS.
- Server trong mang modem cap.
- H thng IP phone.
- H thng quan ly thu bao va tinh cc dich v.



Cac thanh phn nh b khuch ai 2 chiu, cap quang va cap ng, cu r
trinh bay chng 1, phn di y ch i su v cac thanh phn: modem cap, h
thng kt ni modem cap CMTS, server trong mang modem cap.
2.7.1 dm c CM
La thit bi nm trong nha thu bao, cho phep truy nhp n mang may
tinh(thng la mang Internet) trn phng tin vt ly dung cho truyn hinh. Co 3 loai
modem cap:
+ Loai khi cm ngoai : Kt ni may tinh thng qua kt ni Ethernet( co th co
nhiu may tinh cung kt ni vao mang Ethernet, luc nay modem cap con co
chc nng cua b inh tuyn) hoc giao din kt ni USB.
+ Loai card cm trong: thng la dang cm thm PCI cho may tinh.Loai nay co
gia thanh r nht song ch dung oc cho may tinh ban con s phai co su
thit k khac cho dang may tinh MAC va may tinh xach tay.
+ Loai th ba cua modem cap la dang oc tich hop bn trong cac STB cai tin
tng tac.
2.7.2. H thng kt cui mdm c CMTS
H thng nay nm trong Headend, thuc v phia bn kia cua mang so vi
modem cap.La thit bi kt cui cho ng ln t phia thu bao n ich la cac
Headend cua cac cng ty cap, do o CMTS cng oc coi la giao din giua cac
modem cap va mang Interrnet IP.
CMTS co nhiu chc nng ging nh mt DSLAM trong h thng DSL.
CMTS on lu long ng ln t mt nhom thu bao trn mt knh n va
inh tuyn no n ISP kt ni vao mang Internet.
+ Mi CMTS cha mt hoc nhiu card ng dy modem cap (CMLC). Cac
CMLC chuyn cac dong s liu IP thanh cac tin hiu ng xung (n nha
thu bao), sau o a b nng tn a cac knh tin hiu o vao mt knh xac
inh va ghep chung vi cac tin hiu truyn hinh va trinh tu ngoc lai vi ng
ln.



2.7.3. Mt s server trong mng mdm c
May chu DHCP oc xac inh bi RFC 2181.Server nay cung cp cac ia ch
IP theo nhu cu cho modem cap va cac thit bi PC theo sau no.
May chu ToD oc xac inh bi RFC 868, co nhim v la gan cac tem thi gian
cho cac cac su kin iu hanh h thng.
May chu TFTP oc xac inh bi RFC 1350 ng ky va tai v cac Iile cu
hinh modem cap cho cac dich v thu bao ring l.
28 c chun c dng tng cng ngh a dm

nh 2 a h thng chun a dm in hnh
Cac modem cap th h u tin s dng nhiu cac giao thc c quyn khac
nhau nn cac nha vn hanh mang CATV khng th s dng cac modem cap cua nhiu
hng khac nhau trn cung mt h thng. n nm 1997, co 3 tiu chun ni tri la
IEEE 802.14, DAVIC/DVB ai din cho Chu u va MCSN ai din cho Bc M vi



b giao thc DOCSIS. Cho n nay, nhung chun noi trn u co nhung cai tin
ln song cha co chun nao thng lnh oc thi trng Modem cap.
+ DOCSIS gm co 3 chun 1.0, DOCSIS 1.1 va DOCSIS 2.0. DOCSIS oc
phat trin bi Cablelabs va oc chun hoa bi ITU.
DAVIC la chun Modem cap cua Chu u oc xy dung trn chun m
DAVIC/DVB oc a ra bi uy ban cac tiu chun Chu u. DAVIC co cac
chun 1.0(12/1995), 1.1(9/1996), 1.2(12/1996). Mc ich chu yu cua cac phin
ban nay la h tro cho cac ng dng m thanh hinh anh va cac dich v s liu .
Trong khi o cac phin ban sau (DAVIC 1.3;1.4;1.5) chu yu dung h tro cac
dich v quang ba s tng cng , tng tac va cac dich v truyn thng khac.
IEEE 802.14 a ra chun cho lp vt ly va phn lp MAC cho mang HFC
song hng. Pham vi s dng cua IEEE 802.14 la truyn dn tin hiu qua ng
cap TV, nng cao tc truy cp Internet tai gia inh.
Bng 2 c tnh ca cc chun s dng tng cng ngh Cable Modem
c im DOCSIS 1.x Euro-DOCSIS DVB-RC
Tc
ng xung
64-QAM:27Mbps
256-QAM:42Mbps
Knh 6 MHz
64-QAM:38Mbps
256-QAM:52Mbps
Knh 8 MHz
64-QAM:38Mbps
256-QAM:52Mbps
Knh 8 MHz
Tc
ng ln
320, 640, 1.280,
2.560, 5.120
(Mbps)
QPSK
Va 640, 1.280,
2.560, 5.120,10.24
(Mbps)
16-QAM
5-42Mhz
320, 640, 1.280,
2.560, 5.120
(Mbps)
QPSK
Va 640, 1.280,
2.560, 5.120,10.24
(Mbps)
16-QAM
5-65Mhz
1.554Mbps;3.088Mbps
Differential QPSK
5-65Mhz
Cac dich v Truy nhp Internet,
STB tng tac,
VoIP.
Truy nhp Internet,
STB tng tac,
VoIP.
Truy nhp Internet,
STB tng tac.



T U THAM KHO
[1]. L Duy Khanh, Mang truy nhp, bai giang cho h HTX, Hoc vin CNBCVT,
2007.
[2]. Dng Thanh Tu , Bai giang: Mang va cac cng ngh truy nhp, thang 6 nm
2010.
[3]. Cablemodem.com
[4]. Internet
[5]. Pham Thi Thu, tai: Modem Cable va mang bng thng rng, nm 2003.
[6]. Albert Azzam, High speed cable modems, T8/2000.
[7]. Cable television technology & operation.
[8]. V c Ly, C s k thut truyn hinh.

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Mang HFC va Cable Modem GV: TS.

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