English Grammar in Use

A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students Raymond Murphy Second Edition CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

English Grammar in Use

@ff CONTENTS Thanks vii To the student viii To the teacher ix Present and past Present continuous !" a# doin$% & Present si#ple !" do% ' Present continuous and present si#ple ! % !" a# doin$ and " do% ( Present continuous and present si#ple !&% !" a# doin$ and " do% ) Past si#ple !" did% * Past continuous !" +as doin$% Present perfect and past , Present perfect ! % !" have done% - Present perfect !&% !" have done% . Present perfect continuous !" have been doin$% / Present perfect continuous and si#ple !" have been doin$ and " have done% 0o+ lon$ have you !been% 1112 & 3hen 1112 and 0o+ lon$ 1112 4or and since ' Present perfect and past ! % !" have done and " did% ( Present perfect and past !&% !" have done and " did% ) Past perfect !" had done% * Past perfect continuous !" had been doin$% , 0ave and have $ot - 5sed to !do% 4uture . Present tenses !" a# doin$6" do% for the future &/ !"7#% $oin$ to !do% & 3ill6shall ! % && 3ill6shall !&% &' " +ill and "7# $oin$ to &( 3ill be doin$ and +ill have done &) 3hen " do63hen "7ve done 3hen and if 8odals &* Can9 could and !be% able to

&, Could !do% and could have !done% &- 8ust and can7t &. 8ay and #i$ht ! % '/ 8ay and #i$ht !&% ' 8ust and have to '& 8ust #ustn7t needn7t '' Should ! % '( Should !&% ') 0ad better "t7s ti#e 111 '* Can6Could63ould you 1112 etc1 !:e;uests9 offers9 per#ission and invitations% Conditionals and 7+ish7 ', "f " do 111 and "f " did 111 '- "f " kne+ 111 " +ish " kne+ 111 '. "f " had kno+n 111 " +ish " had kno+n 111 (/ 3ould " +ish 111 +ould Passive ( Passive ! % !is done6+as done% (& Passive !&% !be6been6bein$ done% (' Passive !'% (( "t is said that 111 0e is said to 111 !be% supposed to 111 () 0ave so#ethin$ done :eported speech (* :eported speech ! % !0e said that 111 (, :eported speech !&% <uestions and auxiliary verbs (- <uestions ! % (. <uestions !&% !=o you kno+ +here 1112 " She asked #e +here 111 )/ Auxiliary verbs !have6do6can etc1% " think so " hope so etc1 ) <uestion ta$s !do you2 isn7t it2 etc1% >in$ and the infinitive )& ?erb @ >in$ !enAoy doin$6stop doin$ etc1% )' ?erb @ to 111 !decide to do6for$et to do etc1% )( ?erb @ !obAect% @ to 111 !" +ant !you% to do etc1% )) ?erb @ >in$ or to 111 ! % !re#e#ber6re$ret etc1%

)* ?erb @ >in$ or to 111 !&% !try6need6help% ), ?erb @ >in$ or to 111 !'% !like6+ould like etc1% )- Prefer and +ould rather ). Preposition !in6for6about etc1% @ >in$ */ Be6$et used to so#ethin$ !"7# used to 111 * ?erb @ preposition @ >in$ !succeed in >in$6accuse so#ebody of >in$ etc1% *& Expressions @ >in$ *' To 111 for 111 and so that 111 !purpose% *( AdAective @ to 111 *) To 111 !afraid to do% and preposition @ >in$ !afraid of >in$% ** See so#ebody do and see so#ebody doin$ *, >in$ clauses !4eelin$ tired9 " +ent to bed early1% Articles and nouns *- Countable and uncountable nouns ! % *. Countable and uncountable nouns !&% ,/ Countable nouns +ith a6an and so#e , A6an and the ,& The ! % ,' The !&% !School6the school% ,( The !'% !Children6the children% ,) The !(% !The $iraffe6the telephone6the piano etc1C the @ adAective% ,* Na#es +ith and +ithout the ! % ,, Na#es +ith and +ithout the !&% ,- Sin$ular and plural ,. Noun @ noun !a tennis ball6a headache etc1% -/ -7s !the $irl7s na#e% and of 111 !the na#e of the book% Pronouns and deter#iners - A friend of #ine 8y o+n house On #y o+n6by #yself -& 8yself6yourself6the#selves etc1 -' There 111 and it 111 -( So#e and any -) No6none6any -* 8uch9 #any9 little9 fe+9 a lot9 plenty -, All6all of #ost6#ost of no6none of etc1

-- Both6both of neither6neither of either6either of -. All9 every and +hole ./ Each and every :elative clauses . :elative clauses ! %-clauses +ith +ho6that6+hich .& :elative clauses !&%-clauses +ith or +ithout +ho6that6+hich .' :elative clauses !'%-+hose6+ho#6+here .( :elative clauses !(%-7extra infor#ation7 clauses ! % .) :elative clauses !)%-7extra infor#ation7 clauses !&% .* >in$ and -ed clauses !the +o#an talkin$ to To#9 the boy inAured in the accident% AdAectives and adverbs ., AdAectives endin$ in >in$ and -ed !borin$6bored etc1% .- AdAectivesD +ord order !a nice ne+ house% AdAectives after verbs !Eou look tired% .. AdAectives and adverbs ! % !;uick6;uickly% // AdAectives and adverbs !&% !+ell6fast6late9 hard6hardly% / So and such A1 Enou$h and too /' <uite and rather /( Co#parison ! %-cheaper9 #ore expensive etc1 /) Co#parison !&% /* Co#parison !'%-as 111 as than /, Superlatives-the lon$est6the #ost enAoyable etc1 /- 3ord order ! %-verb @ obAectC place and ti#e /. 3ord order !&%-adverbs +ith the verb / Still9 yet and already Any #ore6any lon$er no lon$er Even ConAunctions and prepositions & Althou$h6thou$h6even thou$h "n spite of despite ' "n case ( 5nless As lon$ as and provided6providin$ ) As !reason and ti#e% * Fike and as , As if - 4or9 durin$ and +hile

. By and until By the ti#e 111 Prepositions &/ At6on6in !ti#e% & On ti#e6in ti#e At the end in the end && 3at6on !place% ! % &' "n6at6on !place% !&% &( "n6at6on !place% !'% &) To6at6in6into &* On6in6at !other uses% &, By &- Noun @ preposition !reason for9 cause of etc1% &. AdAective @ preposition ! % '/ AdAective @ preposition !&% ' ?erb @ preposition ! % at and to '& ?erb @ preposition !&% about6for6of6after '' ?erb @ preposition !'% about and of '( ?erb @ preposition !(% of6for6fro#6on ') ?erb @ preposition !)% in6into6+ith6to6on '* Phrasal verbs !$et up6break do+n6fill in etc1% Appendix :e$ular and irre$ular verbs &,( Appendix & Present and past tenses &,* Appendix ' The future &,, Appendix ( 8odal verbs !can6could6+ill6+ould etc1% &,Appendix ) Short for#s !"7#6you7ve6didn7t etc1% &,. Appendix * Spellin$ &-/ Appendix , A#erican En$lish &-& Additional exercises &-( Study $uide '/ Gey to Exercises ' / Gey to Additional exercises '(/ Gey to Study $uide '(' "ndex '((

THANKS " +ould like to thank all the students and teachers +ho used the #aterial that #ade up the ori$inal edition of this book1 "n particular9 " a# $rateful to #y for#er collea$ues at the S+an School of En$lish9 Oxford9 for all their interest and encoura$e#ent1 " +ould also like to thank Adrian du Plessis9 Alison Baxter9 Barbara Tho#as and 8ichael S+an for their help +ith the ori$inal edition1 :e$ardin$ this ne+ edition9 " +ould like to express #y thanks toD Heanne 8cCarten for her help and advice throu$hout the preparation of the proAect Alison Silver9 Ieraldine 8ark9 Peter =onovan9 :uth Cari# and Nick Ne+ton of Ca#brid$e 5niversity Press Ierry Abbot9 :ichard 4ay9 Clare 3est and Pa# 8urphy for their co##ents on the #anuscript Sue Andre and Paul 0eacock for their help +ith the appendix on A#erican En$lish A#anda 8acPhall for the illustrations

TO THE STUDENT This book is for students +ho +ant help +ith En$lish $ra##ar1 "t is +ritten for you to use +ithout a teacher1 The book +ill be useful for you if you are not sure of the ans+ers to ;uestions like theseD 3hat is the difference bet+een " did and " have done2 3hen do +e use +ill for the future2 3hat is the structure after " +ish2 3hen do +e say used to do and +hen do +e say used to doin$2 3hen do +e use the2 3hat is the difference bet+een like and as2 These and #any other points of En$lish $ra##ar are explained in the book and there are exercises on each point1 Fevel The book is intended #ainly for inter#ediate students !students +ho have already studied the basic $ra##ar of En$lish%1 "t concentrates on those structures +hich inter#ediate students +ant to use but +hich often cause difficulty1 So#e advanced students +ho have proble#s +ith $ra##ar +ill also find the book useful1 The book is not suitable for ele#entary learners1 0o+ the book is or$anised There are '* units in the book1 Each unit concentrates on a particular point of $ra##ar1 So#e proble#s !for exa#ple9 the present perfect or the use of tbe% are covered in #ore than one unit1 4or a list of units9 see the Contents at the be$innin$ of the book1 Each unit consists of t+o facin$ pa$es1 On the left there are explanations and exa#plesC on the ri$ht there are exercises1 At the back of the book there is a Gey for you to check your ans+ers to the exercises !pa$e ' /%1 There are also seven Appendices at the back of the book !pa$es &,(-&-'%1 These include irre$ular verbs9 su##aries of verb for#s9 spellin$ and A#erican En$lish1 4inally9 there is a detailed "ndex at the back of the book !pa$e '((%1 0o+ to use the book The units are not in order of difficulty9 so it is not intended that

you +ork throu$h the book fro# be$innin$ to end1 Every learner has different proble#s and you should use this book to help you +ith the $ra##ar that you find difficult1 "t is su$$ested that you +ork in this +ayD 5se the Contents and6or "ndex to find +hich unit deals +ith the point you are interested in1 "f you are not sure +hich units you need to study9 use the Study $uide on pa$e '/ 1 Study the explanations and exa#ples on the left-hand pa$e of the unit you have chosen1 =o the exercises on the ri$ht-hand pa$e1 Check your ans+ers +ith the Gey1 "f your ans+ers are not correct9 study the left-hand pa$e a$ain to see +hat +ent +ron$1 Eou can of course use the book si#ply as a reference book +ithout doin$ the exercises1 Additional exercises At the back of the book there are Additional exercises !pa$es &-('//%1 These exercises brin$ to$ether so#e of the $ra##ar points fro# a nu#ber of different units1 4or exa#ple9 Exercise ( brin$s to$ether $ra##ar points fro# 5nits &*-(/1 Eou can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the $ra##ar in the units concerned1

TO THE TEACHER En$lish Ira##ar in 5se +as +ritten as a self-study $ra##ar book but teachers #ay also find it useful as additional course #aterial in cases +here further +ork on $ra##ar is necessary1 The book +ill probably be #ost useful at #iddle- and upperinter#ediate levels !+here all or nearly all of the #aterial +ill be relevant%9 and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a #eans for practisin$ ne+ structures1 "t +ill also be useful for so#e #ore advanced students +ho have proble#s +ith $ra##ar and need a book for reference and practice1 The book is not intended to be used by ele#entary learners1 The units are or$anised in $ra##atical cate$ories !Present and past9 Articles and nouns9 Prepositions etc1%1 They are not ordered accordin$ to level of difficulty9 so the book should not be +orked throu$h fro# be$innin$ to end1 "t should be used selectively and flexibly in accordance +ith the $ra##ar syllabus bein$ used and the difficulties students are havin$1 The book can be used for i##ediate consolidation or for later revision or re#edial +ork1 "t #i$ht be used by the +hole class or by individual students needin$ extra help1 The lefthand pa$es !explanations and exa#ples% are +ritten for the student to use individually but they #ay of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and infor#ation on +hich to base a lesson1 The student then has the left-hand pa$e as a record of +hat has been tau$ht and can refer to it in the future1 The exercises can be done individually9 in class or as ho#e+ork1 Alternatively !and additionally%9 individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by the#selves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class1 This ne+ edition of En$lish Ira##ar in 5se contains a set of Additional exercises !pa$es&-(-'//%1 These exercises provide 7#ixed7 practice brin$in$ to$ether $ra##ar points fro# a nu#ber of different units1 A 7classroo# edition7 of En$lish Ira##ar in 5se is also available1 "t contains no key and so#e teachers #i$ht therefore prefer it for use +ith their students1

En$lish Ira##ar in 5se Second Edition 3hile this "s a co#pletely ne+ edition of En$lish Ira##ar in 5se9 the $eneral structure and character of the ori$inal book re#ain the sa#e1 The #ain chan$es fro# the ori$inal areD There are ne+ units on co#pound nouns !5nit ,.%9 there and it !5nit -'%9 each and every !5nit ./% and by !5nit &,%1 So#e units have been redesi$ned9 for exa#ple 5nit ,' !school or the school% and 5nit .( !relative clauses (%1 So#e of the #aterial has been reor$anised1 4or exa#ple9 5nits '( !present continuous and present si#ple% and 5nits *--*. !countable and uncountable nouns% correspond to sin$le units in the ori$inal edition1 The #aterial in 5nits ' - ') !verb @ preposition% has been co#pletely rearran$ed1 So#e of the units have been reordered and nearly all units have a different nu#ber fro# the ori$inal edition1 A fe+ units have been #oved to different parts of the book1 4or exa#ple9 5nit ') !had better and it7s ti#e 111% "s the ne+ re+ritten version of the ori$inal 5nit *)1 On the left-hand pa$es9 #any of the explanations have been re+ritten and #any of the exa#ples have been chan$ed1 8any of the ori$inal exercises have been either #odified or co#pletely replaced +ith ne+ exercises1 There is a ne+ section of Additional exercises at the back of the book !see To the student%1 "n the edition +ith ans+ers there is a ne+ Study $uide to help students decide +hich units to study !see To the student%1 The Study $uide is only "n the edition +ith ans+ers1 There are t+o ne+ appendices on future for#s and #odal verbs1 The other appendices have been revised1 @ff @p&

UNIT 1 !resent continuous "I am doin#$ A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Ann is in her car1 She is on her +ay to +ork1 She is drivin$ to +ork1 This #eansD she is drivin$ no+9 at the ti#e of speakin$1 The action is not finished1 A#6is6are >in$ is the present continuousD " a#!J "7#% drivin$ he6she6it is!he7s etc1% +orkin$ +e6you6they are!+e7re etc1% doin$ etc1 B1 " a# doin$ so#ethin$ J "7# in the #iddle of doin$ so#ethin$C "7ve started doin$ it and " haven7t finished yet1 Often the action is happenin$ at the ti#e of speakin$D K Please don7t #ake so #uch noise1 "7# +orkin$1 !not 7" +ork7% K 73here7s 8ar$aret27 7She7s havin$ a bath17 !not 7she has a bath7% K Fet7s $o out no+1 "t isn7t rainin$ any #ore1 !not 7it doesn7t rain7% K !at a party% 0ello9 Hane1 Are you enAoyin$ the party2 !not 7do you enAoy7% K "7# tired1 "7# $oin$ to bed no+1 Ioodni$htL But the action is not necessarily happenin$ at the ti#e of speakin$1 4or exa#pleD To# and Ann are talkin$ in a cafe1 To# saysD TO8D "7# readin$ an interestin$ book at the #o#ent1 "T lend it to you +hen "7ve finished it1 To# is not readin$ the book at the ti#e of speakin$1 0e #eans that he has started it but not finished it yet1 0e is in the #iddle of readin$ it1 So#e #ore exa#plesD K Catherine +ants to +ork in "taly9 so she is learnin$ "talian1 !but perhaps she isn7t learnin$ "talian exactly at the ti#e of speakin$% K So#e friends of #ine are buildin$ their o+n house1 They hope it +ill be finished before next su##er1 C1 3e use the present continuous +hen +e talk about thin$s happenin$ in a period around no+ !for exa#ple9 today6this +eek6this evenin$ etc1%D K 7Eou7re +orkin$ hard today17 7Ees9 " have a lot to do17 !not 7you

+ork hard today7% K 7"s Susan +orkin$ this +eek27 7No9 she7s on holiday17 3e use the present continuous +hen +e talk about chan$es happenin$ around no+D K The population of the +orld is risin$ very fast1 !not 7rises7% K "s your En$lish $ettin$ better2 !not 7does your En$lish $et better7% @p' EME:C"SES 1 Co#plete the sentences +ith one of the follo+in$ verbs in the correct for#D co#e $et happen look #ake start stay try +ork 1 7Eou7re +orkin$ hard today17 7Ees9 " have a lot to do17 &1 " --- for Christine1 =o you kno+ +here she is2 '1 "t --- dark1 Shall " turn on the li$ht2 (1 They haven7t $ot any+here to "7ve at the #o#ent1 They --- +ith friends until they find so#e+here1 )1 7Are you ready9 Ann27 7Ees9 " ---17 *1 0ave you $ot an u#brella2 "t --- to rain1 ,1 Eou --- a lot of noise1 Could you be ;uieter2 " --- to concentrate1 -1 3hy are all these people here2 3hat ---2 1& 5se the +ords in brackets to co#plete the ;uestions1 1 7"s Colin +orkin$ this +eek27 7No9 he7s on holiday17 !Colin6+ork% &1 3hy --- at #e like that2 3hat7s the #atter2 !you6look% '1 7Henny is a student at university17 7"s she2 3hat --- 27 !she6study% (1 --- to the radio or can " turn it off2 !anybody6listen% )1 0o+ is your En$lish2 --- better2 !it6$et% 1' Put the verb into the correct for#1 So#eti#es you need the ne$ative !"7# not doin$ etc1%1 1 "7# tired1 "7# $oin$ !$o% to bed no+1 Ioodni$htL &1 3e can $o out no+1 it isn7t rainin$ !rain% any #ore1 '1 70o+ is your ne+ Aob27 7Not so $ood at the #o#ent1 " --!enAoy% it very #uch17 (1 Catherine phoned #e last ni$ht1 She7s on holiday in 4rance1 She

--- !have% a $reat ti#e and doesn7t +ant to co#e back1 )1 " +ant to lose +ei$ht9 so this +eek " --- !eat% lunch1 *1 An$ela has Aust started evenin$ classes1 She --- !learn% Ier#an1 ,1 " think Paul and Ann have had an ar$u#ent1 They --- !speak% to each other1 1( :ead this conversation bet+een Brian and Sarah1 Put the verbs into the correct for#1 SA:A0D BrianL 0o+ nice to see youL 3hat ! % --- !you6do% these days2 B:"AND " !&% --- !train% to be a super#arket #ana$er1 SA:A0D :eally2 3hat7s it like2 !'% --- !you6enAoy% it2 B:"AND "t7s all ri$ht1 3hat about you2 SA:A0D 3ell9 actually " !(% --- !not6+ork% at the #o#ent1 " !)% --- !try% to find a Aob but it7s not easy1 But "7# very busy1 " !*% --- !decorate% #y flat1 B:"AND !,% --- !you6do% it alone2 SA:A0D No9 so#e friends of #ine !-% --- !help% #e1 1) Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of these verbsD $et chan$e rise fall increase Eou don7t have to use all the verbs and you can use a verb #ore than once1 1 The population of the +orld is risin$ very fast1 &1 Gen is still ill but he --- better slo+ly1 '1 The +orld ---1 Thin$s never stay the sa#e1 (1 The cost of livin$ ---1 Every year thin$s are #ore expensive1 )1 The econo#ic situation is already very bad and it --- +orse1 @p(

UNIT % !resent simp&e "I do$ A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Alex is a bus driver9 but no+ he is in bed asleep1 SoD 0e is not drivin$ a bus1 !0e is asleep1% but 0e drives a bus1 !0e is a bus driver1% =rive!s%6+ork!s%6do!es% etc1 is the present si#pleD "6+e6you6they drive6+ork6do etc1 he6she6it drives6+orks6does etc1 B1 3e use the present si#ple to talk about thin$s in $eneral1 3e are not thinkin$ only about no+1 3e use it to say that so#ethin$ happens all the ti#e or repeatedly9 or that so#ethin$ is true in $eneral1 "t is not i#portant +hether the action is happenin$ at the ti#e of speakin$D K Nurses took after patients in hospitals1 K " usually $o a+ay at +eekends1 K The earth $oes round the sun1 :e#e#ber that +e sayD he6she6it -s1 =on7t for$et the sD " +ork 111 but 0e +orks 111 They teach 111 but 8y sister teaches 111 4or spellin$ !-s or -es%9 see Appendix *1 C1 3e use do6does to #ake ;uestions and ne$ative sentencesD do "6+e6you6they +ork26co#e26do2 does he6she6it +ork26co#e26do2 "6+e6you6they don7t +ork6co#e6do he6she6it doesn7t +ork6co#e6do K " co#e fro# Canada1 3here do you co#e fro#2 K 73ould you like a ci$arette27 7No9 thanks1 " don7t s#oke17 K 3hat does this +ord #ean2 !not 73hat #eans this +ord27% K :ice doesn7t $ro+ in cold cli#ates1 "n the follo+in$ exa#ples do is also the #ain verbD K 73hat do you do27 !J 3hat7s your Aob2% 7" +ork in a shop17 K 0e7s so laNy1 0e doesn7t do anythin$ to help #e1 !not 70e doesn7t anythin$7% =1 3e use the present si#ple +hen +e say ho+ often +e do thin$sD K " $et up at - o7clock every #ornin$1 !not 7"7# $ettin$7% K 0o+ often do you $o to the dentist2 !not 70o+ often are you

$oin$27% K Ann doesn7t drink tea very often1 K "n su##er Hohn usually plays tennis once or t+ice a +eek1 E1 " pro#ise6" apolo$ise etc1 So#eti#es +e do thin$s by sayin$ so#ethin$1 4or exa#ple9 +hen you pro#ise to do so#ethin$9 you can say 7" pro#ise 1117C +hen you su$$est so#ethin$9 you can say H su$$est 11171 3e use the present si#ple !pro#ise6su$$est etc1% in sentences like thisD K " pro#ise " +on7t be late1 !not 7"7# pro#isin$7% K 73hat do you su$$est " do27 7" su$$est that you 1117 "n the sa#e +ay +e sayD " apolo$ise 1116" advise 1116" insist 1116" a$ree 111 6" refuse 111 etc1 @p) EME:C"SES &1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$D cause!s% close!s% drink!s% live!s% open!s% speak!s% take!s% place 1 Ann speaks Ier#an very +ell1 &1 " never --- coffee1 '1 The s+i##in$ pool --- at . o7clock and --- at -1'/ every day1 (1 Bad drivin$ --- #any accidents1 )1 8y parents --- in a very at s#all flat1 *1 The Oly#pic Ia#es --- every four years1 &1& Put the verb into the correct for#1 1 Hane doesn7t drink !not6drink% tea very often1 &1 3hat ti#e --- !the banks6close% in Britain2 '1 73here --- !8artin6co#e% fro#27 70e7s Scottish17 (1 73hat --- !you6do%27 7"7# an electrical en$ineer17 )1 "t --- !take% #e an hour to $et to +ork1 0o+ lon$ --- !it6take% you2 *1 " --- !play% the piano but " --- !not6play% very +ell1 ,1 " don7t understand this sentence1 3hat --- !this +ord6#ean%2 &1' 5se one of the follo+in$ verbs to co#plete these sentences1 So#eti#es you need the ne$ativeD believe eat flo+ $o $ro+ #ake rise tell translate 1 The earth $oes round the sun1

&1 :ice doesn7t $ro+ in Britain1 '1 The sun --- in the east1 (1 Bees --- honey1 )1 ?e$etarians --- #eat1 *1 An atheist --- in Iod1 ,1 An interpreter --- fro# one lan$ua$e into another1 -1 A liar is so#eone +ho --- the truth1 .1 The :iver A#aNon --- into the Atlantic Ocean1 &1( Ask FiN ;uestions about herself and her fa#ily1 1 Eou kno+ that FiN plays tennis1 Eou +ant to kno+ ho+ often1 Ask her1 0o+ often do you play tennis2 &1 Perhaps FiN7s sister plays tennis too1 Eou +ant to kno+1 Ask FiN1 --- your sister --'1 Eou kno+ that FiN reads a ne+spaper every day1 Eou +ant to kno+ +hich one1 Ask her1 --(1 Eou kno+ that FiN7s brother +orks1 Eou +ant to kno+ +hat he does1 Ask FiN1 --)1 Eou kno+ that FiN $oes to the cine#a a lot1 Eou +ant to kno+ ho+ often1 Ask her1 --*1 Eou don7t kno+ +here FiN7s #other lives1 Ask FiN1 --&1) Co#plete usin$ one of the follo+in$1 " apolo$ise " insist " pro#ise " reco##end " su$$est 1 "t7s a nice day1 " su$$est +e $o out for a +alk1 &1 " +on7t tell anybody +hat you said1 ---1 '1 !in a restaurant% Eou #ust let #e pay for the #eal1 ---1 (1 --- for +hat " said about you1 "t +asn7t true and " shouldn7t have said it1 )1 The ne+ restaurant in 0ill Street is very $ood --- it1 @p*

UNIT ' !resent continuous and present simp&e "1$ "I am doin# and I do$ A1 Study the explanations and co#pare the exa#plesD Present continuous !" a# doin$% 5se the continuous for so#ethin$ that is happenin$ at or around the ti#e of speakin$1 The action is not finished1 " a# doin$ !no+% K The +ater is boilin$1 Can you turn it off2 K Fisten to those people1 3hat lan$ua$e are they speakin$2 K Fet7s $o out1 "t isn7t rainin$ no+1 K 7=on7t disturb #e1 "7# busy17 73hy2 3hat are you doin$27 K "7# $oin$ to bed no+1 Ioodni$htL K 8aria is in Britain at the #o#ent1 She7s learnin$ En$lish1 5se the continuous for a te#porary situationD K "7# livin$ +ith so#e friends until " find a flat1 K 7Eou7re +orkin$ hard today17 7Ees9 "7ve $ot a lot to do17 See 5nit " for #ore infor#ation1 Present si#ple !" do% 5se the si#ple for thin$s in $eneral or thin$s that happen repeatedly1 " do K 3ater boils at // de$rees celsius1 K Excuse #e9 do you speak En$lish2 K "t doesn7t rain very #uch in su##er1 K 3hat do you usually do at +eekends2 K 3hat do you do2 !J 3hat7s your Aob2% K " al+ays $o to bed before #idni$ht1 K 8ost people learn to s+i# +hen they are children1 5se the si#ple for a per#anent situationD K 8y parents live in Fondon1 They have lived there all their lives1 K Hohn isn7t laNy1 0e +orks very hard #ost of the ti#e1 See 5nit & for #ore infor#ation1 B1 " al+ays do and "7# al+ays doin$ 5sually +e say 7" al+ays do so#ethin$7 !J " do it every ti#e%D K " al+ays $o to +ork by car1 !not 7"7# al+ays $oin$7% Eou can also say 7"7# al+ays doin$ so#ethin$79 but this has a

different #eanin$1 4or exa#pleD "7ve lost #y key a$ain1 "7# al+ays losin$ thin$s1 7"7# al+ays losin$ thin$s7 does not #ean that " lose thin$s every ti#e1 "t #eans that " lose thin$s too often9 #ore often than nor#al1 7Eou7re al+ays >in$7 #eans that you do so#ethin$ very often9 #ore often than the speaker thinks is nor#al or reasonable1 K Eou7re al+ays +atchin$ television1 Eou should do so#ethin$ #ore active1 K Hohn is never satisfied1 0e7s al+ays co#plainin$1 @p, EME:C"SES '1 Are the underlined verbs ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the verbs that are +ron$1 1 3ater boils at // de$rees celsius1 :"I0T &1 The +ater boils1 Can you turn it off2 3:ONID is boillin$ '1 FookL That #an tries to open the door of your car1 --(1 Can you hear those people2 3hat do they talk about2 --)1 The #oon $oes round the earth1 --*1 " #ust $o no+1 "t $ets late1 --,1 " usually $o to +ork by car1 ---1 70urry upL "t7s ti#e to leave17 7OG9 " co#e17 --.1 " hear you7ve $ot a ne+ Aob1 0o+ do you $et on2 --'1& Put the verb in the correct for#9 present continuous or present si#ple1 1 Fet7s $o out1 "t isn7t rainin$ !not6rain% no+1 &1 Hulia is very $ood at lan$ua$es1 She speaks !speak% four lan$ua$es very +ell1 '1 0urry upL Everybody --- !+ait% for you1 (1 7--- !you6listen% to the radio27 7No9 you can turn it off17 )1 7--- !you6listen% to the radio every day27 7No9 Aust occasionally17 *1 The :iver Nile --- !flo+% into the 8editerranean1 ,1 Fook at the river1 "t --- !flo+% very fast today - #uch faster than usual1 -1 3e usually --- !$ro+% ve$etables in our $arden but this year +e --- !not6$ro+% any1 .1 70o+ is your En$lish27 7Not bad1 "t --- !i#prove% slo+ly17

/1 :on is in Fondon at the #o#ent1 0e --- !stay% at the Park 0otel1 0e --- !al+ays6stay% there +hen he7s in Fondon1 1 Can +e stop +alkin$ soon2 " --- !start% to feel tired1 &1 7Can you drive27 7" --- !learn%1 8y father --- !teach% #e17 '1 Nor#ally " --- !finish% +ork at )1//9 but this +eek " --- !+ork% until *1// to earn a bit #ore #oney1 (1 8y parents --- !live% in Bristol1 They +ere born there and have never lived any+here else1 3here --- !your parents6live%2 )1 Sonia --- !look% for a place to live1 She --- !stay% +ith her sister until she finds so#e+here1 *1 73hat --- !your father6do%27 70e7s an architect but he --!not6+ork% at the #o#ent17 ,1 !at a party% 5sually " --- !enAoy% parties but " --- !not6enAoy% this one very #uch1 -1 The train is never late1 "t --- !al+ays6leave% on ti#e1 .1 Hi# is very untidy1 0e --- !al+ays6leave% his thin$s all over the place1 '1' 4inish B7s sentences1 5se al+ays >in$ !see Section B%1 1 AD "7# afraid "7ve lost #y key a$ain1 BD Not a$ainL Eou7re al+ays losin$ your key1 &1 AD The car has broken do+n a$ain1 BD That car is uselessL "t --'1 AD FookL Eou7ve #ade the sa#e #istake a$ain1 BD Oh no9 not a$ainL " --(1 AD Oh9 "7ve left the li$hts on a$ain1 BD TypicalL Eou --@p5N"T (1 Present continuous and present si#ple !&% !" a# doin$ and " do% A1 3e use continuous tenses only for actions and happenin$s !they are eatin$6it is rainin$ etc1%1 So#e verbs !for exa#ple9 kno+ and like% are not action verbs1 Eou cannot say 7" a# kno+in$7 or 9they are likin$7C you can only say 7" kno+79 7they like71 The follo+in$ verbs are not nor#ally used in continuous tensesD

like love hate +ant need prefer kno+ realise suppose #ean understand believe re#e#ber belon$ contain consist depend see# K "7# hun$ry1 " +ant so#ethin$ to eat1 !not 7"7# +antin$7% K =o you understand +hat " #ean2 K Ann doesn7t see# very happy at the #o#ent1 3hen think #eans 7believe79 do not use the continuousD K 3hat do you think !J believe% +ill happen2 !not 7+hat are you thinkin$7% but K Eou look serious1 3hat are you thinkin$ about2 !J 3hat is $oin$ on in your #ind2% K "7# thinkin$ of $ivin$ up #y Aob1 !J " a# considerin$% 3hen have #eans 7possess7 etc19 do not use the continuous !see 5nit ,%D K 3e7re enAoyin$ our holiday1 3e have a nice roo# in the hotel1 !not 7+e7re havin$7% but K 3e7re enAoyin$ our holiday1 3e7re havin$ a $reat ti#e1 B1 See hear s#ell taste 3e nor#ally use the present si#ple !not continuous% +ith these verbsD K =o you see that #an over there2 !not 7are you seein$7% K This roo# s#ells1 Fet7s open a +indo+1 3e often use can @ see6hear6s#ell6tasteD K FistenL Can you hear so#ethin$2 But you can use the continuous +ith see !"7# seein$% +hen the #eanin$ is 7havin$ a #eetin$ +ith7 !especially in the future--see 5nit .A%D K "7# seein$ the #ana$er to#orro+ #ornin$1 C1 0e is selfish and 0e is bein$ selfish The present continuous of be is " a# bein$6he is bein$6you are bein$ etc1 "7# bein$ J 7"7# behavin$6"7# actin$71 Co#pareD K " can7t understand +hy he7s bein$ so selfish1 0e isn7t usually like that1 !bein$ selfish J behavin$ selfishly at the #o#ent% but K 0e never thinks about other people1 0e is very selfish1 !not 7he is bein$7% !J he is selfish $enerally9 not only at the #o#ent%

3e use a#6is6are bein$ to say ho+ so#ebody is behavin$1 "t is not usually possible in other sentencesD K "t7s hot today1 !not 7it is bein$ hot7% K Sarah is very tired1 !not 7is bein$ tired7% =1 Fook and feet Eou can use the present si#ple or continuous +hen you say ho+ so#ebody looks or feels no+D K Eou took +ell today1 or Eou7re lookin$ +ell today1 K 0o+ do you feel no+2 or 0o+ are you feelin$ no+2 but K " usually feel tired in the #ornin$1 !not 7"7# usually feelin$7% @p. EME:C"SES (1 Are the underlined verbs ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the ones that are +ron$1 1 "7# seein$ the #ana$er to#orro+ #ornin$1 :"I0T &1 "7# feelin$ hun$ry1 "s there anythin$ to eat2 --'1 Are you believin$ in Iod2 --(1 This sauce is $reat1 "t7s tastin$ really $ood1 --)1 "7# thinkin$ this is your key1 A# " ri$ht2 --(1& Fook at the pictures1 5se the +ords in brackets to #ake sentences1 !Eou should also study 5nit ' before you do this exercise1% 1 !you6not6see#6very happy today% Eou don7t see# very happy today1 &1 !+hat6you6do2% --Be ;uietL !"6think% --'1 !+ho6this u#brella6belon$ to2% --"7ve no idea1 (1 !the dinner6s#ell6$ood% --)1 Excuse #e1 !anybody6sit6here2% --No9 it7s free *1 Can you rin$ #e back in half an hour2 !"6have6dinner% --(1' Put the verb into the correct for#9 present continuous or present si#ple1 1 Are you hun$ry2 =o you +ant so#ethin$ to eat2 !you6+ant% &1 Hill is interested in politics but she --- to a political party1

!not6belon$% '1 =on7t put the dictionary a+ay1 " --- it1 !use% (1 =on7t put the dictionary a+ay1 " --- it1 !need% )1 3ho is that #an2 3hat ---2 !he6+ant% *1 3ho is that #an2 3hy --- at us2 !he6look% ,1 Ieor$e says he7s -/ years old but nobody --- hi#1 !believe% -1 She told #e her na#e but " --- it no+1 !not6re#e#ber% .1 " --- of sellin$ #y car1 !think% 3ould you be interested in buyin$ it2 /1 " --- you should sell your car1 !think% Eou --- it very often1 !not6use% 1 " used to drink a lot of coffee but these days " --- tea1 !prefer% &1 Air --- #ainly of nitro$en and oxy$en1 !consist% (1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ the #ost suitable for# of be1 So#eti#es you #ust use the si#ple !a#6is6are% and so#eti#es the continuous is #ore suitable !a#6is6are bein$%1 1 " can7t understand +hy he7s bein$ so selfish1 0e isn7t usually like that1 &1 Hack --- very nice to #e at the #o#ent1 " +onder +hy1 '1 Eou7ll like Hill +hen you #eet her1 She --- very nice1 (1 Nor#ally you are very sensible9 so +hy --- so silly about this #atter2 )1 3hy isn7t Sarah at +ork today2 --- ill2 @p / 5N"T )1 Past si#ple !" did% A1 Study this exa#pleD 3olf$an$ A#adeus 8oNart +as an Austrian #usician and co#poser1 0e lived fro# ,)* to ,. 1 0e started co#posin$ at the a$e of five and +rote #ore than *// pieces of #usic1 0e +as only ') years old +hen he died1 Fived6started6+rote6+as6died are all past si#ple1 B1 ?ery often the past si#ple ends in -ed !re$ular verbs%D K " +ork in a travel a$ency no+1 Before that " +orked in a shop1 K 3e invited the# to our party but they decided not to co#e1 K The police stopped #e on #y +ay ho#e last ni$ht1

K She passed her exa#ination because she studied very hard1 4or spellin$ !stopped9 studied etc1%9 see Appendix *1 But #any verbs are irre$ular1 The past si#ple does not end in -ed1 4or exa#pleD +rite -O +rote K 8oNart +rote #ore than *// pieces of #usic1 see -O sa+ K 3e sa+ :ose in to+n a fe+ days a$o1 $o -O +ent K " +ent to the cine#a three ti#es last +eek1 shut -O shut K "t +as cold9 so " shut the +indo+1 4or a list of irre$ular verbs9 see Appendix 1 C1 "n ;uestions and ne$atives +e use did6didn7t @ infinitive !enAoy6see6$o etc1%D "6she6theyD enAoyed6sa+6+ent =idD you6she6theyD enAoy26see26$o2 "6she6theyD didn7tD enAoy6see6$o K AD =id you $o out last ni$ht2 BD Ees9 " +ent to the cine#a but " didn7t enAoy the fil# #uch1 K 73hen did 8r Tho#as die27 7About ten years a$o17 K They didn7t invite her to the party9 so she didn7t $o1 K 7=id you have ti#e to +rite the letter27 7No9 " didn7t17 Be careful +hen do is the #ain verb in the sentenceD K 3hat did you do at the +eekend2 !not 7+hat did you at the +eekend7% K " didn7t do anythin$1 !not 7" didn7t anythin$7% =1 The past of be !a#6is6are% is +as6+ereD "6he6she6it +as6+asn7t +e6you6they +ere6+eren7t +as "6he6she6it2 +ere +e6you6they2 Note that +e do not use did in ne$atives and ;uestions +ith +as6+ereD K " +as an$ry because they +ere late1 K 3as the +eather $ood +hen you +ere on holiday2

K They +eren7t able to co#e because they +ere so busy1 K =id you $o out last ni$ht or +ere you too tired2 @p EME:C"SES )1 :ead +hat Sharon says about a typical +orkin$ dayD S0A:ON " usually $et up at , o7clock and have a bi$ breakfast1 " +alk to +ork9 +hich takes #e about half an hour1 " start +ork at -1()1 " never have lunch1 " finish +ork at ) o7clock1 i7# al+ays tired +hen " $et ho#e1 " usually cook a #eal in the evenin$1 " don7t usually $o out1 " $o to bed at about o7clock1 " al+ays sleep +ell1 Eesterday +as a typical +orkin$ day for Sharon1 3rite she did or didn7t do yesterday1 1 She $ot up at , o7clock1 &1 She --- a bi$ breakfast1 '1 She ---1 (1 "t --- to $et to +ork1 )1 --- at -1()1 *1 --- lunch1 ,1 --- at ) o7clock1 -1 --- tired +hen --- ho#e1 .1 --- a #eal yesterday evenin$1 /1 --- out yesterday evenin$1 1 --- at o7clock1 &1 --- +ell last ni$ht1 )1&) Put one of these verbs in each sentenceD buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach thro+ +in +rite 1 8oNart +rote #ore than *// pieces of #usic1 &1 70o+ did you learn to drive27 78y father --- #e17 '1 3e couldn7t afford to keep our car9 so +e --- it1 (1 " +as very thirsty1 " --- the +ater very ;uickly1 )1 Paul and " played tennis yesterday1 0e7s #uch better than #e9 so he --- easily1 *1 =on --- do+n the stairs this #ornin$ and --- his la$1 ,1 Hi# --- the ball to Sue9 +ho --- it1 -1 Ann --- a lot of #oney yesterday1 She --- a dress +hich ---

l //1 )1' A friend has Aust co#e back fro# holiday1 Eou ask hi# about it1 3rite your ;uestions1 1 !+here6$o2% 3here did you $o2 &1 !$o alone2% --'1 !food6$ood2% --(1 !ho+ lon$6stay there2% --)1 !stay6at a hotel2% --*1 !ho+6travel2% --,1 !the +eather6fine2% ---1 !+hat6do in the evenin$s2% --.1 !#eet anybody interestin$2% --)1( Co#plete the sentences9 Put the verb into the correct for#9 positive or ne$ative1 1 "t +as +ar#9 so " PtookP off #y coat1 !take% &1 The fil# +asn7t very $ood1 " didn7t enAoy it very #uch1 !enAoy% '1 " kne+ Sarah +as very busy9 so " --- her1 !disturb% (1 " +as very tired9 so " --- to bed early1 !$o% )1 The bed +as very unco#fortable1 " --- very +ell1 !sleep% *1 Sue +asn7t hun$ry9 so she --- anythin$1 !eat% ,1 3e +ent to Gate7s house but she --- at ho#e1 !be% -1 "t +as a funny situation but nobody --- !lau$h% .1 The +indo+ +as open and a bird --- into the roo#1 !fly% /1 The hotel +asn7t very expensive1 "t --- very #uch1 !cost% 1 " +as in a hurry9 so " --- ti#e to phone you1 !have% &1 "t +as hard +ork carryin$ the ba$s1 They --- very heavy1 !be% @p & 5N"T *1 Past continuous !" +as doin$% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Eesterday Garen and Hi# played tennis1 They be$an at / o7clock and finished at 1'/1 So9 at /1'/ they +ere playin$ tennis1 They +ere playin$ J 7they +ere in the #iddle of playin$71 They had not finished playin$1 3as6+ere >in$ is the past continuousD "6he6she6it +as playin$6doin$6+orkin$ etc1

+e6you6they +ere playin$6doin$6+orkin$ etc1 B1 3e use the past continuous to say that so#ebody +as in the #iddle of doin$ so#ethin$ at a certain ti#e1 The action or situation had already started before this ti#e but had not finishedD K This ti#e last year " +as livin$ in BraNil1 K 3hat +ere you doin$ at / o7clock last ni$ht2 K " +aved to her but she +asn7t lookin$1 C1 Co#pare the past continuous !" +as doin$% and past si#ple !" did%D Past continuous !in the #iddle of an action% K " +as +alkin$ ho#e +hen " #et =ave1 !J in the #iddle of +alkin$ ho#e% K Ann +as +atchin$ television +hen the phone ran$1 Past si#ple !co#plete action% K " +alked ho#e after the party last ni$ht1 !J all the +ay9 co#pletely% K Ann +atched television a lot +hen she +as ill last year1 =1 3e often use the past si#ple and the past continuous to$ether to say that so#ethin$ happened in the #iddle of so#ethin$ elseD K To# burnt his hand +hen he +as cookin$ the dinner1 K " sa+ you in the park yesterday1 Eou +ere sittin$ on the $rass and readin$ a book1 K 3hile " +as +orkin$ in the $arden9 " hurt #y back1 But +e use the past si#ple to say that one thin$ happened after anotherD K " +as +alkin$ alon$ the road +hen " sa+ =ave1 So " stopped and +e had a chat1 Co#pareD K 3hen Garen arrived9 +e +ere havin$ dinner1 !J 3e had already started dinner before Garen arrived1% K 3hen Garen arrived9 +e had dinner1 !J 4irst Garen arrived and then +e had dinner1% E1 There are so#e verbs !for exa#ple9 kno+6+ant6believe% that are not nor#ally used in the continuous !see 5nit (A%D

K 3e +ere $ood friends1 3e kne+ each other +ell1 !not 7+e +ere kno+in$7% K " +as enAoyin$ the party but Chris +anted to $o ho#e1 !not 7+as +antin$7% @p ' EME:C"SES *1 3hat +ere you doin$ at the follo+in$ ti#es2 3rite one sentence as in the exa#ples1 The past continuous is not al+ays necessary !see the second exa#ple%1 1 !at - o7clock yesterday evenin$% " +as havin$ dinner +ith so#e friends1 &1 !at ) o7clock last Saturday% " +as on a train on #y +ay to Fondon1 '1 !at /1 ) yesterday #ornin$% (1 !at (1'/ this #ornin$% )1 !at ,1() yesterday evenin$% *1 !half an hour a$o% *1& 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 5se the past continuous1 1 To# burnt his hand +hile he +as cookin$ the dinner1 &1 The doorbell ran$ +hile " --'1 3e sa+ an accident +hile +e --(1 8ary fell asleep +hile she --)1 The television +as on but nobody --*1' Put the verbs into the correct for#9 past continuous or past si#ple1 1 " sa+ !see% Sue in to+n yesterday but she --- !look% the other +ay1 &1 " --- !#eet% To# and Ann at the airport a fe+ +eeks a$o1 They --- !$o% to Berlin and " --- !$o% to 8adrid1 3e --- !have% a chat +hile +e --- !+ait% for our fli$hts1 '1 " --- !cycle% ho#e yesterday +hen suddenly a #an --- !step% out into the road in front of #e1 " --- !$o% ;uite fast but luckily " --!#ana$e% to stop in ti#e and --- !not6hit% hi#1 *1( Put the verbs into the correct for#9 past continuous or past si#ple1

1 Hane +as +aitin$ !+ait% for #e +hen " arrived !arrive%1 &1 73hat --- !you6do% this ti#e yesterday27 7" +as asleep17 '1 7--- !you6$o% out last ni$ht27 7No9 " +as too tired17 (1 73as Carol at the party last ni$ht27 7Ees9 she --- !+ear% a really nice dress17 )1 0o+ fast --- !you6drive% +hen the accident --- !happen%2 *1 Hohn --- !take% a photo$raph of #e +hile " --- !not6look%1 ,1 3e +ere in a very difficult position1 3e --- !not6kno+% +hat to do1 -1 " haven7t seen Alan for a$es1 3hen " last --- !see% hi#9 he --!try% to find a Hob in Fondon1 .1 " --- !+alk% alon$ the street +hen suddenly " --- !hear% footsteps behind #e1 So#ebody --- !follo+% #e1 " +as fri$htened and " --- !start% to run1 /1 3hen " +as youn$9 " --- !+ant% to be a bus driver1 @p ( 5N"T , Present perfect ! % !" have done% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD To# is lookin$ for his key1 0e can7t find it1 0e has lost his key1 70e has lost his key7 J 0e lost it and he still hasn7t $ot it1 0ave6has lost is the present perfect si#pleD "6+e6they6you have !J "7ve etc1% finished6lost6done6been etc1 he6she6it has !J he7s etc1% finished6lost6done6been etc1 The present perfect si#ple is have6has @ past participle1 The past participle often ends in -ed !finished6decided etc1%9 but #any i#portant verbs are irre$ular !lost6done6been6+ritten etc1%1 4or a list of irre$ular verbs9 see Appendix 1 B1 3hen +e use the present perfect there is al+ays a connection +ith no+1 The action in the past has a result no+D K 73here7s your key27 H don7t kno+1 "7ve lost it17 !" haven7t $ot it no+% K 0e told #e his na#e but "7ve for$otten it1 !" can7t re#e#ber it no+% K 7"s Sally here27 7No9 she7s $one out17 !she is out no+% K " can7t find #y ba$1 0ave you seen it2 !do you kno+ +here it is

no+2% 3e often use the present perfect to $ive ne+ infor#ation or to announce a recent happenin$D K O+L "7ve cut #y fin$er1 K The road is closed1 There7s been !J there has been% an accident1 K !fro# the ne+s% The police have arrested t+o #en in connection +ith the robbery1 C1 Eou can use the present perfect +ith Aust9 already and yetD Hust J a short ti#e a$oD K 73ould you like so#ethin$ to eat27 7No9 thanks1 "7ve Aust had lunch17 K 0ello1 0ave you Aust arrived2 3e use already to say that so#ethin$ happened sooner than expected !see also 5nit /=%1 K 7=on7t for$et to post the letter9 +ill you27 7"7ve already posted it17 K 73hat ti#e is 8ark leavin$27 70e7s already $one17 Eet J 7until no+7 and sho+s that the speaker is expectin$ so#ethin$ to happen1 5se yet only in ;uestions and ne$ative sentences !see also 5nit /C%D K 0as it stopped rainin$ yet2 K "7ve +ritten the letter but " haven7t posted it yet1 =1 Note the difference bet+een $one !to% and been !to%D K Hi# is a+ay on holiday1 0e has $one to Spain1 !J he is there no+ or on his +ay there% K Hane is back ho#e fro# holiday no+1 She has been to "taly1 !J she has no+ co#e back fro# "taly% 4or been !to% see also 5nits - and &)B1 @p ) EME:C"SES ,1 Eou are +ritin$ a letter to a friend1 "n the letter you $ive ne+s about yourself and other people1 5se the +ords $iven to #ake sentences1 5se the present perfect1 =ear Chris9 Fots of thin$s have happened since " last +rote to you1 1 "6buy6a ne+ car "7ve bou$ht a ne+ car1

&1 #y father6start6a ne+ Aob '1 "6$ive up6s#okin$ (1 Charles and Sarah6$o6to BraNil )1 SuNanne6have6a baby ,1& :ead the situations and +rite sentences1 Choose one of the follo+in$D arrive break $o up $ro+ i#prove lose 1 8ike is lookin$ for his key1 0e can7t find it1 0e has lost his key1 &1 8ar$aret can7t +alk and her le$ is in plaster1 She --'1 8aria7s En$lish +asn7t very $ood1 No+ it is #uch better1 --(1 Ti# didn7t have a beard last #onth1 No+ he has a beard1 --)1 This #ornin$ " +as expectin$ a letter1 No+ " have it1 --*1 Fast +eek the bus fare +as -/ pence1 No+ it is ./1 --,1' Co#plete Bs sentences1 5se the verb in brackets @ Aust6already6yet !as sbo+n%1 1 AD 3ould you like so#ethin$ to eat2 BD No9 thanks1 "7ve Aust had lunch1 !Aust6have% &1 AD =o you kno+ +here Hulia is2 BD Ees9 " --- her1 !Aust6see% '1 AD 3hat ti#e is =avid leavin$2 BD 0e --- !already6leave% (1 AD 3hat7s in the ne+spaper today2 BD " don7t kno+1 " --- !not6read6yet% )1 AD "s Ann co#in$ to the cine#a +ith us2 BD No9 she --- the fil#1 !already6see% *1 AD Are your friends here yet2 BD Ees9 they --- !Aust6arrive% ,1 AD 3hat does Ti# think about your plan2 BD " --- !not6tell6yet% ,1( :ead the situations and +rite sentences +ith Aust9 already or yet1 1 After lunch you $o to see a friend at her house1 She says 73ould you like so#ethin$ to eat27 Eou sayD No9 thank you1 "7ve Aust had lunch1 !have lunch% &1 Hoe $oes out1 4ive #inutes later9 the phone rin$s and the caller says 7Can " speak to Hoe27

Eou sayD "7# afraid --- !$o out% '1 Eou are eatin$ in a restaurant1 The +aiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate a+ay1 Eou sayD 3ait a #inuteL --- !not6finish% (1 Eou are $oin$ to a restaurant this evenin$1 Eou phone to reserve a table1 Fater your friend says 7Shall " phone to reserve a table27 Eou sayD No --- it1 !do% )1 Eou kno+ that a friend of yours is lookin$ for a Aob1 Perhaps she has been successful1 Ask her1 Eou sayD ---2 !find% *1 Ann +ent to the bank9 but a fe+ #inutes a$o she returned1 So#ebody asks 7"s Ann still at the bank27 Eou sayD No9 --- !co#e back% ,1) Put in been or $one1 1 Hi# is on holiday1 0e7s $one to "taly1 &1 0elloL "7ve Aust --- to the shops1 "7ve bou$ht lots of thin$s1 '1 Alice isn7t here at the #o#ent1 She7s --- to the shop to $et a ne+spaper1 (1 To# has1 --- out1 0e7ll be back in about an hour1 )1 7Are you $oin$ to the bank27 7No9 "7ve already --- to the bank17 @p * 5N"T -1 Present perfect !&% !" have done% A1 Study this exa#ple conversationD =A?ED 0ave you travelled a lot9 Hane2 HANED Ees9 "7ve been to lots of places1 =A?ED :eally2 0ave you ever been to China2 HANED Ees9 "7ve been to China t+ice1 =A?ED 3hat about "ndia2 HANED No9 " haven7t been to "ndia1 3hen +e talk about a period of ti#e that continues fro# the past until no+9 +e use the present perfect !have been6have travelled etc1%1 0ere9 =ave and Hane are talkin$ about the places Hane has visited in her life !+hich is a period that continues until no+%1 K 0ave you ever eaten caviar2 !in your life%

K 3e7ve never had a car1 K 70ave you read 0a#let27 7No9 " haven7t read any of Shakespeare7s plays17 K Susan really loves that fil#1 She7s seen it ei$ht ti#esL K 3hat a borin$ fil#L "t7s the #ost borin$ fil# "7ve ever seen1 "n the follo+in$ exa#ples too the speakers are talkin$ about a period that continues until no+ !recently6in the last fe+ days6so far6since breakfast etc1%D K 0ave you heard fro# Ieor$e recently2 K "7ve #et a lot of people in the last fe+ days1 K Everythin$ is $oin$ +ell1 3e haven7t had any proble#s so far1 K "7# hun$ry1 " haven7t eaten anythin$ since breakfast1 !J fro# breakfast until no+% K "t7s nice to see you a$ain1 3e haven7t seen each other for a lon$ ti#e1 B1 3e use the present perfect +ith today6this #ornin$6this evenin$ etc1 +hen these periods are not finished at the ti#e of speakin$ !see also 5nit (B%D K "7ve drunk four cups of coffee today1 !perhaps "7ll drink #ore before today is finished% K 0ave you had a holiday this year !yet%2 K " haven7t seen To# this #ornin$1 0ave you2 K :on hasn7t +orked very hard this ter#1 C1 Note that +e say 7"t7s the first ti#e so#ethin$ has happened7 !present perfect%1 4or exa#pleD =on is havin$ a drivin$ lesson1 0e is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson1 K "t7s the first ti#e he has driven a car1 !not 7drives7% or 0e has never driven a car before1 K Finda has lost her passport a$ain1 "t7s the second ti#e this has happened1 !not 7happens7% K This is a lovely #eal1 "t7s the first $ood #eal "7ve had for a$es1 !not 7" have7% K Bill is phonin$ his $irlfriend a$ain1 That7s the third ti#e he7s phoned her this evenin$1 @p ,

EME:C"SES -1 Eou are askin$ so#ebody ;uestions about thin$s he or she has done1 8ake ;uestions fro# the +ords in brackets1 1 !ever6ride6horse2% 0ave you ever ridden a horse2 &1 !ever6be6California2% '1 !ever6run6#arathon2% (1 !ever6speak6fa#ous person2% )1 !al+ays6live6in this to+n2% *1 !#ost beautiful place6ever6visit2% 3hat -1& Co#plete Bs ans+ers1 So#e sentences are positive and so#e ne$ative1 5se a verb fro# this listD be be cat happen have #eet play read see see try AD 3hat7s Ieor$e7s sister like2 BD "7ve no idea1 "7ve never #et her1 &1 AD 0o+ is A#y these days2 BD " don7t kno+1 " --- her recently1 '1 AD Are you hun$ry2 BD Ees1 " --- #uch today1 (1 AD Can you play chess2 BD Ees9 but --- for a$es1 )1 AD =id you enAoy your holiday2 BD Ees9 it7s the best holiday --- for a lon$ ti#e1 *1 AD 3hat7s that book like2 BD " don7t kno+ --,1 AD "s Brussels an interestin$ place2 BD "7ve no idea --- there1 -1 AD 8ike +as late for +ork a$ain today1 BD A$ain2 0e --- every day this +eek1 .1 AD =o you like caviar2 BD " don7t kno+ --/1 AD The car broke do+n a$ain yesterday1 BD Not a$ainL That7s the second ti#e --- this +eek1 1 3ho7s that +o#an by the door% BD " don7t kno+ --- before1% -1' Co#plete these sentences usin$ today6this year6this ter# etc1

1 " sa+ To# yesterday but " haven7t seen hi# today1 &1 " read a ne+spaper yesterday but " --- today1 '1 Fast year the co#pany #ade a profit but this year --(1 Tracy +orked hard at school last ter# but --)1 "t sno+ed a lot last +inter but --*1 Our football tea# +on a lot of $a#es last season but +e ---1( :ead the situations and +rite sentences as sho+n in the exa#ples1 1 Hack is drivin$ a car but he7s very nervous and not sure +hat to do1 Eou askD 0ave you driven a car before2 &1 Fen is playin$ tennis1 0e7s not very $ood and he doesn7t kno+ the rules1 Eou askD 0ave --'1 Sue is ridin$ a horse1 She doesn7t look very confident or co#fortable1 Eou askD --She saysD --(1 8aria is in Fondon1 She has Aust arrived and it7s very ne+ for her1 Eou askD --She saysD --@p 5N"T .1 Present perfect continuous !" have been doin$% A1 "t has been rainin$1 Study this exa#ple situationD "s it rainin$2 No9 but the $round is +et1 "t has been rainin$1 0ave6has been >in$ is the present perfect continuousD "6+e6they6you have !J "7ve etc1% been doin$6+aitin$6playin$ etc1 he6she6it has !J he7s etc1% been doin$6+aitin$6playin$ etc1 3e use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or Aust stopped1 There is a connection +ith no+D K Eou7re out of breath1 0ave you been runnin$2 !you7re out of breath no+% K Paul is very tired1 0e7s been +orkin$ very hard1 !he7s tired no+%

K 3hy are your clothes so dirty2 3hat have you been doin$2 K "7ve been talkin$ to Carol about the proble# and she thinks that 111 B1 "t has been rainin$ for t+o hours1 Study this exa#ple situationD "t is rainin$ no+1 "t be$an rainin$ t+o hours a$o and it is still rainin$1 0o+ lon$ has it been rainin$2 "t has been rainin$ for t+o hours1 3e often use the present perfect continuous in this +ay9 especially +ith ho+ lon$9 for 111 and since 111 The activity is still happenin$ !as in this exa#ple% or has Aust stopped1 K 0o+ lon$ have you been learnin$ En$lish2 !you7re still learnin$ En$lish% K Ti# is still +atchin$ television1 0e7s been +atchin$ television all day1 K 3here have you been2 "7ve been lookin$ for you for the last half hour1 K Ieor$e hasn7t been feelin$ +ell recently1 Eou can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of ti#eD =ebbie is a very $ood tennis player1 She7s been playin$ since she +as ei$ht1 Every #ornin$ they #eet in the sa#e cafe1 They7ve been $oin$ there for years1 C1 Co#pare " a# doin$ !see 5nit % and " have been doin$D " a# doin$ !present continuous% -O no+ K =on7t disturb #e no+1 "7# +orkin$1 K 3e need an u#brella1 "t7s rainin$1 K 0urry upL 3e7re +aitin$1 " have been doin$ !present perfect continuous% K "7ve been +orkin$ hard9 so no+ "7# $oin$ to have a rest1 K The $round is +et1 "t7s been rainin$1 K 3e7ve been +aitin$ for an hour1 @p . EME:C"SES

.1 3hat have these people been doin$ or +hat has been happenin$2 1 They have been shoppin$1 &1 She --'1 They --(1 0e --.1& 3rite a ;uestion for each situation1 1 Hohn looks sunburnt1 Eou askD !you6sit in the sun2% 0ave you been sittin$ in the sun2 &1 Eou have Aust arrived to #eet a friend +ho is +aitin$ for you1 Eou askD !you6+ait6lon$2% '1 Eou #eet a friend in the street1 0is face and hands are very dirty1 Eou askD !+hat6you6do2% (1 A friend of yours is no+ livin$ in Baker Street1 Eou +ant to kno+ 70o+ lon$ 11127 Eou askD !ho+ lon$6you6live6in Baker Street2% )1 A friend tells you about his Aob--he sells co#puters1 Eou +ant to kno+ 70o+ lon$ 11127 Eou askD !ho+ lon$6you6sell6co#puters2% .1' :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences1 1 The rain started t+o hours a$o1 "t7s still rainin$ no+1 "t has been rainin$ for t+o hours1 &1 3e started +aitin$ for the bus &/ #inutes a$o1 3e7re still +aitin$ no+1 3e --- for &/ #inutes1 '1 " started Spanish classes in =ece#ber1 "7# still learnin$ Spanish no+1 " --- since =ece#ber1 (1 Ann be$an lookin$ for a Aob six #onths a$o1 She7s still lookin$ no+1 --- for six #onths1 )1 8ary started +orkin$ in Fondon on - Hanuary1 She7s still +orkin$ there no+1 --- since - Hanuary1 *1 Eears a$o you started +ritin$ to a pen-friend1 Eou still +rite to each other re$ularly no+1 3e --- for years1 .1( Put the verb into the present continuous !" a# >in$ etc1% or

present perfect continuous !" have been >in$ etc1%1 1 8aria has been learnin$ !learn% En$lish for t+o years1 &1 0ello9 To#1 " --- !look% for you all #ornin$1 3here have you been2 '1 3hy --- !you6took% at #e like that2 Stop itL (1 3e al+ays $o to "reland for our holidays1 3e --- !$o% there for years1 )1 " --- !think% about +hat you said and "7ve decided to take your advice1 *1 7"s Ann on holiday this +eek27 7No9 she ---e !+ork%17 ,1 Sarah is very tired1 She --- !+ork% very hard recently1 @p&/ 5N"T /1 Present perfect continuous and si#ple !" have been doin$ and " have done% A1 Study these exa#ple situationsD Ann7s clothes are covered in paint1 She has been paintin$ the ceilin$1 0as been Paintin$ is the present perfect 3e are interested in the activity1 "t does not #atter +hether so#ethin$ has been finished or not1 "n this exa#ple9 the activity !paintin$ the ceilin$% has not been finished1 The ceilin$ +as +hite1 No+ it is blue1 She has painted the ceilin$1 0as painted is the present perfect si#ple1 0ere9 the i#portant thin$ is that so#ethin$ has been finished1 70as painted7 is a co#pleted action1 3e are interested in the result of the activity !the painted ceilin$%9 not in the activity itself1 Co#pare these exa#plesD K 8y hands are very dirty1 "7ve been repairin$ the car1 The car is OG a$ain no+1 "7ve repaired it1 K She7s been s#okin$ too #uch recently1 She should s#oke less1 So#ebody has s#oked all #y ci$arettes1 The packet is e#pty1 K "t7s nice to see you a$ain1 3hat have you been doin$ since +e last #et2 3here7s the book " $ave you2 3hat have you done +ith it2

K 3here have you been2 0ave you been playin$ tennis2 0ave you ever played tennis2 B1 3e use the continuous to ask or say ho+ lon$ !for an activity that is still happenin$%D K 0o+ lon$ have you been readin$ that book2 K 8ary is still +ritin$ letters1 She7s been +ritin$ letters all day1 K They7ve been playin$ tennis since & o7clock1 3e use the si#ple to ask or say ho+ #uch9 ho+ #any or ho+ #any ti#es !co#pleted actions%D K 0o+ #any pa$es of that book have you read2 K 8ary has +ritten ten letters today1 K They7ve played tennis three ti#es this +eek1 C1 There are so#e verbs !for exa#ple9 kno+6like6believe% that are nor#ally not used in the continuousD K "7ve kno+n about it for a lon$ ti#e1 !not 7"7ve been kno+in$7% 4or a list of these verbs9 see 5nit (A1 @p& EME:C"SES /1 :ead the situations and +rite t+o sentences usin$ the +ords in brackets1 1 To# started readin$ a book t+o hours a$o1 0e is still readin$ it and no+ he is on pa$e )'1 !read6for t+o hours% 0e has been readin$ for t+o hours1 !read6)' pa$es so far% 0e has read )' pa$es so far1 &1 Finda is fro# Australia1 She is travellin$ round Europe at the #o#ent1 She be$an her tour three #onths a$o1 !travel6for three #onths% She --!visit6six countries so far% --'1 Hi##y is a tennis player1 0e be$an playin$ tennis +hen he +as ten years old1 This year he is national cha#pion a$ain--for the fourth ti#e1 !+in6the national cha#pionship four ti#es% !play6tennis since he +as ten% (1 3hen they left colle$e9 8ary and Sue started #akin$ fil#s to$ether1 They still #ake fil#s1 !#ake6ten fil#s since they left colle$e% They ---

!#ake6fil#s since they left colle$e% /1& 4or each situation9 ask a ;uestion usin$ the +ords in brackets1 1 Eou have a friend +ho is learnin$ Arabic1 Eou askD !ho+ lon$6learn6Arabic2% 0o+ lon$ have you been learnin$ Arabic2 &1 Eou have Aust arrived to #eet a friend1 She is +aitin$ for you1 Eou askD !ho+ lon$6+ait2% '1 Eou see so#ebody fishin$ by the river1 Eou askD !ho+ #any fish6catch2% (1 So#e friends of yours are havin$ a party next +eek1 Eou askD !ho+ #any people6invite2% )1 A friend of yours is a teacher1 Eou askD !ho+ lon$6reach2% *1 Eou #eet so#ebody +ho is a +riter1 Eou askD !ho+ #any books6+rite2% !ho+ lon$6+rite6books2% ,1 A friend of yours is savin$ #oney to $o on holiday1 Eou askD !ho+ lon$6save2% !ho+ #uch #oney6save2% /1' Put the verb into the #ore suitable for#9 present perfect si#ple !" have done etc1% or continuous !" have been doin$ etc1%1 1 3here have you been2 0ave you been playin$ !you6play% tennis2 &1 FookL So#ebody --- !break% that +indo+1 '1 Eou look tired1 --- !you6+ork% hard2 (1 7--- !you6ever6+ork% in a factory27 7No9 never17 )1 7Hane is a+ay on holiday17 7Oh9 is she2 3here --- !she6$o%2 *1 8y brother is an actor1 0e --- !appear% "n several fil#s1 ,1 7Sorry "7# late17 7That7s all ri$ht1 " --- !not6+ait% lon$17 -1 7"s it still rainin$27 7No9 it --- !stop%17 .1 " --- !lose% #y address book1 --- !you6see% it any+here2 /1 " --- !read% the book you lent #e but " --- !not6finish% it yet1 1 " --- !read% the book you lent #e9 so you can have it back no+1 @p&&

5N"T 1 0o+ lon$ have you !been% 1112 A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Bob and Alice are #arried1 They $ot #arried exactly &/ years a$o9 so today is their &/th +eddin$ anniversary1 They have been #arried for &/ years1 3e sayD They are #arried1 !present% but 0o+ lon$ have they been #arried2 !present perfect% !not 70o+ lon$ are they #arried27% They have been #arried for &/ years1 !not 7They are #arried for &/ years7% 3e use the present perfect to talk about so#ethin$ that be$an in the past and still continues no+1 Co#pare the present and the present perfectD K A#y is in hospital1 but She has been in hospital since 8onday1 !not 7A#y is in hospital since 8onday7% K 3e kno+ each other very +ell1 but 3e have kno+n each other for a lon$ ti#e1 !not 7+e kno+7% K Are you +aitin$ for so#ebody2 but 0o+ lon$ have you been +aitin$2 B1 " have been doin$ so#ethin$ !present perfect continuous% J 7" started doin$ so#ethin$ in the past and " a# still doin$ it !or have Aust stopped%7D K "7ve been learnin$ En$lish for a lon$ ti#e1 !not 7" a# learnin$7% K Sorry "7# late1 0ave you been +aitin$ lon$2 K "t7s been rainin$ since " $ot up this #ornin$1 The action can be a repeated actionD K 70o+ lon$ have you been drivin$27 7Since " +as ,17 C1 " have done !si#ple% or " have been doin$ !continuous% The continuous is #ore usual +ith ho+ lon$9 since and for !see also 5nit /B%D K "7ve been learnin$ En$lish for a lon$ ti#e1 !not usually 7"7ve learnt7% Eou can nor#ally use either the continuous or si#ple +ith live and +orkD K Hohn has been livin$6has lived in Fondon for a lon$ ti#e1

K 0o+ lon$ have you been +orkin$6have you +orked here2 But +e use the si#ple +ith al+aysD K Hohn has al+ays lived in Fondon1 !not 7has al+ays been livin$7% Eou can use the continuous or the si#ple for actions repeated over a lon$ periodD K "7ve been collectin$6"7ve collected sta#ps since " +as a child1 So#e verbs !for exa#ple9 kno+6like6believe% are not nor#ally used in the continuousD K 0o+ lon$ have you kno+n Hane2 !not 7have you been kno+in$7% K "7ve had a pain in #y sto#ach since " $ot up this #ornin$1 4or a list of these verbs9 see 5nit (A1 4or have see 5nit ,1 =1 3e use the present perfect si#ple in ne$ative sentences like theseD K " haven7t seen To# since 8onday1 !J 8onday +as the last ti#e " sa+ hi#% K Hane hasn7t phoned #e for t+o +eeks1 !J the last ti#e she phoned +as t+o +eeks a$o% @p&' EME:C"SES 1 Are the underlined verbs ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the# if they are +ron$1 1 Bob is a friend of #ine1 P" kno+ hi#P very +ell1 :"I0T &1 Bob is a friend of #ine1 P" kno+ hi#P for a lon$ ti#e1 3:ONID "7ve kno+n hi#1 '1 Sue and Alan Pare #arriedP since Huly1 --(1 The +eather is a+ful1 P"t7s rainin$P a$ain1 --)1 The +eather is a+ful1 P"t7s rainin$P all day1 --*1 " like your house1 0o+ lon$ Pare you livin$P there2 --,1 Iraha# Pis +orkin$P in a shop for the last fe+ #onths1 ---1 "7# $oin$ to Paris to#orro+1 P"7# stayin$P there until next 4riday1 --.1 7=o you still s#oke27 7No9 " $ave it up1 P" don7t s#okeP for years17 --/1 That7s a very old bicycle1 0o+ lon$ Pdo you haveP it2 --1& :ead the situations and +rite ;uestions fro# the +ords in brackets1

1 Hohn tells you that his #other is in hospital1 Eou ask hi#D !ho+ lon$6be6in hospital2% 0o+ lon$ has your #other been in hospital2 &1 Eou #eet a +o#an +ho tells you that she teaches En$lish1 Eou ask herD !ho+ lon$6teach6En$lish2% '1 Eou kno+ that Hane is a $ood friend of Carol7s1 Eou ask HaneD !ho+ lon$6kno+6Carol2% (1 Eour friend7s brother +ent to Australia so#e ti#e a$o and he7s still there1 Eou ask your friendD !ho+ lon$6be6in Australia2% )1 Ti# al+ays +ears the sa#e Aacket1 "t7s a very old Aacket1 Eou ask hi#D !ho+ lon$6have6that Aacket2% *1 Eou are talkin$ to a friend about Alan1 Alan no+ +orks at the airport1 Eou ask your friendD !ho+ lon$6+ork6at the airport2% ,1 A friend of yours is havin$ drivin$ lessons1 Eou ask hi#D !ho+ lon$6have6drivin$ lessons2% -1 Eou #eet so#ebody on a train1 She tells you that she lives in Ilas$o+1 Eou ask herD !al+ays6live6in Ilas$o+2% 1' Co#plete Bs ans+ers to A7s ;uestions1 1 AD A#y is in hospital9 isn7t she2 BD Ees9 she has been in hospital since 8onday1 &1 AD =o you see Ann very often2 BD No9 " haven7t seen her for three #onths1 '1 AD "s 8ar$aret #arried2 B1 Ees9 she --- #arried for ten years1 (1 AD Are you +aitin$ for #e2 BD Ees9 " --- for the last half hour1 )1 AD Eou kno+ Finda9 don7t you2 BD Ees9 +e --- each other for a$es1 *1 AD =o you still play tennis2 BD No9 " --- tennis for years1 ,1 AD "s Hi# +atchin$ T?2

BD Ees9 he --- T? all evenin$1 -1 AD =o you +atch T? a lot2 BD No9 " --- T? for a lon$ ti#e1 .1 0ave you $ot a headache2 BD Ees9 " --- a headache all #ornin$1 /1 AD Ieor$e is never ill9 is he2 BD No9 he --- ill since "7ve kno+n hi#1 1 AD Are you feelin$ ill2 BD Ees9 " --- ill since " $ot up1 &1 Sue lives in Fondon9 doesn7t she2 BD Ees9 she --- in Fondon for the last fe+ years1 '1 =o you still $o to the cine#a a lot2 BD No9 " --- to the cine#a for a$es1 (1 3ould you like to $o to Ne+ Eork one day2 BD Ees9 " --- to $o to Ne+ Eork1 !use al+ays6+ant% @p&( 5N"T &1 3hen 1112 and 0o+ lon$ 1112 4or and since A1 Co#pare 3hen 1112 !@ past si#ple% and 0o+ lon$ 1112 !@ present perfect%D AD 3hen did it start rainin$2 BD "t started rainin$ an hour a$o6at o7clock1 AD 0o+ lon$ has it been rainin$2 BD "t7s been rainin$ for an hour6since o7clock1 AD 3hen did Hoe and Carol first #eet2 BD They first #et a lon$ ti#e a$o6+hen they +ere at school1 AD 0o+ lon$ have Hoe and Carol kno+n each other2 BD They7ve kno+n each other for a lon$ ti#e16since they +ere at school1 B1 3e use both for and since to say ho+ lon$ so#ethin$ has been happenin$1 3e use for +hen +e say a period of ti#e !t+o hours9 six +eeks etc1%D K "7ve been +aitin$ for t+o hours1 for t+o hours t+o hours a$o -O no+

t+o hours6a +eek6&/ #inutes6)/ years6five days6a lon$ ti#e6six #onths6a$es K Sally7s been +orkin$ here for six #onths1 !not 7since six #onths7% K " haven7t seen To# for three days1 !not 7since three days7% 3e use since +hen +e say the start of a period !- o7clock9 8onday9 .-) etc1%D K "7ve been +aitin$ since - o7clock1 since - o7clock - o7clock -O no+ since - o7clock6 .,,68onday6Christ#as6 & 8ay6lunchti#e6April6they +ere at school K Sally7s been +orkin$ here since April1 !J fro# April until no+% K " haven7t seen To# since 8onday1 !J fro# 8onday until no+% "t is possible to leave out for !but not usually in ne$ative sentences%D K They7ve been #arried !for% ten years1 !+ith or +ithout for% K They haven7t had a holiday for ten years1 !you #ust use for% 3e do not use for @ all 111 !all day6all #y life etc1%D K "7ve lived here all #y life1 !not 7for all #y life7% C1 3e say 7"t7s !a lon$ ti#e6t+o years etc1% since so#ethin$ happened7D K "t7s t+o years since " last sa+ Hoe1 !J " haven7t seen Hoe for t+o years6the last ti#e " sa+ Hoe +as t+o years a$o% K "t7s a$es since +e +ent to the cine#a1 !J 3e haven7t been to the cine#a for a$es% The ;uestion is 0o+ lon$ is it since 1112 K 0o+ lon$ is it since you last sa+ Hoe2 !J 3hen did you last see Hoe2% K 0o+ lon$ is it since 8rs 0ill died2 !J 3hen did 8rs 0ill die2% @p&) EME:C"SES &1 3rite ;uestions +ith ho+ lon$ and +hen1 1 "t7s rainin$1

!ho+ lon$2% 0o+ lon$ has it been rainin$2 !+hen2% 3hen did it start rainin$2 &1 Gate is learnin$ "talian1 !ho+ lon$6learn2% !+hen6start6learn2% '1 " kno+ 8artin1 !ho+ lon$6kno+2% !+hen6first6#eet2% (1 Bob and Alice are #arried1 !ho+ lon$2% !+hen2% &1& :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences be$innin$ in the +ay sho+n1 1 !"t7s rainin$ no+1 "t7s been rainin$ since lunchti#e1% "t started rainin$ at lunchti#e1 &1 !Ann and " are friends1 3e first #et years a$o1% 3e7ve kno+n each other for years1 '1 !8ark is ill1 0e beca#e ill on Sunday1% 0e has --(1 !8ark is ill1 0e beca#e ill a fe+ days a$o1% 0e has --)1 !Sarah is #arried1 She7s been #arried for t+o years1% She $ot --*1 !Eou7ve $ot a ca#era1 Eou bou$ht it ten years a$o1% "7ve --,1 !Sue has been in 4rance for the last three +eeks1% She +ent ---1 !Eou7re +orkin$ in a hotel1 Eou started in Hune1% "7ve --&1' Put in for or since1 1 "t7s been rainin$ since lunchti#e1 &1 To#7s father has been doin$ the sa#e Aob --- &/ years1 '1 0ave you been learnin$ En$lish ---a lon$ ti#e2 (1 Sarah has lived in Fondon --- .-)1 )1 --- Christ#as9 the +eather has been ;uite $ood1 *1 Please hurry upL 3e7ve been +aitin$ --- an hour1 ,1 Gevin has been lookin$ for a Aob --- he left school1 -1 The house is very dirty1 3e haven7t cleaned it --- a$es1 .1 " haven7t had a $ood #eal --- last Tuesday1 &1( 3rite Bs sentences usin$ the +ords in brackets1 1 AD =o you often $o on holiday2

BD !no6five years% No9 " haven7t had a holiday for five years1 &1 AD =o you often eat in restaurants2 BD !no6a$es% No9 " --'1 AD =o you often see Sarah2 BD !no6about a #onth% --(1 AD =o you often $o to the cine#a2 BD !no6a lon$ ti#e% --No+ +rite B7s ans+ers a$ain1 This ti#e use "t7s 111 since111 )1 ! % No9 it7s five years since " had a holiday1 *1 !&% No9 it7s --,1 !'% No9 ---1 !(% --@p&* 5N"T '1 Present perfect and past ! % !" have done and " did% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD To# is lookin$ for his key1 0e can7t find it1 0e has lost his key1 !present perfect% This #eans that he doesn7t have his key no+1 Ten #inutes laterD No+ To# has found his key1 0e has it no+1 0as he lost his key2 !present perfect% No9 he hasn7t1 0e has found it1 =id he lose his key2 !past si#ple% Ees9 he did1 0e lost his key !past si#ple% but no+ he has found it1 !present perfect% The present perfect is a present tense1 "t al+ays tells us so#ethin$ about no+1 7To# has lost his key7 J he doesn7t have his key no+ !see 5nit ,%1 The past si#ple tells us only about the past1 "f so#ebody says 7To# lost his key79 +e don7t kno+ +hether he has it no+ or not1 3e only kno+ that he lost it at so#e ti#e in the past1 T+o #ore exa#plesD K Hack $re+ a beard but no+ he has shaved it off1 !so he doesn7t

have a beard no+% K They +ent out after lunch and they7ve Aust co#e back1 !so they are back no+% B1 =o not use the present perfect if there is no connection +ith the present !for exa#ple9 thin$s that happened a lon$ ti#e a$o%D K The Chinese invented printin$1 !not 7have invented7% K 0o+ #any plays did Shakespeare +rite2 !not 7has Shakespeare +ritten7% K Beethoven +as a $reat co#poser1 !not 7has been7% Co#pareD K Shakespeare +rote #any plays1 K 8y sister is a +riter1 She has +ritten #any books1 !she still +rites books% C1 3e use the present perfect to $ive ne+ infor#ation !see 5nit ,%1 But if +e continue to talk about it9 +e nor#ally use the past si#pleD K AD O+L "7ve burnt #yself1 BD 0o+ did you do that2 !not 7have you done7% AD " picked up a hot dish1 !not 7have picked7% K AD FookL So#ebody has spilt #ilk on the carpet1 BD 3ell9 it +asn7t #e1 " didn7t do it1 !not 7hasn7t been 111 haven7t done7% AD " +onder +ho it +as then1 !not 7+ho it has been7% @p&, EME:C"SES '1 3hat has happened in these situations2 1 Hack had a beard1 No+ he hasn7t $ot a beard1 0e has shaved off his beard1 &1 Finda +as here five #inutes a$o1 8o+ she7s in bed1 She --'1 The te#perature +as &) de$rees1 No+ it is only ,1 The te#perature --(1 The li$ht +as off1 No+ it is on1 So#ebody --)1 The tree +as only three #etres hi$h1 No+ it is four1 The tree --*1 The plane +as on the run+ay a fe+ #inutes a$o1 No+ it is in the air1 The plane ---

'1& Put the verbs in brackets in the correct for#9 present perfect or past si#ple1 1 73here7s your key27 7" don7t kno+1 "7ve lost it17 !lose% &1 " +as very tired9 so " lay do+n on the bed and +ent to sleep1 !be% '1 8ary --- to Australia for a +hile but she7s back a$ain no+1 !$o% (1 73here7s Gen27 70e --- out1 0e7ll be back in about an hour17 !$o% )1 " did Ier#an at school but " --- #ost of it1 !for$et% *1 " #eant to phone =iane last ni$ht but " --- !for$et% ,1 " --- a headache earlier but " feel fine no+1 !have% -1 FookL There7s an a#bulance over there1 There --- an accident1 !be% .1 They7re still buildin$ the ne+ road1 They --- it1 !not6finish% /1 7"s 0elen still here27 7No9 she --- out17 !Aust6$o% 1 The police --- three people but later they let the# $o1 !arrest% &1 Ann --- #e her address but "7# afraid " --- it1 !$ive9 lose% '1 3here7s #y bike2 "t --- outside the house1 "t --- !be9 disappear% (1 3hat do you think of #y En$lish2 =o you think " ---2 !i#prove% '1' Are the underlined parts of these sentences ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the ones that are +ron$1 1 =o you kno+ about Sue2 PShe7s $iven upP her Aob1 :"I0T &1 The Chinese Phave inventedP printin$1 3:ONID The Chinese invented '1 0o+ #any plays Phas Shakespeare +ritten2P --(1 P0ave you readP any of Shakespeare7s plays2 --)1 Aristotle Phas beenP a Ireek philosopher1 --*1 O+L P"7ve cutP #y fin$er1 "t7s bleedin$1 --,1 8y $randparents Phave $otP #arried in Fondon1 ---1 3here Phave you been born2P --.1 8ary isn7t at ho#e1 PShe7s $one shoppin$1P --/1 Albert Einstein has been the scientist +ho Phas developedP the theory of relativity1 --'1( !Section C% Put the verb into the #ost suitable for#9 present perfect or past si#ple1

1 AD FookL So#ebody has split !spill% coffee on the carpet1 BD 3ell9 it +asn7t !not6be% #e1 " didn7t do !not6do% it1 &1 AD Ben --- !break% his le$1 BD :eally2 0o+ --- !that6happen%2 AD 0e --- !fall% off a ladder1 '1 AD Eour hair looks nice1 --- !you6have% a haircut2 BD Ees1 AD 3ho --- !cut% it2 --- !you6$o% to the hairdresser2 BD No9 a friend of #ine --- !do% it for #e1 @p&5N"T (1 Present perfect and past !&% !" have done and " did% A1 =o not use the present perfect !" have done% +hen you talk about a finished ti#e !for exa#ple9 yesterday6ten #inutes a$o6in .-)6+hen " +as a child%1 5se a past tenseD K The +eather +as nice yesterday1 !not 7has been nice7% K They arrived ten #inutes a$o1 !not 7have arrived7% K " ate a lot of s+eets +hen " +as a child1 !not 7have eaten7% K AD =id you see the ne+s on television last ni$ht2 !not 70ave you seen7% BD No9 " +ent to bed early1 !not 7have $one7% 5se a past tense to ask 3hen 1112 or 3hat ti#e 1112D K 3hen did they arrive2 !not 7have they arrived7% K 3hat ti#e did you finish +ork2 Co#pareD Present perfect K To# has lost his key1 0e can7t $et into the house1 0ere9 +e are not thinkin$ of the past action1 3e are thinkin$ of the present result of the actionD To# doesn7t have his key no+1 Past si#ple K To# lost his key yesterday1 0e couldn7t $et into the house1 0ere9 +e are thinkin$ of the action in the past1 3e don7t kno+ fro# this sentence +hether To# has his key no+1 B1 Co#pare present perfect and pastD Present perfect !have done% K "7ve done a lot of +ork today1

3e use the present perfect for a period of ti#e that continues fro# the past until no+1 4or exa#ple9 today9 this +eek9 since .-)1 K "t hasn7t rained this +eek1 K 0ave you seen Ann this #ornin$2 !it is still #ornin$% K 0ave you seen Ann recently2 K " don7t kno+ +here Ann is1 " haven7t seen her1 !J " haven7t seen her recently% K 3e7ve been +aitin$ for an hour1 !+e are still +aitin$ no+% K "an lives in Fondon1 0e has lived there for seven years1 K " have never played $olf1 !in #y life% The present perfect al+ays has a connection +ith no+1 See 5nits ,- &1 Past si#ple !did% K " did a lot of +ork yesterday1 3e use the past si#ple for a finished ti#e in the past1 4or exa#ple9 yesterday9 last +eek9 fro# .-) to .. 1 K "t didn7t rain last +eek1 K =id you see Ann this #ornin$2 !it is no+ afternoon or evenin$% K =id you see Ann on Sunday2 K AD 3as Ann at the party on Sunday2 BD " don7t think so1 " didn7t see her1 K 3e +aited !or +ere +aitin$% for an hour1 !+e are no lon$er +aitin$% K "an lived in Scotland for ten years1 No+ he lives in Fondon1 K " didn7t play $olf +hen " +as on holiday last su##er1 The past si#ple tells us only about the past1 See 5nits )-*1 @p&. EME:C"SES (1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the ones that are +ron$1 1 P"7ve lostP #y key1 " can7t find it any+here1 :"I0T &1 P0ave you seenP the ne+s on television last ni$ht2 3:ONID =id you see '1 P"7ve bou$htP a ne+ car1 =o you +ant to see it2 --(1 P"7ve bou$htP a ne+ car last +eek1 ---

)1 3here Phave you beenP yesterday evenin$2 --*1 Henny Phas leftP school in .. 1 --,1 "7# lookin$ for 8ike1 P0ave you seenP hi#2 ---1 "7# very hun$ry1 P" haven7t eatenP anythin$ today1 --.1 =iane Phasn7t beenP at +ork yesterday1 --/1 3hen Phas this book beenP published2 --(1& 8ake sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 5se the present perfect or past si#ple1 1 !it6not6rain6this +eek% "t hasn7t rained this +eek1 &1 !the +eather6be6cold6recently% The +eather --'1 !it cold6last +eek% "t --(1 !" not6read6a ne+spaper yesterday% " --)1 !" not6read6a ne+spaper today% *1 !Ann6earn6a lot of #oney6this year% ,1 !she not6earn6so #uch6last year% -1 !you have6a holiday recently2% (1' Put the verb into the correct for#9 present perfect or past si#ple1 1 " don7t kno+ +here A#y is1 0ave you seen !you6see% her2 &1 3hen " --- !$et% ho#e last ni$ht9 " --- !be% very tired and " --!$o% strai$ht to bed1 '1 Eour car looks very clean --- !you6+ash% it2 (1 Ieor$e --- !not6be% very +ell last +eek1 )1 8r Clark --- !+ork% in a bank for ) years1 Then he $ave it up1 *1 8olly lives in =ublin1 She --- !live% there all her life1 , --- !you6$o% to the cine#a last ni$ht27 7Ees9 but it --- !be% a #istake1 The fil# !be% a+ful1 -1 8y $randfather --- !die% '/ years a$o1 " --- !never6#eet% hi#1 .1 " don7t kno+ Carol7s husband1 " --- !never6#eet6hi#%1 /1 AD "s your father at ho#e2 BD No9 "7# afraid he --- !$o% out1 AD 3hen exactly --- !he6$o% out2 BD About ten #inutes a$o1 1 AD 3here do you live2 BD "n Boston1 AD 0o+ lon$ --- !you6live% there2 BD 4ive years1

AD 3here --- !you6live% before that2 BD "n Chica$o1 AD And ho+ lon$ --- !you6live% in Chica$o2 BD T+o years1 (1( 3rite sentences about yourself usin$ the ideas in brackets1 1 !so#ethin$ you haven7t done today% " haven7t eaten any fruit today1 &1 !so#ethin$ you haven7t done today% '1 !so#ethin$ you didn7t do yesterday% (1 !so#ethin$ you did yesterday evenin$% )1 !so#ethin$ you haven7t done recently% *1 !so#ethin$ you7ve done a lot recently% @p'/ 5N"T )1 Past perfect !" had done% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Sarah +ent to a party last +eek1 Paul +ent to the party too but they didn7t see each other1 Paul +ent ho#e at /1'/ and Sarah arrived at o7clock1 SoD 3hen Sarah arrived at the party9 Paul +asn7t there1 0e had $one ho#e1 0ad $one is the past perfect !si#ple%D "6+e6they6you or he6she6it had !J "7d etc16he7d etc1% $one6seen6finished etc1 The past perfect si#ple is had @ past participle !$one6seen6finished etc1%1 4or a list of irre$ular verbs9 see Appendix 1 So#eti#es +e talk about so#ethin$ that happened in the pastD K Sarah arrived at the party1 This is the startin$ point of the story1 Then9 if +e +ant to talk about thin$s that happened before this ti#e9 +e use the past perfect !had 111 %D K 3hen Sarah arrived at the party9 Paul had already $one ho#e1 So#e #ore exa#plesD K 3hen +e $ot ho#e last ni$ht9 +e found that so#ebody had broken into the flat1

K Garen didn7t +ant to co#e to the cine#a +ith us because she had already seen the fil#1 K At first " thou$ht "7d done the ri$ht thin$9 but " soon realised that "7d #ade a serious #istake1 K The #an sittin$ next to #e on the plane +as very nervous1 0e hadn7t flo+n before160e had never flo+n before1 B1 0ad done !past perfect% is the past of have done !present perfect%1 Co#pareD present perfect K 3ho is that +o#an2 "7ve never seen her before1 K 3e aren7t hun$ry1 3e7ve Aust had lunch1 K The house is dirty1 They haven7t cleaned it for +eeks1 past perfect K " didn7t kno+ +ho she +as1 "7d never seen her before1 !J before that ti#e% K 3e +eren7t hun$ry1 3e7d Aust had lunch1 K The house +as dirty1 They hadn7t cleaned it for +eeks1 C1 Co#pare the past perfect !" had done% and past si#ple !" did%D K 73as To# at the party +hen you arrived27 7No9 he had already $one ho#e17 but 73as To# there +hen you arrived27 7Ees9 but he +ent ho#e soon after+ards17 K Ann +asn7t at ho#e +hen " phoned1 She +as in Fondon1 but Ann had Aust $ot ho#e +hen " phoned1 She had been in Fondon1 @p' EME:C"SES )1 :ead the situations and +rite sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 1 Eou +ent to Hill7s house but she +asn7t there1 !she6$o6out% She had $one out1 &1 Eou +ent back to your ho#e to+n after #any years1 "t +asn7t the sa#e as before1 !it6chan$e6a lot% '1 " invited :achel to the party but she couldn7t co#e1

!she6arran$e6to do so#ethin$ else% (1 Eou +ent to the cine#a last ni$ht1 Eou arrived at the cine#a late1 !the fil#6already6be$in% )1 " +as very pleased to see ti# a$ain after such a lon$ ti#e1 !"6not6see6hi# for five years% *1 " offered Sue so#ethin$ to eat but she +asn7t hun$ry1 !she6Aust6have6breakfast% )1& :ead the situations and +rite sentences endin$ +ith before1 5se the verb $iven in brackets1 1 The #an sittin$ next to #e on the plane +as very nervous1 "t +as his first fli$ht1 !fly% 0e had never flo+n before1 O: 0e hadn7t flo+n before1 &1 A +o#an +alked into the roo#1 She +as a co#plete stran$er to #e1 !see% " --- before1 '1 Si#on played tennis yesterday1 0e +asn7t very $ood at it because it +as his first $a#e1 !play% 0e --(1 Fast year +e +ent to =en#ark1 "t +as our first ti#e there !be% 3e --)1' 5se the sentences on the left to co#plete the para$raphs on the ri$ht1 These sentences are in the order in +hich they happened - so ! % happened before !&%9 !&% before !'% etc1 But your para$raph be$ins +ith the underlined sentence9 so so#eti#es you need the past perfect1 1 ! % So#ebody broke into the office durin$ the ni$ht1 !&% P3e arrived at +ork in the #ornin$1P !'% 3e called the police 3e arrived at +ork in the #ornin$ and found that so#ebody had broken into the office durin$ the ni$ht1 So +e --&1 ! % Ann +ent out1 !&% P" tried to phone herP this #ornin$1 !'% There +as no ans+er1 " tried to phone Ann this #ornin$ but --- no ans+er1 She --- out1 '1 ! % Hi# ca#e back fro# holiday a fe+ days a$o1

!&% P" #et hi# the sa#e day1P !'% 0e looked very +ell1 " #et Hi# a fe+ days a$o1 0e --- Aust --- 0e --(1 ! % Gevin +rote to Sally #any ti#es1 !&% She never replied to his letters1 !'% PEesterday he had a phone call fro# her1P !(% 0e +as very surprised1 Eesterday Gevin --- 0e --- very surprised1 0e --- #any ti#es but she --)1( Put the verb into the correct for#9 past perfect !" had done etc1% or past si#ple !" did etc1%1 1 73as To# at the party +hen you arrived27 7No9 he had $one !$o% ho#e17 &1 " felt very tire +hen " $ot ho#e9 so " --- !$o% strai$ht to bed1 '1 The house +as very ;uiet +hen " $ot ho#e1 Everybody --- !$o% to bed1 (1 Sorry "7# late1 The car --- !break% do+n on #y +ay here1 )1 3e +ere drivin$ alon$ the road +hen +e --- !see% a car +hich1 --- !break% do+n9 so +e --- !stop% to see if +e could help1 @p'& 5N"T *1 Past perfect continuous !" had been doin$% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Eesterday #ornin$ " $ot up and looked out of the +indo+1 The sun +as shinin$ but the $round +as very +et1 "t had been rainin$1 "t +as not rainin$ +hen " looked out of the +indo+C the sun +as shinin$1 But it had been rainin$ before1 That7s +hy the $round +as +et1 0ad been >in$ is the past perfect continuousD "6+e6you6they had!J "7d etc1% been doin$6+orkin$6playin$ etc1 he6she6it had !J he7d etc1% been doin$6+orkin$6playin$ etc1 So#e #ore exa#plesD K 3hen the boys ca#e into the house9 their clothes +ere dirty9 their hair +as untidy and one of the# had a black eye1 They7d been fi$htin$1

K " +as very tired +hen " arrived ho#e1 "7d been +orkin$ hard all day1 B1 Eou can say that so#ethin$ had been happenin$ for a period of ti#e before so#ethin$ else happenedD K Our $a#e of tennis +as interrupted1 3e7d been playin$ for about half an hour +hen it started to rain very heavily1 K Gen $ave up s#okin$ t+o years a$o1 0e7d been s#okin$ for '/ years1 C1 0ad been >in$ !past Perfect continuous% is the past of have been >in$ !present perfect continuous%1 Co#pareD present perfect continuous K " hope the bus co#es soon1 "7ve been +aitin$ for &/ #inutes1 !before no+% K 0e7s out of breath1 0e has been runnin$1 past perfect continuous K At last the bus ca#e1 "7d been +aitin$ for &/ #inutes1 !before the bus ca#e% K 0e +as out of breath1 0e had been runnin$1 =1 Co#pare had been doin$ and +as doin$ !past continuous%D K "t +asn7t rainin$ +hen +e +ent out1 The sun +as shinin$1 But it had been rainin$9 so the $round +as +et1 K Ann +as sittin$ in an ar#chair +atchin$ television1 She +as tired because she7d been +orkin$ very hard1 E1 So#e verbs !for exa#ple9 kno+ and +ant% are not nor#ally used in the continuousD K 3e +ere $ood friends1 3e had kno+n each other for years1 !not 7had been kno+in$7% 4or a list of these verbs9 see 5nit (A1 @p'' EME:C"SES *1 :ead the situations and #ake sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 1 " +as very tired +hen " arrived ho#e1 !"6+ork6hard all day% " had been +orkin$ hard all day1 &1 The t+o boys ca#e into the house1 They had a football and they

+ere both very tired1 !they6play6football% '1 There +as nobody in the roo# but there +as a s#ell of ci$arettes1 !so#ebody6s#oke6in the roo#% (1 Ann +oke up in the #iddle of the ni$ht1 She +as fri$htened and didn7t kno+ +here she +as1 !she6drea#% )1 3hen " $ot ho#e9 8ike +as sittin$ in front of the T?1 0e had Aust turned it off1 !he6+atch6T?% *1& :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences1 1 3e played tennis yesterday1 0alf an hour after +e be$an playin$9 it started to rain1 3e had been playin$ for half an hour +hen it started to rain1 &1 " had arran$ed to #eet To# in a restaurant1 " arrived and +aited for hi#1 After &/ #inutes " suddenly realised that " +as in the +ron$ restaurant1 " --- for &/ #inutes +hen " --'1 Sarah $ot a Aob in a factory1 4ive years later the factory closed do+n1 At the ti#e the factory ---9 Sarah --- there for five years1 (1 " +ent to a concert last +eek1 The orchestra be$an playin$1 After about ten #inutes a #an in the audience suddenly be$an shoutin$1 The orchestra --- +hen --)1 This ti#e #ake your o+n sentenceD " be$an +alkin$ alon$ the road1 " --- +hen --*1' Put the verb into the #ost suitable for#9 past continuous !" +as doin$%9 past perfect !" had done% or past perfect continuous !" had been doin$%1 1 "t +as very noisy next door1 Our nei$hbours +ere havin$ !have% a party1 &1 3e +ere $ood friends1 3e had kno+n !kno+% each other for a lon$ ti#e1 '1 Hohn and " +ent for a +alk1 " had difficulty keepin$ up +ith hi#

because he --- !+alk% so fast1 (1 8ary +as sittin$ on the $round1 She +as out of breath1 She --!run% )1 3hen " arrived9 everybody +as sittin$ round the table +ith their #ouths full1 They --- !eat%1 *1 3hen " arrived9 everybody +as sittin$ round the table and talkin$1 Their #ouths +ere e#pty but their sto#achs +ere full1 They --- !eat%1 ,1 Hi# +as on his hands and knees on the floor1 0e --- !look% for his contact lens1 -1 3hen " arrived9 Gate --- !+ait% for #e1 She +as rather annoyed +ith #e because " +as late and she --- !+ait% for a very lon$ ti#e1 .1 " +as sad +hen " sold #y car1 " --- !have% it for a very lon$ ti#e1 /1 3e +ere extre#ely tired at the end of the Aourney1 3e --!travel% for #ore than &( hours1 @p'( 5N"T ,1 0ave and have $ot A1 0ave and have $ot !J possess9 o+n etc1% 3e often use have $ot rather than have alone1 So you can sayD K 3e7ve $ot a ne+ car1 or 3e have a ne+ car1 K Ann has $ot t+o sisters1 or Ann has t+o sisters1 3e use have $ot or have for illnesses9 pains etc1D K "7ve $ot a headache1 or " have a headache1 "n ;uestions and ne$ative sentences there are three possible for#sD 0ave you $ot any #oney2 " haven7t $ot any #oney1 =o you have any #oney2 " don7t have any #oney1 0ave you any #oney2 !less usual% " haven7t any #oney1 !less usual% 0as she $ot a car2 She hasn7t $ot a car1 =oes she have a car2 She doesn7t have a car1 0as she a car2 !less usual% She hasn7t a car1 !less usual% 3hen have #eans 7possess7 etc19 you cannot use continuous for#s !is havin$6are havin$ etc1%D

K " have6"7ve $ot a headache1 !not 7"7# havin$7% 4or the past +e use had !usually +ithout 7$ot7%D K Ann had lon$ fair hair +hen she +as a child1 !not 7Ann had $ot7% "n past ;uestions and ne$ative sentences +e nor#ally use did6didn7tD K =id they have a car +hen they +ere livin$ in Fondon2 K " didn7t have a +atch9 so " didn7t kno+ the ti#e1 K Ann had lon$ fair hair9 didn7t she2 B1 0ave breakfast6have a bath6have a $ood ti#e etc1 0ave !but not 7have $ot7% is also used for #any actions and experiences1 4or exa#pleD have breakfast6dinner6a cup of coffee6a ci$arette etc1 have a bath6a sho+er6a s+i#6a rest6a party6a holiday6a nice ti#e etc1 have an accident6an experience6a drea# etc1 have a look !at so#ethin$%6a chat !+ith so#ebody% have a baby !J $ive birth to a baby% have difficulty6trouble6fun K IoodbyeL " hope you have a nice ti#e1 K 8ary had a baby recently1 70ave $ot7 is not possible in these expressions1 Co#pareD K " usually have a sand+ich for #y lunch1 !have J 7eat7 - not 7have $ot7% but K "7ve $ot so#e sand+iches1 3ould you like one2 "n these expressions9 have is like other verbs1 Eou can use continuous for#s !is havin$ are havin$ etc1% +here suitableD K " had a postcard fro# 4red this #ornin$1 0e7s on holiday1 0e says he7s havin$ a +onderful ti#e1 !not 7he has a +onderful ti#e7% K The phone ran$ +hile +e +ere havin$ dinner1 !not 7+hile +e had7% "n ;uestions and ne$ative sentences +e nor#ally use do6does6didD K " don7t usually have a bi$ breakfast1 !not 7" usually haven7t7% K 3hat ti#e does Ann have lunch2 !not 7has Ann lunch7% K =id you have any difficulty findin$ so#e+here to live2 @p')

EME:C"SES ,1 3rite ne$ative sentences +ith have1 So#e are present !can7t% and so#e are past !couldn7t%1 1 " can7t #ake a phone call1 !any chan$e% " haven7t $ot any chan$e1 &1 " couldn7t read the notice1 !#y $lasses% " didn7t have #y $lasses1 '1 " can7t cli#b up onto the roof1 !a ladder% " --(1 3e couldn7t visit the #useu#1 !enou$h ti#e% 3e --)1 0e couldn7t find his +ay to our house1 !a #ap% *1 She can7t pay her bills1 !any #oney% ,1 They can7t $et into the house1 !a key% -1 " couldn7t take any photo$raphs1 !a ca#era% ,1& Co#plete these ;uestions +ith have1 So#e are present and so#e are past1 1 Excuse #e9 have you $ot a pen " could borro+2 &1 3hy are you holdin$ your face like that2 --- a toothache2 '1 --- a bicycle +hen you +ere a child2 (1 7--- the ti#e9 please27 7Ees9 it7s ten past seven17 )1 3hen you did the exa#9 --- ti#e to ans+er all the ;uestions2 *1 " need a sta#p for this letter1 --- one2 ,1 7"t started to rain +hile " +as +alkin$ ho#e17 7=id it2 --- an u#brella27 ,1' "n this exercise you have to +rite sentences about yourself1 Choose four of the follo+in$ thin$s !or you can choose so#ethin$ else%D a car a bicycle a #oped a $uitar a co#puter a ca#era a drivin$ licence a Aob a do$6a cat !or another ani#al% 0ave you $ot these thin$s no+2 =id you have the# ten years a$o2 3rite t+o sentences each ti#e usin$ "7ve $ot6" haven7t $ot and " had6" didn7t have1 no+ ten years a$o !or five if you7re too youn$% 1 "7ve $ot a car1 " didn7t have a car1 &1 --- ---

'1 --- --(1 --- --,1( Co#plete these sentences1 5se an expression fro# the list and put the verb into the correct for# +here necessary1 have lunch have a s+i# have a nice ti#e have a chat have a ci$arette have a rest have a $ood fli$ht have a baby have a sho+er have a party have a look 1 " don7t eat #uch durin$ the day1 " never Phave lunch1P &1 =avid likes to keep fit9 so he --- every day1 '1 3e --- last Saturday1 "t +as $reat - +e invited lots of people1 (1 Excuse #e9 can " --- at your ne+spaper9 please2 )1 73here7s Hi#27 70e --- in his roo#1 0e7s very tired17 *1 " #et Ann in the super#arket yesterday1 3e stopped and ---1 ,1 " haven7t seen you since you ca#e back fro# holiday ---2 -1 SuNanne --- a fe+ +eeks a$o1 "t7s her second child1 .1 " don7t usually s#oke but " +as feelin$ very nervous9 so " ---1 /1 The phone ran$ but " couldn7t ans+er it because " ---1 1 Eou #eet To# at the airport1 0e has Aust arrived1 Eou sayD 0ello9 To#1 ---2 @p'* 5N"T -1 5sed to !do% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD =ennis stopped s#okin$ t+o years a$o1 0e doesn7t s#oke any #ore1 But he used to s#oke1 0e used to s#oke (/ ci$arettes a day1 70e used to s#oke7 J he s#oked re$ularly for so#e ti#e in the past9 but he doesn7t s#oke no+1 0e +as a s#oker9 but no+ he isn7t B1 7So#ethin$ used to happen7 J so#ethin$ happened re$ularly in the past but no lon$er happensD K " used to play tennis a lot but " don7t play very often no+1 K =iane used to travel a lot1 These days she doesn7t $o a+ay so often1 K 7=o you $o to the cine#a very often27 7Not no+9 but " used to17 !J " used to $o 111%

3e also use used to111 for so#ethin$ that +as true but is not true any #oreD K This buildin$ is no+ a furniture shop1 "t used to be a cine#a1 K " used to think he +as unfriendly but no+ " realise he7s a very nice person1 K "7ve started drinkin$ coffee recently1 " never used to like it before1 K Hanet used to have very lon$ hair +hen she +as a child1 C1 7" used to do so#ethin$7 is past1 There is no present for#1 Eou cannot say 7" use to do71 To talk about the present9 use the present si#ple !" do%1 Co#pareD pastD he used to s#oke +e used to live there used to be presentD he s#okes +e live there is K 3e used to live in a s#all villa$e but no+ +e live in Fondon1 K There used to be four cine#as in the to+n1 No+ there is only one1 =1 The nor#al ;uestion for# is did !you% use to 1112D K =id you use to eat a lot of s+eets +hen you +ere a child2 The ne$ative for# is didn7t use to 111 !used not to 111 is also possible% K " didn7t use to like hi#1 !or " used not to like hi#1% E1 Co#pare " used to do and " +as doin$ !see 5nit *%D K " used to +atch T? a lot1 !J " +atched T? re$ularly in the past9 but " no lon$er do this% K " +as +atchin$ T? +hen the phone ran$1 !J " +as in the #iddle of +atchin$ T?% 41 =o not confuse " used to do and " a# used to doin$ !see 5nit */%1 The structures and #eanin$s are differentD K " used to live alone1 !J " lived alone in the past but " no lon$er live alone% K " a# used to livin$ alone1 !J " live alone and " don7t find it stran$e or ne+ because "7ve been livin$ alone for so#e ti#e% @p', EME:C"SES -1 Co#plete these sentences +ith use!d% to 111 @ a suitable

verb1 1 =ennis $ave up s#okin$ t+o years a$o1 0e used to s#oke (/ ci$arettes a day1 &1 FiN --- a #otorbike9 but last year she sold it and bou$ht a car1 '1 3e ca#e to live in 8anchester a fe+ years a$o1 3e --- in Nottin$ha#1 (1 " rarely cat ice crea# no+ but " --- it +hen " +as a child1 )1 Hi# --- #y best friend but +e aren7t friends any lon$er1 *1 "t only takes #e about (/ #inutes to $et to +ork since the ne+ road +as opened1 "t --- #ore than an hour1 ,1 There --- a hotel opposite the station but it closed a lon$ ti#e a$o -1 3hen you lived in Fondon9 --- to the theatre very often2 -1& Brian chan$ed his lifestyle1 0e stopped doin$ so#e thin$s and started doin$ other thin$sD 0e stopped studyin$ hard6$oin$ to bed early6runnin$ three #iles e'very #ornin$ 0e started s#okin$6$oin$ out in the evenin$6spendin$ a lot of #oney 3rite sentences about Brian +ith used to and didn7t use to1 1 0e used to s#oke1 &1 0e didn7t use to s#oke1 '1 --(1 --)1 --*1 ---1' Co#pare +hat Carol said five years a$o and +hat she says todayD 4"?E EEA:S A IO " travel a lot9 " play the piano1 "7# very laNy1 " don7t like cheese1 "7ve $ot a do$1 "7# a hotel receptionist1 "7ve $ot lots of friends1

" never read ne+spapers1 " don7t drink tea1 " $o to a lot of parties1 TO=AE " eat lots of cheese no+1 " +ork very hard these days1 " don7t kno+ in people these days1 " +ork in a bookshop no+1 " don7t $o a+ay #uch these days1 8y do$ died t+o years a$o1 " read a ne+spaper every day no+1 " haven7t been to a party for a$es1 " haven7t played piano for years1 Tea7s $reatL " like it no+1 No+ +rite sentences about bo+ Carol has chan$ed1 5se used to6didn7t use to6never used to in the first part of your sentence1 She used to travel a lot but she doesn7t $o a+ay #uch these days1 &1 She used --- but --'1 --- but --(1 --- but --)1 --- but --*1 --- but --,1 --- but ---1 --- but --.1 --- but --/1 --- but --@p'5N"T .1 Present tenses !" a# doin$6" do% for the future A1 Present continuous H a# doin$% +ith a future #eanin$ Study this exa#ple situationD This is To#7s diary for next +eek1 0e is playin$ tennis on 8onday afternoon1 0e is $oin$ to the dentist on Tuesday #ornin$1 0e is havin$ dinner +ith Ann on 4riday1

"n all these exa#ples9 To# has already decided and arran$ed to do these thin$s1 5se the present continuous to say +hat you have already arran$ed to do1 =o not use the present si#ple H do%D K AD 3hat are you doin$ on Saturday evenin$2 !not 7+hat do you do7% BD "7# $oin$ to the theatre1 !not 7" $o7% K AD 3hat ti#e is Cathy arrivin$ to#orro+2 BD At /1'/1 "7# #eetin$ her at the station1 K "7# not +orkin$ to#orro+9 so +e can $o out so#e+here1 K "an isn7t playin$ football on Saturday1 0e7s hurt his le$1 7!"7#% $oin$ to !do%7 is also possible in these sentencesD K 3hat are you $oin$ to do on Saturday evenin$2 But the present continuous is #ore natural for arran$e#ents1 See also 5nit &/B1 =o not use +ill to talk about +hat you have arran$ed to doD K 3hat are you doin$ this evenin$2 !not 7+hat +ill you do7% K Alex is $ettin$ #arried next #onth1 !not 7+ill $et7% B1 Present si#ple !" do% +ith a future #eanin$ 3e use the present si#ple +hen +e talk about ti#etables9 pro$ra##es etc1 !for exa#ple9 for public transport9 cine#as etc1%D K The train leaves Ply#outh at 1'/ and arrives in Fondon at (1()1 K 3hat ti#e does the fil# be$in2 K "t7s 3ednesday to#orro+1 Eou can use the present si#ple for people if their plans are fixed like a ti#etableD K " start #y ne+ Aob on 8onday1 K 3hat ti#e do you finish +ork to#orro+2 But the continuous is #ore usual for personal arran$e#entsD K 3hat ti#e are you #eetin$ Ann to#orro+2 !not 7do you #eet7% Co#pareD K 3hat ti#e are you leavin$ to#orro+2 but K 3hat ti#e does the train leave to#orro+2 K "7# $oin$ to the cine#a this evenin$1 but K The fil# starts at -1 ) !this evenin$%1

@p'. EME:C"SES .1 A friend of yours is plannin$ to $o on holiday soon1 Eou ask her about her plans1 5se the +ords in brackets to #ake your ;uestions1 1 !+here6$o2% 3here are you $oin$2 Scotland1 &1 !ho+ lon$6stay2% Ten days1 '1 !+hen6$o2% Next 4riday1 (1 !$o6alone2% No9 +ith a friend of #ine1 )1 !travel6by car2% No9 by train1 *1 !+here6stay2% "n a hotel1 .1& To# +ants you to visit hi# but you are very busy1 Fook at your diary for the next fe+ days and explain to hi# +hy you can7t co#e1 TO8D Can you co#e on 8onday evenin$2 EouD Sorry but "7# playin$ volleyball1 ! % TO8D 3hat about Tuesday evenin$ then2 EouD No9 not Tuesday " --- !&% TO8D And 3ednesday evenin$2 EO5D --- !'% TO8D 3ell9 are you free on Thursday2 EO5D "7# afraid not1 --- !(% .1' 0ave you arran$ed to do anythin$ at these ti#es2 3rite !true% sentences about yourself1 1 !this evenin$% "7# $oin$ out this evenin$1 or "7# not doin$ anythin$ this evenin$1 or " don7t kno+ +hat "7# doin$ this evenin$1 &1 !to#orro+ #ornin$% " --'1 !to#orro+ evenin$% (1 !next Sunday% )1 !choose another day or ti#e% .1( Put the verb into the #ore suitable for#9 present continuous or present si#ple1 1 "7# $oin$ !$o% to the theatre this evenin$1 &1 =oes the fil# be$in !the fil#6be$in% at '1'/ or (1'/2 '1 3e --- !have% a party next Saturday1 3ould you like to co#e2 (1 The art exhibition --- !open% on ' 8ay and --- !finish% on )

Huly1 )1 " --- !not6$o% out this evenin$1 " --- !stay% at ho#e1 *1 7--- !you6do% anythin$ to#orro+ #ornin$27 7No9 "7# free1 3hy27 ,1 3e --- !$o% to a concert toni$ht1 "t --- !be$in% at ,1'/1 -1 Eou are on the train to Fondon and you ask another passen$erD Excuse #e1 3hat ti#e --- !this train6$et% to Fondon2 .1 Eou are talkin$ to AnnD Ann9 " --- !$o% to to+n1 --- !you6co#e% +ith #e2 /1 Sue --- !co#e% to see us to#orro+1 She --- !travel% by train and her train --- !arrive% at /1 )1 " --- !#eet% her at the station1 1 " --- !not6use% the car this evenin$9 so you can have it1 &1 Eou and a friend are +atchin$ television1 Eou sayD "7# bored +ith this pro$ra##e1 3hen --- !it6finish%2 @p(/ 5N"T &/1 !"7#% $oin$ to !do% A1 7" a# $oin$ to do so#ethin$7 J " have already decided to do it9 " intend to do itD K AD There7s a fil# on television toni$ht1 Are you $oin$ to +atch it2 BD No9 "7# tired1 "7# $oin$ to have an early ni$ht1 K AD " hear :uth has +on so#e #oney1 3hat is she $oin$ to do +ith it2 BD She7s $oin$ to buy a ne+ car1 K AD 0ave you #ade the coffee yet2 BD "7# Aust $oin$ to #ake it1 !Aust J ri$ht at this #o#ent% K This food looks horrible1 "7# not $oin$ to eat it1 B1 " a# doin$ and " a# $oin$ to do 3e nor#ally use " a# doin$ !present continuous% +hen +e say +hat +e have arran$ed to do for exa#ple9 arran$ed to #eet so#ebody9 arran$ed to $o so#e+here !see 5nit .A%D K 3hat ti#e are you #eetin$ Ann this evenin$2 K "7# leavin$ to#orro+1 "7ve $ot #y plane ticket1 7" a# $oin$ to do so#ethin$7 J "7ve decided to do it !but perhaps not arran$ed to do it%D K 7The +indo+s are dirty17 7Ees9 " kno+1 "7# $oin$ to clean the# later17 !J "7ve decided to clean the# but " haven7t arran$ed to clean

the#% K "7ve decided not to stay here any lon$er1 To#orro+ "7# $oin$ to look for so#e+here else to stay1 Often the difference is very s#all and either for# is possible1 C1 Eou can also say that 7so#ethin$ is $oin$ to happen7 in the future1 4or exa#pleD The #an can7t see +here he7s +alkin$1 There is a hole in front of hi#1 0e is $oin$ to fall into the hole1 3hen +e say that 7so#ethin$ is $oin$ to happen79 the situation no+ #akes us believe this1 The #an is +alkin$ to+ards the hole no+9 so he is $oin$ to fall into it1 K Fook at those black cloudsL "t7s $oin$ to rain1 !the clouds are there no+% K " feel terrible1 " think "7# $oin$ to be sick1 !" feel terrible no+% =1 7" +as $oin$ to !do so#ethin$%7 J " intended to do it but didn7t do itD K 3e +ere $oin$ to travel by train but then +e decided to $o by car instead1 K AD =id Peter do the exa#ination2 BD No9 he +as $oin$ to do it but he chan$ed his #ind1 K " +as Aust $oin$ to cross the road +hen so#ebody shouted 7StopL7 Eou can say that so#ethin$ +as $oin$ to happen !but didn7t happen%D K " thou$ht it +as $oin$ to rain but then the sun ca#e out1 @p( EME:C"SES &/1 Ans+er the ;uestions1 Eou are $oin$ to do all these thin$s but you haven7t done the# yet1 5se $oin$ to and the +ord!s% in brackets1 1 0ave you cleaned the car2 !to#orro+% Not yet1 "7# $oin$ to clean it to#orro+1 &1 0ave you phoned Sally2 !later% Not yet1 --'1 0ave you done the shoppin$2 !this afternoon% Not yet1 --(1 0ave you read the paper2 !after dinner% Not ---

)1 0ave you had dinner2 !Aust% --&/1& 3rite a ;uestion +ith $oin$ to for each situation1 1 Eour friend has +on so#e #oney1 Eou askD !+hat6do +ith it2% 3hat are you $oin$ to do +ith it2 &1 Eour friend is $oin$ to a party toni$ht1 Eou askD !+hat6+ear2% '1 Eour friend has Aust bou$ht a ne+ table1 Eou askD !+here6put it2% (1 Eour friend has decided to have a party1 Eou askD !+ho6invite2% &/1' :ead the situations and co#plete the dialo$ues1 5se $oin$ to1 1 Eou have decided to +rite so#e letters this evenin$1 4:"EN=D Are you $oin$ out this evenin$2 EouD No9 "7# $oin$ to +rite so#e letters1 &1 Eou are a s#oker but you have decided to $ive it up soon1 4:"EN=D S#okin$ is very bad for you1 EO5D " kno+1 --'1 Eou have been offered a Aob but you have decided not to take it1 4:"EN=D " hear you7ve been offered a Aob1 EO5D That7s ri$ht9 but --(1 Eou are in a restaurant1 The food is a+ful and you7ve decided to co#plain1 4:"EN=D This food is a+ful9 isn7t it2 EO5D Ees9 it7s dis$ustin$1 --&/1( 3hat is $oin$ to happen in these situations2 5se the +ords in brackets1 1 There are a lot of black clouds in the sky1 !rain% "t7s $oin$ to rain1 &1 "t is -1'/1 Hack is leavin$ his house1 0e has to be at +ork at -1() but the Aourney takes '/ #inutes1 !late% 0e --'1 There is a hole in the botto# of the boat1 A lot of +ater is co#in$ in throu$h the hole1 !sink% The boat --(1 E##a is drivin$1 There is very little petrol left in the tank1 The nearest petrol station is a lon$ +ay a+ay1 !run out% She --&/1) Co#plete the sentences +ith +as6+ere $oin$ to @ one of these verbsD

$ive up have phone play travel 1 3e +ere $oin$ to travel by train but then +e decided to $o by car instead1 &1 3e --- tennis yesterday but it rained all day1 '1 " --- Hi#9 but " decided to +rite hi# a letter instead1 (1 3hen " last sa+ Ti#9 he --- his Aob but in the end he decided not to1 )1 3e --- a party last +eek but so#e of our friends couldn7t co#e9 so +e cancelled it1 @p(& 5N"T & 1 3ill6shall ! % A1 3e use "7ll !J " +ill% +hen +e decide to do so#ethin$ at the ti#e of speakin$D K Oh9 "7ve left the door open1 "7ll $o and shut it1 K 73hat +ould you like to drink27 7"7ll have an oran$e Auice9 please17 K 7=id you phone :uth27 7Oh no9 " for$ot1 "7ll phone her no+17 Eou cannot use the present si#ple !" do6" $o etc1% in these sentencesD K "7ll $o and shut the door1 !not 7" $o and shut7% 3e often use " think "7ll 111 and " don7t think "7ll 111D K " feel a bit hun$ry1 " think "7ll have so#ethin$ to cat1 K " don7t think "7ll $o out toni$ht1 "7# too tired1 "n spoken En$lish the ne$ative of +ill is usually +on7t !J +ill not%D K " can see you7re busy9 so " +on7t stay lon$1 B1 =o not use +ill to talk about +hat you have already decided or arran$ed to do !see 5nits .-&/%D K "7# $oin$ on holiday next Saturday1 !not 7"7ll $o7% K Are you +orkin$ to#orro+2 !not 7+ill you +ork7% C1 3e often use +ill in these situationsD Offerin$ to do so#ethin$ K That ba$ looks heavy1 "7ll help you +ith it1 !not 7" help7% A$reein$ to do so#ethin$ K AD Eou kno+ that book " lent you1 Can " have it back if you7ve finished +ith it2 BD Of course1 "7ll $ive it to you this afternoon1 !not 7" $ive7%

Pro#isin$ to do so#ethin$ K Thanks for lendin$ #e the #oney1 "7ll pay you back on 4riday1 !not 7" pay7% K " +on7t tell anyone +hat happened1 " pro#ise1 Askin$ so#ebody to do so#ethin$ !3ill you 1112% K 3ill you please be ;uiet2 "7# tryin$ to concentrate1 K 3ill you shut the door9 please2 Eou can use +on7t to say that so#ebody refuses to do so#ethin$D K "7ve tried to advise her but she +on7t listen1 !J she refuses to listen% K The car +on7t start1 " +onder +hat7s +ron$ +ith it1 !J the car 7refuses7 to start% =1 Shall " 1112 Shall +e 1112 Shall is used #ostly in the ;uestions shall " 11126shall +e 1112 3e use shall " 11126shall +e 1112 to ask so#ebody7s opinion !especially in offers or su$$estions%D K Shall " open the +indo+2 !J do you +ant #e to open the +indo+2% K "7ve $ot no #oney1 3hat shall " do2 !J +hat do you su$$est2% K 7Shall +e $o27 7Hust a #inute1 "7# not ready yet17 K 3here shall +e $o this evenin$2 Co#pare shall " 1112 and +ill you 1112D K Shall " shut the door2 !J do you +ant #e to shut it2% K 3ill you shut the door2 !J " +ant you to shut it% @p(' EME:C"SES & 1 Co#plete the sentences +ith "7ll @ a suitable verb1 1 "7# too tired to +alk ho#e1 " think "7ll $et a taxi1 &1 7"t7s a bit cold in this roo#17 7"s "t2 --- on the heatin$ then17 '1 73e haven7t $ot any #ilk17 7Oh9 haven7t +e2 --- and $et so#e17 (1 7=o you +ant #e to do the +ashin$-up27 7No9 it7s all ri$ht1 --- it17 )1 7" don7t kno+ ho+ to use this co#puter17 7OG9 --- you17 *1 73ould you like tea or coffee2 7--- coffee9 please17 ,1 7IoodbyeL 0ave a nice holiday17 7Thanks1 --- you a postcard17 -1 Thank you for lendin$ #e your ca#era1 --- it back to you on 8onday9 OG2

.1 7Are you co#in$ +ith us27 7No9 " think --- here17 & 1& :ead the situations and +rite sentences +ith " think "7ll 111 or " don7t think "7ll 111 1 "t7s a bit cold1 Eou decide to close the +indo+1 Eou sayD " think "7ll close the +indo+1 &1 Eou are feelin$ tired and it7s ;uite late1 Eou decide to $o to bed1 Eou sayD " think --'1 A friend of yours offers you a lift in his car but you decide to +alk1 Eou sayD Thank you but --(1 Eou arran$ed to play tennis today1 No+ you decide that you don7t +ant to play1 Eou sayD " don7t think --)1 Eou +ere $oin$ to $o s+i##in$1 No+ you decide that you don7t +ant to $o1 --& 1' 3hich is correct2 !"f necessary9 study 5nits .-&/ first1% 1 7=id you phone :uth27 7Oh no9 " for$ot1 P" phone !M%6"7ll phone !O%P her no+17 !"7ll phone is correct% &1 " can7t #eet you to#orro+ afternoon1 P"7# playin$ !O%6"7ll play !M%P tennis1 !"7# playin$ is correct% '1 P7" #eet6"7ll #eetP you outside the hotel in half an hour9 OG27 7Ees9 that7s fine17 (1 7" need so#e #oney17 7OG9 P"7# lendin$6"7ll lendP you so#e1 0o+ #uch do you need27 )1 P"7# havin$6"7ll haveP a party next Saturday1 " hope you can co#e1 *1 7:e#e#ber to buy a ne+spaper +hen you $o out17 7OG1 P" don7t for$et6" +on7t for$et17P ,1 3hat ti#e Pdoes your train leave6+ill your train leaveP to#orro+2 -1 " asked Sue +hat happened but she Pdoesn7t tell6+on7t tellP #e1 .1 P7Are you doin$63ill you doP anythin$ to#orro+ evenin$27 7No9 "7# free1 3hy27 /1 " don7t +ant to $o out alone1 P=o you co#e63ill you co#eP +ith #e2 1 "t7s a secret bet+een us1 " pro#ise P" don7t tell6" +on7t tellP anybody1

& 1( 3hat do you say in these situations2 3rite sentences +ith shall " 1112 or shall +e 1112 1 Eou and a friend +ant to do so#ethin$ this evenin$ but you don7t kno+ +hat1 Eou ask your friend1 3hat shall +e do this evenin$2 &1 Eou try on a Aacket in a shop1 Eou are not sure +hether to buy it or not1 Eou ask a friend for advice1 --- it2 '1 "t7s Ann7s birthday next +eek1 Eou +ant to $ive her a present but you don7t kno+ +hat1 Eou ask a friend for advice1 3hat --(1 Eou and a friend are $oin$ on holiday to$ether but you haven7t decided +here1 Eou ask hi#6her1 --)1 Eou and a friend are $oin$ out1 Eou haven7t decided +hether to $o by car or to +alk1 Eou ask hi#6her --*1 Eour friend +ants you to phone later1 Eou don7t kno+ +hat ti#e to phone1 Eou ask hi#6her --@p(( 5N"T &&1 3ill6shall !&% A1 3e do not use +ill to say +hat so#ebody has already arran$ed or decided to do in the futureD K Ann is +orkin$ next +eek1 !not 7Ann +ill +ork7% K Are you $oin$ to +atch television this evenin$2 !not 7+ill you +atch7% 4or 7"7# +orkin$ 1117 and 7Are you $oin$ to 11129 see 5nits .-&/1 But often9 +hen +e talk about the future9 +e are not talkin$ about +hat so#ebody has decided to do1 4or exa#pleD C0:"SD =o you think Ann +ill pass the exa#2 HOED Ees9 she7ll pass easily1 7She7ll pass7 does not #ean 7she has decided to pass71 Hoe is sayin$ +hat he kno+s or thinks +ill happen1 0e is predictin$ the future1 3hen +e predict a future happenin$ or situation9 +e use +ill6+on7t1 K Hill has been a+ay a lon$ ti#e1 3hen she returns9 she7ll find a lot of chan$es1 K 73here +ill you be this ti#e next year%7 7"7ll be in Hapan17 K That plate is very hot1 "f you touch it9 you7ll burn yourself1

K To# +on7t pass the exa#ination1 0e hasn7t +orked hard enou$h for it1 K 3hen +ill you kno+ your exa# results2 B1 3e often use +ill !7ll% +ithD probablyD "7ll probably be ho#e late this evenin$1 " expectD " haven7t seen Carol today1 " expect she7ll phone this evenin$1 !"7#% sureD =on7t +orry about the exa#1 "7# sure you7ll pass1 !"% thinkD =o you think Sarah +ill like the present +e bou$ht her2 !"% don7t thinkD " don7t think the exa# +ill be very difficult1 " +onderD " +onder +hat +ill happen1 After !"% hope9 +e $enerally use the presentD K " hope Carol phones this evenin$1 K " hope it doesn7t rain to#orro+1 C1 Ienerally +e use +ill to talk about the future9 but so#eti#es +e use +ill to talk about no+1 4or exa#pleD K =on7t phone Ann no+1 She7ll be busy1 !J " kno+ she7ll be busy no+% =1 " shall 1116+e shall 111 Nor#ally +e use shall only +ith " and +e1 Eou can say " shall or " +ill !"7ll%9 +e shall or +e +ill !+e7ll%D K " shall be tired this evenin$1 !or " +ill be 111% K 3e shall probably $o to Scotland for our holiday1 !or 3e +ill probably $o 111% "n spoken En$lish +e nor#ally use "7ll and +e7llD K 3e7ll probably $o to Scotland1 The ne$ative of shall is shall not or shan7tD K " shan7t be here to#orro+1 !or " +on7t be 111% =o not use shall +ith he6she6it6you6theyD K She +ill be very an$ry1 !not 7she shall be7% @p() EME:C"SES &&1 3hich for# of the verb is correct !or #ore natural% in these sentences2 The verbs are underlined1 1 Ann isn7t free on Saturday1 PShe7ll +ork !M%6She7s +orkin$ !O%1P !She7s +orkin$ is correct%

&1 P"7ll $o6"7# $oin$P to a party to#orro+ ni$ht1 3ould you like to co#e too2 '1 " think Hane P+ill $et6is $ettin$P the Aob1 She has a lot of experience1 (1 " can7t #eet you this evenin$1 A friend of #ine P+ill co#e6is co#in$P to see #e1 )1 AD 0ave you decided +here to $o for your holidays2 BD Ees9 P+e +ill $o6+e are $oin$P to "taly1 *1 There7s no need to be afraid of the do$1 P"t +on7t hurt6"t isn7t hurtin$P you1 &&1& Co#plete the sentences +ith +ill !7ll% @ one of these verbsD be be co#e $et like look #eet pass 1 =on7t +orry about your exa#1 "7# sure you "7ll pass1 &1 3hy don7t you try on this Aacket2 "t --- nice on you1 '1 Eou #ust #eet Ieor$e so#eti#e1 " think you --- hi#1 (1 "t7s rainin$1 =on7t $o out1 Eou --- +et1 )1 They7ve invited #e to their house1 They --- offended if " don7t $o1 *1 Ioodbye1 " expect +e --- a$ain before lon$1 ,1 "7ve invited Sue to the party but " don7t think she ---1 -1 " +onder +here " --- &/ years fro# no+1 &&1' Put in +ill !7ll% or +on7t1 1 Can you +ait for #e2 " +on7t be very lon$1 &1 There7s no need to take an u#brella +ith you1 "t --- rain1 '1 "f you don7t eat anythin$ no+9 you --- be hun$ry later1 (1 "7# sorry about +hat happened yesterday1 "t --- happen a$ain1 )1 "7ve $ot so#e incredible ne+sL Eou --- never believe +hat7s happened1 *1 =on7t ask 8ar$aret for advice1 She --- kno+ +hat to do1 &&1( 3here +ill you be at these ti#es2 3rite true sentences about yourself1 5se one of theseD "7ll be 111 or " expect "7ll be111 or "7ll probably be 111 or " don7t kno+ +here "7ll be1 or "7# not sure1 " #i$ht be 111 !4or #i$ht see 5nit '/1% 1 !next 8onday evenin$ at ,1()% "7ll probably be at ho#e1 or "7# not sure1 " #i$ht be at the cine#a1 or " don7t kno+ +here "7ll be1 !etc1%

&1 !at ) o7clock to#orro+ #ornin$% --'1 !at /1'/ to#orro+ #ornin$% --(1 !next Saturday afternoon at (1 )% --)1 !this ti#e next year% --&&1) 3rite ;uestions usin$ do you think 111 +ill 1112 @ one of these verbsD be back cost finish $et #arried happen like rain 1 "7ve bou$ht 8ary a present1 =o you think she7ll like it2 &1 The +eather doesn7t look very $ood1 =o you --'1 The #eetin$ is still $oin$ on1 3hen do you --(1 8y car needs to be repaired1 0o+ #uch --)1 Sally and =avid are in love1 =o --*1 7"7# $oin$ out no+17 7OG1 3hat ti#e ---7 ,1 The future situation is uncertain1 3hat --@p(* 5N"T &'1 " +ill and "7# $oin$ to A1 4uture actions Study the difference bet+een +ill and $oin$ toD Sue is talkin$ to 0elenD S5ED Fet7s have a party 0EFFEND That7s a $reat idea1 3e7ll invite lots of people1 +ill !7ll%D 3e use +ill +hen +e decide to do so#ethin$ at the ti#e of speakin$1 The speaker has not decided before1 The party is a ne+ idea1 Fater that day9 0elen #eets =aveD 0EFFEND Sue and " have decided to have a party1 3e7re $oin$ to invite lots of people1 $oin$ toD 3e use !be% $oin$ to +hen +e have already decided to do so#ethin$1 0elen had already decided to "nvite lots of people before she spoke to =ave1 Co#pareD K 7Ieor$e phoned +hile you +ere out17 7OG1 "7ll phone hi# back17 but K 7Ieor$e phoned +hile you +ere out17 7Ees9 " kno+1 "7# $oin$ to phone hi# back17 K 7Ann is in hospital17 7Oh really2 " didn7t kno+1 "7ll $o and visit her17

but K 7Ann is in hospital17 7Ees9 " kno+1 "7# $oin$ to visit her to#orro+17 B1 4uture happenin$s and situations !predictin$ the future% So#eti#es there is not #uch difference bet+een +ill and $oin$ to1 4or exa#ple9 you can sayD K " think the +eather +ill be nice later1 K " think the +eather is $oin$ to be nice later1 3hen +e say 7so#ethin$ is $oin$ to happen79 +e kno+ !or think% this because of the situation no+1 4or exa#pleD K Fook at those black clouds1 "t7s $oin$ to rain1 !not 7it +ill rain7 +e can see the clouds no+% K " feel terrible1 " think "7# $oin$ to be sick1 !not 7" think "7ll be sick7 - " feel terrible no+% =o not use +ill in situations like these1 !See also 5nit &/C1% "n other situations9 it is safer to use +illD K To# +ill probably arrive at about - o7clock1 K " think Ann +ill like the present +e bou$ht for her1 @p(, EME:C"SES &'1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ +ill !7ll% or $oin$ to1 1 AD 3hy are you turnin$ on the television2 BD "7# $oin$ to +atch the ne+s1 !"6+atch% &1 AD Oh9 "7ve Aust realised1 " haven7t $ot any #oney1 BD 0aven7t you2 3ell9 don7t +orry1 --- you so#e1 !"6lend% '1 AD "7ve $ot a headache1 BD 0ave you2 3ait there and --- an aspirin for you1 !"6$et% (1 AD 3hy are you fillin$ that bucket +ith +ater2 BD --- the car1 !"6+ash% )1 AD "7ve decided to repaint this roo#1 BD Oh9 have you2 3hat colour --- it2 !you6paint% *1 AD 3here are you $oin$2 Are you $oin$ shoppin$2 BD Ees9 --- so#ethin$ for dinner1 !"6buy% ,1 AD " don7t kno+ ho+ to use this ca#era1 BD "t7s ;uite easy1 --- you1 !"6sho+% -1 AD 3hat +ould you like to eat2 BD --- a sand+ich9 please1 !"6have%

.1 AD =id you post that letter for #e2 BD Oh9 "7# sorry1 " co#pletely for$ot --- it no+1 !"6do% /1 AD The ceilin$ in this roo# doesn7t took very safe9 does it2 BD No9 it looks as if --- do+n1 !it6fall% 1 AD 0as Ieor$e decided +hat to do +hen he leaves school2 BD Oh9 yes1 Everythin$ is planned1 --- a holiday for a fe+ +eeks and then --- a co#puter pro$ra##in$ course1 !he6have9 he6do% &'1& :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences usin$ +ill !7ll% or $oin$ to1 1 The phone rin$s and you ans+er1 So#ebody +ants to speak to Hi#1 CAFFE:D 0ello1 Can " speak to Hi#9 please2 EO5D Hust a #o#ent1 --- hi#1 !"6$et% &1 "t7s a nice day1 Eou7ve decided to sit in the $arden1 Before $oin$ outside9 you tell your friend1 EO5D The +eather7s too nice to stay indoors1 --- in the $arden1 !"6sit% 4:"EN=D That7s a $ood idea1 " think --- you1 !"6Aoin% '1 Eour friend is +orried because she has lost an i#portant letter1 EO5D =on7t +orry about the letter1 "7# sure --- it1 !you6find% 4:"EN=D " hope so1 (1 There +as a Aob advertised in the paper recently1 At first you +ere interested but then you decided not to apply1 4:"EN=D 0ave you decided +hat to do about that Aob that +as advertised2 EO5D Ees9 --- for it1 !"6not6apply% )1 Eou and a friend co#e ho#e very late1 Other people in the house are asleep1 Eour friend is noisy1 EouD ShhhL =on7t #ake so #uch noise1 --- everybody up1 !you6+ake% *1 Hohn has to $o to the airport to catch a plane to#orro+ #ornin$1 HO0ND Ann9 " need so#ebody to take #e to the airport to#orro+ #ornin$1 ANND That7s no proble#1 --- you1 !"6take% 3hat ti#e is your fli$ht2 HO0ND /1)/1

ANND OG1 --- at about . o7clock then1 !+e6leave% Fater that day9 Hoe offers to take Hohn to the airport1 HOED Hohn9 do you +ant #e to take you to the airport2 HO0ND No thanks9 Hoe1 --- #e1 !Ann6take% @p(5N"T &(1 3ill be doin$ and +ill have done A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Gevin loves football and this evenin$ there is a bi$ football #atch on television1 The #atch be$ins at ,1'/ and ends at .1 )1 Paul +ants to see Gevin the sa#e evenin$ and +ants to kno+ +hat ti#e to co#e to his house1 PA5FD "s it all ri$ht if " co#e at about -1'/2 GE?"ND No9 "7ll be +atchin$ the football then1 PA5FD 3ell9 +hat about .1'/2 GE?"ND 4ine1 The #atch +ill have finished by then1 B1 7" +ill be doin$ so#ethin$7 !future continuous% J " +ill be in the #iddle of doin$ so#ethin$1 The football #atch be$ins at ,1'/ and ends at .1 )1 So durin$ this ti#e9 for exa#ple at -1'/9 Gevin +ill be +atchin$ the #atch1 Another exa#pleD K "7# $oin$ on holiday on Saturday1 This ti#e next +eek "7ll be lyin$ on a beach or s+i##in$ in the sea1 Co#pare +ill be !do%in$ and +ill !do%D K =on7t phone #e bet+een , and -1 3e7ll be havin$ dinner then1 K Fet7s +ait for 8ary to arrive and then +e7ll have dinner1 Co#pare +ill be >in$ +ith other continuous for#sD K At / o7clock yesterday9 Sally +as in her office1 She +as +orkin$1 !past% "t7s / o7clock no+1 She is in her office1 She is +orkin$1 !present% At / o7clock to#orro+9 she +ill be in her office1 She +ill be +orkin$1 C1 3e also use +ill be doin$ in a different +ayD to talk about co#plete actions in the futureD K AD "f you see Sally9 can you ask her to phone #e2 BD Sure1 "7ll be seein$ her this evenin$9 so "7ll tell her then1

K 3hat ti#e +ill your friends be arrivin$ to#orro+2 "n these exa#ples +ill be >in$ is si#ilar to the present continuous for the future1 !See 5nit .A1% Eou can use 3ill you be >in$ 1112 to ask about so#ebody7s plans9 especially if you +ant so#ethin$ or +ant the# to do so#ethin$1 4or exa#pleD K AD 3ill you be passin$ the post office +hen you7re out2 BD Probably1 3hy2 AD " need so#e sta#ps1 Could you $et #e so#e2 K AD 3ill you be usin$ your bicycle this evenin$2 BD No1 =o you +ant to borro+ it2 =1 3e use +ill have !done% !future perfect% to say that so#ethin$ +ill already be co#plete1 Gevin7s football #atch ends at .1 )1 So after this ti#e9 for exa#ple at .1'/9 the #atch +ill have finished1 So#e #ore exa#plesD K Sally al+ays leaves for +ork at -1'/ in the #ornin$9 so she +on7t be at ho#e at . o7clock1 She7ll have $one to +ork1 K 3e7re late1 The fil# +ill already have started by the ti#e +e $et to the cine#a1 Co#pare +ill have !done% +ith other perfect for#sD K Ted and A#y have been #arried for &( years1 !present perfect% Next year they +ill have been #arried for &) years1 3hen their first child +as born9 they had been #arried for three years1 !past perfect% @p(. EME:C"SES &(1 :ead about Colin1 Then you have to tick !?% the sentences +hich are true1 "n each $roup of sentences at least one is true1 Colin $oes to +ork every day1 0e leaves ho#e at - o7clock and arrives at +ork at about -1()1 0e starts +ork i##ediately and continues until &1'/ +hen he has lunch !+hich takes about half an hour%1 0e starts +ork a$ain at 1 ) and $oes ho#e at exactly (1'/1 Every day he follo+s the sa#e routine and to#orro+ +ill be no exception1 1 At ,1()

a1 he7ll be leavin$ the house b1 he7ll have left the house c1 he7ll be at ho#e !?% d1 he7ll be havin$ breakfast !?% &1 At -1 ) a1 he7ll be leavin$ the house b1 he7ll have left the house c1 he7ll have arrived at +ork d1 he7ll be arrivin$ at +ork '1 At .1 ) a1 he7ll be +orkin$ b1 he7ll start +ork c1 he7ll have started +ork d1 he7ll be arrivin$ at +ork (1 At &1() a1 he7ll have lunch b1 he7ll behavin$ lunch c1 he7ll have finished his lunch d1 he7ll have started his lunch )1 At ( o7clock a1 he7ll have finished +ork b1 he7ll finish +ork c1 he7ll be +orkin$ d1 he +on7t have finished +ork *1 At (1() a1 he7ll leave +ork b1 he7ll be leavin$ +ork c1 he7ll have left +ork d1 he7ll have arrived ho#e &(1& Put the verb into the correct for#9 +ill be !do%in$ or +ill have !done%1 1 =on7t phone #e bet+een , and -1 3e7ll be havin$ !+e6have% dinner then1 &1 Phone #e after - o7clock1 --- !+e6finish% dinner by then1 '1 To#orro+ afternoon +e7re $oin$ to play tennis fro# ' o7clock until (1'/1 So at ( o7clock9 --- !+e6play% tennis1

(1 AD Can +e #eet to#orro+ afternoon2 BD Not in the afternoon1 --- !"6+ork%1 )1 B has to $o to a #eetin$ +hich be$ins at / o7clock1 "t +ill last about an hour1 AD 3ill you be free at 1'/2 BD Ees9 --- !the #eetin$6finish% by that ti#e1 *1 To# is on holiday and he is spendin$ his #oney very ;uickly1 "f he continues like this9 --- !he6spend% all his #oney before the end of his holiday1 ,1 Chuck ca#e to Britain fro# the 5SA nearly three years a$o1 Next 8onday it +ill be exactly three years1 So on 8onday9 --!he6be% in Britain for exactly three years1 -1 =o you think --- !you6still6do% the sa#e Aob in ten years7 ti#e2 .1 Hane is fro# Ne+ Qealand1 She is travellin$ around Europe at the #o#ent1 So far she has travelled about 9/// #iles1 By the end of the trip9 --- !she6travel% #ore than '9/// #iles1 /1 "f you need to contact #e9 --- !"6stay% at the Fion 0otel until 4riday1 1 AD --- !you6see% Faura to#orro+2 BD Ees9 probably1 3hy2 AD " borro+ed this book fro# her1 Can you $ive it back to her2 @p)/ 5nit &)1 3hen " do63hen "7ve done 3hen and if A1 Study these exa#plesD AD 3hat ti#e +ill you phone #e to#orro+2 BD "7ll phone you +hen " $et ho#e fro# +ork1 7"7ll phone you +hen " $et ho#e fro# +ork7 is a sentence +ith t+o partsD the #ain partD 7"7ll phone you7 and the +hen-partD 7+hen " $et ho#e fro# +ork !to#orro+%7 The ti#e in the sentence is future !7to#orro+7% but +e use a present tense !$et% in the +hen part of the sentence1 3e do not use +ill in the +hen-part of the sentenceD K 3e7ll $o out +hen it stops rainin$1 !not 7+hen it +ill stop7% K 3hen you are in Fondon a$ain9 you #ust co#e and see us1 !not

7+hen you +ill be7% K !said to a child% 3hat do you +ant to be +hen you $ro+ up2 !not 7+ill $ro+7% The sa#e thin$ happens afterD +hile before after as soon as until or till K "7# $oin$ to read a lot of books +hile "7# on holiday1 !not 7+hile " +ill be7% K "7# $oin$ back ho#e on Sunday1 Before " $o9 "7d like to visit the #useu#1 K 3ait here until !or till% " co#e back1 B1 Eou can also use the present perfect !have done% after +hen6after6until6as soon asD K Can " borro+ that book +hen you7ve finished it2 K =on7t say anythin$ +hile "an is here1 3ait until he has $one1 "t is often possible to use the present si#ple or the present perfectD K "7ll co#e as soon as " finish1 or "7ll co#e as soon as "7ve finished1 K Eou7ll feel better after you have so#ethin$ to eat1 or Eou7ll feel better after you7ve had so#ethin$ to eat1 But do not use the present perfect if t+o thin$s happen to$ether1 The present perfect sho+s that one thin$ +ill be co#plete before the other !so the t+o thin$s do not happen to$ether%1 Co#pareD K 3hen "7ve phoned Gate9 +e can have dinner1 !J 4irst "7ll phone Gate and after that +e can have dinner1% but K 3hen " phone Gate this evenin$9 "7ll invite her to the party1 !not 7+hen "7ve phoned7% !"n this exa#ple9 the t+o thin$s happen to$ether1% C1 After if9 +e nor#ally use the present si#ple !if " do6if " see etc1% for the futureD K "t7s rainin$ hard1 3e7ll $et +et if +e $o out1 !not 7if +e +ill $o7% K 0urry upL "f +e don7t hurry9 +e7ll be late1 Co#pare +hen and ifD 3e use +hen for thin$s +hich are sure to happenD K "7# $oin$ shoppin$ this afternoon1 !for sure% 3hen " $o shoppin$9 "7ll buy so#e food1

3e use if !not 7+hen7% for thin$s that +ill possibly happenD K " #i$ht $o shoppin$ this afternoon1 !it7s possible% "f " $o shoppin$9 "7ll buy so#e food1 K "f it is rainin$ this evenin$9 " +on7t $o out1 !not 7+hen it is rainin$7% K =on7t +orry if "7# late toni$ht1 !not 7+hen "7# late7% K "f they don7t co#e soon9 "7# not $oin$ to +ait1 !not 7+hen they don7t co#e7% @p) EME:C"SES &)1 Co#plete these sentences usin$ the verbs in brackets1 All the sentences are about the future1 5se +ill6+on7t or the present si#ple !" see6he plays6it is etc1%1 1 "7ll phone !phone% you +hen " $et !$et% ho#e fro# +ork1 &1 " +ant to see 8ar$aret before she --- !$o% out1 '1 3e7re $oin$ on holiday to#orro+1 " --- !tell% you all about it +hen +e --- !co#e% back1 (1 Brian looks very different no+1 3hen you --- !see% hi# a$ain9 you --- !not6reco$nise% hi#1 )1 3e #ust do so#ethin$ soon before it --- !be% too late1 *1 " don7t +ant to $o +ithout you1 " --- !+ait% until you --- !be% ready1 ,1 Sue has applied for the Aob but she isn7t very +ell ;ualified for it1 " --- !be% surprised if she --- !$et% it1 -1 "7d like to play tennis to#orro+ if the +eather --- !be% nice1 .1 "7# $oin$ out no+1 "f anybody --- !phone% +hile " --- !be% out9 can you take a #essa$e2 &)1& 8ake one sentence fro# t+o1 1 Eou +ill be in Fondon a$ain1 Eou #ust co#e and see us then1 Eou #ust co#e and see us1 +hen you are in Fondon a$ain1 &1 "7ll find so#e+here to live1 Then "7ll $ive you #y address1 " --- +hen --'1 "7ll do the shoppin$1 Then "7ll co#e strai$ht back ho#e1 --- after --(1 "t7s $oin$ to start rainin$1 Fet7s $o ho#e before that1 --- before ---

)1 She #ust apolo$ise to #e first1 " +on7t speak to her until then1 --- until --&)1' :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences1 1 A friend of yours is $oin$ to visit Fondon1 Eou +ant to kno+ +here she is $oin$ to stay1 Eou askD 3here are you $oin$ to stay +hen Pyou are in Fondon2P &1 A friend of yours is visitin$ you1 She has to $o soon but #aybe there7s ti#e for a cup of tea1 Eou askD 3ould you like a cup of tea before ---2 '1 Eour friend is readin$ the ne+spaper1 Eou7d like it after her1 Eou askD Can " have the ne+spaper +hen ---2 (1 Eou +ant to sell your car1 Hi# is interested in buyin$ it but he hasn7t decided yet1 Eou askD Can you let #e kno+ as soon as ---2 )1 There are serious traffic proble#s in your to+n but they are buildin$ a ne+ road1 Eou sayD " think it +ill be better +hen ---1 &)1( Put in +hen or if1 1 =on7t +orry PifP "7# late toni$ht1 &1 To# #i$ht phone +hile "7# out this evenin$1 --- he does9 can you take a #essa$e2 '1 "7# $oin$ to :o#e next +eek1 --- "7# there9 " hope to visit a friend of #ine1 (1 " think Hill +ill $et the Aob1 "7ll be very surprised --- she doesn7t $et it1 )1 "7# $oin$ shoppin$1 --- you +ant anythin$9 " can $et it for you1 *1 "7# $oin$ a+ay for a fe+ days1 "7ll phone you --- " $et back1 ,1 " +ant you to co#e to the party but --- you don7t +ant to co#e9 that7s all ri$ht1 -1 3e can cat at ho#e or9 --- you prefer9 +e can $o to a restaurant1 @p)& 5nit &*1 Can9 could and !be% able to A1 3e use can to say that so#ethin$ is possible or that so#ebody has the ability to do so#ethin$1

K 3e use can @ infinitive !can do6can see etc1%D K 3e can see the lake fro# our bedroo# +indo+1 K Can you speak any forei$n lan$ua$es2 K " can co#e and see you to#orro+ if you like1 The ne$ative is can7t !J cannot%D K "7# afraid " can7t co#e to the party on 4riday1 B1 !Be% able to 111 is possible instead of can9 but can is #ore usualD K Are you able to speak any forei$n lan$ua$es2 But can has only t+o for#s9 can !present% and could !past%1 So so#eti#es it is necessary to use !be% able to111 Co#pareD K " can7t sleep1 but " haven7t been able to sleep recently1 !can has no present perfect% K To# can co#e to#orro+1 but To# #i$ht be able to co#e to#orro+1 !can has no infinitive% C1 Could and +as able to111 So#eti#es could is the past of can1 3e use could especially +ithD see hear s#ell taste feel re#e#ber understand K 3hen +e +ent into the house9 +e could s#ell burnin$1 K She spoke in a very lo+ voice9 but " could understand +hat she said1 3e also use could to say that so#ebody had the $eneral ability or per#ission to do so#ethin$D K 8y $randfather could speak five lan$ua$es1 K 3e +ere co#pletely free1 3e could do +hat +e +anted1 !J +e +ere allo+ed to do 111% 3e use could for $eneral ability1 But if +e are talkin$ about +hat happened in a particular situation9 +e use +as6+ere able to111 or #ana$ed to111 !not could%D K The fire spread throu$h the buildin$ ;uickly but everybody +as able to escape1 or 111 everybody #ana$ed to escape1 !but not 7could escape7% K They didn7t +ant to co#e +ith us at first but +e #ana$ed to persuade the#1 or 111 +e +ere able to persuade the#1 !but not 7could persuade7%

Co#pareD K Hack +as an excellent tennis player1 0e could beat anybody1 he had the $eneral ability to beat anybody% but K Hack and Alf had a $a#e of tennis yesterday1 Alf played very +ell but in the end Hack #ana$ed to beat hi#1 or 111 +as able to beat hi#1 !J he #ana$ed to beat hi# in this particular $a#e% The ne$ative couldn7t !could not% is possible in all situationsD K 8y $randfather couldn7t !could not% is possible in all situations K 3e tried hard but +e couldn7t persuade the# to co#e +ith us1 K Alf played +ell but he couldn7t beat Hack1 @p)' EME:C"SES &*1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ can or !be% able to1 5se can if possibleC other+ise use !be% able to1 1 Ieor$e has travelled a lot1 0e PcanP speak four lan$ua$es1 &1 " haven7t Pbeen able toP sleep very +ell recently1 '1 Sandra --- drive but she hasn7t $ot a car1 (1 " can7t understand 8artin1 "7ve never --- understand hi#1 )1 " used to --- stand on #y head but " can7t do it no+1 *1 " can7t see you on 4riday but " --- #eet you on Saturday #ornin$1 ,1 Ask Catherine about your proble#1 She #i$ht --- help you1 &*1& 3rite sentences about yourself usin$ the ideas in brackets1 1 !so#ethin$ you used to be able to do% " used to be able to sin$ +ell1 &1 !so#ethin$ you used to be able to do% " used --'1 !so#ethin$ you +ould like to be able to do% "7d --(1 !so#ethin$ you have never been able to do% "7ve --&*1' Co#plete the sentences +ith can6can7t6could6couldn7t @ one of these verbsD co#e cat hear run sleep +ait 1 "7# afraid " Pcan7t co#eP to your party next +eek1 &1 3hen Ti# +as *9 he +as a fast runner1 0e --- // #eters in seconds1 '1 Are you in a hurry27 7No9 "7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 " ---17

(1 " +as feelin$ sick yesterday1 " --- anythin$1 )1 Can you speak up a bit2 " --- you very +ell1 *1 7Eou look tired17 7Ees9 " --- last ni$ht97 &*1( Co#plete the ans+ers to the ;uestions +ith +as6+ere able to1 AD =id everybody escape fro# the fire2 BD Ees1 Althou$h the fire spread ;uickly9 everybody P+as able to escape1P & AD =id you have difficulty findin$ Ann7s house2 BD Not really1 Ann had $iven us $ood directions and +e --'1 AD =id you finish your +ork this afternoon2 BD Ees1 There +as nobody to disturb #e9 so --(1 AD =id the thief $et a+ay2 BD Ees1 No one realised +hat +as happenin$ and the thief --&*1) Co#plete the sentences usin$ could9 couldn7t or +as6+ere able to1 1 8y $randfather +as a very clever #an1 0e PcouldP speak five lan$ua$es1 &1 " looked every+here for the book but " Pcouldn7tP find it1 '1 They didn7t +ant to co#e +ith us at first but +e P+ere able toP persuade the#1 (1 Faura had hurt her le$ and --- +alk very +ell1 )1 Sue +asn7t at ho#e +hen " phoned but " --- contact her at her office1 *1 " looked very carefully and " --- see a fi$ure in the distance1 ,1 " +anted to buy so#e to#atoes1 The first shop " +ent to didn7t have any but " --- $et so#e in the next shop1 -1 8y $rand#other loved #usic1 She --- play the piano very +ell1 .1 A $irl fell into the river but fortunately +e --- rescue her1 /1 " had for$otten to brin$ #y ca#era so " --- take any photo$raphs1 @p)( 5N"T &, Could !do% and could have !done% A1 3e use could in a nu#ber of +ays1 So#eti#es could is the past of can !see 5nit &*C%D

K Fisten1 " can hear so#ethin$1 !no+% K " listened1 " could hear so#ethin$1 !past% But could is not only used in this +ay1 3e also in the future !especially to #ake a su$$estion%1 4or exa#pleD K AD 3hat shall +e do this evenin$2 BD 3e could $o to the cine#a1 K "t7s a nice day1 3e could $o for a +alk1 K 3hen you $o to Ne+ Eork next #onth9 you could stay +ith Barbara1 K AD "f you need #oney9 +hy don7t you ask Garen2 BD Ees9 " suppose " could1 Can is also possible in these sentences !73e can $o for a +alk97 etc1%1 Could is less sure than can1 Eou #ust use could !not 7can7% +hen you don7t really #ean +hat you say1 4or exa#pleD K "7# so an$ry +ith hi#1 " could kill hi#L !not 7" can kill hi#7% B1 3e also use could to say that so#ethin$ is possible no+ or in the futureD K The phone is rin$in$1 "t could be Ti#1 K " don7t kno+ +hen they7ll be here1 They could arrive at any ti#e1 Can is not possible in these exa#ples !not 7"t can be Ti#7% "n these sentences could is si#ilar to #i$ht !see 5nit &.-'/%D K The phone is rin$in$1 "t #i$ht be Ti#1 C1 Co#pare could !do% and could have !done%D K "7# so tired1 " could sleep for a +eek1 !no+% K " +as so tired1 " could have slept for a +eek1 !past% 8ost often9 +e use could have !done% for thin$s +hich +ere possible but did not happenD K 3hy did you stay at a hotel +hen to Ne+ Eork2 Eou could have stayed +ith Barbara1 !J you had opportunity to stay +ith her but you didn7t% K Hack fell off a ladder yesterday but he7s all ri$ht1 0e7s lucky - he could have hurt hi#self badly1 !but ha didn7t hurt hi#self% K The situation +as bad but it could have been +orse1 =1 So#eti#es could #eans 7+ould be able to1117D K 3e could $o a+ay if +e had enou$h #oney1!J +e +ould be able to $o a+ay%

K " don7t kno+ ho+ you +ork so hard1 " couldn7t do it1 Could have !done% J +ould have been able to !do%D K 3hy didn7t FiN apply for the Aob2 She could have $ot it1 K 3e could have $one a+ay if +e7d had enou$h #oney1 K The trip +as cancelled last +eek1 Paul couldn7t have $one any+ay because he +as ill1 !J he +ouldn7t have been able to $o% K Eou did very +ell to pass the exa#1 "7# sure " couldn7t have passed it1 !J " +ouldn7t have been able to pass it if " had taken it% @p)) EME:C"SES &,1 Ans+er the ;uestions +ith a su$$estion1 5se could1 1 3here shall +e $o for our holidays2 !to Scotland% 3e could $o to Scotland1 &1 3hat shall +e have for dinner toni$ht2 !fish% 3e --'1 3hat shall " $ive Ann for her birthday2 !a book% Eou --(1 3hen shall " phone An$ela2 !no+% --)1 3hen shall +e $o and see To#2 !on 4riday% --*1 3here shall +e han$ this picture2 !in the kitchen% --&,1& Put in can or could1 So#eti#es either +ord is possible1 1 7The phone is rin$in$1 3ho do you think it is27 7"t PcouldP be Ti#17 &1 "7# really hun$ry1 " --- eat a horseL '1 "f you7re very hun$ry9 +e --- have dinner no+1 (1 "t7s so nice here1 " --- stay here all day but unfortunately " have to $o1 )1 7" can7t find #y ba$1 0ave you seen it27 7No9 but it --- be in the car17 *1 Peter is a keen #usician1 0e plays the flute and he --- also play the piano1 ,1 73hat shall +e do27 7There7s a fil# on television1 3e --- +atch that17 -1 The +eather is nice no+ but it --- chan$e later1 &,1' Co#plete the sentences1 5se could or could have @ a suitable verb1 1 AD 3hat shall +e do this evenin$2 BD " don7t #ind1 3e Pcould $oP to the cine#a1

&1 AD " had a very borin$ evenin$ at ho#e yesterday1 BD 3hy did you stay at ho#e2 Eou --- to the cine#a1 '1 AD There7s an interestin$ Aob advertised in the paper1 Eou --- for it1 BD 3hat sort of Hob is it2 Sho+ #e the advertise#ent1 (1 AD =id you $o to the concert last ni$ht2 BD No1 3e --- but +e decided not to1 )1 AD 3here shall +e #eet to#orro+2 BD 3ell9 " --- to your house if you like1 &,1( :ead this infor#ation about GenD Gen didn7t do anythin$ on Saturday evenin$1 Gen +as short of #oney last +eek1 Gen doesn7t kno+ anythin$ about #achines1 Gen7s car +as stolen on 8onday1 Gen +as free on 8onday afternoon1 Gen had to +ork on 4riday evenin$1 So#e people +anted Gen to do different thin$s last +eek but they couldn7t contact hi#1 So be didn7t do any of these thin$s1 Eou have to say +hether be could have done or couldn7t have done the#1 1 Gen7s aunt +anted hi# to drive her to the airport on Tuesday1 0e couldn7t have driven her to the airport !because his car had been stolen%1 &1 A friend of his +anted hi# to $o out for a #eal on 4riday evenin$1 Gen --'1 Another friend +anted hi# to play tennis on 8onday afternoon1 Gen --(1 Hack +anted Gen to lend hi# l)/ last +eek1 --)1 Hane +anted Gen to co#e to her party on Saturday1 evenin$1 0e --*1 Gen7s #other +anted hi# to repair her +ashin$ #achine1 --@p)* 5N"T &-1 8ust and can7t A1 Study this exa#pleD 3e use #ust to say that +e feel sure so#ethin$ is trueD

K Eou7ve been travellin$ all day1 Eou #ust be tired1 !Travellin$ is tirin$ and you7ve been travellin$ all day9 so you #ust be tired1% K 7Hi# is a hard +orker17 7Hi#2 A hard +orker2 Eou #ust be Aokin$1 0e7s very laNy17 K Carol #ust $et very bored in her Aob1 She does the sa#e thin$ every day1 3e use can7t to say that +e feel sure so#ethin$ is not possibleD K Eou7ve Aust had lunch1 Eou can7t be hun$ry already1 !People are not nor#ally hun$ry Aust after eatin$ a #eal1 Eou7ve Aust eaten9 so you can7t be hun$ry1% K Brian said he +ould definitely be here before .1'/1 "t7s / o7clock no+ and he7s never late1 0e can7t be co#in$1 K They haven7t lived here for very lon$1 They can7t kno+ #any people1 Study the structureD "6you6he !etc1% #ust6can7t be !tired6hun$ry6at +ork etc1% "6you6he !etc1% #ust6can7t be !doin$6co#in$6Aokin$ etc1% do6$o6kno+6have etc1 "6you6he !etc1% #ust6can7t do6$o6kno+6have etc1 B1 4or the past +e use #ust have !done% and can7t have !done%1 Study this exa#pleD Ieor$e is outside his friends7 house1 0e has run$ the doorbell three ti#es but nobody has ans+ered1 They #ust have $one out1 !other+ise they +ould have ans+ered% K The phone ran$ but " didn7t hear it1 " #ust have been asleep1 K "7ve lost one of #y $loves1 " #ust have dropped it so#e+here1 K Hane +alked past #e +ithout speakin$1 She can7t have seen #e1 K To# +alked strai$ht into a +all1 0e can7t have been lookin$ +here he +as $oin$1 Study the structureD "6you6he !etc1% #ust6can7t have been !asleep6at +ork etc1% "6you6he !etc1% #ust6can7t have been !doin$6+orkin$ etc1% "6you6he !etc1% #ust6can7t have done 6$one6kno+n6had etc1 Couldn7t have 111 is possible instead of can7t have111D K She couldn7t have seen #e1 K To# couldn7t have been lookin$ +here he +as $oin$1

@p), EME:C"SES &-1 Put in #ust or can7t1 1 Eou7ve been travellin$ all day1 Eou #ust be very tired1 &1 That restaurant --- be very $ood1 "t7s al+ays full of people1 '1 That restaurant --- be very $ood1 "t7s al+ays e#pty1 (1 Eou7re $oin$ on holiday next +eek1 Eou --- be lookin$ for+ard to it1 )1 "t rained every day durin$ their holiday9 so they --- have had a very nice ti#e1 *1 Con$ratulations on passin$ your exa#1 Eou --- be very pleased1 ,1 Eou $ot here very ;uickly1 Eou --- have +alked very fast1 -1 Bill and Sue $o a+ay on holiday very often9 so they --- be short of #oney1 &-1& Co#plete the sentences +ith a verb in the correct for#1 1 "7ve lost one of #y $loves1 " #ust have dropped it so#e+here1 &1 They haven7t lived here for lon$1 They can7t kno+ #any people1 '1 Ted isn7t at +ork today1 0e #ust --- ill1 (1 Ted +asn7t at +ork last +eek1 0e #ust --- ill1 )1 !The doorbell rin$s% " +onder +ho that is1 "t can7t --- 8ary1 She7s still at +ork at this ti#e1 *1 Carol kno+s a lot about fil#s1 She #ust --- to the cine#a a lot1 ,1 Fook1 Hack is puttin$ on his hat and coat1 0e #ust --- out1 -1 " left #y bike outside the house last ni$ht and this #ornin$ it isn7t there any #ore1 So#ebody #ust --- it1 .1 Ann +as in a very difficult situation1 "t can7t --- easy for her1 /1 There is a #an +alkin$ behind us1 0e has been +alkin$ behind us for the last &/ #inutes1 0e #ust --- us1 &-1' :ead the situations and use the +ords in brackets to +rite sentences +ith #ust have and can7t have1 1 The phone ran$ but " didn7t hear it1 !"6asleep% P" #ust have been asleep1P &1 Hane +alked past #e +ithout speakin$1 !she6see6#e% PShe can7t have seen #e1P '1 The Aacket you bou$ht is very $ood ;uality1 !it6very expensive% (1 " haven7t seen the people next door for a$es1 !they6$o a+ay%

)1 " can7t find #y u#brella1 !"6leave6it in the restaurant last ni$ht% *1 =on passed the exa# +ithout studyin$ for it1 !the exa#6very difficult% ,1 She kne+ everythin$ about our plans1 !she6listen6to our conversation% -1 4iona did the opposite of +hat " asked her to do1 !she6understand6+hat " said% .1 3hen " +oke up this #ornin$9 the li$ht +as on1 !"6for$et6to turn it off% /1 The li$hts +ere red but the car didn7t stop1 !the driver " see6the red li$ht% 1 " +as +oken up in the #iddle of the ni$ht by the noise next door1 !the nei$hbours6have6a party% @p)5N"T &.1 8ay and #i$ht ! % A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Eou are lookin$ for Bob1 Nobody is sure +here he is but you $et so#e su$$estions1 EouD 3here7s Bob2 0e #ay be in his office1 !J perhaps he is in his office% 0e #i$ht be havin$ lunch1 !J perhaps he is havin$ lunch% Ask Ann1 She #i$ht kno+1 !J perhaps she kno+s% 3e use #ay or #i$ht to say that so#ethin$ is a possibility1 5sually you can use #ay or #i$ht you can sayD K "t #ay be true1 or "t #i$ht be true1 !J perhaps it is true% K She #i$ht kno+1 or She #ay kno+1 The ne$ative for#s are #ay not and #i$ht not !or #i$htn7t%D K "t #i$ht not be true1 !J perhaps it isn7t true% K "7# not sure +hether " can lend you any #oney1 " #ay not have enou$h1 !J perhaps " don7t have enou$h% Study the structureD "6you6he !etc1% #ay6#i$ht !not% be !true6in his office etc1% "6you6he !etc1% #ay6#i$ht !not% be !doin$6+orkin$6havin$ etc1% "6you6he !etc1% #ay6#i$ht !not% do6kno+6have6+ant etc1 B1 4or the past +e use #ay have !done% or #i$ht have !done%D

K AD " +onder +hy Gay didn7t ans+er the phone1 BD She #ay have been asleep1 !J perhaps she +as asleep% K AD " can7t find #y ba$ any+here1 BD Eou #i$ht have left it in the shop1 !J perhaps you left it in the shop% K AD " +as surprised that Sarah +asn7t at the #eetin$1 BD She #i$ht not have kno+n about it1 !J perhaps she didn7t kno+% K AD " +onder +hy Colin +as in such a bad #ood yesterday1 BD 0e #ay not have been feelin$ +ell1 !J perhaps he +asn7t feelin$ +ell% Study the structureD "6you6he !etc1% #ay6#i$ht !not% have been !asleep6at ho#e etc1% "6you6he !etc1% #ay6#i$ht !not% have been !doin$6+aitin$ etc1% "6you6he !etc1% #ay6#i$ht !not% have done6kno+n6had6seen etc1 C1 So#eti#es could has a si#ilar #eanin$ to #ay and #i$htD K The phone7s rin$in$1 "t could be Ti#1 !J it #ay6#i$ht be Ti#% K Eou could have left your ba$ in the shop1 !J you #ay6#i$ht have left it111% But couldn7t !ne$ative% is different fro# #ay not and #i$ht not1 Co#pareD K She +as too far a+ay9 so she couldn7t have seen you1 !J it is not possible that she sa+ you% K AD " +onder +hy she didn7t say hello1 BD She #i$ht not have seen you1 !J perhaps she didn7t see youC perhaps she did% @p). EME:C"SES &.1 3rite these sentences in a different +ay usin$ #ay or #i$ht1 1 Perhaps 8ar$aret is in her office1 PShe #i$ht be in her office1P &1 Perhaps 8ar$aret is busy1 '1 Perhaps she is +orkin$1 (1 Perhaps she +ants to be alone1 )1 Perhaps she +as ill yesterday1 *1 Perhaps she +ent ho#e early1 ,1 Perhaps she had to $o ho#e early1

-1 Perhaps she +as +orkin$ yesterday1 "n sentences .use #ay not or #i$ht not1 .1 Perhaps she doesn7t +ant to see #e1 /1 Perhaps she isn7t +orkin$ today1 1 Perhaps she +asn7t feelin$ +ell yesterday1 &.1& Co#plete the sentences +ith a verb in the correct for#1 1 73here7s Bob27 7"7# not sure1 0e #i$ht Pbe havin$P lunch17 &1 73ho is that #an +ith Ann27 7"7# not sure1 "t #i$ht --- her brother17 '1 73ho +as the #an +e sa+ +ith Ann yesterday27 7"7# not sure1 "t #i$ht --- her brother17 (1 73hy are those people +aitin$ in the street27 7" don7t kno+1 They #i$ht --- for a bus17 )1 7Shall " buy this book for Ti#27 7Eou7d better not1 0e #i$ht already --- it17 &.1' :ead the situations and #ake sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 5se #ay or #i$ht1 1 " can7t find Ieor$e any+here1 " +onder +here he is1 a !he6$o6shoppin$% 0e #ay have $one shoppin$1 b !he6play6tennis% 0e #i$ht be playin$ tennis1 &1 "7# lookin$ for 0elen1 =o you kno+ +here she is2 a !she6+atch6T?6in her roo#% b !she6$o6out% '1 " can7t find #y u#brella1 0ave you seen it2 a !it6be6in the car% b !you6leave6in the restaurant last ni$ht% (1 3hy didn7t To# ans+er the doorbell2 "7# sure he +as in the house at the ti#e1 a !he6be6in the bath% b !he6not6hear6the bell% &.1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ #i$ht not or couldn7t1 1 AD =o you think she sa+ you2 BD No9 she +as too far a+ay1 PShe couldn7t have seen #e1P &1 AD " +onder +hy she didn7t say hello1 Perhaps she didn7t see #e1 BD That7s possible1 PShe #i$ht not have seen you1P

'1 AD " +onder +hy Ann didn7t co#e to the party1 Perhaps she +asn7t invited1 BD Ees9 it7s possible1 She --(1 AD To# loves parties1 "7# sure he +ould have co#e to the party if he7d been invited1 BD " a$ree1 0e --)1 AD " +onder ho+ the fire started1 =o you think it +as an accident2 BD No9 the police say it --*1 AD 0o+ did the fire start2 " suppose it +as an accident1 BD 3ell9 the police aren7t sure1 They say it --@p*/ 5N"T '/1 8ay and #i$ht !&% A1 3e use #ay and #i$ht to talk about possible actions or happenin$s in the futureD K " haven7t decided yet +here to spend #y holidays1 " #ay $o to "reland1 !J perhaps " +ill $o to "reland% K Take an u#brella +ith you +hen you $o out1 "t #i$ht rain later1 !J perhaps it +ill rain% K The bus doesn7t al+ays co#e on ti#e1 3e #i$ht have to +ait a fe+ #inutes1 !J perhaps +e +ill have to +ait% The ne$ative for#s are #ay not and #i$ht not !#i$htn7t%D K Ann #ay not co#e to the party toni$ht1 She isn7t +ell1 !J perhaps she +ill not co#e% K There #i$ht not be a #eetin$ on 4riday because the director is ill1 !J perhaps there +ill not be a #eetin$% B1 5sually it doesn7t #atter +hether you use #ay or #i$ht1 So you can sayD K " #ay $o to "reland1 or " #i$ht $o to "reland1 K Hane #i$ht be able to help you1 or Hane #ay be able to help you1 But +e use only #i$ht !not #ay% +hen the situation is not realD K "f " kne+ the# better9 " #i$ht invite the# to dinner1 !The situation here is not real because " don7t kno+ the# very +ell9 so "7# not $oin$ to invite the#1 78ay7 is not possible in this exa#ple1% C1 There is also a continuous for#D #ay6#i$ht be >in$1 Co#pare

this +ith +ill be >in$D K =on7t phone at -1'/1 "7ll be +atchin$ the football on television1 K =on7t phone at -1'/1 " #i$ht be +atchin$ !or " #ay be +atchin$% the football on television1 !J perhaps "7ll be +atchin$ it% 4or +ill be >in$ see 5nit &(1 3e also use #ay6#i$ht be >in$ for possible plans1 Co#pareD K "7# $oin$ to "reland in Huly1 !for sure% K " #ay be $oin$ !or " #i$ht be $oin$% to "reland in Huly1 !possible% But you can also say 7" #ay $o !or " #i$ht $o% to "reland1117 +ith little difference of #eanin$1 =1 8i$ht as +ell6#ay as +ell Study this exa#pleD 0elen and Clare have Aust #issed the bus1 The buses run every hour1 0elenD 3hat shall +e do2 Shall +e +alk2 ClareD 3e #i$ht as +ell1 "t7s a nice day and " don7t +ant to +ait here for an hour1 7!3e% #i$ht as +ell do so#ethin$7J !3e% should do so#ethin$ because there is nothin$ better to do and there is no reason not to do it1 Eou can also say 7#ay as +ell71 K AD 3hat ti#e are you $oin$2 BD 3ell9 "7# ready9 so " #i$ht as +ell $o no+1 !or 111 " #ay as +ell $o no+% K The buses are so expensive these days9 you #i$ht as +ell $et a taxi1 !J taxis are Aust as $ood9 no #ore expensive% @p* EME:C"SES '/1 3rite sentences +ith #ay or #i$ht1 1 3here are you $oin$ for your holidays2 !to "reland222% " haven7t decided yet1 P" #ay $o to "reland1P &1 3hat sort of car are you $oin$ to buy2 !a 8ercedes222% "7# not sure yet1 " --'1 3hat are you doin$ this +eekend2 !$o to Fondon222%

" haven7t decided yet1 --(1 3here are you $oin$ to han$ that picture2 !in the dinin$ roo#222% " haven7t #ade up #y #ind yet1 --)1 3hen is To# co#in$ to see us2 !on Saturday222% " don7t kno+ yet1 --*1 3hat is Hulia $oin$ to do +hen she leaves school2 !$o to university222% She hasn7t decided yet1 --'/1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ #i$ht @ one of these verbsD bite break need rain slip +ake 1 Take an u#brella +ith you +hen you $o out1 "t P#i$ht rainP later1 &1 =on7t #ake too #uch noise1 Eou --- the baby1 '1 Be careful of that do$1 "t --- you1 (1 " don7t think +e should thro+ that letter a+ay1 3e --- it later1 )1 Be careful1 The footpath is very icy1 Eou --*1 " don7t +ant the children to play in this roo#1 They --so#ethin$1 '/1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ #i$ht be able to or #i$ht have to @ a suitable verb1 1 " can7t help you but +hy don7t you ask Hill2 She P#i$ht be able to helpP you1 &1 " can7t #eet you this evenin$ but " --- you to#orro+ evenin$1 ' "7# not +orkin$ on Saturday but " --- on Sunday1 (1 Ieor$e isn7t +ell1 0e --- to hospital for an operation1 '/1( 3rite sentences +ith #ay not or #i$ht not1 1 !" don7t kno+ if Ann +ill co#e to the party1% Ann #i$ht not co#e to the party1 &1 !" don7t kno+ if "7ll $o out this evenin$1% " --'1 !" don7t kno+ if To# +ill like the present " bou$ht for hi#1% To# --(1 !" don7t kno+ if Sue +ill be able to #eet us this evenin$1% --'/1) :ead the situations and #ake sentences +ith #ay6#i$ht as +ell1 1 Eou and a friend have Aust #issed the bus1 The buses run every

hour1 Eou sayD 3e7ll have to +ait an hour for the next bus1 P3e #i$ht as +ell +aik1P &1 Eou have a free ticket for a concert1 Eou7re not very keen on the concert but you decide to $o1 Eou sayD " --- to the concert1 "t7s a pity to +aste a free ticket1 '1 Eou7re in a cafe +ith a friend1 Eou7ve finished your drinks1 "t7s a nice cafe and there is no reason to $o no+9 so +hy not have another drink2 Eou sayD 3e ---1 3hat +ould you like2 (1 Eou and a friend are at ho#e1 Eou are bored1 There7s a fil# on T? startin$ in a fe+ #inutes1 Eou sayD ---1 There7s nothin$ else to do1 @p*& 5N"T ' 18ust and have to A1 3e use #ust and have to to say that it is necessary to do so#ethin$1 So#eti#es it doesn7t #atter +hich you useD K Oh9 it7s later than " thou$ht1 " #ust $o1 or " have to $o1 But there is a difference bet+een #ust and have to and so#eti#es this is i#portantD 8ust is personal1 3e use #ust +hen +e $ive our personal feelin$s1 7Eou #ust do so#ethin$7 J 7" !the speaker% say it is necessary7D K She7s a really nice person1 Eou #ust #eet her1 !J " say this is necessary% K " haven7t phoned Ann for a$es1 " #ust phone her toni$ht1 Co#pareD K " #ust $et up early to#orro+1 There are a lot of thin$s " +ant to do1 0ave to is i#personal1 3e use have to for facts9 not for our personal feelin$s1 7Eou have to do so#ethin$7 because of a rule or the situationD K Eou can7t turn ri$ht here1 Eou have to turn left1 !because of the traffic syste#% K 8y eyesi$ht isn7t very $ood1 " have to +ear $lasses for readin$1

K Ieor$e can7t co#e out +ith us this evenin$1 0e has to +ork1 K " have to $et up early to#orro+1 "7# $oin$ a+ay and #y train leaves at ,1'/1 "f you are not sure +hich to use9 it is usually safer to use have to1 B1 you can use #ust to talk about the present or future9 but not the pastD K 3e #ust $o no+1 K 3e #ust $o to#orro+1 !but not 73e #ust $o yesterday7% Eou can use have to in all for#s1 4or exa#pleD K " had to $o to hospital1 !past% K 0ave you ever had to $o to hospital2 !present perfect% K " #i$ht have to $o to hospital1 !infinitive after #i$ht% "n ;uestions and ne$ative sentences +ith have to9 +e nor#ally use do6does6didD K 3hat do " have to do to $et a drivin$ licence2 !not 73hat have " to do27% K 3hy did you have to $o to hospital2 K Garen doesn7t have to +ork on Saturdays1 C1 8ustn7t and don7t have to are co#pletely differentD Eou #ustn7t do so#ethin$ J it is necessary that you do not do it !so9 don7t do it%D K Eou #ust keep it a secret1 Eou #ustn7t tell anyone1 !J don7t tell anyone% K " pro#ised " +ould be on ti#e1 " #ustn7t be late1 !J " #ust be on ti#e% Eou don7t have to do so#ethin$ J you don7t need to do it !but you can if you +ant%D K Eou can tell #e if you +ant but you don7t have to tell #e1 !J you don7t need to tell #e% K "7# not +orkin$ to#orro+9 so " don7t have to $et up early1 =1 Eou can use 7have $ot to7 instead of 7have to71 So you can sayD K "7ve $ot to +ork to#orro+1 or have to +ork to#orro+1 K 3hen has Ann $ot to $o2 or 3hen does Ann have to $o2 @p*' EME:C"SES ' 1 Co#plete these sentences +ith #ust or have to !in the

correct for#%1 So#eti#es it is possible to use eitherC so#eti#es only have to is possible1 1 "t7s later than " thou$ht1 " #ust or have to $o no+1 &1 Hack left before the end of the #eetin$1 0e had to $o ho#e early1 '1 "n Britain #any children1 --- +ear unifor# +hen they $o to school1 (1 3hen you co#e to Fondon a$ain9 you --- co#e and see us1 )1 Fast ni$ht =on beca#e ill suddenly1 3e --- call a doctor1 *1 Eou really --- +ork harder if you +ant to pass the exa#ination1 ,1 "7# afraid " can7t co#e to#orro+1 "11 --- +ork late1 -1 "7# sorry " couldn7t co#e yesterday1 " --- +ork late1 .1 Paul doesn7t like his ne+ Aob1 So#eti#es he --- +ork at +eekends1 /1 Caroline #ay --- $o a+ay next +eek1 1 3e couldn7t repair the car ourselves1 3e --- take it to a $ara$e1 &1 Hulia +ears $lasses1 She --- +ear $lasses since she +as very youn$1 ' 1& 8ake ;uestions +ith have to1 1 " had to $o to hospital last +eek1 3hy did you have to $o to hospital2 &1 " have to $et up early to#orro+1 3hy --- early2 '1 Ann has to $o so#e+here no+1 3here --- she ---1 (1 Ieor$e had to pay a parkin$ fine yesterday1 0o+ #uch ---1 )1 " had to +ait a lon$ ti#e for the bus1 0o+ lon$ ---1 *1 " have to phone #y sister no+1 3hy --,1 Paul has to leave soon1 3hat ti#e --' 1' Co#plete these sentences usin$ don7t6doesn7t6didn7t have to @ one of these verbsD do $et up $o $o pay shave +ait +ork 1 "7# not +orkin$ to#orro+9 so " Pdon7t have to $et upP to early1 &1 The car park is free-you --- to park your car there1 '1 " +ent to the bank this #ornin$1 There +as no ;ueue9 so " ---1 (1 Sally is extre#ely rich1 She ---1 )1 3e7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 3e --- yet1

*1 Hack has $ot a beard9 so he ---1 ,19 "7# not particularly busy1 "7ve $ot a fe+ thin$s to do but " ---the# no+1 -1 A #an +as sli$htly inAured in the accident but he --- to hospital1 ' 1( Co#plete these sentences +ith #ustn7t or don7t6doesn7t have to1 1 " don7t +ant anyone to kno+1 Eou P#ustn7tP tell anyone1 & 0e doesn7t have to +ear a suit to +ork but he usually does1 '1 " can stay in bed to#orro+ #ornin$ because " --- $o to +ork1 (1 3hatever you do9 you --- touch that s+itch1 "t7s very dan$erous1 )1 There7s a lift in the buildin$9 so +e --- cli#b the stairs1 *1 Eou --- for$et +hat " told you1 "t7s very i#portant1 ,1 Sue --- $et up early1 She $ets up early because she +ants to9 -1 =on7t #ake so #uch noise1 3e --- +ake the baby1 .1 " --- eat too #uch1 "7# supposed to be on a diet1 /1 Eou --- be a $ood player to enAoy a $a#e of tennis1 @p*( 5N"T '&1 8ust #ustn7t needn7t A1 8ust #ustn7t needn7t 7Eou #ust do so#ethin$7 J it is necessary that you do itD K =on7t tell anybody +hat " said1 Eou #ust keep it a secret1 K 3e haven7t $ot #uch ti#e1 3e #ust hurry1 7Eou #ustn7t do so#ethin$7 J it is necessary that you do not do it !so don7t do it%D K Eou #ust keep it a secret1 Eou #ustn7t tell anybody else1 !J don7t tell anybody else% K "t7s essential that nobody hears us1 3e #ustn7t #ake any noise1 7Eou needn7t do so#ethin$7 J it is not necessary that you do it9 you don7t need to do itD K Eou can co#e +ith #e if you like but you needn7t co#e if you don7t +ant to1 !J it is not necessary for you to co#e% K 3e7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 3e needn7t hurry1 !J it is not necessary to hurry% B1 "nstead of needn7t9 you can use don7t6doesn7t need to1 So you

can sayD K 3e needn7t hurry1 or 3e don7t need to hurry1 :e#e#ber that +e say 7don7t need to do79 but 7needn7t do7 !+ithout to%1 Needn7t and don7t need to are si#ilar to don7t have to !see 5nit ' C%D K 3e7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 3e don7t have to hurry1 C1 Needn7t have !done% Study this exa#ple situationD " think it7s $oin$ to rain1 "7ll take the u#brella1 " needn7t have brou$ht the u#brella1 Ieor$e had to $o out1 0e thou$ht it +as $oin$ to rain9 so he decided to take the u#brella1 But it didn7t rain9 so the u#brella +as not necessary1 SoD 0e needn7t have taken the u#brella1 70e needn7t have taken the u#brella7 J 0e took the u#brella but this +as not necessary1 Of course9 he didn7t kno+ this +hen he +ent out1 Co#pare needn7t !do% and needn7t have !done%D K That shirt isn7t dirty1 Eou needn7t +ash it1 K 3hy did you +ash that shirt2 "t +asn7t dirty1 Eou needn7t have +ashed it1 =1 =idn7t need to !do% and needn7t have !done% " didn7t need to 111 J it +as not necessary for #e to111 !and " kne+ this at the ti#e%D K " didn7t need to $et up early9 so " didn7t1 K " didn7t need to $et up early9 but it +as a lovely #ornin$9 so " did1 7" needn7t have !done% so#ethin$7 J " did so#ethin$ but no+ " kno+ that it +as not necessaryD K " $ot up very early because " had to $et ready to $o a+ay1 But in fact it didn7t take #e lon$ to $et ready1 So9 " needn7t have $ot up so early1 " could have stayed in bed lon$er1 @p*) EME:C"SES '&1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ needn7t @ one of these verbsD

ask co#e explain leave tell +alk 1 3e7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 3e Pneedn7t leaveP yet1 &1 " can #ana$e the shoppin$ alone1 Eou --- +ith #e1 '1 3e --- all the +ay ho#e1 3e can $et a taxi1 (1 Aust help yourself if you7d like so#ethin$ to eat1 Eou --- first1 )1 3e can keep this a secret bet+een ourselves1 3e --- anybody else1 *1 " understand the situation perfectly1 Eou --- further1 '&1& Co#plete the sentences +ith #ust9 #ustn7t or needn7t1 1 3e haven7t $ot #uch ti#e1 3e P#ustP hurry1 &1 3e7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 3e Pneedn7tP hurry1 '1 3e have enou$h food at ho#e so +e --- $o shoppin$ today1 (1 Hi# $ave #e a letter to post1 " --- re#e#ber to post it1 )1 Hi# $ave #e a letter to post1 " --- for$et to post it1 *1 There7s plenty of ti#e for you to #ake up your #ind1 Eou --decide no+1 ,1 Eou --- +ash those to#atoes1 They7ve already been +ashed1 -1 This is a valuable book1 Eou --- look after it carefully and you ---lose it1 .1 73hat sort of house do you +ant to buy2 So#ethin$ bi$27 73ell9 it --- be bi$--that7s not i#portant1 But it --- have a nice $arden-that7s essential17 '&1' :ead the situations and #ake sentences +ith needn7t have1 1 Ieor$e +ent out1 0e took an u#brella because he thou$ht it +as $oin$ to rain1 But it didn7t rain1 0e needn7t have taken an u#brella1 &1 Ann bou$ht so#e e$$s +hen she +ent shoppin$1 3hen she $ot ho#e9 she found that she already had plenty of e$$s1 She ---1 '1 A friend $ot an$ry +ith you and shouted at you1 Eou think this +as unnecessary1 Fater you say to hi#6herD Eou ---1 (1 Brian had no #oney9 so he sold his car1 A fe+ days later he +on so#e #oney in a lottery1 0e ---1 )1 3hen +e +ent on holiday9 +e took the ca#era +ith us but +e didn7t use it in the end1 ---1 *1 " thou$ht " +as $oin$ to #iss #y train so " rushed to the station1 But the train +as late and in the end " had to +ait &/

#inutes1 ---1 '&1( 3rite t+o sentences for each situation1 5se needn7t have in the first sentence and could have in the second !as in the exa#ple%1 4or could have see 5nit &,1 1 3hy did you rush2 3hy didn7t you take your ti#e2 PEou needn7t have rushed1 Eou could have taken your ti#e1P &1 3hy did you +alk ho#e2 3hy didn7t you take a taxi2 '1 3hy did you stay at a hotel2 3hy didn7t you stay +ith us2 (1 3hy did she phone #e in the #iddle of the ni$ht2 3hy didn7t she phone #e in the #ornin$2 )1 3hy did you leave +ithout sayin$ anythin$2 3hy didn7t you say $oodbye to #e2 @p** 5N"T ''1 Should ! % A1 Eou should do so#ethin$ J it "s a $ood thin$ to do or the ri$ht thin$ to do1 Eou can use should to $ive advice or to $ive an opinionD K Eou look tired1 Eou should $o to bed1 K The $overn#ent should do #ore to help ho#eless people1 K 7Should +e invite Susan to the party27 7Ees9 " think +e should17 3e often use should +ith " think6" don7t think6=o you think1112D K " think the $overn#ent should do #ore to help ho#eless people1 K " don7t think you should +ork so hard1 K 7=o you think " should apply for this Aob27 7Ees9 " think you should17 7Eou shouldn7t do so#ethin$7 J it isn7t a $ood thin$ to doD K Eou shouldn7t believe everythin$ you read in the ne+spapers1 Should is not as stron$ as #ustD K Eou should apolo$ise1 !J it +ould be a $ood thin$ to do% K Eou #ust apolo$ise1 !J you have no alternative% B1 3e also use should +hen so#ethin$ is not ri$ht or +hat +e expect1 4or exa#pleD K " +onder +here FiN is1 She should be here by no+1 !J she isn7t here yet9 and this is not nor#al% K The price on this packet is +ron$1 "t should be F 1&/9 not F 1)/1 K Those boys shouldn7t be playin$ football at this ti#e1 They

should be at school1 3e use should to say that +e expect so#ethin$ to happenD K She7s been studyin$ hard for the exa#9 so she should pass1 !J " expect her to pass% K There are plenty of hotels in the to+n1 "t shouldn7t be difficult to find so#e+here to stay1 !J " don7t expect that it +ill be difficult% C1 7Eou should have done so#ethin$7 J you didn7t do it but it +ould have been the ri$ht thin$ to doD K "t +as a $reat party last ni$ht1 Eou should have co#e1 3hy didn7t you2 !J you didn7t co#e but it +ould have been $ood to co#e% K "7# feelin$ sick1 " shouldn7t have eaten so #uch chocolate1 !J " ate too #uch chocolate% K " +onder +hy they7re so late1 They should have been here an hour a$o1 K She shouldn7t have been listenin$ to our conversation1 "t +as private1 Co#pare should !do% and should have !done%D K Eou look tired1 Eou should $o to bed no+1 K Eou +ent to bed very late last ni$ht1 Eou should have $one to bed earlier1 =1 Ou$ht to 111 Eou can use ou$ht to instead of should in the sentences on this pa$e1 Note that +e say 7ou$ht to do1117 !+ith to%D K =o you think " ou$ht to apply for this Aob2 !J =o you think " should apply 1112% K Hack ou$ht not to $o to bed so late1 !J Hack shouldn7t $o 111% K "t +as a $reat party last ni$ht1 Eou ou$ht to have co#e1 K She7s been studyin$ hard for the exa#9 so she ou$ht to pass1 @p*, EME:C"SES ''1 4or each situation +rite a sentence +ith should or shouldn7t @ one of the follo+in$1 $o a+ay for a fe+ days $o to bed so late look for another Aob put so#e pictures on the +alls take a photo$raph use her car so #uch 1 !FiN needs a chan$e1% PShe should $o a+ay for a fe+ days1P

&1 !8y salary is very lo+1% Eou ---1 '1 !Hack al+ays has difficulty $ettin$ up1% 0e ---1 (1 !3hat a beautiful vie+L% Eou---1 )1 !Sue drives every+here1 She never +alks1% She ---1 *1 !Bill7s roo# isn7t very interestin$1% ---1 ''1& :ead the situations and +rite sentences +ith " think6" don7t think 111 should111 1 Peter and Hudy are plannin$ to $et #arried1 Eou think it7s a bad idea1 !$et #arried% P" don7t think they should $et #arried1P &1 Eou don7t like s#okin$9 especially in restaurants1 !be banned% " think ---1 '1 " have a very bad cold but " plan to $o out this evenin$1 Eou don7t think this is a $ood idea1 Eou say to #eD !$o out% ---1 (1 Eou are fed up +ith the $overn#ent1 Eou think they have #ade too #any #istakes1 !resi$n% ---1 ''1' Co#plete the sentences +ith should !have% @ the verb in brackets1 1 8ar$aret should pass the exa#1 She7s been studyin$ very hard1 !pass% &1 Eou #issed a $reat party last ni$ht1 Eou should have co#e1 !co#e% '1 3e don7t see you enou$h1 Eou --- and see us #ore often1 !co#e% (1 "7# in a difficult position1 3hat do you think " ---2 !do% )1 "7# sorry that " didn7t take your advice1 " --- +hat you said1 !do% *1 "7# playin$ tennis +ith Hill to#orro+1 She --- she7s #uch better than #e1 !+in% ,1 3e lost the #atch but +e ---1 3e +ere the better tea#1 !+in% -1 7"s Hohn here yet27 7Not yet9 but he --- here soon17 !be% .1 " posted the letter three days a$o9 so it --- by no+1 !arrive% ''1( :ead the situations and +rite sentences +ith should6shouldn7t1 So#e of the sentences are past and so#e are present1 1 "7# feelin$ sick1 " ate too #uch1 P" shouldn7t have eaten so #uch1P

&1 That #an on the #otorbike isn7t +earin$ a hel#et1 That7s dan$erous1 0e Pshould be +earin$ a hel#et1P '1 3hen +e $ot to the restaurant9 there +ere no free tables1 3e hadn7t reserved one1 3e ---1 (1 The notice says that the shop is open every day fro# -1'/1 "t is . o7clock no+ but the shop isn7t open yet1 ---1 )1 The speed li#it is '/ #iles an hour9 but Catherine is doin$ )/1 She ---1 *1 " +ent to Paris1 A friend of #ine lives in Paris but " didn7t $o to see hi# +hile " +as there1 3hen " sa+ hi# later9 he saidD Eou ---1 ,1 " +as drivin$ behind another car1 Suddenly9 the driver in front stopped +ithout +arnin$ and " drove into the back of his car1 "t +asn7t #y fault ---1 -1 " +alked into a +all1 " +asn7t lookin$ +here " +as $oin$1 ---1 @p*5N"T '(1 Should !&% A1 Eou can use should after a nu#ber of verbs9 especiallyD su$$est propose reco##end insist de#and K They insisted that +e should have dinner +ith the#1 K " de#anded that he should apolo$ise1 K 3hat do you su$$est " should do2 "n the sa#e +ay9 you can use should after su$$estion6proposal6reco##endation etc1 K 3hat do you think of Hane7s su$$estion that " should buy a car2 and also after 7it7s i#portant6vital6necessary6essential that 1117 K "t7s essential that you should be here on ti#e1 B1 Eou can also leave out should in all the sentences in Section AD K "t7s essential that you be here on ti#e1 !J that you should be here% K " de#anded that he apolo$ise1 K 3hat do you su$$est " do2 This for# !you be6he apolo$ise etc1% is so#eti#es called the

subAunctive1 Eou can also use nor#al present and past tensesD K "t7s essential that you are here on ti#e1 K " de#anded that he apolo$ised1 Be careful +ith su$$est1 Eou cannot use to 111 !7to do6to buy7 etc1% after su$$estD K 3hat do you su$$est +e should do2 or 3hat do you su$$est +e do2 !but not 73hat do you su$$est us to do27% K Hane su$$ested that " !should% buy a car1 or Hane su$$ested that " bou$ht a car1 !but not 7Hane su$$ested #e to buy7% 4or su$$est >in$9 see 5nit )&1 C1 Eou can use should after a nu#ber of adAectives9 especiallyD stran$e odd funny typical natural interestin$ surprised surprisin$ K "t7s stran$e that he should be late1 0e7s usually on ti#e1 K " +as surprised that she should say such a thin$1 =1 "f 111 should111 Eou can say 7"f so#ethin$ should happen11171 4or exa#pleD K "f To# should phone +hile "7# out9 tell hi# "7ll phone hi# back later1 7"f To# should phone7 is si#ilar to 7"f To# phones71 3ith should9 the speaker feels that the possibility is s#aller1 Another exa#pleD K "7ve left the +ashin$ outside1 "f it should rain9 can you brin$ it in2 Eou can also put should at the be$innin$ of these sentences !Should so#ethin$ happen 111%D K Should To# phone9 can you tell hi# "7ll phone hi# back later2 E1 Eou can use " should 1116" shouldn7t 111 to $ive so#ebody advice1 4or exa#pleD K 7Shall " leave no+27 7No9 " should +ait a bit lon$er17 0ere9 7" should +ait7J 7" +ould +ait if " +ere you9 " advise you to +ait71 T+o #ore exa#plesD K "t7s very cold this #ornin$1 " should +ear a coat +hen you $o out1

K " shouldn7t stay up too late1 Eou7ll be tired to#orro+1 @p*. EME:C"SES '(1 3rite a sentence !be$innin$ in the +ay sho+n% that #eans the sa#e as the first sentence1 1 7" think it +ould be a $ood idea to see a specialist97 the doctor said to #e1 The doctor reco##ended that " should see a specialist1 &1 7Eou really #ust stay a little lon$er97 she said to #e1 She insisted that ---1 '1 73hy don7t you visit the #useu# after lunch27 " said to the#1 " su$$ested that ---1 (1 7Eou #ust pay the rent by 4riday97 the landlord said to us1 The landlord de#anded that ---1 )1 73hy don7t you $o a+ay for a fe+ days27Hack said to #e1 Hack su$$ested that ---1 '(1& Are these sentences ri$ht or +ron$2 1 a To# su$$ested that " should look for another Aob1 :"I0T b To# su$$ested that " look for another Aob1 --c To# su$$ested that " looked for another Aob1 --d To# su$$ested #e to look for another Aob1 ---1 &1 a 3here do you su$$est " $o for #y holiday2 --b 3here do you su$$est #e to $o for #y holiday2 --c 3here do you su$$est " should $o for #y holiday2 --'(1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ should @ one of these verbsD ask be leave listen say +orry 1 "t7s stran$e that she Pshould beP late1 She7s usually on ti#e1 &1 "t7s funny that you --- that1 " +as $oin$ to say the sa#e thin$1 '1 "t7s only natural that parents --- about their children1 (1 "sn7t it typical of :on that he --- +ithout sayin$ $oodbye to anybody2 )1 " +as surprised that he --- #e for advice1 3hat advice could " $ive hi#2 *1 "t7s very i#portant that everybody --- very carefully1 '(1( Co#plete these sentences usin$ if 111 should111 1 1 !"t7s possible that you7ll see To# this evenin$1%

P"f you should see To# this evenin$P9 can you ask hi# to phone #e2 &1 !"t7s possible that Ann +ill arrive before " $et ho#e1% "f ---9 can you look after her until " co#e2 '1 !Perhaps there +ill be so#e letters for #e +hile "7# a+ay1% ---9 can you send the# on to this address2 (1 !" don7t suppose you7ll need help but you #i$ht1% ---9 let #e kno+1 3rite sentences ' and ( a$ain9 this ti#e be$innin$ +ith should1 )1 !'% ---9 can you send the# on to this address2 *1 !(% ---1 '(1) !Section E% Co#plete the sentences usin$ " should @ one of these verbsD buy keep phone +ait 1 7Shall " leave no+27 7No9 P" should +aitP a bit lon$er17 &1 7Shall " thro+ these thin$s a+ay27 7No --- the#1 Eou #ay need the#17 '1 7Shall " $o and see Paul27 7Ees9 but --- hi# first17 (1 7=o you think it7s +orth repairin$ this T? set27 7No --- a ne+ one17 @p,/ 5N"T ')1 0ad better it7s ti#e A1 0ad better !"7d better6you7d better etc1% "7d better do so#ethin$ J "t is advisable to do it1 "f " don7t9 there +ill be a proble# or a dan$erD K " have to #eet Ann in ten #inutes1 "7d better $o no+ or "7ll be late1 K 7Shall " take an u#brella27 7Ees9 you7d better1 "t #i$ht rain17 K 3e7d better stop for petrol soon1 The tank is al#ost e#pty1 The ne$ative is "7d better not !J " had better not%D K AD Are you $oin$ out toni$ht2 BD "7d better not1 "7ve $ot a lot of +ork to do1 K Eou don7t look very +ell1 Eou7d better not $o to +ork today1 Eou can use had better +hen you +arn so#ebody that they #ust do so#ethin$D

K Eou7d better be on ti#e16Eou7d better not be late1 !or "7ll be very an$ry% Note thatD The for# is 7had better7 !usually 7"7d better6you7d better7 etc1 in spoken En$lish%D K "7d better phone Carol9 hadn7t "2 0ad is a past for#9 but in this expression the #eanin$ is present or future9 not pastD K "7d better $o to the bank no+6to#orro+1 3e say 7"7d better do1117 !not 7to do7%D K "t #i$ht rain1 3e7d better take an u#brella1 !not 7+e7d better to take7% B1 0ad better and should 0ad better is si#ilar to should !see 5nit ''A% but not exactly the sa#e1 3e use had better only for a particular situation !not for thin$s in $eneral%1 Eou can use should in all types of situation to $ive an opinion or to $ive adviceD K "t7s cold today1 Eou7d better +ear a coat +hen you $o out1 !a particular situation% K " think all drivers should +ear seat belts1 !in $eneral - not 7had better +ear7% Also9 +ith had better9 there is al+ays a dan$er or a proble# if you don7t follo+ the advice1 Should only #eans 7it is a $ood thin$ to do71 Co#pare1 K "t7s a $reat fil#1 Eou should $o and see it1 !but no dan$er9 no proble# if you don7t% K The fil# starts at -1'/1 Eou7d better $o no+ or you7ll be late1 C1 "t7s ti#e 111 Eou can say 7"t7s ti#e !for so#ebody% to do so#ethin$7D K "t7s ti#e to $o ho#e16"t7s ti#e for us to $o ho#e1 Eou can also sayD K "t7s late1 "t7s ti#e +e +ent ho#e1 0ere +e use the past !+ent% but the #eanin$ is present or future9 not pastD K "t7s / o7clock and he7s still in bed1 "t7s ti#e he $ot up1 !not 7"t7s

ti#e he $ets up7% "t7s ti#e you did so#ethin$ J 7you should have done it already or started it71 3e often use this structure to criticise or to co#plainD K "t7s ti#e the children +ere in bed1 "t7s lon$ after their bedti#e1 K The +indo+s are very dirty1 " think it7s ti#e +e cleaned the#1 Eou can also sayD "t7s about ti#e1116"t7s hi$h ti#e111 1 This #akes the criticis# stron$erD K Hack is a $reat talker1 But it7s about ti#e he did so#ethin$ instead of %7Aust talkin$1 K Eou7re very selfish1 "t7s hi$h ti#e you realised that you7re not the #ost i#portant person in the +orld1 @p, EME:C"SES ')1 Co#plete the sentences1 So#eti#es you need only one +ord9 so#eti#es t+o1 1 a " need so#e #oney1 "7d better P$oP to the bank1 b Hohn is expectin$ you to phone hi#1 Eou --- better do it no+1 c 7Shall " leave the +indo+ open27 7No9 you7d better --- it17 d 3e7d better leave as soon as possible9 --- +e2 &1 a "t7s ti#e the $overn#ent --- so#ethin$ about the proble#1 b "t7s ti#e so#ethin$ --- about the proble#1 c " think it7s about ti#e you --- about #e instead of only thinkin$ about yourself1 ')1& :ead the situations and +rite sentences +ith had better1 5se the +ords in brackets1 1 Eou7re $oin$ out for a +alk +ith To#1 "t #i$ht rain1 Eou say to To#D !an u#brella% 3e7d better take an u#brella1 &1 Hack has Aust cut hi#self1 "t7s ;uite a bad cut1 Eou say to hi#D !a plaster% --'1 Eou and Ann plan to $o to a restaurant this evenin$1 "t7s a very popular restaurant1 Eou say to AnnD !reserve% 3e --(1 Hill doesn7t look very +ell - not +ell enou$h to $o to +ork1 Eou say to herD !+ork% ---

)1 Eou received your phone bill four +eeks a$o but you haven7t paid it yet1 "f you don7t pay very soon9 you could be in trouble1 Eou say to yourselfD !pay% --*1 Eou +ant to $o out but you7re expectin$ an i#portant phone call1 Eou say to your friendD !$o out% " --,1 Eou and 4iona are $oin$ to the theatre1 Eou7ve #issed the bus and you don7t +ant to be late1 Eou say to 4ionaD !a taxi% --')1' Put in had better or should1 So#eti#es either is possible1 1 " have an appoint#ent in ten #inutes1 P"7d betterP $o no+ or "7ll be late1 &1 "t7s a $reat fil#1 Eou PshouldP $o and see it1 Eou7ll really like it1 '1 " --- $et up early to#orro+1 "7ve $ot a lot to do1 (1 3hen people are drivin$9 they --- keep their eyes on the road1 )1 Thank you for co#in$ to see us1 Eou --- co#e #ore often1 *1 She7ll be upset if +e don7t invite her to the +eddin$9 so +e --invite her1 ,1 These biscuits are delicious1 Eou --- try one1 -1 " think everybody --- learn a forei$n lan$ua$e1 ')1( :ead the situations and +rite sentences +ith "t7s ti#e !so#ebody did so#ethin$%1 1 Eou think the children should be in bed1 "t7s already o7clock1 P"t7s ti#e the children +ere in bed1P &1 Eou haven7t had a holiday for a very lon$ ti#e1 Eou need one no+1 "t7s ti#e " --'1 Eou7re +aitin$ for 8ary1 She is late1 3hy isn7t she here yet2 "t7s ti#e she --(1 Eou7re sittin$ on a train +aitin$ for it to leave the station1 "t7s already five #inutes late1 )1 Eou enAoy havin$ parties1 Eou haven7t had one for a lon$ ti#e1 *1 The co#pany you +ork for is badly run1 Eou think there should be so#e chan$es1 @p,&

5N"T '*1 Can6Could63ould you 1112 etc1 !:e;uests9 offers9 per#ission and invitations% A1 Askin$ people to do thin$s !re;uests% 3e often use can or could to ask people to do thin$sD K Can you +ait a #o#ent9 please2 or Could you +ait a #o#ent9 please2 K FiN9 can you do #e a favour2 K Excuse #e9 could you tell #e ho+ to $et to the airport2 K " +onder if you could help #e1 Note that +e say 7=o you think !you% could 1112 !not usually (can7%D K =o you think you could lend #e so#e #oney until next +eek2 3e also use +ill and +ould to ask people to do thin$s !but can6could are #ore usual%D K FiN9 +ill you do #e a favour2 K 3ould you please be ;uiet2 "7# tryin$ to concentrate1 B1 Askin$ for thin$s To ask for so#ethin$ +e use Can " have 1112 or Could " have 1112D K !in a shop% Can " have these postcards9 please2 K !durin$ a #eal% Could " have the salt9 please2 8ay " have 1112 is also possible !but less usual%D K 8ay " have these postcards9 please2 C1 Askin$ for and $ivin$ per#ission To ask for per#ission to do so#ethin$9 +e use can9 could or #ayD K !on the phone% 0ello9 can " speak to To#9 please2 K 7Could " use your phone27 7Ees9 of course17 K =o you think " could borro+ your bike2 K 78ay " co#e in27 7Ees9 please do17 To $ive per#ission9 +e use can or #ay1 K Eou can use the phone1 or Eou #ay use the phone1 8ay is for#al and less usual than can or could1 =1 Offerin$ to do thin$s To offer to do so#ethin$9 +e so#eti#es use Can " 1112D K 7Can " $et you a cup of coffee27 7Ees9 that +ould be very nice17 K 7Can " help you27 7No9 it7s all ri$ht1 " can #ana$e17 Eou can also use "7ll 111 to offer to do thin$s !see 5nit & C%D

K Eou look tired1 "7ll $et you a cup of coffee1 E1 Offerin$ and invitin$ To offer or to invite +e use 3ould you like 1112 !not do you like% K 73ould you like a cup of coffee27 7Ees9 please17 K 73ould you like to co#e to dinner to#orro+ evenin$27 7Ees9 "7d love to17 "7d like111 is a polite +ay of sayin$ +hat you +antD K !at a tourist infor#ation office% "7d like so#e infor#ation about hotels9 please1 K !in a shop% "7d like to try on this Aacket9 please1 @p,' EME:C"SES '*1 :ead the situations and +rite ;uestions be$innin$ Can 111 or Could 111 1 Eou7re carryin$ a lot of thin$s1 Eou can7t open the door yourself1 There7s a #an standin$ near the door1 Eou say to hi#D PCould you open the door9 please2P &1 Eou phone Ann but so#ebody else ans+ers1 Ann isn7t there1 Eou +ant to leave a #essa$e for her1 Eou sayD --'1 Eou are a tourist1 Eou +ant to $o to the station but you don7t kno+ +here it is1 Eou ask at your hotel1 Eou sayD --(1 Eou are in a clothes shop1 Eou see so#e trousers you like and you +ant to try the# on1 Eou say to the shop assistantD --)1 Eou have a car1 Eou have to $o to the sa#e place as Hohn9 +ho hasn7t $ot a car1 Eou +ant to $ive hi# a lift1 Eou say to HohnD --'*1& :ead the situations and +rite ;uestions be$innin$ =o you think 111 1 Eou +ant to borro+ your friend7s ca#era1 3hat do you say to hi#2 =o you think P" could borro+ your ca#era2P &1 Eou are at a friend7s house and you +ant to use her phone1 3hat do you say2 '1 Eou7ve +ritten a letter in En$lish1 Before you send it9 you +ant an En$lish friend to check it1 3hat do you ask hi#2 (1 Eou +ant to leave +ork early because you have so#e thin$s to do1 3hat do you ask your boss2

)1 The +o#an in the next roo# is playin$ #usic1 "t7s very loud1 Eou +ant her to turn it do+n1 3hat do you say to her2 *1 Eou are phonin$ the o+ner of a flat +hich +as advertised in a ne+spaper1 Eou are interested in the flat and you +ant to co#e and see it today1 3hat do you say to the o+ner2 '*1' 3hat +ould you say in these situations2 1 Hohn has co#e to see you in your flat1 Eou offer hi# so#ethin$ to eat1 EO5D --HO0ND No9 thank you1 "7# not hun$ry1 &1 Eou need help to chan$e the fil# in your ca#era1 Eou ask Ann1 EouD Ann9 " don7t kno+ ho+ to chan$e the fil#1 --ANND Sure1 "t7s easy1 All you have to do is this1 '1 Eou7re on a train1 The +o#an next to you has finished readin$ her ne+spaper1 No+ you +ant to have a look at it1 Eou ask her1 EO5D Excuse #e --3O8AND Ees9 of course1 "7ve finished +ith it1 (1 Eou7re on a bus1 Eou have a seat but an elderly #an is standin$1 Eou offer hi# your seat1 EO5D --8AND Oh9 that7s very kind of you1 Thank you very #uch1 )1 Eou7re the passen$er in a car1 Eour friend is drivin$ very fast1 Eou ask her to slo+ do+n1 EO5D Eou7re #akin$ #e very nervous1 --=:"?E:D Oh9 "7# sorry1 " didn7t realise " +as $oin$ so fast1 *1 Eou7ve finished your #eal in a restaurant and no+ you +ant the bill1 Eou ask the +aiterD EO5D --3A"TE:D :i$ht1 "7ll $et it for you no+1 ,1 A friend of yours is interested in one of your books1 Eou invite hi# to borro+ it1 4:"EN=D This book looks very interestin$1 EO5D Ees9 it7s very $ood1 --@p,( 5N"T ',1 "f " do 111 and "f " did 111

A1 Co#pare these exa#plesD ! % Sue has lost her +atch1 She thinks it #ay be at Ann7s house1 S5ED " think " left #y +atch at your house1 0ave you seen it2 ANND No9 but "7ll have a took +hen " $et ho#e1 "f " find it9 "7ll tell you1 "n this exa#ple9 Ann feels there is a real possibility that she +ill find the +atch1 So she saysD "f " find 1119 "7ll 1111 !&% Ann saysD "f " found a +allet in the street9 "7d take it to the police1 This is a different type of situation1 0ere9 Ann is not thinkin$ about a real possibilityC she is i#a$inin$ the situation and doesn7t expect to find a +allet in the street1 So she saysD "f " found 1119 "7d !J " +ould% 111 !not "f " find 1119"7ll% 3hen you i#a$ine so#ethin$ like this9 you use if @ past !if " found6if you +ere6if +e didn7t etc1%1 But the #eanin$ is not pastD K 3hat +ould you do if you +on a #illion pounds2 !+e don7t really expect this to happen% K " don7t really +ant to $o to their party9 but " probably +ill $o1 They7d be offended if " didn7t $o1 K Sarah has decided not to apply for the Aob1 She isn7t really ;ualified for it9 so she probably +ouldn7t $et it if she applied1 B1 3e do not nor#ally use +ould in the if-part of the sentenceD K "7d be very fri$htened if so#ebody pointed a $un at #e1 !not 7if so#ebody +ould point7% K "f " didn7t $o to their party9 they7d be offended1 !not 7"f " +ouldn7t $o7% But it is possible to say 7if111 +ould7 +hen you ask so#ebody to do so#ethin$D K !fro# a for#al letter% " +ould be $rateful if you +ould send #e your brochure as soon as possible1 K 7Shall " close the door27 7Ees9 please9 if you +ould17 C1 "n the other part of the sentence !not the if-part% +e use +ould !7d%6+ouldn7tD K "f you took #ore exercise9 you7d !J you +ould% probably feet healthier9

K 3ould you #ind if " used your phone2 K "7# not tired enou$h to $o to bed yet1 " +ouldn7t steep !if " +ent to bed no+%1 Could and #i$ht are also possibleD K "f you took #ore exercise9 you #i$ht feet healthier1 !J it is possible that you +ould feel healthier% K "f it stopped rainin$9 +e could $o out1 !J +e +ould be able to $o out% =1 =o not use +hen in sentences like those on this pa$eD K They +ould be offended if +e didn7t accept their invitation1 !not 7+hen +e didn7t7% K 3hat +ould you do if you +ere bitten by a snake2 !not 7+hen you +ere bitten7% 4or if and +hen see also 5nit &)C1

EME:C"SES ',1 Put the verb into the correct for#1 1 They +ould be rather offended if " Pdidn7t $oP to see the#1 !not6$o% &1 "f you took #ore exercise9 you P+ould feelP better1 !feel% '1 "f " +as offered the Aob9 " think " --- it1 !take% (1 "7# sure A#y +ill lend you the #oney1 "7d be very surprised if she ---1 !refuse% )1 "f " sold #y car9 " --- #uch #oney for it1 !not6$et% *1 A lot of people +ould be out of +ork if the factory ---1 !close do+n% ,1 3hat +ould happen if " --- that red button2 !press% -1 FiN $ave #e this rin$1 She --- very upset if " lost it1 !be% .1 8ark and Carol are expectin$ us1 They +ould be disappointed if +e ---1 !not6co#e% /1 3ould Ti# #ind if " --- his bicycle +ithout askin$ hi#2 !borro+% 1 "f so#ebody --- in here +ith a $un9 "7d be very fri$htened1 !+alk%

&1 "7# sure Sue --- if you explained the situation to her1 !understand% ',1& Eou ask a friend ;uestions1 5se 3hat +ould you do if 1112 1 !8aybe one day your friend +ill +in a lot of #oney1% P3hat +ould you do if you +on a lot of #oney2P &1 !Eour friend7s car has never been stolen but perhaps one day it +ill be1% 3hat --'1 !Perhaps one day your friend +ill lose his6her passport1% (1 !There has never been a fire in the buildin$1% ',1' Ans+er the ;uestions in the +ay sho+n1 1 AD Shall +e catch the /1'/ train2 BD No1 !arrive6too early% P"f +e cau$ht the /1'/ train9 +e7d arrive too early1P &1 AD "s Gen $oin$ to take the exa#ination2 BD No1 !fall% "f he --'1 AD 3hy don7t +e stay at a hotel2 BD No1 !cost too #uch #oney% "f --(1 AD "s Sally $oin$ to apply for the Aob2 BD No1 !not6$et it% "f --)1 AD Fet7s tell the# the truth1 BD No1 !not6believe us% "f --*1 AD 3hy don7t +e invite Bill to the party2 BD No1 !have to invite his friends too% ',1( 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 1 "f you took #ore exercise9 Pyou7d feel better1P &1 "7d feel very an$ry if --'1 "f " didn7t $o to +ork to#orro+ --(1 3ould you $o to the party if --)1 "f you bou$ht so#e ne+ clothes *1 3ould you #ind if --@p,* 5N"T '-1 "f " kne+ 111 " +ish " kne+ 111 A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Sue +ants to phone Paul but she can7t do this because she doesn7t

kno+ his nu#ber1 She saysD "f " kne+ his nu#ber9 " +ould phone hi#1 Sue saysD "f " kne+ his nu#ber111 1 This tells us that she doesn7t kno+ his nu#ber1 She is i#a$inin$ the situation1 The real situation is that she doesn7t kno+ his nu#ber1 3hen you i#a$ine a situation like this9 you use if @ past !if " kne+6if you +ere6if +e didn7t etc1%1 But the #eanin$ is present9 not pastD K To# +ould read #ore if he had #ore ti#e1 !but he doesn7t have #uch ti#e% K "f " didn7t +ant to $o to the party9 " +ouldn7t $o1 !but " +ant to $o% K 3e +ouldn7t have any #oney if +e didn7t +ork1 !but +e +ork% K "f you +ere in #y position9 +hat +ould you do2 K "t7s a pity you can7t drive1 "t +ould be useful if you could1 B1 3e use the past in the sa#e +ay after +ish !" +ish " kne+6" +ish you +ere etc1%1 3e use +ish to say that +e re$ret so#ethin$9 that so#ethin$ is not as +e +ould like it to beD K " +ish " kne+ Paul7s phone nu#ber1 !J " don7t kno+ it and " re$ret this% K =o you ever +ish you could fly2 !you can7t fly% K "t rains a lot here1 " +ish it didn7t rain so Often1 K "t7s very cro+ded here1 " +ish there +eren7t so #any people1 !but there are a lot of people% K " +ish " didn7t have to +ork1 !but " have to +ork% C1 After if and +ish9 you can use +ere instead of +as !if " +ere " +ish it +ere etc1%1 So you can sayD K "f " +ere you9 " +ouldn7t buy that coat1 or "f " +as you111 K "7d $o out if it +eren7t rainin$1 or if it +asn7t rainin$1 K " +ish it +ere possible1 or " +ish it +as possible1 =1 3e do not nor#ally use +ould in the if-part of the sentence or after +ishD K "f " +ere rich9 " +ould have a yacht1 !not 7"f " +ould be rich7% K " +ish " had so#ethin$ to read1 !not 7" +ish " +ould have7% So#eti#es +ish 111 +ould is possible !7" +ish you +ould listen7%1

See 5nit (/C1 E1 Note that could so#eti#es #eans 7+ould be able to7 and so#eti#es 7+as6+ere able to7D K Eou could $et a Aob #ore easily1 !you could $et J you +ould be able to $et% if you could speak a forei$n lan$ua$e1 !you could speak J you +ere able to speak%

EME:C"SES '-1 Put the verb into the correct for#1 1 "f " Pkne+P his nu#ber9 " +ould phone hi#1 !kno+% &1 " P+ouldn7t buyP that coat if " +ere you1 !not6buy% '1 " --- you if " could9 but "7# afraid " can7t1 !help% (1 3e +ould need a car if +e --- in the country1 !live% )1 "f +e had the choice9 +e --- in the country1 !live% *1 This soup isn7t very $ood1 "t --- better if it +asn7t so salty1 !taste% ,1 " +ouldn7t #ind livin$ in En$land if the +eather --- better1 !be% -1 "f " +ere you9 --- !not6+ait%1 " --- no+1 !$o% .1 Eou7re al+ays tired1 "f you --- to bed so late every ni$ht9 you +ouldn7t be tired all the ti#e1 !not6$o% /1 " think there are too #any cars1 "f there --- so #any cars !not6be%9 there --- so #uch pollution1 !not6be% '-1& 3rite a sentence +ith "f 111 for each situation1 1 3e don7t visit you very often because you live so far a+ay1 P"f you didn7t live so far a+ay9 +e7d visit you #ore often1P &1 0e doesn7t speak very clearly--that7s +hy people don7t understand hi#1 "f he --- #ore --- people --'1 That book is too expensive9 so "7# not $oin$ to buy it1 "f the book ---9 " --(1 3e don7t $o out very often because +e can7t afford it1 )1 "t7s rainin$9 so +e can7t have lunch in the $arden1 *1 " have to +ork to#orro+ evenin$9 so " can7t #eet you1 '-1' 3rite sentences be$innin$ " +ish 111

1 " don7t kno+ #any people !and "7# lonely%1 P" +ish " kne+ #ore people1P &1 " don7t have a key !and " need one%1 " +ish --'1 Ann isn7t here !and " need to see her%1 (1 "t7s cold !and " hate cold +eather%1 )1 " live in a bi$ city !and " don7t like it%1 *1 " can7t $o to the party !and "7d like to%1 ,1 " have to +ork to#orro+ !but "7d like to stay in bed%1 -1 " don7t kno+ anythin$ about cars !and #y car has Aust broken do+n%1 .1 "7# not lyin$ on a beautiful sunny beach !and that7s a pity%1 '-1( 3rite your o+n sentences be$innin$ " +ish 111 1 !so#e+here you7d like to be no+--on the beach9 in Ne+ Eork9 in bed etc1% " +ish " --&1 !so#ethin$ you7d like to have--a co#puter9 a Aob9 lots of #oney etc1% '1 !so#ethin$ you7d like to be able to do--sin$9 speak a lan$ua$e9 fly etc1% (1 !so#ethin$ you7d like to be--beautiful9 stron$9 rich etc1% 5N"T '.1 "f " had kno+n 111 " +ish " had kno+n 111 A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Fast #onth Iary +as in hospital for an operation1 FiN didn7t kno+ this9 so she didn7t $o to visit hi#1 They #et a fe+ days a$o1 FiN saidD "f " had kno+n you +ere in hospital9 " +ould have $one to visit you1 FiN saidD "f " had kno+n you +ere in hospital111 1 The real situation +as that she didn7t kno+ he +as in hospital1 3hen you are talkin$ about the past9 you use if @ had !7d% 111 !if " had kno+n6been6done etc1%D K " didn7t see you +hen you passed #e in the street1 "f "7d seen you9 of course " +ould have said hello1 !but " didn7t see you% K " decided to stay at ho#e last ni$ht1 " +ould have $one out if " hadn7t been so tired1 !but " +as tired%

K "f he had been lookin$ +here he +as $oin$9 he +ouldn7t have +alked into the +all1 !but he +asn7t lookin$% K The vie+ +as +onderful1 "f "7d had a ca#era9 " +ould have taken so#e photo$raphs1 !but " didn7t have a ca#era% Co#pareD K "7# not hun$ry1 "f " +as hun$ry9 " +ould eat so#ethin$1 !no+% K " +asn7t hun$ry1 "f " had been hun$ry9 " +ould have eaten so#ethin$1 !past% B1 =o not use +ould in the if-part of the sentence1 3e use +ould in the other part of the sentenceD K "f " had seen you9 " +ould have said hello1 !not 7"f " +ould have seen you7% Note that 7d can be +ould or hadD K "f "7d seen you9 !"7d seen J " had seen% "7d have said hello1 !"7d have said J " +ould have said% C1 3e use had !done% in the sa#e +ay after +ish1 " +ish so#ethin$ had happened J " a# sorry that it didn7t happenD K " +ish "7d kno+n that Iary +as ill1 " +ould have $one to see hi#1 !but " didn7t kno+% K " feel sick1 " +ish " hadn7t eaten so #uch cake1 !" ate too #uch cake% K =o you +ish you had studied science instead of lan$ua$es2 !you didn7t study science% K The +eather +as cold +hile +e +ere a+ay1 " +ish it had been +ar#er1 =o not use +ould have111 after +ish in these sentencesD K " +ish it had been +ar#er1 !not 7" +ish it +ould have been7% =1 Co#pare +ould !do% and +ould have !done%D K "f " had $one to the party last ni$ht9 " +ould be tired no+1 !" a# not tired no+--present% "f " had $one to the party last ni$ht9 " +ould have #et lots of people1 !" didn7t #eet lots of people--past% Co#pare +ould have9 could have and #i$ht haveD K "f the +eather hadn7t been so bad9 +e +ould have $one out1 K "f the +eather hadn7t been so bad9 +e could have $one out1 !J +e +ould have been able to $o out%

K "f the +eather hadn7t been so bad9 +e #i$ht have $one out1 !Jperhaps +e +ould have $one out% @p,. EME:C"SES '.1 Put the verb into the correct for#1 1 " didn7t kno+ you +ere in hospital1 "f "7d kno+n !"6kno+%9 " +ould have $one !"6$o% to visit you1 &1 Gen $ot to the station in ti#e to catch his train1 "f9 --- !he6#iss% it --- !he6be% late for his intervie+1 '1 "t7s $ood that you re#inded #e about Ann7s birthday1 --!"6for$et%if --- !you6not6re#ind% #e1 (1 5nfortunately9 " didn7t have #y address book +ith #e +hen " +as in Ne+ Eork1 "f --- !"6have% your address9 --- !"6send% you a postcard1 )1 AD 0o+ +as your holiday2 =id you have a nice ti#e2 BD "t +as OG9 but --- !+e6enAoy% it #ore if --- !the +eather6be% better1 *1 " took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic +as very bad1 --- !it6be% ;uicker if --- !"6+alk%1 ,1 "7# not tired1 "f --- !"6be% tired9 "7d $o ho#e no+1 -1 " +asn7t tired last ni$ht1 "f --- !"6be% tired9 " +ould have $one ho#e earlier1 '.1& 3rite a sentence +ith if for each situation1 1 " +asn7t hun$ry9 so " didn7t eat anythin$1 P"f "7d been hun$ry9 " +ould have eaten so#ethin$1P &1 The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly1 "f the driver in front --'1 " didn7t kno+ that Ieor$e had to $et up early9 so " didn7t +ake hi# up1 if " --(1 " +as able to buy the car only because Hi# tent #e the #oney1 )1 8ar$aret +asn7t inAured in the crash because she +as +earin$ a seat belt1 *1 Eou didn7t have any breakfast - that7s +hy you7re hun$ry no+1 ,1 " didn7t $et a taxi because " didn7t have any #oney on #e1

'.1' "#a$ine that you are in these situations1 4or each situation9 +rite a sentence +ith " +ish 111 1 Eou7ve eaten too #uch and no+ you feel sick1 Eou sayD P" +ish " hadn7t eaten so #uch1P &1 There +as a Aob advertised in the ne+spaper1 Eou decided not to apply for it1 No+ you think that your decision +as +ron$1 Eou sayD " +ish " --'1 3hen you +ere youn$er9 you didn7t learn to play a #usical instru#ent1 No+ you re$ret this1 Eou sayD --(1 Eou7ve painted the $ate red1 No+ you think that it doesn7t look very nice1 Eou sayD --)1 Eou are +alkin$ in the country1 Eou +ould like to take so#e photo$raphs but you didn7t brin$ your ca#era1 Eou sayD --*1 Eou have so#e unexpected $uests1 They didn7t tell you they +ere co#in$1 Eou are very busy and you are not prepared for the#1 Eou say !to yourself%D --@p-/ 5N"T (/1 3ould " +ish 111 +ould A1 3e use +ould !7d% +hen +e i#a$ine a situation or actionD K "t +ould be nice to have a holiday but +e can7t afford it1 K "7# not $oin$ to bed yet1 "7# not tired and " +ouldn7t sleep1 3e use +ould have !done% +hen +e i#a$ine situations or actions in the pastD K They helped #e a lot1 " don7t kno+ +hat " +ould have done +ithout their help1 K " didn7t $o to bed1 " +asn7t tired9 so " +ouldn7t have slept1 4or +ould in sentences +ith if see 5nits ',-'.1 B1 Co#pare +ill !7 % and +ould !7d%D K "7ll stay a bit lon$er1 "7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 K "7d stay a bit lon$er but " really have to $o no+1 !so " can7t stay lon$er% So#eti#es +ould6+ouldn7t is the past of +ill6+on7t1 Co#pareD

present -O past To#D "7ll phone you on Sunday1 -O To# said he7d phone #e on Sunday1 ANND " pro#ise " +on7t be late1 -O Ann pro#ised that she +ouldn7t be late1 FiND =a#nL The car +on7t start1 -O FiN +as an$ry because the car +ouldn7t start1 C1 " +ish 111 +ould111 Study this exa#ple situationD "t is rainin$1 Hill +ants to $o out9 but not in the rain1 She saysD " +ish it +ould stop rainin$1 This #eans that Hill is co#plainin$ about the rain and +ants it to stop1 3e use " +ish 111 +ould111 +hen +e +ant so#ethin$ to happen or +hen +e +ant so#ebody to do so#ethin$1 The speaker is not happy +ith the present situation1 K The phone has been rin$in$ for five #inutes1 " +ish so#ebody +ould ans+er it1 K " +ish you +ould do so#ethin$ instead of Aust sittin$ and doin$ nothin$1 Eou can use " +ish 111 +ouldn7t 111 to co#plain about thin$s people do repeatedlyD K " +ish you +ouldn7t keep interruptin$ #e1 3e use " +ish 111 +ould 111 for actions and chan$es9 not situations1 Co#pareD K " +ish Sarah +ould co#e1 !J " +ant her to co#e% but K " +ish Sarah +ere !or +as% here no+1 !not 7" +ish Sarah +ould be1117% K " +ish so#ebody +ould buy #e a car1 but K " +ish " had a car1 !not 7" +ish " +ould have1117% 4or 7" +ish 111 +ere6had !etc1%7 see 5nits '-B and '.C1 =1 Eou can also use +ould +hen you talk about thin$s that happened re$ularly in the pastD K 3hen +e +ere children9 +e lived by the sea1 "n su##er9 if the +eather +as fine9 +e +ould all $et up early and $o for a s+i#1 !J +e did this re$ularly%

K 3henever Arthur +as an$ry9 he +ould +alk out of the roo#1 3ith this #eanin$9 +ould is si#ilar to used to !see 5nit -%D K 3henever Arthur +as an$ry9 he used to +alk out of the roo#1 @pEME:C"SES (/1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ +ould @ one of the follo+in$ verbs in the correct for#D be do enAoy enAoy phone stop 1 They helped #e a lot1 " don7t kno+ +hat " +ould have done +ithout their help1 &1 Eou should $o and see the fil#1 Eou --- it1 '1 "t7s a pity you couldn7t co#e to the party last ni$ht1 Eou --- it1 (1 " --- you last ni$ht but " didn7t have your nu#ber1 )1 3hy don7t you $o and see Clare2 She --- very pleased to see you1 *1 " +as in a hurry +hen " sa+ you1 Other+ise " --- to talk1 (/1& 3rite sentences usin$ pro#ised1 1 " +onder +hy she7s late1 She pro#ised she +ouldn7t be late1 &1 " +onder +hy To# hasn7t +ritten to #e1 0e pro#ised --'1 "7# surprised they didn7t +ait for us1 They --(1 3hy did you tell Hill +hat " said2 Eou --(/1' 3hat do you say in these situations2 3rite sentences +ith " +ish 111 +ould 111 1 "t7s rainin$1 Eou +ant to $o out9 but not in the rain1 Eou sayD " +ish it +ould stop rainin$1 &1 Eou7re +aitin$ for Hohn1 0e7s late and you7re $ettin$ i#patient1 Eou say !to yourself%D " +ish --'1 Eou can hear a baby cryin$ and you7re tryin$ to study1 Eou sayD --(1 Eou7re lookin$ for a Aob - so far +ithout success1 Nobody +ill $ive you a Aob1 Eou sayD " +ish so#ebody --)1 Brian has been +earin$ the sa#e clothes for years1 Eou think he needs so#e ne+ clothes1 Eou say !to Brian%D --4or the follo+in$ situations9 +rite sentences +ith " +ish 111

+ouldn7t 1111 *1 Eour friend drives very fast1 Eou don7t like this1 Eou say !to your friend%D " +ish you --,1 Hack al+ays leaves the door open1 This annoys you1 Eou say !to Hack%D ---1 A lot of people drop litter in the street1 Eou don7t like this1 Eou sayD " +ish people --(/1( Are these sentences ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the ones that are +ron$1 1 " +ish Sarah +ould be here no+1 &1 " +ish you +ould listen to #e1 '1 " +ish " +ould have #ore #oney1 (1 " +ish it +ouldn7t be so cold today1 )1 " +ish the +eather +ould chan$e1 *1 " +ish you +ouldn7t co#plain all the ti#e1 ,1 " +ish everythin$ +ouldn7t be so expensive1 (/1) These sentences are about thin$s that often happened in the past1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ +ould @ one of these verbsD for$et shake share +alk 1 3henever Arthur +as an$ry9 he +ould +alk out of the roo#1 &1 " used to live next to a rail+ay line1 3henever a train +ent past9 the house --'1 Eou could never rely on Ieor$e1 "t didn7t #atter ho+ #any ti#es you re#inded hi# to do so#ethin$9 he --- al+ays --(1 Brenda +as al+ays very $enerous1 She didn7t have #uch but she --- +hat she had +ith everyone else1 @p-& 5N"T ( 1 passive ! % !is done6+as done% A1 Study this exa#pleD This house +as built in .'/1 73as built7 is passive1 Co#pare active and passiveD So#ebody built this house !obAect% in .'/1 !active% This house !subAect% +as built in .'/1 !passive% 3e use an active verb to say +hat the subAect doesD K 8y $randfather +as a builder1 0e built this house in .'/1

K "t7s a bi$ co#pany1 "t e#ploys t+o hundred people1 3e use a passive verb to say +hat happens to the subAectD K This house is ;uite old1 "t +as built in .'/1 K T+o hundred people are e#ployed by the co#pany1 B1 3hen +e use the passive9 +ho or +hat causes the action is often unkno+n or uni#portantD K A lot of #oney +as stolen in the robbery1 !so#ebody stole it but +e don7t kno+ +ho% K "s this roo# cleaned every day2 !does so#ebody clean it2--it7s not i#portant +ho% "f +e +ant to say +ho does or +hat causes the action9 +e use by111 K This house +as built by #y $randfather1 K T+o hundred people are e#ployed by the co#pany1 C1 The passive is be !is6+as6have been etc1% @ the past participle !done6cleaned6seen etc1%D !be% done !be% cleaned !be% seen !be% da#a$ed !be% built etc1 4or irre$ular past participles !done6kno+n6seen etc1%9 see Appendix 1 Study the active and passive for#s of the present si#ple and past si#pleD Present si#ple activeD clean!s%6see!s% etc1 So#ebody cleans this every day1 passiveD a#6is6are cleaned6seen etc1 This roo# is cleaned every day1 K 8any accidents are caused by careless drivin$1 K "7# not often invited to parties1 K 0o+ is this +ord pronounced2 Present si#ple activeD cleaned6sa+ etc1 So#ebody cleaned this roo# yesterday1 passiveD +as6+ere cleaned6seen etc1 This roo# +as cleaned yesterday1 K 3e +ere +oken up by a loud noise durin$ the ni$ht1 K 7=id you $o to the party27 7No9 " +asn7t invited17

K 0o+ #uch #oney +as stolen2 @p-' EME:C"SES ( 1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of these verbs in the correct for#D cause da#a$e hold include invite #ake overtake sho+ translate +rite 1 8any accidents Pare causedP by dan$erous drivin$1 &1 Cheese --- fro# #ilk1 '1 The roof of the buildin$ --- in a stor# a fe+ days a$o1 (1 There7s no need to leave a tip1 Service --- in the bill1 )1 Eou --- to the +eddin$1 3hy didn7t you $o2 *1 A cine#a is a place +here fil#s --,1 "n the 5nited States9 elections for President --- every four years1 -1 Ori$inally the book --- in Spanish and a fe+ years a$o it .1 3e +ere drivin$ alon$ ;uite fast but +e --- by lots of other cars1 ( 1& 3rite ;uestions usin$ the passive1 So#e are present and so#e are past1 1 Ask about the telephone1 !+hen6invent2% P3hen +as the telephone invented2P &1 Ask about $lass1 !ho+6#ake2% 0o+ --'1 Ask about Australia1 !+hen6discover2% (1 Ask about silver1 !+hat6use for2% )1 Ask about television1 !+hen6invent2% ( 1' Put the verb into the correct for#9 present si#ple or past si#ple9 active or passive1 1 "t7s a bi$ factory1 4ive hundred people Pare e#ployedP !e#ploy% there1 &1 3ater --- !cover% #ost of the Earth7s surface1 '1 8ost of the Earth7s surface --- !cover% by +ater1 (1 The park $ates --- !lock% at *1'/ p1#1 every evenin$1 )1 The letter --- !post% a +eek a$o and it --- !arrive% yesterday1 *1 The boat --- !sink% ;uickly but fortunately everybody --!rescue%1

,1 :on7s parents --- !die% +hen he +as very youn$1 0e and his sister --- !brin$% up by their $randparents1 -1 " +as born in Fondon but " --- !$ro+% up in the north of En$land1 .1 3hile " +as on holiday9 #y ca#era --- !steal% fro# #y hotel roo#1 /1 3hile " +as on holiday9 #y ca#era --- !disappear% fro# #y hotel roo#1 1 3hy --- !Sue6resi$n% fro# her Aob2 =idn7t she enAoy it2 &1 3hy --- !Bill6sack% fro# his Aob2 3hat did he do +ron$2 '1 The co#pany is not independent1 "t --- !o+n% by a #uch lar$er co#pany1 (1 " sa+ an accident last ni$ht1 So#ebody --- !call% an a#bulance but nobody --- !inAure% so the a#bulance --- !not6need%1 )1 3here --- !these photo$raphs6take%2 "n Fondon2 --!you6take% the#2 ( 1( :e+rite these sentences1 "nstead of usin$ 7so#ebody6they6people7 etc1 +rite a passive sentence1 1 So#ebody cleans the roo# every day1 PThe roo# is cleaned every day1P &1 They cancelled all fli$hts because of fo$1 All --'1 People don7t use this road very often1 --(1 So#ebody accused #e of stealin$ #oney1 " --)1 0o+ do people learn lan$ua$es2 0o+ --*1 People advised us not to $o out alone1 --@p-( 5N"T (&1 Passive !&% !be6been6bein$ done% Study the follo+in$ active and passive for#sD A1 "nfinitive activeD !to% do6clean6see etc1 So#ebody +ill clean the roo# later1 passiveD !to% be done6cleaned6seen etc1 The roo# +ill be clean later1 K The situation is serious1 So#ethin$ #ust be done before it7s too late1 K A #ystery is so#ethin$ that can7t be explained1

K The #usic +as very loud and could be heard fro# a lon$ +ay a+ay1 K A ne+ super#arket is $oin$ to be built next year1 K Please $o a+ay1 " +ant to be left alone1 B1 Perfect infinitive activeD have done6cleaned6seen etc1 So#ebody should have cleaned the roo#1 passiveD have been done6cleaned6seen etc1 The roo# should have been cleaned1 K " haven7t received the letter yet1 "t #i$ht have been sent to the +ron$ address1 K "f you hadn7t left the car unlocked9 it +ouldn7t have been stolen1 K There +ere so#e proble#s at first but they see# to have been solved1 C1 Present perfect activeD have6has !done% The roo# looks nice1 So#ebody has cleaned it1 passiveD have6has been !done% The roo# looks nice1 "t has been clean1 K 0ave you heard the ne+s2 The President has been shotL K 0ave you ever been bitten by a do$2 K 7Are you $oin$ to the party27 7No9 " haven7t been invited17 Past perfect activeD had!done% The roo# looked nice1 So#ebody had clean it1 passiveD had been !done% The roo# looked nice1 "t had been clean1 K The ve$etables didn7t taste very $ood1 They had been cooked for too lon$1 K The car +as three years old but hadn7t been used very #uch1 =1 Present continuous activeD a#6is6are !do%in$ So#ebody is cleanin$ the roo# at the #o#ent1 passiveD a#6is6are bein$ !done% The roo# is bein$ cleaned at the #o#ent1 K There7s so#ebody +alkin$ behind us1 " think +e are bein$ follo+ed1

K !in a shop% 7Can " help you9 #ada#27 7No9 thank you1 "7# bein$ served17 Past continuous activeD +as6+ere !do%in$ So#ebody +as cleanin$ the roo# +hen " arrived1 passiveD +as6+ere bein$ !done% The roo# +as bein$ cleaned +hen " arrived1 K There +as so#ebody +alkin$ behind us1 3e +ere bein$ follo+ed1 @p-) EME:C"SES (&1 3hat do these +ords #ean2 5se it can 111 or it can7t111 1 5se a dictionary if necessary1 "f so#ethin$ is 1 +ashable9 Pit can be +ashed1P &1 unbreakable9 it --'1 edible9 it --(1 unusable9 --)1 invisible9 --*1 portable9 --(&1& Co#plete these sentences +ith one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#%D carry cause do #ake repair send spend +ake up So#eti#es you need have !7#i$ht have79 7could have7 etc1%1 1 The situation is serious1 So#ethin$ #ust be done before it7s too late1 &1 " haven7t received the letter1 "t #i$ht have been sent to the +ron$ address1 '1 A decision +ill not --- until the next #eetin$1 (1 " told the hotel receptionist that " +anted to --- at *1'/ the next #ornin$1 )1 =o you think that less #oney should --- on ar#a#ents2 *1 This road is in very bad condition1 "t should --- a lon$ ti#e a$o1 ,1 The inAured #an couldn7t +alk and had to ---1 "t7s not certain ho+ the fire started but it #i$ht --- by an electrical fault1

(&1' :e+rite these sentences1 "nstead of usin$ 7so#ebody7 or 7they79 +rite a passive sentence1 1 So#ebody has cleaned the roo#1 PThe roo# has been cleaned1P &1 They have postponed the concert1 The --'1 So#ebody is usin$ the co#puter at the #o#ent1 The co#puter --(1 " didn7t realise that so#ebody +as recordin$ our conversation1 " didn7t realise that --)1 3hen +e $ot to the stadiu# +e found that they had cancelled the $a#e1 3hen +e $ot to the stadiu#9 +e found that --*1 They are buildin$ a ne+ rin$ road round the city1 --,1 They have built a ne+ hospital near the airport1 --(&1( 8ake sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 So#eti#es the verb is active9 so#eti#es passive1 !This exercise also includes the past si#ple--see 5nit ( C1% 1 There7s so#ebody behind us1 !" think6+e6follo+% P" think +e7re bein$ follo+ed1P &1 This roo# looks different1 !you6paint2% P0ave you painted it2P '1 8y car has disappeared1 !it6stealL% "t --(1 8y u#brella has disappeared1 !so#ebody6take% So#ebody --)1 To# $ets a hi$her salary no+1 !he6pro#ote% --*1 Ann can7t use her office at the #o#ent1 !it6redecorate% --,1 The photocopier broke do+n yesterday9 but no+ it7s OG1 !it6+ork6a$ainC it6repair% -1 The police have found the people they +ere lookin$ for1 !t+o people6arrest6last ni$ht% .1 A tree +as lyin$ across the road1 !it6blo+ do+n6in the stor#% /1 The #an next door disappeared six #onths a$o1 !nobody6see6since then% 1 " +as #u$$ed on #y +ay ho#e a fe+ ni$hts a$o1 !you6ever6#u$2% @p-* 5N"T ('1 Passive !'% A1 " +as born 111

3e sayD " +as born 111 !not 7" a# born7%D past si#ple K " +as born in Chica$o1 K 3here +ere you born2 !not 7+here are you born7% but present si#ple K 0o+ #any babies are born everyday2 B1 So#e verbs can have t+o obAects1 4or exa#ple9 $iveD K 3e $ave Pthe policeP!obAect % Pthe infor#ation1P!obAect &% !J 3e $ave the infor#ation to the police1% So it is possible to #ake t+o passive sentencesD K The police +ere $iven the infor#ation1 or The infor#ation +as $iven to the police1 Other verbs +hich can have t+o obAects areD ask offer pay sho+ teach tell 3hen +e use these verbs in the passive9 #ost often +e be$in +ith the personD K " +as offered the Aob but " refused it1 !J they offered #e the Aob% K Eou +ill be $iven plenty of ti#e to decide1 !J +e +ill $ive you plenty of ti#e% K 0ave you been sho+n the ne+ #achine2 !J has anybody sho+n you 1112% K The #en +ere paid F&// to do the +ork1 !J so#ebody paid the #en F&//% C1 " don7t like bein$ 111 The passive of doin$6seein$ etc1 is bein$ done6bein$ seen etc1 Co#pareD activeD " don7t like people tellin$ #e +hat to do1 passiveD " don)t like bein$ told +hat to do1 K " re#e#ber bein$ $iven a toy dru# on #y fifth birthday1 !J " re#e#ber so#ebody $ivin$ #e a toy dru#111% K 8r1 8iller hates bein$ kept +aitin$1 !J he hates people keepin$ hi# +aitin$% K 3e #ana$ed to cli#b over the +all +ithout bein$ seen1 !J 111 +ithout anybody seein$ us% =1 Iet

So#eti#es you can use $et instead of be in the passiveD K There +as a fi$ht at the party but nobody $ot hurt1 !J nobody +as hurt% K " don7t often $et invited to parties1 !J "7# not often invited% K "7# surprised Ann didn7t $et offered the lob1 !111 Ann +asn7t offered the Aob% Eou can use $et to say that so#ethin$ happens to so#ebody or so#ethin$9 especially if this is unplanned or unexpectedD K Our do$ $ot run over by a car1 Eou can use $et only +hen thin$s happen or chan$e1 4or exa#ple9 you cannot use $et in these sentencesD K Hill is liked by everybody1 !not 7$ets liked7 - this is not a 7happenin$7% K 0e +as a #ystery #an1 Nothin$ +as kno+n about hi#1 !not 7$ot kno+n7% 3e use $et #ainly in infor#al spoken En$lish1 Eou can use be in all situations1 3e also use $et in the follo+in$ expressions !+hich are not passive in #eanin$%D $et #arried $et divorced $et dressed !J put on your clothes% $et chan$ed !J chan$e your clothes% @p-, EME:C"SES ('1 3hen +ere they born2 Choose five of these people and +rite a sentence for each1 !T+o of the# +ere born in the sa#e year1% Beethoven Ialileo Elvis Presley ()& -*. .&. A$atha Christie 8ahat#a Iandhi Feonardo da ?inci )*( -. .') 3alt =isney 8artin Futher Gin$ 3illia# Shakespeare ,,/ ./ 1 P3alt =isney +as born in ./ 1P &1 --'1 --(1 --)1 --*1 --,1 And you2 " ---

('1& 3rite these sentences in another +ay9 be$innin$ in the +ay sho+n1 1 They didn7t $ive #e the #oney1 " P+asn7t $iven the #oney1P &1 They asked #e so#e difficult ;uestions at the intervie+1 " --'1 Hanet7s collea$ues $ave her a present +hen she retired1 Hanet --(1 Nobody told #e that Ieor$e +as ill1 " +asn7t --)1 0o+ #uch +ill they pay you2 0o+ #uch +ill you --*1 " think they should have offered To# the Aob1 " think To# --,1 0as anybody sho+n you +hat to do2 0ave you --('1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ bein$ @ one of these verbsD ask attack $ive invite keep pay 1 8r 8iller doesn7t like Pbein$ keptP +aitin$1 &1 They +ent to the party +ithout ---1 '1 8ost people like --- presents1 (1 "t7s a dan$erous city1 People +on7t $o out after dark because they are afraid of ---1 )1 " don7t like --- stupid ;uestions1 *1 4e+ people are prepared to +ork +ithout ---1 ('1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ $et6$ot @ one of these verbs !in the correct for#%D ask break da#a$e hurt pay steal stin$ stop use 1 There +as a fi$ht at the party but nobody $ot hurt1 &1 Ted --- by a bee +hile he +as sittin$ in the $arden1 '1 0o+ did that +indo+ ---2 (1 These tennis courts don7t --- very often9 Not #any people +ant to play1 )1 " used to have a bicycle but it ---1 *1 Fast ni$ht " --- by the police as " +as drivin$ ho#e1 ,1 0o+ #uch did you --- last #onth2 -1 Please pack these thin$s very carefully1 " don7t +ant the# to ---1 .1 People often +ant to kno+ +hat #y Hob is1 " often --- that ;uestion1 @p--

5N"T ((1 "t is said that111 0e is said to111 !be% supposed to111 A1 Study this exa#ple situationD 0enry is very old1 Nobody kno+s exactly ho+ old he is9 butD "t is said that he is /- years old1 or 0e is said to be /- years old1 Both these sentences #eanD 7People say that he is /- years old17 Eou can use these structures +ith a nu#ber of other verbs9 especiallyD thou$ht believed considered reported kno+n expected alle$ed understood Co#pare the t+o structuresD K Cathy +orks very hard1 "t is said that she +orks * hours a day1 or She is said to +ork * hours a day1 K The police are lookin$ for a #issin$ boy1 "t is believed that the boy is +earin$ a or +hite pullover and blue Aeans1 The boy is believed to be +earin$ a +hite pullover and blue Aeans1 K The strike started three +eeks a$o1 "t is expected that it +ill end soon1 or The strike is expected to end soon K A friend of #ine has been arrested1 "t is alle$ed that he kicked a police#an1 or 0e is alle$ed to have kicked a police#an1 K Those t+o houses belon$ to the sa#e fa#ily1 "t is said that there is a secret tunnel bet+een the#1 There is said to be a secret tunnel bet+een the#1 These structures are often used in ne+s reports1 4or exa#ple9 in a report about an accidentD K "t is reported that t+o people +ere inAured in the explosion1 or T+o people are reported to have been inAured in the explosion1 B1 !Be% supposed to So#eti#es it is supposed to 111 J it is said to111 K Fet7s $o and see that fil#1 "t7s supposed to be very $ood1 !J it is said to be very $ood% K 73hy +as he arrested27 70e7s supposed to have kicked a

police#an17 !J he is said to have kicked a police#an% But so#eti#es supposed to has a different #eanin$1 7So#ethin$ is supposed to happen7 J it is planned9 arran$ed or expected1 Often this is different fro# +hat really happensD K "7d better hurry1 "t7s nearly - o7clock and "7# supposed to be #eetin$ Ann at -1 )1 !J " have arran$ed to #eet Ann9 " said " +ould #eet her% K The train +as supposed to arrive at 1'/ but it +as an hour late1 !J the train +as expected to arrive at 1'/ accordin$ to the ti#etable% K Eou +ere supposed to clean the +indo+s1 3hy didn7t you do it2 7Eou7re not supposed to do so#ethin$7 J it is not allo+ed or advisable for you to do itD K Eou7re not supposed to park your car here1 "t7s private parkin$ only1 K 8r1 Bond is #uch better after his illness but he7s still not supposed to do any heavy +ork1 !J his doctors have advised hi# not to 111% @p-. EME:C"SES ((1 3rite these sentences in another +ay9 be$innin$ as sho+n1 5se the underlined +ord in your sentence1 1 "t is PexpectedP that the strike +ill end soon1 The strike Pis expected to end soon1P &1 "t is PexpectedP that the +eather +ill be $ood to#orro+1 The +eather is --'1 "t is PbelievedP that the thieves $ot in throu$h the kitchen +indo+1 The thieves --(1 "t is PreportedP that #any people are ho#eless after the floods1 8any people --)1 "t is Pthou$htP that the prisoner escaped by cli#bin$ over a +all1 The prisoner --*1 "t is Palle$edP that the #an drove throu$h the to+n at ./ #iles an hour1 The #an is --,1 "t is PreportedP that the buildin$ has been badly da#a$ed by fire1 The buildin$ ---

-1 aD "t is PsaidP that the co#pany is losin$ a lot of #oney1 The co#pany --bD "t is PbelievedP that the co#pany lost a lot of #oney last year1 The co#pany --cD "t is PexpectedP that the co#pany +ill lose #oney this year1 The co#pany --((1& People say a lot of thin$s about Arthur1 4or exa#pleD Arthur cats spiders1 & 0e is very rich1 '1 !0e +rites poetry1 (1 !0e has & children1% )1 !0e robbed a bank a lon$ ti#e a$o1 Nobody kno+s for sure +hether these thin$s are true or not1 3rite sentences about Arthur usin$ !be% supposed to1 1 Arthur is supposed to eat spiders1 &1 0e --'1 --(1 --)1 --((1' No+ you have to use !be% supposed to +ith its other #eanin$1 "n each exa#ple +hat happens is different fro# +hat is supposed to happen1 5se !be% supposed to @ one of these verbsD arrive be block co#e park phone start So#e of the sentences are ne$ative !like the first exa#ple%1 1 EouP7re not suppose to parkP here1 "t7s private parkin$ only1 &1 The train P+as supposed to arriveP at 1'/9 but it +as an hour late1 '1 3hat are the children doin$ at ho#e2 They --- at school at this ti#e1 (1 3e --- +ork at -1 )9 but +e rarely do anythin$ before -1'/1 )1 This door is a fire exit1 Eou --- it1 *1 Oh dearL " --- Ann but " co#pletely for$ot1 ,1 They arrived very early--at & o7clock1 They --- until '1'/1 @p./ 5N"T ()1 0ave so#ethin$ done

A1 Study this exa#ple situationD The roof of Hill7s house +as da#a$ed in a stor#9 so she arran$ed for so#ebody to repair it1 Eesterday a +ork#an ca#e and did the Aob1 Hill had the roof repaired yesterday1 This #eansD Hill arran$ed for so#ebody else to repair the roof1 She didn7t repair it herself1 3e use have so#ethin$ done to say that +e arran$e for so#ebody else to do so#ethin$ for us1 Co#pareD K Hill repaired the roof1 !J she repaired it herself% K Hill had the roof repaired1 !J she arran$ed for so#ebody else to repair it% Study these sentencesD K =id Ann #ake the dress herself or did she have it #ade2 K 7Are you $oin$ to repair the car yourself27 7No9 "7# $oin$ to have it repaired17 Be careful +ith +ord order1 The past participle !repaired6cut etc1% is after the obAect !the roof your hair etc1%D have @ obAect @ past participle Hill had the roof repaired yesterday1 3here did you have your hair cut2 Eour hair looks nice1 0ave you had it cut2 Hulia has Aust had central heatin$ installed in her house1 3e are havin$ the house painted at the #o#ent1 0o+ often do you have your car serviced2 " think you should have that coat cleaned soon1 " don7t like havin$ #y photo$raph taken1 B1 Eou can also say 7$et so#ethin$ done7 instead of 7have so#ethin$ done7 !#ainly in infor#al spoken En$lish%D K 3hen are you $oin$ to $et the roof repaired2 !J have the roof repaired% K " think you should $et your hair cut1 C1 So#eti#es have so#ethin$ done has a different #eanin$1 4or exa#pleD K Hill and Eric had all their #oney stolen +hile they +ere on

holiday1 Of course this does not #ean that they arran$ed for so#ebody to steal their #oney1 7They had all their #oney stolen7 #eans onlyD 7All their #oney +as stolen fro# the#17 3ith this #eanin$9 +e use have so#ethin$ done to say that so#ethin$ happens to so#ebody or their belon$in$s1 5sually +hat happens is not niceD K Ieor$e had his nose broken in a fi$ht1 K 0ave you ever had your passport stolen2 @p. EME:C"SES ()1 Tick !?% the correct sentence9 !a% or !b%9 for each picture1 1 SA:A0 a Sarah is cuttin$ her hair1 b Sarah is havin$ her hair cut1 &1 B"FF a Bill is cuttin$ his hair1 b Bill is havin$ his hair cut1 '1 HO0N a Hohn is cleanin$ his shoes1 b Hohn is havin$ his shoes cleaned1 (1 S5E a Sue is takin$ a photo$raph1 b Sue is havin$ her photo$raph taken1 ()1& 3hy did you do these thin$s2 Ans+er usin$ 7have so#ethin$ done71 5se one of these verbsD clean cut repair service 1 3hy did you take your car to the $ara$e2 PTo have it serviced1P &1 3hy did you take your Aacket to the cleaner7s2 To --'1 3hy did you take your +atch to the Ae+eller7s2 --(1 3hy did you $o to the hairdresser2 --()1' 3rite sentences in the +ay sho+n1 1 Hill didn7t repair the roof herself1 She Phad it repaired1P &1 " didn7t cut #y hair #yself1 " --'1 They didn7t paint the house the#selves1 They --(1 Sue didn7t #ake the curtains herself1 ---

()1( 5se the +ords in brackets to co#plete the sentences1 5se the structure 7have so#ethin$ done71 1 3e Pare havin$ the house paintedP !the house6paint% at the #o#ent1 &1 " lost #y key1 "7ll have to --- !another key6#ake%1 '1 3hen +as the last ti#e you --- !your hair6cut%2 (1 Eou look different --- !you6your hair6cut%2 )1 --- !you6a ne+spaper6deliver% to your house or do you $o to the shop to buy one2 *1 AD 3hat are those +ork#en doin$ in your $arden2 BD Oh9 +e --- !a s+i##in$ pool6build%1 ,1 AD Can " see the photo$raphs you took +hen you +ere on holiday2 BD "7# afraid " --- !not6the fil#6develop% yet1 -1 This coat is dirty1 " #ust --- !it6clean%1 .1 "f you +ant to +ear earrin$s9 +hy don7t you --- !your ears6pierce%2 ()1) No+ you have to use 7have so#ethin$ done7 +ith its second #eanin$ !see Section C%1 1 Ieor$e7s nose +as broken in a fi$ht1 3hat happened to Ieor$e2 P0e had his nose broken in a fi$ht1P &1 Sarah7s ba$ +as stolen on a train1 3hat happened to Sarah2 She --'1 4red7s hat +as blo+n off in the +ind1 3hat happened to 4red2 --(1 =iane7s passport +as taken a+ay fro# her by the police1 3hat happened to =iane2 --@p.& 5N"T (*1 :eported speech ! % !0e said that 111% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Eou +ant to tell so#ebody else +hat To# said1 There are t+o +ays of doin$ thisD Eou can repeat To#7s +ords !direct speech%D To# said 7"7# feelin$ ill17 Or you can use reported speechD

To# said that he +as feelin$ ill1 Co#pareD directD To# said " a# feelin$ ill17 in +ritin$ +e use these to sho+ direct speech1 reportedD To# said that he +as feelin$ ill1 B1 3hen +e use reported speech9 the #ain verb of the sentence is usually past !To# said that 111 " told her that111 etc1%1 The rest of the sentence is usually past tooD K To# said that he +as feelin$ ill1 K " told her that " didn7t have any #oney1 Eou can leave out thatD K To# said !that% he +as feelin$ ill1 K " told her !that% " didn7t have any #oney1 "n $eneral9 the present for# in direct speech chan$es to the past for# in reported speechD a#6is -O +as do6does -O did +ill -O +ould are -O +ere have6has -O had can -O could +ant6like6kno+6$o etc1 -O +ant6liked6kne+6+ent etc1 Co#pare direct speech and reported speechD Eou #et Hudy1 0ere are so#e of the thin$s she said to you in direct speechD HudyD 7#y parents are very +ell17 7"7# $oin$ to learn to drive17 7Hohn has $iven up his Aob17 7" can7t co#e to the party on 4riday17 7" +ant to $o a+ay for a holiday but " don7t kno+ +here to $o17 7"7# $oin$ a+ay for a fe+ days1 "7ll phone you +hen " $et back17 Fater you tell so#ebody +hat Hudy said1 Eou use reported speechD K Hudy said that her parents +ere very +ell1 K She said that she +as $oin$ to learn to drive1

K She said that Hohn had $iven up his Aob1 K She said that she couldn7t co#e to the party on 4riday1 K She said that she +anted to $o a+ay for a holiday but !she% didn7t kno+ +here to $o1 K She said that she +as $oin$ a+ay for a fe+ days and +ould phone #e +hen she $ot back1 C1 The past si#ple !did6sa+6kne+ etc1% can usually stay the sa#e in reported speech9 or you can chan$e it to the past Perfect !had done6had seen6had kno+n etc1%D directD To# saidD 7" +oke up feelin$ ill9 so " didn7t $o to +ork17 reportedD To# said !that% he +oke up feelin$ ill9 so he didn7t $o to +ork1 or To# said !that% he had +oken up feelin$ ill9 so he hadn7t $one to +ork1 @p.' EME:C"SES (*1 Eesterday you #et a friend of yours9 Charlie1 0ere are so#e of the thin$s Charlie said to youD 1 "7# livin$ in Fondon no+1 &1 8y father isn7t very +ell1 '1 Sharon and Paul are $ettin$ #arried next #onth1 (1 8ar$aret has had a baby1 )1 " don7t kno+ +hat 4red is doin$1 *1 " sa+ 0elen at a party in Hune and she see#ed fine1 ,1 " haven7t seen =iane recently1 -1 "7# not enAoyin$ #y Aob very #uch1 .1 Eou can co#e and stay at #y flat if you are ever in Fondon1 /1 8y car +as stolen a fe+ +eeks a$o1 1 " +ant to $o on holiday but " can7t afford it1 &1 "7ll tell Ann " sa+ you1 Fater that day you tell another friend +hat Charlie said1 5se reported speech1 1 PCharlie said that he +as livin$ in Fondon no+1P &1 0e said that --'1 0e --(1 --)1 ---

*1 --,1 ---1 --.1 --/1 --1 --&1 --(*1& So#ebody says so#ethin$ to you +hich is the opposite of +hat they said before1 3rite a suitable ans+er be$innin$ " thou$ht you said 1111 1 AD That restaurant is expensive1 BD is "t2 P" thou$ht you said it +as cheap1P &1 AD Ann is co#in$ to the party toni$ht1 BD "s she2 " thou$ht you said she --'1 AD Ann likes Paul1 BD =oes she2 " thou$ht --(1 AD " kno+ lots of people1 BD =o you2 " thou$ht you said you --)1 AD "7ll be here next +eek1 BD 3ill you2 --*1 AD "7# $oin$ out this evenin$1 BD Are you2 --,1 AD " can speak a little 4rench1 BD Can you2 ---1 AD " haven7t been to the cine#a for a$es1 BD 0aven7t you2 --@p.( 5N"T (,1 :eported speech !&% A1 "t is not al+ays necessary to chan$e the verb +hen you use reported speech1 "f you report1 so#ethin$ and it is still true9 you do not need to chan$e the verbD K directD To# said 7Ne+ Eork is #ore lively than Fondon17 reportedD To# said that Ne+ Eork is #ore lively than Fondon1 !Ne+ Eork is still #ore lively1 The situation hasn7t chan$ed1% K directD Ann said 7" +ant to $o to Ne+ Eork next year17

reportedD Ann said that she +ants to $o to Ne+ Eork next year1 !Ann still +ants to $o to Ne+ Eork next year1% Note that it is also correct to chan$e the verb into the pastD K To# said that Ne+ Eork +as #ore lively than Fondon1 K Ann said that she +anted to $o to Ne+ Eork next year1 But you #ust use a past for# +hen there is a difference bet+een +hat +as said and +hat is really true1 Study this exa#ple situationD Eou #et Sonia a fe+ days a$o1 She saidD 7Hi# is ill17 !direct speech% Fater that day you see Hi#1 0e is lookin$ +ell and carryin$ a tennis racket1 Eou sayD 7" didn7t expect to see you9 Hi#1 Sonia said you +ere ill1 !not 7Sonia said you are ill79 because clearly he is not ill1% B1 Say and tell "f you say +ho you are talkin$ to9 use tellD K Sonia told #e that you +ere ill1 !not 7Sonia said #e7% K 3hat did you tell the police2 !not 7say the police7% Other+ise use sayD K Sonia said that you +ere ill1 !not 7Sonia told that 1117% K 3hat did you say2 But you can say so#ethin$ to so#ebody7D K Ann said $oodbye to #e and left1 !not 7Ann said #e $oodbye7% K 3hat did you say to the police2 C1 Tell6ask so#ebody to do so#ethin$ 3e also use the infinitive !to do6to stay etc1% in reported speech9 especially +ith tell and ask !for orders and re;uests%D K directD 7Stay in bed for a fe+ days97 the doctor said to #e1 reportedD The doctor told #e to stay in bed for a fe+ days1 K directD 7=on7t shout97 " said to Hi#1 reportedD " told Hi# not to shout1 K directD 7Please don7t tell anybody +hat happened97 Ann said to #e1 reportedD Ann asked #e not to tell anybody +hat !had% happened1 7111 said to do so#ethin$7 is also possibleD K The doctor said to stay in bed for a fe+ days1 !but not 7The doctor said #e 1117%

@p.) EME:C"SES (,1 0ere are so#e thin$s that Ann said to youD "7ve never been to the 5nited States1 " don7t have any brothers or sisters1 =ave is laNy1 " don7t like fish1 " can7t drive1 Hane is a friend of #ine "7# +orkin$ to#orro+ evenin$1 Hane has a very +ell-paid Aob1 But later Ann says so#ethin$ different to you1 3hat do you say2 1 =ave +orks very hard1 PBut you said he +as laNy1P &1 Fet7s have fish for dinner1 '1 "7# $oin$ to buy a car1 (1 Hane is al+ays short of #oney1 )1 8y sister lives in Fondon1 *1 " think Ne+ Eork is a fantastic place1 ,1 Fet7s $o out to#orro+ evenin$1 -1 "7ve never spoken to Hane1 (,1& Co#plete the sentences +ith say or tell !in the correct for#%1 5se only one +ord each ti#e1 1 Ann said $oodbye to #e and left1 &1 --- us about your holiday1 =id you have a nice ti#e2 '1 =on7t Aust stand thereL --- so#ethin$L (1 " +onder +here Sue is1 She --- she +ould be here at - o7clock1 )1 Hack --- #e that he +as fed up +ith his Aob1 *1 The doctor --- that " should rest for at least a +eek1 ,1 =on7t --- anybody +hat " --- "t7s a secret Aust bet+een us1 -1 7=id she --- you +hat happened27 7No9 she didn7t --- anythin$ to #e17 .1 Ieor$e couldn7t help #e1 0e --- #e to ask Gate1 /1 Ieor$e couldn7t help #e1 0e --- to ask Gate1 (,1' !Section C% The follo+in$ sentences are direct speechD =on7t +ait for #e if "7# late1

3ill you #arry #e2 0urry upL Can you open your ba$9 please2 8ind your o+n business Please slo+ do+nL Could you repeat +hat you said91please2 =on7t +orry9 sue1 =o you think you could $ive #e a hand9 To#2 No+ choose one of these to co#plete each sentence belo+1 5se reported speech1 1 Bill +as takin$ a lon$ ti#e to $et ready9 so " Ptold hi# to hurry up1P &1 Sarah +as drivin$ too fast9 so " asked --'1 Sue +as very pessi#istic about the situation1 " told --(1 " couldn7t #ove the piano alone9 so " --)1 The custo#s officer looked at #e suspiciously and --*1 " had difficulty understandin$ hi#9 so " --,1 " didn7t +ant to delay Ann9 so " ---1 Hohn +as very #uch in love +ith 8ary9 so he --.1 0e started askin$ #e personal ;uestions9 so --@p.* 5N"T (-1 <uestions ! % A1 3e usually #ake ;uestions by chan$in$ the +ord orderD +e put the first auxiliary verb !A?% before the subAect !S%D To# +ill -O +ill To#2 K 3ill To# be here to#orro+2 you have -O have you2 K 0ave you been +orkin$ hard2 " can -O can "2 K 3hat can " do2 !not 73hat " can do27% the house +as -O +as the house2 K 3hen +as the house built2 !not 73hen +as built the house27% B1 "n present si#ple ;uestions9 +e use do6doesD you live -O do you live2 K =o you live near here2

the fil# be$ins -O does the fil# be$in2 K 3hat ti#e does the fil# be$in2 !not 73hat ti#e be$ins 11127% "n past si#ple ;uestions9 +e use didD you sold -O did you sell2 K =id you sell your car2 the accident happened -O did the accident happen2 K 0o+ did the accident happen2 But do not use do6does6did in ;uestions if +ho6+hat6+hich is the subAect of the sentence1 Co#pareD +ho obAect E##a telephoned Pso#ebody1P!obAect% P3hoP!obAect% did E##a telephone2 +ho subAect PSo#ebodyP!subAect% telephoned E##a1 P3hoP!subAect% telephoned E##a2 "n these exa#ples9 +ho6+hat6+hich is the subAectD K 3ho +ants so#ethin$ to eat2 !not 73ho does +ant7% K 3hat happened to you last ni$ht2 !not 73hat did happen7% K 3hich bus $oes to the city centre2 !not 73hich bus does $o7% C1 Note the position of prepositions in ;uestions be$innin$ 3ho63hat63hich63here 1112D K 3ho do you +ant to speak to2 K 3hat +as the +eather like yesterday2 K 3hich Aob has Hane applied for2 K 3here do you co#e fro#2 =1 Ne$ative ;uestions !isn7t it 11126didn7t you 1112% 3e use ne$ative ;uestions especially to sho+ surpriseD K =idn7t you hear the bell2 " ran$ it four ti#es1 or +hen +e expect the listener to a$ree +ith usD K 70aven7t +e #et so#e+here before 7Ees9 " think +e have17 K "sn7t it a beautiful dayL !J "t7s a beautiful day9 isn7t it2% Note the #eanin$ of yes and no in ans+ers to ne$ative ;uestionsD K =on7t you +ant to $o to the party2 Ees1 !JEes9 " +ant to $o% K =on7t you +ant to $o to the party2 1No1 !JNo9 " don7t +ant to $o% Note the +ord order in ne$ative ;uestions be$innin$ 3hy 1112D

K 3hy don7t +e $o out for a #eal toni$ht2 !not 73hy +e don7t1117% K 3hy +asn7t 8ary at +ork yesterday2 !not 73hy 8ary +asn7t1117% @p., EME:C"SES (-1 Ask FiN ;uestions1 !Fook at her ans+ers before you +rite the ;uestions1% 1 !+here6fro#2% 3here are you fro#2 P4ro# Fondon ori$inally1P &1 !+here6live6no+2% 3here --"n 8anchester1 '1 !#arried2% --Ees1 (1 !ho+ lon$6#arried2% --& years1 )1 !children2% --Ees9 three boys1 *1 !ho+ old6they2% --(9 , and .1 ,1 !+hat6husband6do2% --0e7s a police#an1 -1 !he6enAoy his Aob2% --Ees9 very #uch1 .1 !arrest anyone yesterday2% --" don7t kno+1 /1 !ho+ often6$o6on holiday2% --5sually once a year1 1 !+here6next year2% --3e don7t kno+ yet1 (-1& 8ake ;uestions +ith +ho or +hat1 1 So#ebody hit #e1 P3ho hit you2P &1 " hit so#ebody1 P3ho did you hit2P '1 So#ebody $ave #e the key1 3ho --(1 So#ethin$ happened1

3hat --)1 =iane told #e so#ethin$1 --*1 This book belon$s to so#ebody1 --,1 So#ebody lives in that house1 --- " fell over so#ethin$1 --.1 So#ethin$ fell on the floor1 --/1 This +ord #eans so#ethin$1 --1 " borro+ed the #oney fro# so#ebody1 --&1 "7# +orried about so#ethin$1 --(-1' Put the +ords in brackets in the correct order1 All the sentences are ;uestions1 1 !+hen6+as6built6this house% P3hen +as this house built2P &1 !ho+6cheese6is6#ade% '1 !+hen6invented 6the co#puter6+as% (1 !+hy6Sue6+orkin$6 isn7t6today% )1 !+hat ti#e6co#in$6your friends6are% *1 !+hy6+as6cancelled6the concert% ,1 !+here6your #other6+as6born% -1 !+hy6you6to the party6didn7t6co#e% .1 !ho+6the accident6did6happen% /1 !+hy6this #achine6doesn7t6+ork% (-1( 3rite ne$ative ;uestions fro# the +ords in brackets1 "n each situation you are surprised1 1 AD 3e +on7t see Ann this evenin$1 BD 3hy not2 !she6not6co#e6to the party2% P"sn7t she co#in$ to the party2P &1 AD " hope +e don7t #eet Brian toni$ht1 BD 3hy2 !you6not6like6hi#2%

'1 AD =on7t $o and see that fil#1 BD 3hy not2 !it6not6$ood% (1 AD "7ll have to borro+ so#e #oney1 BD 3hy2 !you6not6have6any2% @p.5N"T (.1 <uestions !&% !=o you kno+ +here 112 She asked #e +here 111% A1 3hen +e ask for infor#ation9 +e often say =o you kno+ 11126Could you tell #e 1112 etc1 "f you be$in a ;uestion like this9 the +ord order is different fro# a si#ple ;uestion1 Co#pareD 3here has To# $one2 !si#ple ;uestion% but =o you kno+ +here To# has $one2 !not 7=o you kno+ +here has To# $one27% 3hen the ;uestion !3here has To# $one2% is part of a lon$er sentence !=o you kno+ 11126" don7t kno+1116Can you tell #e 1112 etc1%9 it loses the nor#al ;uestion +ord order1 Co#pareD K 3hat ti#e is it2 but =o you kno+ +hat ti#e it is2 K 3ho is that +o#an2 but " don7t kno+ +ho that +o#an is1 K 3here can " find Finda2 but Can you tell #e +here " can find Finda2 K 0o+ #uch +ill it cost2 but 0ave you any idea ho+ #uch it +ill cost2 Be careful +ith do6does6did ;uestionsD K 3hat ti#e the fil# be$ins2 but =o you kno+ +hat ti#e the fil# be$ins2 !not 7=o you kno+ +hat ti#e does1117% K 3hat do you #ean2 but Please explain +hat you #ean1 K 3hy did Ann leave early2 but " +onder +hy Ann left early1 5se if or +hether +here there is no other ;uestion +ord !+hat9 +hy etc1%D K =id anybody see you2 but =o you kno+ if !or +hether% anybody sa+ you2 B1 The sa#e chan$es in +ord order happen in reported ;uestionsD

directD The police officer said to us9 R3here are you $oin$2 reportedD The police officer asked us +here +e +ere-$oin$1 directD Clare said9 73hat ti#e do the bank close2 reportedD Clare +anted to kno+ +hat ti#e the banks closed1 "n reported ;uestions9 the verb usually chan$es to the past !+ere9 closed%1 See 5nit (*1 Study these exa#ples1 Eou had an intervie+ for a Aob and these +ere so#e of the ;uestions the intervie+er asked youD "NTE:?"E3E: 0o+ old are you2 3hat do you do in your spare ti#e2 0o+ lon$ have you been +orkin$ in your present Aob2 3hy did you apply for the Aob2 Can you speak any forei$n lan$ua$es2 0ave you $ot a drivin$ licence2 Fater you tell a friend +hat the intervie+er asked you1 Eou use reported speechD K She asked !#e% ho+ old " +as1 K She +anted to kno+ +hat " did in #y spare ti#e1 K She asked !#e% ho+ lon$ " had been +orkin$ in #y present Aob1 K She asked !#e% +hy " had applied for the Aob1 !or 111 +hy " applied% K She +anted to kno+ +hether !or if% " could speak any forei$n lan$ua$es1 K She asked +hether !or if% " had a drivin$ licence1 !or 111 " had $ot 111 % @p.. EME:C"SES (.1 8ake a ne+ sentence fro# the ;uestion in brackets1 1 !3here has To# $one2% =o you kno+ +here To# has $one2 &1 !3here is the post office2% Could you tell #e +here --'1 !3hat7s the ti#e2% " +onder --(1 !3hat does this +ord #ean2% " +ant to kno+ --)1 !3hat ti#e did they leave2% =o you kno+ --*1 !"s Sue $oin$ out toni$ht2% " don7t kno+ --,1 !3here does Carol live2% 0ave you any idea ---

-1 !3here did " park the car2% " can7t re#e#ber --.1 !"s there a bank near here2% Can you tell #e --/1 !3hat do you +ant2% Tell #e --1 !3hy didn7t Gay co#e to the party2% " don7t kno+ --&1 !=o you have to pay to park here2% =o you kno+ --'1 !3ho is that +o#an2% "7ve no idea --(1 !=id Ann receive #y letter2% =o you kno+ --)1 !0o+ far is it to the airport2% Can you tell #e --(.1& Eou are #akin$ a phone call1 Eou +ant to speak to Sue but she isn7t there1 So#ebody else ans+ers the phone1 Eou +ant to kno+ three thin$sD ! % 3here has she $one2 !&% 3hen +ill she be back2 and !'% =id she $o out alone2 Co#plete the conversationD AD =o you kno+ +here ---! %2 BD Sorry9 "7ve $ot no idea1 AD Never #ind1 " don7t suppose you kno+ ---!&%1 BD No9 "7# afraid not1 AD One #ore thin$1 =o you happen to kno+ ---!'%2 BD "7# afraid " didn7t see her $o out1 AD OG1 3ell9 thank you any+ay1 Ioodbye1 (.1' Eou have been a+ay for a +hile and have Aust co#e back to your ho#e to+n1 Eou #eet Ierry9 a friend of yours1 0e asks you a lot of ;uestionsD 1 0o+ are you2 &1 3here have you been2 '1 0o+ lon$ have you been back2 (1 3hat are you doin$ no+2 )1 3here are you livin$2 *1 3hy did you co#e back2 ,1 Are you $lad to be back2 -1 =o you have any plans to $o a+ay a$ain2 .1 can you lend #e so#e #oney2 No+ you tell another friend +hat Ierry asked you1 5se reported speech1 1 P0e asked #e ho+ " +as1P

&1 '1 (1 )1 *1 ,1 -1 .1

0e asked #e --0e ---------------

@p // 5N"T )/1 Auxiliary verbs !have6do6can etc1% " think so6" hope so etc1 A1 There are t+o verbs in each of these sentencesD " have lost #y keys1 She can7t co#e to the party1 The hotel +as built ten years a$o1 3here do you live2 "n these exa#ples have6can7t6+as6do are auxiliary !J helpin$% verbs1 Eou can use an auxiliary verb !+ithout the rest of the sentence% +hen you don7t +ant to repeat so#ethin$D K 70ave you locked the door27 7Ees9 " have17 !J " have locked the door% K Ieor$e +asn7t +orkin$ but Hanet +as1 !J Hanet +as +orkin$% K She could lend #e the #oney but she +on7t1 !J she +on7t lend #e the #oney% K 7Are you an$ry +ith #e27 7Of course "7# not17 !J "7# not an$ry% 5se do6does6did for the present and past si#pleD K 7=o you like onions27 7Ees9 " do1 !J " like onions% K 7=oes 8ark s#oke27 70e did but he doesn7t any #ore17 B1 3e use have you26isn7t she26do they2 etc1 to sho+ polite interest in +hat so#ebody has saidD K 7"7ve Aust #et Si#on17 7Oh9 have you2 0o+ is he27 K 7FiN isn7t very +ell today17 7Oh9.- isn7t she2 3hat7s +ron$ +ith her27 K 7"t rained every day durin$ our holiday17 7=id it2 3hat a pityL7

So#eti#es +e use these 7short ;uestions7 to sho+ surpriseD K 7Hi# and Nora are $ettin$ #arried17 7Are they2 :eally27 C1 3e use auxiliary verbs +ith so and neitherD K 7"7# feelin$ tired17 7So a# F7 !J "7# feelin$ tired too% K 7" never read ne+spapers17 7Neither do F7 !J " never read ne+spapers either% K Sue hasn7t $ot a car and neither has 8artin1 Note the +ord order after so and neither !verb before subAect%D K " passed the exa# and so did To#1 !not 7so To# did7% Eou can use nor instead of neitherD K 7" can7t re#e#ber his na#e17 7Nor can F7 or 7Neither can "7 Eou can also use 7111not 111 either7D K 7" haven7t $ot any #oney17 7Neither have "7 or 7Nor have "7 or 7" haven7t either17 =1 " think so6" hope so etc1 After so#e verbs you can use so +hen you don7t +ant to repeat so#ethin$D K 7Are those people En$lish27 H think so17 !J " think they are En$lish% K 73ill you be at ho#e to#orro+ #ornin$27 7" expect so17 !J " expect "7ll be at ho#e11% K 7=o you think Gate has been invited to the party27 7" suppose so17 Eou can also say " hope so9 " $uess so and "7# afraid so1 The usual ne$ative for#s areD " think so6" expect so -O " don7t think so6" don7t expect so " hope so6"7# afraid so6" $uess so -O " hope not6"7# afraid not6" $uess not " suppose so6" don7t suppose so or " suppose not K 7"s that +o#an A#erican27 7" think so16" don7t think so17 K 7=o you think it7s $oin$ to rain27 H hope so16" hope not17 !not 7" don7t hope so7% @p / EME:C"SES )/1 Co#plete the sentences +ith an auxiliary verb !do6+as6could6should etc1%1 So#eti#es the verb #ust be ne$ative !don7t6+asn7t etc1%1

1 " +asn7t tired but #y friends P+ere1P &1 " like hot +eather but Ann --'1 7"s Colin here27 70e --- five #inutes a$o but " think he7s $one ho#e no+17 (1 She #i$ht phone later this evenin$ but " don7t think she ---1 )1 7Are you and Chris co#in$ to the party27 7" --- but Chris ---17 *1 " don7t kno+ +hether to apply for the Aob or not1 =o you think " ---2 ,1 7Please don7t tell anybody +hat " said17 7=on7t +orry1 " ---17 -1 7Eou never listen to #e17 7Ees9 " ---L7 .1 7Can you play a #usical instru#ent27 7No9 but " +ish " ---17 /1 7Please help #e17 7"7# sorry1 " --- if " --- but " ---17 )/1& Eou never a$ree +ith Sue1 Ans+er in the +ay sho+n1 1 "7# hun$ry1 PAre you2 "7# not1P &1 "7# not tired1 PAren7t you2 " a#1P '1 " like football1 --(1 " didn7t enAoy the fil#1 --)1 "7ve never been to South A#erica1 --*1 " thou$ht the exa# +as ;uite easy1 --)/1' Eou are talkin$ to Tina1 3rite true sentences about Eourself1 :eply +ith So 111 or Neither111 if suitable1 Study the t+o exa#ples carefully1 1 " feel really tired1 PSo do "P &1 "7# +orkin$ hard1 PAre you2 "7# not1P '1 " +atched television last +eek1 --(1 " +on7t be in Fondon next +eek1 --)1 " live in a s#all to+n1 --*1 "7d like to $o to the #oon1 --,1 " can7t play the tru#pet1 --)/1( "n these conversations9 you are B1 :ead the infor#ation in brackets and then ans+er +ith " think so9 " hope not etc1 1 !Eou don7t like rain1% AD "s it $oin$ to rain2 BD !hope% P" hope not1P &1 !Eou need #ore #oney ;uickly1% AD =o you think you7ll $et a pay rise soon2

BD !hope% --'1 !Eou think =iane +ill probably $et the Aob that she applied for1% AD " +onder if =iane +ill $et the Aob1 BD !expect% --(1 !Eou7re not sure +hether Hill is #arried--probably not1% AD "s Hill #arried2 BD !think% --)1 !Eou are the receptionist at a hotel1 The hotel is full1% AD 0ave you $ot a roo# for toni$ht2 BD !afraid% --*1 !Eou7re at a party1 Eou have to leave early1% AD =o you have to leave already2 BD !afraid% --,1 !Ann nor#ally +orks every day9 8onday to 4riday1 To#orro+ is 3ednesday1% AD "s Ann +orkin$ to#orro+2 BD !suppose% ---1 !Eou are $oin$ to a party1 Eou can7t stand Hohn1% AD =o you think Hohn +ill be at the party2 BD !hope% --.1 !Eou7re not sure +hat ti#e the concert is--probably ,1'/1% AD "s the concert at ,1'/2 BD !think% --@p /& 5N"T ) 1 <uestion ta$s !do you2 isn7t it2 etc1% A1 Study these exa#plesD Eou haven7t seen 8ary today9 have you2 No9 "7# afraid not1 "t +as a $ood fil#9 +asn7t it2 Ees1 " really enAoyed it1 0ave you2 and +asn7t it2 are ;uestion ta$s !J #ini-;uestions that +e often put on the end of a sentence in spoken En$lish%1 "n ;uestion ta$s9 +e use an auxiliary verb !have6+as6+ill etc1%1 3e use do6does6did for the present and past si#ple !see also 5nit )/%D K 7Garen plays the piano9 doesn7t she27 73ell9 yes9 but not very

+ell17 K 7Eou didn7t lock the door9 did you27 7No9 " for$ot17 B1 Nor#ally +e use a ne$ative ;uestion ta$ after a positive sentenceD positive sentence @ ne$ative ta$ 8ary +ill be here soon9 +on7t she2 There +as a lot of traffic9 +asn7t there2 Hi# should pass the exa#9 shouldn7t he2 111 and a positive ;uestion ta$ after a ne$ative sentenceD ne$ative sentence @ positive ta$ 8ary +on7t be late9 +ill she2 They don7t like us9 do they2 Eou haven7t $ot a car9 have you2 Notice the #eanin$ of yes and no in ans+er to a ne$ative sentenceD K Eou7re not $oin$ out today9 are you2 Ees1 !Ees9 " a# $oin$ out% K Eou7re not $oin$ out today9 are you2 No1 !No9 " a# not $oin$ out% C1 The #eanin$ of a ;uestion ta$ depends on ho+ you say it1 "f your voice $oes do+n9 you aren7t really askin$ a ;uestionC you are only invitin$ the listener to a$ree +ith youD K 7"t7s a nice day9 isn7t it27 7Ees9 lovely17 K 7Ti# doesn7t look +ell today9 dose he2 7No9 he looks very tired17 K She7s very pretty1 She7s $ot beautiful eyes9 hasn7t she2 But if the voice $oes up9 it is a real ;uestionD K 7Eou haven7t seen 8ary today9 have you27 7No9 "7# afraid not17 !J 0ave you seen 8ary today by any chance2% 3e often use a ne$ative sentence @ positive ta$ to ask for thin$s or infor#ation9 or to ask so#ebody to do so#ethin$1 The voice $oes up at the end of the ta$ in sentences like theseD K 7Eou haven7t $ot a pen9 have you27 7Ees9 here you are17 K 7Eou couldn7t do #e a favour9 could you27 7"t depends +hat it is17 K 7Eou don7t kno+ +here Garen is9 do you27Sorry9 "7ve no idea17 =1 After Fet7s111 the ;uestion ta$ is 111 shall +e2D Fet7s $o for a +alk9 shall +e2 After the i#perative !=o1116=on7t do111 etc1%9 the ta$ is usually 111

+ill you2D Open the door9 +ill you2 =on7t be late9 +ill you2 Note that +e say 111 aren7t "2 !J a# " not2%D "7# late9 aren7t "2 @p /' EME:C"SES ) 1 Put a ;uestion ta$ on the end of these sentences1 1 To# +on7t be late9 +ill her2 No9 he7s never late1 &1 Eou7re tired9 aren7t you2 Ees9 a little1 '1 Eou7ve $ot a ca#era9 ---2 Ees9 +hy2 =o you +ant to borro+ it2 (1 Eou +eren7t listenin$9 ---2 Ees9 " +asL )1 Sue doesn7t kno+ Ann9 ---2 No9 they7ve never #et1 *1 Hack7s on holiday9 ---2 Ees9 he7s in Portu$al1 ,1 Ann7s applied for the Aob9 ---2 Ees9 but she +on7t $et it1 -1 Eou can speak Ier#an9 ---2 Ees9 but not very fluently1 .1 0e +on7t #ind if " use his phone9 ---2 No9 of course he +on7t1 /1 There are a lot of people here9 ---2 Ees9 #ore than " expected1 1 Fet7s $o out toni$ht9 ---2 Ees9 let7s1 &1 This isn7t very interestin$9 ---2 No9 not very1 '1 "7# too i#patient9 ---2 Ees9 you are so#eti#es1 (1 Eou +ouldn7t tell anyone ---2No9 of course not1 )1 Fisten9 ---2 OG9 "7# listenin$1 *1 " shouldn7t have lost #y te#per9 ---2 No9 but never #ind1 ,1 =on7t drop that vase9 ---2 No9 don7t +orry1 -1 0e7d never #et her before9 ---29 No9 that +as the first ti#e1 ) 1& :ead the situation and +rite a sentence +ith a ;uestion ta$1 "n each situation you are askin$ your friend to a$ree +ith you1 1 Eou look out of the +indo+1 The sky is blue and the sun is shinin$1 3hat do you say to your friend2 !beautiful day% P"t7s a beautiful day9 isn7tP &1 Eou7re +ith a friend outside a restaurant1 Eou7re lookin$ at the prices9 +hich are very hi$h1 3hat do you say2 !expensive% "t --'1 Eou7ve Aust co#e out of the cine#a +ith a friend71 Eou really enAoyed the fil#1 3hat do you say to your friend2 !$reat%

The fil# --(1 Eou and a friend are listenin$ to a +o#an sin$in$1 Eou like her voice very #uch1 3hat do you say to your friend2 !a lovely voice% She --)1 Eou are tryin$ on a Aacket1 Eou look in the #irror and you don7t like +hat you see1 3hat do you say to your friend2 !not6took6very $ood% "t --*1 Eour friend7s hair is #uch shorter than +hen you last #et1 3hat do you say to her6hi#2 !have6your hair6cut% Eou --,1 Eou and a friend are +alkin$ over a +ooden brid$e1 "t is very old and so#e parts are broken1 3hat do you say2 !not6very safe% This brid$e --) 1' "n these situations you are askin$ for infor#ation and askin$ people to do thin$s1 8ake sentences like those in Section C1 1 Eou need a pen1 Perhaps Hane has $ot one1 Ask her1 Hane9 you haven7t $ot a pen1 have you2 &1 Hack is Aust $oin$ out1 Eou +ant hi# to $et you so#e sta#ps1 Ask hi#1 Hack9 you --'1 Eou7re lookin$ for Ann1 Perhaps Gate kno+s +here she is1 Ask her1 Gate9 you --(1 Eou need a bicycle pu#p1 Perhaps 0elen has $ot one1 Ask her1 0elen --)1 Eou7re lookin$ for your keys1 Perhaps :obin has seen the#1 Ask hi#1 @p /(

5N"T )&1 ?erb @ >in$ !enAoy doin$6stop doin$ etc1% A1 Fook at these exa#plesD K " enAoy dancin$1 !not 7" enAoy to dance7%

K 3ould you #ind closin$ the door2 !not 7#ind to close7% K "an su$$ested $oin$ to the cine#a1 !not 7su$$ested to $o7% After enAoy9 #ind and su$$est9 +e use >in$ !not to 111%1 0ere are so#e #ore verbs that are follo+ed by >in$D stop delay fancy consider ad#it #iss involve finish postpone i#a$ine avoid deny risk practise K Suddenly everybody stopped talkin$1 There +as silence1 K "7ll do the shoppin$ +hen "7ve finished cleanin$ the flat1 K 0e tried to avoid ans+erin$ #y ;uestion1 K " don7t fancy $oin$ out this evenin$1 K 0ave you ever considered $oin$ to live in another country2 Note the ne$ative for# not >in$D K 3hen "7# on holiday9 " enAoy not havin$ to $et up early1 B1 3e also use >in$ afterD $ive up !J stop% put off !J postpone% carry on6$o on !J continue% keep or keep on !J do so#ethin$ continuously or repeatedly% K Paula has $iven up s#okin$1 K 3e #ust do so#ethin$1 3e can7t $o on livin$ like thisL !or 111 carry on livin$ 111% K =on7t keep interruptin$ #e +hile "7# speakin$1 !or =on7t keep on interruptin$ 111% C1 3ith so#e verbs you can use the structure verb @ so#ebody @ >in$K " can7t i#a$ine Ieor$e ridin$ a #otorbike1 K Eou can7t stop #e doin$ +hat " +ant1 K 7Sorry to keep you +aitin$ so lon$17 7That7s all ri$ht17 Note the passive for# !bein$ done6seen6kept etc1%D K " don7t #ind bein$ kept +aitin$1 !J " don7t #ind people keepin$ #e 111% =1 3hen you are talkin$ about finished actions9 you can say havin$ done6stolen6said etc1D K She ad#itted havin$ stolen the #oney1 But it is not necessary to use havin$ !done%1 Eou can also use the si#ple >in$ for# for finished actionsD

K She ad#itted stealin$ the #oney1 K " no+ re$ret sayin$ !or havin$ said% +hat " said1 4or re$ret9 see 5nit ))B1 E1 After so#e of the verbs on this pa$e !especially ad#it6deny6su$$est% you can use that 111 K She denied that she had stolen the #oney1 !or She denied stealin$ 111% K "an su$$ested that +e +ent to the cine#a1 !or "an su$$ested $oin$ 111% 4or su$$est9 see also 5nit '(1 @p /) EME:C"SES )&1 Co#plete each sentence +ith one of these verbsD ans+er apply be be listen #ake see try use +ash +ork +rite 1 0e tried to avoid Pans+erin$P #y ;uestion1 &1 Could you please stop --- so #uch noise2 '1 " enAoy --- to #usic1 (1 " considered --- for the Aob but in the end " decided a$ainst it1 )1 0ave you finished --- your hair yet2 *1 "f you +alk into the road +ithout lookin$9 you risk --- knocked do+n1 ,1 Hi# is *) but he isn7t $oin$ to retire yet1 0e +ants to carry on ---1 -1 " don7t #ind you --- the phone as lon$ as you pay for all your calls1 .1 0elloL 4ancy --- you hereL 3hat a surpriseL /1 "7ve put off --- the letter so #any ti#es1 " really #ust do it today1 1 3hat a stupid thin$ to doL Can you i#a$ine anybody --- so stupid2 &1 Sarah $ave up ---to find a Aob in this country and decided to $o abroad1 )&9& Co#plete the sentences for each situation usin$ >in$1 1 3hat shall +e do2 3e could $o to the cine#a1 She su$$ested $oin$ to the cine#a1

&1 =o you +ant to play tennis2 No9 not really1 0e didn7t fancy --'1 Eou +ere drivin$ too fast1 Ees9 it7s true1 SorryL She ad#itted --(1 3hy don7t +e $o for a s+i#2 Iood ideaL She su$$ested --)1 Eou broke into the shop1 No9 " didn7tL 0e denied --*1 Can you +ait a fe+ #inutes21 Sure9 no proble#1 They didn7t #ind --)&1' Co#plete the sentences so that they #ean the sa#e as the first sentence1 5se >in$1 1 " can do +hat " +ant and you can7t stop #e1 Eou can7t stop #e doin$ +hat " +ant1 &1 "t7s not a $ood idea to travel durin$ the rush hour1 "t7s better to avoid --'1 Shall +e $o a+ay to#orro+ instead of today2 Shall +e postpone --- until ---2 (1 The driver of the car said it +as true that he didn7t have a licence1 The driver of the car ad#itted --)1 Could you turn the radio do+n9 please2 3ould you #ind ---2 *1 Please don7t interrupt #e all the ti#e1 3ould you #ind2 )&1( 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 5se >in$1 1 She7s a very interestin$ person1 " al+ays enAoy Ptalkin$ to her1P &1 "7# not feelin$ very +ell1 " don7t fancy --'1 "7# afraid there aren7t any chairs1 " hope you don7t #ind --(1 "t +as a lovely day9 so " su$$ested --)1 "t +as very funny1 " couldn7t stop --*1 8y car isn7t very reliable1 "t keeps --@p /* 5N"T )'1 ?erb @ to111 !decide to do6for$et to do etc1% A1 offer decide hope deserve atte#pt pro#ise a$ree plan ai# afford #ana$e threaten refuse arran$e learn for$et fail

"f these verbs are follo+ed by another verb9 the structure is usually verb @ to 111 !infinitive%D K "t +as late9 so +e decided to take a taxi ho#e1 K Si#on +as in a difficult situation9 so " a$reed to lend hi# so#e #oney1 K 0o+ old +ere you +hen you learnt to drive2 !or 7learnt ho+ to drive7% K " +aved to Garen but failed to attract her attention1 Note these exa#ples +ith the ne$ative not to 111D K 3e decided not to $o out because of the +eather1 K " pro#ised not to be late1 3ith #any verbs you cannot nor#ally use to111 1 4or exa#ple9 enAoy6think6su$$estD K " enAoy dancin$1 !not 7enAoy to dance7% K "an su$$ested $oin$ to the cine#a1 !not 7su$$ested to $o7% K Are you thinkin$ of buyin$ a car2 !not 7thinkin$ to buy7% 4or verb @ >in$9 see 5nit )&1 4or verb @ preposition @ >in$9 see 5nit * 1 B1 3e also use to111 afterD see# appear tend pretend clai#1 4or exa#pleD K They see# to have plenty of #oney9 K " like Ieor$e but " think he tends to talk too #uch1 K Ann pretended not to see #e as she passed #e in the street1 There is also a continuous infinitive !to be doin$% and a perfect infinitive !to have done%D K " pretended to be readin$ the ne+spaper1 !J " pretended that " +as readin$% K Eou see# to have lost +ei$ht1 !J it see#s that you have lost +ei$ht% C1 3e say 7decide to do so#ethin$79 7pro#ise to do so#ethin$7 etc1 "n the sa#e +ay9 +e say 7a decision to do so#ethin$79 7a pro#ise to do so#ethin$7 etc1 !noun @ to11%1 K " think his decision to $ive up his Hob +as stupid1 K Ieor$e has a tendency to talk too #uch1 =1 After dare you can use the infinitive +ith or +ithout toD K " +ouldn7t dare to tell hi#1 or " +ouldn7t dare tell hi#1

But after daren7t !or dare not%9 you #ust use the infinitive +ithout toD K " daren7t tell hi# +hat happened1 !not 7" daren7t to tell hi#7% E1 After the follo+in$ verbs you can use a ;uestion +ord !+hat6+hether6ho+ etc1% @ to 111 ask decide kno+ re#e#ber for$et explain learn understand +onder 3e asked ho+ to $et to the station1 0ave you decided +here to $o for your holidays2 " don7t kno+ +hether to apply for the Aob or not1 =o you understand +hat to do2 AlsoD sho+6tell6ask6advise6teach so#ebody +hat6ho+6+here to do so#ethin$D K Can so#ebody sho+ #e ho+ to chan$e the fil# in this ca#era2 K Ask Hack1 0e7ll tell you +hat to do1 @p /, EME:C"SES )'1 Co#plete the sentences for each situation1 1 Shall +e $et #arried2 Ees9 let7s1 They decided Pto $et #arried1P &1 Please help #e1 OG1 She a$reed --'1 Can " carry your ba$ for you2 No9 thanks1 " can #ana$e1 0e offered --(1 Fet7s #eet at - o7clock1 OG9 fine1 They arran$ed --)1 3hat7s your na#e2 "7# not $oin$ to tell you1 She refused --)'1& Co#plete each sentence +ith a suitable verb1 1 =on7t for$et to post the letter " $ave you1 &1 There +as a lot of traffic but +e #ana$ed --- to the airport in ti#e1 '1 Hill has decided not --- a car1 (1 3e7ve $ot a ne+ co#puter in our office1 " haven7t learnt --- it yet1 )1 " +onder +here Sue is1 She pro#ised not late1

*1 3e +ere all too afraid to speak1 Nobody dared --- anythin$1 )'1' Put the verb into the correct for#9 to 111 or >in$1 !See 5nit )& for verb @ >in$1% 1 3hen "7# tired9 " enAoy 1+atchin$ television1 "t7s relaxin$1 !+atch% &1 "t +as a nice day9 so +e decided --- for a +alk1 !$o% '1 "t7s a nice day1 =oes anyone fancy --- for a +alk2 !$o% (1 "7# not in a hurry1 " don7t #ind --- !+ait% )1 They don7t have #uch #oney1 They can7t afford --- out very often1 !$o% *1 " +ish that do$ +ould stop --- "t7s drivin$ #e #ad1 !bark% ,1 Our nei$hbour threatened --- the police if +e didn7t stop the noise1 !call% -1 3e +ere hun$ry9 so " su$$ested --- dinner early1 !have% .1 0urry upL " don7t +ant to risk --- the train1 !#iss% /1 "7# still lookin$ for a Aob but " hope --- so#ethin$ soon1 !find% )'1( 8ake a ne+ sentence usin$ the verb in brackets1 1 0e has lost +ei$ht1 !see#% P0e see#s to have lost +ei$ht1P &1 To# is +orried about so#ethin$1 !appear% To# appears --'1 Eou kno+ a lot of people1 !see#% Eou --(1 8y En$lish is $ettin$ better1 !see#% )1 That car has broken do+n1 !appear% *1 =avid for$ets thin$s1 !tend% ,1 They have solved the proble#1 !clai#% )'1) Co#plete each sentence usin$ +hat6ho+6+hether @ one of these verbsD do $o ride say use 1 =o you kno+ ho+ to $et Hohn7s house2 &1 Can you sho+ #e --- this +ashin$ #achine2 '1 3ould you kno+ --- if there +as a fire in the buildin$2 (1 Eou7ll never for$et --- a bicycle once you have learned1 )1 " +as really astonished1 " didn7t kno+ --*1 "7ve been invited to the party but " don7t kno+ --- or not1

@p /5N"T )(1 ?erb @ !obAect% @ to111 !" +ant !you% to do etc1% A1 +ant ask help +ould like +ould love expect be$ #ean !J intend% +ould prefer +ould hate These verbs are follo+ed by to111 !infinitive%1 The structure can beD verb @ to 111 K 3e expected to be late1 K 3ould you like to $o no+2 K 0e doesn7t +ant to kno+1 or verb @ obAect @ to111 K 3e expected To# to be late1 K 3ould you like #e to $o no+2 K 0e doesn7t +ant anybody to kno+1 Be careful +ith +ant1 =o not say 7+ant that1117D K =o you +ant #e to co#e +ith you2 !not 7=o you +ant that " co#e7% After help you can use the infinitive +ith or +ithout to1 So you can sayD K Can you help #e to #ove this table2 or Can you help #e #ove this table2 B1 tell re#ind force enable teach order +arn invite persuade $et !J persuade9 arran$e for% These verbs have the structure verb @ obAect @ to 111 D K Can you re#ind #e to phone Ann to#orro+2 K 3ho tau$ht you to drive2 K " didn7t #ove the piano by #yself1 " $ot so#ebody to help #e1 K Hi# said the s+itch +as dan$erous and +arned #e not to touch it1 "n the next exa#ple9 the verb is passive !+as +arned%D K " +as +arned not to touch the s+itch1 Note that you cannot use su$$est +ith the structure verb @ obAect @ to 111 K Hane su$$ested that " should buy a car1 !not 7Hane su$$ested #e to buy7% 4or su$$est9 see 5nits '( and )&1 C1 advise reco##end encoura$e allo+ per#it forbid

There are t+o possible structures after these verbs1 Co#pareD verb @ >in$ !+ithout an obAect% K " +ouldn7t reco##end stayin$ in that hotel1 K She doesn7t allo+ s#okin$ in the house1 verb @ obAect @ to111 K " +ouldn7t reco##end anybody to stay in that hotel1 K She doesn7t allo+ us to s#oke in the house1 Co#pare these exa#ples +ith !be% allo+ed !passive%D K S#okin$ isn7t allo+ed in the house1 K 3e aren7t allo+ed to s#oke in the house1 =1 8ake and let These verbs have the structure verb @ obAect @ infinitive !+ithout to%D K The custo#s officer #ade Sally open her case1 !not 7to open7% K 0ot +eather #akes #e feel tired1 !J causes #e to feel tired% K 0er parents +ouldn7t let her $o out alone1 !J +ouldn7t allo+ her to $o out% K Fet #e carry your ba$ for you1 3e say 7#ake so#ebody do1117 !not 7to do7%9 but the passive is 7!be% #ade to do 1117 !infinitive +ith to%D K Sally +as #ade to open her case !by the custo#s officer%1 @p /. EME:C"SES )(1 Co#plete the ;uestions9 5se do you +ant #e to 1112 or +ould you like #e to 1112 +ith one of these verbs !@ any other necessary +ords%D co#e lend repeat sho+ shut +ait 1 =o you +ant to $o alone or Pdo you +ant #e to co#e +ith you2 P &1 0ave you $ot enou$h #oney or do you +ant ---2 '1 Shall " leave the +indo+ open or +ould you ---2 (1 =o you kno+ ho+ to use the #achine or +ould ---2 )1 =id you hear +hat " said or do ---2 *1 Can " $o no+ or do ---2 )(1& Co#plete the sentences for each situation1 1 Fook the door1 OG1 She told hi# to lock the door1

&1 3hy don7t you co#e and stay +ith us for a fe+ day2 Ees9 "7d love to1 They invited hi# --'1 Can " use your phone2 NoL She +ouldn7t let --(1 Be careful1 =on7t +orry1 " +ill1 She +arned --)1 Can you $ive #e a hand2 Ees9 of course1 0e asked --)(1' Co#plete these sentences so that the #eanin$ is si#ilar to the first sentence1 1 8y father said " could use his car1 8y father allo+ed P#e to use his car1P &1 " +as surprised that it rained1 " didn7t expect --'1 =on7t stop hi# doin$ +hat he +ants1 Fet --(1 0e looks older +hen he +ears $lasses1 Ilasses #ake --)1 " think you should kno+ the truth1 " +ant --*1 =on7t let #e for$et to phone #y sister1 :e#ind --,1 At first " didn7t +ant to apply for the Aob but Sarah persuaded #e1 Sarah persuaded ---1 8y la+yer said " shouldn7t say anythin$ to the police1 8y la+yer advised --.1 " +as told that " shouldn7t believe everythin$ he says1 " +as +arned --/1 "f you7ve $ot a car9 you are able to travel round #ore easily1 0avin$ a car enables --)(1( Put the verb in the ri$ht for#D >in$ or infinitive !+ith or +ithout to%1 1 She doesn7t allo+ s#okin$ in the house1 !s#oke% &1 "7ve never been to "celand but "7d like --- there1 !$o%

'1 "7# in a difficult position1 3hat do you advise #e ---2 !do% (1 She said the letter +as personal and +ouldn7t let #e ---it1 !read% )1 3e +ere kept at the police station for t+o hours and then +e +ere allo+ed --- !$o% *1 3here +ould you reco##end #e --- for #y holidays2 !$o% ,1 " +ouldn7t reco##end --- in that restaurant1 The food is a+ful1 !eat% -1 The fil# +as very sad1 "t #ade #e --- !cry% .1 Carol7s parents al+ays encoura$ed her --- hard at school1 !study% @p / 5N"T )) ?erb @ >in$ or to111 ! % !re#e#ber6re$ret etc1% A1 3hen one verb follo+s another verb9 the structure is usually verb @ >in$ or verb @ to 111 Co#pareD verb @ >in$ K They denied stealin$ the #oney1 K " enAoy $oin$ out1 Often +e use >in$ for an action that happens before the first verb or at the sa#e ti#eD stealin$ S- denied verb @ to 111 K They decided to steal the #oney1 K " +ant to $o out1 Often +e use to111 for an action that follo+s the first verbD decided -O to steal +ant -O to $o This difference is often helpful !see Section B% but does not explain all uses of >in$ and to111 B1 So#e verbs can be follo+ed by >in$ or to111 +ith a difference of #eanin$D re#e#ber " re#e#ber doin$ so#ethin$ J " did it and no+ " re#e#ber this1 Eou re#e#ber doin$ so#ethin$ after you have done itD K "7# absolutely sure " locked the door1 " clearly re#e#ber lockin$ it1 !J " locked it9 and no+ " re#e#ber this% K 0e could re#e#ber drivin$ alon$ the road Aust before the

accident happened9 but he couldn7t re#e#ber the accident itself1 " re#e#bered to do so#ethin$ J " re#e#bered that " had to do it9 and so " did it1 Eou re#e#ber to do so#ethin$ before you do itD K " re#e#bered to lock the door +hen " left but " for$ot to shut the +indo+s1 !J " re#e#bered that " had to lock the door and so " locked it% K Please re#e#ber to post the letter1 !J don7t for$et to post it% re$ret " re$ret doin$ so#ethin$ J " did it and no+ "7# sorry about itD K " no+ re$ret sayin$ +hat " said1 " shouldn7t have said it1 " re$ret to say6to tell you6to infor# you J "7# sorry that " have to say !etc1%D K !fro# a for#al letter% 3e re$ret to infor# you that +e are unable to offer you the Aob1 $o on Io on doin$ so#ethin$ J continue doin$ the sa#e thin$D K The #inister +ent on talkin$ for t+o hours1 K 3e #ust chan$e our +ays1 3e can7t $o on livin$ like this1 Io on to do so#ethin$ J do or say so#ethin$ ne+D K After discussin$ the econo#y9 the #inister then +ent on to talk about forei$n policy1 C1 be$in start intend continue bother These verbs can be follo+ed by >in$ or to111 +ith little or no difference in #eanin$1 So you can sayD K "t has started rainin$1 or "t has started to rain1 K Hohn intends buyin$ a house1 or Hohn intends to buy 111 K =on7t bother lockin$ the door1 or =on7t bother to lock 111 But nor#ally +e do not use >in$ after >in$D K "t7s startin$ to rain1 !not 7it7s startin$ rainin$7% @p EME:C"SES ))1 Put the verb into the correct for#9 >in$ or to111 1 So#eti#es either for# is possible1 1 They denied Pstealin$P the #oney1 !steal% &1 " don7t enAoy --- very #uch1 !drive%

'1 " don7t +ant --- out toni$ht1 "7# too tired1 !$o% (1 " can7t afford --- out toni$ht1 " haven7t $ot enou$h #oney1 !$o% )1 0as it stopped --- yet2 !rain% *1 Can you re#ind #e --- so#e coffee +hen +e $o out2 !buy% ,1 3hy do you keep --- #e ;uestions2 Can7t you leave #e alone2 !ask% -1 Please stop --- #e ;uestionsL !ask% .1 " refuse --- any #ore ;uestions1 !ans+er% /1 One of the boys ad#itted --- the +indo+1 !break% 1 The boy7s father pro#ised --- for the +indo+ to be repaired1 !pay% &1 Ann +as havin$ dinner +hen the phone ran$1 She didn7t ans+er the phoneC she Aust carried on ---1 !eat% '1 70o+ did the thief $et into the house27 7" for$ot --- the +indo+17 !shut% (1 "7ve enAoyed --- you1 !#eet% " hope --- you a$ain soon1 !see% )1 The baby be$an --- in the #iddle of the ni$ht1 !cry% *1 Hulia has been ill but no+ she7s be$innin$ --- better1 !$et% ))1& 0ere is so#e infor#ation about To# +hen be +as a child1 1 0e +as in hospital +hen he +as four1 &1 0e +ent to Paris +hen he +as ei$ht1 '1 Once he fell into a river1 (1 0e cried on his first day at school1 )1 0e said he +anted to be a doctor1 *1 Once he +as bitten by a do$1 0e can still re#e#ber 9 & and (1 But be can7t re#e#ber '9 S and *1 3rite sentences be$innin$ 0e can re#e#ber 111 or 0e can7t re#e#ber111 1 0e can re#e#ber bein$ in hospital +hen he +as four1 &1 --'1 --(1 --)1 --*1 --))1' Co#plete these sentences +ith a suitable verb in the correct for#9 >in$ or to 111

1 a1 Please re#e#ber to lock the door +hen you $o out1 b1 AD Eou lent #e so#e #oney a fe+ #onths a$o1 BD =id "2 Are you sure2 " don7t re#e#ber --- you any #oney1 c1 AD =id you re#e#ber --- your sister2 BD Oh no9 " co#pletely for$ot1 "7ll phone her to#orro+1 d1 3hen you see 8andy9 re#e#ber --- her #y re$ards9 +on7t you2 e1 So#eone #ust have taken #y ba$1 " clearly re#e#ber --- it by the +indo+ and no+ it has $one1 &1 a1 " believe that +hat " said +as fair1 " don7t re$ret --- it1 b1 !after a drivin$ test% " re$ret --- that you have failed the test1 '1 a1 Geith Aoined the co#pany ) years a$o1 0e +as ;uickly pro#oted and beca#e assistant #ana$er after t+o years1 A fe+ years later he +ent on --- #ana$er of the co#pany1 b1 " can7t $o on --- here any #ore1 " +ant a different Aob1 c1 3hen " ca#e into the roo#9 FiN +as readin$ a ne+spaper1 She looked up and said hello to #e9 and then +ent on --- her ne+spaper1 @p & 5N"T )*1 ?erb @ >in$ or to 111 !&% !try6need6help% A1 Try to 111 and try >in$ Try to do J atte#pt to do9 #ake an effort to doD K " +as very tired1 " tried to keep #y eyes open but " couldn7t1 K Please try to be ;uiet +hen you co#e ho#e1 Everyone +ill be asleep1 Try also #eans 7do so#ethin$ as an experi#ent or test71 4or exa#pleD K These cakes are delicious1 Eou #ust try one1 !J you #ust have one to see if you like it% K 3e couldn7t find any+here to stay1 3e tried every hotel in the to+n but they +ere all full1 !J +e +ent to every hotel to see if they had a roo#% "f try !+ith this #eanin$% is follo+ed by a verb9 +e say try >in$D K AD The photocopier doesn7t see# to be +orkin$1 BD Try pressin$ the $reen button1 !J press the $reen button perhaps this +ill help to solve the proble#% Co#pareD

K " tried to #ove the table but it +as too heavy1 !so " couldn7t #ove it% K " didn7t like the +ay the furniture +as arran$ed9 so " tried #ovin$ the table to the other side of the roo#1 But it still didn7t look ri$ht9 so " #oved it back a$ain1 B1 Need to 111 and need >in$ " need to do so#ethin$ J it is necessary for #e to do itD K " need to take #ore exercise1 K 0e needs to +ork harder if he +ants to #ake pro$ress1 K " don7t need to co#e to the #eetin$9 do "2 So#ethin$ needs doin$ J so#ethin$ needs to be doneD K The batteries in the radio need chan$in$1 !J they need to be chan$ed% K =o you think #y Aacket needs cleanin$2 !J 111 needs to be cleaned% K "t7s a difficult proble#1 "t needs thinkin$ about very carefully1 !J it needs to be thou$ht about% C1 0elp and can7t help Eou can say 7help to do7 or 7help do7 !infinitive +ith or +ithout to%D K Everybody helped to clean up after the party1 or Everybody helped clean up 111 K Can you help #e to #ove this table2 or Can you help #e #ove 111 There is also an expression 7can7t6couldn7t help doin$ so#ethin$71 7" can7t help doin$ so#ethin$7 J " can7t stop #yself fro# doin$ itD K " don7t like hi# but he has a lot of proble#s1 " can7t help feelin$ sorry for hi#1 K She tried to be serious but she couldn7t help lau$hin$1 !J she couldn7t stop herself fro# lau$hin$% K "7# sorry "7# so nervous1 " can7t help it1 !J " can7t help bein$ nervous% @p ' EME:C"SES )*1 8ake helpful su$$estions1 Each ti#e +rite a sentence usin$ try @ one of the follo+in$ su$$estionsD phone hi# at +ork #ove the aerial chan$e the

batteries turn it the other +ay take an aspirin 1 The radio isn7t +orkin$1 " +onder +hat7s +ron$ +ith it1 P0ave you tried chan$in$ the batteries2P &1 " can7t open the door1 The key +on7t turn1 Try --'1 The T? picture isn7t very $ood1 3hat can " do about it2 0ave you --(1 " can7t contact 4red1 0e7s not at ho#e1 3hat shall " do2 3hy don7t you --)1 "7ve $ot a terrible headache1 " +ish it +ould $o1 0ave you --)*1& 4or each picture +rite a sentence +ith need!s% @ one of the follo+in$ verbsD clean cut e#pty redecorate ti$hten 1 0er Aacket is dirty1 "t needs cleanin$1 &1 The $rass is very lon$1 "t --'1 The roo# isn7t very nice --(1 The scre+s arc loose --)1 The bin is full --)*1' Put the verb into the correct for#9 >in$ or to111 1 1 a1 " +as very tired1 " tried to keep !keep% #y eyes open but " couldn7t1 b1 " ran$ the doorbell but there +as no ans+er1 Then " tried --!knock% on the door9 but there +as still no ans+er1 c1 3e tried --- !put% the fire out but +e +ere unsuccessful1 3e had to call the fire bri$ade1 d1 Sue needed to borro+ so#e #oney1 She tried --- !ask% Ierry but he +as short of #oney too1 e1 " tried --- !reach% the shelf but " +asn7t tall enou$h1 f1 Please leave #e alone1 "7# tryin$ --- !concentrate%1 &1 a1 " need a chan$e1 " need --- !$o% a+ay for a +hile1 b1 She isn7t able to look after herself1 She needs --- !look% after1 c1 The +indo+s are dirty1 They need --- !clean%1 d1 3hy are you leavin$ no+2 Eou don7t need --- !$o% yet9 do you2 e1 Eou don7t need --- !iron% that shirt1 "t doesn7t need --- !iron%1 '1 a1 They +ere talkin$ very loudly1 " couldn7t help --- !overhear%

the#1 b1 Can you help #e --- !$et% the dinner ready2 c1 0e looks so funny1 3henever " see hi#9 " can7t help --- !s#ile%1 d1 The fine +eather helped --- !#ake% it a very enAoyable holiday1 @p ( 5N"T ),1 ?erb @ >in$ or to111 !'% !like6+ould like etc1% A1 like love hate can7t bear enAoy dislike #ind can7t stand These verbs and expressions all #ean 7like7 or 7not like71 They are often follo+ed by >in$D K Ann hates flyin$1 K 3hy do you dislike livin$ here2 K " don7t like people shoutin$ at #e1 !J " don7t like bein$ shouted at1% After love9 hate and can7t bear9 you can also use to 111 So you can sayD K " love #eetin$ people1 or " love to #eet people1 K She can7t bear bein$ alone1 or She can7t bear to be alone1 But after enAoy6dislike6#ind6can7t stand9 +e use only >in$ !not 7to 1117%D K " enAoy bein$ alone1 !not 7" enAoy to be7% K To# doesn7t #ind +orkin$ at ni$ht1 !not 7#ind to +ork7% B1 Fike Eou can say 7" like doin$ so#ethin$7 or 7" like to do so#ethin$71 Often it doesn7t #atter +hich you use9 so you can sayD K " like $ettin$ up early1 or " like to $et up early1 "n British En$lish9 there is so#eti#es a difference bet+een 7" like doin$7 and 7" like to do71 7" like doin$ so#ethin$7 #eans 7" enAoy it7D K =o you like cookin$2 !J do you enAoy it2% K " like livin$ here1 !J " enAoy it% 7" like to do so#ethin$7 #eans 7" think it is $ood or ri$ht @!% do it7D K " like to clean the kitchen as often as possible1 !This doesn7t #ean that " enAoy itC it #eans that " think it is a $ood thin$ to do1% K 8ary likes people to be on ti#e1 C1 3ould like6+ould love6+ould hate6+ould prefer are usually follo+ed by to 111 !infinitive%D

K " +ould like to be rich1 K 3ould you like to co#e to dinner on 4riday2 K "7d love !J +ould love% to be able to travel round the +orld1 K 3ould you prefer to have dinner no+ or later2 Co#pare " like and " +ould likeD K " like playin$6to play tennis1 !J " enAoy it in $eneral% K " +ould like to play tennis today1 !J " +ant to play today% Note that +ould #ind is follo+ed by >in$ !not to 111% K 3ould you #ind closin$ the door9 please2 =1 Eou can also say 7" +ould like to have done so#ethin$7 !J " re$ret no+ that " didn7t or couldn7t do so#ethin$%D K "t7s a pity +e didn7t see ?al +hen +e +ere in Fondon1 " +ould like to have seen her a$ain1 K 3e7d like to have $one on holiday but +e didn7t have enou$h #oney1 Eou can use the sa#e structure after +ould love6+ould hate6+ould preferD K Poor old To#L " +ould hate to have been in his position1 K "7d love to have $one to the party but it +as i#possible1 @p ) EME:C"SES ),1 Co#plete the sentences +ith likes111 or doesn7t like111 @ one of the follo+in$ !in the correct for#%D be kept +aitin$ do nothin$ drive fly solve #ysteries take photo$raphs take risks +ork in the open air 1 Ieor$e is a detective1 0e enAoys his +ork1 0e Plikes solvin$ #ysteries1P &1 Ann very rarely travels by plane1 She Pdoesn7t like flyin$1P '1 :ose al+ays carries her ca#era +ith her1 She --(1 Christine doesn7t use her car very often1 She --)1 =ave is a $ardener1 0e likes his Aob1 0e --*1 Hennifer is a very cautious person1 She --,1 Ted is extre#ely laNy1 0e ---1 0elen is very i#patient1 She --),1& 3rite sentences about yourself1 Say +hether you like or don7t like these activities1 Choose one of these verbs for each sentenceD

!don7t% like love hate enAoy don7t #ind 1 !flyin$% P" don7t like flyin$1P &1 !playin$ cards% '1 !doin$ the ironin$% (1 !$oin$ to #useu#s% )1 !lyin$ on the beach all day% ),1' 0o+ +ould you feel about doin$ these Aobs2 "n your sentences use one of theseD "7d like6" +ouldn7t like "7d love "7d hate " +ouldn7t #ind 1 !a teacher% P" +ouldn7t like to be a teacher1P &1 !a dentist% '1 !a hairdresser% (1 !an airline pilot% )1 !a tourist $uide% ),1( Put in a suitable verb in the correct for#9 >in$ or to 111 So#eti#es either for# is possible1 1 "t7s nice to be +ith other people but so#eti#es " enAoy Pbein$P alone1 &1 "7# not ;uite ready yet1 =o you #ind --- a little lon$er2 '1 3hen " +as a child9 " hated --- to bed early1 (1 " don7t enAoy --- letters1 " can never think +hat to +rite1 )1 " need a ne+ Aob1 " can7t stand --- here any #ore1 *1 " +ould love --- to your +eddin$ but "7# afraid it isn7t possible1 ,1 Caroline never +ears a hat1 She doesn7t like --- hats1 -1 73ould you like --- do+n27 7No9 thanks1 "7ll stand17 .1 3hen " have to catch a train9 "7# al+ays +orried that "7ll #iss it1 So " like --- to the station in plenty of ti#e1 /1 0ave you $ot a #o#ent2 "7d like --- to you about so#ethin$1 1),1) 3rite sentences like those in Section =1 5se the verb in brackets1 1 "t7s a pity " couldn7t $o to the +eddin$1 !like% P" +ould like to have $one to the +eddin$1P &1 "t7s a pity " didn7t see the pro$ra##e1 !like% '1 "7# $lad " didn7t lose #y +atch1 !hate% (1 "t7s a pity " didn7t #eet Ann1 !love% )1 "7# $lad " +asn7t alone1 !not6like%

*1 "t7s a pity " couldn7t travel by train1 !prefer% @p * 5N"T )-1 Prefer and +ould rather A1 Prefer to do and prefer doin$ Eou can use 7prefer to !do%7 or 7prefer >in$7 to say +hat you prefer in $eneralD K " don7t like cities1 " prefer to live in the country1 or " prefer livin$ in the country1 Study the differences in structure after prefer1 3e sayD " prefer so#ethin$ to so#ethin$ else1 " prefer doin$ so#ethin$ to doin$ so#ethin$ else1 but " prefer to do so#ethin$ rather than !do% so#ethin$ else1 K " prefer this coat to the coat you +ere +earin$ yesterday1 K " prefer drivin$ to travellin$ by train1 but K " prefer to drive rather than travel by train1 K Ann prefers to live in the country rather than !live% in a city1 B1 3ould prefer !"7d prefer111% 3e use 7+ould prefer7 to say +hat so#ebody +ants in a particular situation !not in $eneral%D K 73ould you prefer tea or coffee27 7Coffee9 please17 3e say 7+ould prefer to do7 !not 7doin$7%D K 7Shall +e $o by train27 73ell9 "7d prefer to $o by car17 !not 7"7d prefer $oin$7% K "7d prefer to stay at ho#e toni$ht rather than $o to the cine#a1 C1 3ould rather !"7d rather111% 3ould rather !do% J +ould prefer !to do%1 After +ould rather +e use the infinitive +ithout to1 Co#pareD K 7Shall +e $o by train27 7"7d prefer to $o by car17 K 7Shall +e $o by train27 7"7d rather $o by car17 !not 7to $o7% K 73ould you rather have tea or coffee27 7Coffee9 please17 The ne$ative is 7"7d rather not !do so#ethin$%7D K "7# tired1 "7d rather not $o out this evenin$9 if you don7t #ind1 K 7=o you +ant to $o out this evenin$27 7"7d rather not17 Study the structure after +ould ratherD "7d rather do so#ethin$ than !do% so#ethin$ else1

K "7d rather stay at ho#e toni$ht than $o to the cine#a1 =1 "7d rather you did so#ethin$ 3hen you +ant so#ebody to do so#ethin$9 you can say 7"7d rather you did so#ethin$7D K 7Shall " stay here27 7"7d rather you ca#e +ith us17 K 7Shall " tell the# the ne+s27 7No1 "7d rather they didn7t kno+17 K Shall " tell the# or +ould you rather they didn7t kno+2 "n this structure +e use the past !ca#e9 did etc1%9 but the #eanin$ is present or future9 not past1 Co#pareD K "7d rather cook the dinner no+1 but K "7d rather you cooked the dinner no+1 !not 7"7d rather you cook7% The ne$ative is 7"7d rather you didn7t 1117D K "7d rather you didn7t tell anyone +hat " said1 K 7=o you #ind if " s#oke27 7"7d rather you didn7t17 @p , EME:C"SES )-1 3hich do you prefer2 3rite sentences usin$ 7" prefer !so#ethin$% to !so#ethin$ else%71 Put the verb into the correct for# +here necessary1 1 !drive6travel by train% P" prefer drivin$ to travellin$ by train1P &1 !tennis6football% " prefer --'1 !phone people6+rite letters% " --- to --(1 !$o to the cine#a6+atch fil#s on T?% --No+ re+rite sentences ' and ( usin$ the structure 7" prefer !to do so#ethin$%11171 )1 ! % " prefer to drive rather travel by train1 *1 !'% " prefer to --,1 !(% --)-1& 3rite sentences usin$ "7d prefer 111 or "7d rather111 @ one of the follo+in$D eat at ho#e $et a taxi $o alone $o for a s+i# listen to so#e #usic stand think a out it for a +hile +ait a fe+ #inutes +ait till later 1 Shall +e +alk ho#e2 !prefer% P"7d prefer to $et a taxi1P

&1 =o you +ant to eat no+2 !rather% P"7d rather +ait till later1P '1 Shall +e +atch T?2 !prefer% --(1 3hat about a $a#e of tennis2 !rather% --)1 Shall +e leave no+2 !rather% --*1 =o you +ant to $o to a restaurant2 !prefer% --,1 " think +e should decide no+2 !rather% ---1 3ould you like to sit do+n2 !rather% --.1 =o you +ant #e to co#e +ith you2 !prefer% --No+ +rite sentences usin$ than and rather than1 /1 !$et a taxi6+alk ho#e% "7d prefer Pto $et a taxi rather than +alk ho#e1P 1 !$o for a s+i#6play tennis% "7d rather --&1 !+ait a fe+ #inutes6leave no+% "7d rather --'1 !eat at ho#e6$o to a restaurant% "7d prefer --(1 !think about it for a +hile6decide no+% "7d rather --)-1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ +ould you rather " 111 1 Are you $oin$ to cook the dinner or +ould you rather " cooked it2 &1 Are you $oin$ to tell Ann +hat happened or +ould you rather ---2 '1 Are you $oin$ to do the shoppin$ or ---2 (1 Are you $oin$ to ans+er the phone or ---2 )-1( 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 1 Shall " tell Ann the ne+s27 7No9 "7d rather she didn7t kno+17 &1 =o you +ant #e to $o no+ or +ould you rather " --- here2 '1 =o you +ant to $o out this evenin$ or +ould you rather --- at ho#e2 (1 This is a private letter addressed to #e1 "7d rather you --- read it1 )1 "t7s ;uite a nice house but "7d rather it --- a bit bi$$er1 *1 =o you #ind if " turn on the radio27 7"7d rather you --- "7# tryin$ to study17

@p 5N"T ).1 Preposition !in6for6about etc1% @ >in$ A1 "f a preposition !in6for6about etc1% is follo+ed by a verb9 the verb ends in >in$1 4or exa#pleD Are you interested in +orkin$ for us2 "7# not very $ood at learnin$ lan$ua$es1 She #ust be fed up +ith studyin$1 3hat are the advanta$es of havin$ a car2 This knife is only for cuttin$ bread1 0o+ about playin$ tennis to#orro+2 " bou$ht a ne+ bicycle instead of $oin$ a+ay on holiday1 Carol +ent to +ork in spite of feelin$ ill1 Eou can also say 7interested in so#ebody !do%in$ 1111179 fed up +ith you !do%in$1117 etc1D K "7# fed up +ith you tellin$ #e +hat to do1 B1 Note the use of the follo+in$ prepositions @ >in$D before >in$ and after >in$D K Before $oin$ out9 " phoned Sarah1 !not 7Before to $o out7% K 3hat did you do after leavin$ school2 Eou can also say 7Before " +ent out 1117 and 7111 after you left school71 by >in$ !to say bo+ so#ethin$ happens%D K The bur$lars $ot into the house by breakin$ a +indo+ and cli#bin$ in1 K Eou can i#prove your En$lish by readin$ #ore1 K She #ade herself ill by not eatin$ properly1 +ithout >in$D K " ran ten kilo#eter +ithout stoppin$1 K They cli#bed throu$h the +indo+ +ithout anybody seein$ the#1 !or 111 +ithout bein$ seen1% K She needs to +ork +ithout people disturbin$ her1 !or 111 +ithout bein$ disturbed1% K "t7s nice to $o on holiday +ithout havin$ to +orry about #oney1 C1 To >in$ To is often part of the infinitive !to do6to see etc1%D K 3e decided to $o out1

K 3ould you like to play tennis2 But to is also a preposition !like in6for6about6fro# etc1%1 4or exa#pleD K 3e drove fro# Fondon to Edinbur$h1 K " prefer tea to coffee1 K Are you lookin$ for+ard to the +eekend2 "f a preposition is follo+ed by a verb9 the verb ends in >in$C !in doin$6about $oin$ etc1- see Section A%1 So9 +hen to is a preposition and it is follo+ed by a verb9 you #ust say to >in$D K " prefer drivin$ to travellin$ by train1 !not 7to travel7% K Are you lookin$ for+ard to seein$ Ann a$ain2 !not 7lookin$ for+ard to see7% 4or be6$et used to >in$9 see 5nit */1 @p . EME:C"SES ).1 Co#plete the sentences so that they #ean the sa#e as the sentence!s% in brackets1 1 !3hy is it useful to have a car2% 3hat are the advanta$es of Phavin$ a carP2 &1 !" don7t intend to lend you any #oney1% " have no intention of --'1 !0elen has a $ood #e#ory for na#es1% 0elen is $ood at --(1 !8ark +on7t pass the exa#1 0e has no chance1% 8ark has no chance of --)1 !=id you $et into trouble because you +ere late2% =id you $et into trouble for --*1 !3e didn7t eat at ho#e1 3e +ent to a restaurant instead1% "nstead of --,1 !To# thinks that +orkin$ is better than doin$ nothin$1% To# prefers +orkin$ to ---1 !They $ot #arried1 They didn7t tell any of their friends1% They $ot #arried +ithout --.1 !Our tea# played +ell but +e lost the $a#e1% Our tea# lost the $a#e in spite of --).1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ by >in$1 5se one of the

follo+in$ !+ith the verb in the correct for#%D borro+ too #uch #oney break a +indo+ drive too fast put so#e posters up on the +alls stand on a chair turn a key 1 The bur$lars $ot into the house Pby breakin$ a +indo+1P &1 " +as able to reach the top shelf --'1 Eou start the en$ine of a car --(1 Gevin $ot hi#self into financial difficulty --)1 Eou can put people7s lives in dan$er --*1 3e #ade the roo# look nicer --).1' Co#plete the sentences +ith a suitable +ord1 5se only one +ord each ti#e1 1 " ran ten kilo#eters +ithout Pstoppin$1P &1 0e left the hotel +ithout --- his bill1 '1 "t7s a nice #ornin$1 0o+ about --- for a +alk2 (1 " +as surprised that she left +ithout --- $oodbye to anyone1 )1 Before --- to bed9 " like to have a hot drink1 *1 3e +ere able to translate the letter into En$lish +ithout --- a dictionary1 ,1 "t +as a very lon$ Aourney1 " +as very tired after --- on a train for '* hours1 -1 " +as annoyed because the decision +as #ade +ithout anybody --- #e1 .1 After --- the sa#e Aob for ten years9 " felt " needed a chan$e1 ).1( 4or each9 situation +rite a sentence +ith "7# !not% lookin$ for+ard to1 1 Eou are $oin$ on holiday next +eek1 0o+ do you feel about this2 P"7# lookin$ for+ard to $oin$ on holiday1P &1 =iane is a $ood friend of yours and she is co#in$ to visit you soon1 So you +ill see her a$ain soon1 0o+ do you feel about this2 "7# --'1 Eou are $oin$ to the dentist to#orro+1 Eou don7t like visits to the dentist1 0o+ do you feet about this2 "7# not --(1 Carol is a student at school1 She hates it but she is leavin$ school next su##er1 0o+ does she feel about this2 ---

)1 Eou7ve arran$ed to play tennis to#orro+1 Eou like tennis1 0o+ do you feel about this2 --@p &/ 5N"T */1 Be6$et used to so#ethin$ !"7# used to 111% A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Hane is A#erican but she has lived in Britain for three years1 3hen she first drove a car in Britain9 she found it very difficult because she had to drive on the left instead of on the ri$ht1 =rivin$ on the left +as stran$e and difficult for her becauseD She +asn7t used to it1 She +asn7t used to drivin$ on the left1 But after a lot of practice9 drivin$ on the left beca#e less stran$e1 SoD She $ot used to drivin$ on the left1 No+ after three years9 it7s no proble# for HaneD She is used to drivin$ on the left1 "7# used to so#ethin$ J it is not ne+ or stran$e for #eD K 4rank lives alone1 0e doesn7t #ind this because he has lived alone for ) years1 "t is not stran$e for hi#1 0e is used to it1 0e is used to livin$ alone1 K " bou$ht so#e ne+ shoes1 They felt a bit stran$e at first because " +asn7t used to the#1 K Our ne+ flat is on a very busy street1 " expect +e7ll $et used to the noise9 but at the #o#ent it7s very disturbin$1 K =iane has a ne+ Aob1 She has to $et up #uch earlier no+ than before - at *1'/1 She finds this difficult because she isn7t used to $ettin$ up so early1 K Brenda7s husband is often a+ay fro# ho#e1 She doesn7t #ind this1 She is used to hi# bein$ a+ay1 B1 After be6$et used you cannot use the infinitive1!to do6to drive etc1%1 3e sayD K She is used to drivin$ on the left1 !not 7she is used to drive7% 3hen +e say 7" a# used to11179 7to7 is a preposition9 not a part of the infinitive !see 5nit ).C%1 So +e sayD K 4rank is used to livin$ alone1 !not 74rank is used to live7% K Hane had to $et used to drivin$ on the left1 !not 7$et used to

drive7% C1 =o not confuse " a# used to doin$ !be6$et used to% and " used to do1 They are different in structure and #eanin$1 " a# used to !doin$% so#ethin$ J so#ethin$ isn7t stran$e or ne+ for #eD K " a# used to the +eather in this country1 K " a# used to drivin$ on the left because "7ve lived in Britain for a lon$ ti#e1 " used to do so#ethin$ J " did so#ethin$ re$ularly in the past but no lon$er do it !see 5nit -%1 Eou can use this structure only for the past9 not for the present1 The structure is 7" used to do7 !not 7" a# used to do7%D K " used to drive to +ork every day9 but these days " usually $o by bike1 K 3e used to live in a s#all villa$e9 but no+ +e live in Fondon1 @p & EME:C"SES */1 :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences1 5se !be6$et% used to as in the exa#ple1 1 Hane is A#erican1 She ca#e to Britain and at first she found drivin$ on the left difficult1 3hen she arrived in Britain9 she P+asn7t used to drivin$P on the left9 but she soon P$ot used toP it1 No+ she has no proble#s1 She Pis used to drivin$P on the left1 &1 Huan is Spanish and ca#e to live in En$land1 "n Spain he al+ays had dinner late in the evenin$9 but in En$land dinner +as at * o7clock1 This +as very early for hi#1 3hen Huan first ca#e to En$land9 he --- dinner so early9 but after so#e ti#e he --- it1 No+ he finds it ;uite nor#al1 0e --- at six o7clock1 '1 Hulia is a nurse1 A year a$o she started +orkin$ ni$hts1 At first she found it hard1 At first Hulia didn7t like it1 She --- ni$hts and it took her a fe+ #onths to --- it1 No+9 after a year9 she7s ;uite happy1 She --- ni$hts1 */1& 3hat do you say in these situations2 5se "7# !not% used to111 1 1 Eou live alone1 Eou don7t #ind this1 Eou have al+ays lived alone1

4:"EN=D =o you $et a bit lonely so#eti#es2 EouD No9 "7# used to livin$ alone1 &1 Eou steep on the floor1 Eou don7t #ind this1 Eou have al+ays slept on the floor1 4:"EN=D 3ouldn7t you prefer to sleep in a bed2 EouD No9 " --'1 Eou have to +ork hard1 This is not a proble# for you1 Eou have al+ays +orked hard1 4:"EN=D Eou have to +ork very hard in your Aob9 don7t you2 EO5D Ees9 but " don7t #ind that1 " --(1 Eou nor#ally $o to bed early1 Fast ni$ht you +ent to bed very late !for you% and as a result you are very tired this #ornin$1 4:"EN=D Eou look tired this #ornin$1 EO5D Ees9 --*/1' :ead the situation and co#plete the sentences usin$ used to1 1 So#e friends of yours have Aust #oved into a flat on a busy street1 "t is very noisy1 They7ll have to P$et used to the noise1P &1 Hack once +ent to the 8iddle East1 "t +as very difficult for hi# at first because of the heat1 0e +asn7t --'1 Sue #oved fro# a bi$ house to a #uch s#aller one1 She found it stran$e at first1 She had to --- in a #uch s#aller house1 (1 The children at school had a ne+ teacher1 She +as different fro# the teacher before her but this +asn7t a proble# for the children1 The children soon --)1 So#ebody fro# Britain is thinkin$ of $oin$ to live in your country1 3arn hi#6herL Eou +ould have to --*/1( !Section < Co#plete the sentences usin$ only one +ord each ti#e1 1 Hane had to $et used to drivin$ on the left1 &1 3e used to live in a s#all villa$e but no+ +e live in Fondon1 '1 To# used to --- a lot of coffee1 No+ he prefers tea1 (1 " feet very full after that #eal1 "7# not used to --- so #uch1 )1 " +ouldn7t like to share an office1 "7# used to --- #y o+n office1 *1 " used to --- a car but " sold it a fe+ #onths a$o1

,1 3hen +e +ere children9 +e used to --- s+i##in$ every day1 -1 There used to --- a cine#a here but it +as knocked do+n a fe+ years a$o1 .1 "7# the boss hereL "7# not used to --- told +hat to do1 @p && 5N"T * 1 ?erb @ preposition @ >in$ !succeed in >in$6accuse so#ebody of >in$ etc1% A1 8any verbs have the structure verb @ preposition !in6for6about etc1% @ obAect1 4or exa#pleD verb @ preposition @ obAect 3e talked about the proble#1 Eou #ust apolo$iNe for +hat you said1 "f the obAect is another verb9 it ends in >in$D verb @ preposition @ >in$ !obAect% 3e talked $oin$ to A#erica1 She apolo$iNed for not tellin$ the truth1 0ere are so#e #ore verbs +ith this structureD succeed !in% 0ave you succeeded in findin$ a Aob yet2 insist !on% They insisted on payin$ for the #eal1 think !of% "7# thinkin$ of buyin$ a house1 drea# !of% " +ouldn7t drea# of askin$ the# for #oney1 approve!of% She doesn7t approve of $a#blin$1 decide !a$ainst% 3e have decided a$ainst #ovin$ to Fondon1 feel !like% =o you feel like $oin$ out toni$ht2 look for+ard !to% "7# lookin$ for+ard to #eetin$ her1 3e say 7apolo$iNe to so#ebody for1117D K She apolo$iNed to #e for not tellin$ the truth1 !not 7she apolo$iNed #e7%

B1 3ith so#e of the verbs in A9 you can use the structure verb @ preposition @ so#ebody @ >in$D verb @ preposition so#ebody @ >in$ She doesn7t approve of #e $a#blin$1 3e are all lookin$ for+ard to FiN co#in$ ho#e1 C1 The follo+in$ verbs can have the structure verb @ obAect @ preposition @ >in$D verb @ obAect @ preposition @ >in$ con$ratulate !on% " con$ratulated Ann on passin$ the exa#1 accuse !of% They accused #e of tellin$ lies1 suspect !of% Nobody suspected the #an of bein$ a spy1 prevent !fro#% 3hat prevented hi# fro# co#in$ to see us2 stop !fro#K% The police stopped everyone fro# leavin$ the buildin$1 thank !for% " for$ot to thank the# for helpin$ #e1 for$ive !for% Please for$ive #e for not +ritin$ to you1 +arn !a$ainst% They +arned us a$ainst buyin$ the car1 Eou can also say 7stop so#ebody doin$7 !+ithout fro#%1 So you can sayD K Eou can7t stop #e doin$ +hat " +ant1 or 111 stop #e fro# doin$ +hat " +ant1 So#e of these verbs are often used in the passive1 4or exa#pleD K " +as accused of tellin$ lies1 K The #an +as suspected of bein$ a spy1 K 3e +ere +arned a$ainst buyin$ the car1 @p &' EME:C"SES * 1 Co#plete each sentence usin$ only one +ord1 1 Our nei$hbours apolo$iNed for P#akin$P so #uch noise1

&1 " feel laNy1 " don7t feel like --- any +ork1 '1 " +anted to $o out alone but Hoe insisted on --- +ith #e1 (1 "7# fed up +ith #y Aob1 "7# thinkin$ of --- so#ethin$ else1 )1 3e have decided a$ainst --- a ne+ car because +e can7t really afford it1 *1 " hope you +rite to #e soon1 "7# lookin$ for+ard to --- fro# you1 ,1 The +eather +as extre#ely bad and this prevented us fro# --out1 -1 The #an +ho has been arrested is suspected of --- a false passport1 .1 " think you should apolo$iNe to Sue for --- so rude to her1 /1 So#e parents don7t approve of their children --- a lot of television1 1 "7# sorry " can7t co#e to your party but thank you very #uch for --- #e1 * 1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ a preposition @ one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#%D cause escape $o help interrupt live play solve spend +alk 1 =o you feel Plike $oin$P out this evenin$2 &1 "t took us a lon$ ti#e but +e finally succeeded --- the proble#1 '1 "7ve al+ays drea#ed --- in a s#all house by the sea1 (1 The driver of the other car accused #e --- the accident1 )1 There +as a fence around the la+n to stop people --- on the $rass1 *1 4or$ive #e --- you but #ay " ask you so#ethin$2 ,1 3here are you thinkin$ --- your holiday this year2 -1 The $uards +eren7t able to prevent the prisoner --.1 " +anted to cook the #eal by #yself but =ave insisted --- #e1 /1 "7# sorry +e7ve had to cancel our $a#e of tennis to#orro+1 " +as really lookin$ for-+ard ---1 * 1' Co#plete the sentences on the ri$ht1 1 "t +as nice of you to help #e1 Thanks very #uch1 Ieor$e thanked P#e for helpin$ hi#1P &1 "7ll drive you to the station1 " insister1 TO8 insisted ---

'1 Con$ratulationsL Hi# con$ratulated #e --(1 "t +as nice of you to co#e to see #e1 Thank you1 8rs Bond thanked --)1 =ont stay at the hotel near the airport1 " +arned --*1 "7# sorry " didn7t phone you earlier1 8ary apolo$iNed --,1 Eou7re selfish1 Hane accused --@p &( 5N"T *&1 Expressions @ >in$ A1 3hen these expressions are follo+ed by a verb9 the verb ends in >in$D "t7s no use 1116"t7s no $ood 111D K There7s nothin$ you can do about the situation9 so it7s no use +orryin$ about it1 K "t7s no $ood tryin$ to persuade #e1 Eou +on7t succeed1 There7s no point in 111D K There7s no point in havin$ a car if you never use it1 K There +as no point in +aitin$ any lon$er9 so +e +ent1 "t7s !not% +orth 111D K " live only a short +alk fro# here9 so it7s not +orth takin$ a taxi1 K "t +as so late +hen +e $ot ho#e9 it +asn7t +orth $oin$ to bed1 Eou can say 7a fil# is +orth seein$79 7a book is +orth readin$79 etc1 K 3hat +as the fil# like2 3as it +orth seein$2 K " don7t think ne+spapers are +orth readin$1 B1 !0ave% difficulty >in$ 3e say 7have difficulty doin$ so#ethin$7 !not 7to do7%D K " had difficulty findin$ a place to live1 !not 7" had difficulty to find7% K =id you have any difficulty $ettin$ a visa2 K People often have $reat difficulty readin$ #y +ritin$1 3e usually say 7have difficulty7 !not 7have difficulties7%D K "7# sure you7ll have no difficulty passin$ the exa#1 !not 7have no difficulties7%

C1 3e use >in$ afterD a +aste of #oney 1116a +aste of ti#e 111 !to 111 is also possible%D K "t +as a +aste of ti#e readin$ that book1 "t +as rubbish1 K "t7s a +aste of #oney buyin$ thin$s you don7t need1 spend6+aste !ti#e% 111 K 0e spent hours tryin$ to repair the clock1 K " +aste a lot of ti#e daydrea#in$1 !be% busy 111D K She said she couldn7t see #e1 She +as too busy doin$ other thin$s1 =1 Io s+i##in$6$o fishin$ etc1 3e use $o >in$ for a nu#ber of activities !especially sports%1 4or exa#ple9 you can sayD $o s+i##in$6$o sailin$6$o fishin$6$o cli#bin$6$o skiin$6$o Ao$$in$ etc1 alsoD $o shoppin$6$o si$htseein$1 K "7d like to $o skiin$1 K 3hen did you last $o shoppin$2 K "7ve never been sailin$1 !4or been and $one9 see 5nit ,=1% Eou can also say 7co#e s+i##in$6co#e skiin$7 etc1D K 3hy don7t you co#e s+i##in$ +ith us2 @p &) EME:C"SES *&1 Co#plete the sentences on the ri$ht1 1 Shall +e $et a taxi ho#e2 No9 it isn7t far1 "t7s not +orth P$ettin$ a taxi1P &1 "f you need help9 +hy don7t you ask To#2 "t7s no use ---1 0e +on7t be able to help us1 '1 " don7t really +ant to $o out toni$ht1 3ell9 stay at ho#eL There7s no point --- if you don7t +ant to1 (1 Shall " phone Ann no+2 No9 it7s no $ood ---1 She +on7t be at ho#e1 )1 Are you $oin$ to co#plain about +hat happened2 No9 it7s not +orth ---1 Nobody +ill do anythin$ about it1 *1 =o you ever read ne+spapers2 No1 " think it7s a +aste ---

*&1& 8ake sentences +ith +orth >in$ or not +orth >in$1 Choose one of these verbsD consider keep read repair see visit 1 The fil# isn7t very $ood1 P"t7s not +orth seein$1P &1 "t +ould cost too #uch to repair this +atch1 "t7s not +orth --'1 "f you have ti#e9 you should $o to the #useu#1 "t7s +orth --(1 "t7s ;uite an interestin$ su$$estion --)1 There7s an interestin$ article in the paper today1 --*1 3e can thro+ these old clothes a+ay1 They --*&1' 8ake sentences be$innin$ There7s no point111 1 1 3hy have a car if you never use it2 There7s no point in havin$ a car if you never use it1 &1 =on7t eat if you7re not hun$ry1 There7s no --'1 3hy +ork if you don7t need #oney2 (1 =on7t study if you feet tired1 *&1( 3rite sentences usin$ difficulty1 1 " #ana$ed to $et a visa but it +as difficult1 P" had difficulty $ettin$ a visa1P &1 " can7t re#e#ber people7s na#es1 " have difficulty --'1 Fucy #ana$ed to $et a Aob +ithout difficulty1 She had no --(1 =o you find it difficult to understand hi#2 =o you have --)1 "t +on7t be difficult to $et a ticket for the concert1 Eou +on7t have any --*&1) Co#plete the sentences1 5se only one +ord each ti#e1 1 "t7s a +aste of #oney buyin$ thin$s you don7t need1 &1 Every #ornin$ " spend about an hour --- the ne+spaper1 '1 73hat7s Carol doin$27 7She7s busy --- letters17 (1 " think you +aste too #uch ti#e --- television1 )1 There7s a beautiful vie+ fro# that hill1 "t is +orth --- to the top1 *&1* Co#plete these sentences +ith one of the follo+in$ !+ith the verb in the correct for#%D $o skiin$ $o shoppin$ $o s+i##in$ $o sailin$ $o ridin$

1 Barry lives by the sea and he7s $ot a boat9 so he often P$oes sailin$1P &1 There7s plenty of sno+ in the #ountains so +e7ll be able to --'1 "t +as a very hot day9 so +e --- in the river1 (1 8ar$aret has $ot t+o horses1 She often --)1 The shops are shut no+1 "t7s too late to --@p &* 5N"T *'1 To 1119 for 111 and so that 111 !purpose% A1 3e use to 111 to say +hy so#ebody does so#ethin$ !J the purpose of an action%D K 73hy did you $o out27 7To post a letter17 K A friend of #ine phoned to invite #e to a party1 K 3e shouted to +arn everybody of the dan$er1 3e use to111 to say +hy so#ethin$ exists or +hy so#ebody has6+ants6needs so#ethin$D K This +all is to keep people out of the $arden1 K The President has a tea# of body$uards to protect hi#1 K " need a bottle opener to open this bottle1 B1 3e use to 111 to say +hat can be done or #ust be done +ith so#ethin$D K "t7s difficult to find a place to park in the city centre1 !J a place +here you can park% K 3ould you like so#ethin$ to eat2 K 0ave you $ot #uch +ork to do2 !J +ork that you #ust do% K " $et lonely if there7s nobody to talk to1 AlsoD #oney6ti#e6chance6opportunity6ener$y6coura$e etc1 to !do so#ethin$%D K They $ave us so#e #oney to buy so#e food1 K =o you have #uch opportunity to practise your En$lish2 K " need a fe+ days to think about your proposal1 C1 4or 111 and to 111 Co#pareD K "7# $oin$ to Spain for a holiday1 but "7# $oin$ to Spain to learn Spanish1 !not 7for learn Spanish79 not 7for learnin$ Spanish7% 3e use for @ noun !for a holiday% but to @ verb !to learn%1 So#e

#ore exa#plesD K 3hat +ould you like for dinner2 but 3hat +ould you like to eat2 !not 7for eat7% K Fet7s $o to the pool for a s+i#1 but Fet7s $o to the pool to have a s+i#1 Note that you can say 111 for !so#ebody% to !do so#ethin$%D K There +eren7t any chairs for us to sit on9 so +e had to sit on the floor1 Eou can use for >in$ to say +hat the $eneral purpose of a thin$ is1 To111 is also possibleD K This knife is only for cuttin$ bread1 !or 111 to cut bread1% Eou can use 3hat 111 for2 to ask about purposeD K 3hat is this s+itch for2 K 3hat did you do that for2 =1 So that So#eti#es you have to use so that for purpose1 3e use so that !not to 111%D i% +hen the purpose is ne$ative !so that 111 +on7t6+ouldn7t%D K " hurried so that " +ouldn7t be late1 !J because " didn7t +ant to be late% K Feave early so that you +on7t !or don7t% #iss the bus1 ii% +ith can and could !so that 111 can6could% K She7s learnin$ En$lish so that she can study in Canada1 K 3e #oved to Fondon so that +e could visit our friends #ore often1 iii% +hen one person does so#ethin$ so that another person does so#ethin$ elseD K " $ave her #y address so that she could contact #e1 K 0e +ore $lasses and a false beard so that nobody +ould reco$niNe hi#1 @p &, EME:C"SES *'1 5se a sentence fro# Box A and a sentence fro# Box B to #ake a ne+ sentence1 A 1 " shouted

&1 " had to $o to the bank '1 "7# savin$ #oney (1 " +ent into hospital )1 "7# +earin$ t+o pullovers *1 " phoned the police station B " +ant to keep +ar# " +anted to report that #y car had been stolen " +ant to $o to Canada " had to have an operation " needed to $et so#e #oney " +anted to +arn people of dan$er 1 P" shouted to +arn people of the dan$er1P &1 " had to $o to the bank --'1 " --(1 --)1 --*1 --*'1& Co#plete these sentences usin$ a suitable verb1 1 The President has a tea# of body$uards Pto protectP hi#1 &1 " didn7t have enou$h ti#e --- the ne+spaper today1 '1 " ca#e ho#e by taxi1 " didn7t have the ener$y --(1 73ould you like so#ethin$ ---27 7Ees9 please1 A cup of coffee17 )1 3e need a ba$ --- these thin$s in1 *1 There +ill be a #eetin$ next +eek --- the proble#1 ,1 " +ish +e had enou$h #oney --- a ne+ car1 -1 " sa+ 0elen at the party but +e didn7t have a chance --- to each other1 .1 " need so#e ne+ clothes1 " haven7t $ot anythin$ nice --/1 They7ve Aust passed their exa#s1 They7re havin$ a party --1 " can7t do all this +ork alone1 " need so#ebody --- #e1 *'1' Put in to or for1 1 "7# $oin$ to Spain PforP a holiday1 &1 Eou need a lot of experience --- this Aob1 '1 Eou need a lot of experience --- do this Aob1 (1 3e7ll need #ore ti#e --- #ake a decision1

)1 " +ent to the dentist --- a check-up1 *1 " had to put on #y $lasses --- read the letter1 ,1 =o you +ear $lasses --- readin$2 -1 " +ish +e had a $arden --- the children --- play in1 *'1( 3rite sentences +ith so that1 1 " hurried1 " didn7t +ant to be late1 P" hurried so that " +ouldn7t be late1P &1 3e +ore +ar# clothes1 3e didn7t +ant to $et cold1 3e +ore --'1 The #an spoke very slo+ly1 0e +anted #e to understand +hat he said1 The #an --(1 " +hispered1 " didn7t +ant anybody else to here our conversation1 --- nobody --)1 Please arrive early1 3e +ant to be able to start the #eetin$ on ti#e1 Please --*1 She locked the door1 She didn7t +ant to be disturbed1 --,1 " slo+ed do+n1 " +anted the car behind to be able to overtake1 --@p &5N"T *(1 AdAective @ to 111 A1 =ifficult to understand etc1 Co#pare sentences a and bD K Hi# doesn7t speak very clearly1 "t is difficult to understand hi#1 !a% K Hi# doesn7t speak very clearly1 0e is difficult to understand1 !b% Sentences a and b have the sa#e #eanin$1 But note that +e sayD K 0e is difficult to understand1 !not 70e is difficult to understand hi#17% Eou can use the structures in the box +ithD difficult easy hard i#possible dan$erous safe expensive cheap and a nu#ber of other adAectives !for exa#ple9 nice6interestin$6excitin$%D

K =o you think it is safe to drink this +ater2 =o you think this +ater is safe to drink2 !not 7to drink it7% K Eour +ritin$ is a+ful1 "t is i#possible to read it1 !J to read your +ritin$% Eour +ritin$ is i#possible to read1 !not 7to read it7% K " like bein$ +ith Hill1 "t7s very interestin$ to talk to her1 Hill is very interestin$ to talk to1 !not 7to talk to her7% Eou can also use this structure +ith an adAective @ nounD K This is a difficult ;uestion !for #e% to ans+er1 !not 7to ans+er it7% B1 !"t7s% nice !of you% to111 Eou can use this structure to say +hat you think of +hat so#ebody doesD K "t +as nice of you to take #e to the station1 Thank you very #uch1 Eou can use #any other adAectives in this +ay1 4or exa#pleD kind clever sensible #ean silly stupid careless unfair? considerateD K "t7s silly of 8ary to $ive up her Aob +hen she needs the #oney1 K " think it +as very unfair of hi# to criticise #e1 C1 !"7#% sorry to 111 Eou can use this structure to say ho+ so#ebody reacts to so#ethin$D K " +as sorry to hear that your father is ill1 Eou can use #any other adAectives in this +ay1 4or exa#pleD happy $lad pleased deli$hted sad disappointed surprised a#aNed astonished relievedD K 3as To# surprised to see you +hen you +ent to see hi#2 K 3e +ere deli$hted to $et your letter last +eek1 =1 The first !person% to kno+9 the next train to arrive 3e use to 111 after the first6second6third etc1 and also after the next9 the last9 the onlyD K "f " have any #ore ne+s9 you +ill be the first !person% to kno+1 K The next train to arrive at platfor# ( +ill be the *1)/ to Cardiff1 K Everybody +as late except #e1 " +as the only one to arrive on ti#e1 E1 Eou can say that so#ethin$ is sure6certain6bound6likely to

happenD K She7s very intelli$ent1 She7s sure6certain6bound to pass the exa#1 K "7# likely to be late ho#e this evenin$1 !J " +ill probably be late ho#e% @p &. EME:C"SES *(1 !Section A% 3rite these sentences in another +ay9 be$innin$ as sho+n1 1 "t7s difficult to understand hi#1 0e Pis difficult to understand1P &1 "t7s ;uite easy to use this #achine1 This #achine is --'1 "t +as very difficult to open the +indo+1 The +indo+ --(1 "t7s i#possible to translate so#e +ords1 So#e +ords --)1 "t7s not safe to stand on that chair1 That chair --*1 "t7s expensive to #aintain a car1 A --*(1& !Section A% Co#plete the second sentence usin$ the adAective in brackets1 5se a6an @adAective @ noun @ to 111 !as in the exa#ple%1 1 " couldn7t ans+er the ;uestion1 !difficult% "t +as Pa difficult ;uestion to ans+er1P &1 Everybody #akes that #istake1 !easy% "t7s an --'1 " like livin$ in this place1 !nice% "t7s a --(1 3e enAoyed +atchin$ the $a#e1 !$ood% "t +as --*(1' !Section B% 8ake a ne+ sentence be$innin$ "t 111 5se one of these adAectives each ti#eD careless considerate kind nice 1 Eou did #y shoppin$ for #e1

P"t +as kind of you to do #y shoppin$ for #e1P &1 Eou #ake the sa#e #istake a$ain and a$ain1 "t --'1 =on and Aenny invited #e to stay +ith the#1 --(1 Hohn #ade so #uch noise +hen " +as tryin$ to sleep1 "t +asn7t very --*(1( !Section C% 5se the follo+in$ +ords to co#plete these sentencesD sorry6hear $lad6hear deli$hted6$et surprised6see 1 3e P+ere deli$hted to $etP your letter last +eek1 &1Thank you for your letter1 " --- that you7re keepin$ +ell1 '1 3e --- Pauline at the party1 3e didn7t expect her to co#e1 (1 " --- that your #other isn7t +ell1 " hope she $ets +ell soon1 *(1) !Section =% Co#plete the second sentence usin$ the +ords in brackets @ to 111 1 Nobody left before #e1 !the first% " +as Pthe first person to leave1P &1 Everybody else arrived before Paul1 !the last% Paul +as the --'1 4iona passed the exa#1 All the other students failed1 !the only% 4iona +as --(1 " co#plained to the restaurant #ana$er about the service1 Another custo#er had already co#plained before #e1 !the second% " +as --)1 Nell Ar#stron$ +alked on the #oon in .*.1 Nobody had done this before hi#1 !the first% Neil Ar#stron$ +as --*(1* !Section E% Co#plete these sentences usin$ the +ord in brackets and a suitable verb1 1 =iane is very intelli$ent1 She Pis bound to passP the exa#1 !bound% &1 "7# not surprised you7re tired1 After such a lon$ Aourney you --tired1 !bound% '1 To#7s $ot a very bad #e#ory1 0e --- +hat you told hi#1 !sure% (1 " don7t think you need to take an u#brella1 "t --- !not likely%

)1 The holidays be$in this +eekend1 There --- a lot of traffic on the roads1 !likely% @p '/ 5N"T *)1 To 111 !afraid to do% and preposition @ >in$ !afraid of >in$% A1 Afraid to !do% and afraid of !do%in$ " a# afraid to do so#ethin$ J " don7t +ant to do it because it is dan$erous or the result could be bad1 3e use afraid to do for thin$s +e do intentionallyD K A lot of people are afraid to $o out at ni$ht1 !J they don7t +ant to $o out because it is dan$erous--so they don7t $o out% K 0e +as afraid to tell his parents about the broken +indo+1 !J he didn7t +ant to tell the# because he kne+ they +ould be an$ry% " a# afraid of so#ethin$ happenin$ J it is possible that so#ethin$ bad +ill happen !for exa#ple9 an accident%1 3e do not use afraid of >in$ for thin$s +e do intentionallyD K The path +as icy9 so +e +alked very carefully1 3e +ere afraid of fallin$1 !J it +as possible that +e +ould fall--not 7+e +ere afraid to fall7% K " don7t like do$s1 "7# al+ays afraid of bein$ bitten1 !not 7afraid to be bitten7% So9 you are afraid to do so#ethin$ because you are afraid of so#ethin$ happenin$ as a resultD K " +as afraid to $o near the do$ because " +as afraid of bein$ bitten1 B1 "nterested in !do%in$ and interested to !do% "7# interested in doin$ so#ethin$ J "7# thinkin$ of doin$ it9 "7d like to do itD K "7# tryin$ to sell #y car but nobody is interested in buyin$ it1 !not 7to buy7% 3e use interested to especially +ith hear6see6kno+6read6learn1 " +as interested to hear it J 7" heard it and it +as interestin$ for #e7D K " +as interested to hear that =iane has $ot a ne+ Aob1 K Ask Ieor$e for his opinion1 " +ould be interested to kno+ +hat he thinks1 !Jit +ould be interestin$ for #e to kno+% This structure is the sa#e as surprised to6deli$hted to111 etc1 !see

5nit *(C%D K " +as surprised to hear that =iane has $ot a ne+ Aob1 C1 Sorry to !do% and sorry for !do%in$ 3e usually say sorry to111 to apolo$iNe +hen !or Aust before% +e do so#ethin$D K "7# sorry to bother you9 but " need to talk to you1 3e use sorry to !hear6read etc1% to sho+ sy#pathy +ith so#ebody !see 5nit *(C%D K " +as sorry to hear that 4iona lost her Aob1 !J " +as sorry +hen " heard 111% Eou can use sorry for !doin$ so#ethin$% to apolo$iNe for so#ethin$ you did beforeD K !"7#% sorry for shoutin$ at you yesterday1 !not 7Sorry to shout 1117% Eou can also sayD K !"7#% sorry " shouted at you yesterday1 =1 Note that +e sayD " +ant to !do%6"7d like to !do% but "7# thinkin$ of !do%in$6" drea# of !do%in$ " failed to !do% but " succeeded in !do%in$ " allo+ed the# to !do% but " prevented the# fro# !do%in$ 4or exa#ples9 see 5nits )'-)( and * 1 @p ' EME:C"SES *)1 :ead the situation and use the +ords in brackets to +rite a sentence +ith afraid1 1 The streets are unsafe at ni$ht1 !a lot of people6afraid6$o6out% PA lot of people are afraid to $o out1P &1 3e +alked very carefully alon$ the icy path1 !+e6afraid6fall% P3e +ere afraid of fallin$1P '1 " don7t usually carry #y passport +ith #e1 !"6afraid6lose6it% (1 The sea +as very rou$h1 !+e6afraid6$o6s+i##in$% )1 3e rushed to the station1

!+e6afraid6#iss6our train% *1 "n the #iddle of the fil# there +as a particularly horrifyin$ scene1 !+e6afraid6look% ,1 The $lasses +ere very full9 so Hane carried the# very carefully1 !she6afraid6spill6the drinks% -1 " didn7t like the look of the food on #y plate1 a !"6afraid6eat6it% b !"6afraid6#ake6#yself ill% *)1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of these verbsD buy $et $o hear read start 1 "7# tryin$ to sell #y car but nobody is interested Pin buyin$P it1 &1 Hulia is interested --- her o+n business1 '1 " +as interested --- your letter in the ne+spaper last +eek1 (1 Bill +ants to stay sin$le1 0e7s not interested --- #arried1 )1 Eou #ust tell #e +hat you think1 "7# al+ays interested --- your opinion1 *1 There7s a party toni$ht but "7# not interested --*)1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ the verb in brackets1 1 "7# sorry Pfor shoutin$P at you yesterday1 !shout% &1 Sorry --- you but have you $ot a pen " could borro+2 !disturb% '1 Sorry --- late last ni$ht1 " didn7t realiNe the ti#e1 !be% (1 "7# sorry --- +hat " said yesterday1 " didn7t really #ean it1 !say% )1 7"7ve Aust had #y exa# results1 " failed17 7Oh2 "7# sorry --- that17 !hear% *)1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ the verb in brackets1 1 a1 3e +anted Pto leaveP the buildin$1 !leave% b1 3e +eren7t allo+ed --- the buildin$1 !leave% c1 3e +ere prevented --- the buildin$1 !leave% &1 a1 4red failed --- the proble#1 !solve% b1 A#y succeeded --- the proble#1 !solve% '1 a1 "7# thinkin$ --- a+ay next +eek1 !$o% b1 "7# hopin$ --- a+ay next +eek1 !$o% c1 "7# lookin$ for+ard --- a+ay next +eek1 !$o% d1 "7d like --- a+ay next +eek1 !$o% (1 a1 8ary +anted --- #e a drink1 !buy%

b1 8ary pro#ised --- #e a drink1 !buy% c1 8ary insisted --- #e a drink1 !buy% d1 8ary +ouldn7t drea# --- #e a drink1 !buy% @p '& 5N"T **1 See so#ebody do and see so#ebody doin$ A1 Study this exa#ple situationD To# $ot into his car and drove a+ay1 Eou sa+ this1 Eou can sayD K " sa+ To# $et into his car and drive a+ay1 "n this structure +e use $et6drive6do etc1 !infinitive +ithout 7to7%D So#ebody did so#ethin$ @ " sa+ this J " sa+ so#ebody do so#ethin$1 Note that +e use the infinitive +ithout toD K 3e sa+ the# $o out1 !not 7to $o7% But after a passive !7they +ere seen7% etc19 +e use toD K They +ere seen to $o out1 B1 Study this exa#ple situationD Eesterday you sa+ Ann1 She +as +aitin$ for a bus1 Eou can sayD K " sa+ Ann +aitin$ for a bus1 "n this structure +e use >in$ !+aitin$%D So#ebody +as doin$ so#ethin$ @ " sa+ this J " sa+ so#ebody doin$ so#ethin$1 C1 Study the difference in #eanin$ bet+een the t+o structuresD 7" sa+ hi# do so#ethin$7 J he did so#ethin$ !past si#ple% and " sa+ this1 " sa+ the co#plete action fro# be$innin$ to endD K 0e fell off the +all1 " sa+ this1 -O " sa+ hi# fall off the +all1 K The accident happened1 =id you see this2 -O =id you see the accident happen2 7" sa+ hi# doin$ so#ethin$7 J he +as doin$ so#ethin$ !past continuous% and " sa+ this1 " sa+ hi# +hen he +as in the #iddle of doin$ it1 This does not #ean that " sa+ the co#plete actionD K 0e +as +alkin$ alon$ the street1 @ " sa+ this +hen " drove past in #y car1 J " sa+ hi# +alkin$ alon$ the street1 So#eti#es the difference is not i#portant and you can use either for#D K "7ve never seen her dance1 or "7ve never seen her dancin$1 =1 3e use these structures +ith see and hear9 and a nu#ber of

other verbsD K " didn7t hear you co#e in1 K FiN suddenly felt so#ethin$ touch her on the shoulder1 K =id you notice anyone $o out2 K " could hear it rainin$1 K The #issin$ boys +ere last seen playin$ near the river1 K Fisten to the birds sin$in$L K Can you s#ell so#ethin$ burnin$2 K " found Sue in #y roo# readin$ #y letters1 @p '' EME:C"SES **1 Co#plete the ans+ers to the ;uestions1 1 =id anybody $o out2 " don7t kno+1 " didn7t see Panybody $o out1P &1 0as Hill arrived yet2 Ees9 " think " heard her --'1 0o+ do you kno+ " took the #oney2 " kno+ because " sa+ you --(1 =id the doorbell rin$2 "7# not sure1 " didn7t hear --)1 Can To# play the piano2 "7ve never heard --*1 =id " lock the door +hen " +ent out2 Ees9 you did1 " sa+ --,1 0o+ did the +o#an fall in the river2 " don7t kno+1 " didn7t see --**1& "n each of these situations you and a friend sa+9 heard or s#elt so#ethin$1 Fook at the pictures and co#plete the sentences1 1 FookL There7s Ann1 &1 FookL There7s =ave and 0elen1 '1 FookL There7s Clare1 (1 Fisten That7s Bill1 )1 Can you s#ell burnin$2 EesL "t7s the dinner1 *1 FookL There7s Finda1 1 P3e sa+ Ann +aitin$ for a bus1P &1 3e sa+ =ave and 0elen ---

'1 3e sa+ --- in a restaurant1 (1 3e heard --)1 3e could --*1 --**1' Co#plete these sentences1 5se one of these verbs !in the correct for#%D cli#b co#e cra+l cry cycle explode happen open run say sla# sleep tell 1 Fisten to the birds Psin$in$1P &1 " didn7t hear you Pco#eP in1 '1 =id anybody see the accident ---2 (1 3e listened to the old #an --- his story fro# be$innin$ to end1 )1 FistenL Can you hear a baby ---2 *1 " looked out of the +indo+ and sa+ Ti# on his bike ---1 alon$ the road1 ,1 73hy did you turn round suddenly27 7" thou$ht " heard so#ebody --- #y na#e17 -1 3e +atched the t+o #en --- across the $arden --- a +indo+ and --- throu$h it into the house1 .1 Everybody heard the bo#b ---1 "t +as a tre#endous noise1 /1 OhL " can feel so#ethin$ --- up #y le$L "t #ust be an insect1 1 " heard so#ebody --- the door in the #iddle of the ni$ht1 "t +oke #e up1 &1 3hen +e $ot ho#e9 +e found a cat --- on the kitchen table1 @p '( 5N"T *,1 >in$ clauses !4eelin$ tired9 " +ent to bed early1% A1 A clause is a part of a sentence1 So#e sentences have t+o or #ore clausesD K Hi# hurt his ar# !#ain clause% playin$ tennis1!>in$ clause% K 4eelin$ tired9!>in$ clause% " +ent to bed early1!#ain clause% 7Playin$ tennis7 and 7feelin$ tired7 are >in$ clauses1 "f the >in$ clause is first !as in the second exa#ple%9 +e +rite a co##a !9% bet+een the clauses1 B1 3hen t+o thin$s happen at the sa#e ti#e9 you can use >in$ for one of the verbs1 The #ain clause usually co#es firstD K "7ve Aust seen Carol1 She7s in the bar havin$ a drink1 !J she is in

the bar and she is havin$ a drink% K A #an ran out of the house shoutin$1 !J he ran out of the house and he +as shoutin$% K =o so#ethin$L =on7t Aust stand there doin$ nothin$L 3e also use >in$ +hen one action happens durin$ another action1 3e use >in$ for the lon$er action1 The lon$er action is the second part of the sentenceD K Hi# hurt his ar# playin$ tennis1 !J +hile he +as playin$% K =id you cut yourself shavin$2 !J +hile you +ere shavin$% Eou can also use >in$ after +hile or +henD K Hi# hurt his ar# +hile playin$ tennis1 K Be careful +hen crossin$ the road1 !J +hen you are crossin$% C1 3hen one action happens before another action9 +e use havin$ !done% for the first actionD K 0avin$ found a hotel9 +e looked for so#e+here to have dinner1 K 0avin$ finished her +ork9 she +ent ho#e1 Eou can also say after >in$D K After finishin$ her +ork9 she +ent ho#e1 "f one short action follo+s another short action9 you can use the si#ple >in$ for# !doin$ instead of havin$ done% for the first actionD K Takin$ a key out of his pocket9 he opened the door1 These structures are used #ore in +ritten En$lish than in spoken En$lish1 =1 Eou can use an >in$ clause to explain so#ethin$ or to say +hy so#ebody does so#ethin$1 The>in$ clause usually co#es firstD K 4eelin$ tired9 " +ent to bed early1 !J because " felt tired% K Bein$ une#ployed9 he hasn7t $ot #uch #oney1 !J because he is une#ployed% K Not havin$ a car9 she finds it difficult to $et around1 !J because she doesn7t have a car% K 0avin$ already seen the fil# t+ice9 " didn7t +ant to $o to the cine#a1 !J because " had already seen it t+ice% These structures are used #ore in +ritten En$lish than in spoken En$lish1 @p ') EME:C"SES

*,1 Hoin a sentence fro# Box A +ith one fro# Box B to #ake one sentence1 5se an >in$ clause1 A 1 Carol +as in the bar &1 E##a +as sittin$ in an ar#chair1 '1 Sue $ot ho#e late1 (1 Sarah +ent out1 )1 Finda +as in Fondon for t+o years1 *1 8ary +alked round the to+n1 B She +as feelin$ very tired1 She looked at the si$hts and took photo$raphs1 She said she +ould be back in an hour1 She +as readin$ a book1 She 3as havin$ a drink1 She +orked as a tourist $uide1 1 PCarol +as in the bar havin$ a drink1P &1 E##a +as sittin$ --'1 Sue --( --)1 --*1 --*,1& 8ake one sentence fro# t+o usin$ an >in$ clause1 1 Hi# +as playin$ tennis1 0e hurt his ar#1 PHi# hurtC his ar# playin$ tennis1P &1 " +as +atchin$ television1 " fell asleep1 " --'1 The #an slipped1 0e +as $ettin$ off a bus1 The #an --(1 " +as +alkin$ ho#e in the rain1 " $ot +et1 " --)1 8ar$aret +as drivin$ to +ork yesterday1 She had an accident1 --*1 T+o fire#en +ere overco#e by s#oke1 They +ere tryin$ to put out the fire1 --*,1' 8ake sentences be$innin$ 0avin$ 111 1 She finished her +ork1 Then she +ent ho#e1 P0avin$ finished her +ork9 she +ent ho#e1P

&1 3e bou$ht our tickets1 Then +e +ent into the theatre1 '1 They continued their Hourney after they7d had dinner1 (1 After Fucy had done all her shoppin$9 she +ent for a cup of coffee1 *,1( 8ake sentences be$innin$ >in$ or Not >in$ !like those in Section =%1 So#eti#es you need to be$in +ith 0avin$ !done so#ethin$%1 1 " felt tired1 So " +ent to bed early1 P4eelin$ tired " +ent to bad early1P &1 " thou$ht they #i$ht be hun$ry1 So " offered the# so#ethin$ to eat1 '1 She is a forei$ner1 So she needs a visa to stay in this country1 (1 " didn7t kno+ his address1 So " +asn7t able to contact hi#1 )1 Sarah has travelled a lot1 So she kno+s a lot about other countries1 *1 The #an +asn7t able to understand En$lish1 So he didn7t kno+ +hat " +anted1 ,1 3e had spent nearly all our #oney1 So +e couldn7t afford to stay in a hotel1 @p '* 5N"T *-1 Countable and uncountable nouns ! % A1 A noun can be countable or uncountable1 Co#pareD T Countable K " eat a banana every day1 K " like bananas1 Banana is a countable noun1 A countable noun can be sin$ular !banana%or plural !bananas%1 Countable nouns are thin$s +e can count1 So +e can say 7one banana79 7t+o bananas7 etc1 Exa#ples of nouns usually countableD K There7s a beach near here1 K Ann +as sin$in$ a son$1 K 0ave you $ot a ten-pound note2 K "t +asn7t your fault1 "t +as an accident1 K There are no batteries in the radio1 K 3e haven7t $ot enou$h cups1

T& 5ncountable K " eat rice every day1 K " like rice1 :ice is an uncountable noun1 An uncountable noun has only one for#!rice%1 5ncountable nouns are thin$s +e cannot count1 3e cannot say 7one rice79 7t+o rices7 etc1 Exa#ples of nouns usually uncountableD K There7s sand in #y shoes1 K Ann +as listenin$ to !so#e% #usic1 K 0ave you $ot any #oney2 K "t +asn7t your fault1 "t +as bad luck1 K There is no electricity in this house1 K 3e haven7t $ot enou$h cups1 K 3e haven7t $ot enou$h +ater1 B1 T Eou can use a6an +ith sin$ular countable nounsD a beach a student an u#brella Eou cannot use sin$ular countable nouns alone !+ithout a6the6#y etc1%D K " +ant a banana1 !not 7" +ant banana7% K There7s been an accident1 !not 7There7s been accident7% Eou can use plural countable nouns aloneD K " like bananas1 !J bananas in $eneral% K Accident can be prevented1 See also 5nit ,(1 T& Eou cannot nor#ally use a6an +ith uncountable nouns1 3e do not say 7a sand7 or 7a #usic71 But you can often use a 111 ofD a bo+l of rice a drop of +ater a piece of #usic a $a#e of tennis etc1 Eou can use uncountable nouns alone !+ithout the6#y6so#e etc1%D K " eat rice every day1 K There7s blood on your shirt1 K Can you hear #usic2 See also 5nit ,(1 C1 T Eou can use so#e and any plural countable nounsD K 3e san$ so#e son$s1

K =id you buy any apples2 3e use #any and fe+ +ith plural countable nounsD K 3e didn7t take #any photo$raphs1 K " have a fe+ Aobs to do1 T& Eou can use so#e and any +ith uncountable nounsD K 3e listened to so#e #usic1 K =id you buy any apple Auice2 3e use #uch and little +ith uncountable nounsD K 3e didn7t do #uch shoppin$1 K " have a little +ork to do1 @p ', EME:C"SES *-1 So#e of these sentences need a6an1 Correct the sentences +hich are +ron$1 "f the sentence is already correct9 put 7:"I0T71 1 Hi# $oes every+here by bike1 0e hasn7t $ot car1 Pa carP &1 Ann +as listenin$ to #usic +hen " arrived1 :"I0T1 '1 3e +ent to very nice restaurant last +eekend1 (1 " clean #y teeth +ith toothpaste1 )1 " use toothbrush to clean #y teeth1 *1 Can you tell #e if there7s bank near here2 ,1 8y brother +orks for insurance co#pany in Fondon1 -1 " don7t like violence1 .1 Can you s#ell paint2 /1 3e need petrol1 " hope +e co#e to petrol station soon1 1 " +onder if you can help #e1 " have proble#1 &1 Hohn has $ot intervie+ for Aob to#orro+1 '1 FiN doesn7t usually +ear Ae+ellery but yesterday she +as +earin$ necklace1 (1 " think volleyball is very $ood $a#e1 *-1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ +ords1 5se a6an +here necessary1 accident biscuit blood coat decision electricity key letter #o#ent ;uestion su$ar 1 "t +asn7t your fault1 "t +as Pan accident1P

&1 FistenL Can you hear P#usic2P '1 " couldn7t $et into the house because " didn7t have ---1 (1 "t7s very +ar# today1 3hy are you +earin$ ---2 )1 =o you take --- in your coffee2 *1 Are you hun$ry2 3ould you like --- +ith your coffee2 ,1 Our lives +ould be very difficult +ithout ---1 -1 " didn7t phone the#1 " +rote --- instead1 .1 The heart pu#ps --- throu$h the body1 /1 Excuse #e9 but can " ask you ---2 1 "7# not ready yet1 Can you +ait1 --- please2 &1 3e can7t delay #uch lon$er1 3e have to #ake --- soon1 *-1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ +ords1 So#eti#es the +ord needs to be plural !-s%1 air country day friend #eat lan$ua$e letter patience people photo$raph ;ueue space 1 " had #y ca#era but " didn7t take #any Pphoto$raphs1P &1 There are seven --- in a +eek1 '1 A ve$etarian is a person +ho doesn7t eat ---1 (1 Outside the cine#a there +as --- of people +aitin$ to see the fil#1 )1 "7# not very $ood at +ritin$ ---1 *1 Fast ni$ht " +ent out +ith so#e --- of #ine1 ,1 There +ere very fe+ --- in the shops today1 They +ere al#ost e#pty1 -1 "7# $oin$ out for a +alk1 " need so#e fresh ---1 .1 Ieor$e al+ays +ants thin$s ;uickly1 0e7s $ot no ---1 /1 =o you speak any forei$n ---2 1 Hane travels a lot1 She has been to #any ---1 &1 Our flat is very s#all1 3e haven7t $ot #uch ---1 @p '5N"T *.1 Countable and uncountable nouns !&% A1 8any nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns9 usually +ith a difference in #eanin$1 Co#pareD T Countable K =id you hear a noise Aust no+2 !J a particular noise% K " bou$ht a paper to read1 !J a ne+spaper%

K There7s a hair in #y soupL !J one sin$le hair% K Eou can stay +ith us1 There is a spare roo#1 !J a roo# in a house% K " had so#e interestin$ experiences +hile " +as a+ay1 !J thin$s that happened to #e% K EnAoy your holiday1 0ave a $ood ti#eL T& 5ncountable K " can7t +ork here1 There7s too #uch noise1 !not 7too #any noises7% K " need so#e paper to +rite on1 !J #aterial for +ritin$ on% K Eou7ve $ot very lon$ hair1 !not 7hairs7% !J all the hair on your head% K Eou can7t sit here1 There isn7t roo#1 !J space% K They offered #e the Aob because " had a lot of experience1 !not 7experiences7% K " can7t +ait1 " haven7t $ot ti#e1 B1 Coffee6tea6beer6Auice etc1 !drinks% are nor#ally uncountableD K " don7t drink coffee very often1 But they can be countable +hen you are thinkin$ of a cup6a $lass etc1 So you can sayD K !in a restaurant% T+o coffees and an oran$e Auice9 please1 C1 There are so#e nouns that are usually uncountable in En$lish but often countable in other lan$ua$es1 4or exa#pleD acco##odation behaviour da#a$e luck per#ission traffic bread furniture lu$$a$e pro$ress +eather chaos infor#ation ne+s scenery +ork These nouns are usually uncountable9 soD i% you cannot use a6an +ith the# !you cannot say 7a bread79 7an advice7 etc1% and ii% they are not nor#ally plural !+e do not say 7breads79 7advices7 etc1%1 K "7# $oin$ to buy so#e bread1 or 11 a loaf of bread1 !not 7a bread7% K EnAoy your holidayL " hope you have $ood +eather1 !not 7a $ood +eather7% K 3here are you $oin$ to put all your furniture2 !not 7furnitures7%

Ne+s is uncountable9 not pluralD K The ne+s +as very depressin$1 !not 7the ne+s +ere7% Travel !noun% #eans 7travellin$ in $eneral71 Eou cannot say 7a travel7 to #ean a Aourney or a tripD K 3e had a very $ood Aourney1 !not 7a $ood travel7% Co#pare these countable and uncountable nounsD T Countable K "7# lookin$ for a Aob1 K 3hat a beautiful vie+L K "t7s a nice day today1 K 3e had a lot of ba$s and cases1 K These chairs are #ine1 K "t +as a $ood su$$estion1 T& 5ncountable K "7# lookin$ for +ork1 !not 7a +ork7% K 3hat beautiful sceneryL K "t7s nice +eather today1 K 3e had a lot of lu$$a$e1 !not 7lu$$a$es7% K This furniture is #ine1 K "t +as $ood advice1 @p '. EME:C"SES *.1 3hich of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct2 1 7=id you hear Pnoise6a noise- Aust no+27 7No9 " didn7t hear anythin$17 !7a noise7 is correct% &1 a1 "f you +ant to kno+ the ne+s9 you can read Ppaper6a paper1P b1 " +ant to +rite so#e letters but " haven7t $ot Pa paper6any paperP to +rite on1 '1 a1 " thou$ht there +as so#ebody in the house because there +as Pli$ht6a li$htP on inside1 b1 PFi$ht6A li$htP co#es fro# the sun1 (1 a1 " +as in a hurry this #ornin$1 " didn7t have Pti#e6a ti#eP for breakfast1 b1 7=id you enAoy your holiday27 7Ees9 +e had P+onderful ti#e6a +onderful ti#e1P7 )1 Sue +as very helpful1 She $ave us so#e very useful

Padvice6advices1P *1 3e had Pvery $ood +eather6a very $ood +eatherP +hile +e +ere on holiday1 ,1 3e +ere very unfortunate1 3e had Pbad luck6a bad luck1P -1 "t7s very difficult to find a P+ork6AobP at the #o#ent1 .1 Our Ptravel6AourneyP fro# Fondon to "stanbul by train +as very tirin$1 /1 3hen the fire alar# ran$9 there +as Ptotal chaos6a total chaos1P 1 " had to buy Pa6so#eP bread because " +anted to #ake so#e sand+iches1 &1 Bad ne+s Pdon7t6doesn7tP #ake people happy1 '1 PEour hair is6Eour hairs areP too lon$1 Eou should have it6the# cut1 (1 Nobody +as hurt in the accident but Pthe da#a$e6the da#a$esP to the car P+as6+ereP ;uite bad1 *.1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ these +ords1 So#eti#es you need the plural !-s%1 chair experience experience furniture hair infor#ation Aob lu$$a$e per#ission pro$ress +ork 1 " didn7t have #uch Plu$$a$eP--Aust t+o s#all ba$s1 &1 They7ll tell you all you +ant to kno+1 They7ll $ive you plenty of --'1 There is roo# for everybody to sit do+n1 There are plenty of --(1 3e have no ---9 not even a bed or a table1 )1 73hat does Alan look like27 0e7s $ot a lon$ beard and very short --*1 Carla7s En$lish is better than it +as1 She7s #ade --,1 Ieor$e is une#ployed1 0e7s lookin$ for a ---1 Ieor$e is une#ployed1 0e7s lookin$ for --.1 "f you +ant to leave +ork early9 you have to ask for --/1 " don7t think Ann +ill $et the Aob1 She hasn7t $ot enou$h --1 :ita has done #any interestin$ thin$s1 She should +rite a book about her --*.1' 3hat do you say in these situations2 Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the +ords fro# Section C1

1 Eour friends have Aust arrived at the station1 Eou can7t see any suitcases or ba$s1 Eou ask the#D 0ave Pyou $ot lu$$a$e2P &1 Eou $o into the tourist office1 Eou +ant to kno+ about places to see in the to+n1 Eou sayD "7d like --'1 Eou are a student at school1 Eou +ant your teacher to advise you about +hich exa#inations to take1 Eou sayD Can you $ive #e ---2 (1 Eou +ant to +atch the ne+s on T? but you don7t kno+ +hat ti#e it is on1 Eou ask your friendD 3hat ti#e ---2 )1 Eou are standin$ at the top of a #ountain1 Eou can see a very lon$ +ay1 "t is lovely1 Eou sayD "t ---9 isn7t it2 *1 Eou look out of the +indo+1 The +eather is horribleD cold9 +et and +indy1 Eou say to your friendD 3hat ---L @p (/ 5N"T ,/1 Countable nouns +ith a6an and so#e A1 Countable nouns can be sin$ular or pluralD a do$ a child the evenin$ this party an u#brella do$s so#e children the evenin$s these parties t+o u#brellas B1 Before sin$ular countable nouns you can use a6anD K IoodbyeL 0ave a nice evenin$1 K =o you need an u#brella2 Eou cannot use sin$ular countable nouns alone !+ithout a6the6#y etc1%D K She never +ears a hat1 !not 7She never +ears hat7% K Be careful of the do$1 !not 7Be careful of do$7% K 3hat a beautiful dayL K "7ve $ot a headache1 C1 3e use a6an 111 to say +hat kind of thin$ or person so#ethin$6so#ebody isD K A do$ is an ani#al1 K "7# an opti#ist1

K Ti#7s father is a doctor1 K Are you a $ood driver2 K Hill is a really nice person1 K 3hat a lovely dressL 3e say that so#ebody has a lon$ nose6a nice face6a stron$ heart etc1D K Hack has $ot a lon$ nose1 !not 7the lon$ nose7% "n sentences like these9 +e use plural nouns alone !not +ith 7so#e7%D K =o$s are ani#als1 K 8ost of #y friends are students1 K Hill7s parents are really nice people1 K 3hat a+ful shoesL K Hack has $ot blue eyes1 !not 7the blue eyes7% :e#e#ber to use a6an +hen you say +hat so#ebody7s Aob isD K Sandra is a nurse1 !not 7Sandra is nurse7% K 3ould you like to be an En$lish teacher2 =1 Eou can use so#e +ith plural countable nouns1 3e use so#e in t+o +aysD i% So#e J a nu#ber of6a fe+ of6a pair ofD K "7ve seen so#e $ood fil#s recently1 !not 7"7ve seen $ood fil#s7% K So#e friends of #ine are co#in$ to stay at the +eekend1 K " need so#e ne+ sun$lasses9 !J a ne+ pair of sun$lasses% =o not use so#e +hen you are talkin$ about thin$s in $eneral !see also 5nit ,(%D K " love bananas1 !not 7so#e bananas7% K 8y aunt is a +riter1 She +rites books1 !not 7so#e books7% So#eti#es you can #ake sentences +ith or +ithout so#e !+ith no difference in #eanin$%D K There are !so#e% e$$s in the frid$e if you7re hun$ry1 ii% So#e J so#e but not all K So#e children learn very ;uickly1 !but not all children% K So#e police officers in Britain carry $uns9 but #ost of the# don7t1 @p ( EME:C"SES

,/1 3hat are these thin$s2 Try and find out if you don7t kno+1 1 an ant2 P"t7s an insects1P &1 ants2 bees2 PThey7re insects1P '1 a cauliflo+er2 (1 chess2 )1 a violin2 a tru#pet2 a flute2 *1 a skyscraper2 ,1 Earth2 8ars2 ?enus2 Hupiter2 -1 a tulip2 .1 the :hine2 the Nile2 the 8ississippi2 / a pi$eon2 an ea$le2 a cro+2 3ho +ere these people2 1 Beethoven2 P0as +as a co#poser1P &1 Shakespeare2 '1 Albert Einstein2 (1 3ashin$ton2 Fincoln2 Hohn Gennedy2 )1 8arilyn 8onroe2 * Elvis Presley2 Hohn Fennon2 ,1 ?an Io$h2 :enoir2 Iau$uin2 ,/1& :ead about +hat these people do and say +hat their Aobs are1 Choose one of these AobsD drivin$ instructor interpreter Aournalist nurse pilot plu#ber travel a$ent +aiter 1 Stella looks after patients in hospital1 PShe7s a nurse1P &1 Ieor$e +orks in a restaurant1 0e brin$s the food to the tables1 0e --'1 8ary arran$es people7s holidays for the#1 She --(1 :on +orks for an airline1 0e flies aeroplane1 --)1 Finda teaches people ho+ to drive1 --*1 =ave fits and repairs +ater pipes1 --,1 Henny +rites articles for a ne+spaper1 ---1 Hohn translates +hat people are sayin$ fro# one lan$ua$e into another9 so that they can understand each other1 --,/1' Put in alan or so#e +here necessary1 "f no +ord is necessary9 leave the space e#pty!-%1 1 "7ve seen so#e $ood fil#s recently1

&1 3hat7s +ron$ +ith you2 0ave you $ot PaP headache2 '1 " kno+ a lot of people1 8ost of the# are - students1 (1 3hen " +as --- child9 " used to be very shy1 )1 3ould you like to be --- actor2 *1 =o you collect --- sta#ps2 ,1 3hat --- beautiful $ardenL -1 --- birds9 for exa#ple the pen$uin9 cannot fly1 .1 "7ve been +alkin$ for three hours1 "7ve $ot --- sore feet1 /1 " don7t feel very +ell this #ornin$1 "7ve $ot --- sore throat1 1 "t7s a pity +e haven7t $ot --- ca#era1 "7d like to take --photo$raph of that house1 &1 Those are --- nice shoes1 3here did you $et the#2 '1 "7# $oin$ shoppin$1 " +ant to buy --- ne+ shoes1 (1 Eou need --- visa to visit --- countries9 but not all of the#1 )1 Hane is --- teacher1 0er parents +ere --- teachers too1 *1 =o you enAoy $oin$ to --- concerts2 ,1 3hen +e $ot to the city centre --- shops +ere still open but #ost of the# +ere closed1 -1 " don7t believe hi#1 0e7s --- liar1 0e7s al+ays tellin$ --- lies1 @p (& 5N"T , 1 A6an and the A1 Study this exa#pleD HO0ND " had a sand+ich and an apple for lunch1 The sand+ich +asn7t very $ood but the apple +as nice1 Hohn says 7a sand+ich79 7an apple7 because this is the first ti#e he talks about the#1 Hohn no+ says 7the sand+ich79 7the apple because Garen kno+s +hich sand+ich and +hich apple he #eans - the sand+ich and the apple he had for lunch1 Co#pare a and the in these exa#plesD K A #an and a +o#an +ere sittin$ opposite #e1 The #an +as A#erican but " think the +o#an +as British1 K 3hen +e +ere on holiday9 +e stayed at a hotel1 So#eti#es +e had our evenin$ #eal at the hotel and so#eti#es +e +ent to a restaurant1 B1 3e use the +hen +e are thinkin$ of one particular thin$1

Co#pare a6an and theD K To# sat do+n on a chair1 !perhaps one of #any chairs in the roo#% but To# sat do+n on the chair nearest the door1 !a particular chair% K Ann is lookin$ for a Aob1 !not a particular Aob% but =id Ann $et the Aob she applied for2 !a particular Aob% K 0ave you $ot a car2 !not a particular car% but " cleaned the car yesterday1 !J #y car% 4or a see also 5nits ,/ and ,&A1 C1 3e use the +hen it is clear in the situation +hich thin$ or person +e #ean1 4or exa#ple9 in a roo# +e talk about 7the li$ht6the floor6the ceilin$6the door6the carpet7 etc1D K Can you turn off the li$ht9 please2 !J the li$ht in this roo#% K " took a taxi to the station1 !J the station in that to+n% K "7d like to speak to the #ana$er9 please1 !J the #ana$er of this shop etc1% "n the sa#e +ay9 +e say !$o to% the bank9 the post officeD K " #ust $o to the bank to $et so#e #oney and then "7# $oin$ to the post office to $et so#e sta#ps1 !The speaker is usually thinkin$ of a particular bank or post office1 AlsoD the doctor9 the dentistD K Carol isn7t very +ell1 She7s $one to the doctor1 !J her usual doctor% K " hate $oin$ to the dentist1 Co#pare aD K "s there a bank near here2 K 8y sister is a dentist1 =on7t for$et theD K Susan +orks in the city centre1 !not 7in city centre7% K 8y brother is in the ar#y1 !not 7in ar#y7% =1 3e say 7once a +eek6three ti#es a day6-7 1&/ a kilo7 etc1D K 70o+ often do you $o to the cine#a27 7About once a #onth17 K 70o+ #uch are those potatoes27 7Fl1&/ a kilo17 K She +orks ei$ht hours a day9 six days a +eek1 @p ('

EME:C"SES , 1 Put in a6an or the1 1 This #ornin$ " bou$ht PaP ne+spaper and --- #a$aNine ---ne+spaper is in #y ba$ but " don7t kno+ +here " put --#a$aNine1 &1 " sa+ --- accident this #ornin$ --- car crashed into --- tree1 --driver of --- car +asn7t hurt but --- car +as badly da#a$ed1 '1 There are t+o cars parked outsideD --- blue one and --- $rey one1 --- blue one belon$s to #y nei$hboursC " don7t kno+ +ho --o+ner of --- $rey one is1 (1 8y friends live in --- old house in --- s#all villa$e1 There is --beautiful $arden behind --- house1 " +ould like to have ---$arden like that1 , 1& Put in a6an or the1 1 a1 This house is very nice1 0as it $ot --- $arden2 b1 "t7s a beautiful day1 Fet7s sit in --- $arden1 c1 " like livin$ in this house but it7s a pity that --- $arden is so s#all1 &1 a1 Can you reco##end --- $ood restaurant2 b1 3e had dinner in --- very nice restaurant1 c1 3e had dinner in --- #ost expensive restaurant in to+n1 '1 a1 She has --- 4rench na#e but in fact she7s En$lish9 not 4rench1 b1 3hat7s --- na#e of that #an +e #et yesterday2 c1 3e stayed at a very nice hotel - " can7t re#e#ber --- na#e no+1 (1 a1 There isn7t --- airport near +here " live --- nearest airport is ,/ #iles a+ay1 b1 Our plane +as delayed1 3e had to +ait at --- airport for three hours1 c1 Excuse #e9 please1 Can you tell #e ho+ to $et to --- airport2 )1 a1 7Are you $oin$ a+ay next +eek27 7No9 --- +eek after next17 b1 "7# $oin$ a+ay for --- +eek in Septe#ber1 c1 Ieor$e has a part-ti#e Aob1 0e +orks three #ornin$s --- +eek1 , 1' Put in a6an or the in these sentences +here necessary1 1 3ould you like apple2 Pan apple1P

&1 0o+ often do you $o to dentist2 --'1 Could you close door9 please2 --(1 "7# sorry1 " didn7t #ean to do that1 "t +as #istake --)1 Excuse #e9 +here is bus station9 please2 --*1 "7ve $ot proble#1 Can you help #e2 --,1 "7# Aust $oin$ to post office1 " +on7t be lon$ ---1 There +ere no chairs9 so +e had to sit on floor1 --.1 0ave you finished +ith book " lent you2 --/1 8y sister has Aust $ot Aob in bank in 8anchester1 --1 3e live in s#all flat near city centre1 --&1 There7s s#all super#arket at end of street " live in --, 1( Ans+er these ;uestions about yourself1 3here possible9 use the structure in Section = !once a +eek6three ti#es a day etc1%1 1 0o+ often do you $o to the cine#a2 PThree or four ti#es a year1P &1 0o+ #uch does it cost to hire a car in your country2 PAbout F'/ a day1P '1 0o+ often do you $o a+ay on holiday2 --(1 3hat7s the speed li#it in to+ns in your country2 --)1 0o+ #uch sleep do you need2 --*1 0o+ often do you $o out in the evenin$2 --,1 0o+ #uch television do you +atch !on avera$e%2 --@p (( 5N"T ,&1 The ! % A1 3e use the 111 +hen there is only one of so#ethin$D K 3hat is the lon$est river in the +orld2 !there is only one lon$est river% K The earth $oes round the sun and the #oon $oes round the earth1 K "7# $oin$ a+ay at the end of this #onth1 =on7t for$et theD K Paris is the capital of 4rance1 !not 7Paris is capital of1117% But +e use a6an to say +hat kind of thin$ so#ethin$ is !see 5nit ,/C%1 Co#pare the and aD K The sun is a star1 !J one of #any stars% K The hotel +e stayed at +as a very nice hotel1

B1 3e sayD the sky the sea the $round the country the environ#entD K 3e looked up at all the stars in the sky1 !not 7in sky7% K 3ould you rather live in a to+n or in the country2 K 3e #ust do #ore to protect the environ#ent1 !J the natural +orld around us% Note that +e say space !+ithout 7the7% +hen +e #ean 7space in the universe7D K There are #illions of stars in space1 !not 7in the space7% but K " tried to park #y car but the space +as too s#all1 C1 3e use the before sa#e !the sa#e%D K Eour pullover is the sa#e colour as #ine1 !not 7is sa#e colour7% K These t+o photo$raphs are the sa#e1 !not 7are sa#e7% =1 3e sayD !$o to% the cine#a9 the theatreD K " often $o to the cine#a but " haven7t been to the theatre for a$es1 3hen +e say the cine#a6the theatre9 +e do not necessarily #ean one particular cine#a or theatre1 3e usually say the radio9 but television !+ithout 7the7%D K " often listen to the radio1 K 3e heard the ne+s on the radio1 K " often +atch television1 K 3e +atched the ne+s on television1 but K Can you turn off the television9 please2 !J the television set% Co#pare aD K There isn7t a theatre in this to+n1 K "7# $oin$ to buy a ne+ radio6television !set%1 E1 Breakfast lunch dinner 3e do not nor#ally use the +ith the na#es of #eals !breakfast9 lunch etc1%D K 3hat did you have for breakfast2 K 3e had lunch in a very nice restaurant1 K 3hat ti#e is dinner2 But +e use a if there is an adAective before breakfast9 lunch etc1D 3e had a very nice lunch1 !not 7+e had very nice lunch7% 41 Platfor# ) :oo# &* etc1

3e do not use 7the7 before noun @ nu#ber1 4or exa#ple9 +e sayD K Our train leaves fro# Platfor# )1 !not 7the Platfor# )7% K !in a shop% 0ave you $ot these shoes in siNe ('2 !not 7the siNe ('7% "n the sa#e +ay9 +e sayD :oo# &* !in a hotel% pa$e &. !of a book% Section A etc1 @p () EME:C"SES ,&1 Put in the or a6an +here necessary1 "f no +ord is necessary9 leave the space e#pty!-%1 1 AD 3here did you have - lunch2 BD 3e +ent to PaP restaurant1 &1 AD =id you have --- nice holiday2 BD Ees9 7it +as --- best holiday "7ve ever had1 '1 AD 3here7s nearest shop2 BD There7s one at --- end of this street1 (1 AD =o you often listen to radio2 BD No1 "n fact " haven7t $ot radio1 )1 AD 3ould you like to travel in --- space2 BD Ees9 "7d love to $o to -- #oon1 *1 AD =o you $o to -- cine#a very often2 BD No9 not very often1 But " +atch a lot of fil#s on --- television1 ,1 AD "t +as --- nice day yesterday9 +asn7t it2 BD Ees9 it +as beautiful1 3e +ent for a +alk by --- sea1 -1 AD 3hat did you have --- breakfast this #ornin$2 BD Nothin$1 " never eat --- breakfast1 .1 AD Can you tell #e +here --- :oo# &) is9 please2 BD "t7s on --- second floor1 /1 AD 3e spent all our #oney because +e stayed at --- #ost expensive hotel in to+n1 BD 3hy didn7t you stay at --- cheaper hotel2 ,&1& Put in the +here necessary1 "f you don7t need the9 leave the space e#pty!-%1 1 " haven7t been to PtheP cine#a for a$es1 &1 " lay do+n on --- $round and looked up at --- sky1 '1 Sheila spends #ost of her free ti#e +atchin$ --- television1

(1 --- television +as on but nobody +as +atchin$ it1 )1 0ave you had --- dinner yet2 *1 8ary and " arrived at --- sa#e ti#e1 ,1 Eou7ll find --- infor#ation you need at --- top of --- pa$e )1 -1 Peru is a country in South A#erica1 --- capital is Fi#a1 ,&1' Put in the or a6an +here necessary1 "f the sentence is already correct9 put 7:"I0T71 !"f necessary9 see 5nit , for a6an and the1% 1 " Sun is star1 PThe sun is a star1P &1 Ti# lives in s#all villa$e in country1 --'1 8oon $oes round earth every &, days1 --(1 3hat is hi$hest #ountain in +orld2 --)1 "7# fed up +ith doin$ sa#e thin$ every day1 --*1 "t +as very hot day1 "t +as hottest day of year1 --,1 " don7t usually have lunch but " al+ays eat $ood breakfast1 ---1 "f you live in forei$n country9 you should try and learn lan$ua$e1 --.1 3e #issed our train because +e +ere +aitin$ on +ron$ platfor#1 3e +ere on Platfor# ' instead of Platfor# -1 --,&1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$1 5se the if necessary1 breakfast cine#a dinner $ate Iate & <uestion - sea 1 " didn7t have ti#e for --- this #ornin$ because " +as in a hurry1 &1 7"7# $oin$ to --- this evenin$17 7Are you2 3hat fil# are you $oin$ to see27 '1 There +as no +ind9 so --- +as very cal#1 (1 7Are you $oin$ out this evenin$27 7Ees9 after --)1 The exa#ination paper +asn7t too difficult but " couldn7t ans+er --*1 Oh --- is open1 " #ust have for$otten to shut it1 ,1 !airport announce#ent% 74li$ht BA &' to ?ienna is no+ boardin$ at --@p (* 5N"T ,'1 The !&% !School6the school% A1 Co#pare school and the schoolD T Alison is ten years old1 Every day she $oes to school1 She7s at school no+1 School be$ins at . and finishes at '1

3e say a child $oes to school or is at school !as a pupil%1 3e are not necessarily thinkin$ of a particular school1 3e are thinkin$ of school as a $eneral idea1 T& Today Alison7s #other +ants to speak to her dau$hter7s teacher1 So she has $one to the school to see her1 She7s at the school no+1 Alison7s #other is not a pupil1 She is not 7at school79 she doesn7t 7$o to school71 But if she +ants to see Alison7s teacher9 she $oes to the school !J Alison7s school9 a particular school%1 B1 3e use prison9 hospital9 university9 and church in a si#ilar +ay1 3e do not use the +hen +e are thinkin$ of the $eneral idea of these places and +hat they are used for1 Co#pareD T K Gen7s brother is in prison for robbery1 !0e is a prisoner1 3e are not thinkin$ of a particular prison1% K Hack had an accident last +eek1 0e +as taken to hospital1 0e7s still in hospital no+1 !as a patient% K 3hen " leave school9 " +ant to $o to university1 K 8rs Gelly $oes to church every Sunday1 !to a reli$ious service% T& K Gen +ent to the prison to visit his brother1 !0e +ent as a visitor9 not as a prisoner1% K Hill has $one to the hospital to visit Hack1 K She7s at the hospital no+1 !as a visitor% K Excuse #e9 +here is the university9 please2 !J the university buildin$s% K The +ork#en +ent to the church to repair the roof1 !not for a reli$ious service% 3ith #ost other places9 you need the1 4or exa#ple9 the cine#a9 the bank9 the station1 See 5nits , C and ,&=1 C1 Bed +ork ho#e 3e sayD 7$o to bed6be in bed7 etc1 !not 7the bed7%D K "t7s ti#e to $o to bed no+1 K This #ornin$ " had breakfast in bed1 but K " sat do+n on the bed1 !a particular piece of furniture% 7$o to +ork6be at +ork6start +ork6finish +ork7 etc1 !not 7the +ork7%D K Ann didn7t $o to +ork yesterday1

K 3hat ti#e do you usually finish +ork2 7$o ho#e6co#e ho#e6arrive ho#e6be at ho#e7 etc1D K "t7s late1 Fet7s $o ho#e1 K 3ill you be at ho#e to#orro+ afternoon2 =1 3e say 7$o to sea6be at sea7 !+ithout 7the7% +hen the #eanin$ is 7$o6be on a voya$e7D K Geith is a sea#an1 0e spends #ost of his life at sea1 but K "7d like to live near the sea1 K "t can be dan$erous to s+i# in the sea1 @p (, EME:C"SES ,'1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ a preposition !to6at6in etc1% @ one of the follo+in$ +ordsD bed ho#e hospital prison school university +ork Eou can use the +ords #ore than once1 1 T+o people +ere inAured in the accident and +ere taken Pto hospital1P &1 "n Britain9 children fro# the a$e of five have to $o ---1 '1 8ark didn7t $o out last ni$ht1 0e stayed ---1 (1 "7ll have to hurry1 " don7t +ant to be late ---1 )1 There is a lot of traffic in the #ornin$ +hen everybody is $oin$ ---1 *1 Cathy7s #other has Aust had an operation1 She is still ---1 ,1 3hen Hulia leaves school9 she +ants to study econo#ics ---1 -1 Bill never $ets up before . o7clock1 "t7s -1'/ no+9 so he is still ---1 .1 "f you co##it a serious cri#e9 you could be sent ---1 ,'1& Co#plete the sentences +ith the +ord $iven !school etc1%1 5se the +here necessary1 1 !school% a1 Every ter# parents are invited to the school to #eet the teacher1 b1 3hy aren7t your children at school today2 Are they ill2 c1 3hen he +as youn$er9 Ted hated --d1 3hat ti#e does --- start in the #ornin$s in your country2 e1 AD 0o+ do your children $et ho#e fro# ---2 By bus2

BD No9 they +alk --- isn7t very far1 f1 3hat sort of Aob does Aenny +ant to do +hen she leaves ---2 $1 There +ere so#e people +aitin$ outside --- to #eet their children1 &1 !university% a1 "n your country9 do #any people $o to ---2 b1 "f you +ant to $et a de$ree9 you nor#ally have to study at ---1 c1 This is only a s#all to+n but --- is the bi$$est in the country1 '1 !hospital% a1 Nora +orks as a cleaner at ---1 b1 3hen Ann +as ill9 +e all +ent to --- to visit her1 c1 8y brother has al+ays been very healthy1 0e7s never been in ---1 d1 Peter +as inAured in an accident and +as kept in --- for a fe+ days1 (1 !church% a1 Hohn7s #other is a re$ular church$oer1 She $oes to --- every Sunday1 b1 Hohn hi#self doesn7t $o to ---1 c1 Hohn +ent to --- to take so#e photo$raphs of the buildin$1 )1 !prison% a1 "n #any places people are in --- because of their political opinions1 b1 The other day the fire bri$ade +ere called to --- to put out a fire1 c1 The Aud$e decided to fine the #an -c)// instead of sendin$ hi# to ---1 *1 !ho#e6+ork6bed% a1 " like to read in --- before " $o to sleep2 b1 "t7s nice to travel around but there7s no place like ---L c1 Shall +e #eet after --- to#orro+ evenin$2 d1 "f "7# feelin$ tired9 " $o to --- early1 e1 3hat ti#e do you usually start --- in the #ornin$2 f1 The econo#ic situation is very bad1 8any people are out of --,1 !sea% a1 There7s a nice vie+ fro# the +indo+1 Eou can see ---1

b1 "t +as a lon$ voya$e1 3e +ere at --- for four +eeks1 c1 " love s+i##in$ in ---1 @p (5N"T ,(1 The !'% !Children6the children% A1 3hen +e are talkin$ about thin$s or people in $eneral9 +e do not use 7the7D K "7# afraid of do$s1 !not 7the do$s7% !do$s J do$s in $eneral9 not a particular $roup of do$s% K =octors are paid #ore than teachers1 K =o you collect sta#ps2 K Cri#e is a proble# in #ost bi$ cities1 !not 7the cri#e7% K Fife has chan$ed a lot in the last '/ years1 !not 7the life7% K =o you often listen to classical #usic2 !not 7the classical #usic7% K =o you like Chinese food64rench cheese6S+iss chocolate2 K 8y favourite sport is football6skiin$6athletics1 !not 7the football the skiin$7 etc1% K 8y favourite subAect at school +as history6physics6En$lish1 3e say 7#ost people6#ost books6#ost cars7 etc1 !not 7the #ost 1117--see also 5nit -,A%1 K 8ost people like Ieor$e1 !not 7the #ost people7% B1 3e use the +hen +e #ean particular thin$s or people1 Co#pareD T "n $eneral !+ithout 7the7% K Children learn a lot fro# playin$1 !J children in $eneral% K " often listen to #usic1 K All cars have +heels1 K Su$ar isn7t very $ood for you1 K =o En$lish people +ork hard2 !J En$lish people in $eneral% T& Particular people or thin$s !+ith the% K 3e took the children to the Noo1 !J a particular $roup9 perhaps the speaker7s o+n children% K The fil# +asn7t very $ood but " liked the #usic1 !J the #usic in the fil#% K All the cars in this car park belon$ to people +ho +ork here1 K Can you pass the su$ar9 please2 !J the su$ar on the table% K =o the En$lish people you kno+ +ork hard2 !J only the En$lish

people you kno+9 not En$lish people in $eneral% C1 The difference bet+een 7so#ethin$ in $eneral7 and 7so#ethin$ in particular7 is not al+ays very clear1 Co#pare these sentencesD T "n $eneral !+ithout 7the7% K " like +orkin$ +ith people1 !J people in $eneral% K " like +orkin$ +ith people +ho are lively1 !not all people9 but 7people +ho are lively7 is still a $eneral idea% K =o you like coffee2 !J coffee in $eneral% K =o you like stron$ black coffee2 !not all coffee9 but 7stron$ black coffee7 is still a $eneral idea% T& Particular people or thin$s !+ith the% K " like the people " +ork +ith1 !J a particular $roup of people% K =id you like the coffee +e had after our #eal last ni$ht2 !J particular coffee% @p (. EME:C"SES ,(1 "n this exercise you have to +rite +hether you like or dislike these thin$sD boxin$ cats fast food restaurants football hot +eather #athe#atics opera s#all children rock #usic Noos Choose 4O5: of these thin$s and be$in your sentences +ith one of theseD " like 1116 " don7t like111 " don7t #ind111 " love 1116 " hate111 "7# interested in 1116 "7# not interested in 111 1 P" don7t like hot +eather very #uch1P &1 --'1 --(1 --)1 --,(1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$1 5se the +here necessary1 !the% basketball !the% ;uestions !the% history !the% hotels !the% #eat !the% lies !the% infor#ation !the% patience !the% people !the% +ater !the% $rass !the% spiders 1 8y favourite sport is basketball1 &1 The infor#ation +e +ere $iven +asn7t correct1

'1 8any people are afraid of ---1 (1 A ve$etarian is so#ebody +ho doesn7t eat ---1 )1 The test +asn7t very difficult1 " ans+ered all --- +ithout difficulty1 *1 =o you kno+ --- +ho live next door2 ,1 --- is the study of the past1 -1 Ieor$e al+ays tells the truth1 0e never tells ---1 .1 3e couldn7t find any+here to stay in the to+n1 All --- +ere full1 /1 --- in the pool didn7t look very clean9 so +e didn7t $o for a s+i#1 1 =on7t sit on ---1 "t7s +et after the rain1 &1 Eou need --- to teach youn$ children1 ,(1' Choose the correct for#9 +ith or +ithout the1 1 "7# afraid of Pdo$s6the do$s1P !7do$s7 is correct% &1 Can you pass Psalt6the saltP9 please2 !7the salt7 is correct% '1 PApples6The applesP are $ood for you1 (1 Fook at Papples6the applesP on that treeL They7re very bi$1 )1 P3o#en6The +o#enP live lon$er than #en6the #en1 *1 " don7t drink Ptea6the tea1P " don7t like it7 ,1 3e had a very nice #eal1 P?e$etables6The ve$etablesP +ere especially $ood1 -1 PFife6The lifeP is stran$e so#eti#es1 So#e very stran$e thin$s happen1 .1 " like Pskiin$6the skiin$P but "7# not very $ood at it1 /1 3ho are Ppeople6the peopleP in this photo$raph2 1 3hat #akes Ppeople6the peopleP violent2 3hat causes a$$ression6the a$$ression2 &1 PAll books6All the booksP on the top shelf belon$ to #e1 '1 =on7t stay in that hotel1 "t7s very noisy and Pbeds6the bedsP are very unco#fortable1 (1 A pacifist is so#ebody +ho is a$ainst P+ar6the +ar1P )1 P4irst 3orld 3ar6The 4irst 3orld 3arP lasted fro# . ( until . -1 *1 One of our bi$$est social proble#s is Pune#ploy#ent6the une#ploy#ent1P ,1 :on and Brenda $ot #arried but P#arria$e6the #arria$eP

didn7t last very lon$1 -1 P8ost people6The #ost peopleP believe that P#arria$e6the #arria$eP and Pfa#ily life6the fa#ily lifeP are the basis of Psociety6the society1P @p )/ 5N"T ,)1 The !(% !The $iraffe6the telephone6the piano etc1C the @ adAective% A1 Study these sentencesD K The $iraffe is the tallest of all ani#als1 K The bicycle is an excellent #eans of transport1 K 3hen +as the telephone invented2 K The dollar is the currency !J #oney% of the 5nited States1 "n these exa#ples9 the111 does not #ean one particular thin$1 The $iraffe one particular type " ani#al9 not one particular $iraffe1 3e use the !@ a sin$ular countable noun% in this +ay to talk about a type of ani#al9 #achine etc1 "n the sa#e +ay +e use the for #usical instru#entsD K Can you play the $uitar2 K The piano is #y favourite instru#ent1 Co#pare aD K "7d like to have a $uitar1 K 3e sa+ a $iraffe at the Noo1 Note that +e use #an !J hu#an bein$s in $eneral6the hu#an race% +ithout 7the7D K 3hat do you kno+ about the ori$ins of #an2 !not 7the #an7% B1 The @ adAective 3e use the @ adAective !+ithout a noun% to talk about $roups of people9 especiallyD the youn$ the old the elderly the rich the poor the une#ployed the ho#eless the sick the disabled the inAured the dead The youn$ J youn$ people9 the rich J rich people etc1D K =o you think the rich should pay #ore taxes to help the poor2 K The ho#eless need #ore help fro# the $overn#ent1 These expressions are al+ays plural in #eanin$1 Eou cannot say 7a youn$7 or 7an une#ployed71 Eou #ust say 7a youn$ #an79 7an une#ployed +o#an7 etc1 Note also that +e say 7the poor7 !not 7the

poors7%9 7the youn$7 !not 7the youn$s7% etc1 C1 The @ nationality Eou can use the +ith so#e nationality adAectives to #ean 7the people of that country71 4or exa#pleD K The 4rench are fa#ous for their food1 !J the people of 4rance% K 3hy do the En$lish think they are so +onderful2 !J the people of En$land% "n the sa#e +ay you can sayD the Spanish the =utch the British the "rish the 3elsh Note that the 4rench6the En$lish etc1 are plural in #eanin$1 Eou cannot say 7a 4rench6an En$lish71 Eou have to say 7a 4rench#an6an En$lish+o#an7 etc1 Eou can also use the @ nationality +ords endin$ in -ese !the Chinese6the Sudanese etc1%D K The Chinese invented printin$1 These +ords can also be sin$ular !a Hapanese9 a Sudanese%1 AlsoD the S+iss6a S+iss !plural or sin$ular% 3ith other nationalities9 the plural noun ends in -s1 4or exa#pleD an "talian a 8exican a Scot a Turk !the% "talians !the% 8exicans !the% Scots !the% Turks @p ) EME:C"SES ,)1 Ans+er the ;uestions1 Choose the ri$ht ans+er fro# the box1 =on7t for$et the1 5se a dictionary if necessary1 1 ani#alsD ti$er elephant rabbit cheetah $iraffe kan$aroo &1 birdsD ea$le pen$uin s+an o+l parrot robin '1 inventionsD telephone +heel telescope laser helicopter type+riter (1 currenciesD dollar lira escudo rupee peseta yen 1 a1 3hich of the ani#als is tallest2 Pthe $iraffe1P b1 3hich ani#al can run fastest2 c1 3hich of these ani#als is found in Australia2 &1 a1 3hich of these birds has a lon$ neck2 b1 3hich of these birds cannot fly2 c1 3hich bird flies at ni$ht2 '1 a1 3hich of these inventions is oldest2 b1 3hich one is #ost recent2

c1 3hich one is especially i#portant for astrono#y2 ( a1 3hat is the currency of "ndia2 b1 3hat is the currency of Portu$al2 c1 3hat is the currency of your country2 ,)1& Put in the or a +here necessary1 "f the sentence is already co#plete leave an e#pty space!-% 1 3hen +as PtheP telephone invented2 &1 Can you play ---#usic instru#ent2 '1 Hill plays --- violin in an orchestra1 (1 There +as --- piano in the corner of the roo#1 )1 Can you play --- piano2 *1 Our society is based on --- fa#ily1 ,1 8artin co#es fro# --- lar$e fa#ily1 -1 3hen +as --- paper first #ade2 .1 --- co#puter has chan$ed the +ay +e live1 ,)1' Co#plete these sentences usin$ the @ one of these adAectivesD inAured poor rich sick une#ployed youn$ 1 PThe youn$P have the future in their hands1 &1 A#bulances arrived at the scene of the accident and took --- to hospital1 '1 Fife is all ri$ht if you have a Aob9 but thin$s are not so easy for ---1 (1 Hulia has been a nurse all her life1 She has spent her life carin$ for ---1 )1 "n En$land there is an old story about a #an called :obin 0ood1 "t is said that he robbed --- and $ave the #oney to ---1 ,)1( 3hat do you call the people of these countries2 1 Canada2 one person !a6an 111%D a Canadian the people in $eneralD the Canadian &1 Ier#any2 one person !a6an 111%D the people in $eneralD '1 4rance2 one person !a6an 111%D

the people in $eneralD (1 :ussia2 one person !a6an 111%D the people in $eneralD )1 China2 one person !a6an 111%D the people in $eneralD *1 BraNil2 one person !a6an 111%D the people in $eneralD ,1 En$land2 one person !a6an 111%D the people in $eneralD -1 and your country2 one person !a6an 111%D the people in $eneralD @p )& 5N"T ,*1 Na#es +ith and +ithout the ! % A1 3e do not use 7the7 +ith na#es of people !7Ann79 7Ann Taylor7 etc1%1 "n the sa#e +ay9 +e do not nor#ally use 7the7 +ith na#es of places1 4or exa#pleD continentsD Africa !not 7the Africa7%9 Europe9 South A#erica countriesD 4rance !not 7the 4rance7%9 Hapan9 S+itNerland states9 re$ions etc1D Texas9 Corn+all9 Tuscany9 Central Europe islandsD Corsica9 Sicily9 Ber#uda cities9 to+ns etc1D Cairo9 Ne+ Eork9 8adrid #ountainsD Everest9 Etna9 Gili#anAaro But +e use the in na#es +ith 7:epublic79 7Gin$do#79 7States7 etc1D the 5nited States of A#erica !the 5SA% the 5nited Gin$do# !the 5G% the =o#inican :epublic Co#pareD K 3e visited Canada and the 5nited States1 B1 3hen +e use 8r68rs6Captain6=octor etc1 @ a na#e9 +e do not use 7the71 So +e sayD 8r Hohnson6=octor Hohnson6Captain Hohnson6President Hohnson

etc1 !not 7the1117% 5ncle :obert6Aunt Hane6Saint Catherine6Princess Anne etc1 !not 7the1117% Co#pareD K 3e called the doctor1 but 3e called =octor Hohnson1 !not 7the =octor Hohnson7% 3e use #ount !J #ountain% and lake in the sa#e +ay !+ithout 7the7%D 8ount Everest !not 7the1117% 8ount Etna Fake Superior Fake Constance K They live near the lake1 but They live near Fake Constance1 !+ithout 7the7% C1 3e use the +ith the na#es of oceans9 seas9 rivers and canals !see also 5nit ,,B%D the Atlantic !Ocean% the 8editerranean !Sea% the :ed Sea the "ndian Ocean the Channel !bet+een 4rance and Britain% the SueN Canal the !:iver% A#aNon the !:iver% Tha#es the Nile the :hine =1 3e use the +ith plural na#es of people and placesD peopleD the Taylors !J the Taylor fa#ily%9 the Hohnsons countriesD the Netherlands9 the Philippines9 the 5nited States $roups of islandsD the Canaries6the Canary "slands9 the Baha#as9 the British "sles #ountain ran$esD the :ocky 8ountains6the :ockies9 the Andes9 the Alps K The hi$hest #ountain in the Alps is 8ont Blanc1 !not 7the 8ont Blanc7% E1 North6northern etc1 3e sayD the north !of 4rance% but northern 4rance !+ithout 7the7% the south-east !of Spain% but south-eastern Spain

Co#pareD K S+eden is in northern EuropeC Spain is in the south1 AlsoD the 8iddle East the 4ar East Eou can also use north6south etc1 @ a place na#e !+ithout 7the7%D North A#erica 3est Africa South-East Spain Note that on #aps9 the is not usually included in the na#e1 @p )' EME:C"SES ,*1 Put in the +here necessary1 Feave a space !-% if the sentence is already co#plete1 1 3ho is - =octor Hohnson2 !The sentence is co#plete +ithout the1% &1 " +as ill9 so " +ent to see --- doctor1 '1 --- President is the #ost po+erful person in --- 5nited States1 (1 --- President Gennedy +as assassinated in .*'1 )1 =o you kno+ --- 3ilsons2 They7re a very nice couple1 *1 =o you kno+ --- Professor Bro+n7s phone nu#ber2 ,*1& So#e of these sentences are correct9 but so#e need the !perhaps #ore than once%1 Correct the sentences +here necessary1 Put 7:"I0T7 if the sentence is already correct1 1 Everest +as first cli#bed in .)'1 P:"I0TP &1 8ilan is in north of "taly1 Pthe north of "taly1P '1 Africa is #uch lar$er than Europe1 (1 Fast year " visited 8exico and 5nited States1 )1 South of En$land is +ar#er than north1 *1 Portu$al is in +estern Europe1 ,1 4rance and Britain are separated by Channel1 -1 Hi# has travelled a lot in 8iddle East1 .1 Chica$o is on Fake 8ichi$an1 /1 The hi$hest #ountain in Africa is Gili#anAaro !)9-.) #eters%1 1 Next year +e are $oin$ skiin$ in S+iss Alps1 &1 5nited Gin$do# consists of Ireat Britain and Northern "reland1 '1 Seychelles are a $roup of islands in "ndian Ocean1 (1 :iver ?ol$a flo+s into Caspian Sea1 ,*1' 0ere are so#e $eo$raphy ;uestions1 Choose the ri$ht ans+er fro# one of the boxes and +rite the if necessary1 Eou do not need

all the na#es in the boxes1 5se an atlas if necessary1 continentsD Africa9 Asia9 Australia9 Europe9 North9 A#erica9 South9 A#erica countriesD Canada9 =en#ark9 "ndonesia9 S+eden9 Thailand9 5nited States oceans and seasD Atlantic9 "ndian Ocean9 Pacific9 Black Sea9 8editerranean9 :ed Sea #ountainsD Alps9 Andes9 0i#alayas9 :ockies9 5rals rivers and canalsD A#aNon9 :hine9 =anube9 Tha#es9 Nile9 ?ol$a9 SueN Canal9 Pana#a Canal 1 3hat do you have to cross to travel fro# Europe to A#erica2 PThe AtlanticP &1 3here is Ar$entina2 '1 3hich is the lon$est river in Africa2 (1 Of +hich country is Stockhol# the capital2 )1 Of +hich country is 3ashin$ton the capital2 *1 3hat is the na#e of the #ountain ran$e in the +est of North A#erica2 ,1 3hat is the na#e of the sea bet+een Africa and Europe2 -1 3hich is the s#allest continent in the +orld2 .1 3hat is the na#e of the ocean bet+een A#erica and Asia2 /1 3hat is the na#e of the ocean bet+een Africa and Australia2 1 3hich river flo+s throu$h Fondon2 &1 3hich river flo+s throu$h ?ienna9 Budapest and Bel$rade2 '1 Of +hich country is Ban$kok the capital2 (1 3hat Aoins the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans2 )1 3hich is the lon$est river in South A#erica2 @p )( 5N"T ,,1 Na#es +ith and +ithout the !&% A1 Na#es +ithout 7the7 3e do not use 7the7 +ith na#es of #ost streets6roads6s;uares6parks etc1D 5nion Street !not 7the 1117% 4ifth Avenue Piccadilly Circus 0yde Park Blackrock :oad Broad+ay Ti#es S;uare 3aterloo Brid$e 8any na#es !especially na#es of i#portant buildin$s and institutions% are t+o +ordsD

Gennedy Airport Ca#brid$e 5niversity The first +ord is usually the na#e of a person !7Gennedy7% or a place !7Ca#brid$e7%1 3e do not usually use 7the7 +ith na#es like these1 So#e #ore exa#plesD ?ictoria Station !not 7the 1117% Edinbur$h Castle Fondon Qoo 3est#inster Abbey Buckin$ha# Palace Canterbury Cathedral But +e say 7the 3hite 0ouse79 7the :oyal Palace79 because 7+hite7 and 7royal7 are not na#es like 7Gennedy7 and 7Ca#brid$e71 This is only a $eneral rule and there are exceptions1 B1 8ost other na#es !of places9 buildin$s etc1% have na#es +ith theD adAective or the @ na#e etc1 @ noun the 0ilton 0otel the National Theatre the Sahara =esert the Atlantic Ocean These places usually have na#es +ith theD hotels6restaurants6pubsD the Station 0otel9 the Bo#bay :estaurant9 the :ed Fion !pub% theatres6cine#asD the Palace Theatre9 the Odeon Cine#a #useu#s6$alleriesD the British 8useu#9 the Tate Iallery other buildin$sD the E#pire State Buildin$9 the 4estival 0all9 the 3hite 0ouse oceans6seas6canalsD the "ndian Ocean9 the 8editerranean Sea9 the SueN Canal alsoD ne+spapersD the 3ashin$ton Post9 the 4inancial Ti#es or$aniNations !but see also Section =%D the European 5nion9 the BBC !J the British Broadcastin$ Corporation% So#eti#es +e leave out the nounD the 0ilton !0otel%9 the Sahara !=esert% So#eti#es the na#e is only the @ nounD the ?atican !in :o#e%9 the Sun !British ne+spaper% Na#es +ith 111 of 111 usually have the1 4or exa#pleD the Bank of En$land the To+er of Fondon

the 8useu# of 8odern Art the 0ouses of Parlia#ent the Ireat 3all of China the Tropic of Capricorn the Iulf of 8exico the 5niversity of Fondon !but the Fondon 5niversity% C1 8any shops9 restaurants9 hotels9 banks etc1 are na#ed after the people +ho started the#1 These na#es end in -7s or -s1 3e do not use 7the7 +ith these na#esD Floyds Bank !not the Floyds Bank% 8c=onalds Hack7s Iuest 0ouse 0arrods !shop% Churches are often na#ed after saintsD St Hohn7s Church !not the St Hohn7s Church% St Paul7s Cathedral =1 Na#es of co#panies9 airlines etc1 are usually +ithout 7the7D 4iat !not the 4iat% Sony Godak British Air+ays "B8 @p )) EME:C"SES ,,1 5se the #ap to ans+er the ;uestions in the +ay sho+n1 3rite the na#e of the place and the street it is in1 On #aps +e do not nor#ally use the1 "n your sentences9 use the if necessary1 1 "s there a cine a near here2 Ees9 the Odeon in Baines Street1 &1 "s there a super#arket near here2 Ees9 --- in ---1 '1 "s there a hotel near here2 Ees9 --- in ---1 (1 "s there a church near here2 Ees9 ---1 )1 "s there a nub near here2 Ees1 ---1 *1 "s there a #useu# near here2 Ees9 ---1 ,1 "s there a bank near here2 Ees9 ---1 -1 "s there a Park near here2 Ees9 --- at the end of ---1 .1 "s there a restaurant near here2 Ees9---1 ,,1& 3here are these streets and buildin$s2 Choose fro# the box to co#plete the sentences1 5se the +here necessary1 Acropolis ?atican Broad+ay 3hite 0ouse Buckin$ha# Palace St 8ark7s Cathedral Eiffel To+er Trafal$ar S;uare 1 PTrafal$arP S;uare is in Fondon1 &1 --- is in Paris1

'1 --- is in :o#e1 (1 --- is in Fondon1 )1 --- is in Ne+ Eork1 *1 --- is in 3ashin$ton1 ,1 --- is in Athens1 -1--- is in Athens1 is in ?enice1 ,,1' Choose the correct for#9 +ith or +ithout the1 1 0ave you ever been to PBritish 8useu#6the British 8useu#1P !the 111 is correct% &1 P0yde Park6The 0yde ParkP is a very lar$e park in central Fondon1 '1 Another park in central Fondon is PSt Ha#es7s Park6the St Ha#es7s Park1P (1 PIrand 0otel6The Irand 0otelP is in PBaker Street6the Baker Street1P )1 3e fle+ to Ne+ Eork fro# PIat+ick Airport6the Iat+ick AirportP near Fondon1 *1 4rank is a student at PFiverpool 5niversity6the Fiverpool 5niversity1P ,1 "f you7re lookin$ for a $ood clothes shop9 " +ould reco##end P0arrison7s6the 0arrison7s1P -1 "f you7re lookin$ for a $ood pub9 " +ould reco##end PShip "nn6the Ship "nn1P .1 PStatue of Fiberty6The Statue of FibertyP is at the entrance to PNe+ Eork harbour6the Ne+ Eork harbour1P /1 Eou should $o to PScience 8useu#6the Science 8useu#1P "t7s very interestin$9 1 Hohn +orks for "B86the "B8 no+1 0e used to +ork for PBritish Teleco#6the British Teleco#1P &1 73hich cine#a are you $oin$ to this evenin$27 7PClassic6The Classic1P7 '1 "7d like to $o to China and see PIreat 3all6the Ireat 3all1P (1 3hich ne+spaper shall " buy--P"ndependent6the "ndependentP or P0erald6the 0eraldP2 )1 This book is published by PCa#brid$e 5niversity Press6the Ca#brid$e 5niversity Press1P

@p )* 5N"T ,-1 Sin$ular and plural A1 So#eti#es +e use a plural noun for one thin$ that has t+o parts1 4or exa#pleD trousers !t+o le$s% also Aeans6ti$hts6shorts6pants pyAa#as !top and botto#% $lasses !or spectacles% binoculars scissors These +ords are plural9 so they take a plural verbD K 8y trousers are too lon$1 !not 7is too lon$7% Eou can also use a pair of @ these +ordsD K Those are nice Aeans1 or That7s a nice pair of Aeans1 !not 7a nice Aeans7% K " need so#e ne+ $lasses1 or " need a ne+ pair of $lasses1 B1 So#e nouns end in -ics but are not usually plural1 4or exa#pleD athletics $y#nastics #athe#atics !or #aths% physics electronics econo#ics politics K Iy#nastics is #y favourite sport1 Ne+s is not plural !see 5nit *.C%D K 3hat ti#e is the ne+s on television2 !not 7are the ne+s7% So#e +ords endin$ in -s can be sin$ular or plural1 4or exa#pleD #eans a #eans of transport #any #eans of transport series a television series t+o television series species a species of bird &// species of bird C1 So#e sin$ular nouns are often used +ith a plural verb1 4or exa#pleD $overn#ent staff tea# fa#ily audience co##ittee co#pany fir# These nouns are all $roups of people1 3e often think of the# as a nu#ber of people !J 7they7%9 not as one thin$ !J 7it7%1 So +e often use a plural verbD K The $overn#ent !J they% +ant to increase taxes1 K The staff at the school !J they% are not happy +ith their ne+ +orkin$ conditions1 "n the sa#e +ay9 +e often use a plural verb after the na#e of a

sports tea# or a co#panyD K Scotland are playin$ 4rance next +eek !in a football #atch%1 K Shell have increased the price of petrol1 A sin$ular verb !The $overn#ent +ants1116Shell has111 etc1% is also possible1 3e al+ays use a plural verb +ith policeD K The police have arrested a friend of #ine1 !not 7The police has7% K =o you think the police are +ell-paid2 Note that a person in the police is 7a police#an6a police+o#an6a police officer7 !not 7a police7%1 =1 3e do not often use the plural of person !7persons7%1 3e nor#ally use people !a plural +ord%D K 0e7s a nice person1 but They are nice people1 K 8any people don7t have enou$h to eat1 !not 7doesn7t have7% E1 3e think of a su# of #oney9 a period of ti#e9 a distance etc1 as one thin$1 So +e use a sin$ular verbD K T+enty thousand pounds !J it% +as stolen in the robbery1 !not 7+ere stolen7% K Three years !J it% is a lon$ ti#e to be +ithout a Aob1 !not 7Three years are 1117% K Six #iles is a lon$ +ay to +alk every day1 @p ), EME:C"SES ,-1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ a +ord fro# Sections A or B1 So#eti#es you need a or so#e1 1 8y eyes aren7t very $ood1 " need P$lasses1P &1 This plant is PaP very rare Pspecies1P '1 4ootballers don7t +ear trousers +hen they play1 They +ear ---1 (1 The bicycle is --- of transport1 )1 The bicycle and the car are --- of transport1 *1 " +ant to cut this piece of #aterial1 " need ---1 ,1 Ann is $oin$ to +rite --- of articles for her local ne+spaper1 -1 There are a lot of A#erican T? --- sho+n on British television1 .1 3hile +e +ere out +alkin$9 +e sa+ &) different --- of bird1 ,-1& "n each exa#ple the +ords on the left are connected +ith an activity !for exa#ple9 a sport or an acade#ic subAect%1 3rite the

na#e of the activity1 Each ti#e the be$innin$ of the +ord is $iven1 1 calculate al$ebra e;uationD #athe#atics1 &1 $overn#ent election #inisterD p--'1 finance trade industryD e--(1 runnin$ lu#pin$ thro+in$D a--)1 li$ht heat $ravityD ph--*1 exercises so#ersault parallel barsD $y--,1 co#puter silicon chip video $a#esD el--,-1' Choose the correct for# of the verb9 sin$ular or plural1 "n one sentence either the sin$ular or plural verb is possible1 1 Iy#nastics Pis6areP #y favourite sport1 !7is7 is correct% &1 The trousers you bou$ht for #e Pdoesn7t6don7tP fit #e1 '1 The police P+ant6+antsP to intervie+ t+o #en about the robbery last +eek1 (1 Physics P+as6+ereP #y best subAect at school1 )1 Can " borro+ your scissors2 8ine Pisn7t6aren7tP sharp enou$h1 *1 4ortunately the ne+s P+asn7t6+eren7tP as bad as +e expected1 ,1 3here Pdoes6doP your fa#ily live2 -1 Three days Pisn7t6aren7tP lon$ enou$h for a $ood holiday1 .1 " can7t find #y binoculars1 =o you kno+ +here Pit is6they are2P /1 =o you think the people Pis6areP happy +ith the $overn#ent2 1 P=oes6=oP the police kno+ ho+ the accident happened2 &1 " don7t like very hot +eather1 Thirty de$rees Pis6areP too +ar# for #e1 ,-1( 8ost of these sentences are +ron$1 Correct the# +here necessaryC Put 7:"I0T7 if the sentence is already correct1 1 The $overn#ent +ant to increase taxes1 P:"I0T !+ants7 is also correct%P &1 Susan +as +earin$ a black Aeans1 '1 BraNil are playin$ "taly in a football #atch next 3ednesday1 (1 " like 8artin and Hill1 They7re very nice persons1 )1 " need #ore #oney than that1 Ten pounds are not enou$h1 *1 "7# $oin$ to buy a ne+ pyAa#a1 ,1 The co##ittee haven7t #ade a decision yet1 -1 8any people has $iven up s#okin$1 .1 There +as a police standin$ at the corner of the street1

/1 0as the police arrived yet2 1 This scissors is not very sharp1 @p )5N"T ,.1 Noun @ noun !a tennis ball6a headache etc1% A1 3e often use t+o nouns to$ether !noun @ noun% to #ean one thin$6person6idea etc1 4or exa#pleD a tennis ball a bank #ana$er a road accident inco#e tax the city centre The first noun is like an adAective--it tells us +hat kind of thin$6person6idea etc1 4or exa#pleD a tennis ball J a ball used to play tennis a road accident J an accident that happens on the road inco#e tax J tax that you pay on your inco#e the sea te#perature J the te#perature of the sea a Fondon doctor J a doctor fro# Fondon So you can sayD a television ca#era a television pro$ra##e a television studio a television producer !all different thin$s or people to do +ith television% lan$ua$e proble#s #arria$e proble#s health proble#s +ork proble#s !all different kinds of proble#s% Co#pareD $arden ve$etables !J ve$etables that are $ro+n in a $arden% a ve$etable $arden !J a $arden +here ve$etables are $ro+n% Often the first +ord ends in >in$1 5sually these are thin$s used for doin$ so#ethin$1 4or exa#pleD a +ashin$ #achine a fryin$ pan a s+i##in$ pool the dinin$ roo# So#eti#es there are #ore than t+o nouns to$etherD K " +aited at the hotel reception desk1 !J a desk% K 3e +atched the 3orld S+i##in$ Cha#pionships on television1 K "f you +ant to play table tennis !J a $a#e%9 you need a table tennis table !J a table%1 B1 3hen nouns are to$ether like this9 so#eti#es +e +rite the# as one +ord and so#eti#es as t+o separate +ords1 4or exa#pleD

a headache toothpaste a +eekend a sto#ach ache table tennis There are no clear rules for this1 "f you are not sure9 it is usually better to +rite t+o +ords1 Eou can often put a hyphen !-% bet+een the t+o +ords !but this is not usually necessary%D a dinin$-roo# the city-centre C1 Note the difference bet+eenD a +ine $lass !perhaps e#pty% and a $lass of +ine !J a $lass +ith +ine in it% a shoppin$ ba$ !perhaps e#pty% and a ba$ of shoppin$ !J a ba$ full of shoppin$% =1 3hen +e use noun @ noun9 the first noun is like an adAective1 "t is nor#ally sin$ular but the #eanin$ is often plural1 4or exa#ple9 a bookshop is a shop +here you can buy books9 an apple tree is a tree that has apples1 "n the sa#e +ay +e sayD a three-hour Aourney !not 7a three-hours Aourney7% a ten-pound note !not 7pounds7% t+o (-year-old $irls !not 7years7% a four-+eek En$lish course !not 7+eeks7% a three-pa$e letter !not 7pa$es7% So +e sayD K "t +as a three-hour Aourney1 but The Aourney took three hours1 4or the structure 7"7ve $ot three +eeks7 holiday79 see 5nit -/E1 @p ). EME:C"SES ,.1 3hat do +e call these thin$s and people2 5se the structure noun @ noun1 1 A ticket for a concert is Pa concert ticketLP &1 A #a$aNine about co#puters is ---1 '1 Photo$raphs taken on your holiday are your ---1 (1 Chocolate #ade +ith #ilk is ---1 )1 So#ebody +hose Aob is to inspect factories is ---1 *1 A hotel in central Fondon is ---1 ,1 The results of your exa#inations are your ---1 -1 The carpet in the dinin$ roo# is ---1 .1 A scandal involvin$ a football club is ---1 /1 A ;uestion that has t+o parts is ---1

1 A $irl +ho is seven years old is ---1 ,.1& 3rite the correct +ord for each picture1 Each +ord has t+o parts and these are $iven above the pictures1 "n la for exa#ple9 you #ust decide +hether the +ord is boathouse or houseboat1 boat6house horse6race card6phone ,.1' Ans+er the ;uestions usin$ t+o of the follo+in$ +ords each ti#eD accident belt card credit editor forecast nu#ber road roo# seat shop +eather +indo+ 1 This can be caused by bad drivin$1 PA road accidentP &1 "f you7re stayin$ at a hotel9 you need to re#e#ber this1 Eour --'1 Eou should +ear this +hen you7re in a car1 A --(1 Eou can so#eti#es use this to pay for thin$s instead of cash1 A --)1 "f you +ant to kno+ if it7s $oin$ to rain9 you can read or listen to this1 The --*1 This person is a top Aournalist1 A --,1 Eou #i$ht stop to look in this +hen you7re +alkin$ alon$ a street1 A --,.1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$D ) #inute!s% */ #inute!s% t+o hour!s% five day!s% t+o year!s% )// year!s% six #ile!s% &/ pound!s% five course!s% ten pa$e!s% ()/ pa$e!s% So#eti#es you need the sin$ular !day6pa$e etc1% and so#eti#es the plural!days6pa$es etc1% 1 "t7s ;uite a lon$ book1 There are P()/ pa$es1P &1 A fe+ days a$o " received a Pten-pa$eP letter fro# Hulia1 '1 " didn7t have any chan$e1 " only had a --- note1 (1 At +ork in the #ornin$ " usually have a --- break for coffee1 )1 There are --- in an hour1 *1 "t7s only a --- fli$ht fro# Fondon to 8adrid1 ,1 "t +as a bi$ #eal1 There +ere ---1 8ary has Aust started a ne+ Aob1 She7s $ot a --- contract1 .1 The oldest buildin$ in the city is the --- old castle1

/1 " +ork --- a +eek1 Saturday and Sunday are free1 1 3e +ent for a --- +alk in the country1 @p */ 5N"T -/1 -s !the $irl7s na#e% and of111 !the na#e of the book% A1 3e nor#ally use -7s for people or ani#als !the $irl7s1116the horse7s111 etc1%D the $irl7s na#e the horse7s tail 8r Evans7s dau$hter a +o#an7s hat the #ana$er7s office Sarah7s eyes K 3here is the #ana$er7s office2 !not 7the office of the #ana$er7% K 3hat colour are Sarah7s eyes2 !not 7the eyes of Sarah7% Note that you can use -7s +ithout a follo+in$ nounD K This isn7t #y book1 "t7s #y brother7s1 !J #y brother7s book% 3e do not al+ays use -7s for people1 4or exa#ple9 +e +ould use of111 in this sentenceD K 3hat is the na#e of the #an +ho lent us the #oney2 !7the #an +ho lent us the #oney7 is too lon$ to be follo+ed by -7s% Note that +e say a +o#an7s hat !J a hat for a +o#an%9 a boy7s na#e !J a na#e for a boy%9 a bird7s e$$ !J an e$$ laid by a bird% etc1 B1 4or thin$s9 ideas etc1 +e nor#ally use of ! 111 of the book6111 of the restaurant etc1%D the door of the $ara$e !not 7the $ara$e7s door7% the na#e of the book the o+ner of the restaurant So#eti#es you can use the structure noun @ noun !see 5nit ,.%D the $ara$e door the restaurant o+ner 3e nor#ally use of !not noun @ noun % +ith the be$innin$6end6top6botto#6front6back #iddle6side etc1 So +e sayD the back of the car !not 7the car back7% the be$innin$ of the #onth C1 Eou can usually use -7s or of111 for an or$aniNation !J a $roup of people%1 So you can sayD the $overn#ent7s decision or the decision of the $overn#ent the co#pany7s success or the success of the co#pany "t is also possible to use -7s for places1 So you can sayD the city7s ne+ theatre the +orld7s population "taly7s lar$est city

=1 After a sin$ular noun +e use -7sD #y sister7s roo# !J her roo#--one sister% 8r Carter7s house After a plural noun !sisters99 friends etc1% +e put 7 !an apostrophe% after the s !s7%D #y sisters7 roo# !J their roo#--t+o or #ore sisters% the Carters7 house !8r and 8rs Carter% "f a plural noun does not end in -s !for exa#ple9 #en6+o#en6children6people% +e use -sD the #en7s chan$in$ roo# a children7s book !J a book for children% Note that you can use -7s after #ore than one nounD Hack and Hill7s +eddin$ 8r and 8rs Carter7s house E1 Eou can also use -7s +ith ti#e expressions !yesterday6next +eek etc1% K 0ave you still $ot yesterday7s ne+spaper2 K Next +eek7s #eetin$ has been cancelled1 "n the sa#e +ay9 you can say today7s 1116to#orro+7s 1116this evenin$7s 111 8onday7s 111 etc1 3e also use -7s !or -s7 +ith plural +ords% +ith periods of ti#eD K "7ve $ot a +eek7s holiday startin$ on 8onday1 K Hill has $ot three +eeks7 holiday1 K " live near the station - it7s only about ten #inutes7 +alk1 Co#pare this structure +ith 7a three-hour Aourney79 7a ten-#inute +alk7 etc1 !see 5nit ,.=%1 @p * EME:C"SES -/1 Hoin the t+o !or three% nouns1 So#eti#es you have to use -7s or -s7C and so#eti#es you have to use 111 of 111 1 the o+ner6that car Pthe o+ner of that carP &1 the #other6Ann PAnn7s #otherP '1 the Aacket6that #an --(1 the top6the pa$e --)1 the dau$hter6Charles --*1 the cause6the proble# --,1 the ne+spaper6yesterday ---

-1 the birthday6#y father --.1 the na#e6this street --/1 the toys6the children --1 the ne+ #ana$er6the co#pany --&1 the result6the football #atch --'1 the $arden6our nei$hbours --(1 the $round floor6the buildin$ --)1 the children6=on and 8ary --*1 the econo#ic policy6the $overn#ent --,1 the husband6Catherine ---1 the husband6the +o#an-talkin$ to 8ary --.1 the car6the parents68ike --&/1 the +eddin$6the friend " 0elen ---/1& 3hat is another +ay of sayin$ these thin$s2 5se -7s1 1 a hat for a +o#an Pa +o#an7s hatP &1 a na#e for a boy --'1 clothes for children --(1 a school for $irls --)1 a nest for a bird --*1 a #a$aNine for +o#en ---/1' :ead each sentence and +rite a ne+ sentence be$innin$ +ith the underline +ords1 1 The #eetin$ Pto#orro+P has been cancelled1 PTo#orro+7s #eetin$ has been cancelled1P &1 The stor# Plast +eekP caused a lot of da#a$e1 Fast --'1 The only cine#a in Pthe to+nP has closed do+n1 The --(1 Exports fro# PBritainP to the 5nited States have fallen recently1 )1 Touris# is the #ain industry in Pthe re$ion1P -/1( 5se the infor#ation $iven to co#plete the sentences1 1 "f " leave #y house at . o7clock and drive to Fondon9 " arrive at about &1 So it7s about Pthree hours7 driveP to Fondon fro# #y house1 !drive% &1 "f " leave #y house at -1S) and +alk-to the station9 " $et there

at . o7clock1 So it7s only --- fro# #y house to the station1 !+alk% '1 "7# $oin$ on holiday on the &th1 " have to be back at +ork on the &*th1 So "7ve $ot --- !holiday% (1 " +ent to sleep at ' o7clock this #ornin$ and +oke up an hour later1 After that " couldn7t sleep1 So last ni$ht " only had --- !sleep% @p *& 5N"T - 1 A friend of #ine 8y o+n house On #y o+n6by #yself A1 A friend of #ine6a friend of To#7s etc1 3e say 7a friend of #ine6yours6his6hers6ours6theirs7 !not 7a friend of #e6you6hi#7 etc1% K "7# $oin$ to a +eddin$ on Saturday1 A friend of #ine is $ettin$ #arried1 !not 7a friends of #e7% K 3e +ent on holiday +ith so#e friends of ours1 !not 7so#e friends of us7% K 8ichael had an ar$u#ent +ith a nei$hbour of his1 K "t +as a $ood idea of yours to $o s+i##in$ this afternoon1 "n the sa#e +ay +e say 7a friend of To#7s79 7a friend of #y sister7s7 etc1D K "t +as a $ood idea of To#7s to $o s+i##in$1 K That +o#an over there is a friend of #y sister7s1 B1 8y o+n 1116your o+n 111 etc1 3e use #y6your6his6her6its6our6their before o+nD #y o+n house your o+n car her o+n roo# Eou cannot say 7an o+n1117 !7an o+n house79 7an o+n car7 etc1% 8y o+n1116your o+n111 !etc1% J so#ethin$ that is only #ine6yours !etc1%9 not shared or borro+edD K " don7t +ant to share a roo# +ith anybody1 " +ant #y o+n roo#1 K ?era and Ieor$e +ould like to have their o+n house1 !not 7an o+n house7% K "t7s a pity that the flat hasn7t $ot its o+n entrance1 K "t7s #y o+n fault that "7ve $ot no #oney1 " buy too #any thin$s " don7t need1 K 3hy do you +ant to borro+ #y car2 3hy can7t you use your

o+n2!J your o+n car% Eou can also use 111 o+n111 to say that you do so#ethin$ yourself instead of so#ebody else doin$ it for you1 4or exa#pleD K Brian usually cuts his o+n hair1 !J he cuts it hi#selfC he doesn7t $o to the hairdresser% K "7d like to have a $arden so that " could $ro+ #y o+n ve$etables1 !J $ro+ the# #yself instead of buyin$ the# fro# shops% C1 On #y o+n by #yself On #y o+n and by #yself both #ean 7alone71 3e sayD on #y6your o+n on his her6o+n on its our6their o+n by #yself6yourself !sin$ular% by hi#self6herself6itself by ourselves6yourselves !plural%6the#selves K " like livin$ on #y o+n6by #yself1 K =id you $o on holiday on your o+n6by yourself2 K Hack +as sittin$ on his o+n6by hi#self in a corner of the cafe1 K Fearner drivers are not allo+ed to drive on their o+n6by the#selves1 @p *' EME:C"SES - 1 3rite ne+ sentences usin$ the structure in Section A !a friend of #ine etc1%1 1 " a# +ritin$ to Pone of #y friends1P P"7# +ritin$ to a friend of #ine1P &1 3e #et Pone of your relations1P 3e #et a --'1 0enry borro+ed Pone of #y books1P 0enry --(1 Ann invited Pso#e of her friendsP to her flat1 Ann --)1 3e had dinner +ith Pone of our nei$hbours1P *1 " +ent on holiday +ith Pt+o of #y friends1P ,1 "s that #an Pone of your friends2P -1 " #et Pone of lane7s friendsP at the party1 - 1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ #y o+n6your o+n etc1 @ one of the follo+in$D

business ideas #oney private Aet parlia#ent roo# television 1 " don7t +ant to share a roo#1 " +ant P#y o+n roo#1P &1 " don7t +atch television +ith the rest of the fa#ily1 "7ve $ot --in #y roo#1 '1 Sue doesn7t need to borro+ fro# #e1 She7s $ot ---1 (1 Hulia is fed up +ith +orkin$ for other people1 She +ants to start ---1 )1 0enry is extre#ely rich1 0e7s $ot ---1 *1 Eou can $ive hi# advice but he +on7t listen1 0e7s $ot ---1 ,1 The "sle of 8an is an island off the coast of Britain1 "t is not co#pletely independent but it has ---1 - 1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ #y o+n6your o+n etc1 1 3hy do you +ant to borro+ #y car2 3hy can7t you use your o+n car2 &1 0o+ can you bla#e #e2 "t7s not #y fault1 "t7s ---1 '1 0e7s al+ays usin$ #y ideas1 3hy can7t he use ---2 (1 Please don7t +orry about #y proble#s1 Eou7ve $ot ---1 )1 " can7t #ake her decisions for her1 She #ust #ake ---1 - 1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ #y o+n6your o+n etc1 Choose one of these verbsD bake cut #ake +rite 1 Brian never $oes to the hairdresser1 0e usually Pcuts his o+n car2P &1 8ary doesn7t often buy clothes1 She usually ---1 '1 Paul is a sin$er1 0e sin$s son$s +ritten by other people but he also ---1 (1 3e don7t often buy bread fro# a bakery1 3e ---1 - 1) Co#plete the sentences usin$ on #y o+n6by #yself etc1 1 =id you $o on holiday on Pyour o+n2P &1 "7# $lad " live +ith other people1 " +ouldn7t like to live on ---1 '1 The box +as too heavy for #e to lift by ---1 (1 73ho +as To# +ith +hen you sa+ hi#27 7Nobody1 0e +as by ---17 )1 ?ery youn$ children should not $o s+i##in$ by ---1 *1 " don7t think she kno+s #any people1 3hen " see her9 she is al+ays by ---1

,1 " don7t like stra+berries +ith crea#1 " like the# on ---1 -1 =o you like +orkin$ +ith other people or do you prefer +orkin$ by ---1 .1 3e had no help decoratin$ the flat1 3e did it co#pletely on ---1 /1 " +ent out +ith Sally because she didn7t +ant to $o out on ---1 @p *( 5N"T -&1 8yself6yourself6the#selves etc1 A1 Study this exa#pleD Ieor$e cut hi#self +hen he +as shavin$ this #ornin$1 3e use #yself6yourself6hi#self etc1 !reflexive pronouns% +hen the subAect and obAect are the sa#eD subAect -O !Ieor$e% cut !hi#self%1 S- obAect The reflexive pronouns areD sin$ularD #yself yourself !one person% hi#self6herself6itself pluralD ourselves yourselves !#ore than one person% the#selves K " don7t +ant you to pay for #e1 "7ll pay for #yself1 !not 7"7ll pay for #e7% K Hulia had a $reat holiday1 She enAoyed herself very #uch1 K =o you so#eti#es talk to yourself2 !said to one person% K "f you +ant #ore to eat9 help yourselves1 !said to #ore than one person% Co#pareD K "t7s not our fault1 Eou can7t bla#e us1 K "t7s our o+n fault1 3e bla#e ourselves1 Note that +e do not use #yself6yourself etc1 after 7brin$6take so#ethin$ +ith 1117D K "t #i$ht rain1 "7ll take an u#brella +ith #e1 !not 7+ith #yself7% B1 3e do not use #yself etc1 after concentrate6feel6relax6#eetD K Eou #ust try and concentrate1 !not 7concentrate yourself7% K 7=o you feel nervous27 7Ees9 " can7t relax17 K 3hat ti#e shall +e #eet2 !not 7#eet ourselves79 not 7#eet us7% 3e nor#ally use +ash6shave6dress +ithout #yself etc1D K 0e $ot up9 +ashed9 shaved and dressed1 !not 7+ashed hi#self7 etc1% But +e say 7" dried #yself71 C1 Study the difference bet+een -selves and each otherD

K To# and Ann stood in front of the #irror and looked at the#selves1 !J To# and Ann looked at To# and Ann% but K To# looked at AnnC Ann looked at To#1 They looked at each other1 Eou can use one another instead of each otherD K 0o+ lon$ have you and Bill kno+n one another2 !or 111 kno+n each other% K Sue and Ann don7t like each other1 !or 111 don7t like one another% =1 3e also use #yself6yourself etc1 in another +ay1 4or exa#pleD K 73ho repaired your bicycle for you27 7Nobody1 " repaired it #yself17 7" repaired it #yself7 J " repaired it9 not anybody else1 0ere9 #yself is used to e#phasiNe " !Jit #akes it stron$er%1 So#e #ore exa#plesD K "7# not $oin$ to do it for you1 Eou can do it yourself1 !J you9 not #e% K Fet7s paint the house ourselves1 "t +ill be #uch cheaper1 K The fil# itself +asn7t very $ood but " liked the #usic1 K " don7t think Sue +ill $et the Aob1 Sue herself doesn7t think she7ll $et it1 !or Sue doesn7t think she7ll $et it herself1% @p *) EME:C"SES -&1 Co#plete each sentence usin$ #yself6yourself etc1 +ith one of these verbs !in the correct for#%D bla#e burn cut enAoy express hurt put 1 Ieor$e Pcut hi#selfP +hile he +as shavin$ this #ornin$1 &1 Bill fell do+n so#e steps but fortunately he didn7t --- badly1 '1 "t isn7t her fault1 She really shouldn7t ---1 (1 Please try and understand ho+ " feel --- in #y position1 )1 They had a $reat ti#e1 They really ---1 *1 Be carefulL That pan is very hot1 =on7t ---1 ,1 So#eti#es " can7t say exactly +hat " #ean1 " +ish " could --better1 -&1& Put in #yself6yourself6ourselves etc1 or #e6you6us etc1 1 Hulia had a $reat holiday1 She enAoyed herself1 &1 "t7s not #y fault1 Eou can7t bla#e ---1

'1 3hat " did +as very +ron$1 "7# asha#ed of ---1 (1 3e7ve $ot a proble#1 " hope you can help ---1 )1 7Can " take another biscuit27 7Of course1 0elp ---L7 *1 Take so#e #oney +ith --- in case you need it1 ,1 =on7t +orry about To# and #e1 3e can look after ---1 -1 " $ave the# a key to our house so that they could let --- in1 .1 3hen they co#e to visit us9 they al+ays brin$ their do$ +ith ---1 -&1' Co#plete these sentences1 5se #yself6yourself etc1 only +here necessary9 5se one of these verbs !in the correct for#%D concentrate defend dry feel #eet relax shave +ash 1 8artin decided to $ro+ a beard because he +as fed up +ith Pshavin$1P &1 " +asn7t very +ell yesterday but " --- #uch better today1 '1 She cli#bed out of the s+i##in$ pool and --- +ith a to+el1 (9 " tried to study but " Aust couldn7t ---1 )1 "f so#ebody attacks you9 you need to be able to ---1 *1 "7# $oin$ out +ith Chris this evenin$1 3e7re --- at the station at ,1'/1 ,1 Eou7re al+ays rushin$ around1 3hy don7t you sit do+n and ---2 -1 There +as no +ater9 so +e couldn7t ---1 -&1( Co#plete the sentences +ith -selves or each other1 1 0o+ lon$ have you and Bill kno+n Peach other2P &1 "f people +ork too hard9 they can #ake ---ill1 '1 " need you and you need #e1 3e need ---1 (1 "n Britain friends often $ive --- presents at Christ#as1 )1 So#e people are very selfish1 They only think of ---1 *1 Nora and " don7t see --- very often these days1 ,1 3e couldn7t $et back into the house1 3e had locked --- out1 -1 They7ve had an ar$u#ent1 They7re not speakin$ to --- at the #o#ent1 .1 3e7d never #et before9 so +e introduced --- to ---1 -&1) Co#plete the ans+ers to the ;uestions usin$ #yself6yourself6itself etc1 1 3ho repaired the bicycle for you2 Nobody1 " repaired it #yself1 &1 =id Brian have his hair cut by a hairdresser2 No9 he cut ---1

'1 =o you +ant #e to post that letter for you2 No9 "7ll ---1 (1 3ho told you that Finda +as $ettin$ #arried2 Finda ---1 )1 Can you phone Hohn for #e2 3hy can7t you ---2 @p ** 5N"T -'1 There 111 and it 111 A1 There and it7 3e use there 111 +hen +e talk about so#ethin$ for the first ti#e9 to say that it existsD K There7s a ne+ restaurant in Gin$ Street1 !not 7A ne+ restaurant is in Gin$ Street7% K The Aourney took a lon$ ti#e1 There +as a lot of traffic1 !not 7"t +as a lot of traffic7% K K Thin$s are #uch #ore expensive no+1 There has been a bi$ rise in the cost of livin$1 "t J a particular thin$9 place9 fact9 situation etc1 !but see also Section CD K 3e +ent to the ne+ restaurant1 "t7s very $ood1 !it J the restaurant% K 73as the traffic bad27 7Ees9 it +as terrible17 !it J the traffic% K " +asn7t expectin$ the# to co#e1 "t !J that they ca#e% +as a co#plete surprise1 Co#pareD K " don7t like this to+n1 There7s nothin$ to do here1 "t7s a borin$ place1 Note that there also #eans 7to6at6in that place7D K The ne+ restaurant is very $ood1 " +ent there !J to the restaurant% last ni$ht1 K 3hen +e arrived at the party9 there +ere already a lot of people there !J at the party%1 B1 Eou can say there +ill be9 there #ust be9 there used to be etc1 K 3ill there be #any people at the party2 K 7"s there a fli$ht to Paris this evenin$27 7There #i$ht be1 "7ll phone the airport17 K "f people drove #ore carefully9 there +ouldn7t be so #any accidents1 AlsoD there #ust have been9 there should have been etc1D

K There +as a li$ht on1 There #ust have been so#ebody at ho#e1 Co#pare there and itD K They live on a busy road1 There #ust be a lot of noise fro# the traffic1 They live on a busy #ain road1 "t #ust be very noisy1 K There used to be a cine#a in Gin$ Street but it closed a fe+ years a$o1 That buildin$ is no+ a super#arket1 "t used to be a cine#a1 Eou can also say there is sure6certain6likely to be so#ethin$ !see also 5nit *(E%D K There is sure to be a fli$ht to Paris this evenin$1 C1 3e use it in sentences like thisD K "t7s dan$erous to +alk in the road1 !"t J to +alk in the road% "t is unusual to say 7To +alk in the road is dan$erous17 Nor#ally +e be$in +ith "t111 K "t didn7t take us lon$ to $et here1 !it J to $et here% K "t7s a pity !that% Sandra can7t co#e to the party1 !"t J that Sandra can7t co#e% K Fet7s $o1 "t7s not +orth +aitin$ any lon$er1 !"t J +aitin$ any lon$er% 3e use it to talk about distance9 ti#e and +eatherD K "t7s a lon$ +ay fro# here to the airport1 K 0o+ far is it to the airport2 K 3hat day is it today2 K "t7s a lon$ ti#e since " last sa+ you1 K "t7s $oin$ to be a nice day1 K "t +as +indy1 !but 7There +as a cold +ind17% @p *, EME:C"SES -'1 Put in there is6+as or it is6+as1 So#e sentences are ;uestions !is there 11126is it 1112 etc1% and so#e are ne$ative !isn7t6+asn7t%1 1 The Aourney took a lon$ ti#e1 PThere +asP a lot of traffic1 &1 3hat7s the ne+ restaurant like2 is PitP $ood2 '1 7--- a bookshop near here27 7Ees9 --- one in 0ill Street17 (1 3hen +e $ot to the cine#a --- a ;ueue outside ---a very lon$

;ueue9 so +e decided not to +ait1 )1 " couldn7t see anythin$ --- co#pletely dark1 *1 --- trouble at the club last ni$ht1 They had to call the police1 ,1 0o+ far --- fro# 8ilan to :o#e2 -1 --- Geith7s birthday yesterday1 3e had a party1 .1 --- three years since " last +ent to the theatre1 /1 " +anted to visit the #useu# but --- enou$h ti#e1 1 7--- ti#e to $o27 7Ees9 --- nearly #idni$ht17 &1 A fe+ days a$o --- a stor#1 --- a lot of da#a$e1 '1 --- a beautiful day yesterday1 3e had a picnic1 (1 --- anythin$ on television9 so " turned it off1 )1 --- an accident in Gin$ Street but --- very serious1 -'1& :ead the first sentence and then +rite a sentence be$innin$ There111 1 The roads +ere busy today1 PThere +as a lot of traffic1P &1 This soup is very salty1 There --- in the soup1 '1 The box +as e#pty1 --- in the box1 (1 The fil# +as very violent1 --)1The shops +ere very cro+ded1 --*1 " like this to+n - it7s lively1 ---'1' Co#plete the sentences1 5se there +ill be9 there +ould be etc1 Choose fro#D +ill #i$ht +ould +ouldn7t should used to !be% $oin$ to 1 "f people drove #ore carefully9 there +ould be fe+er accidents1 &1 70ave +e $ot any e$$s27 7"7# not sure --- so#e in the frid$e17 '1 " think everythin$ +ill be OG1 " don7t think --- any proble#s1 (1 Fook at the sky --- a stor#1 )1 7"s there a school in the villa$e27 7Not no+ --- one but it closed17 *1 People drive too fast on this road1 " think --- a speed li#it1 ,1 "f people +eren7t a$$ressive --- any +ars1 -'1( Are these sentences ri$ht or +ron$2 Chan$e it to there +here necessary1 1 They live on a busy road1 "t #ust be a lot of noise1 P3:ONIC There #ust be 111P &1 Fast +inter it +as very cold and it +as a lot of sno+1 '1 " +ish it +as +ar#er1 " hate cold +eather1

(1 "t used to be a church here9 but it +as knocked do+n1 )1 "t7s a lon$ +ay fro# #y house to the nearest shop1 *1 3hy +as she so unfriendly2 "t #ust have been a reason1 ,1 " don7t kno+ +ho +ill +in but it7s sure to be a $ood #atch1 -1 73here can +e park the car27 7=on7t +orry1 "t7s sure to be a car park so#e+here17 .1 After the lecture it +ill be an opportunity to ask ;uestions1 /1 " like the place +here " live but it +ould be nicer to live by the sea1 1 " +as told that it +ould be so#ebody to #eet #e at the station but it +asn7t anybody1 @p *5N"T -(1 So#e and any A1 "n $eneral +e use so#e !also so#ebody6so#eone6so#ethin$% in positive sentences and any !also anybody etc1% in ne$ative sentences !but see also Sections C and =%D T so#e K 3e bou$ht so#e flo+ers1 K 0e7s busy1 0e7s $ot so#e +ork to do1 K There7s so#ebody at the door1 K "7# hun$ry1 " +ant so#ethin$ to eat1 T& any K 3e didn7t buy any flo+ers1 K 0e7s laNy1 0e never does any +ork1 K There isn7t anybody at the door1 K "7# not hun$ry1 " don7t +ant anythin$ to eat1 3e use any in the follo+in$ sentences because the #eanin$ is ne$ativeD K She +ent out +ithout any #oney1 !She didn7t take any #oney +ith her1% K 0e refused to eat anythin$1 !0e didn7t eat anythin$1% K 0ardly anybody passed the exa#ination1 !J al#ost nobody passed% B1 "n #ost ;uestions +e use anyD K 70ave you $ot any lu$$a$e27 7No9 " haven7t17 K 70as anybody seen #y ba$27 7Ees9 it7s under the table17

But +e use so#e in ;uestions +hen +e expect the ans+er 7yes7D K 3hat7s +ron$2 0ave you $ot so#ethin$ in your eye2 !"t see#s that you have $ot so#ethin$ in your eye and " expect you to ans+er 7yes71% 3e use so#e in ;uestions +hen +e offer or ask for thin$sD K 3ould you like so#ethin$ to eat2 K Can " have so#e su$ar9 please2 C1 3e often use any after ifD K "f there are any letters for #e9 can you send the# on to this address2 K "f anyone has any ;uestions9 "7ll be pleased to ans+er the#1 K Fet #e kno+ if you need anythin$1 The follo+in$ sentences have the idea of ifD K "7# sorry for any trouble "7ve caused1 !J if " have caused any trouble% K Anyone +ho +ants to do the exa# #ust $ive #e their na#es today1 !J if there is anyone% =1 3e also use any +ith the #eanin$ 7it doesn7t #atter +hich7D K Eou can catch any bus1 They all $o to the centre1 !J it doesn7t #atter +hich bus you catch% K 7Sin$ a son$17 73hich son$ shall " sin$27 7Any son$1 " don7t #ind17 !J it doesn7t #atter +hich son$% K Co#e and see #e any ti#e you +ant1 K 7Fet7s $o out so#e+here17 73here shall +e $o27 7Any+here1 " don7t #ind17 K 3e left the door unlocked1 Anybody could have co#e in1 Co#pare so#ethin$ and anythin$D K AD "7# hun$ry1 " +ant so#ethin$ to eat1 BD 3hat +ould you like2 AD " don7t #ind1 Anythin$1 !J so#ethin$9 but it doesn7t #atter +hat% E1 So#ebody6so#eone6anybody6anyone are sin$ular +ordsD K So#eone is here to see you1 But +e often use they6the#6their after these +ordsD K So#eone has for$otten their u#brella1 !J his or her u#brella% K "f anybody +ants to leave early9 they can1 !J he or she can%

@p *. EME:C"SES -(1 Co#plete the sentences +ith so#e or any1 1 3e didn7t buy PanyP flo+ers1 &1 This evenin$ "7# $oin$ out +ith --- friends of #ine1 '1 70ave you seen --- $ood fil#s recently27 7No9 " haven7t been to the cine#a for a$es17 (1 " didn7t have --- #oney9 so " had to borro+ ---1 )1 Can " have --- #ilk in #y coffee9 please2 *1 " +as too tired to do --- +ork1 ,1 Eou can cash these traveller7s che;ues at --- bank1 -1 Can you $ive #e --- infor#ation about places of interest in the to+n2 .1 3ith the special tourist train ticket9 you can travel on --- train you like1 /1 "f there are --- +ords you don7t understand9 use a dictionary1 -(1& Co#plete the sentences +ith so#e- or any- @ -body6-thin$6+here1 1 " +as too surprised to say Panythin$1P &1 There7s --- at the door1 Can you $o and see +ho it is2 '1 =oes --- #ind if " open the +indo+2 (1 " +asn7t feelin$ hun$ry9 so " didn7t eat ---1 )1 Eou #ust be hun$ry1 3ould you like --- to eat2 *1 <uick9 let7s $oL There7s --- co#in$ and " don7t +ant --- to see us1 ,1 Sally +as upset about --- and refused to talk to ---1 -1 This #achine is very easy to use --- can learn to use it in a very short ti#e1 .1 There +as hardly --- on the beach1 "t +as al#ost deserted1 /1 7=o you live --- near Hi#27 7No9 he lives in another part of to+n17 1 3e slept in a park because +e didn7t have --- to stay1 &1 73here shall +e $o on holiday27 7Fet7s $o --- +ar# and sunny17 '1 They stay at ho#e all the ti#e1 They never see# to $o ---1 (1 "7# $oin$ out no+1 "f --- phones +hile "7# out9 can you tell the# "7ll be back at 1'/2

)1 3hy are you lookin$ under the bed2 0ave you lost ---2 *1 --- +ho sa+ the accident should contact the police1 ,1 Sue is very secretive1 She never tells --- !& +ords% -(1' Co#plete the sentences1 5se any !@ noun% or anybody6anythin$6any+here1 1 3hich bus do " have to catch2 Any bus1 They all $o to the centre1 &1 3hich day shall " co#e2 " don7t #ind1 ---1 '1 3hat do you +ant to eat2 ---1 " don7t #ind1 3hatever you have1 (1 3here shall " sit2 "t7s up to you1 Eou can sit ---you like1 )1 3hat sort of Aob are you lookin$ for2 ---1 "t doesn7t #atter1 *1 3hat ti#e shall " phone to#orro+2 ---1 "7ll be in all day1 ,1 3ho shall " invite to the party2 " don7t #ind1 --- you like1 -1 3hich ne+spaper shall " buy2 ---1 3hatever they have in the shop1 @p ,/ 5N"T -)1 No6none6any A1 No none nothin$ nobody6no one no+here Eou can use these ne$ative +ords at the be$innin$ of a sentence or aloneD K No cars are allo+ed in the city centre1 K None of this #oney is #ine1 K 73hat did you say27 7Nothin$17 K Nobody !or No one% ca#e to visit #e +hile " +as in hospital1 K 73here are you $oin$27 7No+here1 "7# stayin$ here17 Eou can also use these +ords after a verb9 especially after be and haveD K The house is e#pty1 There7s nobody livin$ there1 K She had no difficulty findin$ a Aob1 No6nothin$6nobody etc1 J not @ any6anythin$6anybody etc1D K 3e haven7t $ot any #oney1 !J 3e7ve $ot no #oney1% K " didn7t say anythin$1 !J " said nothin$1% K She didn7t tell anybody about her plans1 !J She told nobody111% K The station isn7t any+here near here1 !J 111 is no+here near here% 3hen you use no6nothin$6nobody etc19 do not use a ne$ative verb

!isn7t9 didn7t9 can7t etc1%D K " said nothin$1 !not 7" didn7t say nothin$7% K Nobody tells #e anythin$1 !not 7Nobody doesn7t tell 1117% B1 3e also use any6anythin$6anybody etc1 !+ithout 7not7% to #ean 7it doesn7t #atter +hich6 hat6+ho7 !see 5nit -(=%1 Co#pare no- and any-D K 73hat do you +ant to eat27 7Nothin$1 "7# not hun$ry17 "7# so hun$ry1 " could eat anythin$1 !J it doesn7t #atter +hat% K The exa# +as extre#ely difficult1 Nobody passed1 !J everybody failed% The exa# +as very easy1 Anybody could have passed1 !J it doesn7t #atter +ho% C1 No and none 3e use no @ a noun1 No J not a or not anyD K 3e had to +alk ho#e because there +as no bus1 !J there +asn7t a bus% K " can7t talk to you no+1 "7ve $ot no ti#e1 !J " haven7t $ot any ti#e% K There +ere no shops open1 !J there +eren7t any shops open% 3e use none alone !+ithout a noun%D K 70o+ #uch #oney have you $ot27 7None17 !J no #oney% K All the tickets have been sold1 There are none left1 !J no tickets left% Or +e use none of 111D none of these shops none of #y #oney none of it6the#6us6you After none of @ a plural +ord !7none of the shops79 7none of the#7 etc1% you can use a sin$ular or a plural verb1 A plural verb is #ore usualD K None of the shops +ere !or +as% open1 =1 After nobody6no one you can use they6the#6theirD K Nobody phoned9 did they2 !J did he or she% K The party +as a disaster1 Nobody enAoyed the#selves1 !J hi#self or herself% K No one in the class did their ho#e+ork1 !J his or her ho#e+ork% @p ,

EME:C"SES -)1 Ans+er these ;uestions usin$ none6nobody6nothin$6no+here1 1 3hat did you do2 PNothin$1P &1 3ho +ere you talkin$ to2 --'1 3here are you $oin$2 --(1 0o+ #uch lu$$a$e have you $ot2 --)1 0o+ #any children have they $ot2 --*1 3ho did you #eet2 --,1 3hat did you buy2 --No+ +rite full sentences usin$ any6anybody6anythin$6any+here1 - ! % P" didn7t do anythin$1P .1 !&% " --/1 !'% --1 !(% --&1 !)% --'1 !*% --(1 !,% ---)1& Co#plete these sentences +ith no9 none or any1 1 "t +as a public holiday9 so there +ere PnoP shops open1 &1 " haven7t $ot PanyP #oney1 Can you lend #e so#e2 '1 " couldn7t #ake an o#elette because there +ere --- e$$s1 (1 " couldn7t #ake an o#elette because there +eren7t --- e$$s1 )1 70o+ #any e$$s have +e $ot2 --- "7ll $o and buy so#e fro# the shop if you like17 *1 3e took a fe+ photo$raphs but --- of the# +ere very $ood1 ,1 3hat a stupid thin$ to doL --- intelli$ent person +ould do such a thin$1 -1 "7ll try and ans+er --- ;uestions you ask #e1 .1 " couldn7t ans+er --- of the ;uestions they asked #e1 /1 3e cancelled the party because --- of the people +e invited +ere able to co#e1 -)1' Co#plete these sentences +ith no- or any- @ -body6-thin$6+here1 1 " don7t +ant Panythin$P to drink1 "7# not thirsty1 &1 The bus +as co#pletely e#pty1 There +as --- on it1

'1 73here did you $o for your holidays2 --- " stayed at ho#e17 (1 " +ent to the shops but " didn7t buy ---1 )1 73hat did you buy2 7---1 couldn7t find --- " +anted17 *1 The to+n +as still the sa#e +hen " returned years later --- had chan$ed1 ,1 0ave you seen #y +atch2 "7ve looked all over the house but " can7t find it ---1 -1 There +as co#plete silence in the roo#1 --- said ---1 -)1( Choose the ri$ht +ord1 1 She didn7t tell Pnobody6anybodyP about her plans1 !anybody is correct% &1 The accident looked serious but fortunately Pnobody6anybodyP +as inAured1 '1 " looked out of the +indo+ but " couldn7t see Pnobody6anybody1P (1 8y Aob is very easy1 PNobody6AnybodyP could do it1 )1 73hat7s in that box27 P7Nothin$6Anythin$1P "t7s e#pty17 *1 The situation is uncertain1 PNothin$6Anythin$P could happen1 ,1 " don7t kno+ Pnothin$6anythin$P about econo#ics1 @p ,& 5N"T -*1 8uch9 #any9 little9 fe+9 a lot9 plenty A1 3e use #uch and little +ith uncountable nounsD #uch ti#e #uch luck little ener$y little #oney 3e use #any and fe+ +ith plural nounsD #any friends #any people fe+ cars fe+ countries B1 3e use a lot of6lots of6plenty of +ith uncountable and plural nounsD a lot of luck lots of ti#e plenty of #oney a lot of friends lots of people plenty of ideas Plenty J #ore than enou$hD K There7s no need to hurry1 3e7ve $ot plenty of ti#e1 K "7ve had plenty to eat1 " don7t +ant any #ore1 C1 3e use #uch6#any especially in ne$ative sentences and ;uestions1 A lot !of% is also possibleD K 3e didn7t spend #uch #oney1 !or 3e didn7t spend a lot of #oney1%

K =o you kno+ #any people2 !or =o you kno+ a lot of people2% K " don7t $o out #uch1 !or " don7t $o out a lot1% "n positive sentences a lot !of% is #ore usual1 8uch is unusual in positive sentences in spoken En$lishD K 3e spent a lot of #oney1 !not 73e spent #uch #oney7% K 0e $oes out a lot1 !not 70e $oes out #uch7% Eou can use #any in positive sentences9 but a lot !of% is #ore usual in spoken En$lishD K A lot of people !or 8any people% drive too fast1 But note that +e use too #uch and so #uch in positive sentencesD K 3e spent too #uch #oney1 =1 Fittle and fe+ !+ithout 7a7% are ne$ative ideas !J not #uch6not #any%D K 3e #ust be ;uick1 There is little ti#e1 !J not #uch9 not enou$h ti#e% K 0e isn7t popular1 0e has fe+ friends1 !J not #any9 not enou$h friends% Eou can say very little and very fe+D K There is very little ti#e1 K 0e has very fe+ friends1 A little and a fe+ are #ore positive1 A little J so#e9 a s#all a#ountD K Fet7s $o and have a drink1 3e7ve $ot a little ti#e before the train leaves1 !a little ti#e J so#e ti#e9 enou$h ti#e to have a drink% K 7=o you speak En$lish27 7A little17 !so +e can talk a bit% A fe+ J so#e9 a s#all nu#berD K " enAoy #y life here1 " have a fe+ friends and +e #eet ;uite often1 !a fe+ friends J not #any but enou$h to have a $ood ti#e% K 73hen did you last see Clare27 7A fe+ days a$o17 !J so#e days a$o% Co#pareD K 0e spoke little En$lish9 so it +as difficult to co##unicate +ith hi#1 0e spoke a little En$lish9 so +e +ere able to co##unicate +ith hi#1 K She7s lucky1 She has fe+ proble#s1 !J not #any proble#s% Thin$s are not $oin$ so +ell for her1 She has a fe+ proble#s1 !J

so#e proble#s% Note that 7only a little7 and 7only a fe+7 have a ne$ative #eanin$D K 3e #ust be ;uick1 3e7ve only $ot a little ti#e1 K The villa$e +as very s#all1 There +ere only a fe+ houses1 @p ,' EME:C"SES -*1 "n so#e of these sentences #uch is incorrect or unnatural1 Chan$e #uch to #any or a lot !of% +here necessary1 1 3e didn7t spend #uch #oney1 P:"I0TP &1 Sue drinks #uch tea1 Pa lot of teaP '1 Hi# al+ays puts #uch salt on his food1 (1 3e7ll have to hurry1 3e haven7t $ot #uch ti#e1 )1 =id it cost #uch to repair the car2 *1 "t cost #uch to repair the car1 ,1 " don7t kno+ #uch people in this to+n1 -1 " use the phone #uch at +ork1 .1 They7ve $ot so #uch #oney they don7t kno+ +hat to do +ith it1 -*1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ plenty !of% @ one of the follo+in$D hotels #oney roo# ti#e to learn thin$s to see 1 There7s no need to hurry1 P3e7re $ot of ti#e1P &1 0e7s $ot no financial proble#s1 0e7s $ot ---1 '1 Co#e and sit +ith us1 There7s ---1 (1 She kno+s a lot but she still has ---1 )1 "t7s an interestin$ to+n to visit1 There ---1 *1 "7# sure +e7ll find so#e+here to stay ---1 -*1' Put in #uch9 #any9 fe+ or little1 1 0e isn7t very popular1 0e has Pfe+P friends1 &1 Ann is very busy these days1 She has --- free ti#e1 '1 =id you take --- photo$raphs +hen you +ere on holiday2 (1 "7# not very busy today1 " haven7t $ot --- to do1 )1 The #useu# +as very cro+ded1 There +ere too --- people1 *1 8ost of the to+n is #odern1 There are --- old buildin$s1 ,1 The +eather has been very dry recently1 3e7ve had --- rain1 -*1( So#e of these sentences need a1 Put in a +here necessary1 Put 7:"I0T7 if the sentence is already co#plete1

1 She7s lucky1 She has Pfe+ proble#s1P P:"I0TP &1 Thin$s are not $oin$ so +ell for her1 She has Pfe+ proble#s1P Pa fe+ proble#sP '1 Can you lend #e Pfe+ dollars2P (1 " can7t $ive you a decision yet1 " need Plittle ti#eP to think1 )1 There +as Plittle trafficP9 so the Aourney didn7t take very lon$1 *1 "t +as a surprise that he +on the #atch1 P4e+ peopleP expected hi# to +in1 ,1 " don7t kno+ #uch Spanish--Ponly fe+ +ords1P -*1) Put in little6a little6fe+6a fe+1 1 3e #ust be ;uick1 3e have PlittleP ti#e1 &1 Fisten carefully1 "7# $oin$ to $ive you --- advice1 '1 =o you #ind if " ask you --- ;uestions2 (1 This to+n is not a very interestin$ place to visit9 so --- tourists co#e here1 )1 " don7t think Hill +ould be a $ood teacher1 She7s $ot --- patience1 *1 73ould you like #ilk in your coffee27 7Ees9 please ---17 ,1 This is a very borin$ place to live1 There7s --- to do1 -1 70ave you ever been to Paris27 7Ees9 "7ve been there --- ti#es17 @p ,( 5N"T -,1 All6all of #ost6#ost of no6none of etc1 all so#e any #ost #uch6#any little6fe+ A1 Eou can use the +ords in the box !and also no% +ith a noun !so#e food6fe+ books etc1%D K All cars have +heels1 K So#e cars can $o faster than others1 K !on a notice% NO CA:S !J no cars allo+ed% K 8any people drive too fast1 K " don7t $o out very often1 "7# at ho#e #ost days1 Eou cannot say 7all of cars79 7#ost of people7 etc1 !see also Section B%D K So#e people are very unfriendly1 !not 7so#e of people7% Note that +e say #ost !not 7the #ost7%D K 8ost tourists don7t visit this part of the to+n1 !not 7the #ost tourists7% B1 So#e of 1116#ost of 1116none of 111 etc1

Eou can use the +ords in the box !also none and half% +ith of1 Eou can say so#e of !the people%9 #ost of !#y friends%9 none of !this #oney% etc1 3e use so#e of9 #ost of !etc1% @ the6this6that6these6those6#y6his6Ann7s111 etc1 So +e sayD so#e of the people9 so#e of those people !but not 7so#e of people7% #ost of #y friends9 #ost of Ann7s friends !but not 7#ost of friends7% none of this #oney9 none of their #oney !but not 7none of #oney7% 4or exa#pleD K So#e of the people " +ork +ith are very friendly1 K None of this #oney is #ine1 K 0ave you read any of these books2 K " +asn7t +ell yesterday1 " spent #ost of the day in bed1 Eou don7t need of after all or half1 So you can sayD K All #y friends live in Fondon1 or All of #y friends 111 K 0alf this #oney is #ine1 or 0alf of this #oney 111 See also Section C1 Co#pare all 111 and all !of% the 111D K All flo+ers are beautiful1 !J all flo+ers in $eneral% K All !of% the flo+ers in this $arden are beautiful1 !J a particular $roup of flo+ers% C1 Eou can use all of6so#e of6none of etc1 @ it6us6you6the#D K 70o+ #any of these people do you kno+27 7None of the#17 67A fe+ of the#17 K =o any of you +ant to co#e to a party toni$ht2 K 7=o you like this #usic27 7So#e of it1 Not all of it17 Before it6us6you6the# you need of after all and half !all of9 half of%D all of us !not 7all us7% half of the# !not 7half the#7% =1 Eou can use the +ords in the box !and also none% alone9 +ithout a nounD K So#e cars have four doors and so#e have t+o1 K A fe+ of the shops +ere open but #ost !of the#% +ere closed1

K 0alf !of% this #oney "s #ine9 and half !of it% is yours1 !not 7the half7% @p ,) EME:C"SES -,1 Put in of +here necessary1 Feave an e#pty space 0 if the sentence is already co#plete1 1 All - cars have +heels1 &1 None PofP this #oney is #ine1 '1 So#e --- people $et an$ry very easily1 (1 So#e --- the people " #et at the party +ere very interestin$1 )1 " have lived in Fondon #ost --- #y life1 *1 8any --- people +atch too #uch T?1 ,1 Are any --- those letters for #e2 -1 8ost --- days " $et up before , o7clock1 .1 Hi# thinks that all --- #useu#s are borin$1 -,1& Choose fro# the list and co#plete the sentences1 5se of !so#e of6#ost of etc1% +here necessary1 accidents ears her friends the people " invited birds #y dinner the houses the population these books European countries her opinions #y spare ti#e 1 " haven7t read #any Pof these books1P &1 All cars have +heels1 '1 " spend #ost --- $ardenin$1 (1 "t7s a historic to+n1 8any --- are over (// years old1 )1 8any --- are caused by bad drivin$1 *1 3hen she $ot #arried9 she kept it a secret1 She didn7t tell any ---1 ,1 Not #any people live in the north of the country1 8ost --- live in the south9 -1 Not all --- can fly1 4or exa#ple9 the pen$uin can7t fly1 .1 None --- to the party could co#e9 so " cancelled it1 /1 Hulia and " have very different ideas1 " don7t a$ree +ith #any ---1 1 Sarah travels a lot1 She has been to #ost ---1 &1 " had no appetite1 " could only eat half ---1 -,1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ the +ords in brackets1

So#eti#es no other +ords are necessary1 So#eti#es you need the or of the1 1 " +asn7t +ell yesterday1 " spent P#ost of the dayP in bed1 !#ost6day% &1 PSo#e carsP can $o faster than others1 !so#e6cars% '1 --- drive too fast1 !#any6people% (1 --- you took on holiday +ere very $ood1 !so#e6photo$raphs% )1 --- learn #ore ;uickly than others1 !so#e6people% *1 3e7ve eaten --- +e bou$ht1 There7s very little left1 !#ost6food% ,1 0ave you spent --- you borro+ed2 !all%#oney% -1 Peter can7t stop talkin$1 0e talks ---1 !all6ti#e% .1 3e had a laNy holiday1 3e spent --- on the beach1 !#ost6ti#e% /1 Ieor$e is easy to $et on +ith --- like hi#1 !#ost6people% 1 The exa# +as difficult1 " could only ans+er ---1 !half6;uestions% -,1( Co#plete the sentences1 5se all6so#e6none @ it6the#6us !all of it6so#e of the# etc1%1 1 These books are all Hane7s1 None of the# belon$ to #e1 &1 70o+ #any of these books have you read2 --- Every one17 '1 3e all $ot +et in the rain because --- had an u#brella1 (1 So#e of this #oney is yours and --- is #ine1 )1 " asked so#e people for directions but --- +ere able to help #e1 *1 She #ade up the +hole story fro# be$innin$ to end --- +as true1 ,1 Not all the tourists in the $roup +ere Spanish --- +ere 4rench1 -1 " +atched #ost of the fil# but not ---1 @p ,* 5N"T --1 Both6both of neither6neither of either6either of A1 3e use both6neither6either for t+o thin$s1 Eou can use these +ords +ith a noun !both books9 neither book etc1% 4or exa#ple9 you are talkin$ about $oin$ out to eat this evenin$1 There are t+o restaurants +here you can $o1 Eou sayD K Both restaurants are very $ood1 !not 7the both restaurants7% K Neither restaurant is expensive1 K 3e can $o to either restaurant1 " don7t #ind1 !either J one or the other9 it doesn7t #atter +hich one%

B1 Both of 1116neither of 1116either of 111 3hen you use both6neither6either @ of9 you al+ays need the 1116these6those 1116#y6your6his6 To#7s111 !etc1%1 Eou cannot say 7both of restaurants71 Eou have to say 7both of the restaurants79 7both of those restaurants7 etc1D K Both of these restaurants are very $ood1 K Neither of the restaurants +e +ent to +as !or +ere% expensive1 K " haven7t been to either of those restaurants1 !J " haven7t been to one or the other% Eou don7t need of after both1 So you can sayD K Both #y parents are fro# Fondon1 or Both of #y parents111 Eou can use both of6neither of6either of @ us6you6the#D K !talkin$ to t+o people% Can either of you speak Spanish2 K " asked t+o people the +ay to the station but neither of the# kne+1 Eou #ust say 7both of7 before us6you6the# !of is necessary%D K Both of us +ere very tired1 !not 7Both us +ere 1117% After neither of 111 a sin$ular or a plural verb is possibleD K Neither of the children +ants !or +ant% to $o to bed1 C1 Eou can also use both6neither6either aloneD K " couldn7t decide +hich of the t+o shirts to buy1 " liked both1 !or " liked both of the#1% K 7"s your friend British or A#erican27 7Neither1 She7s Australian17 K 7=o you +ant tea or coffee27 7Either1 " don7t #ind17 =1 Eou can sayD both 111 and 111D K Both Ann and To# +ere late1 K " +as both tired and hun$ry +hen " arrived ho#e1 neither 111 nor 111D K Neither FiN nor :obin ca#e to the party1 K She said she +ould contact #e but she neither +rote nor phoned1 either 111 or 111D K "7# not sure +here he7s fro#1 0e7s either Spanish or "talian1 K Either you apolo$iNe or "7ll never speak to you a$ain1 E1 Co#pare either6neither6both !t+o thin$s% and any6none6all !#ore than t+o%D K There are t+o $ood hotels in the to+n1

Eou can stay at either of the#1 K 3e tried t+o hotels1 Neither of the# had any roo#s16Both of the# +ere full1 K There are #any $ood hotels in the to+n1 Eou can stay at any of the#1 K 3e tried a lot of hotels1 None of the# had any roo#s16All of the# +ere full1 @p ,, EME:C"SES --1 Co#plete the sentences +ith both6neither6either1 1 7=o you +ant tea or coffee27 7PEither1P of the# " really don7t #ind17 &1 73hat day is it today--the " -th or the .th2 7---1 "t7s the &/th17 '1 7There are t+o sand+iches here1 =o you #ind +hich " take27 7No9 take ---17 (1 AD 3here did you $o for your holidays - Scotland or "reland2 BD 3e +ent to --- A +eek in Scotland and a +eek in "reland1 )1 73hen shall " phone you9 #ornin$ or afternoon2 7---1 "7ll be in all day17 *1 73here7s Gate2 "s she at +ork or at ho#e27 7---1 She7s a+ay on holiday17 --9& Co#plete the sentences +ith both6neither6either1 5se of +here necessary1 1 PBoth !of%P #y parents are fro# Fondon1 &1 To $et to the to+n centre9 you can $o alon$ the footpath by the river or you can $o alon$ the road1 Eou can $o --- +ay1 '1 " tried t+ice to phone Ieor$e but --- ti#es he +as out1 (1 --- To#7s parents is En$lish1 0is father is Polish and his #other is "talian1 )1 " sa+ an accident this #ornin$1 One car drove into the back of another1 4ortunately --- driver +as inAured but --- cars +ere ;uite badly da#a$ed1 *1 "7ve $ot t+o sisters and a brother1 8y brother is +orkin$ but --#y sisters are still at school1 --1' Co#plete the sentences +ith both6neither6either of us6the#1 1 " asked t+o people the +ay to the station but Pneither of the#P

could help #e1 &1 " +as invited to t+o parties last +eek but " didn7t $o to ---1 '1 There +ere t+o +indo+s in the roo#1 "t +as very +ar#9 so " opened ---1 (1 Sarah and " play tennis to$ether re$ularly but --- can play very +ell1 )1 " tried t+o bookshops for the book " +anted but --- had it1 --1( 3rite sentences +ith both 111 and 1116neither 111 nor 1116either 111 or 111 1 To# +as late1 So +as Ann1 Both To# and Ann +ere later1 &1 She didn7t +rite and she didn7t phone1 She neither +rote nor phoned1 '1 Hi# is on holiday and so is Carol1 Both --(1 Ieor$e doesn7t s#oke and he doesn7t drink --)1 Hi# hasn7t $ot a car1 Carol hasn7t $ot a car either --*1 "t +as a very borin$ fil#1 "t +as very lon$ too1 The fil# --,1 "s that #an7s na#e :ichard2 Or is it :obert2 "t7s one of the t+o1 That #an7s na#e ---1 " haven7t $ot ti#e to $o on holiday1 And " haven7t $ot the #oney1 "7ve $ot --.1 3e can leave today or +e can leave to#orro+ - +hichever you prefer1 3e ----1) Co#plete the sentences +ith neither6either6none6any1 1 3e tried a lot of hotels but none of the# had any roo#s1 &1 " took t+o books +ith #e on holiday but " didn7t read --- of the#1 '1 " took five books +ith #e on holiday but " didn7t read ---the#1 (1 There are a fe+ shops at the end of the street but --- of the# sell ne+spapers1 )1 Eou can phone #e at --- ti#e durin$ the evenin$1 "7# al+ays at ho#e1 *1 " can #eet you on the *th or ,th1 3ould --- of those days be convenient for you2 ,1 Hohn and " couldn7t $et into the house because --- of us had a

key1 -1 There +ere a fe+ letters this #ornin$ but --- of the# +ere for #e1 @p ,5N"T -.1 All9 every and +hole A1 All and everybody6everyone 3e do not nor#ally use all to #ean everybody6everyoneD K Everybody enAoyed the party1 !not 7All enAoyed1117% But note that +e say all of us6you6the#9 not 7everybody of1117D K All of us enAoyed the party1 !not 7everybody of us7% B1 All and everythin$ So#eti#es you can use all or everythin$D K "7ll do all " can to help1 or "7ll do everythin$ " can to help1 Eou can say 7all " can767all you need7 etc1 but +e do not nor#ally use all aloneD K 0e thinks he kno+s everythin$1 !not 7he kno+s all7% K Our holiday +as a disaster1 Everythin$ +ent +ron$1 !not 7All +ent +ron$7% 3e use all in the expression all aboutD K They told us all about their holiday1 3e also use all !not 7everythin$7% to #ean the only thin$!s%D K All "7ve eaten today is a sand+ich1 !J the only thin$ "7ve eaten today% C1 Every6everybody6everyone6everythin$ are sin$ular +ords9 so +e use a sin$ular verbD K Every seat in the theatre +as taken1 K Everybody has arrived1 !not 7have arrived7% But +e often use they6the#6their after everybody6everyoneD K Everybody said they enAoyed the#selves1 !J he or she enAoyed hi#self or herself% =1 All and +hole 3hole J co#plete9 entire1 8ost often +e use +hole +ith sin$ular nounsD K =id you read the +hole book2 !J all the book9 not Aust a part of it% K She has lived her +hole life in Scotland1

3e nor#ally use the6#y6her etc1 before +hole1 Co#pare +hole and allD the +hole book6all the book her +hole life6all her life Eou can also useD a +hole 1111 K Hack +as so hun$ry9 he ate a +hole packet of biscuits1 !J a co#plete packet% 3e do not nor#ally use +hole +ith uncountable nouns1 3e sayD K "7ve spent all the #oney you $ave #e1 !not 7the +hole #oney7% E1 Every6all6+hole +ith ti#e +ords 3e use every to say ho+ often so#ethin$ happens1 So +e say every day6every 8onday6every ten #inutes6every three +eeks etc1D K 3hen +e +ere on holiday9 +e +ent to the beach every day1 !not 7all days7% K The bus service is very $ood1 There7s a bus every ten #inutes1 K Ann $ets paid every four +eeks1 All day6the +hole day J the co#plete day fro# be$innin$ to endD K 3e spent all day6the +hole day on the beach1 K 0e +as very ;uiet1 0e didn7t say a +ord all evenin$6the +hole evenin$1 Note that +e say all day !not 7all the day7%9 all +eek !not 7all the +eek7% etc1 Co#pare all the ti#e and every ti#eD K They never $o out1 They are at ho#e all the ti#e1 !J al+ays-not 7every ti#e7% K Every ti#e " see you9 you look different1 !J each ti#e9 on every occasion% @p ,. 5N"T -. -.1 Co#plete these sentences +ith all9 everythin$ or everybody6everyone1 1 "t +as a $ood party1 PEverybodyP enAoyed it1 &1 PAllP "7ve eaten today is a sand+ich1 '1 --- has $ot their faults1 Nobody is perfect1 (1 Nothin$ has chan$ed --- is the sa#e as it +as1 )1 8ar$aret told #e --- about her ne+ Aob1 "t sounds ;uite interestin$1

*1 Can --- +rite their na#es on a piece of paper please2 ,1 3hy are you al+ays thinkin$ about #oney2 8oney isn7t ---1 -1 " didn7t have #uch #oney +ith #e1 --- " had +as ten pounds1 .1 3hen the fire alar# ran$9 --- left the buildin$ i##ediately1 /1 She didn7t say +here she +as $oin$1 --- she said +as that she +as $oin$ a+ay1 1 3e have co#pletely different opinions1 " disa$ree +ith --- she says1 &1 3e all did +ell in the exa#ination --- in our class passed1 '1 3e all did +ell in the exa#ination --- of us passed1 (1 3hy are you so laNy2 3hy do you expect #e to do --- for you2 -.1& 3rite sentences +ith +hole1 1 " read the book fro# be$innin$ to end1 " Pread the +hole book1P &1 Everyone in the tea# played +ell1 The ---1 '1 Paul opened a box of chocolates1 3hen he finished eatin$9 there +ere no chocolates left in the box1 0e ate ---1 (1 The police ca#e to the house1 They +ere lookin$ for so#ethin$1 They searched every+here9 every roo#1 They ---1 )1 Ann +orked fro# early in the #ornin$ until late in the evenin$1 ---1 *1 Everyone in =ave and Hudy7s fa#ily plays tennis1 =ave and Hudy play9 and so do all their children1 The ---1 ,1 Hack and Hill +ent on holiday to the seaside for a +eek1 "t rained fro# the be$innin$ of the +eek to the end1 "t ---1 No+ +rite sentences ) and , a$ain usin$ all instead of +hole1 -1 !)% Ann ---1 .1 !,% ---1 -.1' Co#plete these sentences usin$ every +ith one of the follo+in$D five #inutes ten #inutes four hours six #onths four years 9 The bus service is very $ood1 There7s a bus Pevery ten #inutesP1 &1 To# is ill1 0e has so#e #edicine1 0e has to take it ---1 '1 The Oly#pic Ia#es take place ---1 (1 3e live near a busy airport1 A plane flies over our house ---1

)1 "t7s a $ood idea to have a check-up +ith the dentist ---1 -.1( 3hich is the correct alternative2 1 "7ve spent Pthe +hole #oney6all the #oneyP you $ave #e1 !all the #oney is correct% &1 Sue +orks Pevery day6all daysP except Sunday1 '1 "7# tired1 "7ve been +orkin$ hard Pall the day6all day1P (1 "t +as a terrible fire1 P3hole buildin$6The +hole buildin$P +as destroyed1 )1 "7ve been tryin$ to phone her all day but Pevery ti#e6all the ti#eP " phone her the line is en$a$ed1 *1 don7t like the +eather here1 "t rains Pevery ti#e6all the ti#e1P ,1 3hen " +as on holiday9 Pall #y lu$$a$e6#y +hole lu$$a$eP +as stolen1 @p -/ 5N"T ./ Each and every A1 Each and every are si#ilar in #eanin$1 Often it is possible to use each or everyD K Each ti#e !or Every ti#e% " see you9 you took different1 K There7s a telephone in each roo# !or every roo#% of the house1 But each and every are not exactly the sa#e1 Study the differenceD T 3e use each +hen +e think of thin$s separately9 one by one1 K Study each sentence carefully1 !J study the sentences one by one% Each is #ore usual for a s#all nu#berD K There +ere four books on the table1 Each book +as a different colour1 K !in a card $a#e% At the be$innin$ of the $a#e9 each player has three cards1 T& 3e use every +hen +e think of thin$s as a $roup1 The #eanin$ is si#ilar to all1 K Every sentence #ust have a verb1 !J all sentences in $eneral% Every is #ore usual for a lar$e nu#berD K Carol loves readin$1 She has read every book in the library1 !Jall the books% K " +ould like to visit every country in the +orld1 !Jall the

countries% Each !but not every% can be used for t+o thin$sD K "n a football #atch9 each tea# has players1 !not 7every tea#7% 3e use every !not each% to say ho+ often so#ethin$ happensD K 70o+ often do you $o shoppin$27 7Every day17 !not 7each day7% K There7s a bus every ten #inutes1 !not 7each ten #inutes7% B1 Co#pare the structures +e use +ith each and everyD T Eou can use each +ith a nounD each book9 each student Eou can use each alone !+ithout a noun%D K None of the roo#s +as the sa#e1 Each +as different1 !J each roo#% Or you can use each oneD K Each one +as different1 Eou can say each of !the1116these111 etc1%D K :ead each of these sentences carefully1 K Each of the books is a different colour1 Also each of us6you6the#D K Each of the# is a different colour1 T& Eou can use every +ith a nounD every book9 every student9 Eou can say every one !but not every alone%D K 70ave you read all these books27 7Ees9 every one17 Eou can say every one of 111 !but not 7every of 1117% K "7ve read every one of those books1 !not 7every of those books7% K "7ve read every one of the#1 C1 Eou can also use each in the #iddle or at the end of a sentence1 4or exa#pleD K The students +ere each $iven a book1 !JEach student +as $iven a book1% K These oran$es cost &) pence each1 =1 Everyone and every one Everyone !one +ord% is only for people !J7everybody7%1 Every one !t+o +ords% is for thin$s or people9 and is si#ilar to each one !see Section B%D K Everyone enAoyed the party1 !JEverybody111% K 0e is invited to lots of parties and he $oes to every one1 !Jto

every party% @p EME:C"SES ./1 Fook at the pictures and co#plete the sentences +ith each or every1 1 PEachP1 player has three cards1 &1 Carol has read --- book in the library1 '1 --- side of a s;uare is the sa#e len$th1 (1 --- seat in the theatre +as taken1 )1 --- apart#ent has a balcony1 *1 There7s a train to Fondon --- hour1 ,1 She +as +earin$ four rin$s-one on --- fin$er1 -1 Our football tea# has been very successful1 3e7ve +on --$a#e this season1 ./1& Put in each or every1 1 There +ere four books on the table1 PEachP book +as a different colour1 &1 The Oly#pic Ia#es are held PeveryP four years1 '1 --- parent +orries about their children1 (1 "n a $a#e of tennis there are t+o or four players1 --- player has a racket1 )1 Nicola plays volleyball --- Thursday evenin$1 *1 " understood #ost of +hat they said but not --- +ord1 ,1 The book is divided into five parts and --- of these has three sections1 -1 " $et paid --- four +eeks1 .1 3e had a $reat +eekend1 " enAoyed --- #inute of it1 /1 " tried to phone her t+o or three ti#es9 but --- ti#e there +as no reply1 1 Car seat belts save lives --- driver should +ear one1 &1 !fro# an exa#ination paper% Ans+er all five ;uestions1 Be$in your ans+er to --- ;uestion on a separate sheet of paper1 ./1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ each1 1 The price of one of those oran$es is &) pence1 Those Poran$e are &) pence each1P &1 " had ten pounds and so did Sonia1 Sonia and " ---1

'1 One of those postcards costs (/ pence1 Those ---1 (1 The hotel +as expensive1 " paid f(/ and so did you1 3e ---1 ./1( Put in everyone !one +ord% or every one !t+o +ords%1 1 0e7s invited to a lot of parties and he $oes to Pevery one1P &1 As soon as --- had arrived9 +e be$an the #eetin$1 '1 " asked her lots of ;uestions and she ans+ered --- correctly1 (1 She7s very popular --- likes her1 )1 " dropped a tray of $lasses1 5nfortunately --- broke1 @p -( 5N"T . :elative clauses ! %--clauses +ith +ho6that6+hich A1 Fook at this exa#ple sentenceD The +o#an P+ho lives nextP!relative clause% door is a doctor1 A clause is a part of a sentence1 A relative clause tells us +hich person or thin$ !or +hat kind of person or thin$% the speaker #eansD K The +o#an +ho lives next door 111 !7+ho lives next door7 tells us +hich +o#an% K People +ho live in Fondon 111 !7+ho live in Fondon7 tells us +hat kind of people% 3e use +ho in a relative clause +hen +e are talkin$ about people !not thin$s%1 3e use +ho instead of he6she6theyD the +o#an--she lives next door--is a doctor -O The +o#an +ho lives next door is a doctor1 +e kno+ a lot of people--they live in Fondon -O 3e kno+ a lot of people +ho live in Fondon1 K An architect is so#eone +ho desi$ns buildin$s1 K 3hat +as the na#e of the #an +ho lent you the #oney2 K Anyone +ho +ants to do the exa# #ust enter before next 4riday1 Eou can also use that !instead of +ho%D K The #an that lives next door is very friendly1 But so#eti#es you #ust use +ho !not 7that7% for people - see 5nit .(1 B1 3hen +e are talkin$ about thin$s9 +e use that or +hich!not 7+ho7% in a relative clauseD +here is the cheese2 - it +as in the frid$e

-O 3here is the cheese that +as in the frid$e2 -O 3here is the cheese +hich +as in the frid$e2 K " don7t like stories that have unhappy endin$s1 !or 111 stories +hich have 111% K Barbara +orks for a co#pany that #akes +ashin$ #achines1 !or 111 a co#pany +hich #akes111% K The #achine that broke do+n has no+ been repaired1 !or The #achine +hich broke do+n 111% That is #ore usual than +hich1 But so#eti#es you #ust use +hich !not 7that7%--see 5nit .(1 C1 Eou cannot use +hat in sentences like theseD K1 Everythin$ that happened +as #y fault1 !not 7Everythin$ +hat happened1117% 3hat J 7the thin$!s% that7C K 3hat happened +as #y fault1 !Jthe thin$ that happened% =1 :e#e#ber that in relative clauses +e use +ho6that6+hich instead of he6she6they6it1 So +e sayD K =o you kno+ the +o#an +ho lives next door2 !not 7111the +o#an she lives next door7% @p -' EME:C"SES . 1 "n this exercise you have to explain +hat so#e +ords #ean1 Choose the ri$ht #eanin$ fro# the box and then +rite a sentence +ith +ho1 5se a dictionary if necessary1 he6she steals fro# a shop he6she desi$ns buildin$s he6she doesn7t believe in Iod he6she is not brave he6she buys so#ethin$ fro# a shop he6she pays rent to live in a house or flat he6she breaks into a house to steal thin$s he6she no lon$er +orks and $ets #oney fro# the state 1 !an architect% PArchitect is so#eone +ho desi$ns buildin$s1P &1 !a bur$lar% PA bur$lar is so#eone ---1 '1 !a custo#er% ---1

(1 !a shoplifter% ---1 )1 !a co+ard% ---1 *1 !an atheist% ---1 ,1 !a pensioner% ---1 -1 !a tenant% ---1 . 1& 8ake one sentence fro# t+o1 5se +ho6that6+hich1 1 A $irl +as inAured in the accident1 She is no+ in hospital1 PThe $irl +ho +as inAured in the accident is no+ in1 hospital1P &1 A #an ans+ered the phone1 0e told #e you +ere a+ay1 The #an ---1 '1 A +aitress served us1 She +as very i#polite and i#patient1 The ---1 (1 A buildin$ +as destroyed in the fire1 "t has no+ been rebuilt1 ---1 )1 So#e people +ere arrested1 They have no+ been released1 The ---1 *1 A bus $oes to the airport1 "t runs every half hour1 ---1 . 1' Co#plete the sentences1 Choose the #ost suitable endin$ fro# the box and #ake it into a relative clause1 he invented the telephone she runs a+ay fro# ho#e hey are never on ti#e they +ere on the +all it #akes +ashin$ #achines it $ives you the #eanin$ of +ords it +on the race they stole #y car it can support life it cannot be explained 1 Barbara +orks for a co#pany Pthat #akes +ashin$ #achines1P &1 The book is about a $irl ---1 '1 3hat +as the na#e of the horse ---1 (1 The police have cau$ht the #en ---1 )1 Alexander Bell +as the #an ---1 *1 3hat7s happened to the pictures ---1

,1 A #ystery is so#ethin$ ---1 -1 A dictionary is a book ---1 .1 " don7t like people ---1 /1 "t see#s that Earth is the only planet ---1 @p -( 5N"T .& :elative clauses !&%--clauses +ith or +ithout +ho6that6+hich A1 Fook a$ain at these exa#ple sentences fro# 5nit . D K The +o#an U+hoV lives next door is a doctor1 !or The +o#an that lives111% UThe +o#anV lives next door1 +ho!J the +o#an% is the subAect K 3here is the cheese UthatV +as in the frid$e2 !or 111 the cheese +hich +as111% UThe cheeseV +as in the frid$e1 that!J the cheese% is the subAect Eou #ust use +ho6that6+hich +hen it is the subAect of the relative clause1 Eou cannot say 7The +o#an lives next door is a doctor7 or 73here is the cheese +as in the frid$e27 B1 So#eti#es +ho6that6+hich is the obAect of the verb1 4or exa#pleD K1 The +o#an U+hoV " +anted to see +as a+ay on holiday1 " +anted to see Uthe +o#anV1 +ho!J the +o#an% is the obAect1 " is the subAect K 0ave you found the keys UthatV you lost2 Eou lost Uthe keysV1 that!J the keys% is the obAect1 you is the subAect 3hen +ho6that6+hich is the obAect9 you can leave it out1 So you can sayD K The +o#an " +anted to see +as a+ay1 or The +o#an +ho " +anted to see111 K 0ave you found the keys you lost2 or 111 the keys that you lost2 K The dress Ann bou$ht doesn7t fit her very +ell1 or The dress that Ann bou$ht111 K "s there anythin$ " can do2 or 111 anythin$ that " can do2 Note that +e sayD the keys you lost !not 7the keys you lost the#7% the dress Ann bou$ht !not 7bou$ht it7%

C1 Notice the position of prepositions!in6at6+ith etc1% in relative clausesD do you kno+ the +o#an2--To# is talkin$ UtoV her -O =o you kno+ the +o#an !+ho6that% To# is talkin$ UtoV2 the bed--" slept UinV it last ni$ht - +asn7t very co#fortable -O The bed !that6+hich% " slept in last ni$ht +asn7t very co#fortable1 K Are these the keys !that6+hich% you +ere lookin$ for2 K The +o#an !+ho6that% he fell in love +ith left hi# after a fe+ +eeks1 K The #an !+ho6that% " +as sittin$ next to on the plane talked all the ti#e1 "n all these exa#ples9 you can leave out +ho6that6+hich1 Note that +e sayD the books you +ere lookin$ for !not 7the books you +ere lookin$ for the#7% =1 Eou cannot use +hat in sentences like theseD K Everythin$ !that% they said +as true1 !not 7Everythin$ +hat they said 1117% K " $ave her all the #oney !that% " had1 !not 7111 all the #oney +hat " had7% 3hat J the thin$!s% thatD K =id you hear +hat they said2 !J the thin$s that they said% @p -) EME:C"SES .&1 "n so#e of these sentences you don7t need +ho or that1 "f you don7t need these +ords9 put the# in brackets like thisD !+ho% !that%1 1 The +o#an +ho lives next door is a doctor1 !7+ho7 is necessary in this sentence% &1 0ave you found the keys !that% you lost1 !in this sentence you don7t need 7that7% '1 The people +ho +e #et at the party +ere very friendly1 (1 The people +ho +ork in the office are very friendly1 )1 The people +ho " talked to +ere very friendly1 *1 3hat have you done +ith the #oney that " $ave you2

,1 3hat happened to the #oney that +as on the table2 =id you take it2 -1 "t +as an a+ful fil#1 "t +as the +orst fil# that "7ve ever seen1 .1 "t +as an a+ful experience1 "t +as the +orst thin$ that has ever happened to #e1 .&1& Co#plete these sentences +ith a relative clause1 5se the sentences in the box to #ake your relative clauses1 +e hired a car you7re $oin$ to see a fil# " invited so#e people to the par Ann is +earin$ a dress you had to do so#e +ork To# reco##ended a hotel to us you lost Sa#e keys +e +anted to visit a #useu# 1 0ave you found the keys Pyou lost 2P &1 like the dress --- +as shut +hen +e $ot there1 '1 The #useu# ---2 (1 3hat7s the na#e of the fil# --- couldn7t co#e1 )1 So#e of the people ---2 *1 0ave you finished the +ork ---2 ,1 The car --- broke do+n after a fe+ #iles1 -1 3e stayed at a hotel ---1 .&1' Co#plete these sentences usin$ a relative clause +ith a preposition1 +e +ent to a party last ni$ht you can rely on Ieor$e +e +ere invited to a +eddin$ " +ork +ith a nu#ber of people " applied for a Aob you told #e about a hotel you +ere lookin$ for so#e keys " sa+ you +ith a #an 1 Are these the keys Pyou +ere lookin$ for2P &1 5nfortunately +e couldn7t $o to the +eddin$ ---1 '1 " enAoy #y Aob1 " like the people ---1

(1 3hat7s the na#e of that hotel ---2 )1 The party --- +asn7t very enAoyable1 *1 " didn7t $et the Aob ---1 ,1 Ieor$e is a $ood person to kno+1 0e7s so#ebody ---1 -1 3ho +as that #an --- in the restaurant2 .&1( Put in that or +hat1 "f the sentence is co#plete +ith or +ithout that9 +rite !that%--in brackets1 1 " $ave her all the #oney PthatP " had1 &1 They $ive their children everythin$ --- they +ant1 '1 Tell #e --- you +ant and "7ll try to $et it for you1 (1 3hy do you bla#e #e for everythin$ --- $oes +ron$2 )1 " +on7t be able to do #uch but "7ll do the best --- " can1 *1 " can only lend you ten pounds1 "t7s all --- "7ve $ot1 ,1 " don7t a$ree +ith --- you7ve Aust said1 -1 " don7t trust hi#1 " don7t believe anythin$ --- he says1 @p -* 5N"T .' :elative clauses !'%--+hose6+ho#6+here A1 3hose 3e use +hose in relative clauses instead of his6her6theirD +e sa+ so#e people - UtheirV car had broken do+n -O 3e sa+ so#e people U+hoseV car had broken do+n1 3e use +hose #ostly for peopleD K A +ido+ is a +o#an +hose husband is dead1 !her husband is dead% K 3hat7s the na#e of the #an +hose car you borro+ed2 !you borro+ed his car% K A fe+ days a$o " #et so#eone +hose brother " +ent to school +ith1 H +ent to school +ith his6her brother% Co#pare +ho and +hoseD K " #et a #an +ho kno+s you1 !be kno+s you% K " #et a #an +hose sister kno+s you1 !his sister kno+s you% B1 3ho# 3ho# is possible instead of +ho +hen it is the obAect of the verb in the relative clause !like the sentences in 5nit .&B%D K The +o#an +ho# " +anted to see +as a+ay on holiday1 !" +anted to see her%

Eou can also use +ho# +ith a preposition !to +ho#6fro# +ho#6+ith +ho# etc1%D K The +o#an +ith +ho# he fell in love left hi# after a fe+ +eeks1 !he fell in love +ith her% But +e do not often use +ho#1 "n spoken En$lish +e usually prefer +ho or that9 or nothin$ !see 5nit .&%1 So +e usually sayD K The #an " sa+1 or The #an +ho6that " sa+1 K The +o#an he fell in love +ith1 or The +o#an +ho6that he fell in love +ith1 4or +ho# see also 5nits .(-.)1 C1 3here Eou can use +here in a relative clause to talk about a placeD the hotel--+e stayed UthereV--+asn7t very clean -O The hotel UthereV +e stayed +asn7t very clean1 K " recently +ent back to the to+n +here " +as born1 !or 111 the to+n " +as born in1 or 111 the to+n that " +as born in1% K " +ould like to live in a country +here there is plenty of sunshine1 =1 3e sayD the day6the year6the ti#e!etc1% so#ethin$ happens or the day6the year6the ti#e!etc1% that so#ethin$ happens K =o you still re#e#ber the day !that% +e first #et2 K The last ti#e !that% " sa+ her9 she looked very +ell1 K " haven7t seen the# since the year !that% they $ot #arried1 E1 3e sayD the reason so#ethin$ happens or the reason that6+hy so#ethin$ happens K The reason "7# phonin$ you is to invite you to a party1 !or The reason that "7# phonin$ 1116The reason +hy "7# phonin$ 111% @p -, EME:C"SES .'1 Eou #et these people at a partyD 8y #other +rites detective stories1 8y +ife is an En$lish teacher1 " +on a restaurant1 8y a#bition is to li#b Everest1

3e7ve Aust " $ot #arried1 8y parents used to +ork in a circus1 Fater you tell a friend about the people you #et1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ +ho 111 or +hose 111 1 " #et so#ebody P+hose #other +rites detective stories1 &1 " #et a #an ---1 '1 " #et a +o#an ---1 (1 " #et so#ebody ---1 )1 " #et a couple ---1 *1 " #et so#ebody ---1 .'1& Co#plete the sentences1 5se the sentences in the box to #ake relative clauses +ith +here1 " can buy so#e postcards there Ann bou$ht a dress there Hohn is stayin$ there " +as born there +e can have a really $ood #eal there +e had the car repaired there 1 " recently +ent back to the to+n P+here " +as born1P &1 =o you kno+ a restaurant ---2 '1 "s there a shop near here ---2 (1 " can7t re#e#ber the na#e of the $ara$e ---1 )1 =o you kno+ the na#e of the hotel ---2 *1 Ann bou$ht a dress +hich didn7t fit her9 so she took it back to the shop ---1 .'1' Co#plete each sentence usin$ +ho6+ho#6+hose6+here1 1 3hat7s the na#e of the #an P+hoP car you borro+ed2 &1 A ce#etery is a place --- people are buried1 '1 A pacifist is a person --- believes that all +ars are +ron$1 (1 An orphan is a child --- parents are dead1 )1 The place --- +e spent our holidays +as really beautiful1 *1 This school is only for children --- first lan$ua$e is not En$lish1 ,1 don7t kno+ the na#e of the +o#an to --- " spoke on the phone1 .'1( 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 They are like the ones in Sections = and E1

1 "7ll al+ays re#e#ber the day P" first #et you1P &1 "7ll never for$et the ti#e ---1 '1 The reason --- +as that " didn7t kno+ your address1 (1 5nfortunately " +asn7t at ho#e the evenin$ ---1 )1 The reason --- is that they don7t need one1 *1 .-. +as the year ---1 @p -5nit .( :elative clauses!(%--7extra infor#ation7 clauses ! % A1 There are t+o types of relative clause1 "n these exa#ples9 the relative clauses are underlined1 Co#pareD T Type K The +o#an P+ho lives next doorP is a doctor1 K Barbara +orks for a co#pany Pthat #akes +ashin$ #achines1P K 3e stayed at the hotel P!that% Ann reco##ended to us1P "n these exa#ples9 the relative clause tells you +hich person or thin$ !or +hat kind of person or thin$% the speaker #eansD 7The +o#an +ho lives next door7 tells us +hich +o#an1 7A co#pany that #akes +ashin$ #achines7 tells us +hat kind of co#pany1 7The hotel !that% Ann reco##ended tells us +hich hotel1 3e do not use co##as !9% +ith these clausesD K 3e kno+ a lot of people P+ho live in Fondon1P !+hat kind of people% T& Type & K 8y brother Hi#9 P+ho lives in FondonP9 is a doctor1 K Colin told #e about his ne+ Aob9 P+hich he7s enAoyin$ very #uch1P K 3e stayed at the Irand 0otel9 P+hich Ann reco##ended to us1P "n these exa#ples9 the relative clauses do not tell you +hich person or thin$ the speaker #eans1 3e already kno+ +hich thin$ or person is #eantD 78y brother Hi#79 7Colin7s ne+ Aob7 and 7the Irand 0otel71 The relative clauses in these sentences $ive us extra infor#ation about the person or thin$1 3e use co##as !9% in these clausesD K 8y brother Hi#9 P+ho lives in FondonP9 is a doctor1 !extra infor#ation about Hi#%

B1 "n both types of relative clause +e use +ho for people and +hich for thin$s1 ButD T Type Eou can use thatD K =o you kno+ anyone +ho6that speaks 4rench and "talian2 K Barbara +orks for a co#pany +hich6that #akes +ashin$ #achines1 Eou can leave out that6+ho6+hich +hen it is the obAect !see 5nit .&%D K 3e stayed at the hotel !that6+hich% Ann reco##ended1 K This #ornin$ " #et so#ebody !that6+ho% " hadn7t seen for a$es1 3e do not often use +ho# in this type of clause !see 5nit .'B%1 T& Type & Eou cannot use thatD K Hohn9 +ho !not 7that7% speaks 4rench and "talian9 +orks as a tourist $uide1 K Colin told #e about his ne+ Aob9 +hich !not 7that7% he7s enAoyin$ very #uch1 Eou cannot leave out +ho or +hichD K 3e stayed at the Irand 0otel9 +hich Ann reco##ended to us1 Eou can use +ho# !+hen it is the obAect%D K This #ornin$ " #et =iane9 +ho# !or +ho% " hadn7t seen for a$es1 "n both types of relative clause you can use +hose and +hereD K 3e #et so#e people +hose car had broken do+n1 K 3hat7s the na#e of the place +here you spent your holiday2 K A#y9 +hose car had broken do+n9 +as in a very bad #ood1 K 8rs Bond is $oin$ to spend a fe+ +eeks in S+eden9 +here her dau$hter lives1 @p -. EME:C"SES .(1 8ake one sentence fro# t+o1 5se the sentence in brackets to #ake a relative clause !Type &%1 So#eti#es the clause $oes in the #iddle of the sentence9 so#eti#es at the end1 Eou +ill need to use +ho!#%6+hose6+hich6+here1 1 Ann is very friendly1 !She lives next door1% PAnn9 +ho lives next

door9 is very friendly1P &1 3e stayed at the Irand 0otel1 !Ann reco##ended it to us1% P3e stayed at the Irand 0otel9 +hich Ann reco##ended to us1P '1 3e +ent to Sandra7s party1 !3e enAoyed it very #uch1% 3e +ent to Sandra7s party ---1 (1 +ent to see the doctor1 !0e told #e to rest for a fe+ days1% ---1 )1 Hohn is one of #y closest friends1 !" have kno+n hi# for a very lon$ ti#e1% Hohn ---1 *1 Sheila is a+ay fro# ho#e a lot1 !0er Aob involves a lot of travellin$1% ---1 ,1 The ne+ stadiu# +ill be opened next #onth1 !"t can hold ./9/// people1% The ---1 -1 3e often $o to visit our friends in Bristol1 !"t is only '/ #iles a+ay1% ---1 .1 Ilas$o+ is the lar$est city in Scotland1 !8y brother lives there1% ---1 .(1& :ead the infor#ation and co#plete the sentences1 5se a relative clause1 So#eti#es the clause tells us +hich thin$ or person !Type %C so#eti#es it only $ives us extra infor#ation !Type &%1 5se co##as +here necessary1 1 There7s a +o#an livin$ next door1 She7s a doctor1 The +o#an P+ho lives next door is a doctor1P &1 "7ve $ot a brother called Hi#1 0e lives in Fondon1 0e7s a doctor1 8y brother Hi#9 P+ho lives in Fondon9 is a doctor1P '1 There +as a strike at the car factory1 "t lasted ten days1 "t is no+ over1 The strike at the car factory ---1 (1 " +as lookin$ for a book this #ornin$1 "7ve found it no+1 "7ve found ---1 )1 Fondon +as once the lar$est city in the +orld9 but the population is no+ fallin$1 The population of Fondon ---1 *1 A Aob +as advertised1 A lot of people applied for it1 4e+ of the# had the necessary ;ualifications1 4e+ of ---1 ,1 8ar$aret has a son1 She sho+ed #e a photo$raph of hi#1 0e7s

a police#an1 8ar$aret sho+ed #e ---1 .(1' "n so#e of these sentences you can use +hich or thatC in others9 only +hich is possible1 Cross out that if only +hich is possible1 Also9 put co##as!9% +here necessary1 1 Hane +orks for a co#pany P+hich6thatP #akes shoes1 !both possible9 no co##as% &1 Colin told #e about his ne+ Aob9 P+hich6thatP he7s enAoyin$ very #uch1 !only +hich is possibleC co##a necessary% '1 8y office P+hich6thatP is on the second floor of the buildin$ is very s#all1 (1 The office P+hich6thatP "7# usin$ at the #o#ent is very s#all1 )1 She told #e her address P+hich6thatP " +rote do+n on a piece of paper1 *1 There are so#e +ords P+hich6thatP are very difficult to translate1 ,1 The sun P+hich6thatP is one of #illions of stars in the universe provides us +ith heat and li$ht1 @p ./ 5N"T .) :elative clauses !)%--7extra infor#ation7 clauses !&% A1 Prepositions @ +ho#6+hich "n 7extra infor#ation7 clauses !see 5nit .(-Type &% you can use a preposition before +ho# !for people% and +hich !for thin$s%1 So you can sayD to +ho#6+ith +ho#6about +hich6for +hich etc1D K 8r Carter9 to +ho# " spoke on the phone last ni$ht9 is very interested in our plan1 K 4ortunately +e had a #ap9 +ithout +hich +e +ould have $ot lost1 "n spoken En$lish +e often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause1 3hen +e do this9 +e nor#ally use +ho !not 7+ho#7% for peopleD K This is 8r Carter9 +ho " +as tellin$ you about1 K Eesterday +e visited the City 8useu#9 +hich "7d never been to before1

B1 All of6#ost of etc1 @ +ho#6+hich Study these exa#plesD 8ary has three brothers1 All of the# are #arried1 !& sentences% -O 8ary has three brothers9 all of +ho# are #arried1 ! sentence% They asked #e a lot of ;uestions1 " couldn7t ans+er #ost of the#1 !& sentences% -O They asked #e a lot of ;uestions9 #ost of +hich " couldn7t ans+er1 ! sentence% "n the sa#e +ay you can sayD none of6neither of6any of6either of @ +ho# !people% none of6neither of6any of6either of +hich !thin$s% so#e of6#any of6#uch of6!a% fe+ of @ +hich !thin$s% so#e of6#any of6#uch of6!a% fe+ of +ho# !people both of6half of6each of6one of6t+o of !etc1% @ +ho# !people% both of6half of6each of6one of6t+o of !etc1% @ +hich !thin$s% K To# tried on three Aackets9 none of +hich fitted hi#1 K T+o #en9 neither of +ho# " had ever seen before9 ca#e into #y office1 K They7ve $ot three cars9 t+o of +hich they never use1 K Sue has a lot of friends9 #any of +ho# she +as at school +ith1 C1 3hich !not 7+hat7% Study this exa#pleD UHi# passed his drivin$ test1V UThisV surprised everybody1 !& sentences% UHi# passed his drivin$ test9V PU+hichV surprised everybody1P!relative clause%! sentence% "n this exa#ple9 +hich J 7the fact that he passed his drivin$ test71 Eou #ust use +hich !not 7+hat7% in sentences like theseD K Sheila couldn7t co#e to the party9 +hich +as a pity1 !not 7111+hat +as a pity7% K The +eather +as very $ood9 +hich +e hadn7t expected1 !not 7111+hat +e hadn7t expected7% 4or +hat9 see also 5nits . C and .&=1 @p . EME:C"SES

.)1 8ake t+o sentences fro# one usin$ a relative clause1 5se the sentence in brackets to #ake the relative clause1 1 8r Carter is very interested in our plan1 !" spoke to hi# on the phone last ni$ht1% P8r Carter9 to +ho# " spoke on the phone last ni$ht9 is very interested in our plan1P &1 This is a photo$raph of our friends1 !3e +ent on holiday +ith these friends1% This is a photo$raph ---1 '1 The +eddin$ took place last 4riday1 !Only #e#bers of the fa#ily +ere invited to it1% The +eddin$ ---1 (1 Sheila finally arrived1 !3e had been +aitin$ for her1% )1 3e cli#bed to the top of the to+er1 !3e had a beautiful vie+ fro# there1% .)1& 3rite sentences +ith all of6#ost of etc1 @ +ho#6+hich1 1 8ary has three brothers1 !All of her brothers are #arried1% P8ary has three brothers9 all of +ho# are #arried1P &1 3e +ere $iven a lot of infor#ation1 !8ost of the infor#ation +as useless1% 3e +ere $iven ---1 '1 There +ere a lot of people at the party1 !" had #et only a fe+ of these people before1% (1 " have sent her t+o letters1 !She has received neither of these letters1% )1 Ten people applied for the Aob1 !None of these people +ere suitable1% *1 Gate has $ot t+o cars1 !She hardly ever uses one of the#1% ,1 Nor#an +on )/9/// pounds1 !0e $ave half of this to his parents1% -1 Hulia has t+o sisters1 !Both of her sisters are teachers1% .)1' Aoin a sentence fro# Box A +ith a sentence fro# Box B to #ake a ne+ sentence1 5se +hich1 AD 1 Sheila couldn7t co#e to party1 &1 Hill isn7t on the phone1

'1 Nell has passed his exa#inations1 (1 Our fli$ht +as delayed1 )1 Ann offered to let #e stay in her house1 *1 The street " live in is very noisy at ni$ht1 ,1 Our car has broken do+n1 BD 1 This +as very nice of her1 &1 This #eans +e can7t $o a+ay to#orro+1 '1 This #akes it difficult to contact her1 (1 This #akes it difficult to steep1 )1 This +as a pity1 *1 This is $ood ne+s1 ,1 This #eant +e had to +ait four hours at the airport1 1 Sheila couldn7t co#e to the party9 P+hich +as a pity1P &1 Hill isn7t ---1 '1 ---1 (1 ---1 )1 ---1 *1 ---1 ,1 ---1 @p .& 5N"T .* >in$ and >ed clauses !the +o#an talkin$ to To#9 the boy inAured in the accident% A1 A clause is a part of a sentence1 So#e clauses be$in +ith >in$ or >ed1 4or exa#pleD =o you kno+ the +o#an Ptalkin$ to To#2P!>in$ clause% The boy PinAured in the accidentP!>ed clause% +as taken to hospital B1 3e use >in$ clauses to say +hat so#ebody !or so#ethin$% is doin$ !or +as doin$% at a particular ti#eD K =o you kno+ the +o#an talkin$ to To#2 !the +o#an is talkin$ to To#% K Police investi$atin$ the cri#e are lookin$ for three #en1 !police are investi$atin$ the cri#e% K 3ho +ere those people +aitin$ outside2 !they +ere +aitin$% K " +as +oken up by a bell rin$in$1 !a bell +as rin$in$%

3hen you are talkin$ about thin$s !and so#eti#es people%9 you can use an >in$ clause to say +hat so#ethin$ does all the ti#e9 not Aust at a particular ti#e1 4or exa#pleD K The road Aoinin$ the t+o villa$es is very narro+1 !the road Aoins the t+o villa$es% K live in a pleasant roo# overlookin$ the $arden1 !the roo# overlooks the $arden% K Can you think of the na#e of a flo+er be$innin$ +ith 7T72 !the na#e be$ins +ith 7T7% C1 >ed clauses have a passive #eanin$D K The boy inAured in the accident +as taken to hospital1 !the boy +as inAured in the accident% K So#e of the people invited to the party can7t co#e1 !the people have been invited to the party% "nAured and invited are past participles1 8any verbs have past participles that do not end in >ed !#ade9 bou$ht9 stolen etc1%D K 8ost of the $oods #ade in this factory are exported1 !the $oods are #ade1 K The police never found the #oney stolen in the robbery1 !the #oney +as stolen% Eou can use left in this +ay9 +ith the #eanin$ 7not used9 still there7D K 3e7ve spent nearly all our #oney1 3e7ve only $ot a little left1 4or irre$ular past participles9 see Appendix 1 =1 3e often use >in$ and >ed clauses after there is6there +as etc1D K There +ere so#e children s+i##in$ in the river1 K "s there anybody +aitin$2 K There +as a bi$ red car parked outside the house1 @p .' EME:C"SES .*1 8ake one sentence fro# t+o1 5se the infor#ation in brackets to #ake an >in$ clause1 So#eti#es the >in$ clause $oes in the #iddle of the ne+ sentenceC so#eti#es it $oes at the end1 1 " +as +oken up by a bell1 !The bell +as rin$in$1% P" +as +oken up by a bell rin$in$1P

&1 didn7t talk #uch to the #an1 !The #an +as sittin$ next to #e on the plane1% '1 The taxi broke do+n1 !The taxi +as takin$ us to the airport1% The ---1 (1 At the end of the street there is a path1 !The path leads to the river1% )1 A ne+ factory has Aust opened in the to+n1 !The factory e#ploys )// people1% *1 The co#pany sent #e a brochure1 !The brochure contained all the infor#ation " needed1% .*1& 8ake one sentence fro# t+o9 be$innin$ as sho+n1 Each ti#e #ake an >ed clause1 1 A boy +as inAured in the accident1 0e +as taken to hospital1 PThe boy inAured in the accident +as taken to hospital1P1 &1 A +indo+ +as broken in the stor# last ni$ht1 "t has no+ been repaired1 The +indo+ --- repaired1 '1 A nu#ber of su$$estions +ere #ade at the #eetin$1 8ost of the# +ere not very practical1 8ost of the su$$estions ---1 (1 So#e paintin$s +ere stolen fro# the #useu#1 They haven7t been found yet1 The ---1 )1 A #an +as arrested by the police1 3hat +as his na#e2 3hat +as the na#e ---1 .*1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ verbs in the correct for#D blo+ call invite live offer read rin$ sit study +ork 1 " +as +oken up by a bell Prin$in$1P &1 A lot of the people PinvitedP to the party cannot co#e1 '1 Fife #ust be very unpleasant for people --- near busy airports1 (1 A fe+ days after the intervie+9 " received a letter --- #e the Aob1 )1 So#ebody --- Hack phoned +hile you +ere out1 *1 There +as a tree --- do+n in the stor# last ni$ht1 ,1 3hen " entered the +aitin$ roo# it +as e#pty except for a

youn$ #an --- by the +indo+ a #a$aNine1 -1 "an has $ot a brother --- in a bank in Fondon and a sister --econo#ics at university in 8anchester1 .*1( 5se the +ords in brackets to #ake sentences usin$ there is6there +as etc1 1 That house is e#pty1 !nobody6live6in it% PThere7s nobody livin$ in it1P &1 The accident +asn7t serious1 !nobody6inAure% PThere +as nobody inAured1P '1 " can hear footsteps1 !so#ebody6co#e% There ---1 (1 The train +as full1 !a lot of people6travel% )1 3e +ere the only $uests at the hotel1 !nobody else6stay there% *1 The piece of paper +as blank1 !nothin$6+rite6on it% ,1 There are re$ular En$lish courses at the colle$e1 !a course6be$in6next 8onday% @p .( 5N"T ., AdAectives endin$ in >in$ and >ed !borin$6bored etc1% A1 There are #any adAectives endin$ in >in$ and >ed1 4or exa#ple9 borin$ and bored1 Study this exa#ple situationD Hane has been doin$ the sa#e Aob for a very lon$ ti#e1 Every day she does exactly the sa#e thin$ a$ain and a$ain1 She doesn7t enAoy it any #ore and +ould like to do so#ethin$ different1 Hane7s Hob is borin$1 Hane is bored !+ith her Aob%1 So#ebody is bored if so#ethin$ !or so#ebody else % is borin$1 Or9 if so#ethin$ is borin$9 it #akes you bored1 SoD K Hane is bored because her Aob is borin$1 K Hane7s Aob is borin$9 so Hane is bored1 !not 7Hane is borin$7% "f a person is borin$9 this #eans that they #ake other people boredD K Ieor$e al+ays talks about the sa#e thin$s1 0e7s really borin$1 B1 Co#pare adAectives endin$ in >in$ and >edD Eou can sayD K 8y Aob borin$1

K 8y Aob interestin$1 K 8y Aob is tirin$1 K 8y Aob satisfyin$1 K 8y Aob depressin$1 !etc1% The >in$ adAective tells you about the Aob1 Eou can sayD K "7# bored +ith #y Aob1 K "7# not interested in #y Aob any #ore1 K "7# al+ays tired +hen " finish +ork1 K "7# not satisfied +ith #y Aob1 K 8y Aob #akes #e depressed1 !etc1% The >ed adAective tells you ho+ so#ebody feels !about the Aob%1 Co#pare these exa#plesD interestin$ K Hulia thinks politics is very interestin$1 K =id you #eet anyone interestin$ at the party2 surprisin$ K "t +as ;uite surprisin$ that he passed the exa#ination1 disappointin$ K The fil# +as disappointin$1 " expected it to be #uch better1 shockin$ K The ne+s +as shockin$1 interested K Hulia is very interested in politics1 !not 7interestin$ in politics7% K Are you interested in buyin$ a car2 "7# tryin$ to sell #ine1 surprised K Everybody +as surprised that he passed the exa#ination1 disappointed K " +as disappointed +ith the fil#1 " expected it to be #uch better1 shocked K 3e +ere very shocked +hen +e heard the ne+s1 @ .) EME:C"SES .,1 Co#plete the sentences for each situation1 5se the +ord $iven @ the endin$ >in$ or >ed1

1 The fil# +asn7t as $ood as +e had expected1 !disappoint-% a1 The fil# +as Pdisappointin$1P b1 3e +ere PdisappointedP +ith the fil#1 &1 =iana teaches youn$ children1 "t7s a very hard Aob but she enAoys it1 !exhaust-% a1 She enAoys her Aob but it7s often ---1 b1 At the end of a day7s +ork9 she is often ---1 '1 "t7s been rainin$ all day1 " hate this +eather1 !depress-% a1 This +eather is ---1 b1 This +eather #akes #e ---1 c1 "t7s silly to $et --- because of the +eather1 (1 Clare is $oin$ to the 5nited States next #onth1 She has never been there before1 !excit-% a1 "t +ill be an --- experience for her1 b1 Ioin$ to ne+ places is al+ays ---1 c1 She is really --- about $oin$ to the 5nited States1 .,1& Choose the correct +ord1 1 " +as Pdisappointin$6disappointedP +ith the fil#1 " had expected it to be better1 &1 Are you Pinterestin$6interestedP in football2 '1 The football #atch +as ;uite Pexcitin$6excitedP " enAoyed it1 (1 "t7s so#eti#es Pe#barrassin$6e#barrassedP +hen you have to ask people for #oney1 )1 =o you easily $et Pe#barrassin$6e#barrassed2P *1 " had never expected to $et the Aob1 " +as really Pa#aNin$6a#aNedP +hen " +as offered it1 ,1 She has really learnt very fast1 She has #ade Pastonishin$6astonishedP pro$ress1 -1 didn7t find the situation funny1 " +as not Pa#usin$6a#used1P .1 "t +as a really Pterrifyin$6terrifiedP experience1 After+ards everybody +as very Pshockin$6shocked1P / 3hy do you al+ays look so Pborin$6bored2P "s your life really so Pborin$6bored2P 1 0e7s one of the #ost Pborin$6boredP people "7ve ever #et1 0e never stops talkin$ and he never says anythin$ Pinterestin$6interested1P

.,1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the +ords in the box1 a#usin$6a#used confusin$6confused exhaustin$6exhausted annoyin$6annoyed dis$ustin$6dis$usted interestin$6interested borin$6bored excitin$6excited surprisin$6surprised 1 0e +orks very hard1 "t7s not Psurprisin$P that he7s al+ays tired1 &1 "7ve $ot nothin$ to do1 "7# ---1 '1 The teacher7s explanation +as ---1 8ost of the students didn7t understand it1 (1 The kitchen hadn7t been cleaned for a$es1 "t +as really ---1 )1 " seldo# visit art $alleries1 "7# not particularly --- in art1 *1 There7s no need to $et --- Aust because "7# a fe+ #inutes late1 ,1 The lecture +as ---1 " fell asleep1 -1 " asked E#ily if she +anted to co#e out +ith us but she +asn7t ---1 .1 "7ve been +orkin$ very hard all day and no+ "7# ---1 /1 "7# startin$ a ne+ Aob next +eek1 "7# ;uite --- about it1 1 To# is very $ood at tellin$ funny stories1 0e can be very ---1 &1 FiN is a very --- person1 She kno+s a lot9 she7s travelled a lot and she7s done lots of different thin$s1 @p .* 5N"T .- AdAectivesD +ord order !a nice ne+ house%9 AdAectives after verbs !Eou look tired% A1 So#eti#es +e use t+o or #ore adAectives to$etherD K 8y brother lives in a nice ne+ house1 K "n the kitchen there +as 7a beautiful lar$e round +ooden table1 AdAectives like ne+6lar$e6round6+ooden are fact adAectives1 They $ive us factual infor#ation about a$e9 siNe9 colour etc1 AdAectives like nice6beautiful are opinion adAectives1 They tell us +hat so#ebody thinks of so#ethin$ or so#ebody1 Opinion adAectives usually $o before fact adAectives1 a nice!opinion% lon$!fact% su##er holiday an interestin$!opinion% youn$!fact% #an an delicious!opinion% hot!fact% ve$etable soup a beautiful!opinion% lar$e round +ooden!fact% table B1 So#eti#es +e use t+o or #ore fact adAectives1 ?ery often !but not al+ays% +e put fact adAectives in this orderD

1 ho+ bi$2 -O &1 ho+ old2 -O '1 +hat color2 -O (1 +here fro#2 -O )1 +hat is it #ade of2 -O NO5N a tall youn$ #an ! -O &% a lar$e +ooden table ! -O )% bi$ blue eyes ! -O '% an old :ussian son$ !& -O (% a s#all black plastic ba$ ! -O ' -O )% an old +hite cotton shirt !& -O ' -O )% AdAectives of siNe and len$th !bi$6s#all6tall6short6lon$ etc1% usually $o before adAectives of shape and +idth !round6fat6thin6sli#6+ide etc1%D a lar$e round table a tall thin $irl a lon$ narro+ street 3hen there are t+o colour adAectives9 +e use andD a black and +hite dress a red9 +hite and $reen fla$ but a lon$ black dress !not 7a lon$ and black dress7% C1 3e say 7the first t+o days79 7the next fe+ +eeks79 7the last ten #inutes7 etc1D K " didn7t enAoy the first t+o days of the course1 !not 7the t+o first days7% K They7ll be a+ay for the next fe+ +eeks1 !not 7the fe+ next +eeks7% =1 3e use adAectives after be6$et6beco#e6see#D K Be carefulL K "7# tired and "7# $ettin$ hun$ry1 K As the fil# +ent on9 it beca#e #ore and #ore borin$1 K Eour friend see#s very nice1 3e also use adAectives to say ho+ so#ebody6so#ethin$ looks9 feels9 sounds9 tastes or s#ellsD K Eou look tired16" feel tired16She sounds tired1 K The dinner s#ells $ood1 K This tea tastes a bit stran$e1 But to say ho+ so#ebody does so#ethin$ you #ust use an adverb !see 5nits ..- //%D K =rive carefullyL !not 7=rive careful7% K Susan plays the piano very +ell1 !not 7plays111very $ood7%

@p ., EME:C"SES .-1 Put the adAectives in brackets in the correct position1 1 a beautiful table !+ooden6round% Pa beautiful round +ooden tableP1 &1 an unusual rin$ !$old% ---1 '1 a ne+ pullover !nice% ---1 (1 a ne+ pullover !$reen% ---1 )1 an old house !beautiful% ---1 *1 black $loves !leather% ---1 ,1 an A#erican fil# !old% ---1 -1 a lon$ face !thin% ---1 .1 bi$ clouds !black% ---1 /1 a sunny day !lovely% ---1 1 a +ide avenue !lon$% ---1 &1 a #etal box !black6s#all% ---1 '1 a bi$ cat !fat6black% ---1 (1 a little villa$e !old6lovely% ---1 )1 lon$ hair !black6beautiful% ---1 *1 an old paintin$ !interestin$64rench% ---1 ,1 an enor#ous u#brella !red6yello+% ---1 .-1& 3rite the follo+in$ in another +ay usin$ the first 1116the next 11116the last 111 1 the first day and the second day of the course Pthe first t+o days of the courseP &1 next +eek and the +eek after Pthe next t+o +eeksP '1 yesterday and the day before yesterday --(1 the first +eek and the second +eek of Septe#ber --)1 to#orro+ and a fe+ days after that --*1 ;uestions 9 & and ' of the exa#ination --,1 next year and the year after ---1 the last day of our holiday and the t+o days before that --.-1' Co#plete each sentence +ith a verb !in the correct for#% and an adAective fro# the boxes1 verbD feel s#ell look see# s#ell sound taste adAectiveD a+ful fine nice interestin$ upset +et

1 Ann Psee#ed upsetP this #ornin$1 =o you kno+ +hat +as +ron$2 &1 " can7t eat this1 "7ve Aust tried it and it ---1 '1 " +asn7t very +ell yesterday but " --- today1 (1 3hat beautiful flo+ersL They --- too1 )1 Eou --- 0ave you been out in the rain2 *1 Hi# +as tellin$ #e about his ne+ Aob1 "t --- ;uite ---9 #uch better than his old Aob1 .-1( Choose the correct +ord1 1 This tea tastes a bit Pstran$e1P !stran$e6stran$ely% &1 " al+ays feel --- +hen the sun is shinin$1 !happy6happily% '1 The children +ere playin$ --- in the $arden1 !happy6happily% (1 The #an beca#e --- +hen the #ana$er of the restaurant asked hi# to leave1 !violent6violently% )1 Eou look --- Are you all ri$ht2 !terrible6terribly% *1 There s no point in doin$ a Aob if you don t do it ---1 !proper6properly% @p .5N"T .. AdAectives and adverbs ! % !;uick6;uickly% A1 Fook at these exa#plesD K Our holiday +as too short - the ti#e +ent very ;uickly1 K The driver of the car +as seriously inAured in the accident1 <uickly and seriously are adverbs1 8any adverbs are #ade fro# an adAective @ - yD adAectiveD ;uick serious careful ;uiet heavy bad adverbD ;uickly seriously carefully ;uietly heavily badly 4or spellin$9 see Appendix *1 Not all +ords endin$ in -ly are adverbs1 So#e adAectives end in -ly too9 for exa#pleD friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely B1 AdAective or adverb2 T AdAectives !;uick6careful etc1% tell us about a noun1 3e use adAectives before nouns and after so#e verbs9 especially beD K To# is a careful driver1 !not 7a carefully driver7% K 3e didn7t $o out because of the heavy rain1 K Please be ;uiet1

K " +as disappointed that #y exa# results +ere so bad1 3e also use adAectives after the verbs look6feel6sound etc1 !see 5nit .-=%D K 3hy do you al+ays look so serious2 T& Adverbs !;uickly6carefully etc1% tell us about a verb1 An adverb tells us ho+ so#ebody does so#ethin$ or ho+ so#ethin$ happensD K To# drove carefully alon$ the narro+ road1 !not 7drove careful7% K 3e didn7t $o out because it +as rainin$ heavily1 !not 7rainin$ heavy7% K Please speak ;uietly1 !not 7speak ;uiet7% K " +as disappointed that " did so badly in the exa#1 !not 7did so bad7% 3hy do you never take #e seriously2 Co#pareD K She speaks perfect En$lish1!adAective @ noun% K She speaks En$lish perfectly1!verb @ obAect @ adverb% Co#pare these sentences +ith lookD K To# looked sad +hen " sa+ hi#1 !J he see#ed sad9 his expression +as sad% K To# looked at #e sadly1 !J he looked at #e in a sad +ay% C1 3e also use adverbs before adAectives and other adverbs1 4or exa#pleD reasonably cheap !adverb @ adAective% terribly sorry !adverb @ adAective% incredibly ;uickly !adverb @ adverb% K "t7s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extre#ely $ood1 K Oh9 "7# terribly sorry1 " didn7t #ean to push you1 !not 7terrible sorry7% K 8aria learns lan$ua$es incredibly ;uickly1 K The exa#ination +as surprisin$ly easy1 Eou can also use an adverb before a past participle !inAured6or$anised6+ritten etc1% K T+o people +ere seriously inAured in the accident1 !not 7serious inAured7%

K The #eetin$ +as very badly or$anised1 @p .. EME:C"SES ..1 Co#plete the sentences +ith adverbs1 The first letter!s% of each adverb are $iven1 1 3e didn7t $o out because it +as rainin$ Pheavily1P &1 Our tea# lost the $a#e because +e played very ba---1 '1 " had little difficulty findin$ a place to live1 " found a flat ;uite ea---1 (1 3e had to +ait for a lon$ ti#e but +e didn7t co#plain1 3e +aited pa---1 )1 Nobody kne+ Ieor$e +as co#in$ to see us1 0e arrived unex---1 *1 8ike keeps fit by playin$ tennis re$---1 ..1& Put in the ri$ht +ord1 1 The driver of the car +as PseriouslyP inAured1 !serious6seriously% &1 The driver of the car had seriousP inAuries1 !serious6seriously% '1 " think you behaved very ---1 !selfish6selfishly% (1 :ose is --- " upset about losin$ her Aob1 !terrible6terribly% )1 There +as a --- chan$e in the +eather1 !sudden6suddenly% *1 Everybody at the party +as --- dressed1 !colourful6colourfully% ,1 Finda likes +earin$ --- clothes1 !colourful6colourfully% -1 She fell and hurt herself ;uite ---1!bad6badly% .1 0e says he didn7t do +ell at school because he +as --- tau$ht1 !bad6badly% /1 =on7t $o up that ladder1 "t doesn7t look ---1 !safe6safely% 1 0e looked at #e --- +hen " interrupted hi#1 !an$ry6an$rily% ..1' Co#plete each sentence usin$ a +ord fro# the list1 So#eti#es you need the adAective !careful etc1% and so#eti#es the adverb !carefully etc1%1 careful!ly% co#plete!ly% continuous!ly% financial!ly% fluent!ly% happy6happily nervous!ly% perfect!ly% ;uick!ly% special! y% 1 Our holiday +as too short1 The ti#e passed very P;uickly1P &1 To# doesn7t take risks +hen he7s drivin$1 0e7s al+ays ---1 '1 Sue +orks --- She never see#s to stop1 (1 Alice and Stan are very --- #arried1

)1 8onica7s En$lish is very --- althou$h she #akes ;uite a lot of #istakes1 *1 " cooked this #eal --- for you9 so " hope you like it1 ,1 Everythin$ +as very ;uiet1 There +as --- silence1 -1 " tried on the shoes and they fitted #e ---1 .1 =o you usually feel --- before exa#inations2 /1 "7d like to buy a car but it7s --- i#possible for #e at the #o#ent1 ..1( Choose t+o +ords !one fro# each box% to co#plete each sentence1 absolutely reasonably unusually badly seriously unnecessarily co#pletely sli$htly cheap enor#ous planned badly chan$ed ill ;uiet da#a$ed lon$ 1 " thou$ht the restaurant +ould be expensive but it +as Preasonably cheap1P &1 Ieor$e7s #other is --- in hospital1 '1 3hat a bi$ houseL "t7s ---1 (1 "t +asn7t a serious accident1 The car +as only ---1 )1 The children are nor#ally very lively but they7re --- today1 *9 3hen " returned ho#e after &/ years9 everythin$ had ---1 ,1 The fil# +as --- "t could have been #uch shorter1 -1 A lot +ent +ron$ durin$ our holiday because it +as ---1 @p&// 5N"T // AdAectives and adverbs !&% !+ell6fast6late9 hard6hardly% A1 Iood6+ell Iood is an adAective1 The adverb is +ellD K Eour En$lish is $ood1 but Eou speak En$lish +ell1 K Susan is a $ood pianist1 but Susan plays the piano +ell1 3e use +ell !not 7$ood7% +ith past participles !dressed6kno+n etc1%D +ell-dressed +ell-kno+n +ell-educated +ell-paid But +ell is also an adAective +ith the #eanin$ 7in $ood health7D K 70o+ are you today279 7"7# very +ell9 thanks17 !not 7"7# very $ood7% B1 4ast6hard6late

These +ords are both adAectives and adverbsD adAectiveD K Hack is a very fast runner1 K Ann is a hard +orker1 K The train +as late1 adverbD K Hack can run very fast1 K Ann +orks hard1 !not 7+orks hardly7% K " $ot up late this #ornin$1 Fately J 7recently7 K 0ave you seen To# lately2 C1 0ardly 0ardly J very little9 al#ost not1 Study these exa#plesD K Sarah +as rather unfriendly to #e at the party1 She hardly spoke to #e1 !J she spoke to #e very little9 al#ost not at all% K Ieor$e and 0ilda +ant to $et #arried but they7ve only kno+n each other for a fe+ days1 " don7t think they should $et #arried yet1 They hardly kno+ each other1 !J they kno+ each other very little% 0ard and hardly are co#pletely different1 Co#pareD K 0e tried hard to find a Aob but he had no luck1 !J he tried a lot9 +ith a lot of effort% K "7# not surprised he didn7t find a Aob1 0e hardly tried to find one1 !J he tried very little% 3e often use hardly @ any6anybody6anyone6anythin$6any+hereD K AD 0o+ #uch #oney have you $ot2 BD 0ardly any1 !J very little9 al#ost none% K "7ll have to $o shoppin$1 3e7ve $ot hardly any food1 K The exa# results +ere very bad1 0ardly anybody in our class passed1 !J very fe+ students passed9 al#ost nobody passed% K She ate hardly anythin$1 She +asn7t feelin$ hun$ry1 !J she ate very little9 al#ost nothin$% Note the position of hardly1 Eou can sayD K She ate hardly anythin$1 or She hardly ate anythin$1 K 3e7ve $ot hardly any food1 or 3e7ve hardly $ot any food1 3e often use can6could @ hardly1 " can hardly do so#ethin$ J it7s al#ost i#possible for #e to do itD

K Eour +ritin$ is terrible1 " can hardly read it1 !J it is al#ost i#possible for #e to read it% K 8y le$ +as hurtin$ #e1 " could hardly +alk1 0ardly ever J al#ost never K "7# nearly al+ays at ho#e in the evenin$s1 " hardly ever $o out1 @p&/ EME:C"SES //1 Put in $ood or +ell1 1 " play tennis but "7# not very P$ood1P &1 Eour exa# results +ere very ---1 '1 Eou did very --- in your exa#s1 (1 The +eather +as very --- +hile +e-+ere on holiday1 )1 didn7t sleep very --- last ni$ht1 *1 0o+ are you2 Are you ---2 ,1 Ieor$e speaks Ier#an very ---1 -1 Ieor$e7s Ier#an is very ---1 .1 Our ne+ business is $oin$ very --- at the #o#ent1 /1 " like your Aacket1 "t looks --- on you1 1 "7ve #et her a fe+ ti#es but " don7t kno+ her very ---1 //1& Co#plete these sentences usin$ +ell @ one of the follo+in$ +ordsD balanced behaved done dressed infor#ed kept kno+n paid 1 The children +ere very $ood1 They +ere P+ell-behaved1P &1 "7# surprised you haven7t heard of her1 She is ;uite ---1 '1 Our nei$hbours7 $arden is neat and tidy1 "t is very ---1 (1 Eou should eat different types of food1 Eour diet should be ---1 )1 Ann kno+s a lot about #any thin$s1 She is ;uite ---1 *1 0is clothes are al+ays s#art1 0e is al+ays ---1 ,1 Hill has a lot of responsibility in her Aob but she isn7t very ---1 -1 Con$ratulations on passin$ your exa#inations ---L //1' Are the underlined +ords ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the ones that are +ron$1 1 "7# tired because "7ve been +orkin$ Phard1P P:"I0TP &1 " tried PhardP to re#e#ber her na#e but " couldn7t1 '1 This coat is practically unused1 "7ve PhardlyP +orn it1 (1 She7s a $ood tennis player1 She hits the ball Phardly1P

)1 =on7t +alk so PfastLP " can7t keep up +ith you1 *1 3hy are you +alkin$ so Pslo+2P Are you tired2 //1( 3rite sentences +ith hardly1 5se one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#%D chan$e hear kno+ reco$nise say sleep speak 1 Ieor$e and 0ilda have only #et once before1 They Phardly kno+P each other1 &1 Eou7re speakin$ very ;uietly1 " can --- you1 '1 "7# very tired this #ornin$1 " --- last ni$ht1 (1 3e +ere so shocked +hen +e heard the ne+s9 +e could ---1 )1 Gate +as very ;uiet this evenin$1 She --- a +ord1 *1 Eou look the sa#e no+ as you looked ) years a$o1 Eou7ve ---1 ,1 " #et Geith a fe+ days a$o1 " hadn7t seen hi# for a lon$ ti#e and he looks very different no+1 " --- hi#1 //1) Co#plete these sentences +ith hardly @ any6anybody6anythin$6any+here6ever1 1 "7ll have to $o shoppin$1 3e7ve $ot Phardly anyP food1 &1 "t +as a very +ar# day and there +as --- +ind '1 7=o you kno+ #uch about co#puters27 7No ---17 (1 The hotel +as al#ost e#pty1 There +as --- stayin$ there1 )1 " listen to the radio ;uite often but " --- +atch television1 *1 Our ne+ boss is not very popular1 --- likes her1 ,1 "t +as very cro+ded in the roo#1 There +as --- to sit1 -1 3e used to be $ood friends but +e --- see each other no+1 .1 "t +as nice drivin$ this #ornin$1 There +as --- traffic1 /1 hate this to+n1 There7s --- to do and --- to $o1 @p&/& 5N"T / So and such A1 Study these exa#plesD T K " didn7t enAoy the book1 The story +as so stupid1 3e use so @ adAective6adverbD so stupid so ;uick so nice so ;uickly T& K " didn7t enAoy the book1 "t +as such a stupid story1 3e use such @ nounD such a story such people

3e use such @ adAective @ nounD such a stupid story such nice people Note that +e say such a 111 !not 7a such 1117% B1 So and such #ake the #eanin$ of an adAective !or adverb% stron$erD K "t7s a lovely day9 isn7t it2 "t7s so +ar#1 !J really +ar#% K 0e7s difficult to understand because he speaks so ;uickly1 Co#pare so and such in these sentencesD K " like To# and Ann1 They are so nice1 Eou can use so 111 that 111D K The book +as so $ood that " couldn7t put it do+n1 K " +as so tired that " fell asleep in the ar#chair1 Eou can leave out that in sentences like thisD K " +as so tired !that% " fell asleep1 K 3e enAoyed our holiday1 3e had such a $ood ti#e1 !J a really $ood ti#e% K " like To# and Ann1 They are such nice people1 !not 7so nice people7% Eou can use such 111 that 111D K "t +as such a $ood book that " couldn7t put it do+n1 K "t +as such lovely +eather that +e spent the +hole day on the beach1 K "t +as such lovely +eather !that% +e 111 C1 3e also use so and such +ith the #eanin$ 7like this7D K " +as surprised to find out that the house +as built // years a$o1 " didn7t realiNe it +as so old1 !as old as it is% K " expected the +eather to be #uch cooler1 " didn7t expect it to be so +ar#1 K "7# tired because " $ot up at * o7clock1 " don7t usually $et up so early1 K " didn7t realiNe it +as such an old house1 K The house +as so untidy1 "7ve never seen such a #ess1 !J a #ess like this% Note the expression no such111 K Eou +on7t find the +ord 7blid7 in an En$lish dictionary because there is no such +ord1 !J this +ord does not exist%

=1 3e sayD so lon$ but such a lon$ ti#eD K " haven7t seen her for so lon$ "7ve for$otten +hat she looks like1 so far but such a lon$ +ayD K " didn7t kno+ it +as so far1 so #uch9 so #any but such a lot !of%D K 3hy did you buy so #uch food2 K " haven7t seen her for such a lon$ ti#e1 !not 7a so lon$ ti#e7% K " didn7t kno+ it +as such a lon$ +ay1 K 3hy did you buy such a lot of food2 @p&/' EME:C"SES / 1 Put in so9 such or such a1 1 0e7s difficult to understand because he speaks PsoP ;uickly1 &1 " like To# and Ann1 They7re PsuchP nice people1 '1 "t +as a $reat holiday1 3e had Psuch aP $ood ti#e1 (1 " +as surprised that he looked --- +ell after his recent illness1 )1 Everythin$ is --- expensive these days9 isn7t it2 *1 The +eather is lovely9 isn7t it2 " didn7t expect it to be --- nice day1 ,1 " have to $o1 " didn7t realiNe it +as --- late1 -1 0e al+ays looks $ood1 0e +ears --- nice clothes1 .1 "t +as --- borin$ fil# that " fell asleep +hile " +as +atchin$ it1 /1 " couldn7t believe the ne+s1 "t +as --- shock1 1 " think she +orks too hard1 She looks --- tired all the ti#e1 &1 The food at the hotel +as --- a+ful1 "7ve never eaten 1 a+ful food1 '1 They7ve $ot --- #uch #oney9 they don7t kno+ +hat to do +ith it1 (1 didn7t realiNe you lived --- lon$ +ay fro# the city centre1 )1 " can7t decide +hat to do1 "t7s --- proble#1 / 1& 8ake one sentence fro# t+o1 5se so or such1 1 She +orked hard1 &1 "t +as a beautiful day1 '1 " +as tired1 (1 3e had a $ood ti#e on holiday1 )1 She speaks En$lish +ell1

*1 "7ve $ot a lot of thin$s to do1 ,1 The #usic +as loud1 -1 " had a bi$ breakfast1 .1 "t +as horrible +eather1 a1 Eou could hear it fro# #iles a+ay1 b1 Eou +ould think it +as her native lan$ua$e1 c1 3e spent the +hole day indoors1 d1 She #ade herself ill1 e1 " couldn7t keep #y eyes open1 f1 " didn7t eat anythin$ else for the rest of the day1 $1 3e decided to $o to the beach1 h1 " don7t kno+ +here to be$in1 "1 3e didn7t +ant to co#e ho#e1 1 PShe +orked so hard she #ade herself ill1P &1 "t +as9 such a beautiful day +e decided to $o to the beach1P '1 " +as ---1 (1 ---1 )1 ---1 *1 ---1 ,1 ---1 -1 ---1 .1 ---1 / 1' 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these pairs of sentences1 1 a1 3e enAoyed our holiday1 "t +as so Prelaxin$1P b1 3e enAoyed our holiday1 3e had such Pa $ood ti#e1P & a1 " don7t like Fondon very #uch1 "t7s so ---1 b1 " don7t like Fondon very #uch1 "t7s such ---1 '1 a1 " like Ann1 She7s so ---1 b1 " like Ann1 She7s such ---1 (1 a1 " +ouldn7t like to be a teacher1 "t7s so ---1 b1 " +ouldn7t like to be a teacher1 "t7s such ---1 )1 a1 "t7s $reat to see you a$ainL " haven7t seen you for so ---1 b1 "t7s $reat to see you a$ainL " haven7t seen you for such ---1 @p&/( 5N"T /& Enou$h and too A1 The position of enou$h

Enou$h $oes after adAectives and adverbsD K 0e didn7t $et the Aob because he +asn7t experienced enou$h1 !not 7enou$h experienced7% K Eou +on7t pass the exa#ination if you don7t +ork hard enou$h1 K She shouldn7t $et #arried yet1 She7s not old enou$h1 The opposite is too1 !too hard6too old etc1%D K Eou never stop +orkin$1 Eou +ork too hard1 Enou$h nor#ally $oes before nounsD K 0e didn7t $et the Aob because he didn7t have enou$h experience1 !not 7experience enou$h7% K "7d like to $o a+ay on holiday but " haven7t $ot enou$h #oney1 K So#e of us had to sit on the floor because there +eren7t enou$h chairs1 Eou can also use enou$h alone !+ithout a noun%D K "7ll lend you so#e #oney if you haven7t $ot enou$h1 The opposite is too #uch1116too #any 111D K 3e can7t $o a+ay on holiday1 "t costs too #uch !#oney%1 K There are too #any people and not enou$h chairs1 B1 3e say enou$h6too 111 for !so#ebody6so#ethin$%D K " haven7t $ot enou$h #oney for a holiday1 K 0e +asn7t experienced enou$h for the Aob1 K This shirt is too bi$ for #e1 " need a s#aller siNe1 But +e usually say enou$h6too 111 to do so#ethin$ !not 7for doin$7%1 So +e sayD enou$h #oney to buy so#ethin$9 too youn$ to do so#ethin$ etc1 4or exa#pleD K " haven7t $ot enou$h #oney to $o on holiday1 !not 7for $oin$7% K 0e +asn7t experienced enou$h to do the Aob1 K She7s not old enou$h to $et #arried1 or She7s too youn$ to $et #arried1 K Fet7s $et a taxi1 "t7s too far to +alk ho#e fro# here1 K There +eren7t enou$h chairs for everyone to sit do+n1 K They spoke too ;uickly for us to understand1 C1 3e sayD The food +as very hot1 3e couldn7t eat it1 andD The food +as so hot that +e couldn7t eat it1

butD The food +as too hot to eat1 !+ithout 7it7% So#e #ore exa#ples like thisD K The +allet +as too bi$ to put in #y pocket1 !not 7too bi$ to put it7% K These boxes are too heavy to carry1 !not 7too heavy to carry the#7% K The +ater +asn7t clean enou$h to s+i# in1 @p&/) EME:C"SES /&1 Co#plete these sentences usin$ enou$h +ith one of the follo+in$ adAectives or nounsD adAectivesD bi$ old +ar# +ell9 nounsD cups #ilk #oney ;ualifications roo# ti#e 1 She shouldn7t $et #arried yet1 She7s not Pold enou$h1P &1 "7d like to buy a car but " haven7t $ot ---1 '1 0ave you $ot --- in your tea or +ould you like so#e #ore2 (1 Are you ---2 Or shall " s+itch on the heatin$2 )1 "t7s only a s#all car1 There isn7t --- for all of you1 *1 Steve didn7t feel --- to $o to +ork this #ornin$1 ,1 didn7t ans+er all the ;uestions in the exa#1 " didn7t have ---1 -1 =o you think "7ve $ot --- to apply for the Aob2 .1 Try this Aacket on and see if it7s --- for you1 /1 There +eren7t --- for everybody to have coffee at the sa#e ti#e1 /&1& Co#plete the ans+ers to the ;uestions1 5se too or enou$h +ith the +ord in brackets1 1 "s she $oin$ to $et #arried2 !old% No9 she7s not Pold enou$h to $et #arried1P &1 " need to talk to you about so#ethin$1 !busy% 3ell9 "7# afraid "7# --- to you no+1 '1 Fet7s $o to the cine#a1 !late% No9 it7s --- to the cine#a1 (1 3hy don7t +e sit in the $arden2 !+ar#% "t7s not --- in the $arden1 )1 3ould you like to be a politician2 !nice% No9 "7# --- a politician1

*1 =o you +ant to play tennis today2 !ener$y% No9 " haven7t $ot --- tennis today1 ,1 =id you hear +hat he +as sayin$2 !far a+ay% No9 +e +ere --- +hat he +as sayin$1 -1 Can he read a ne+spaper in En$lish2 !En$lish% No9 he doesn7t kno+ --- a ne+spaper1 /&1' 8ake one sentence fro# t+o1 Co#plete the ne+ sentence usin$ too or enou$h1 1 3e couldn7t cat the food1 "t +as too hot1 PThe food +as9 too hot to eat1P &1 " can7t drink this coffee1 "t7s too hot1 This coffee is ---1 '1 Nobody could #ove the piano1 "t +as too heavy1 The piano ---1 (1 " don7t +ear this coat in +inter1 "t isn7t +ar# enou$h1 This coat --)1 " can7t explain the situation1 "t is too co#plicated1 The situation ---1 *1 Three people can7t sit on this sofa1 "t isn7t +ide enou$h1 This sofa ---1 ,1 3e couldn7t cli#b over the +all1 "t +as too hi$h1 The +all ---1 -1 Eou can7t see so#e thin$s +ithout a #icroscope9 They are too s#all1 So#e ---1 @p&/* 5N"T /' <uite and rather A1 <uite J less than 7very7 but #ore than 7a little7D K "7# surprised you haven7t heard of her1 She7s ;uite fa#ous1 !J less than 7very fa#ous7 but #ore than 7a little fa#ous7% K "t7s ;uite cold1 Eou7d better +ear your coat1 K Fucy lives ;uite near #e9 so +e see each other ;uite often1 <uite $oes before a6anD ;uite a nice day !not 7a ;uite nice day7%9 ;uite an old house9 ;uite a lon$ +ay So#eti#es +e use ;uite @ noun !+ithout an adAective%D K " didn7t expect to see the#1 "t +as ;uite a surprise1

3e also use ;uite +ith so#e verbs9 especially like and enAoyD K " ;uite like tennis but it7s not #y favourite sport1 <uite so#eti#es #eans 7co#pletely71 See Section C1 B1 :ather is si#ilar to ;uite1 3e use rather #ainly +ith ne$ative +ords and ne$ative ideasD K "t7s rather cold1 Eou7d better +ear your coat1 K 73hat +as the exa#ination like27 7:ather difficult9 "7# afraid17 K Fet7s $et a taxi1 "t7s rather a lon$ +ay to +alk1 <uite is also possible in these exa#ples1 Often +e use ;uite +ith a positive idea and rather +ith a ne$ative ideaD K She7s ;uite intelli$ent but rather laNy1 3hen +e use rather +ith positive +ords !nice6interestin$ etc1%9 it #eans 7unusually7 or 7surprisin$ly71 4or exa#ple9 rather nice J unusually nice6surprisin$ly nice6nicer than expectedD K These oran$es are rather nice1 3here did you $et the#2 K Ann didn7t like the book but " thou$ht it +as rather interestin$1 !J#ore interestin$ than expected% :ather can $o before or after a6an1 So you can sayD a rather interestin$ book or rather an interestin$ book C1 <uite also #eans 7co#pletely71 4or exa#pleD K 7Are you sure27 7Ees9 ;uite sure17 !J co#pletely sure% <uite #eans 7co#pletely7 +ith a nu#ber of adAectives9 especiallyD Usure9 ri$ht9 true9 clear9 different9 incredible9 a#aNin$9 certain9 +ron$9 safe9 obvious9 unnecessary9 extraordinary9 i#possibleV K She +as ;uite different fro# +hat " expected1 !J co#pletely different% K Everythin$ they said +as ;uite true1 !J co#pletely true% 3e also use ;uite !J7co#pletely7% +ith so#e verbs1 4or exa#pleD K " ;uite a$ree +ith you1 !J " co#pletely a$ree% Not ;uite J 7not co#pletely7D K They haven7t ;uite finished their dinner yet1 K " don7t ;uite understand +hat you #ean1 K 7Are you ready yet27 7Not ;uite17 !J not co#pletely% @p&/,

EME:C"SES /'1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ ;uite @ one of the follo+in$D a busy day a $ood voice a nice ti#e a lot of #istakes a nice day a lon$ +ay a stron$ +ind a fri$htenin$ experience 1 The +eather +as better than +e had expected1 "t +as P;uite a nice day1P &1 To# often sin$s1 0e7s $ot ---1 '1 The bus stop +asn7t very near the hotel1 3e had to +alk ---1 (1 "7# tired1 "7ve had ---1 )1 Our holiday +as OG1 3e had ---1 *1 "t7s +ar# today but there7s ---1 ,1 hope that never happens a$ain1 "t +as ---1 -1 She speaks En$lish fluently but she #akes ---1 /'1& Co#plete these sentences usin$ the +ords in brackets1 Each ti#e use ;uite +ith the positive +ord and rather +ith the ne$ative +ord1 1 She7s P;uite intelli$entP but Prather laNy1P !intelli$ent6laNy% &1 The car $oes --- but it7s ---1 !+ell6noisy% '1 The pro$ra##e +as --- but ---1 !lon$6interestin$% (1 Ieor$e is --- but he7s ---1 !a hard +orker6slo+% )1 " +as --- +ith the hotel but Hi# +as ---1 !disappointed6pleased% *1 "t7s --- Aob but it7s --- +ork1 !a +ell-paid6hard% ,1 Sarah lives --- us but it7s --- to $et to her house1 !near6difficult% /'1' 3hat does ;uite #ean in these sentences2 Tick !?% the ri$ht #eanin$1 !#ore than a little9 less than very !Section A%%9 !co#pletely !Section C%% 1 "t7s P;uite cold1P Eou7d better +ear your coat1 &1 7Are you sure27 7Ees9 P;uite sure1P7 '1 8aria7s En$lish is P;uite $ood1P ! %9 ! % (1 " couldn7t believe it1 "t +as P;uite incredible1P )1 The people " +ork +ith are P;uite friendly1P *1 8y bedroo# is P;uite bi$1P ,1 Eou7re P;uite ri$ht1P /'1( Co#plete these sentences usin$ ;uite +ith one of the follo+in$D

a#aNin$ different i#possible ri$ht safe sure unnecessary true 1 " didn7t believe her at first9 but in fact +hat she said +as P;uite true1P &1 Eou +on7t fall1 The ladder is ---1 '1 "7# afraid " can7t do +hat you ask1 "t7s ---1 (1 " couldn7t a$ree +ith you #ore1 Eou are ---1 )1 Eou can7t co#pare the t+o thin$s1 They are ---1 *1 Eou needn7t have done that1 "t +as ---1 ,1 think " sa+ the# $o out but "7# not ---1 -1 " couldn7t believe +hat had happened1 "t +as ---1 @p&/5N"T /( Co#parison ! %--cheaper9 #ore expensive etc1 A1 Fook at these exa#plesD 0o+ shall +e travel2 By car or by train2 Fet7s $o by car1 "t7s cheaper1 =on7t $o by train1 "t7s #ore expensive1 Cheaper and #ore expensive are co#parative for#s1 After co#paratives you can use than !see also 5nit /*%D K "t7s cheaper to $o by car than by train1 K Ioin$ by train is #ore expensive than $oin$ by car1 B1 The co#parative for# is >er or #ore 111 3e use >er for short +ords !one syllable%D cheap -O cheaper9 fast-O faster9 lar$e -O lar$er9 thin -O thinner 3e also use >er for t+o-syllable +ords that end in -y !-y -O -ier%D lucky -O luckier9 early -O earlier9 easy -O easier9 pretty -O prettier 4or spellin$9 see Appendix *1 Co#pare these exa#plesD K Eou7re older than #e1 K The exa# +as ;uite easy - easier than +e expected1 K Can you +alk a bit faster2 K "7d like to have a bi$$er car1 K Fast ni$ht " +ent to bed earlier than usual1 3e use #ore111 for lon$er +ords !t+o syllables or #ore%D #ore #odern9 #ore serious9 #ore expensive9 #ore co#fortable 3e use #ore111 for adverbs that end in - yD #ore slo+ly9 #ore seriously9 #ore ;uietly9 #ore carefully

AlsoD #ore often butD earlier !not 7#ore early7% K Eou7re #ore patient than #e1 K The exa# +as ;uite difficult - #ore difficult than +e expected1 K Can you +alk a bit #ore slo+ly2 K "7d like to have a #ore reliable car1 K don7t play tennis #uch these days1 " used to play #ore often1 Eou can use >er or #ore111 +ith so#e t+o-syllable adAectives9 especiallyD ;uiet9 clever9 narro+9 shallo+9 si#ple K "t7s too noisy here1 Can +e $o so#e+here ;uieter6#ore ;uiet2 C1 These adAectives and adverbs have irre$ular co#parative for#sD $ood6+ell -O betterD K The $arden looks better since you tidied it up1 K " kno+ hi# +ell - probably better than anybody else1 bad6badly -O +orseD K 7"s your headache better27 7No9 it7s +orse17 K 0e did very badly in the exa# - +orse than expected1 far --O further !or farther%D K "t7s a lon$ +alk fro# here to the station - further than " thou$ht1 !or 111farther than111% 4urther !but not 7farther7% can also #ean 7#ore7 or 7additional7D K Fet #e kno+ if you hear any further ne+s1 !J any #ore ne+s% @p&/. EME:C"SES /(1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ a co#parative for# !older6#ore i#portant etc1%1 1 "t7s too noisy here1 Can +e $o so#e+here P;uieter2P &1 This coffee is very +eak1 " like it a bit ---1 '1 The hotel +as surprisin$ly bi$1 " expected it to be ---1 (1 The hotel +as surprisin$ly cheap1 " expected it to be ---1 )1 The +eather is too cold in this country1 "7d like to live so#e+here ---1 *1 8y Aob is a bit borin$ so#eti#es1 "7d like to do so#ethin$ ---1 ,1 +as surprised ho+ easy it +as to use the co#puter1 " thou$ht

it +ould be ---1 -1 Eour +ork isn7t very $ood1 "7# sure you can do ---1 .1 =on7t +orry1 The situation isn7t so bad1 "t could be ---1 /1 +as surprised +e $ot here so ;uickly1 " expected the Aourney to take ---1 1 Eou7re talkin$ very loudly1 Can you speak a bit ---1 &1 Eou hardly ever phone #e1 3hy don7t you phone #e ---1 '1 Eou7re standin$ too near the ca#era1 Can you #ove a bit --a+ay2 (1 Eou +ere a bit depressed yesterday but you look --- today1 /(1& Co#plete the sentences1 Each ti#e use the co#parative for# of one of the +ords in the list1 5se than +here necessary1 bi$ cro+ded early easily hi$h i#portant interested peaceful reliable serious si#ple thin 1 " +as feelin$ tired last ni$ht9 so " +ent to bed Pearlier thanP usual1 &1 "7d like to have a P#ore reliableP car1 The one "7ve $ot keeps breakin$ do+n1 '1 5nfortunately her illness +as --- +e thou$ht at first1 (1 Eou look --- 0ave you lost +ei$ht2 )1 " +ant a --- flat1 3e don7t have enou$h space here1 *1 0e doesn7t study very hard1 0e7s --- in havin$ a $ood ti#e1 ,1 0ealth and happiness are --- #oney1 -1 The instructions +ere very co#plicated1 They could have been ---1 .1 There +ere a lot of people on the bus1 "t +as --- usual1 /1 " like livin$ in the countryside1 "t7s --- livin$ in a to+n1 1 Eou7ll find your +ay around the to+n --- if you have a $ood #ap1 &1 "n so#e parts of the country9 prices are --- in others1 /(1' :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences1 5se a co#parative for# !>er or #ore 111%1 1 Eesterday the te#perature +as nine de$rees1 Today it7s only six de$rees1 P"t7s colder today than it +as yesterday1P &1 The Aourney takes four hours by car and five hours by train1

"t takes ---1 '1 =ave and " +ent for a run1 " ran ten kilo#etres1 =ave stopped after ei$ht kilo#etres1 " ran ---1 (1 Chris and Hoe both did badly in the exa#1 Chris $ot &/ W but Hoe only $ot ) W1 Hoe did ---1 )1 " expected #y friends to arrive at about ( o7clock1 "n fact they arrived at &1'/1 8y friends ---1 *1 Eou can $o by bus or by train1 The buses run every '/ #inutes1 The trains run every hour1 The buses ---1 ,1 3e +ere very busy at +ork today1 3e7re not usually as busy as that1 3e ---1 @p& / 5N"T /) Co#parison !&% A1 Before co#paratives you can useD #uch9 a lot9 far !Ja lot%9 a bit9 a little9 sli$htly !J a little% K Fet7s $o by car1 "t7s #uch cheaper1 !or "t7s a lot cheaper1% K =on7t $o by train1 "t7s a lot #ore expensive1 !or "t7s #uch #ore expensive1% K Could you speak a bit #ore slo+ly2 !or 111 speak a little #ore slo+ly2% K This ba$ is sli$htly heavier than the other one1 K 0er illness +as far #ore serious than +e thou$ht at first1 !or 111 #uch #ore serious111 or 111 a lot #ore serious 111 % B1 Eou can use any and no @ co#paratives !any lon$er6no bi$$er etc1%D K "7ve +aited lon$ enou$h1 "7# not +aitin$ any lon$er1 !J not even a little lon$er% K 3e expected their house to be very bi$ but it7s no bi$$er than ours1 !or it isn7t any bi$$er than ours1% K Eesterday you said you felt ill1 =o you feel any better today2 K This hotel is better than the other one and it7s no #ore

expensive1 C1 0arder and harder6#ore and #ore6#ore and #ore difficult etc1 3e repeat co#paratives like this !111 and 111% to say that so#ethin$ is chan$in$ continuouslyD K "t7s beco#in$ harder and harder to find a Aob1 K "t7s beco#in$ #ore and #ore difficult to find a Aob1 K Eour En$lish is i#provin$1 "t7s $ettin$ better and better1 K These days #ore and #ore people are learnin$ En$lish1 =1 The 111 the better Study these exa#plesD K 73hat ti#e shall +e leave27 7The sooner the better17 !J as soon as possible% K 73hat sort of box do you +ant2 A bi$ one27 7Ees9 the bi$$er the better17 !J as bi$ as possible% K 3hen you7re travellin$9 the less lu$$a$e you have to carry the better1 !J it is best to have as little lu$$a$e as possible% 3e also use the 111 the 111 !+ith t+o co#paratives% to say that one thin$ depends on another thin$D K The +ar#er the +eather9 the better " feel1 !J if the +eather is +ar#er9 " feel better% K The sooner +e leave9 the sooner +e +ill arrive1 K The youn$er you are9 the easier it is to learn1 K The #ore expensive the hotel9 the better the service1 K The #ore electricity you use9 the hi$her your bill +ill be1 K The #ore " thou$ht about the plan9 the less " liked it1 E1 Older and elder The co#parative of old is olderD K To# looks older than he really is1 Eou can use elder !or older% +hen you talk about people in a fa#ily1 Eou can say !#y% elder brother6sister6son6dau$hterD K 8y elder brother is a pilot1 !or 8y older brother 111% 3e say 7#y elder brother7 but +e do not say that 7so#ebody is elder 1117D K 8y brother is older than #e1 !not 7elder than #e7% 4or eldest9 see 5nit /,=1

@p& EME:C"SES /)1 5se the +ords in brackets to co#plete the sentences1 5se #uch6a bit etc1 @ a co#parative for#1 5se than +here necessary1 1 0er illness +as P#uch #ore serious thanP +e thou$ht at first1 !#uch6serious% &1 This ba$ is too s#all1 " need so#ethin$ ---1 !#uch6bi$% '1 "7# afraid the proble# is --- it see#s1 !#uch6co#plicated% (1 Eou looked depressed this #ornin$ but you look ---no+1 !a bit6happy% )1 " enAoyed our visit to the #useu#1 "t +as --- " expected1 !far6"nterestin$% *1 Eou7re drivin$ too fast1 Could you drive ---2 ! a bit6slo+ly% ,1 "t7s --- to learn a forei$n lan$ua$e in the country +here it is spoken1 !a lot6easy% -1 " thou$ht she +as youn$er than #e but in fact she7s --!sli$htly6old% /)1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ any6no @ a co#parative1 5se than +here necessary1 1 "7# fed up +ith +aitin$1 "7# not +aitin$ Pany lon$er1P &1 "7# sorry "7# a bit late but " couldn7t $et here ---1 '1 This shop isn7t expensive1 The prices are --- any+here else1 (1 " #ust stop for a rest1 " can7t +alk ---1 )1 The traffic isn7t particularly bad today1 "t7s --- usual1 /)1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ the structure in Section C !111 and 111% 1 "t7s beco#in$ Pharder and harderP to find a Aob1 !hard% &1 That hole in your pullover is $ettin$ ---1 !bi$% '1 8y ba$s see#ed to $et --- as " carried the#1 !heavy% (1 As " +aited for #y intervie+9 " beca#e ---1 !nervous% )1 As the day +ent on9 the +eather $ot ---1 !bad% *1 Travellin$ is beco#in$ ---1 !expensive% ,1 Since she has been in Britain9 her En$lish has $ot ---1 !$ood% -1 As the conversation +ent on9 he beca#e ---1 !talkative% /)1( These sentences are like those in Section =1 5se the +ord!s% in brackets !in the correct for#% to co#plete the sentences1

1 " like +ar# +eather1 The +ar#er the +eather9 Pthe better " feel1P !feel% &1 " didn7t really like hi# +hen +e first #et1 But the #ore " $ot to kno+ hi#9 ---1 !like% ' "f you7re in business9 you +ant to #ake a profit1 The #ore $oods you sell9 ---1 !profit% ( "t7s hard to concentrate +hen you7re tired1 The #ore tired you are9 ---1 !hard% )1 She had to +ait a very lon$ ti#e1 The lon$er she +aited9 ---1 !i#patient6beco#e% /)1) 3hich is correct9 older or elder2 Or both of the#2 1 8y Polder6elderP brother is a pilot1 !older and elder are both correct% &1 "7# surprised =iane is only &)1 " thou$ht she +as Polder6elder1P '1 Ann7s youn$er sister is still at school1 0er Polder6elderP sister is a nurse1 ( 8artin is Polder6elderP than his brother1 @p& & 5N"T /* Co#parison !'%--as 111 as6than A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Shirley9 0enry and Arthur are all #illionaires1 They are all very rich1 Shirley has / #illion pounds9 0enry has - #illion pounds and Arthur has & #illion pounds1 SoD 0enry is rich1 0e is richer than Arthur1 But he isn7t as rich as Shirley1 !J Shirley is richer than he is% So#e #ore exa#ples of not as 111 !as%D K To# isn7t as old as he looks1 !J he looks older than he is% K The city centre +asn7t as cro+ded this #ornin$ as it usually is1 !J it is usually #ore cro+ded% K Aenny didn7t do as +ell in the exa# as she had hoped1 !J she had hoped to do better% K 7The +eather is better today9 isn7t it27 7Ees9 it7s not as cold17 !J yesterday +as colder% K " don7t kno+ as #any people as you do1 !J you kno+ #ore

people% Eou can also say 7not so1 !as%7D K "t7s not +ar# but it isn7t so cold as yesterday1 !J 111 it isn7t as cold as 111% Fess 111 !than% is si#ilar to not as 111 !as%D K " spent less #oney than you1 !J " didn7t spend as #uch #oney 111% K The city centre +as less cro+ded than usual1 !J it +asn7t as cro+ded 111% B1 Eou can use as 111 as !but not 7so 111 as7% in positive sentences and in ;uestionsD K "7# sorry "7# late1 " $ot here as fast as " could1 K There7s plenty of food1 Eou can have as #uch as you like1 K Fet7s +alk1 "t7s Aust as ;uick as takin$ the bus1 K Can you send #e the #oney as soon as possible9 please2 AlsoD t+ice as 111 as9 three ti#es as 111 as etc1D K Petrol is t+ice as expensive as it +as a fe+ years a$o1 K Their house is about three ti#es as bi$ as ours1 C1 3e say the sa#e as !not 7the sa#e like7%D K Ann7s salary is the sa#e as #ine1 or Ann $ets the sa#e salary as #e1 K To# is the sa#e a$e as Ieor$e1 K 73hat +ould you like to drink27 7"7ll have the sa#e as you17 =1 Than #e6than " a# etc1 3e usually sayD K Eou are taller than #e1 !not 7than "7% K 0e is not as clever as her1 !not 7as she7% After than6as it is #ore usual to say #e6hi#6her6the#6us +hen there is no verb1 Co#pareD K Eou are taller than " a#1 but Eou are taller than #e1 K They have #ore #oney than +e have1 but They have #ore #oney than us1 K " can7t run as fast as he can1 but " can7t run as fast as hi#1 @p& ' EME:C"SES /*1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ as 111 as1

1 "7# ;uite tall but you are taller1 "7# not Pas tell as you1P &1 8y salary is hi$h but yours is hi$her1 8y salary isn7t ---1 '1 Eou kno+ a bit about cars but " kno+ #ore1 Eou don7t ---1 (1 "t7s still cold but it +as colder yesterday1 "t isn7t ---1 )1 " still feel a bit tired but " felt a lot #ore tired yesterday1 " don7t ---1 *1 They7ve lived here for ;uite a lon$ ti#e but +e7ve lived here lon$er1 They haven7t ---1 ,1 " +as a bit nervous before the intervie+ but usually "7# a lot #ore nervous1 " +asn7t ---1 /*1& :e+rite these sentences so that they have the sa#e #eanin$1 1 Hack is youn$er than he looks1 Hack isn7t Pas old as he looks1P &1 didn7t spend as #uch #oney as you1 Eou Pspent #ore #oney than #e1P '1 The station +as nearer than " thou$ht1 The station +asn7t ---1 (1 The #eal didn7t cost as #uch as " expected1 The #eal ---1 )1 " $o out less than " used to1 " don7t ---1 *1 0er hair isn7t as lon$ as it used to be1 She used to ---1 ,1 kno+ the# better than you do1 Eou don7t ---1 -1 There +ere fe+er people at this #eetin$ than at the last one1 There +eren7t ---1 /*1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ as 111 as1 Choose one of the follo+in$D bad9 co#fortable9 fast9 lon$9 often9 ;uietly9 soon9 +ell9 +ell;ualified9 1 "7# sorry "7# a bit late1 " $ot here Pas fast asP " could1 &1 "t +as a difficult ;uestion1 " ans+ered it --- " could1 '1 70o+ lon$ can " stay +ith you27 7Eou can stay --- you like17 (1 " need the infor#ation ;uickly9 so please let #e kno+ --possible1 )1 " like to keep fit9 so " $o s+i##in$ --- " can1 *1 " didn7t +ant to +ake anybody9 so " ca#e in --- " could1 "n the follo+in$ sentences use Aust as 111 as1

,1 "7# $oin$ to sleep on the floor1 "t7s --- sleepin$ in that hard bed1 -1 3hy did he $et the Aob rather than #e2 "7# --- hi#1 .1 At first " thou$ht you +ere nice but really you7re --- everybody else1 /*1( 3rite sentences usin$ the sa#e as1 1 Sally and Gate are both && years old1 PSally is the sa#e a$e as Gate1P &1 Eou and " both have dark bro+n hair1 Eour hair ---1 '1 " arrived at /1&) and so did you1 " ---1 (1 8y birthday is ) April1 To#7s birthday is ) April too1 8y ---1 /*1) Co#plete the sentences +ith than111 or as111 1 " can7t reach as hi$h as you1 Eou are taller Pthan #e1P &1 0e doesn7t kno+ #uch1 " kno+ #ore ---1 '1 " don7t +ork particularly hard1 8ost people +ork as hard ---1 (1 3e +ere very surprised1 Nobody +as #ore surprised ---1 )1 She7s not a very $ood player1 "7# a better player ---1 *1 They7ve been very lucky1 " +ish +e +ere as lucky ---1 @p& ( 5N"T /, Superlatives--the lon$est6the #ost enAoyable etc1 A1 Study these exa#plesD 3hat is the lon$est river in the +orld2 3hat +as the #ost enAoyable holiday you7ve ever had2 Fon$est and #ost enAoyable are superlative for#s1 B1 The superlative for# is >est or #ost 111 "n $eneral9 +e use >est for short +ords and #ost 111 for lon$er +ords1 !The rules are the sa#e as those for the co#parative - see 5nit /(1% lon$ -O lon$est9 hot -O hottest9 easy -O easiest9 hard -O hardest but #ost fa#ous9 #ost borin$ #ost difficult9 #ost expensive These adAectives are irre$ularD $ood -O best9 bad -O +orst9 far -O furthest 4or spellin$9 see Appendix *1 C1 3e nor#ally use the before a superlative !the lon$est6the #ost fa#ous etc1%D K Eesterday +as the hottest day of the year1 K That fil# +as really borin$1 "t +as the #ost borin$ fil# "7ve ever seen1

K She is a really nice person - one of the nicest people " kno+1 K 3hy does he al+ays co#e to see #e at the +orst possible #o#ent2 Co#pareD K This hotel is the cheapest in to+n1 !superlative% K This hotel is cheaper than all the others in to+n1 !co#parative% =1 Oldest and eldest The superlative of old is oldestD K That church is the oldest buildin$ in the to+n1 !not 7the eldest7% 3e use eldest !or oldest% +hen +e are talkin$ about people in a fa#ilyD K 8y eldest son is ' years old1 !or 8y oldest son 1 % K Are you the eldest in your fa#ily2 !or 1 the oldest1 E1 After superlatives +e use in +ith places !to+ns9 buildin$s etc1%D K 3hat is the lon$est river in the +orld2 !not 7of the +orld7% K 3e had a lovely roo#1 "t +as one of the nicest in the hotel1 !not 7of the hotel7% 3e also use in for or$anisations and $roups of people !a class6tea#6co#pany etc1%D K 3ho is the best student in the class2 !not 7of the class7% 3e nor#ally use of for a period of ti#eD K 3hat +as the happiest day of your life2 K Eesterday +as the hottest day of the year1 41 3e often use the present perfect !" have done% after a superlative !see also 5nit -A%D K 3hat7s the best fil# you7ve ever seen2 K That +as the #ost delicious #eal "7ve had for a lon$ ti#e1 I1 So#eti#es +e use #ost @ adAective to #ean 7very7D K The book you lent #e +as #ost interestin$1 !J very interestin$% K Thank you for the #oney1 "t +as #ost $enerous of you1 !J very $enerous% @p& ) EME:C"SES /,1 Co#plete the sentences1 5se a superlative !>est or #ost 111 % @ a preposition1 "t7s a very nice roo#1 "t Pis the nicest roo# inP the hotel1

&1 "t7s a very cheap restaurant1 "t7s --- the to+n1 '1 "t +as a very happy day1 "t +as --- #y life1 (1 She7s a very intelli$ent student1 She --- the class1 )1 "t7s a very valuable paintin$1 "t --- the $allery1 *1 Sprin$ is a very busy ti#e for #e1 "t --- the year1 "n the follo+in$ sentences use one of @ a superlative @ a preposition1 , "t7s a very nice roo#1 "t Pis one of the nicest roo#s inP the hotel1 -1 0e7s a very rich #an1 0e7s one --- the +orld1 .1 "t7s a very old castle1 "t --- Britain1 /1 She7s a very $ood player1 She --- the tea#1 1 "t +as a very bad experience1 "t --- #y life1 &1 0e7s a very dan$erous cri#inal1 0e --- the country1 /,1& Co#plete the sentences1 5se a superlative !>est or #ost 111% or a co#parative !>er or #ore 111%1 1 3e stayed at Pthe cheapestP hotel in the to+n1 !cheap% &1 Our hotel +as PcheaperP than all the others in the to+n1 !cheap% '1 The 5nited States is very lar$e but Canada is ---1 !lar$e% (1 3hat7s --- river in the +orld2 !lon$% )1 0e +as a bit depressed yesterday but he looks --- today1 !happy% *1 "t +as an a+ful day1 "t +as --- day of #y life1 !bad% ,1 3hat is --- sport in your country2 !popular% -1 Everest is --- #ountain in the +orld1 "t is than any other #ountain1 !hi$h% .1 3e had a $reat holiday1 "t +as one of the --- holidays +e7ve ever had1 !enAoyable% /1 " prefer this chair to the other one1 "t7s ---1 !co#fortable% 1 3hat7s --- +ay of $ettin$ fro# here to the station2 !;uick% &1 8r and 8rs Bro+n have $ot three dau$hters --- is ( years old1 !old% /,1' 3hat do you say in these situations2 5se a superlative @ 111 ever 111 5se the +ords $iven in brackets !in the correct for#%1 1 Eou7ve Aust been to the cine#a1 The fil# +as extre#ely borin$1

Eou tell your friendD !borin$6fil#6see% PThat7s the #ost borin$ fil# "7ve ever seen1P &1 Eour friend has Aust told you a Aoke9 +hich you think is very funny1 Eou sayD !funny6Aoke6hear% That7s ---1 '1 Eou7re drinkin$ coffee +ith a friend1 "t7s really $ood coffee1 Eou sayD !$ood6coffee6taste% This ---1 (1 Eou are talkin$ to a friend about 8ary1 8ary is very patient1 Eou tell your friend about herD !patient6person6#eet% She ---1 )1 Eou have Aust run ten kilo#etres1 Eou7ve never run further than this1 Eou say to your friendD !far6run% That ---1 *1 Eou decided to $ive up your Aob1 No+ you think this +as a bad #istake1 Eou say to your friendD !bad6#istake6#ake% "t ---1 ,1 Eour friend #eets a lot of people9 so#e of the# fa#ous1 Eou ask your friendD !fa#ous6person6#eet2% 3ho ---2 @p& * 5N"T /- 3ord order ! %--verb @ obAectC place and ti#e A1 ?erb @ obAect The verb and the obAect of the verb nor#ally $o to$ether1 3e do not usually put other +ords bet+een the#D " like children very #uch1 !not 7l like very #uch children7% =id you see your friends yesterday2 Ann often plays tennis Study these -exa#ples1 Notice ho+ the verb and the obAect $o to$ether each ti#eD K =o you clean the house every +eekend2 !not 7=o you clean every +eekend the house27% K Everybody enAoyed the party very #uch1 !not 7Everybody enAoyed very #uch the party7% K Our $uide spoke En$lish fluently1 !not 7111spoke fluently En$lish7% K " not only lost all #y #oney - " also lost #y passport1 !not 7" lost also #y passport7% K At the end of the street you7ll see a super#arket on your left1 !not 7111see on your left a super#arket7% B1 Place and ti#e 5sually the verb and the place !+here2% $o to$etherD $o ho#e9 live in a city9 +alk to +ork etc1

"f the verb has an obAect9 the place co#es after the verb @ obAectD take so#ebody ho#e9 #eet a friend in the street Ti#e !+hen26ho+ often26ho+ lon$2% nor#ally $oes after placeD To# +alks to +ork every #ornin$1 !not 7To# +alks every #ornin$ to +ork7% She has been in Canada since April1 3e arrived at the airport early1 Study these exa#ples1 Notice ho+ ti#e $oes after placeD K "7# $oin$ to Paris on 8onday1 !not 7"7# $oin$ on 8onday to Paris7% K They have lived in the sa#e house for a lon$ ti#e1 K =on7t be late1 8ake sure you7re here by - o7clock1 K Sarah $ave #e a lift ho#e after the party1 K Eou really shouldn7t $o to bed so ate1 "t is often possible to put ti#e at the be$innin$ of the sentenceD K On 8onday "7# $oin$ to Paris1 K Every #ornin$ To# +alks to +ork1 So#e ti#e +ords !for exa#ple9 al+ays6never6often% usually $o +ith the verb in the #iddle of the sentence1 See 5nit /.1 @p& , EME:C"SES /-1 "s the +ord order ri$ht or +ron$2 Correct the ones that are +ron$1 1 Everybody enAoyed the party very #uch1 P:"I0TP &1 To# +alks every #ornin$ to +ork1 P3:ONID to +ork every #ornin$P '1 Hi# doesn7t like very #uch football1 --(1 " drink three or four cups of coffee every #ornin$1 --)1 " ate ;uickly #y dinner and +ent out1 --*1 Are you $oin$ to invite to the party a lot of people2 --,1 " phoned To# i##ediately after hearin$ the ne+s ---1 =id you $o late to bed last ni$ht2 --.1 Sue +as here five #inutes a$o1 3here is she no+2 --/1 =id you learn a lot of thin$s at school today2 --1 " #et on #y +ay ho#e a friend of #ine --&1 " fell yesterday off #y bicycle ---

/-1& Put the parts of the sentence in the ri$ht order1 1 !the party6very #uch6everybody enAoyed% PEverybody enAoyed the party very #uch1P &1 !+e +on6easily6the $a#e% ---1 '1 !;uietly6the door 6" closed% ---1 (1 !=iane6;uite +ell 6speaks6Ier#an% ---1 )1 !Ti#6all the ti#e television6+atches% ---1 *1 !a$ain6please don7t ask6that ;uestion% ---1 ,1 !football6every +eekend6does Gen play2% ---1 -1 !so#e #oney6" borro+ed6fro# a friend of #ine% ---1 /-1' Co#plete the sentences1 Put the parts in the ri$ht order1 1 !for a lon$ ti#e6have lived 6in the sa#e house% They Phave lived in the sa#e house for a lon$ ti#e1P1 &1 !to the bank every 4riday 6$o% " ---1 '1 !ho#e6did you co#e6so late% 3hy ---2 (1 !her car6 drives 6everyday 6to +ork% Ann ---1 )1 !been6recently6to the cine#a% " haven7t ---1 *1 !at the top of the pa$e6your na#e6+rite% Please ---1 ,1 !her na#e6after a fe+ #inutes6re#e#bered% " ---1 -1 !around the to+n6all #ornin$6+alked% 3e ---1 .1 !on Saturday ni$ht6didn7t see you6at the party% " ---1 /1 !so#e interestin$ books6found6in the library% 3e ---1 1 !the children6yesterday6to the Noo6took% Sally ---1 &1 !opposite the park6a ne+ hotel6are buildin$% They ---1 @p& 5N"T /. 3ord order !&%--adverbs +ith the verb A1 So#e adverbs !for exa#ple9 al+ays9 also9 probably% $o +ith the verb in the #iddle of a sentenceD K To# al+ays $oes to +ork by car1 K 3e +ere feelin$ very tired and +e +ere also hun$ry1 K Eour car has probably been stolen1 B1 Study these rules for the position of adverbs in the #iddle of a sentence1 !They are only $eneral rules9 so there are exceptions1% i% "f the verb is one +ord !$oes6fell6cooked etc1%9 the adverb usually $oes before the verbD To# al+ays!adverb% $oes!verb% to +ork by car1

" al#ost!adverb% fell!verb% as " +as $oin$ do+n the stairs1 K " cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner1 !not 7cooked also7% K Fucy hardly ever +atches television and rarely reads ne+spapers1 Note that these adverbs !al+ays6often6also etc1% $o before have toD K Hi# never phones #e1 " al+ays have to phone hi#1 !not 7" have al+ays to phone7% ii% But adverbs $o after a#6is6are6+as6+ereD K 3e +ere feelin$ very tired and +e +ere also hun$ry1 K 3hy are you al+ays late2 Eou7re never on ti#e1 K The traffic isn7t usually as bad as it +as this #ornin$1 iii% "f the verb is t+o or #ore +ords !can re#e#ber6doesn7t s#oke6has been stolen etc1%9 the adverb $oes after the first verb !can6doesn7t6has etc1%D " can!verb % never!adverb% re#e#ber!verb &% his na#e1 Ann doesn7t!verb % usually!adverb% s#oke1!verb &% Are you!verb % definitely!adverb% $oin$!verb &% to the party to#orro+2 Eour car has!verb % probably!adverb% been!verb &% stolen1 K 8y parents have al+ays lived in Fondon1 K Hack can7t cook1 0e can7t even boil an e$$1 K The house +as only built a year a$o and it7s already fallin$ do+n1 Note that probably $oes before the ne$ative1 So +e sayD K " probably +on7t see you1 or " +ill probably not see you1 !but not 7" +on7t probably17% C1 3e also use all and both in these positionsD K 3e all felt ill after the #eal1 !not 7+e felt all ill7% K 8y parents are both teachers1 !not 7#y parents both are teachers7% K Sarah and Hane have both applied for the Aob1 K 3e are all $oin$ out this evenin$1 =1 So#eti#es +e use is6+ill6did etc1 instead of repeatin$ part of a sentence !see 5nit )/A%1 Note the position of al+ays6never etc1 in

these sentencesD K 0e al+ays says he +on7t be late but he al+ays is1 !J he is al+ays late% K "7ve never done it and " never +ill1 !J " +ill never do it% 3e nor#ally put al+ays6never etc1 before the verb in sentences like these1 @p& . EME:C"SES /.1 Are the underline +ords in the ri$ht position or not2 Correct the sentences that are +ron$1 1 To# $oes Pa +aysP to +ork by car1 P3:ONID To# al+ays $oesP &1 " cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner1 P:"I0TP '1 " have usually a sho+er +hen " $et up1 --(1 3e soon found the solution to the proble#1 --)1 Steve $ets hardly ever an$ry1 --*1 " did so#e shoppin$ and " +ent also to the bank1 --,1 Hane has al+ays to hurry in the #ornin$ because she $ets up so late1 ---1 3e all +ere tired so +e all fell asleep1 --.1 She al+ays says she7ll phone #e but she never does --/.1& :e+rite the sentences to include the +ord in brackets1 1 Ann doesn7t drink tea1 !often% PAnn doesn7t often drink tea1P &1 3e +ere on holiday1 !all% ---1 '1 3e +ere stayin$ at the sa#e hotel1 !all% ---1 (1 3e enAoyed ourselves1 !all% ---1 )1 Catherine is very $enerous1 !al+ays% ---1 *1 don7t have to +ork on Saturdays1 !usually% " ---1 ,1 =o you +atch television in the evenin$s2 !al+ays% ---1 -1 8artin is learnin$ 4rench1 0e is learnin$ "talian1 !also% 8artin is learnin$ 4rench1 0e ---1 .1 That hotel is very expensive1 !probably% ---1 /1 "t costs a lot to stay there1 !probably% ---1 1 " can help you9 !probably% ---1 &1 " can7t help you1 !probably% ---1 /.1' Co#plete the sentences1 5se the +ords in brackets in the

correct order1 1 " Pcan never re#e#berP her na#e1 !re#e#ber6never6can% &1 " --- su$ar in coffee1 !take6usually% '1 --- hun$ry +hen " $et ho#e fro# +ork1 !a#6usually% (1 73here7s Hi#27 70e --- ho#e early17 !$one has6probably% )1 8ark and =iane --- in 8anchester1 !both +ere6born% *1 FiN is a $ood pianist1 She --- very +ell1 !sin$6also6can% ,1 Our car --- do+n1 !often6breaks% -1 They live in the sa#e street as #e but " --- to the#1 !never6have6spoken% .1 3e --- a lon$ ti#e for the bus1 !have6al+ays6to +ait% /1 8y si$ht isn7t very $ood1 " --- +ith $lasses1 !read6can6only% 1 " --- early to#orro+1 !probably6leavin$6+ill6be% &1 "7# afraid " --- able to co#e to the party1 !probably6be " +on7t% '1 "t7s difficult to contact Sue1 She --- at ho#e +hen " phone her1 !is6hardly ever% (1 3e --- in the sa#e place1 3e haven7t #oved1 !still6are6livin$% )1 "f +e hadn7t taken the sa#e train9 +e --- each other1 !never6#et6+ould6have% *1 7Are you tired27 7Ees9 " --- at this ti#e of day17 !a#6al+ays% @p&&/ 5N"T / Still9 yet and already Any #ore6any lon$er6no lon$er A still 3e use still to say that a situation or action is continuin$1 "t hasn7t chan$ed or stoppedD K "t7s / o7clock and To# is still in bed1 K 3hen " +ent to bed9 Hane +as still +orkin$1 K =o you still +ant to $o to the party or have you chan$ed your #ind2 Still usually $oes in the #iddle of the sentence +ith the verb1 See 5nit /.1 B1 Any #ore6any lon$er6no lon$er 3e use not 111 any #ore or not 111 any lon$er to say that a situation has chan$ed1 Any #ore and any lon$er $o at the end of a sentenceD

K Ann doesn7t +ork here any #ore !or any lon$er%1 She left last #onth1 !not 7Ann doesn7t still +ork here7% K 3e used to be $ood friends but +e aren7t any #ore !or any lon$er%1 Eou can also use no lon$er1 No lon$er $oes in the #iddle of the sentenceD K Ann no lon$er +orks here1 Note that +e do not nor#ally use no #ore in this +ayD K 3e are no lon$er friends1 !not 73e are no #ore friends7% Co#pare still and not 111 any #oreD K Sheila still +orks here but Ann doesn7t +ork here any #ore1 C1 Eet Eet J 7until no+71 3e use yet #ainly in ne$ative sentences !" haven7t finished yet% and ;uestions !0ave you finished yet2%1 Eet sho+s that the speaker is expectin$ so#ethin$ to happen1 Eet usually $oes at the end of a sentenceD K "t7s / o7clock and To# hasn7t $ot up yet1 K "7# hun$ry1 "s dinner ready yet2 K 3e don7t kno+ +here +e7re $oin$ for our holidays yet1 3e often use yet +ith the present perfect !0ave you finished yet2%1 See also 5nit ,C1 Co#pare yet and stillD K Hack lost his Aob a year a$o and is still une#ployed1 Hack lost his Aob a year a$o and hasn7t found another Aob yet1 K "s it still rainin$2 0as it stopped rainin$ yet2 Still is also possible in ne$ative sentences !before the ne$ative%D K She said she +ould be here an hour a$o and she still hasn7t co#e1 This is si#ilar to 7she hasn7t co#e yet71 But still1 not sho+s a stron$er feelin$ of surprise or i#patience1 Co#pareD K " +rote to hi# last +eek1 0e hasn7t replied yet1 !but " expect he +ill reply soon% K " +rote to hi# #onths a$o and he still hasn7t replied1 !he should have replied before no+% =1 Already 3e use already to say that so#ethin$ happened sooner than

expected1 Already usually $oes in the #iddle of a sentence !see 5nit /.%D K 73hen is Sue $oin$ on holiday27 7She has already $one17 !J sooner than you expected% K Shall " tell FiN the ne+s or does she already kno+2 K "7ve only Aust had lunch and "7# already hun$ry1 @p&& EME:C"SES /1 Co#pare +hat Paul said a fe+ years a$o +ith +hat he says no+1 So#e thin$s are the sa#e as before and so#e thin$s have chan$ed1 Paul a fe+ years a$o !beard% " travel a lot1 " +ork in a shop1 " +rite poe#s1 " +ant to be a teacher1 "7# interested in politics1 "7# sin$le1 " $o fishin$ a lot1 Paul no+ " travel a lot1 " +ork in a hospital1 " $ave up +ritin$ poe#s1 " +ant to be a teacher1 "7# not interested in politics1 "7# sin$le1 " haven7t been fishin$ for years1 3rite sentences about Paul usin$ still and not 1 any #ore1 1 !travel% P0e still travels a lot1P &1 !shop% P0e doesn7t +ork in a shop any #ore1'1 !poe#s% 0e ---1 (1 !teacher% ---1 )1 !politics% ---1 *1 !sin$le% ---1 ,1 !fishin$% ---1 -1 !beard% ---1 No+ +rite three sentences about Paul usin$ no lon$er1 .1 P0e no lon$er +orks in a shop1P /1 0e ---1

1 ---1 & ---1 /1& 4or each sentence !+ith still% +rite a sentence +ith a si#ilar #eanin$ usin$ not 111 yet @ one of the follo+in$ verbsD decide find finish $o stop take off +ake up 1 "t7s still rainin$1 P"t hasn7t stopped rainin$ yet1P &1 Ieor$e is still here1 0e ---1 '1 They7re still havin$ their dinner1 They ---1 (1 The children are still asleep ---1 )1 Ann is still lookin$ for a Aob ---1 *1 "7# still +onderin$ +hat to do ---1 ,1 The plane is still +aitin$ on the run+ay ---1 /1' "n this exercise you have to put in still9 yet9 already or not 111 any #ore in the PunderlineP sentence !or part of a sentence%1 Study the exa#ples carefully1 1 Hack lost his Aob a year a$o and Phe is une#ployed1P P0e is still une#ployedP &1 =o you +ant #e to tell FiN the ne+s or Pdoes she kno+P2 Pdoes she already kno+ '1 "7# hun$ry1 P"s dinner readyP2 P"s dinner ready yetP (1 " +as hun$ry earlier but P"7# not hun$ry1P P"7# not hun$ry any #oreP )1 Can +e +ait a fe+ #inutes2 P" don7t +ant to $o out1P ---1 *1 Hill used to +ork at the airport but Pshe doesn7t +ork there1P ---1 ,1 " used to live in A#sterda#1 P" have a lot of friends thereP ---1 -1 7Shall " introduce you to Hi#27 7There7s no need1 P3e7ve #et1P7 ---1 .1 P=o you live in the sa#e houseP or have you #oved2 ---1 /1 3ould you like to eat +ith us or Phave you eaten2P ---1 1 73here7s Hohn27 7P0e isn7t here1P 0e7ll be here soon17 ---1 &1 Ti# said he +ould be here at -1'/1 "t7s . o7clock no+ and Phe isn7t here1P ---1 '1 =o you +ant to Aoin the club or Pare you a #e#ber2P ---1 (1 "t happened a lon$ ti#e a$o but P" can re#e#ber it very clearly1P ---1

)1 "7ve put on +ei$ht1 PThese trousers don7t fit #e1P ---1 *1 7P0ave you finished +ith the paper2P7 7No P"7# readin$ it1P7 ---1 @p&&& 5N"T Even A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Tina loves +atchin$ television1 She has a T? set in every roo# of the house--even the bathroo#1 3e use even to say that so#ethin$ is unusual or surprisin$1 "t is not usual to have a T? set in the bathroo#1 So#e #ore exa#plesD K These photo$raphs aren7t very $ood1 Even " could take better photo$raphs than these1 !and "7# certainly not a $ood photo$rapher% K 0e al+ays +ears a coat - even in hot +eather1 K Nobody +ould lend her the #oney - not even her best friend1 or Not even her best friend +ould lend her the #oney1 B1 ?ery often +e use even +ith the verb in the #iddle of a sentence !see 5nit /.%D K Sue has travelled all over the +orld1 She has even been to the Antarctic1 !"t7s especially unusual to $o to the Antarctic9 so she #ust have travelled a lot1% K They are very rich1 They even have their o+n private Aet1 Study these exa#ples +ith not evenD K " can7t cook1 " can7t even boil an e$$1 !and boilin$ an e$$ is very easy% K They +eren7t very friendly to us1 They didn7t even say hello1 K Henny is very fit1 She7s Aust run five #iles and she7s not even out of breath1 C1 Eou can use even @ a co#parative !cheaper6#ore expensive etc1%D K " $ot up very early but Hohn $ot up even earlier1 K " kne+ " didn7t have #uch #oney but "7ve $ot even less than " thou$ht1 K 3e +ere surprised to $et a letter fro# her1 3e +ere even #ore surprised +hen she ca#e to see us a fe+ days later1

=1 Even thou$h6even +hen6even if Eou can use even @ thou$h6+hen6if to Aoin sentences1 Note that you cannot use even alone in the follo+in$ exa#plesD K Even thou$h she can7t drive9 she has bou$ht a car1 !not 7Even she can7t drive17% K 0e never shouts9 even +hen he7s an$ry1 K "7ll probably see you to#orro+1 But even if " don7t see you to#orro+9 +e7re sure to see each other before the +eekend1 !not 7even " don7t see you7% Co#pare even if and ifD K 3e7re $oin$ to the beach to#orro+1 "t doesn7t #atter +hat the +eather is like1 3e7re $oin$ to the beach even if it7s rainin$1 K 3e hope to $o to the beach to#orro+9 but +e +on7t $o if it7s rainin$1 @p&&' EME:C"SES 1 Sharon9 Finda and An$ela are three friends +ho +ent on holiday to$ether1 5se the infor#ation $iven about the# to co#plete the sentences usin$ even or not even1 Sharon is usually on ti#e9 Sharon is usually happy9 Sharon likes $ettin$ up early9 Sharon is very interested in art Finda isn7t very keen on art9 Finda is usually #iserable9 Finda usually hates hotels9 Finda hasn7t $ot a ca#era An$ela is al#ost al+ays late9 An$ela is a keen photo$rapher9 An$ela loves stayin$ at hotels9 An$ela isn7t very $ood at $ettin$ up 1 They stayed at a hotel1 Everybody liked it9 Peven Finda1P &1 They arran$ed to #eet1 They all arrived on ti#e ---1 '1 They +ent to an art $allery1 Nobody enAoyed it ---1 (1 Eesterday they had to $et up early1 They all #ana$ed to do this ---1 )1 They +ere to$ether yesterday1 They +ere all in a $ood #ood ---1 *1 None of the# took any photo$raphs9 ---1 1& 8ake sentences +ith even1 5se the +ords in brackets1 1 She has been all over the +orld1 !the Antarctic% PShe has even been to the Antarctic1P

&1 She has to +ork every day1 !on Sundays% ---1 '1 They painted the +hole roo#1 !the floor% They ---1 (1 Eou could hear the noise fro# a lon$ +ay a+ay1 !fro# the next street% Eou ---1 )1 They have the +indo+s open all the ti#e1 !+hen it7s freeNin$% ---1 "n the follo+in$ sentences you have to use not 111 even1 *1 They didn7t say anythin$ to us1 !hello%1 PThe didn7t even say hello1P ,1 " can7t re#e#ber anythin$ about her1 !her na#e% " ---1 -1 There isn7t anythin$ to do in this to+n1 !a cine#a% ---1 .1 0e didn7t tell anybody +here he +as $oin$1 !his +ife% ---1 1' Co#plete these sentences usin$ even @ a co#parative1 1 "t +as very hot yesterday but today it7s Peven hotter1P &1 The church is )// years old but the house next to it is ---1 '1 That7s a very $ood idea but "7ve $ot an --- one1 (1 The first ;uestion +as very difficult to ans+er1 The second one +as ---1 )1 did very badly in the exa#ination but #ost of #y friends did ---1 *1 Neither of us +as hun$ry1 " ate very little and #y friend ate ---1 1( Put in if9 even9 even if or even thou$h1 1 PEven thou$hP she can7t drive9 she has bou$ht a car1 &1 The bus leaves in five #inutes but +e can still catch it --- +e run1 '1 The bus leaves in t+o #inutes1 3e +on7t catch it no+ --- +e run1 (1 0is Spanish isn7t very $ood --- after three years in Spain1 )1 0is Spanish isn7t very $ood --- he7s lived in Spain for three years1 *1 --- +ith the heatin$ on9 it +as very cold in the house1 ,1 --- " +as very tired9 " couldn7t sleep1 -1 " +on7t for$ive the# for +hat they said --- they apolo$ise1 .1 --- " hadn7t eaten anythin$ for &( hours9 " +asn7t hun$ry1 @p&&(

5N"T & Althou$h6thou$h6even thou$h "n spite of6despite A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Fast year Hack and Hill spent their holidays by the sea1 "t rained a lot but they enAoyed the#selves1 Eou can sayD Althou$h it rained a lot9 they enAoyed the#selves1 !J "t rained a lot but they 111% or "n spite of the rain9 they enAoyed the#selves1 =espite the rain9 they enAoyed the#selves1 B1 After althou$h +e use a subAect @ verbD K Althou$h it rained a lot9 +e enAoyed our holiday1 K " didn7t $et the Aob althou$h " had all the necessary ;ualifications1 Co#pare the #eanin$ of althou$h and becauseD K 3e +ent out althou$h it +as rainin$1 K 3e didn7t $o out because it +as rainin$1 C1 After in spite of or despite9 +e use a noun9 a pronoun !this6that6+hat etc1% or >in$D K "n spite of the rain9 +e enAoyed our holiday1 K " didn7t $et the Aob in spite of havin$ all the necessary ;ualifications1 K She +asn7t +ell9 but in spite of this she +ent to +ork1 K "n spite of +hat " said yesterday9 " still love you1 =espite is the sa#e as in spite of1 Note that +e say 7in spite of79 but despite !+ithout 7of7%D K She +asn7t +ell9 but despite this she +ent to +ork1 !not 7despite of this7% Eou can say 7in spite of the fact !that%1117 and 7despite the fact !that% 1117D K " didn7t $et the Aob in spite of the fact !that% " had all the necessary ;ualifications1 K " didn7t $et the Aob despite of the fact !that% " had all the necessary ;ualifications1 Co#pare in spite of and because ofD K 3e +ent out in spite of the rain1 !or 111 despite the rain1% K 3e didn7t $o out because of the rain1 =1 Co#pare althou$h and in spite of6despiteD

K Althou$h the traffic +as bad9 " arrived on ti#e1 !not 7in spite of the traffic +as bad7% "n spite of the traffic9 " arrived on ti#e1 !not 7in spite of the traffic +as bad7% K " couldn7t sleep althou$h " +as very tired1 !not 7despite " +as tired7% K " couldn7t sleep despite bein$ very tired1 !not 7despite " +as tired7% E1 So#eti#es +e use thou$h instead of althou$hD K " didn7t $et the Aob thou$h " had all the necessary ;ualifications1 "n spoken En$lish +e often use thou$h at the end of a sentenceD K The house isn7t very nice1 " like the $arden thou$h1 !J but " like the $arden% K " see hi# every day1 "7ve never spoken to hi# thou$h1 !J but "7ve never spoken to hi#% Even thou$h !but not 7even7 alone% is a stron$er for# of althou$hD K Even thou$h " +as really tired9 " couldn7t sleep1 !not 7Even " +as really tired 1117% @p&&) EME:C"SES &1 Co#plete the sentences1 5se althou$h @ a sentence fro# the box1 " didn7t speak the lan$ua$e he has a very i#portant Aob " had never seen her before +e don7t like the# very #uch it +as ;uite cold9 the heatin$ +as on "7d #et her t+ice before +e7ve kno+n each other for a lon$ ti#eV 1 PAlthou$h he has a very i#portant Aob9P he isn7t articularly +ell-paid1 &1 ---9 " reco$nised her fro# a photo$raph1 '1 She +asn7t +earin$ a coat ---1 (1 3e thou$ht +e7d better invite the# to the party ---1 )1 ---9 " #ana$ed to #ake #yself understood1 *1 ---9 the roo# +asn7t +ar#1

,1 " didn7t reco$niNe her ---1 -1 3e7re not very $ood friends ---1 &1& Co#plete the sentences +ith althou$h6in spite of6because6because of1 1 PAlthou$hP it rained a lot9 +e enAoyed our holiday1 &1 a1 --- all our careful plans9 a lot of thin$s +ent +ron$1 b1 ---+e had planned everythin$ carefully9 a lot of thin$s +ent +ron$1 '1 a1 " +ent ho#e early --- " +as feelin$ un+ell1 b1 " +ent to +ork the next day --- " +as still feelin$ un+ell1 (1 a1 She only accepted the Aob --- the salary9 +hich +as very hi$h1 b1 She accepted the Aob --- the salary9 +hich +as rather lo+1 )1 a1 " #ana$ed to $et to sleep --- there +as a lot of noise1 b1 " couldn7t $et to sleep --- the noise1 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete the follo+in$ sentencesD *1 a1 0e passed the exa# althou$h 1---1 b1 0e passed the exa# because ---1 ,1 a1 " didn7t eat anythin$ althou$h ---1 b1 " didn7t eat anythin$ in spite of ---1 &1' 8ake one sentence fro# t+o1 5se the +ord!s% in brackets in your sentences1 1 " couldn7t sleep1 " +as tired1 !despite%1 P" couldn7t sleep despite bein$ tired1P &1 They have very little #oney1 They are happy1 !in spite of% "n spite of ---1 '1 8y foot +as inAured1 " #ana$ed to +alk to the nearest villa$e1 !althou$h% (1 " enAoyed the fil#1 The story +as silly1 !in spite of% )1 3e live in the sa#e street1 3e hardly ever see each other1 !despite% *1 " $ot very +et in the rain1 " had an u#brella1 !even thou$h% &1( 5se the +ords in brackets to #ake a sentence +ith thou$h at the end1 1 The house isn7t very nice1 !like6$arden% P" like the $arden thou$h1P

&1 "t7s ;uite +ar#1 !a bit +indy% ---1 '1 3e didn7t like the food1 !ate% ---1 (1 FiN is very nice1 !don7t like6husband% " ---1 @&&* 5N"T ' in case A1 Study this exa#ple situationD Ieoff is a football referee1 0e al+ays +ears t+o +atches durin$ a $a#e because it is possible that one +atch +ill stop1 0e +ears t+o +atches in case one of the# stops1 "n case one of the# stops J7because it is possible one of the# +ill stop71 So#e #ore exa#ples of in caseD K Ann #i$ht phone toni$ht1 " don7t +ant to $o out in case she phones1 !J because it is possible she +ill phone% K "7ll dra+ a #ap for you in case you can7t find our house1 !J because it is possible you +on7t be able to find it% 3e use Aust in case for a s#aller possibilityD K " don7t think it +ill rain but "7ll take an u#brella Aust in case1 !JAust in case it rains% =o not use +ill after in case1 5se a present tense for the future !see also 5nit &)%D K " don7t +ant to $o out toni$ht in case Ann phones1 !not 7in case Ann +ill phone7% B1 "n case is not the sa#e as if1 3e use in case to say +hy so#ebody does !or doesn7t do% so#ethin$1 Eou do so#ethin$ no+ in case so#ethin$ happens later1 Co#pareD T in case K 3e7ll buy so#e #ore food in case To# co#es1 !J Perhaps To# +ill co#eC +e7ll buy so#e #ore food no+9 +hether he co#es or notC then +e7ll already have the food if he co#es1% K "7ll $ive you #y phone nu#ber in case you need to contact #e1 K Eou should insure your bicycle in case it is stolen1 T& if K 3e7ll buy so#e #ore food if To# co#es1 !J Perhaps To# +ill co#eC if he co#es9 +e7ll buy so#e #ore foodC if he doesn7t co#e9 +e +on7t buy any #ore food1%

K Eou can phone #e at the hotel if you need to contact #e1 K Eou should infor# the police if your bicycle is stolen1 C1 Eou can use in case !@ past% to say +hy so#ebody did so#ethin$D K 3e bou$ht so#e #ore food in case To# ca#e1 !J because it +as possible that To# +ould co#e% K " dre+ a #ap for Sarah in case she couldn7t find the house1 K 3e ran$ the bell a$ain in case they hadn7t heard it the first ti#e1 =1 7"n case of17 is not the sa#e as 7in case71 "n case of111 J 7if there is1117 !especially in notices etc1%D K "n case of fire9 please leave the buildin$ as ;uickly as possible1 !J if there is a fire% K "n case of e#er$ency9 telephone this nu#ber1 !J if there is an e#er$ency% @p&&, EME:C"SES '1 Barbara is $oin$ for a lon$ +alk in the country1 She is $oin$ to take these thin$s +ith herD so#e chocolate a #ap an u#brella her ca#era so#e +ater a to+el She has decided to take these thin$s becauseD perhaps she7ll +ant to have a s+i# it7s possible she7ll $et lost she #i$ht $et hun$ry she #i$ht +ant to take so#e photo$raphs perhaps she7ll $et thirsty perhaps it +ill rain 3rite sentences +ith in case sayin$ +hy Barbara has decided to take these thin$s +ith her1 1 PShe7s $oin$ to take so#e chocolate in case she $ets hun$ry1P &1 She7s $oin$ to take a #ap in case ---1 '1 She7s $oin$ to ---1 (1 ---1 )1 ---1 * ---1 '1& 3hat do you say in these situations2 5se in case1

1 "t7s possible that 8ary +ill need to contact you9 so you $ive her your phone nu#ber1 Eou sayD 0ere7s #y phone nu#ber ---1 &1 A friend of yours is $oin$ a+ay for a lon$ ti#e1 8aybe you +on7t see her a$ain before she $oes9 so you decide to say $oodbye no+1 Eou sayD "7ll say ---1 '1 Eou are shoppin$ in a super#arket +ith a friend1 Eou think you have everythin$ you need but perhaps you7ve for$otten so#ethin$1 Eour friend has the list1 Eou ask hi# to check it1 Eou sayD Can you ---1 '1' 3rite sentences +ith in case1 1 There +as a possibility that Ann +ould phone1 So " didn7t $o out1 P" didn7t $o out in case Ann phoned1P &1 Hohn thou$ht that he #i$ht for$et the na#e of the book1 So he +rote it do+n1 0e +rote do+n ---1 '1 thou$ht #y parents #i$ht be +orried about #e1 So " phoned the#1 " phoned ---1 (1 +rote a letter to Hane but " didn7t receive a reply1 So " +rote to her a$ain because " thou$ht that perhaps she hadn7t received #y first letter1 " ---1 )1 " #et so#e people +hen " +as on holiday in 4rance1 They said they #i$ht co#e to Fondon one day1 " live in Fondon9 so " $ave the# #y address1 " ---1 '1( Put in case or if1 1 Ann #i$ht phone this evenin$1 " don7t +ant to $o out Pin caseP she phones1 &1 Eou should tell the police PifP your bicycle is stolen1 '1 hope you7ll co#e to Fondon so#eti#e1 --- you co#e9 you can stay +ith us9 (1 This letter is for Susan1 Can you $ive it to her -- you see her2

)1 3rite your na#e and address on your ba$ --- you lose it1 *1 Io to the lost property office --- you lose your ba$1 ,1 The bur$lar alar# +ill rin$ --- so#ebody tries to break into the house1 -1 "7ve Aust painted the door1 "7ll put a 3ET PA"NT notice next to it --- so#ebody doesn7t realiNe it7s Aust been painted1 .1 " +as advised to arran$e insurance --- " needed #edical treat#ent +hile " +as abroad1 @p&&5N"T ( 5nless As lon$ as and provided6providin$ A1 5nless Study this exa#ple situationD The club is for #e#bers only1 Eou can7t $o in unless you are a #e#ber1 This #eansD 7Eou can7t $o "n except if you are a #e#ber17 or 7Eou can $o in only if you are a #e#ber17 5nless J7except if7 So#e #ore exa#ples of unlessD K "7ll see you to#orro+ unless " have to +ork late1 !J except if " have to +ork late% K =on7t tell Sue +hat " said unless she asks you1 !J except if she asks you% K 7Shall " tell Sue +hat you said27 7Not unless she asks you17 !J only if she asks you% K " don7t like fish1 " +ouldn7t eat it unless " +as extre#ely hun$ry1 !J except if " +as extre#ely hun$ry% 3e often use unless in +arnin$sD K 3e7ll be late unless +e hurry1 !J except if +e hurry% K 5nless you +ork #uch harder9 you +on7t pass the exa#1 K " +as told " +ouldn7t pass the exa# unless " +orked harder1 "nstead of unless it is often possible to say if 111 notD K =on7t tell Sue +hat " said if she doesn7t ask you1 K 3e7ll be late if +e don7t hurry1 B1 As lon$ as etc1 as lon$ as or so lon$ as All these expressions #ean 7if7 or 7on

condition that71 provided !that% or providin$ !that% All these expressions #ean 7if7 or 7on condition that71 4or exa#pleD K Eou can use #y car as lon$ as you drive carefully1 K Eou can use #y car so lon$ as you drive carefully1 !J you can use #y car but you #ust drive carefully--this is a condition% K Travellin$ by car is convenient provided !that% you have so#e+here to park1 K Travellin$ by car is convenient providin$ !that% you have so#e+here to park1 !J but only if you have so#e+here to park% K Providin$ !that% she studies hard9 she7ll pass her exa#s1 K Provided !that% she studies hard9 she7ll pass her exa#s1 !J she #ust study hard - if she does this9 she +ill pass% C1 3hen you are talkin$ about the future9 dr9 not use +ill after unless6as lon$ as6provided providin$1 5se a present tense !see also 5nit &)%D K 3e7ll be late unless +e hurry1 !not 7unless +e +ill hurry7% K Providin$ she studies hard9 she +ill pass the exa#1 !not 7providin$ she +ill study7% @p&&. EME:C"SES (1 3rite a ne+ sentence +ith the sa#e #eanin$1 5se unless in your sentence1 1 Eou #ust +ork #uch harder or you +on7t pass the exa#1 PEou +on7t pass9 the exa# unless you +ork #uch harder1P &1 Fisten carefully or you +on7t kno+ +hat to do1 Eou +on7t kno+ +hat to do ---1 '1 She #ust apolo$iNe to #e or "7ll never speak to her a$ain1 "7ll ---1 (1 Eou have to speak very slo+ly or he +on7t be able to understand you1 )1 The co#pany #ust offer #e #ore #oney or "7# $oin$ to look for another Aob1

(1& 3rite a ne+ sentence +ith the sa#e #eanin$1 5se unless in your sentence1 1 Eou are allo+ed into the club only if you7re a #e#ber1 PEou aren7t allo+ed into the club unless you7re a #e#ber1P &1 "7# $oin$ to the party only if you $o too1 "7# not $oin$ ---1 '1 The do$ +ill attack you only if you #ove suddenly1 (1 0e7ll speak to you only if you ask hi# a ;uestion1 )1 The doctor +ill see you today only if it7s an e#er$ency1 (1' Choose the correct +ord or expression for each sentence1 1 Eou can use #y car Punless6as lon$ asP you drive carefully1 !as lon$ as is correct% &1 "7# playin$ tennis to#orro+ Punless6providin$P it7s rainin$1 '1 "7# playin$ tennis to#orro+ Punless6providin$P it7s not rainin$1 (1 " don7t #ind if you co#e in late Punless6as lon$ asP you co#e in ;uietly1 )1 "7# $oin$ no+ Punless6providedP you +ant #e to stay1 *1 " don7t +atch television Punless6as lon$ asP "7ve $ot nothin$ else to do1 ,1 Children are allo+ed to use the s+i##in$ pool Punless6providedP they are +ith an adult1 -1 P5nless6providedP they are +ith an adult9 children are not allo+ed to use the s+i##in$ pool1 .1 3e can sit here in the corner Punless6as lon$ asP you7d rather sit over there by the +indo+1 /1 AD Our holiday cost a lot of #oney1 BD =id it2 3ell9 that doesn7t #atter Punless6as lon$ asP you enAoyed yourselves1 (1( 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 1 3e7ll be late unless P+e hurry1P &1 " like hot +eather unless ---1 '1 " like hot +eather provided ---1 (1 Gate reads a ne+spaper every day as lon$ as ---1 )1 " don7t #ind +alkin$ ho#e as lon$ as ---1 *1 " like to +alk to +ork in the #ornin$ unless ---1 ,1 3e can #eet to#orro+ unless ---1

-1 Eou can borro+ the #oney providin$ ---1 .1 Eou +on7t achieve anythin$ unless ---1 @p&'/ 5N"T ) As !reason and ti#e% A1 As !reason% As so#eti#es #eans 7because7D K As it +as a public holiday9 all the shops +ere shut1 !J because it +as a public holiday% K As they live near us9 +e see the# ;uite often1 K 3e +atched television all evenin$ as +e had nothin$ better to do1 d 3e also use as to say that t+o thin$s happened at the sa#e ti#e1 See Section B1 B1 As !ti#e% Eou can use as +hen t+o thin$s happen at the sa#e ti#eD K " +atched her as she opened the letter1 !7" +atched7 and 7she opened7 at the sa#e ti#e% K As they +alked alon$ the street9 they looked in the shop +indo+s1 K Can you turn off the li$ht as you $o out9 please2 !J on your +ay out of the roo#% Or you can say that so#ethin$ happened as you +ere doin$ so#ethin$ else !J in the #iddle of doin$ so#ethin$ else%D K Hill slipped as she +as $ettin$ off the bus1 K The thief +as seen as he +as cli#bin$ over the +all1 8ost often +e use as +hen t+o short actions happen at the sa#e ti#eD K Ieor$e arrived as Sue left1 !J he arrived and Sue left at the sa#e ti#e% K 3e all +aved $oodbye to FiN as she drove a+ay in her car1 But +e also use as +hen t+o thin$s happen to$ether over a lon$er period of ti#eD K As the day +ent on9 the +eather $ot +orse1 K " be$an to enAoy the Aob #ore as " $ot used to it1 Eou can also use Aust as !J exactly at that #o#ent%D K Hust as " sat do+n9 the phone ran$1 K Hust as +e +ere $oin$ out9 it started to rain1

K " had to leave Aust as the conversation +as $ettin$ interestin$1 4or the past continuous !+as $ettin$6+ere $oin$ etc1% see 5nit *1 C1 As9 +hen and +hile 3e use as only if t+o thin$s happen at the sa#e ti#e1 3e use +hen !not 7as7% if one thin$ happens after another1 Co#pare +hen and asD K 3hen " $ot ho#e9 " had a bath1 !not 7as " $ot ho#e7% K As " +alked into the roo#9 the phone started rin$in$1 !J at the sa#e ti#e% 3e use as !ti#e% for actions and happenin$s1 As @ a situation !not an action% usually #eans 7because7 !see Section A%D K As +e +ere asleep9 +e didn7t hear the doorbell1 !Jbecause +e +ere asleep% K As they live near #e9 " see the# ;uite often1 !Jbecause they live near #e% Eou cannot use as for ti#e in sentences like this1 Eou have to use +hile or +henD K The doorbell ran$ +hile +e +ere asleep1 !not 7as +e +ere asleep7% K An$ela $ot #arried +hen she +as &'1 !not 7as she +as &'7% @p&' EME:C"SES )1 3hat does as #ean in these sentences2 !because%9 !at the sa#e ti#e as% 1 As they live near us9 +e see the# ;uite often1 !because% &1 Hill slipped as she +as $ettin$ off the bus1 !at the sa#e ti#e as% '1 As " +as tired9 " +ent to bed early1 (1 5nfortunately9 as " +as parkin$ the car9 " hit the car behind1 )9 As +e cli#bed the hill9 +e $ot #ore and #ore tired1 *1 3e decided to $o out to cat as +e had no food at ho#e1 ,1 As +e don7t use the car very often9 +e7ve decided to sell it1 )1& !Section A% Aoin a sentence fro# Fist A +ith one fro# Fist B1 Be$in each sentence +ith As1 AD 1 yesterday +as a public holiday &1 it +as a nice day '1 +e didn7t +ant to +ake anybody up

(1 the door +as open )1 none of us had a +atch BD 1 " +alked in &1 +e ca#e in very ;uietly '1 all the shops +ere shut (1 +e didn7t kno+ +hat ti#e it +as )1 +e +ent for a +alk by the sea 1 PAs yesterday +as a public holiday9 all the shops +ere shut1P &1 ---1 '1 ---1 (1 ---1 )1 ---1 )1' !Section B% 5se as to Aoin a sentence fro# Fist A +ith one fro# Fist B1 AD 1 +e all +aved $oodbye to FiN &1 +e all s#iled '1 " burnt #yself (1 the cro+d cheered )1 a do$ ran out in front of the car BD 1 +e +ere drivin$ alon$ the road &1 " +as takin$ a hot dish out of the oven '1 she drove a+ay in her ear (1 +e posed for the photo$raph )1 the t+o tea#s ran onto the field 1 P3e all +aved $oodbye to FiN as she drove a in her car1P &1---1 '1 ---1 (1 ---1 )1 ---1 )1( Put in as or +hen1 So#eti#es you can use either as or +hen1 1 An$ela $ot #arried P+henP she +as &'1 &1 8y ca#era +as stolen --- " +as on holiday1 '1 0e dropped the $lass --- he +as takin$ it out of the cupboard1 (1 --- " left school9 " +ent to +ork in a shop1 )1 The train slo+ed do+n --- it approached the station1

*1 " used to live near the sea --- " +as a child1 )1) 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 1 " sa+ you as ---1 &1 "t be$an to rain Aust as ---1 '1 As " didn7t have enou$h #oney for a taxi9 ---1 (1 Hust as " took the photo$raph9 ---1 @p&'& 5N"T * Fike and as A1 Fike J 7si#ilar to79 7the sa#e as71 Note that you cannot use as in this +ayD K 3hat a beautiful houseL "t7s like a palace1 !not 7as a palace7% K 73hat does Sandra do27 7She7s a teacher9 like #e17 !not 7as #e7% K Be carefulL The floor has been polished1 "t7s like +alkin$ on ice1 !not 7as +alkin$7% K "t7s rainin$ a$ain1 " hate +eather like this1 !not 7as this7% "n these sentences9 like is a preposition1 So it is follo+ed by a noun !like a palace%9 a pronoun !like #e6like this% or >in$ !like +alkin$%1 Eou can also say 7like !so#ebody6so#ethin$% doin$ so#ethin$7D K 73hat7s that noise27 7"t sounds like a baby cryin$17 B1 So#eti#es like J 7for exa#ple7D K So#e sports9 like #otor racin$9 can be dan$erous1 Eou can also use such as !J for exa#ple%D K So#e sports9 such as #otor racin$9 can be dan$erous1 C1 3e use as !not 7like7% before a subAect @ verbD K " didn7t #ove anythin$1 " left everythin$ as " found it1 K They did as they pro#ised1 !J They did +hat they pro#ised1% Co#pare like and as in these sentencesD K Eou should have done it like this1 !like @ pronoun% K Eou should have done it as " sho+ed you1 !as @ subAect @ verb% 3e also say as you kno+6as " said6as she expected6as " thou$ht etc1D K As you kno+9 it7s To#7s birthday next +eek1 !J you kno+ this already% K Hane failed her drivin$ test9 as she expected1 she expected this before%

Note that +e say as usual6as al+aysD K Eou7re late as usual1 =1 As can also be a preposition but the #eanin$ is different fro# like1 Co#pareD T as K Brenda Casey is the #ana$er of a co#pany1 As the #ana$er9 she has to #ake #any i#portant decisions1 !7As the #ana$er7 J in her position as the #ana$er% K =urin$ the +ar this hotel +as used as a hospital1 !so it really +as a hospital% like K 8ary Stone is the assistant #ana$er1 Fike the #ana$er !Brenda Casey%9 she also has to #ake i#portant decisions1 !7Fike the #ana$er7 J si#ilar to the #ana$er% K Everyone is ill at ho#e1 Our house is like a hospital1 !it isn7t really a hospital% As !preposition% J 7in the position of79 7in the for# of7 etc1D K A fe+ years a$o " +orked as a bus driver1 !not 7like a bus driver7% K 3e7ve $ot a $ara$e but +e haven7t $ot a car9 so +e use the $ara$e as a +orkshop1 K 8any En$lish +ords !for exa#ple9 7+ork7 and 7rain7% can be used as verbs or nouns1 K Fondon is all ri$ht as a place to visit9 but " +ouldn7t like to live there1 K The ne+s of her death ca#e as a $reat shock1 3e say re$ard 111 asD K " re$ard her as #y best friend1 @p&'' EME:C"SES *1 !Sections A9 B and < Put in like or as1 1 "t7s rainin$ a$ain1 " hate +eather PlikeP this1 &1 Hane failed her drivin$ test PasP she expected1 '1 =o you think Carol looks --- her #other2 (1 0e really $ets on #y nerves1 " can7t stand people --- hi#1 )1 3hy didn7t you do it --- " told you to do it2 *1 73hat does Bill do27 70e7s a student --- #ost of his friends17

,1 3hy do you never listen2 Talkin$ to you is --- talkin$ to the +all1 -1 --- " said yesterday9 "7# thinkin$ of chan$in$ #y Aob1 .1 To#7s idea see#ed a $ood one9 so +e did --- he su$$ested1 /1 "t7s a difficult proble#1 " never kno+ +hat to do in situations --- this1 1 "7ll phone you to#orro+ --- usual9 OG2 &1 This tea is a+ful1 "t tastes --- +ater1 '1 Suddenly there +as a terrible noise1 "t +as --- a bo#b explodin$1 (1 She7s a very $ood s+i##er1 She s+i#s --- a fish1 )1 "7# afraid " can7t #eet you on Sunday --- +e arran$ed1 *1 3e #et Geith last ni$ht1 0e +as very cheerful --- al+ays1 *1& !Sections A and =% Co#plete the sentences usin$ like or as @ one of the follo+in$D a be$inner blocks of ice a palace a birthday present a proble# a child a church +inter a tourist $uide 1 This house is beautiful1 "t7s Plike a palace1P &1 8ar$aret once had a part-ti#e Aob ---1 '1 8y feet are really cold1 They7re ---1 (1 "7ve been learnin$ Spanish for a fe+ years but " still speak ---1 )1 +onder +hat that buildin$ +ith the to+er is1 "t looks ---1 *1 8y brother $ave #e this +atch --- a lon$ ti#e a$o1 ,1 "t7s true that +e disa$ree about so#e thin$s but " don7t re$ard this ---1 -1 "t7s very cold for the #iddle of su##er1 "t7s ---1 .1 0e7s && years old but he so#eti#es behaves ---1 *1' !All sections% Put in like or as1 1 Eour En$lish is very fluent1 " +ish " could speak --- you1 &1 =on7t take #y advice if you don7t +ant to1 Eou can do --- you like1 '1 Eou +aste too #uch ti#e doin$ thin$s --- sittin$ in cafes all day1 (1 +ish " had a car --- yours1 )1 There7s no need to chan$e your clothes1 Eou can $o out --- you are1

*1 8y nei$hbour7s house is full of interestin$ thin$s1 "t7s --- a #useu#1 ,1 think " preferred this roo# --- it +as9 before +e decorated it1 -1 3hen +e asked Sue to help us9 she a$reed i##ediately --- " kne+ she +ould1 .1 Sharon has been +orkin$ --- a +aitress for the last t+o #onths1 /1 3hile +e +ere on holiday9 +e9 spent #ost of our ti#e doin$ ener$etic thin$s --- sailin$9 +ater skiin$ and s+i##in$1 1 Eou7re different fro# the other people " kno+1 " don7t kno+ anyone --- you1 &1 3e don7t need all the bedroo#s in the house9 so +e use one of the# --- a study1 '1 --- her father9 Catherine has a very $ood voice1 (1 The ne+s that Sue and Hi# +ere $ettin$ #arried ca#e --- a co#plete surprise to #e1 )1 At the #o#ent "7ve $ot a te#porary Aob in a bookshop1 "t7s OG --- a te#porary Aob but " +ouldn7t like to do it per#anently1 @p&'( 5N"T , As if A1 Eou can use as if to say ho+ so#ebody or so#ethin$ looks6sounds6feels etc1D K That house looks as if it7s $oin$ to fall do+n1 K Ann sounded as if she had a cold9 didn7t she2 K "7ve Aust co#e back fro# holiday but " feel tired and depressed1 " don7t feel as if "7ve Aust had a holiday1 Co#pareD K Eou look tired1 !look @ adAective% Eou look as if you haven7t slept1 !look @ as if @ subAect @ verb% K To# sounded +orried1 !sound @ adAective% To# sounded as if he +as +orried1 !sound @ as if @ subAect @ verb% Eou can use as thou$h instead of as ifD K Ann sounds as thou$h she7s $ot a cold1 !J as if she7s $ot a cold1% B1 Eou can also say "t looks6sounds6s#ells as if !or as thou$h%D K Sandra is very late9 isn7t she2 "t looks as if she isn7t co#in$1 K 3e took an u#brella +ith us because it looked as if it +as $oin$

to rain1 K =o you hear that #usic next door2 "t sounds as if they7re havin$ a party1 K "t s#ells as thou$h so#eone has been s#okin$ in here1 After "t looks6sounds6s#ells9 #any people use like instead of as if6as thou$hD K "t looks like Sandra isn7t co#in$1 C1 Eou can use as if +ith other verbs to say ho+ so#ebody does so#ethin$D K 0e ran as if he +as runnin$ for his life1 K After the interruption9 the speaker carried on talkin$ as if nothin$ had happened1 K 3hen " told the# #y plan9 they looked at #e as if " +as #ad1 =1 After as if +e so#eti#es use the past +hen +e are talkin$ about the present1 4or exa#pleD K " don7t like Nor#a1 She talks as if she kne+ everythin$1 The #eanin$ is not past in this sentence1 3e use the past !7as if she kne+7% because the idea is not realD Nor#a does not kno+ everythin$1 3e use the past in the sa#e +ay +ith if and +ish !see 5nit '-%1 So#e #ore exa#plesD K She7s al+ays askin$ #e to do thin$s for her--as if " didn7t have enou$h to do1 !" do have enou$h to do% K 0arry7s only (/1 3hy do you talk about hi# as if he +as an old #an2 !he isn7t an old #an% 3hen you use the past in this +ay9 you can use +ere instead of +asD K 3hy do you talk about hi# as if he +ere an old #an2 K They treat #e as if " +ere !or +as% their o+n son1 !"7# not their son% @p&') EME:C"SES ,1 5se the sentences in the box to #ake sentences +ith as if1 it has Aust been cut "7# $oin$ to be sick he hadn7t eaten for a +eek she +as enAoyin$ it she had hurt her le$ he #eant +hat he

+as sayin$ he needs a $ood rest she didn7t +ant to co#e 1 8ark looks very tired1 0e looks Pas if he needs a $ood rest1P &1 Sue +as +alkin$ +ith difficulty1 She looked ---1 '1 " don7t think he +as Aokin$1 0e looked ---1 (1 The $rass is very short1 "t looks ---1 )1 Peter +as extre#ely hun$ry and ate his dinner very ;uickly1 0e ate ---1 *1 Carol had a bored expression on her face durin$ the concert1 She didn7t look ---1 ,1 "7ve Aust eaten too #any chocolates1 No+ "7# feelin$ ill1 " feel ---1 -1 " phoned E##a and invited her to the party but she +asn7t very enthusiastic about it1 She sounded ---1 ,1& 3hat do you say in these situations2 5se Eou look6Eou sound6" feel as if111 5se the +ords in brackets to #ake your sentence1 1 Eou #eet Bill1 0e has a black eye and so#e plasters on his face1 Eou say to hi#D PEou look as if you7ve been in a fi$ht1P !be6a fi$ht% &1 Christine co#es into the roo#1 She looks absolutely terrified1 Eou say to herD 3hat7s the #atter2 Eou ---1 !see6a $host% '1 Sarah is talkin$ to you on the phone about her ne+ Aob and she sounds very happy about it1 Eou say to herD ---1 !enAoy6it% (1 Eou have Aust run one kilo#etre1 Eou are absolutely exhausted1 Eou say to a friendD " ---1 !run6a #arathon% ,1' 8ake sentences be$innin$ "t looks as if 1116"t sounds as if 111 you had a $ood ti#e there7s been an accident they are havin$ an ar$u#ent it7s $oin$ to rain she isn7t co#in$ +e7ll have to +alk 1 Sandra said she +ould be here an hour a$o1 Eou sayD P"t looks as if she isn7t co#in$1P &1 The sky is full of black clouds1 Eou sayD "t ---1 '1 Eou hear t+o people shoutin$ at each other next door1 Eou sayD ---1 (1 Eou see an a#bulance9 so#e police#en and t+o da#a$ed cars

at the side of the road1 Eou sayD ---1 )1 Eou and a friend have Aust #issed the last bus ho#e1 Eou sayD ---1 *1 Sue and =ave have Aust been tellin$ you about all the interestin$ thin$s they did +hile they +ere on holiday1 Eou sayD ---1 ,1( These sentences are like the ones in Section =1 Co#plete each sentence usin$ as if 1 Brian is a terrible driver1 0e drives Pas if he +ereP the only driver on the road1 &1 "7# &/ years old9 so please don7t talk to #e --- a child1 '1 Steve has only #et Nicola once but he talks about her --- a close friend1 (1 "t +as a lon$ ti#e a$o that +e first #et but " re#e#ber it --yesterday1 @p&'* 5N"T / 4or9 durin$ and +hile A1 4or and durin$ 3e use for @ a period of ti#e to say bo+ lon$ so#ethin$ $oes onD for t+o hours9 for a +eek9 for a$es 4or exa#pleD K 3e +atched television for t+o hours last ni$ht1 K ?ictoria is $oin$ a+ay for a +eek in Septe#ber1 K 3here have you been2 "7ve been +aitin$ for a$es1 K Are you $oin$ a+ay for the +eekend2 3e use durin$ @ noun to say +hen so#ethin$ happens !not ho+ lon$%D durin$ the fil# durin$ our holiday durin$ the ni$ht 4or exa#pleD K " fell asleep durin$ the fil#1 K 3e #et a lot of people durin$ our holiday1 K The $round is +et1 "t #ust have rained durin$ the ni$ht1 3ith a 7ti#e +ord7 !for exa#ple9 the #ornin$6the afternoon6the su##er%9 you can usually say in or durin$D K "t #ust have rained in the ni$ht1 !or 111 durin$ the ni$ht1% K "7ll phone you so#eti#e durin$ the afternoon1 !or 111 in the afternoon1%

Eou cannot use durin$ to say ho+ lon$ so#ethin$ $oes onD K "t rained for three days +ithout stoppin$1 !not 7durin$ three days7% Co#pare durin$ and forD K " fell asleep durin$ the fil#1 " +as asleep for half an hour1 B1 =urin$ and +hile Co#pareD 3e use durin$ @ nounD " fell asleep durin$ the fil#1 Co#pare durin$ and +hile in these exa#plesD K 3e #et a lot of interestin$ people durin$ our holiday1 K :obert suddenly be$an to feel ill durin$ the exa#ination1 3e use +hile @ subAect @ verbD K " fell asleep +hile " +as +atchin$ television1 K 3e #et a lot of interestin$ people +hile +e +ere on holiday1 K :obert suddenly be$an to feel ill +hile he +as doin$ the exa#ination1 So#e #ore exa#ples of +hileD K 3e sa+ A#anda +hile +e +ere +aitin$ for the bus1 K 3hile you +ere out9 there +as a phone call for you1 K Christopher read a book +hile " +atched television1 3hen you are talkin$ about the future9 use the present !not 7+ill7% after +hileD K "7ll be in Fondon next +eek1 " hope to see To# +hile "7# there1 !not 7+hile " +ill be there7% K 3hat are you $oin$ to do +hile you are +aitin$2 !not 7+hile you +ill be +aitin$7% See also 5nit &)1 @p&', EME:C"SES -1 1 Put in for or durin$1 1 "t rained PforP three days +ithout stoppin$1 &1 " fell asleep Pdurin$P the fil#1 '1 " +ent to the theatre last ni$ht1 " #et Fucy --- the interval1 (1 8artin hasn7t lived in Britain all his life1 0e lived in BraNil --- four years1

)1 Production at the factory +as seriously affected --- the strike1 *1 " felt really ill last +eek1 " could hardly eat anythin$ --- " three days1 ,1 " +aited for you --- half an hour and decided that you +eren7t co#in$1 -1 Sue +as very an$ry +ith #e1 She didn7t speak to #e --- a +eek1 .1 3e usually $o out at +eekends9 but +e don7t often $o out --the +eek1 /1 Hack started a ne+ Aob a fe+ +eeks a$o1 Before that he +as out of +ork --- six #onths1 1 " need a chan$e1 " think "7ll $o a+ay --- a fe+ days1 &1 The President $ave a lon$ speech1 She spoke --- t+o hours1 '1 3e +ere hun$ry +hen +e arrived1 3e hadn7t had anythin$ to eat --- the Aourney1 (1 3e +ere hun$ry +hen +e arrived1 3e hadn7t had anythin$ to eat --- ei$ht hours1 -1& Put in durin$ or +hile1 1 3e #et a lot of people P+hileP +hile1 +e +ere on holiday1 &1 3e #et a lot of people Pdurin$P our holiday1 '1 " #et 8ike --- " +as shoppin$1 (1 --- +e +ere in Paris9 +e stayed at a very co#fortable hotel1 )1 --- our stay in Paris9 +e visited a lot of #useu#s and $alleries1 *1 The phone ran$ three ti#es --- +e +ere havin$ dinner1 ,1 The phone ran$ three ti#es --- the ni$ht1 -1 " had been a+ay for #any years1 --- that ti#e9 #any thin$s had chan$ed1 .1 3hat did they say about #e --- " +as out of the roo#2 /1 Hack read a lot of books and #a$aNines --- 1"1 he +as ill1 1 " +ent out for dinner last ni$ht1 5nfortunately9 " be$an to feel ill --- the #eal and had to $o ho#e1 &1 Please don7t interrupt #e --- "7# speakin$1 '1 There +ere #any interruptions --- the President7s speech1 (1 Can you lay the table --- " $et the dinner ready2 )1 3e +ere hun$ry +hen +e arrived1 3e hadn7t had anythin$ to eat --- +e +ere travellin$1

-1' 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 1 " fell asleep +hile P" +as +atchin$ television1P &1 " fell asleep durin$ Pthe fil#1P '1 " hurt #y ar# +hile ---1 (1 Can you +ait here +hile ---2 )1 8ost of the students looked bored durin$ ---1 *1 " +as asked a lot of ;uestions durin$ ---1 ,1 =on7t open the car door +hile ---1 -1 The li$hts suddenly +ent out durin$ ---1 .1 "t started to rain durin$ ---1 /1 "t started to rain +hile ---1 @p&'5N"T . By and until9 By the ti#e111 A1 By !@ a ti#e% J7not later than7D K " posted the letter today9 so they should receive it by 8onday1 !J on or before 8onday9 not later than 8onday% K 3e7d better hurry1 3e have to be at ho#e by ) o7clock1 !Jat or before ) o7clock9 not later than ) o7clock% K 3here7s Sue2 She should be here by no+1 !Jno+ or before no+ - so she should have arrived already% Eou cannot use until +ith this #eanin$D K Tell #e by 4riday +hether or not you can co#e to the party1 !not 7Tell #e until 4riday7% B1 3e use until !or till% to say bo+ lon$ a situation continuesD K 7Shall +e $o no+27 7No9 let7s +ait until !or till% it stops rainin$17 K " couldn7t $et up this #ornin$1 " stayed in bed until half past ten1 K " couldn7t $et up this #ornin$1 " didn7t $et up until half past ten1 Co#pare until and byD T until So#ethin$ continues until a ti#e in the futureD K 4red +ill be a+ay until 8onday1 !so he7ll be back on 8onday% K "7ll be +orkin$ until 1 '/1 !so "7ll stop +orkin$ at 1'/% T& by So#ethin$ happens by a ti#e in the futureD K 4red +ill be back by 8onday1 !J he7ll be back not later than 8onday%

K "7ll have finished #y +ork by 1 '/1 !"7ll finish #y +ork not later than 1 '/% C1 Eou can say 7by the ti#e so#ethin$ happens71 Study these exa#plesD K "t7s not +orth $oin$ shoppin$ no+1 By the ti#e +e $et to the shops9 they +ill be closed1 !J the shops +ill close bet+een no+ and the ti#e +e $et there% K !fro# a letter% "7# flyin$ to the 5nited States this evenin$1 So by the ti#e you receive this letter9 "7ll be in Ne+ Eork1 !J " +ill arrive in Ne+ Eork bet+een no+ and the ti#e you receive this letter% K 0urry upL By the ti#e +e $et to the cine#a9 the fil# +ill already have started1 Eou can say 7by the ti#e so#ethin$ happenedR!for the past%D K Hane7s car broke do+n on the +ay to the party last ni$ht1 By the ti#e she arrived9 #ost of the other $uests had $one1 !J it took her a lon$ ti#e to $et to the party and #ost of the $uests +ent ho#e durin$ this ti#e% K " had a lot of +ork to do yesterday evenin$1 " +as very tired by the ti#e " finished1 !J it took #e a lon$ ti#e to do the +ork and " beca#e #ore and #ore tired durin$ this ti#e% K 3e +ent to the cine#a last ni$ht1 "t took us a lon$ ti#e to find so#e+here to park the car1 By the ti#e +e $ot to the cine#a9 the fil# had already started1 Also by then or by that ti#eD K Hane finally arrived at the party at #idni$ht9 but by then !or by that ti#e%9 #ost of the $uests had $one1 @p&'. EME:C"SES .1 8ake sentences +ith by1 1 " have to be at ho#e not later than ) o7clock1 P" have to be at ho#e by ) o7clock1P &1 " have to be at the airport not later than /1'/1 have to be at the airport ---1 '1 Fet #e kno+ not later than Saturday +hether you can co#e to the party1 Fet #e kno+ ---1

(1 Please #ake sure that you7re here not later than & o7clock1 Please ---1 )1 "f +e leave no+9 +e should arrive not later than lunchti#e1 .1& Put in by or until1 1 4red has $one a+ay1 0e7ll be a+ay PuntilP 8onday1 &1 Sorry9 but " #ust $o1 " have to be at ho#e PbyP ) o7clock1 '1 "7ve been offered a Aob1 " haven7t decided yet +hether to accept it or not1 " have to decide --- Thursday1 (1 " think "7ll +ait --- Thursday before #akin$ a decision1 )1 "t7s too late to $o shoppin$1 The shops are only open --- )1 '/1 They7ll be closed no+1 *1 "7d better pay the phone bill1 "t has to be paid --- to#orro+1 ,1 =on7t pay the bill today1 3ait --- to#orro+1 -1 AD 0ave you finished redecoratin$ your house2 BD Not yet1 3e hope to finish --- the end of the +eek1 .1 AD "7# $oin$ out no+1 "7ll be back at (1'/1 3ill you still be here2 BD " don7t think so1 "7ll probably have $one out --- then1 /1 "7# #ovin$ into #y ne+ flat next +eek1 "7# stayin$ +ith a friend --- then1 1 "7ve $ot a lot of +ork to do1 --- the ti#e " finish9 it +ill be ti#e to $o to bed1 &1 "f you +ant to do the exa#9 you should enter --- ' April1 .1' 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 5se by or until1 1 4red is a+ay at the #o#ent1 0e7ll be a+ay Puntil 8onday1P &1 4red is a+ay at the #o#ent1 0e7ll be back Pby 8onday1P '1 "7# Aust $oin$ out1 " +on7t be very lon$1 3ait here ---1 (1 "7# $oin$ shoppin$1 "t7s (1'/ no+1 " +on7t be very lon$1 "7ll be back ---1 )1 "f you +ant to apply for the Aob9 your application #ust be received ---1 *1 Fast ni$ht " +atched T? ---1 .1( :ead the situations and co#plete the sentences usin$ By the ti#e 111 Hane +as invited to a party but she $ot there #uch later than she intended1

PBy the ti#e she $ot to the partyP9 #ost of the other $uests had $one1 &1 " had to catch a train but it took #e lon$er than expected to $et to the station1 ---9 #y train had already $one1 '1 " sa+ t+o #en +ho looked as if they +ere tryin$ to steal a car1 " called the police but it +as so#e ti#e before they arrived1 ---9 the t+o #en had disappeared1 (1 A #an escaped fro# prison last ni$ht1 "t +as a lon$ ti#e before the $uards discovered +hat had happened1 ---9 the escaped prisoner +as #iles a+ay1 )1 " intended to $o shoppin$ after finishin$ #y +ork1 But " finished #y +ork #uch later than expected1 ---9 it +as too late to $o shoppin$1 @&(/ 5N"T &/ At6on6in !ti#e% A1 Co#pare at9 on and inD K They arrived at ) o7clock1 K They arrived on 4riday1 K They arrived in October16They arrived in .*-1 3e useD at for the ti#e of dayD at ) o7clock9 at 1()9 at #idni$ht9 at lunchti#e9 at sunset etc1 on for days and datesD on 4riday6on 4ridays9 on & 8arch .. 9 on Christ#as =ay9 on #y birthday in for lon$er periods !for exa#ple9 #onths6years6seasons%D in October9 in .*-9 in the -th century9 in the past9 in !the% +inter9 in the .,/s9 in the 8iddle A$es9 in !the% future B1 3e use at in these expressionsD at ni$htD " don7t like $oin$ out at ni$ht1 at the +eekend6at +eekendsD 3ill you be here at the +eekend2 at Christ#as6at Easter!but on Christ#as =ay%D =o you $ive each other presents at Christ#as2 at the #o#ent6at presentD 8r Benn is busy at the #o#ent6at present1

at the sa#e ti#eD FiN and " arrived at the sa#e ti#e1 Note that +e usually ask 73hat ti#e 111 27 !not usually 7At +hat ti#e1112%D K 3hat ti#e are you $oin$ out this evenin$2 C1 3e sayD in the #ornin$!s%9 in the afternoon!s%9 in the evenin$!s% K "7ll see you in the #ornin$1 K =o you +ork in the evenin$s2 butD on 4riday #ornin$!s%9 on Sunday afternoon!s%9 on 8onday evenin$!s% etc1 K "7ll be at ho#e on 4riday #ornin$1 K =o you usually $o out on Saturday evenin$s2 =1 3e do not use at6on6in before last6next6this6everyD K "7ll see you next 4riday1 !not 7on next 4riday7% K They $ot #arried last 8arch1 E1 "n a fe+ #inutes6in six #onths etc1 J a ti#e in the future K The train +ill be leavin$ in a fe+ #inutes1 !J a fe+ #inutes fro# no+% K Hack has $one a+ay1 0e7ll be back in a +eek1 !J a +eek fro# no+% K She7ll be here in a #o#ent1 !J a #o#ent fro# no+% Eou can also say 7in six #onths7 ti#e79 7in a +eek7s ti#e7 etc1D K They7re $ettin$ #arried in six #onths7 ti#e1 !or 111 in six #onths1% 3e also use in111 to say ho+ lon$ it takes to do so#ethin$D K " learnt to drive in four +eeks1 it took #e four +eeks to learn% @p&( EME:C"SES &/1 Co#plete the sentences1 Each ti#e use at9 on or in @ one of the follo+in$1 the evenin$ the #o#ent Sundays about &/ #inutes & Huly .*. he 8iddle A$es (.& the .&/s seconds Christ#as the sa#e ti#e ni$ht 1 Colu#bus #ade his first voya$e fro# Europe to A#erica Pin (.&1P

&1 "n Britain #ost people do not +ork ---1 '1 "f the sky is clear9 you can see the stars ---1 (1 After +orkin$ hard durin$ the day9 " like to relax ---1 )1 The first #an +alked on the #oon ---1 *1 "t7s difficult to listen if everyone is speakin$ ---1 ,1 HaNN beca#e popular in the 5nited States ---1 -1 "7# Aust $oin$ out to the shop1 "7ll be back ---1 .1 !on the phone% 7Can " speak to Clare27 7"7# afraid she7s not here ---17 /1 "n Britain people send each other cards ---1 1 8any of Europe7s $reat cathedrals +ere built ---1 &1 Bob is a very fast runner1 0e can run // #etres ---1 &/1& Put in at9 on or in +here necessary1 Feave an e#pty space !-% if no preposition is necessary1 1 a1 "7ll see you PonP 4riday1 b1 "7ll see you !-% next 4riday1 !no preposition% &1 a1 3hat are you doin$ --- Saturday2 b1 3hat are you doin$ --- the +eekend2 '1 a1 They often $o out --- the evenin$s1 b1 They often $o out --- Sunday evenin$s (1 a1 =o you +ork --- 3ednesdays2 b1 =o you +ork--- every 3ednesday2 )1 a1 3e usually have a holiday --- the su##er1 b1 3e often have a short holiday --- Christ#as1 *1 a1 Pauline $ot #arried --- .. 1 b1 Pauline $ot #arried --- - 8ay .. 1 c1 Chris is $ettin$ #arried --- this year1 &/1' Put in at9 on or in1 1 8oNart +as born in SalNbur$ --- ,)*1 &1 " haven7t seen Gate for a fe+ days1 " last sa+ her --- Tuesday1 '1 The price of electricity is $oin$ up --- October1 (1 "7ve been invited to a +eddin$ --- ( 4ebruary1 )1 0urry upL 3e7ve $ot to $o --- five #inutes1 *1 "7# busy Aust no+ but "7ll be +ith you --- a #o#ent1 ,1 Henny7s brother is an en$ineer but he7s out of +ork --- the #o#ent1

-1 There are usually a lot of parties --- Ne+ Eear7s Eve1 .1 " hope the +eather +ill be nice --- the +eekend1 /1 Saturday ni$ht " +ent to bed --o7clock1 1 " don7t like travellin$ --- ni$ht1 &1 3e travelled overni$ht to Paris and arrived --- ) o7clock --- the #ornin$1 '1 The course be$ins --- , Hanuary and ends so#eti#e --- April1 (1 "t +as ;uite a short book and easy to read1 " read it --- a day1 )1 " #i$ht not be at ho#e --- Tuesday #ornin$ but "7ll probably be there --- the afternoon1 *1 8y car is bein$ repaired at the $ara$e1 "t +ill be ready --- t+o hours1 ,1 The telephone and the doorbell ran$ --- the sa#e ti#e1 -1 8ary and 0enry al+ays $o out for a #eal --- their +eddin$ anniversary1 .1 0enry is *'1 0e7ll be retirin$ fro# his Aob --- t+o years7 ti#e1 @p&(& 5N"T & On ti#e6in ti#e9 At the end6in the end A1 On ti#e and in ti#e On ti#e J punctual9 not late1 "f so#ethin$ happens on ti#e9 it happens at the ti#e +hich +as plannedD K The 1() train left on ti#e1 !Jit left at 1()% K 7"7ll #eet you at ,1'/17 7OG9 but please be on ti#e17 !J don7t be late9 be there at ,1'/% K The conference +as very +ell or$anised1 Everythin$ be$an and finished on ti#e1 The opposite of on ti#e is lateD K Be on ti#e1 =on7t be late1V "n ti#e !for so#ethin$6to do so#ethin$% J soon enou$h K 3ill you be ho#e in ti#e for dinner2 !J soon enou$h for dinner% K "7ve sent Hill her birthday present1 " hope it arrives in ti#e !for her birthday%1 !J soon enou$h for her birthday% K " #ust hurry1 " +ant to $et ho#e in ti#e to see the football #atch on television1 !J soon enou$h to see the football #atch% The opposite of in ti#e is too lateD K " $ot ho#e too late to see the football #atch1

Eou can say Aust in ti#e !Jal#ost too late%D K 3e $ot to the station Aust in ti#e to catch the train1 K A child ran across the road in front of the car9 but " #ana$ed to stop Aust in ti#e1 B1 At the end and in the end At the end !of so#ethin$% Jat the ti#e +hen so#ethin$ ends1 4or exa#pleD at the end of the #onth9 at the end of Hanuary9 at the end of the #atch9 at the end of the fil#9 at the end of the course9 at the end of the concert K "7# $oin$ a+ay at the end of Hanuary6at the end of the #onth1 K At the end of the concert9 there +as $reat applause1 K All the players shook hands at the end of the #atch1 Eou cannot say 7in the end of so#ethin$71 So you cannot say 7in the end of Hanuary7 or 7in the end of the concert71 The opposite of at the end is at the be$innin$D at the be$innin$ of Hanuary9 at the be$innin$ of the concert "n the end J finally 3e use in the end +hen +e say +hat the final result of a situation +asD K 3e had a lot of proble#s +ith our car1 "n the end +e sold it and bou$ht another one1 !J finally +e sold it% K 0e $ot #ore and #ore an$ry1 "n the end he Aust +alked out of the roo#1 K Hi# couldn7t decide +here to $o for his holidays1 0e didn7t $o any+here in the end1 The opposite of in the end is usually at firstD K At first +e didn7t like each other very #uch9 but in the end +e beca#e $ood friends1 @p&(' EME:C"SES & 1 Co#plete the sentences +ith on ti#e or in ti#e1 1 The bus +as late this #ornin$ but it7s usually Pon ti#e1P &1 The fil# +as supposed to start at -1'/ but it didn7t be$in ---1 '1 " like to $et up --- to have a bi$ breakfast before $oin$ to +ork1 (1 3e +ant to start the #eetin$ --- so please don7t be late1 )1 "7ve Aust +ashed this shirt1 " +ant to +ear it this evenin$9 so "

hope it +ill be dry ---1 *1 The train service isn7t very $ood1 The trains are rarely ---1 ,1 " nearly #issed #y fli$ht this #ornin$1 " $ot to the airport Aust ---1 -1 " nearly for$ot that it +as Hoe7s birthday1 4ortunately " re#e#bered ---1 .1 3hy are you never ---2 Eou al+ays keep everybody +aitin$1 & 1& :ead the situations and #ake sentences usin$ Aust in ti#e1 1 A child ran across the road in front of your car1 Eou sa+ the child at the last #o#ent1 !#ana$e6stop% P" #ana$ed to stop Aust in ti#e1P &1 Eou +ere +alkin$ ho#e +ithout an u#brella1 Aust after you $ot ho#e9 it started to rain very heavily1 !$et6ho#e% ---1 '1 Ti# +as $oin$ to sit on the chair you had Aust painted1 Eou said9 7=on7t sit in that chairL79 so he didn7t1 !stop6hi#% " ---1 (1 Eou +ent to the cine#a1 Eou +ere a bit late and you thou$ht you +ould #iss the be$innin$ of the fil#1 But the fil# be$an Aust as you sat do+n in the cine#a1 !$et6cine#a6be$innin$ of the fil#% ---1 & 1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ at the end @ one of the follo+in$D the course the intervie+ the #atch the #onth the race 1 All the players shook hands Pat the end of the #atch1P &1 " nor#ally $et paid ---1 '1 The students had a party ---1 (1 T+o of the runners collapsed ---1 )1 To #y surprise " +as offered the Aob ---1 & 1( 3rite sentences +ith "n the end1 5se the verb in brackets1 1 3e had a lot of proble#s +ith our car1 !sell% Pin the end +e sold it1P &1 Hudy $ot #ore and #ore fed up +ith her Aob1 !resi$n% ---1 '1 " tried to learn Ier#an but " found it too difficult1 !$ive up% ---1 (1 3e couldn7t decide +hether to $o to the party or not1 !not6$o% ---1 & 1) Put in at or in1 1 "7# $oin$ a+ay PatP the end of the #onth1 &1 "t took #e a lon$ ti#e to find a Aob --- the end " $ot a Aob in a

hotel1 '1 Are you $oin$ a+ay --- the be$innin$ of Au$ust or --- the end2 (1 " couldn7t decide +hat to buy 8ary for her birthday1 " didn7t buy her anythin$ --- the end1 )1 3e +aited a$es for a taxi1 3e $ave up --- the end and +alked ho#e1 *1 "7ll be #ovin$ to a ne+ address --- the end of Septe#ber1 ,1 At first 0elen didn7t +ant to $o to the theatre but she ca#e +ith us --- the end1 -1 "7# $oin$ a+ay --- the end of this +eek1 .1 7 didn7t kno+ +hat to do17 7Ees9 you +ere in a difficult position1 3hat did you do --- the end27 @p&(( 5N"T && "n6at6on !place% ! % A1 "n Study these exa#plesD in a roo#9 in a buildin$9 in a box9 in a $arden9 in a to+n6city9 in a country K There7s no one in the roo#6in the buildin$6in the $arden1 K 3hat have you $ot in your hand6in your #outh2 K 3hen +e +ere in "taly9 +e spent a fe+ days in ?enice1 !not 7at ?enice7% K " have a friend +ho lives in a s#all villa$e in the #ountains1 K Fook at those people s+i##in$ in the pool6in the sea6in the river1 B1 At Study these exa#plesD at the bus stop9 at the door9 at the +indo+9 at the top !of the pa$e%9 at the botto# !of the pa$e%9 at the end of the street K 3ho is that #an standin$ at the bus stop6at the door6at the +indo+2 K Turn left at the traffic li$hts6at the church6at the roundabout1 K 3rite your na#e at the top6at the botto# of the pa$e1 K An$ela7s house is the +hite one at the end of the street1 K 3hen you leave the hotel9 please leave your key at reception1 C1 On

Study these exa#plesD on the ceilin$9 on the +all9 on the door9 on the table9 on her nose9 on the floor9 on a pa$e K " sat on the floor6on the $round on the $rass6on a chair6on the beach1 K There7s a dirty #ark on the +all on the ceilin$6on your nose6on your shirt1 K 0ave you seen the notice on the notice board6on the door2 K Eou7ll find details of T? pro$ra##es on pa$e seven !of the ne+spaper%1 =1 Co#pare in and atD K There +ere a lot of people in the shop1 "t +as very cro+ded1 but Io alon$ this road9 then turn left at the shop1 !so#ebody $ivin$ directions% Co#pare in and onD K There is so#e +ater in the bottle1 but There is a label on the bottle1 Co#pare at and onD K There is so#ebody at the door1 Shall " $o and see +ho it is2 but There is a notice on the door1 "t says 7=o not disturb71 @p&() EME:C"SES &&1 Ans+er the ;uestions about the pictures1 5se in9 at or on +ith the +ords belo+ the pictures1 !bottle%9 !traffic li$hts%9 !ar#%9 !door%9 !Paris%9 !+all%9 !top6 botto# 6stairs%9 !$ate%9 !end6;ueue%9 !beach% 1 3here7s the label2 POn the bottle1P &1 3here is the car +aitin$2 ---1 '1 3here7s the fly2 ---1 (1 a1 3here7s the notice2 ---1 b1 3here7s the key2 ---1 )1 3here7s the Eiffel To+er21 ---1 *1 3here are the shelves2 ---1 ,1 a1 3here7s the +o#an standin$2 ---1 b1 And the cat2 ---1 -1 a1 3here7s the #an standin$2 ---1 b1 3here7s the bird2 ---1

.1 3here7s To# standin$2 ---1 /1 3here are the children playin$21 ---1 &&1& Co#plete the sentences1 5se in9 at or on @ one of the follo+in$D the +indo+ your coffee the #ountains that tree #y $uitar the river the island the next $ara$e 1 Fook at those people s+i##in$ Pin the river1P &1 One of the strin$s --- is broken1 '1 There7s so#ethin$ +ron$ +ith the car1 3e7d better stop ---1 (1 3ould you like su$ar ---2 )1 The leaves --- are a beautiful colour1 *1 Fast year +e had a +onderful skiin$ holiday ---1 ,1 There7s nobody livin$ --- "t7s uninhabited1 -1 0e spends #ost of the day sittin$ --- and lookin$ outside1 &&1' Co#plete the sentences +ith in9 at or on1 1 3rite your na#e PatP the top of the pa$e1 &1 " like that picture han$in$ --- the +all the kitchen1 '1 There +as an accident --- the crossroads this #ornin$1 (1 " +asn7t sure +hether " had co#e to the ri$ht office1 There +as no na#e --- the door1 )1 --- the end of the street there is a path leadin$ to the river1 *1 Eou7ll find the sports results --- the back pa$e of the ne+spaper1 ,1 " +ouldn7t like an office Aob1 " couldn7t spend the +hole day sittin$ --- a desk1 -1 8y brother lives --- a s#all villa$e 1 the south-+est of En$land1 .1 The #an the police are lookin$ for has a scar --- his ri$ht cheek1 /1 The head;uarters of the co#pany are --- 8ilan1 1 Nicola +as +earin$ a silver rin$ --- her little fin$er1 @p&(* 5N"T &' "n6at6on !place% !&% A1 "n 3e say that so#ebody6so#ethin$ isD in a line6in a ro+6in a ;ueue6in a street in a photo$raph6in a picture6!look at yourself% in a #irror in the sky6in the +orld

in a book6in a ne+spaper6in a #a$aNine6in a letter !but 7on a pa$e7% K 3hen " $o to the cine#a9 " prefer to sit in the front ro+1 K " live in Gin$ Street1 Sarah lives in <ueen Street1 K 3ho is the +o#an in that photo$raph2 !not 7on that photo$raph7% K 0ave you seen this article in the paper !Jne+spaper%2 K "t +as a lovely day1 There +asn7t a cloud in the sky1 B1 On 3e say that so#ebody6so#ethin$ isD on the left6on the ri$ht on the $round floor6on the first floor6on the second floor etc1 on a #ap6on the #enu !in a restaurant%6on a list9 on a far# K "n Britain +e drive on the left1 !or 1 on the left-hand side1% K Our flat is on the second floor of the buildin$1 K 0ere7s a shoppin$ list1 =on7t buy anythin$ that7s not on the list1 K 0ave you ever +orked on a far#2 3e say that a place is on a river6on a road6on the coastD K Fondon is on the river Tha#es1 K Ports#outh is on the south coast of En$land1 3e say that a place is on the +ay to another placeD K 3e stopped at a s#all villa$e on the +ay to Fondon1 C1 The corner 3e say 7in the corner of a roo#79 but 7at the corner !or on the corner% of a street7D K The television is in the corner of the roo#1 K There is a public telephone at6on the corner of the street1 =1 The front and the back 3e say in the front6in the back of a carD K " +as sittin$ in the back !of the car% +hen +e crashed1 but at the front6at the back of a buildin$6cine#a6$roup of people etc1D K The $arden is at the back of the house1 K Fet7s sit at the front !of the cine#a%1 !but 7in the front ro+7--see Section A% K " +as standin$ at the back9 so " couldn7t see very +ell1

Also on the front6on the back of a letter6piece of paper etc1D K 3rite your na#e on the back of this envelope1 @p&(, EME:C"SES &'1 Ans+er the ;uestions about the pictures1 5se in9 at or on +ith the +ords belo+ the pictures1 !;ueue%9 !second floor%9 !corner%9 !corner%9 !front%9 !back6car%9 !#irror%9 !front%9 !back ro+%9 !left6ri$ht%9 !far#% 1 3hat7s Sue doin$2 She7s standin$ Pin a ;ueue1P &1 Sue lives in this buildin$1 3here7s her flat exactly2 ---1 '1 3here is the +o#an standin$2 ---1 (1 3here is the #an standin$2 ---1 )1 3here7s the do$2 ---1 *1 3hat7s the #an doin$2 0e7s lookin$ ---1 ,1 Ann is in this $roup of people1 3here is she2 ---1 -1 To# is at the cine#a1 3here is he sittin$2 ---1 .1 a1 3here7s the post office2 ---1 b1 And the bank2 ---1 /1 3here does Gate +ork2 ---1 &'1& Co#plete the sentences1 5se in9 at or on @ one of the follo+in$D the +est coast the +orld the front ro+ the ri$ht the back of the envelope the sky the back of the class #y +ay to +ork 1 it +as a lovely day1 There +asn7t a cloud Pin the sky1P &1 "n #ost countries people drive ---1 '1 3hat is the tallest buildin$ ---2 (1 " usually buy a ne+spaper --- in the #ornin$1 )1 San 4rancisco is --- of the 5nited States1 *1 3e +ent to the theatre last ni$ht1 3e had seats ---1 ,1 " couldn7t hear the teacher very +ell1 She spoke ;uietly and " +as sittin$ ---1 -1 3hen you send a letter9 it is a $ood idea to +rite your na#e and address ---1 &'1' Co#plete the sentences +ith in9 at or on1

1 "t can be dan$erous +hen children play --- the street1 &1 "f you +alk to the end of the street9 you7ll see a s#all shop --the corner1 '1 "s To# --- this photo$raph2 " can7t find hi#1 (1 8y office is the first floor1 "t7s --- the left as you co#e out of the lift1 )1 3e nor#ally use the front entrance but there7s another entrance --- the back1 *1 AD "s there anythin$ interestin$ --- the paper today2 BD 3ell9 there7s an unusual photo$raph --- the back pa$e1 ,1 " love to look up at the stars --- the sky at ni$ht1 -1 !in a restaurant% 73here shall +e sit27 7Over there9 --- the corner17 .1 3hen "7# a passen$er in a car9 " prefer to sit --- the front1 /1 "t7s a very s#all villa$e1 Eou probably +on7t find it --- your #ap1 1 Paris is --- the river Seine1 @p&(5N"T &( "n6at6on !place% !'% A1 "n bed6at ho#e etc1 3e say that so#ebody is in bed6in hospital6in prisonD K 8ark isn7t up yet1 0e7s still in bed1 K Gay7s #other is in hospital1 3e say that so#ebody is at ho#e6at +ork6at school6at university6at colle$eD K "7ll be at +ork until )1'/ but "7ll be at ho#e all evenin$1 K Hulia is studyin$ che#istry at university1 Also at sea !J on a voya$e%1 Co#pare at sea and in the seaD K "t +as a lon$ voya$e1 3e +ere at sea for '/ days1 K " love s+i##in$ in the sea1 B1 At a party6at a concert etc1 3e say that so#ebody is at an event !at a party6at a conference etc1%D K 3ere there #any people at the party6at the #eetin$2 K " sa+ Hack at a football #atch6at a concert last Saturday1 C1 "n and at for buildin$s

Eou can often use in or at +ith buildin$s1 4or exa#ple9 you can eat in a restaurant or at a restaurant1 3e usually say at +hen +e say +here an event takes place !for exa#ple9 a concert9 a fil#9 a party9 a #eetin$9 a sports event%D K 3e +ent to a concert at the :oyal 4estival 0all1 K The #eetin$ took place at the co#pany7s head;uarters1 K The fil# " +ant to see is sho+in$ at the Odeon !cine#a%1 3e say at the station6at the airportD K =on7t #eet #e at the station1 " can $et a taxi1 3e say at so#ebody7s houseD K " +as at Hudy7s house last ni$ht1 or " +as at Hudy7s last ni$ht1 AlsoD at the doctor7s9 at the hairdresser7s etc1 3e use in +hen +e are thinkin$ about the buildin$ itselfD K The roo#s in Hudy7s house are very s#all1 !not 7at Hudy7s house7% K " enAoyed the fil# but it +as very cold in the cine#a1 !not 7at the cine#a7% =1 "n and at for to+ns etc1 3e nor#ally use in +ith cities9 to+ns and villa$esD K To#7s parents live in Nottin$ha#1 !not 7at Nottin$ha#7% K The Fouvre is a fa#ous art #useu# in Paris1 !not 7at Paris7% But you can use at or in +hen you think of the place as a point or station on a AourneyD K =o you kno+ if this train stops at !or in% Nottin$ha#2 !Jat Nottin$ha# station% K 3e stopped at !or in% a s#all villa$e on the +ay to Fondon1 E1 On a bus6in a car etc1 3e usually say on a bus6on a train6on a plane6on a ship but in a car6in a taxiD K The bus +as very full1 There +ere too #any people on it1 K Ieor$e arrived in a taxi1 3e say on a bicycle6on a #otorcycle6on a horseD K 8ary passed #e on her bicycle1 4or by bus6by car6by bicycle etc19 see 5nit &,1 @p&(. EME:C"SES &(1 Co#plete the sentences about the pictures1 5se in9 at or on

+ith the +ords belo+ the pictures1 !the airport% !a train% !a conference% !hospital% !the hairdresser% !her bicycle%9!Ne+ Eork% !the National Theatre% 1 Eou can hire a car Pat the airport1P &1 =ave is ---1 '1 Tessa is ---1 (1 8artinis ---1 )1 Hudy is ---1 *1 " sa+ 8ary ---1 ,1 3e spent a fe+ days ---1 -1 3e sa+ a play ---1 &(1& Co#plete the sentences1 5se in9 at or on @ one of the follo+in$D sea hospital bed the station the cine#a the plane school prison the airport the Sports Centre 1 8y train arrives at 1'/1 Can you #eet #e Pat the station2P &1 " didn7t feel very +ell +hen " +oke up9 so " stayed ---1 '1 " think "7d like to see a fil#1 3hat7s on --- this +eek2 (1 So#e people are --- for cri#es that they did not co##it1 )1 73hat does your sister do2 0as she $ot a Aob27 7No9 she7s still ---1 *1 " play basketball --- on 4riday evenin$s1 ,1 A friend of #ine +as inAured in an accident a fe+ days a$o1 She7s still ---1 -1 Our fli$ht +as delayed1 3e had to +ait --- for four hours1 .1 " enAoyed the fli$ht but the food --- +asn7t very nice1 /1 Bill +orks on ships1 0e is a+ay --- #ost of the ti#e1 &(1' Co#plete these sentences +ith in9 at or on1 1 " didn7t see you --- the party on Saturday1 3here +ere you2 &1 "t +as a very slo+ train1 "t stopped --- every station1 '1 " don7t kno+ +here #y u#brella is1 Perhaps " left it --- the bus1 (1 Shall +e travel --- your car or #ine2 )1 The exhibition --- the 8useu# of 8odern Art finished on Saturday1 *1 3e stayed a very nice hotel +hen +e +ere --- A#sterda#1 ,1 There +ere fifty roo#s --- the hotel1

-1 To# is ill1 0e +asn7t --- +ork today1 0e +as --- ho#e --- bed1 .1 " +asn7t in +hen you phoned1 " +as --- #y sister7s house1 /1 "t7s al+ays too hot --- #y sister7s house1 The heatin$ is al+ays on too hi$h1 1 " haven7t seen Gate for so#e ti#e1 " last sa+ her --- =ave7s +eddin$1 &1 Paul lives --- Fondon1 0e7s a student --- Fondon 5niversity1 @p&)/ 5N"T &) To6at6in6into A1 3e say $o6co#e6travel !etc1% to a place or event1 4or exa#pleD $o to A#erica9 $o to bed9 take !so#ebody% to hospital9 return to "taly9 $o to the bank9 co#e to #y house9 drive to the airport9 $o to a concert9 be sent to prison K 3hen are your friends returnin$ to "taly2 !not 7returnin$ in "taly7% K After the accident three people +ere taken to hospital1 "n the sa#e +ay +e sayD on #y +ay to16a Aourney to16a trip to1 +elco#e to1 etc1D K 3elco#e to our countryL !not 7+elco#e in7% Co#pare to !for #ove#ent% and in6at !for position%D K They are $oin$ to 4rance1 but They live in 4rance1 K Can you co#e to the party2 but "7ll see you at the party1 B1 Been to 3e usually say 7"7ve been to a place7D K "7ve been to "taly four ti#es but "7ve never been to :o#e1 K Ann has never been to a football #atch in her life1 K Hack has $ot so#e #oney1 0e has Aust been to the bank1 C1 Iet and arrive 3e say 7$et to a place7D K 3hat ti#e did they $et to Fondon6$et to +ork6$et to the party2 But +e say 7arrive in 1117 or 7arrive at 1117 !not 7arrive to7%1 3e say 7arrive in a country or to+n6city7D K 3hen did they arrive in Britain6arrive in Fondon2 4or other places !buildin$s etc1% or events9 +e say 7arrive at7D K 3hat ti#e did they arrive at the hotel6arrive at the party6arrive

at +ork2 =1 0o#e 3e do not say 7to ho#e71 3e say $o ho#e6co#e ho#e6$et ho#e6arrive ho#e6on the +ay ho#e etc1 !no preposition%D K "7# tired1 Fet7s $o ho#e1 !not 7$o to ho#e7% K " #et Caroline on #y +ay ho#e1 But +e say 7be at ho#e79 7stay at ho#e79 7do so#ethin$ at ho#e7 etc1 See 5nits ,'C and &(A1 E1 into 7Io into 11179 7$et into1117 etc1 J 7enter7 !a roo#6a buildin$6a car etc1%D K She $ot into the car and drove a+ay1 K A bird fle+ into the kitchen throu$h the +indo+1 3e so#eti#es use in !instead of into%D K =on7t +ait outside1 Co#e in the house1 !or Co#e into the house1% Note that +e say 7enter a buildin$6enter a roo#7 etc1 !not 7enter into7% The opposite of into is out ofD K She $ot out of the car and +ent into a shop1 Note that +e usually say 7$et on6off a bus6a train6a plane7D K She $ot on the bus and " never sa+ her a$ain1 @p&) EME:C"SES &)1 Put in to6at6in6into +here necessary1 "f no preposition is necessary leave an e#pty space !-%1 1 Three people +ere taken PtoP hospital after the accident1 &1 " #et Caroline on #y +ay !-% ho#e1 !no preposition% '1 3e left our lu$$a$e --- the station and +ent to find so#ethin$ to eat1 (1 Shall +e take a taxi--- the station or shall +e +alk2 )1 " #ust $o --- the bank today to chan$e so#e #oney1 *1 The river :hine flo+s --- the North Sea1 ,1 "7# tired1 As soon as " $et --- ho#e9 "7# $oin$ bed1 -1 70ave you $ot your ca#era27 7No9 " left it --- ho#e17 .1 8arcel is 4rench1 0e has Aust returned --- 4rance after t+o years --- BraNil1

/1 Are you $oin$ --- Finda7s party next +eek2 1 Carl +as born --- Chica$o but his fa#ily #oved --- Ne+ Eork +hen he +as three1 0e still lives --- Ne+ Eork1 &1 0ave you ever been --- China2 '1 " had lost #y key but " #ana$ed to cli#b --- the house throu$h a +indo+1 (1 3e $ot stuck in a traffic Aa# on our +ay --- the airport1 )1 3e had lunch --- the airport +hile +e +ere +aitin$ for our plane1 *1 3elco#e --- the hotel1 3e hope you enAoy your stay here1 ,1 3hat do you say to so#eone visitin$ your to+n or country2 3elco#e ---L &)1& 0ave you been to these places2 "f so9 ho+ #any ti#es2 Choose three of the places and +rite a sentence usin$ been to1 Athens Australia "reland Fondon Paris :o#e S+eden the 5nited States 1 !exa#ple ans+ers% P"7ve never been to Australia16"7ve been to Australia three ti#es1P & ---1 '1 ---1 (1 ---1 &)1' Put in to6at6in +here necessary1 "f no preposition is necessary leave an e#pty space !-%1 1 3hat ti#e does this train $et PtoP Fondon2 &1 3hat ti#e does this train arrive --- Fondon2 '1 3hat ti#e did you $et --- ho#e last ni$ht2 (1 3hat ti#e do you usually arrive --- +ork in the #ornin$2 )1 3hen +e $ot --- the cine#a9 there +as a lon$ ;ueue outside1 *1 " arrived --- ho#e feelin$ very tired1 &)1( 3rite sentences usin$ $ot into6out of6on6off1 1 Eou +ere +alkin$ ho#e1 A friend passed you in her car1 She sa+ you9 stopped and offered you a lift1 She opened the door1 3hat did you do2 P" $ot into the car1P &1 Eou +ere +aitin$ for the bus1 At last your bus ca#e1 The doors opened1 3hat did you do then2 " ---1 '1 Eou drove ho#e in your car1 Eou arrived at your house and

parked the car1 3hat did you do then2 ---1 (1 Eou +ere travellin$ by train to 8anchester1 3hen the train $ot to 8anchester9 +hat did you do2 ---1 )1 Eou needed a taxi1 After a fe+ #inutes a taxi stopped for you1 Eou opened the door1 3hat did you do then2 ---1 *1 Eou +ere travellin$ by air1 At the end of your fli$ht the plane landed at the airport and stopped1 The doors +ere opened9 you took your ba$ and stood up1 3hat did you do then2 ---1 @p&)& 5N"T &* On6in6at !other uses% A1 On holiday etc1 !be6$o% on holiday6on business6on a trip6on a tour6on a cruise etc1D K To#7s a+ay at the #o#ent1 0e7s on holiday in 4rance1 !not7 in holiday7% K =id you $o to Ier#any on business or on holiday2 K One day "7d like to $o on a +orld tour1 Note that you can also sayD 7$o to a place for a holiday6for #y holiday!s%7D K To# has $one to 4rance for a holiday1 !not 7for holiday7% K 3here are you $oin$ for your holidays next su##er2 B1 Other expressions +ith on on television6on the radioD K " didn7t +atch the ne+s on television9 but " heard it on the radio1 on the phone6telephoneD K Eou can7t phone #e1 "7# not on the phone1 !J " haven7t $ot a phone1% K "7ve never #et her but "7ve spoken to her on the phone1 !be6$o% on strike6on a dietD K There are no trains today1 The rail+ay +orkers are on strike1 K "7ve put on a lot of +ei$ht1 "7ll have to $o on a diet1 !be% on fireD K FookL That car is on fireL on the +hole !J in $eneral%D K So#eti#es " have proble#s at +ork but on the +hole " enAoy #y Aob1

on purpose !J intentionally%D K "7# sorry1 " didn7t #ean to annoy you1 " didn7t do it on purpose1 ButD by #istake6by chance6by accident !see 5nit &,%1 C1 Expressions +ith in in the rain6in the sun !Jsunshine%6in the shade6in the dark in bad +eather etc1D K 3e sat in the shade1 "t +as too hot to sit in the sun1 K =on7t $o out in the rain1 3ait until it stops1 !+rite% in ink6in biro6in pencilD K 3hen you do the exa#9 you7re not allo+ed to +rite in pencil1 AlsoD in +ords9 in fi$ures9 in BFOCG FETTE:S etc1D K Please fill in the for# in block letters1 !pay% in cashD K " paid the bill in cash1 but " paid by che;ue by credit card !see 5nit &,%1 !be6fall% in love !+ith so#ebody%D K 0ave you ever been in love +ith anybody2 in !#y% opinionD K "n #y opinion9 the fil# +asn7t very $ood1 =1 At the a$e of111 etc1 3e sayD at the a$e of 1116at a speed of 1116at a te#perature of 111 etc1 4or exa#pleD K Hill left school at *1 or 111 at the a$e of *1 K The train +as travellin$ at &/ #iles an hour1 or 111 at a speed of &/ #iles an hour1 K 3ater boils at // de$rees celsius1 @p&)' EME:C"SES &*1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ on @ one of the follo+in$D business strike a tour the +hole television fire holiday a diet the phone purpose 1 FookL That car is PfreeLP So#ebody call the fire bri$ade1 &1 "t7s difficult to contact Sarah because she7s not ---1 '1 3orkers at the factory have $one --- for better pay and conditions1 (1 Soon after +e arrived9 +e +ere taken --- of the city1

)1 AD "7# $oin$ --- next +eek1 BD Are you2 3here are you $oin$2 So#e+here nice2 *1 " feel laNy this evenin$1 "s there anythin$ +orth +atchin$ ---2 ,1 "7# sorry1 "t +as an accident1 " didn7t do it ---1 -1 Ieor$e has put on a lot of +ei$ht recently1 " think he should $o ---1 .1 Hane7s Aob involves a lot of travellin$1 She often has to $o a+ay ---1 /1 AD 0o+ did your exa#s $o2 BD 3ell9 there +ere so#e difficult ;uestions but --- they +ere OG1 &*1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ in @ one of the follo+in$D block letters cash #y opinion the shade cold +eather love pencil 1 0e likes to keep +ar#9 so he doesn7t $o out #uch ---1 &1 =iane never uses a pen1 She al+ays +rites ---1 '1 They fell --- +ith each other al#ost i##ediately and +ere #arried in a fe+ +eeks1 (1 Please +rite your address clearly9 preferably ---1 )1 " don7t like the sun1 " prefer to sit ---1 *1 Ann thou$ht the restaurant +as OG9 but --- it +asn7t very $ood1 ,1 " hardly ever use a credit card or che;ues1 " prefer to pay for thin$s ---1 &*1' Put in the correct prepositionD on9 in9 at9 or for1 1 3ater boils PatP // de$rees celsius1 &1 3hen " +as (9 " +ent --- a trip to 4rance or$anised by #y school1 '1 " +ouldn7t like his Aob1 0e spends #ost of his ti#e talkin$ --the phone1 (1 Hulia7s $rand#other died recently --- the a$e of ,.1 )1 Can you turn the li$ht on9 please2 " don7t +ant to sit --- the dark1 *1 3e didn7t $o --- holiday last year1 3e stayed at ho#e1 ,1 "7# $oin$ to Scotland --- a short holiday next #onth1 -1 " +on7t be here next +eek1 "7ll be --- holiday1 .1 0e $ot #arried --- ,9 +hich is rather youn$ to $et #arried1 /1 There +as an interestin$ pro$ra##e --- the radio this

#ornin$1 1 #y opinion9 violent fil#s should not be sho+n --- television1 &1 " +ouldn7t like to $o --- a cruise1 " think "7d $et bored1 '1 " #ustn7t eat too #uch1 "7# supposed to be --- a diet1 (1 "n Britain9 children start school --- the a$e of five1 )1 There +as panic +hen people realiNed that the buildin$ +as --fire1 *1 The Earth travels round the Sun --- a speed of /,9/// kilo#etres an hour1 ,1 7=id you enAoy your holiday27 7Not every #inute9 but --- the +hole9 yes17 -1 3hen you +rite a che;ue9 you have to +rite the a#ount --+ords and fi$ures1 @p&)( 5N"T &, By 3e use by in a nu#ber of different +aysD A1 3e use by1 in #any expressions to say bo+ +e do so#ethin$1 4or exa#ple9 you canD send so#ethin$ by post9 do so#ethin$ by hand9 pay by che;ue6by credit card !but pay in cash% or so#ethin$ can happen by #istake6by accident6by chance !but do so#ethin$ on purpose%D K =id you pay by che;ue or in cash2 K 3e hadn7t arran$ed to #eet1 3e #et by chance1 "n these expressions +e use by @ noun +ithout 7a7 or 7the71 3e say by chance6by che;ue etc1 !not 7by a chance6by a che;ue7%1 B1 "n the sa#e +ay +e use by1 to say ho+ so#ebody travelsD by car6by train6by plane6by boat6by ship6by bus6by bicycle etc1 and by road6by rail6by air6by sea6by under$round K FiN usually $oes to +ork by bus1 K =o you prefer to travel by air or by train2 But +e say 7on foot7D K =id you co#e here by car or on foot2 Eou cannot use by if you say 7#y car767the train7 7a taxi7 etc1 3e use by @ noun +ithout 9a6the6#y7 etc1 3e sayD by car but in #y car !not 7by #y car7%

by train but on the train !not 7by the train7% 3e use in for cars and taxisD K They didn7t co#e in their car1 They ca#e in a taxi1 3e use on for bicycles and public transport !buses9 trains etc1%D K 3e travelled on the *1() train1 C1 3e say 7so#ethin$ is done by so#ebody6so#ethin$7 !passivesee 5nits ( -('%D K 0ave you ever been bitten by a do$2 K The pro$ra##e +as +atched by #illions of people1 Co#pare by and +ithD K The door #ust have been opened +ith a key1 !not 7by a key7% !J so#ebody used a key to open it% K The door #ust have been opened by so#ebody +ith a key1 3e say 7a play by Shakespeare79 7a paintin$ by :e#brandt79 7a novel by Tolstoy7 etc1 K 0ave you read any books by A$atha Christie2 =1 By also #eans next to6besideD K Co#e and sit by #e1 !J beside #e% K 73here7s the li$ht s+itch27 7By the door17 E1 Note the follo+in$ use of by 111D K Clare7s salary has Aust $one up fro# 9/// pounds a #onth to 9 // pounds1 So it has increased by // pounds6by ten per cent1 K Hohn and :o$er had a race over // #etres1 :o$er +on by about five #etres1 @p&)) EME:C"SES &,1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ by @ one of the follo+in$D chance chance che;ue hand 9#istake satellite 1 3e hadn7t arran$ed to #eet1 3e #et Pby chance1P &1 " didn7t intend to take your u#brella1 " took it ---1 '1 " didn7t put the pullover in the +ashin$ #achine1 " +ashed it ---1 (9 "f you haven7t $ot any cash9 you can pay ---1 )1 The t+o cities +ere connected --- for a television pro$ra##e1 *1 " never suspected anythin$1 "t +as only --- that " found out +hat had happened1

&,1& Put in by9 in or on1 1 FiN usually $oes to +ork PbyP bus1 &1 " sa+ Hane this #ornin$1 She +as --- the bus1 '1 0o+ did you $et here2 =id you co#e --- train2 (1 0o+ did you $et here2 =id you co#e --- the train2 )1 " decided not to $o --- car1 " +ent --- #y bike instead1 *1 " didn7t feel like +alkin$ ho#e9 so " ca#e ho#e --- a taxi1 ,1 Sorry +e7re late1 3e #issed the bus9 so +e had to co#e --foot1 -1 0o+ lon$ does it take to cross the Atlantic --- sea2 &,1' 3rite three sentences like the exa#ples1 3rite about a book9 a son$9 a paintin$9 a fil# etc1 1 P73ar and Peace7 is a book by Tolstoy1P &1 P7:o#eo and Huliet7 is a play by Shakespeare1P '1 ---1 (1 ---1 )1 ---1 &,1( Put in the correct prepositionD by9 in9 on or +ith1 1 3ho is that #an standin$ --- the +indo+2 &1 " #ana$ed to put the fire out --- a fire extin$uisher1 '1 The plane +as badly da#a$ed --- li$htnin$1 (1 These photo$raphs +ere taken --- a friend of #ine1 )1 These photo$raphs +ere taken --- a very $ood ca#era1 *1 " don7t #ind $oin$ --- car but " don7t +ant to $o your car1 ,1 Shall +e $et a taxi or shall +e $o --- foot2 -1 3hat7s that #usic2 " kno+ it7s --- Beethoven but " can7t re#e#ber +hat it7s called1 .1 There +as a s#all table --- the bed a la#p and a clock it1 /1 Our tea# lost the $a#e only because of a #istake --- one of our players1 &,1) Co#plete the sentences usin$ by1 1 Clare7s salary +as 9/// pounds a #onth1 No+ it is 9 // pounds1 0er salary Phas increased by // pounds a #onth1P &1 8y daily ne+spaper used to cost )/ pence1 4ro# today it costs */ pence1

The price has $one up ---1 '1 There +as an election1 0elen $ot &) votes and Nor#an $ot &'1 0elen +on ---1 (1 " +ent to Gate7s house to see her but she had $one out five #inutes before " arrived1 " #issed ---1 @p&)* 5N"T &- Noun @ preposition !reason for9 cause of etc1% A1 Noun @ for111 che;ue 4O: !a su# of #oney%D K They sent #e a che;ue for ,) pounds1 de#and 4O:6a need 4O: 111D K The fir# closed do+n because there +asn7t enou$h de#and for its product1 K There7s no excuse for behaviour like that1 There7s no need for it1 reason 4O: 111D K The train +as late but nobody kne+ the reason for the delay1 !not 7reason of% B1 Noun@ of111 an advanta$e6a disadvanta$e O4 111D K The advanta$e of livin$ alone is that you can do +hat you like1 but +e usually sayD 7there is an advanta$e in !or to% doin$ so#ethin$7D K There are #any advanta$es in !or to% livin$ alone1 a cause O4 111D K Nobody kno+s +hat the cause of the explosion +as1 a photo$raph6a picture6a #ap6a plan6a dra+in$ !etc1% O4 111D K She sho+ed #e so#e photo$raphs of her fa#ily1 K " had a #ap of the to+n9 so " +as able to find #y +ay around1 C1 Noun @ in111 an increase6a decrease6a rise6a fall "N !prices etc1%D K There has been an increase in the nu#ber of road accidents recently1 K Fast year +as a bad year for the co#pany1 There +as a bi$ fall in sales1 =1 Noun@ to 111

da#a$e TO 111D K The accident +as #y fault9 so " had to pay for the da#a$e to the other car1 an invitation TO 111 !a party6a +eddin$ etc1%D K =id you $et an invitation to the party2 a solution TO !a proble#%6a key TO !a door%6an ans+er TO !a ;uestion%6a reply TO !a letter%6a reaction TO 111 K =o you think +e7ll find a solution to the proble#2 !not 7a solution of the proble#7% K " +as surprised at her reaction to #y su$$estion1 an attitude TO 111 !or TO3A:=S 111%D K 0is attitude to his Hob is very ne$ative1 or 0is attitude to+ards his Hob1 E1 Noun @ +ith 1116bet+een 111 a relationship6a connection6contact 3"T0 111D K =o you have a $ood relationship +ith your parents2 K The police +ant to ;uestion a #an in connection +ith the robbery1 butD a relationship6a connection6contact6a difference BET3EEN t+o thin$s or peopleD K The police believe that there is no connection bet+een the t+o cri#es1 K There are so#e differences bet+een British and A#erican En$lish1 @p&), EME:C"SES &-1 Co#plete the second sentence so that it has the sa#e #eanin$ as the first1 1 3hat caused the explosion2 3hat +as the cause Pof the explosion2P &1 3e7re tryin$ to solve the proble#1 3e7re tryin$ to find a solution ---1 '1 Sue $ets on +ell +ith her brother1 Sue has a $ood relationship ---1 (1 Prices have $one up a lot1 There has been a bi$ increase ---1 )1 " don7t kno+ ho+ to ans+er your ;uestion1 " can7t think of an

ans+er ---1 *1 " don7t think that a ne+ road is necessary1 " don7t think there is any need ---1 ,1 The nu#ber of people +ithout Aobs fell last #onth1 Fast #onth there +as a fall ---1 -1 Nobody +ants to buy shoes like these any #ore1 There is no de#and ---1 .1 "n +hat +ay is your Aob different fro# #ine2 3hat is the difference ---2 &-1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ nouns @ the correct preposition1 cause connection invitation #ap reason da#a$e contact key pictures reply 1 On the +all there +ere so#e pictures and a P#ap ofP the +orld1 &1 Thank you for the --- your party next +eek1 '1 Since she left ho#e t+o years a$o9 she has had little --- her fa#ily1 (1 " can7t open this door1 0ave you $ot a --- the other door2 )1 The --- the fire at the hotel last ni$ht is still unkno+n1 *1 " +rote to Hi# last +eek9 but " still haven7t received a --- #y letter1 ,1 The t+o co#panies are co#pletely independent1 There is no --the#1 -1 Hane sho+ed #e so#e old --- the city as it looked // years a$o1 .1 Carol has decided to $ive up her Aob1 " don7t kno+ her --- doin$ this1 /1 "t +asn7t a bad accident1 The --- the car +asn7t serious1 &-1' Co#plete the sentences +ith the correct preposition1 1 There are so#e differences Pbet+eenP British and A#erican En$lish1 &1 Everythin$ can be explained1 There7s a reason --- everythin$1 '1 "f " $ive you the ca#era9 can you take a photo$raph --- #e2 (1 8oney isn7t the solution --- every proble#1 )1 There has been an increase --- the a#ount of traffic usin$ this

road1 *1 3hen " opened the envelope9 " +as deli$hted to find a che;ue --- )// pounds1 ,1 The advanta$e --- havin$ a car is that you don7t have to rely on public transport1 -1 There are #any advanta$es --- bein$ able to speak a forei$n lan$ua$e1 .1 3hen Paul left ho#e9 his attitude --- his parents see#ed to chan$e1 /1 Bill and " used to be $ood friends but " don7t have #uch contact --- hi# no+1 1 There has been a sharp rise --- the cost of livin$ in the past fe+ years1 &1 "7# sorry " haven7t +ritten to you for so lon$1 The reason --this is that "7ve been ill1 '1 3hat +as E##a7s reaction --- the ne+s2 (1 Gen sho+ed #e a photo$raph --- the house +here he lived as a child1 )1 The co#pany has reAected the +orkers7 de#ands --- a rise pay1 *1 3hat +as the ans+er --- ;uestion ' in the test2 ,1 The fact that Hane +as offered a Aob has no connection --- the fact that her cousin is the #ana$in$ director1 @p&)5N"T &. AdAective @ preposition ! % A1 "t +as nice of you to 111 nice6kind6$ood6$enerous6polite6silly6stupid etc1 O4 so#ebody !to do so#ethin$%D K Thank you1 "t +as very nice6kind of you to help #e1 K "t is stupid of her to $o out +ithout a coat in such cold +eather1 but !be% nice6kind6$ood6$enerous6polite6friendly6cruel etc1 TO so#ebodyD K They have al+ays been very nice6kind to #e1 !not 7+ith #e7% K 3hy +ere you so unfriendly to Tessa2 B1 AdAective @ about6+ith an$ry6annoyed6furious ABO5T so#ethin$

an$ry6annoyed6furious 3"T0 so#ebody 4O: doin$ so#ethin$ K "t7s stupid to $et an$ry about thin$s that don7t #atter1 K Are you annoyed +ith #e for bein$ late2 excited6+orried6upset6nervous6happy etc1 ABO5T so#ethin$D K Are you excited about $oin$ on holiday next +eek2 K Carol is upset about not bein$ invited to the party1 deli$hted6pleased6satisfied6disappointed 3"T0 so#ethin$D K " +as deli$hted +ith the present you $ave #e1 K 3ere you disappointed +ith your exa# results2V C1 AdAective @ at6by6+ith surprised6shocked6a#aNed6astonished AT6BE so#ethin$D K Everybody +as surprised at !or by% the ne+s1 K " hope you +eren7t shocked by !or at% +hat " said1 i#pressed 3"T06BE so#ebody6so#ethin$D K "7# very i#pressed +ith !or by% her En$lish1 "t7s very $ood1 fed up6bored 3"T0 so#ethin$D K " don7t enAoy #y Aob any #ore1 "7# fed up +ith it16"7# bored +ith it1V =1 sorry about6for sorry ABO5T so#ethin$D K "7# sorry a out t e noise last ni$ht1 3e +ere havin$ a party1 but usually sorry 4O: doin$ so#ethin$D K "7# sorry for shoutin$ at you yesterday1 Eou can also say 7"7# sorry " !did so#ethin$%7D K "7# sorry " shouted at you yesterday1 3e say 7to feel6to be sorry 4O: so#ebody7D K " feel sorry for Ieor$e1 0e has a lot of proble#s1V @p&). EME:C"SES &.1 3rite sentences usin$ nice of 1119 kind of 111 etc1 1 " +ent out in the cold +ithout a coat1 &1 Sue offered to drive #e to the airport1 '1 " needed #oney and "an $ave #e so#e1 (1 They didn7t invite us to their party1 )1 Can " help you +ith your lu$$a$e2 *1 Gevin didn7t thank #e for the present1

,1 They7ve had an ar$u#ent and no+ they refuse to speak to each other1V !silly% PThat +as silly of you1P !nice% That +as --- her1 !$enerous% That ---1 !not very nice% That +asn7t ---1 !very kind% --- you1 !not very polite% ---1 !a bit childish% ---1 &.1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ adAectives @ the correct prepositionD annoyed annoyed astonished bored excited i#pressed kind sorry 1 3e7re all Pexcited aboutP $oin$ on holiday next +eek1 &1 Thank you for all your help1 Eou7ve been very --- #e1 '1 " +ouldn7t like to be in her position1 " feel --- her1 (1 3hat have " done +ron$2 3hy are you --- #e2 )1 3hy do you al+ays $et so --- little thin$s2 *1 " +asn7t very --- the service in the restaurant1 3e had to +ait a$es before our food arrived1 ,1 Hohn isn7t happy at colle$e1 0e says he7s --- the course he7s doin$1 -1 " had never seen so #any people before1 " +as --- the cro+ds1 &.1' Put in the correct preposition1 1 " +as deli$hted P+ithP the present you $ave #e1 &1 "t +as very nice --- you to do #y shoppin$ for #e1 Thank you very #uch1 '1 3hy are you al+ays so rude --- your parents2 Can7t you be nice the#2 (1 "t +as a bit careless --- you to leave the door unlocked +hen you +ent out1 )1 They didn7t reply to our letter9 +hich +asn7t very polite --the#1 *1 3e al+ays have the sa#e food every day1 "7# fed up --- it1 ,1 " can7t understand people +ho are cruel --- ani#als1 -1 3e enAoyed our holiday9 but +e +ere a bit disappointed --- the

hotel1 .1 " +as surprised --- the +ay he behaved1 "t +as co#pletely out of character1 /1 "7ve been tryin$ to learn Spanish but "7# not very satisfied --#y pro$ress1 1 Finda doesn7t look very +ell1 "7# +orried --- her1 &1 Are you an$ry --- +hat happened2 '1 "7# sorry --- +hat " said1 " hope you7re not an$ry --- #e1 (1 The people next door are furious --- us #akin$ so #uch noise last ni$ht1 )1 Hill starts her ne+ Aob next +eek1 She7s ;uite excited --- it1 *1 "7# sorry --- the s#ell of paint in this roo#1 "7ve Aust decorated it1 ,1 " +as shocked --- +hat " sa+1 "7d never seen anythin$ like it before1 -1 The #an +e intervie+ed for the Aob +as intelli$ent but +e +eren7t very i#pressed --- his appearance1 .1 Are you still upset --- +hat " said to you yesterday2 &/1 0e said he +as sorry --- the situation but there +as nothin$ he could do1 & 1 " felt sorry --- the children +hen +e +ent on holiday1 "t rained every day and they had to spend #ost of the ti#e indoors1 @p&*/ 5N"T '/ AdAective @ preposition !&% A1 AdAective @ of ! % afraid6fri$htened6terrified6scared O4 111D K 7Are you afraid of do$s27 7Ees9 "7# terrified of the#17 fond6proud6asha#ed6Aealous6envious O4 1111D K 3hy are you al+ays so Aealous of other people2 suspicious6critical6tolerant O4 111D K 0e didn7t trust #e1 0e +as suspicious of #y intentions1 B1 AdAective @ of !&% a+are6conscious O4 111 K 7=id you kno+ he +as #arried27 7No9 " +asn7t a+are of that17 capable6incapable O4 111 K "7# sure you are capable of passin$ the exa#ination1

full O416short O4 111 K The letter " +rote +as full of #istakes1 !not 7full +ith7% K "7# a bit short of #oney1 Can you lend #e so#e2 typical O4 111 K 0e7s late a$ain1 "t7s typical of hi# to keep everybody +aitin$1 tired O4 111D K Co#e on9 let7s $oL "7# tired of +aitin$1 !J "7ve had enou$h of +aitin$% certain6sure O4 or ABO5T 111D K " think she7s arrivin$ this evenin$ but "7# not sure of that1 !or 1 sure about that1% C1 AdAective@ at6 to6 fro#6 in6 on6+ith 6for $ood6bad6excellent6brilliant6hopeless !etc1% AT 111D K "7# not very $ood at repairin$ thin$s1 !not 7$ood in repairin$ thin$s7% #arried6en$a$ed TO 111D K Finda is #arried to an A#erican1 !not 7#arried +ith7% but K Finda is #arried +ith three children1 she is #arried and has three children% si#ilar TO 111D K Eour +ritin$ is si#ilar to #ine1 different 4:O8 !or TO% 111D K The fil# +as different fro# +hat "7d expected1 !or 111 different to +hat "7d expected1% interested "N 111D K Are you interested in art2 keen ON 111D K 3e stayed at ho#e because Cathy +asn7t very keen on $oin$ out1 dependent ON 111 !but 7independent O4 1117%D K " don7t +ant to be dependent on anybody1 cro+ded 3"T0 !people etc1%D K The city centre +as cro+ded +ith tourists1 !but 7full of tourists7% fa#ous 4O: 111D K The "talian city of 4lorence is fa#ous for its art treasures1 responsible 4O: 111D

K 3ho +as responsible for all that noise last ni$ht2 @p&* EME:C"SES '/1 Co#plete the second sentence so that it has the sa#e #eanin$ as the first one1 1 There +ere lots of tourists in the city centre1 The city centre +as cro+ded P+ith tourists1P &1 There +as a lot of furniture in the roo#1 The roo# +as full ---1 '1 " don7t like sport very #uch1 "7# not very keen ---1 (1 3e haven7t $ot enou$h ti#e1 3e7re a bit short ---1 )1 "7# not a very $ood tennis player1 "7# not very $ood ---1 *1 Catherine7s husband is :ussian1 Catherine is #arried ---1 ,1 " don7t trust :obert1 "7# suspicious ---1 -1 8y proble# is not the sa#e as yours1 8y proble# is different ---1 '/1& Co#plete the sentences +ith one of the follo+in$ adAectives @ the correct prepositionD afraid different interested proud responsible si#ilar sure 1 " think she7s arrivin$ this evenin$ but "7# not Psure ofP that1 &1 Eour ca#era is --- #ine but it isn7t exactly the sa#e1 '1 =on7t +orry1 "7ll look after you1 There7s nothin$ to be ---1 (1 7=o you +ant to +atch the ne+s on television27 7No9 "7# not --the ne+s17 )1 The editor is the person +ho is --- +hat appears in a ne+spaper1 *1 8rs =avis is a very keen $ardener1 She7s very --- her $arden and loves sho+in$ it to visitors1 ,1 " +as surprised +hen " #et her for the first ti#e1 She +as --+hat " expected1 '/1' Put in the correct preposition1 1 The letter " +rote +as full PofP #istakes1 &1 8y ho#e to+n is not especially interestin$1 "t7s not fa#ous --anythin$1 '1 Gate is very fond --- her youn$er brother1 (1 " don7t like $oin$ up ladders1 "7# afraid --- hei$hts1 )1 Eou look bored1 Eou don7t see# 7interested --- +hat "7# sayin$1

*1 =id you kno+ that FiN is en$a$ed --- a friend of #ine2 ,1 "7# not asha#ed --- +hat " did1 "n fact "7# ;uite proud --- it1 -1 " su$$ested +e should all $o out for a #eal but nobody else +as keen --- the idea1 .1 These days everybody is a+are --- the dan$ers of s#okin$1 /1 The station platfor# +as cro+ded --- people +aitin$ for the train1 1 She7s #uch #ore successful than " a#1 So#eti#es " feel a bit Aealous --- her1 &1 "7# tired --- doin$ the sa#e thin$ every day1 " need a chan$e1 '1 =o you kno+ anyone +ho #i$ht be interested --- buyin$ an old car2 (1 3e7ve $ot plenty to eat1 The frid$e is full --- food1 )1 She is a very honest person1 " don7t think she is capable --tellin$ a lie1 *1 "7# not surprised she chan$ed her #ind at the last #o#ent1 That7s typical --- her1 ,1 Our house is si#ilar --- yours1 Perhaps yours is a bit lar$er1 -1 Hohn has no #oney of his o+n1 0e7s totally dependent --- his parents1 '/1( 3rite sentences about yourself1 Are you $ood at these thin$s or not2 5seD brilliant very $ood ;uite $ood not very $ood hopeless 1 !repairin$ thin$s% P"7# not very $ood at repairin$ thin$s1P &1 !tellin$ Aokes% ---1 '1 !#athe#atics% ---1 (1 !re#e#berin$ na#es% ---1 @p&*& 5N"T ' ?erb @ preposition ! % at and to A1 ?erb @ at look6have a look6stare6$lance !etc1% AT 111D K 3hy are you lookin$ at #e like that2 lau$h6s#ile AT 111D K " look stupid +ith this haircut1 Everybody +ill lau$h at #e1 ai#6point !so#ethin$% AT1119 shoot6fire !a $un% AT111 !J7in the direction of7%D

K =on7t point that knife at #e1 "t7s dan$erous1 K 3e sa+ so#e people +ith $uns shootin$ at birds1 B1 ?erb @ to talk6speak TO !so#ebody% !7+ith7 is also possible but less usual%D K 3ho +as that #an you +ere talkin$ to2 K Can " speak to Hane9 please2 listen TO 111D K 3e spent the evenin$ listenin$ to #usic1 !not 7listenin$ #usic7% +rite !a letter% TO 111D K Sorry " haven7t +ritten to you for such a lon$ ti#e1 but phone6telephone so#ebody !no preposition%D K =id you phone your father yesterday2 !not 7phone to your father7% invite !so#ebody% TO !a party6a +eddin$ etc1%D K They only invited a fe+ people to their +eddin$1 C1 So#e verbs can be follo+ed by at or to9 +ith a difference of #eanin$1 4or exa#pleD shout AT so#ebody !+hen you are an$ry%D K She $ot very an$ry and started shoutin$ at #e1 shout TO so#ebody !so that they can bear you%D K She shouted to #e fro# the other side of the street1 thro+ so#ethin$ AT so#ebody6so#ethin$ !in order to bit the#%D K So#ebody thre+ an e$$ at the #inister1 thro+ so#ethin$ TO so#ebody !for so#ebody to catch%D K Hudy shouted 7CatchL7 and thre+ the keys to #e fro# the +indo+1 =1 Explain6describe6apolo$iNe 3e say explain so#ethin$ !TO so#ebody%D K Can you explain this +ord to #e2 !not 7explain #e this +ord7% alsoD 7explain !to so#ebody% that6+hat6ho+6+hy 1117D K " explained to the# +hat " +anted the# to do1 !not 7" explained the#7% =escribe is si#ilarD K Fet #e describe to you +hat " sa+1 Note that +e say 7apolo$iNe TO so#ebody !for 111%7D K 0e apolo$iNed to #e1 !not 70e apolo$iNed #e7%

but 7thank so#ebody !for so#ethin$%79 7ask so#ebody !for so#ethin$%7D K 0e asked #e for #oney1 !not 70e asked to #e7% @p&*' EME:C"SES ' 1 Co#plete the sentences1 Choose one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#% @ the correct prepositionD explain invite lau$h listen point $lance speak thro+ thro+ +rite 1 " look stupid +ith this haircut1 Everybody +ill Plau$h atP #e1 &1 " don7t understand +hat this #eans1 Can you PexplainP it PtoP #e2 '1 " --- #y +atch to see +hat the ti#e +as1 (1 3e7ve been --- the party but unfortunately +e can7t $o1 )1 Please --- #eL "7ve $ot so#ethin$ i#portant to tell you1 *1 =on7t --- stones --- the birdsL "t7s cruel1 ,1 "f you don7t +ant to eat that sand+ich9 --- it --- the birds1 They7ll eat it1 -1 Sally and Gevin had an ar$u#ent and no+ they7re not --- one another1 .1 " --- Hoanna last +eek but she hasn7t replied to #y letter yet1 /1 Be careful +ith those scissorsL =on7t --- the# --- #eL ' 1& Put in to or at +here necessary1 1 They only invited a fe+ people PtoP their +eddin$1 &1 Fook --- these flo+ers1 Aren7t they pretty2 '1 Please don7t shout --- #eL Be nice to #eL (1 " sa+ Sue as " +as cyclin$ alon$ the road1 " shouted --- her but she didn7t hear #e1 )1 =on7t listen --- +hat he says1 0e doesn7t kno+ +hat he7s talkin$ about1 *1 Can " speak --- you for a #o#ent2 There7s so#ethin$ " +ant to ask you1 ,1 =o you think " could have a look --- your ne+spaper9 please2 -1 "7# a bit lonely1 " need so#ebody to talk ---1 .1 She +as so an$ry she thre+ a chair --- #e1 /1 The +o#an sittin$ opposite #e on the train kept starin$ ---

#e1 ' 1' Eou ask so#ebody to explain so#e thin$s that you don7t understand1 3rite sentences usin$ explain !so#ethin$% to #e or explain to #e !ho+6+hat 111 etc1%1 1 !" don7t understand this +ord1% PCan you explain this +ord to #e2P &1 !" don7t understand +hat you #ean1% PCan you explain to #e +hat you #ean2P '1 !" don7t understand this ;uestion1% Can you explain ---1 (1 !" don7t understand the syste#1% Can ---1 )1 !" don7t understand ho+ this #achine +orks1% ---1 *1 !" don7t understand +hat your proble# is1% ---1 ' 1( Put in to +here necessary1 "f the sentence is already co#plete9 leave an e#pty space !-% 1 " kno+ +ho she is but "7ve never spoken PtoP her1 &1 Ieor$e +on7t be able to help you9 so there7s no point in askin$ !-% hi#1 '1 " like to listen --- the radio +hile "7# havin$ breakfast1 (1 3e7d better phone --- the restaurant to reserve a table1 )1 " apolo$iNed --- Brid$et for the #isunderstandin$1 *1 =on7t for$et to +rite --- #e +hile you7re a+ay1 ,1 " thanked --- everybody for all the help they had $iven #e1 -1 " explained --- everybody +hat they had to do1 .1 8ike described --- #e ho+ the accident happened1 /1 "7d like to ask --- you so#e ;uestions1 @p&*( 5N"T '& ?erb @ preposition !&% about6for6of6after A1 ?erb @ about talk ABO5T 1116read ABO5T 1116tell so#ebody ABO5T 1116have a discussion ABO5T111 K 3e talked about a lot of thin$s at the #eetin$1 but 7discuss so#ethin$7 !no preposition%D K 3e discussed a lot of thin$s at the #eetin$1 !not 7discussed about7% alsoD 7do so#ethin$ ABO5T so#ethin$7 !J do so#ethin$ to i#prove a bad situation%D

K "f you7re +orried about the proble#9 you should do so#ethin$ about it1 B1 Care about9 care for and take care of care ABO5T so#ebody6so#ethin$ !J think that so#ebody6so#ethin$ is i#portant%D K 0e7s very selfish1 0e doesn7t care about other people1 3e say 7care +hat6+here6ho+7 !etc1% !+ithout 7about7%D K Eou can do +hat you like1 " don7t care +hat you do1 care 4O: so#ebody6so#ethin$D i% J like so#ethin$ !usually in ;uestions and ne$ative sentences%D K 3ould you care for a cup of coffee2 !J 3ould you like 1112% K " don7t care for very hot +eather1 !J " don7t like 111% ii% J look after so#ebodyD K Albert is -) and lives alone1 0e needs so#ebody to care for hi#1 take care O4 111 !J look after%D K 0ave a nice holiday1 Take care of yourselfL !J look after yourself% C1 ?erb @ for ask !so#ebody% 4O:111 K " +rote to the co#pany askin$ the# for #ore infor#ation about the Aob1 but K " asked her a ;uestion16They asked #e the +ay to the station1 !no preposition% apply !TO a person9 a co#pany etc1% 4O: !a Aob etc1%D K " think this Aob +ould suit you1 3hy don7t you apply for it2 +ait 4O: 1116+ait 4O: so#ethin$ to happenD K =on7t +ait for #e1 "7ll Aoin you later1 K "7# not $oin$ out yet1 "7# +aitin$ for the rain to stop1 search !a person6a place6a ba$ etc1% 4O: 111D K "7ve searched !the house% for #y keys but " still can7t find the#1 leave !a place% 4O: !another place%D K " haven7t seen her since she left !ho#e% for +ork this #ornin$1 !not 7left to +ork7% =1 Fook for and look after look 4O: 111 !J search for9 try to find%D K "7ve lost #y keys1 Can you help #e to look for the#2 look A4TE: 111 !J take care of%D

K Albert is -) and lives alone1 0e needs so#ebody to look after hi#1 !not 7look for7% K Eou can borro+ this book if you pro#ise to look after it1 @p&*) EME:C"SES '&1 Put in the correct preposition1 "f no preposition is needed9 leave the space e#pty !-% 1 "7# not $oin$ out yet1 "7# +aitin$ PforP the rain to Stop1 &1 Eou7re al+ays askin$ #e --- #oney1 Ask so#ebody else for a chan$e1 '1 "7ve applied --- a Aob at the factory1 " don7t kno+ if "7ll $et it1 (1 "f " +ant a Aob at the factory9 +ho do " apply ---2 )1 "7ve searched every+here --- Hohn but " haven7t been able to find hi#1 *1 " don7t +ant to talk --- +hat happened last ni$ht1 Fet7s for$et it1 ,1 " don7t +ant to discuss --- +hat happened last ni$ht1 Fet7s for$et it1 -1 3e had an interestin$ discussion --- the proble# but +e didn7t reach a decision1 .1 3e discussed --- the proble# but +e didn7t reach a decision1 /1 " don7t +ant to $o out yet1 "7# +aitin$ --- the post to arrive1 1 Geith and Sonia are tourin$ Europe1 They7re in :o#e at the #o#ent9 but to#orro+ they leave --- ?enice1 &1 The roof of the house is in very bad condition1 " think +e ou$ht to do so#ethin$ --- it1 '1 3e +aited --- Hi# for half an hour but he never ca#e1 (1 To#orro+ #ornin$ " have to catch a plane1 "7# leavin$ #y house --- the airport at ,1'/1 '&1& Co#plete the sentences +ith one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#% @ prepositionD apply ask do leave look search talk +ait 1 Police are Psearchin$ forP the #an +ho escaped fro# prison1 &1 3e7re still --- a reply to our letter1 3e haven7t heard anythin$ yet1 '1 Ieor$e likes his Aob but he doesn7t --- it #uch1 (1 3hen "7d finished #y #eal9 " --- the +aiter 1 the bill1

)1 Gate is une#ployed1 She has --- several Aobs but she hasn7t had any luck1 *1 "f so#ethin$ is +ron$9 +hy don7t you --- so#ethin$ it2 ,1 Finda7s car is very old but it7s in excellent condition1 She --- it +ell1 -1 =iane is fro# Boston but no+ she lives in Paris1 She --- Boston --- Paris +hen she +as .1 '&1' Put in the correct preposition after care1 "f no preposition is needed9 leave the space e#pty !-% 1 0e7s very selfish1 0e doesn7t care PaboutP other people1 &1 Are you hun$ry2 3ould you care --- so#ethin$ to eat2 '1 She doesn7t care --- the exa#ination1 She7s not +orried +hether she passes or falls1 (1 Please let #e borro+ your ca#era1 " pro#ise "7ll take $ood care --- it1 )1 7=o you like this coat27 7Not really1 " don7t care --- the colour17 *1 =on7t +orry about arran$in$ our holiday1 "7ll take care --- that1 ,1 " +ant to have a $ood holiday1 " don7t care --- the cost1 -1 " +ant to have a $ood holiday1 " don7t care --- ho+ #uch it costs1 '&1( Co#plete the sentences +ith look for or look after1 5se the correct for# of look1 1 " Plooked forP #y keys but " couldn7t find the# any+here1 &1 Gate is --- a Aob1 " hope she finds one soon1 '1 3ho --- you +hen you +ere ill2 (1 "7# --- EliNabeth1 0ave you seen her2 )1 All the car parks +ere full9 so +e had to --- so#e+here to park1 *1 A baby-sitter is so#ebody +ho --- other people7s children1 @p&** 5N"T '' ?erb @ preposition !'% about and of So#e verbs can be follo+ed by about or of9 usually +ith a difference of #eanin$D A1 drea# ABO5T 111D K " drea#t about you last ni$ht1 !+hen " +as asleep% drea# O4 bein$ so#ethin$6doin$ so#ethin$ !J i#a$ine%D

K " often drea# of bein$ rich1 K 7=on7t tell anyone +hat " said17 7No9 " +ouldn7t drea# of it17 !J" +ould never do it% B1 hear ABO5T 111 !J be told about so#ethin$%D K =id you hear about the fi$ht in the club on Saturday ni$ht2 hear O4 111 !J kno+ that so#ebody6so#ethin$ exists%D K 73ho is To# 8adely27 7"7ve no idea1 "7ve never heard of hi#17 !not 7heard fro# hi#7% AlsoD hear 4:O8 111 !J receive a letter or phone call fro# so#ebody%D K 70ave you heard fro# Hane recently27 7Ees9 " $ot a letter fro# her a fe+ days a$o17 C1 think ABO5T 111 and think O4 111 3hen you think ABO5T so#ethin$9 you consider it9 you concentrate your #ind on itD K Eou look serious1 3hat are you thinkin$ about2 K 73ill you lend #e the #oney27 7"7ll think about it17 3hen you think O4 so#ethin$9 the idea co#es to your #indD K 0e told #e his na#e but " can7t think of it no+1 !not 7think about it7% K That7s a $ood idea1 3hy didn7t " think of that2 !not 7think about that7% 3e also use think of +hen +e ask or $ive an opinionD K 73hat did you think of the fil#27 7" didn7t think #uch of it17 The difference is so#eti#es very s#all1 Often you can use of or aboutD K 3hen "7# alone9 " often think of !or about% you1 Eou can say 7think of or think about doin$ so#ethin$7 !for possible future actions%D K 8y sister is thinkin$ of !or about% $oin$ to Canada1 !J she is considerin$ it% =1 re#ind so#ebody ABO5T 111 !J tell so#ebody not to for$et%D K "7# $lad you re#inded #e about the #eetin$1 " had co#pletely for$otten it1 re#ind so#ebody O4 111 !J cause so#ebody to re#e#ber%D K This house re#inds #e of the one " lived in +hen " +as a child1

K Fook at this photo$raph of :ichard1 3ho does he re#ind you of2 E1 co#plain !TO so#ebody% ABO5T 111 !J say that you are not satisfied%D K 3e co#plained to the #ana$er of the restaurant about the food1 co#plain O4 a pain9 an illness etc1 !J say that you have a pain etc1%D K 3e called the doctor because Ieor$e +as co#plainin$ of a pain in his sto#ach1 41 +arn so#ebody O46ABO5T a dan$er9 so#ethin$ bad +hich #i$ht happenD K Everybody has been +arned of6about the dan$ers of s#okin$1 +arn so#ebody ABO5T so#ebody6so#ethin$ +hich is dan$erous9 unusual etc1D K " kne+ he +as a stran$e person1 " had been +arned about hi#1 !not 7+arned of hi#7% K ?icky +arned us about the traffic1 She said it +ould be bad1 @p&*, EME:C"SES ''1 Put in the correct preposition1 1 =id you hear PaboutP +hat happened at the party on Saturday2 &1 7 had a stran$e drea# last ni$ht17 7=id you2 3hat did you drea# ---2 '1 Our nei$hbours co#plained --- us --- the noise +e #ade last ni$ht1 (1 Gen +as co#plainin$ --- pains in his chest9 so he +ent to the doctor1 )1 " love this #usic1 "t re#inds #e --- a +ar# day in sprin$1 *1 0e loves his Aob1 0e thinks --- his Aob all the ti#e9 he drea#s --- it9 he talks --- it and "7# fed up +ith hearin$ --- it1 ,1 " tried to re#e#ber the na#e of the book but " couldn7t think --- it1 -1 Hanet +arned #e --- the +ater1 She said it +asn7t safe to drink1 .1 3e +arned our children --- the dan$ers of playin$ in the street1 ''1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#% @ the correct prepositionD co#plain drea# hear re#ind re#ind re#ind think think +arn

1 That7s a $ood idea1 3hy didn7t " Pthink ofP that2 &1 Bill is never satisfied1 0e is al+ays --- so#ethin$1 '1 " can7t #ake a decision yet1 " need ti#e to --- your proposal1 (1 Before you $o into the house9 " #ust --- you the do$1 0e is very a$$ressive so#eti#es9 so be careful1 )1 She7s not a +ell-kno+n sin$er1 Not #any people have --- her1 *1 AD Eou +ouldn7t $o a+ay +ithout tellin$ #e9 +ould you2 BD Of course not1 " +ouldn7t --- it1 ,1 " +ould have for$otten #y appoint#ent if Hane hadn7t --- #e --it1 -1 =o you see that #an over there2 =oes he --- you --- anybody you kno+2 ''1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ bear or heard @ the correct preposition !about6of6fro#%1 1 "7ve never Phear ofP To# 8adely1 3ho is he2 &1 7=id you --- the accident last ni$ht27 7Ees9 ?icky told #e17 '1 Hill used to +rite to #e ;uite often but " haven7t --- her for a$es no+1 (1 AD 0ave you --- a +riter called 3illia# 0udson2 BD No9 " don7t think so1 3hat sort of +riter is he2 )1 Thank you for your letter1 "t +as $ood to --- you a$ain1 *1 7=o you +ant to --- our holiday27 7Not no+1 Tell #e later17 ,1 " live in a very s#all to+n in the north of En$land1 Eou7ve probably never --- it1 ''1( Co#plete the sentences usin$ think about or think of1 5se the correct for# of think1 1 Eou look serious1 3hat are you Pthinkin$ about2P &1 " like to have ti#e to #ake decisions1 " like to --- thin$s carefully1 '1 0e7s a very selfish person1 0e only --- hi#self1 (1 " don7t kno+ +hat to $et Ann for her birthday1 Can you --anythin$2 )1 AD "7ve finished readin$ the book you lent #e1 BD 0ave you2 3hat did you --- it2 =id you like it2 *1 3e7re --- $oin$ out for a #eal this evenin$1 3ould you like to co#e2

,1 " don7t really +ant to $o out +ith "an toni$ht1 "7ll have to --- an excuse1 -1 Carol is rather ho#esick1 She7s al+ays --- her fa#ily back ho#e1 .1 3hen " +as offered the Aob9 " didn7t accept i##ediately1 " +ent a+ay and --- it for a +hile1 "n the end " decided to take the Aob1 /1 " don7t --- #uch --- this coffee1 "t7s like +ater1 @p&*5N"T '( ?erb @ preposition !(% of6for6fro#6on A1 ?erb @ of accuse6suspect so#ebody O4 111D K Sue accused #e of bein$ selfish1 KThree students +ere suspected of cheatin$ in the exa#ination1 approve O4 111D K 0is parents don7t approve of +hat he does9 but they can7t stop hi#1 die O4 !an illness%D K 73hat did he die of27 7A heart attack17 consist O4 111D K 3e had an enor#ous #eal1 "t consisted of seven courses1 B1 ?erb @ for pay !so#ebody% 4O: 111D K " didn7t have enou$h #oney to pay !the +aiter% for the #eal1 !not 7pay the #eal7% but 7pay a bill6a fine6a tax6a fare6rent6a su# of #oney etc1 !no preposition%D K " didn7t have enou$h #oney to pay #y telephone bill1 thank6for$ive so#ebody 4O: 111D K "7ll never for$ive the# for +hat they did1 apolo$iNe !to so#ebody% 4O: 111D K 3hen " realiNed " +as +ron$9 " apolo$iNed !to the#% for #y #istake1 bla#e so#ebody6so#ethin$ 4O: 111D K Everybody bla#ed #e for the accident1 alsoD 7so#ebody is to bla#e for 1117D K Everybody said that " +as to bla#e for the accident1

alsoD bla#e so#ethin$ ON 111D K Everybody bla#ed the accident on #e1 C1 ?erb @ fro# Suffer 4:O8 !an illness etc1%D K The nu#ber of people sufferin$ fro# heart disease has increased1 protect so#ebody6so#ethin$ 4:O8 !or AIA"NST% 111D K Sun oil can protect the skin fro# the sun1 !or 1 a$ainst the sun1% =1 ?erb @ on depend ON1116rely ON 111D K 73hat ti#e +ill you arrive27 7" don7t kno+1 "t depends on the traffic17 K Eou can rely on Hill1 She al+ays keeps her pro#ises1 Eou can use depend @ +hen6+here6ho+ etc1 !;uestion +ords% +ith or +ithout onD K 7Are you $oin$ to buy it27 7"t depends ho+ #uch it is17 !or depends on ho+ #uch% live ON !#oney6food%D K Ieor$e7s salary is very lo+1 "t isn7t enou$h to live on1 con$ratulate !so#eone% ON 1116co#pli#ent !so#ebody% ON 111 K " con$ratulated her on her success/ the exa#1 @p&*. EME:C"SES '(1 Co#plete the second sentence so that it #eans the sa#e as the first1 1 Sue said " +as selfish1 Sue accused #e Pof bein$ selfish1P &1 The #isunderstandin$ +as #y fault9 so " apolo$iNed1 " apolo$iNed ---1 '1 She +on the tourna#ent9 so " con$ratulated her1 " con$ratulated her ---1 (1 0e has ene#ies but he has a body$uard to protect hi#1 0e has a body$uard to protect hi# ---1 )1 There are players in a football tea#1 A football tea# consists ---1 *1 She eats only bread and e$$s1 She lives ---1 Co#plete the second sentence usin$ for or on1 !These sentences all have bla#e1%

,1 Gay said that +hat happened +as Hi#7s fault1 Gay bla#ed Hi# Pfor +hat happened1P -1 Eou al+ays say everythin$ is #y fault1 Eou al+ays bla#e #e ---1 .1 =o you think the econo#ic crisis is the fault of the $overn#ent2 =o you bla#e the $overn#ent ---1 /1 " think the increase in violent cri#e is because of television1 " bla#e the increase in ---1 No+ re+rite sentences . and / usin$ 111 to bla#e for 111 1 !.% =o you think the $overn#ent ---1 &1 ! /% " think that ---1 '(1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#% @ the correct prepositionD accuse apolo$iNe approve con$ratulate depend live pay 1 0is parents don7t Papprove ofP +hat he does9 but they can7t stop hi#1 &1 3hen you +ent to the theatre +ith Paul9 +ho --- the tickets2 '1 "t7s not very pleasant +hen you are --- so#ethin$ you didn7t do1 (1 7Are you playin$ tennis to#orro+27 7" hope so1 "t --- the +eather17 )1 Thin$s are very cheap there1 Eou can --- very little #oney1 *1 3hen " sa+ =ave9 " --- hi# --- passin$ his drivin$ test1 ,1 Eou +ere very rude to 4iona1 =on7t you think you should --her2 '(1' Put in the correct preposition1 "f no preposition is necessary9 leave the space e#pty !-% 1 Three students +ere suspected PofP cheatin$ in the exa#ination1 &1 Sally is often not +ell1 She suffers --- very bad headaches1 '1 Eou kno+ that you can rely --- #e if you ever need any help1 (1 "t is terrible that so#e people are dyin$ --- hun$er +hile others eat too #uch1 )1 Are you $oin$ to apolo$iNe --- +hat you did2 *1 The accident +as #y fault9 so " had to pay --- the da#a$e1 ,1 " didn7t have enou$h #oney to pay --- the bill1 -1 " co#pli#ented her --- her En$lish1 She spoke fluently and

#ade very fe+ #istakes1 .1 She hasn7t $ot a Aob1 She depends --- her parents for #oney1 /1 " don7t kno+ +hether "7ll $o out toni$ht1 "t depends --- ho+ " feel1 1 They +ore +ar# clothes to protect the#selves --- the cold1 &1 The apart#ent consists --- three roo#s9 a kitchen and bathroo#1 @p&,/ 5N"T ') ?erb @ preposition !)% in6into6+ith6to6on A1 ?erb @ in believe "N 111 K =o you believe in Iod2 !Jdo you believe that Iod exists2% K " believe in sayin$ +hat " think1 !J" believe it is ri$ht to say +hat " think% specialiNe "N 111 K 0elen is a la+yer1 She specialiNes in co#pany la+1 succeed "N 111 K " hope you succeed in findin$ the Aob you +ant1 B1 ?erb @into break "NTO 111 K Our house +as broken into a fe+ days a$o but nothin$ +as stolen1 crash6drive6bu#p6run "NTO 111 K 0e lost control of the car and crashed into a +all1 divide6cut6split so#ethin$ "NTO !t+o or #ore parts%D K The book is divided into three parts1 K Cut the #eat into s#all pieces before fryin$ it1 translate !a book etc1% 4:O8 one lan$ua$e "NTO anotherD K Ieor$e Or+ell7s books have been translated into #any lan$ua$es1 C1 ?erb @ +ith collide 3"T0 111 K There +as an accident this #ornin$1 A bus collided +ith a car1 !but 7crashed into7% fill so#ethin$ 3"T01 !but full of1-see 5nit '/B%D K Take this saucepan and fill it +ith +ater1 provide6supply so#ebody 3"T0111

K The school provides all its students +ith books1 =1 ?erb @ to happen TO 111D K 3hat happened to that $old +atch you used to have2 !J +here is it no+2% prefer one thin$6person TO anotherD K " prefer tea to coffee1 E1 ?erb @ on concentrate ON 111D K =on7t look out of the +indo+1 Concentrate on your +ork1 insist ON 111D K " +anted to $o alone but they insisted on co#in$ +ith #e1 spend !#oney% ON 111D K 0o+ #uch #oney do you spend on food each +eek2 @p&, EME:C"SES ')1 Co#plete the second sentence so that it #eans the sa#e as the first1 1 There +as a collision bet+een a bus and a car1 A bus collided P+ith a car1P &1 " don7t #ind bi$ cities but " prefer s#all to+ns1 " prefer ---1 '1 " $ot all the infor#ation " needed fro# Hill1 Hill provided #e ---1 (1 This #ornin$ " bou$ht a pair of shoes +hich cost -7*/1 This #ornin$ " spent ---1 ')1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of the follo+in$ verbs !in the correct for#% @ the correct prepositionD believe concentrate divide drive fill happen insist succeed 1 " +anted to $o alone but Sue Pinsisted onP co#in$ +ith #e1 &1 " haven7t seen 0arry for a$es1 " +onder +hat has --- hi#1 '1 " +as drivin$ alon$ +hen the car in front of #e stopped suddenly1 5nfortunately9 " couldn7t stop in ti#e and --- the back of it1 (1 "t7s a very lar$e house1 "t7s --- four flats1 )1 " don7t --- $hosts1 " think people only i#a$ine that they see

the#1 *1 Steve $ave #e an e#pty bucket and told #e to --- it --- +ater1 ,1 =on7t try and do t+o thin$s to$ether --- one thin$ at a ti#e1 -1 "t +asn7t easy but in the end +e --- findin$ a solution to the proble#1 ')1' Put in the correct preposition1 1 The school provides all its students P+ithP books1 &1 A stran$e thin$ happened --- #e a fe+ days a$o1 '1 8ark decided to $ive up sport so that he could concentrate --his studies1 (1 " don7t believe --- +orkin$ very hard1 "t7s not +orth it1 )1 8y present Aob isn7t +onderful9 but " prefer it --- +hat " did before1 *1 " hope you succeed --- $ettin$ +hat you +ant1 ,1 As " +as co#in$ out of the roo#9 " collided --- so#ebody +ho +as co#in$ in1 -1 There +as an a+ful noise as the car crashed --- a tree1 .1 Hi# is a photo$rapher1 0e specialiNes --- sports photo$raphy1 /1 =o you spend #uch #oney --- clothes2 1 The country is divided --- six re$ions1 &1 " prefer travellin$ by train --- drivin$1 "t7s #uch #ore pleasant1 '1 So#ebody broke --- #y car and stole the radio1 (1 " felt ;uite cold but Peter insisted --- havin$ the +indo+ open1 )1 So#e +ords are difficult to translate --- one lan$ua$e another1 *1 3hat happened --- the #oney " lent you2 3hat did you spend it2 ,1 The teacher decided to split the class --- four $roups1 -1 " filled the tank but unfortunately " filled it --- the +ron$ kind of petrol1 ')1( 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 5se a preposition1 1 " +anted to $o out alone but #y friend insisted Pon co#in$ +ith #e1P &1 " spend ;uite a lot of #oney ---1 '1 " sa+ the accident1 The car crashed ---1 (1 Sarah prefers basketball ---1

)1 Shakespeare7s plays have been translated ---1 @p&,& 5N"T '* Phrasal verbs !$etup6 breakdo+n 6fill in etc1% A1 3e often use verbs +ith the follo+in$ +ordsD in out on off up do+n a+ay back round throu$h about alon$ over for+ard by So you can say put out6$et on6take off6run a+ay etc1 These verbs are phrasal verbs1 3e often use out6off6up etc1 +ith verbs of #ove#ent1 4or exa#pleD $et onD K The bus +as full1 3e couldn7t $et on1 drive offD K A +o#an $ot into the car and drove off1 co#e backD K Sally is leavin$ to#orro+ and co#in$ back on Saturday1 turn roundD K 3hen " touched hi# on the shoulder9 he turned round1 But often the second +ord !out6off6up etc1% $ives a special #eanin$ to the verb1 4or exa#pleD break do+nD K Sorry "7# late1 The car broke do+n1 !J the en$ine stopped +orkin$% look outD K Fook outL There7s a car co#in$1 !J be careful% take offD K "t +as #y first fli$ht1 " +as nervous as the plane took off1 !J +ent into the air% $et upD K " +as very tired this #ornin$1 " couldn7t $et up1 !J $et out of bed% $et onD K 0o+ +as the exa#2 0o+ did you $et on2 !J ho+ did you do2% $et byD K 8y 4rench isn7t very $ood but it7s enou$h to $et by1 !J to #ana$e% B1 So#eti#es a phrasal verb is follo+ed by a preposition1 4or exa#pleD K 3hy did you run a+ay fro# #e2 K Eou7re +alkin$ too fast1 " can7t keep up +ith you1 K Are you lookin$ for+ard to your holiday2 K Hack is tryin$ to cut do+n on s#okin$1 !Jreduce s#okin$% C1 So#eti#es a phrasal verb has an obAect1 5sually there are t+o possible positions for the obAect1 So you can sayD

" turned off Pthe li$ht1P!obAect% or " turned the li$ht off1 "f the obAect is a pronoun !it6the#6#e6hi# etc1%9 only one position is possibleD " turned it off1 !not 7" turned off it7% So#e #ore exa#plesD K Could you fill in this for#2 K Could you fill this for# in2 but They $ave #e a for# and told #e to fill it in1 !not 7fill in it7% K The police $ot into the house by breakin$ do+n the door1 K The police $ot into the house by breakin$ the door do+n1 but The door +asn7t locked1 3hy did the police break it do+n2 !not 7break do+n it7% K " think "7ll thro+ a+ay these ne+spapers1 K " think "7ll thro+ these ne+spapers a+ay1 but =o you +ant these ne+spapers or shall " thro+ the# a+ay2 !not 7thro+ a+ay the#7% K =on7t +ake up the baby1 K =on7t +ake the baby up1 but The baby is asleep1 =on7t +ake her up1 !not 7+ake up her7% @p&,' EME:C"SES '*1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of these phrasal verbs !in the correct for#%D break do+n drop out !J stop takin$ part in so#ethin$% clear up !J beco#e bri$hter-for +eather% #ove in !J start livin$ in a house etc1% close do+n !J $o out of business% sho+ off !J sho+ ho+ clever you are% doNe off !J fall asleep% turn up !J appear6arrive% 1 Sorry "7# late1 The car Pbroke do+nP on the +ay here1 &1 " arran$ed to #eet Hane after +ork last ni$ht but she didn7t ---1 '1 73e7ve bou$ht a ne+ house17 7Oh9 have you2 3hen are you ---27 (1 There used to be a shop at the end of the street but it --- a year a$o1

)1 " ran in a #arathon last +eek but " +asn7t fit enou$h1 " --- after ) kilo#etres1 *1 3e all kno+ ho+ +onderful you are1 There7s no need to ---1 ,1 " +as very tired1 " sat in an ar#chair and ---1 -1 The +eather is horrible at the #o#ent9 isn7t it2 " hope it --later1 '*1& Co#plete the sentences usin$ a +ord fro# Fist A and a +ord fro# Fist B1 Eou need to use so#e +ords #ore than once1 AD a+ay back for+ard on out up9 BD at of to +ith 1 Eou7re +alkin$ too fast1 " can7t keep Pup +ithP you1 &1 8y holidays are nearly over1 Next +eek "7ll be --- +ork1 '1 3e7ve nearly run --- #oney1 3e7ve $ot very little left1 (1 8artin isn7t very happy in his Aob because he doesn7t $et --- his boss1 )1 " love to look --- the stars in the sky at ni$ht1 *1 Are you lookin$ --- the party next +eek2 ,1 There +as a bank robbery last +eek1 The robbers $ot --'/9/// pounds1 '*1' Co#plete the sentences usin$ one of these verbs !in the correct for#% @ it6the#6her6youD cross out $ive a+ay9 #ake up9 turn do+n !J refuse% fill in9 $ive back9 sho+ round see off !J see so#ebody leave% 1 They $ave #e a for# and told #e to Pfill in it1P &1 "f you #ake a #istake on the for#9 Aust ---1 '1 The story she told you +asn7t true1 She ---1 (1 " don7t like people +ho borro+ thin$s and don7t ---1 )1 Gaty is $oin$ to Australia to#orro+1 "7# $oin$ to the airport to ---1 *1 " had a lot of books that " didn7t +ant to keep9 so " --- to a friend1 ,1 3ould you like to see the factory2 3ould you like #e to ---2 -1 Sue +as offered a Aob as a translator but she ---1 '*1( Co#plete the sentences1 5se the +ord in brackets !a+ay6up etc1% +ith one of the follo+in$D that box your ci$arette a Aacket the television a +ord it it

the# hi# 1 =on7t thro+ Pa+ay that box!or that a+ay%1P " +ant to keep it1 !a+ay% &1 7=o you +ant this box27 7No9 you can thro+ Pit a+ay1P7 !a+ay% '1 ShhhL The children are asleep1 =on7t +ake ---1 !up% (1 3e can turn --- Nobody is +atchin$ it1 !off% )1 To# $ot very an$ry and started shoutin$1 " tried to cal# --!do+n% *1 " tried --- in the shop but " didn7t buy it1 !on% ,1 Please put --- This is a no-s#okin$ area1 !out% -1 "t +as only a s#all fire1 " +as able to put --- ;uite easily1 !out% .1 Eou can look --- in a dictionary if you don7t kno+ +hat it #eans1 !up% /1 Eou7re doin$ very +ell1 Geep ---L !up% @ff @p&,( APPEN="M :e$ular and irre$ular verbs 1 :e$ular verbs "f a verb is re$ular9 the past si#ple and past participle end in >ed1 4or exa#pleC infinitiveD clean9 finish9 use9 paint9 stop9 carry past si#ple9 past participleD cleaned9 finished9 used9 painted9 stopped9 carried 4or spellin$ rules9 see Appendix *1 4or the past si#ple !" cleaned6they finished6she carried etc1%9 see 5nit )1 3e use the past participle to #ake the perfect tenses and for all the passive for#s1 Perfect tenses !have6has6had cleaned%D K " have cleaned the +indo+s1 !present perfect - see 5nits ,--% K They +ere still +orkin$1 They hadn7t finished1 !past perfect - see 5nit )% Passive !is cleaned6+as cleaned etc1%D K 0e +as carried out of the roo#1 !past si#ple passive% see 5nits ( -('

K This $ate has Aust been painted1 !present perfect passive% H 1& "rre$ular verbs 3hen the past si#ple6past participle do not end in >ed !for exa#ple9 " sa+6" have seen%9 the verb is irre$ular1 3ith so#e irre$ular verbs9 all three for#s !infinitive9 past si#ple and past participle% are the sa#e1 4or exa#ple9 hitD K =on7t hit #e1 !infinitive% K So#ebody hit #e as " ca#e into the roo#1 !past si#ple% K "7ve never hit anybody in #y life1 !past participle-present perfect% K Ieor$e +as hit on the head by a stone1 !past participle-passive% 3ith other irre$ular verbs9 the past si#ple is the sa#e as the past participle !but different fro# the infinitive%1 4or exa#ple9 tell -O toldD K Can you tell #e +hat to do2 !infinitive% K She told #e to co#e back the next day1 !past si#ple% K 0ave you told anybody about your ne+ Aob2 !past participlepresent perfect% K " +as told to co#e back the next day1 !past participle-passive% 3ith other irre$ular verbs9 all three for#s are different1 4or exa#ple9 +ake -O +oke6+okenD K "7ll +ake you up1 !infinitive% K " +oke up in the #iddle of the ni$ht1 !past si#ple% K The baby has +oken up1 !past participle - present perfect% K " +as +oken up by a loud noise1 !past participle - passive% 1' The follo+in$ verbs can be re$ular or irre$ularD burn -O burned or burnt drea# -O drea#ed or drea#t Udre#tV lean -O leaned or leant UlentV learn -O learned or learnt s#ell -O s#elled or s#elt spell -O spelled or spelt spill -O spilled or spilt spoil -O spoiled or spoilt So you can sayD K " leant out of the +indo+1 or " leaned out of the +indo+1

K The dinner has been spoilt1 or The dinner has been spoiled1 "n British En$lish the irre$ular for# !burnt6learnt etc1% is #ore usual1 4or A#erican En$lish9 see Appendix ,1 @p&,) 1( Fist of irre$ular verbs infinitive past si#ple past participle be +as6+ere been beat beat beaten beco#e beca#e beco#e be$in be$an be$un bend bent bent bet bet bet bite bit bitten blo+ ble+ blo+n break broke broken brin$ brou$ht brou$ht broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burst burst burst buy bou$ht bou$ht catch cau$ht cau$ht choose chose chosen co#e ca#e co#e cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt di$ du$ du$ do did done dra+ dra+ dra+n drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed

feel felt felt fi$ht fou$ht fou$ht find found found flee fled fled fly fle+ flo+n forbid forbade forbidden for$et for$ot for$otten for$ive for$ave for$iven freeNe froNe froNen $et $ot $ot $ive $ave $iven $o +ent $one $ro+ $re+ $ro+n han$ hun$ hun$ have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt kno+ kne+ kno+n lay laid laid lead led led lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain li$ht lit lit lose lost lost #ake #ade #ade #ean #eant #eant #eet #et #et pay paid paid put put put read read read

ride rode ridden rin$ ran$ run$ rise rose risen run ran run say said said see sa+ seen seek sou$ht sou$ht sell sold sold send sent sent set set set se+ se+ed se+n6se+ed shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot sho+ sho+ed sho+n6sho+ed shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sin$ san$ sun$ sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spit spat spat split split split spread spread spread sprin$ spran$ sprun$ stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck stin$ stun$ stun$ stink stank stunk strike struck struck s+ear sore s+orn s+eep s+ept s+ept

s+i# s+a# s+u# s+in$ s+un$ s+un$ take took taken teach tau$ht tau$ht tear tore torn tell told told think thou$ht thou$ht thro+ thre+ thro+n understand understood understood +ake +oke +oken +ear +ore +orn +eep +ept +ept +in +on +on +rite +rote +ritten @p&,* APPEN="M & Present and past tenses T " do present si#ple !-O 5nits &-(% K Ann often plays tennis1 K " +ork in a bank but " don7t enAoy it very #uch1 K =o you like parties2 K "t doesn7t rain #uch in su##er1 T& " a# doin$ present continuous !-O 5nits 9 '-(% K 73here7s Ann27 7She7s playin$ tennis17 K Please don7t disturb #e no+1 "7# +orkin$1 K0ello1 Are you enAoyin$ the party2 K "t isn7t rainin$ at the #o#ent1 T' " have done perfect " present perfect si#ple !-O 5nits ,--9 /- (% Ann has played tennis #any ti#es1 K "7ve lost #y key1 0ave you seen it any+here2 K 0o+ lon$ have they kno+n each other2 K 7"s it still rainin$27 7No9 it has stopped17 K The house is dirty1 3e haven7t cleaned it for +eeks1

T( " have been doin$ present perfect continuous !-O 5nits .- % K Ann is very tired1 She has been playin$ tennis1 K Eour7re out of breath1 0ave you been runnin$2 K 0o+ lon$ have they been learnin$ En$lish2 K "t7s still rainin$1 "t has been rainin$ all day1 K " haven7t been feelin$ +ell recently1 Perhaps " should $o to the doctor1 T) " did past si#ple !-O 5nits )-*9 '- (% K Ann played tennis yesterday afternoon1 K " lost #y key a fe+ days a$o1 K There +as a fil# on T? last ni$ht but +e didn7t +atch it1 K 3hat did you do +hen you finished +ork yesterday2 T* " +as doin$ past continuous !-O 5nit *% K " sa+ Ann in the park yesterday1 She +as playin$ tennis1 K " dropped #y key +hen " +as tryin$ to open the door1 K The television +as on but +e +eren7t +atchin$ it1 K 3hat +ere you doin$ at this ti#e yesterday2 T, " had done past perfect !-O 5nit )% K "t +asn7t her first $a#e of tennis1 She had played #any ti#es before1 K " couldn7t $et into the house because " had lost #y key1 K The house +as dirty because +e hadn7t cleaned it for +eeks1 T- " had been doin$ past perfect continuous !-O 5nit *% K Ann +as tired yesterday evenin$ because she had been playin$ tennis in the afternoon1 K Ieor$e decided to $o to the doctor because he hadn7t been feelin$ +ell1 4or the passive9 see 5nits ( -('1 @p&,, APPEN="M ' The future

'1 Fist of future for#s K "7# leavin$ to#orro+1 present continuous !-O 5nit .A% K 8y train leaves at .1'/1 present si#ple !-O 5nit .B% K "7# $oin$ to leave to#orro+1 !be% $oin$ to !-O 5nits &/9 &'% K "7ll leave to#orro+1 +ill !-O 5nits & -&'% K "7ll be leavin$ to#orro+1 future continuous !-O 5nit &(% K "7ll have left by this ti#e to#orro+1 future perfect !-O 5nit &(% K " hope to see you before " leave to#orro+1 present si#ple !-O 5nit &)% '1& 4uture actions 3e use the present continuous !"7# doin$% for arran$e#entsD K "7# leavin$ to#orro+1 "7ve $ot #y plane ticket1 !already planned and arran$ed% K 73hen are they $ettin$ #arried27 7Next #onth17 3e use the present si#ple !" leave6it leaves etc1% for ti#etables9 pro$ra##es etc9D K 8y train leaves at .1'/1 !accordin$ to the ti#etable% K 3hat ti#e does the fil# be$in2 3e use !be% $oin$ to 111 to say +hat so#ebody has already decided to doD K "7ve decided not to stay here any lon$er1 "7# $oin$ to leave to#orro+1 !or "7# leavin$ to#orro+1% K Are you $oin$ to +atch the fil# on television toni$ht2 3e use +ill !7ll% +hen +e decide or a$ree to do so#ethin$ at the ti#e of speakin$D K AD " don7t +ant you to stay here any lon$er1 BD OG1 "7ll leave to#orro+1 !B decides this at the ti#e of speakin$% K That ba$ looks heavy1 "7ll help you +ith it1 K " pro#ise " +on7t tell anybody +hat happened1 !+on7t J+ill not% '1' 4uture happenin$s and situations 8ost often +e use +ill to talk about future happenin$s or situations !7so#ethin$ +ill happen7%D K " don7t think Hohn is happy in his Aob1 " think he7ll leave soon1 K This ti#e next year "7ll be in Hapan1 3here +ill you be2 3e use !be% $oin$ to +hen the situation no+ sho+s +hat is $oin$ to happen in the futureD

K Fook at those black clouds1 "t7s $oin$ to rain1 !you can see the clouds no+% '1( 4uture continuous and future perfect 3ill be !do%in$ J +ill be in the #iddle of !doin$ so#ethin$%D K This ti#e next +eek "7ll be on holiday1 "7ll be lyin$ on a beach and s+i##in$ in the sea1 3e also use +ill be >in$ for future actions !see 5nit &(C%D K 3hat ti#e +ill you be leavin$ to#orro+2 3e use +ill have !done% to say that so#ethin$ +ill already be co#plete before a ti#e in the futureD K " +on7t be here this ti#e to#orro+1 "7ll have already left1 '1) 3e use the present !not 7+ill7% after +hen6if6+hile6before etc1 !see 5nit &)%D K " hope to see you before " leave to#orro+1 !not 7before " +ill leave7% K Eou #ust co#e and see us +hen you are in En$land a$ain1 !not 7+hen you +ill be7% K "f +e don7t huffy9 +e7ll be late1 @p&,APPEN="M ( 8odal verbs !can6could6+ill6+ould etc1% This appendix is a su##ary of #odal verbs !can6could6+ill6+ould etc1%1 4or #ore infor#ation9 see 5nits & -(/1 (1 Co#pare can6could etc1 for actionsD can K " can $o out toni$ht1 !J there is nothin$ to stop #e% K " can7t $o out toni$ht1 could K " could $o out toni$ht1 !but "7# not very keen% K " couldn7t $o out last ni$ht1 !J " +asn7t able% can or #ay K Can " $o out toni$ht2 !Jdo you allo+ #e to $o out2% 8ay " $o out toni$ht2 +ill6+on7t K " think "7ll $o out toni$ht1 K " pro#ise " +on7t $o out1

+ould K " +ould $o out toni$ht but "7ve $ot too #uch to do1 K " pro#ised " +ouldn7t $o out1 shall K Shall " $o out toni$ht2 !J do you think it is a $ood idea2% should or ou$ht to K " should!ou$ht to% $o out toni$ht1 !J it +ould be a $ood thin$1% #ust K " #ust $o out toni$ht1 it is necessary% K " #ustn7t $o out toni$ht1 it is necessary that " do not $o out% needn7t K " needn7t $o out toni$ht1 !J it is not necessary that " $o out% Co#pare could have 1116+ould have 111 etc1D could K " could have $one out last ni$ht but " decided to stay at ho#e1 +ould K " +ould have $one out last ni$ht but " had too #uch to do1 should or ou$ht to K " should!ou$ht to% have $one out last ni$ht1 "7# sorry " didn7t1 needn7t K " needn7t have $one out last ni$ht1 !J " +ent out but it +as not necessary% (1& 3e use +ill6+ould6#ay etc1 to say +hether so#ethin$ is possible9 i#possible9 probable9 certain etc1 Co#pareD 3ill K 73hat ti#e +ill she be here27 7She7ll be here soon17 +ould K She +ould be here no+ but she has been delayed1 should or ou$ht to K She should!ou$ht to% be here soon1 !J " expect she +ill be here soon% #ay or #i$ht or could K She #ay be here no+1 "7# not sure1 !J it7s possible that she is here% K She #i$ht be here no+1 "7# not sure1 !J it7s possible that she is here%

K She could be here no+1 "7# not sure1 !J it7s possible that she is here% #ust K She #ust be here1 " sa+ her co#e in1 !J "7# sure--there is no other possibility% can7t K She can7t possibly be here1 " kno+ for certain that she7s a+ay on holiday1 Co#pare +ould have 1116should have 111 etc1D +ill K She +ill have arrived by no+1 +ould K She +ould have arrived earlier but she +as delayed1 should or ou$ht K " +onder +here she is1 She should have arrived by no+1 K " +onder +here she is1 She ou$ht to have arrived by no+1 #ay or #i$ht or could K She #ay have arrived1 "7# not sure1 !J it7s possible that she has arrived% K She #i$ht have arrived1 "7# not sure1 !J it7s possible that she has arrived% K She could have arrived1 "7# not sure1 !J it7s possible that she has arrived% #ust K She #ust have arrived by no+1 !"7# sure--there is no other possibility% can7t K She can7t possibly have arrived yet1 "t7s #uch too early1 !Jit7s i#possible% @p&,. APPEN="M ) Short for#s !"7#6you7ve6didn7t etc1% 1 "n spoken En$lish +e usually say "7#6you7ve6didn7t etc1 !short for#s% rather than " a#6you have6did not etc1 3e also use short for#s in infor#al +ritten En$lish !for exa#ple9 in letters to friends%1 3hen +e +rite short for#s9 +e use an apostrophe !7% for the

#issin$ letter!s%D "7# J " a# you7ve J you have didn7t J did not )1& Fist of short for#s of auxiliary verbs 7# J a# -O "7# 7s J is or has -O he7s9 she7s9 it7s 7reJ are -O you7re9 +e7re9 they7re 7ve J have -O "7ve9 you7ve9 +e7ve9 they7ve 7ll J +ill -O "7ll9 he7ll9 she7ll9 you7ll9 +e7ll9 they7ll 7d J +ould or had -O "7d9 he7d9 she7d9 you7d9 +e7d9 they7d 7s can be is or hasD K She7s ill1 !J She is ill1% K She7s $one a+ay1 !J She has $one a+ay1% but let7s J let usD K Fet7s $o no+1 !J Fet us $o% 7d can be +ould or hadD K "7d see a doctor if " +ere you1 !J " +ould see% K "7d never seen her before1 !J " had never seen% 3e use so#e of these short for#s !especially 7s% after ;uestion +ords !+ho6+hat etc1% and after that6there6hereD +ho7s9 +hat7s9 +here7s9 ho+7s9 that7s9 there7s9 here7s9 +ho7ll9 there7ll9 +ho7d K 3ho7s that +o#an over there2 !J +ho is% K 3hat7s happened2 !J +hat has% K =o you think there7ll be #any people at the party2 !J there +ill% Eou can also use short for#s !especially 7s% after a nounD K Hohn7s $oin$ out toni$ht1 !J Hohn is% K 8y friend7s Aust $ot #arried1 !J 8y friend has% Eou cannot use 7#67s67re67ve67ll67d at the end of a sentence !because the verb is stressed in this position%D K 7Are you tired27 7Ees9 " a#17 !not 7Ees9 "7#17% K =o you kno+ +here she is2 !not 7=o you kno+ +here she7s27% )1' Ne$ative short for#s isn7t!J is not% aren7t!J are not% +asn7t!J +as not% +eren7t!J +ere not% doesn7t!J doesn7t% didn7t!J did not% don7t!J do not% haven7t!J have not% hasn7t!J has not% hadn7t!J had not% can7t!J cannot% couldn7t!J could not% +on7t!J +ill not% +ouldn7t!J +ould

not% shan7t!J shall not% shouldn7t!J should not% #i$htn7t!J #i$ht not% #ustn7t!J #ust not% needn7t!J need not% daren7t!J dare not% Ne$ative short for#s for is and are can beD he isn7t6she isn7t6it isn7t or he7s not6she7s not6it7s not you aren7t6+e aren7t6they aren7t or you7re not6+e7re not6they7re not @p&-/ APPEN="M * Spellin$ *1 Nouns9 verbs and adAectives can have the follo+in$ endin$sD noun @ >s6es !plural%D books ideas #atches verb @ >s6>es !after he6she6it%D +orks enAoys +ashes verb @ >in$D +orkin$ enAoyin$ +ashin$ verb @ >edD +orked enAoyed +ashed adAective @ >er !co#parative%D cheaper ;uicker bri$hter adAective @ >est !superlative%D cheapest ;uickest bri$htest adAective @ >ly !adverb%D cheaply ;uickly bri$htly 3hen +e use these endin$s9 there are so#eti#es chan$es in spellin$1 These chan$es are listed belo+1 *1& Nouns and verbs @ >s6>es The endin$ is >es +hen the +ord ends in >s6>ss6>sh6>ch6>xD #atch6#atches9 +ash6+ashes9 bus6buses9 #iss6#isses9 box6boxes9 search6searches Note alsoD potato6potatoes9 do6does9 to#ato6to#atoes9 $o6$oes *1' 3ords endin$ in >y !baby9 carry9 easy etc1% "f a +ord ends in a consonant @ y !>by6>ry6>sy6>vy etc1%D y chan$es to ie before the endin$ >sD baby6babies lorry6lorries hurry6hurries study6studies country6countries apply6applies secretary6secretaries try6tries y chan$es to i before the endin$ >edD hurry6hurried study6studied apply6applied try6tried y chan$es to i before the endin$s >er and -estD easy6easier6easiest heavy6heavier6heaviest lucky6luckier6luckiest y chan$es to i before the endin$ >lyD easy6easily heavy6heavily te#porary6te#porarily

y does not chan$e before >in$D hurryin$9 studyin$9 applyin$9 tryin$ y does not chan$e if the +ord ends in a vo+el @ y !>ay6>ey6>oy6>uy%D play6plays6played enAoy6enAoys6enAoyed buy6buys9 #onkey6#onkeys An exception isD day6daily Note alsoD pay6paid9 lay6laid9 say6said *1( ?erbs endin$ in >ie !die9 lie9 tie% "f a verb ends in >ie9 ie chan$es to y before the endin$ >in$D die6dyin$ lie6lyin$ tie6tyin$ @p&APPEN="M * *1) 3ords endin$ in -e !hope9 dance9 +ide etc1% T ?erbs "f a verb ends in >e9 +e leave out e before the endin$ >in$D hope6hopin$ s#ile6s#ilin$ dance6dancin$ confuse6confusin$ Exceptions arcD be6bein$ and verbs endin$ in >eeD see6seein$ a$ree6a$reein$ "f a verb ends in >e9 +e add >d for the past !of re$ular verbs%D hope6hoped s#ile6s#iled dance6danced confuse6confused T& AdAectives and adverbs "f an adAective ends in >e9 +e add >r and >st for the co#parative and superlativeD +ide6+ider6+idest late6later6latest lar$e6lar$er6lar$est "f an adAective ends in >e9 +e keep e before the adverb endin$ > yD polite6politely extre#e6extre#ely absolute6absolutely "f an adAective ends in >le !si#ple9 terrible etc1%9 the adverb endin$ is >ply9 >bly etc1D si#ple6si#ply terrible6terribly reasonable6reasonably *1* =oublin$ consonants !stop6stoppin$6stopped9 +et6+etter6+ettest etc1% So#eti#es a +ord ends in vo+el @ consonant1 4or exa#pleD stop9 plan9 +et9 thin9 slip9 prefer9 re$ret Before the endin$s >in$6>ed6>er6-est9 +e double the consonant

at the end1 So p -O pp9 n -O nn etc1 4or exa#pleD stop p -O pp stoppin$ stopped plan n -O nn plannin$ planned rub b -O bb rubbin$ rubbed bi$ $ -O $$ bi$$er bi$$est +et t -O tt +etter +ettest thin n -O nn thinner thinnest "f the +ord has #ore than one syllable !prefer9 be$in etc1%9 +e double the consonant at the end only if the final syllable is stressedD pre4E:6preferrin$ preferred per8"T6per#ittin$6per#itted reI:ET6re$rettin$6re$retted beI"N6be$innin$ "f the final syllable is not stressed9 +e do not double the final consonantD ?"Sit6visitin$6visited de?EFop6developin$6developed 0APpen6happenin$6happened re8E8ber6re#e#berin$6re#e#bered "n British En$lish9 verbs endin$ in - have -V"- before >in$ and >ed +hether the final syllable is stressed or notD travel6travellin$6travelled cancel6cancellin$6cancelled 4or A#erican spellin$9 see Appendix ,1 Note thatD +e do not double the final consonant if the +ord ends in t+o consonants !>rt9 > p9 >n$ etc1%D start6startin$6started9 help6helpin$6helped9 lon$6lon$er6lon$est +e do not double the final consonant if there are t+o vo+el letters before it !>oil9 >eed etc1%D boil6boilin$6boiled9 need6needin$6needed9 explain6explainin$6explained9 cheap6cheaper6cheapest9 loud6louder6loudest9 ;uiet6;uieter6;uietest +e do not double y or + at the end of +ords1 !At the end of +ords y and + are not consonants1% stay6stayin$6stayed9 $ro+6$ro+in$9 ne+6ne+er6ne+est

@p&-& APPEN="M , A#erican En$lish There are a fe+ $ra##atical differences bet+een British En$lish and A#erican En$lishD 5N"T ,A-B and 'A B:"T"S0 The present perfect is used for an action in the past +ith a result no+D K "7ve lost #y key1 0ave you seen it2 K Sally isn7t here1 She7s $one out1 The present perfect is used +ith Aust9 already and yetD K AD 3hat ti#e is he leavin$2 BD 0e has already left1 K 0ave you finished your +ork yet2 A8E:"CAN The present perfect O: past si#ple can be usedD K "7ve lost #y key1 0ave you seen it2 or " lost #y key1 =id you see it2 K Sally isn7t here1 She7s $one out1 She +ent out1 The present perfect O: past si#ple can be usedD K "7# not hun$ry1 "7ve Aust had lunch1 "7ve Aust had lunch1 K AD 3hat ti#e is he leavin$2 BD 0e has already left1 0e already left1 K 0ave you finished your +ork yet2 or =id you finish your +ork yet2 5N"T ,B B:"T"S0D have a bath6have a sho+er A8E:"CAND take a bath6take a sho+er 5N"T &&= B:"T"S0 3ill or shall can be used +ith "6+eD K " +ill6shall be late this evenin$1 The ;uestions shall " 1112 and shall +e 1112 are used to ask for advice etc1D K 3hich +ay shall +e $o2 A8E:"CAN

Shall is unusualD K " +ill be late this evenin$1 Should " 1112 and should +e 1112 are used to ask for advice etc1D K 3hich +ay should +e $o2 5N"T '&B B:"T"S0 Eou can use needn7t !do% or don7t need to !do%D K 3e needn7t hurry1 or 3e don7t need to hurry1 A8E:"CAN Needn7t is unusual1 The usual for# is don7t need toD K 3e don7t need to hurry1 5N"T '( A-B B:"T"S0 After de#and9 insist etc1 you can use shouldD K " de#anded that he should apolo$iNe1 K 3e insisted that so#ethin$ should be done about the proble#1 A8E:"CAND The subAunctive is nor#ally used1 Should is unusual after de#and9 insist etc1D K " de#anded that he apolo$iNe1 K 3e insisted that so#ethin$ be done about the proble#1 8any verbs endin$ in >ise in British En$lish !apolo$ise6or$anise6specialise etc1% are spelt +ith >iNe !apolo$iNe6or$aniNe6specialiNe etc1% in A#erican En$lish1 @p&-' APPEN="M , 5N"T ,'B B:"T"S0 British speakers say 7to6in hospital7 !+ithout 7the7%D K Three people +ere inAured and taken to hospital1 A8E:"CAN A#erican speakers say 7to6in the hospital7D K Three people +ere inAured and taken to the hospital1 5N"T ,-C B:"T"S0 Nouns like $overn#ent6tea#6fa#ily etc1 can have a sin$ular or

plural verbD K The tea# is6are playin$ +ell1 A8E:"CAN These nouns nor#ally take a sin$ular verb in A#erican En$lishD K The tea# is playin$ +ell1 5N"T &/B B:"T"S0D at the +eekend6at +eekendsD K 3ill you be here at the +eekend2 A8E:"CAND on the +eekend6on +eekendsD K 3ill you be here on the +eekend2 5N"T &'A B:"T"S0D in a streetD K =o you live in this street2 A8E:"CAND on a streetD K =o you live on this street2 5N"T '/C B:"T"S0D different fro# or different toD K "t +as different fro# !or to% +hat "7d expected1 A8E:"CAND different fro# or different thanD K "t +as different fro# !or than% +hat "7d expected1 5N"T ' B B:"T"S0D +rite to so#ebodyD K Please +rite to #e soon1 A8E:"CAND +rite !to% so#ebody !+ith or +ithout 7to9%D K Please +rite !to% #e soon1 APPEN="M 1' B:"T"S0 The verbs in this section !burn9 spoil etc1% can be re$ular or irre$ular !burned or burnt9 spoiled or spoilt etc1% A8E:"CAND The verbs in this section are nor#ally re$ular !burned9 spoiled etc1% APPEN="M 1( B:"T"S0D The past participle of $et is $otD K your En$lish has $ot #uch better1 !J has beco#e #uch better% 0ave $ot is also an alternative to haveD K "7ve $ot t+o brothers1 !J " have t+o brothers1%

A8E:"CAND The past participle of $et is $ottenD K Eour En$lish has $otten #uch better1 0ave $ot J have !as in British En$lish%D K "7ve $ot t+o brothers1 APPEN="M *1* B:"T"S0D travel -O travellin$6travelled9 cancel -O cancellin$6cancelled A8E:"CAND travel -O travelin$6traveled9 cancel -O cancelin$6canceled @p&-( A=="T"ONAF EME:C"SES This section of exercises is divided into the follo+in$ sectionsD Present and past !5nits -*%D Exercise Present and past !5nits - (%D Exercise &-( Present and past !5nits - ,%D Exercise )-Past continuous and used to !5nits *9 -%D Exercise . The future !5nits .-&)%D Exercise /- ' 8odal verbs !5nits &*-(/%D Exercise (- ) Conditionals !5nits &)9 ',-'.%D Exercise *- 3ish !5nits '--(/%D Exercise . Passive !5nits ( -((%D Exercise &/-&& >in$ and the infinitive !5nits )&-*)%D Exercise &'-&) Articles !5nits *--,,%D Exercise &* ConAunctions !5nits &)9 ',9 - )%D Exercise &, Prepositions !ti#e% !5nits &9 -- & %D Exercise &Prepositions !place etc1% !5nits &&- &,%D Exercise &. Noun6adAective @ preposition !5nits &-- '/%D Exercise '/ ?erb @ preposition !5nits ' - ')%D Exercise ' Present and past 5nits -*9 Appendix & 1 Put the verb into the correct for#9 present si#ple !" do%9 present continuous !" a# doin$%9 past si#ple !" did% or past continuous !" +as doin$%1 1 3e can $o out no+1 "t Pisn7t rainin$P !not6rain% any #ore1 &1 Ann P+as +aitin$P !+ait% for #e +hen " ParrivedP !arrive%1 '1 " --- !$et% hun$ry1 Fet7s $o and have so#ethin$ to eat1

(1 3hat --- !you6do% in your spare ti#e2 0ave you $ot any hobbles2 )1 3hat speed --- !the car6do% at the ti#e of the accident2 *1 8ary usually --- !phone% #e on 4ridays but she !not6phone% last 4riday1 ,1 AD 3hen " last sa+ you9 you --- !think% of #ovin$ to a ne+ flat1 BD That7s ri$ht9 but in the end " --- !decide% to stay +here " +as1 -1 3hat7s that noise2 3hat --- !happen%2 .1 "t7s usually dry here at this ti#e of the year1 "t --- !not6rain% #uch1 /1 Eesterday evenin$ the phone --- !rin$% three ti#es +hile +e --- !have% dinner1 1 Finda +as busy +hen +e --- !$o% to see her yesterday1 She !study% for an exa#1 3e --- !not6+ant% to disturb her9 so +e --!not6stay% very lon$1 &1 3hen " first --- !tell% To# the ne+s9 he --- !not6believe% #e1 0e --- !think% that " --- !Aoke%1 @p&-) Present and past 5nits - (9 Appendix & &1 Choose the ri$ht alternative1 1 Everythin$ is $oin$ +ell1 3e Pdidn7t have6haven7t hadP any proble#s so far1 !haven7t had is ri$ht% &1 8ar$aret Pdidn7t $o6hasn7t $oneP to +ork yesterday1 She +asn7t feelin$ +ell1 '1 FookL That #an over there P+ears6is +earin$P the sa#e s+eater as you1 (1 Eour son is #uch taller than +hen " last sa+ hi#1 0e P$re+ " has $ro+nP a lot1 )1 " still don7t kno+ +hat to do1 " Pdidn7t decide6haven7t decidedP yet1 *1 " +onder +hy Hi# Pis6is bein$P so nice to #e today1 0e isn7t usually like that1 ,1 Hane had a book open in front of her but she Pdidn7t read6+asn7t readin$P it1 -1 " +asn7t very busy1 " Pdidn7t have6+asn7t havin$P #uch to do1

.1 8ary +asn7t happy in her ne+ Aob at first but she Pbe$ins6is be$innin$P to enAoy it no+1 /1 After leavin$ school9 Ti# Pfound6has foundP it very difficult to $et a Aob1 1 3hen Sue heard the ne+s9 she P+asn7t6hasn7t beenP very pleased1 &1 This is a nice restaurant9 isn7t it2 "s this the first ti#e Pyou are6you7ve beenP here2 '1 " need a ne+ Aob1 P"7# doin$6"7ve been doin$P the sa#e Aob for too lon$1 (1 7Ann has $one out17 7Oh9 has she2 3hat ti#e Pdid she $o6has she $one2P7 )1 7Eou look tired17 7Ees9 P"7ve played6"7ve been playin$P basketball17 *1 3here Pare you co#in$6do you co#eP fro#2 Are you A#erican2 ,1 "7d like to see Tina a$ain1 "t7s a lon$ ti#e Psince " sa+ her6that " didn7t see her1P -1 Bob and Alice have been #arried Psince &/ years6for &/ years1P '1 Co#plete the ;uestions usin$ a suitable verb1 AD "7# lookin$ for Paul1 P0ave you seenP hi#2 BD Ees9 he +as here a #o#ent a$o1 & AD 3hy Pdid you $oP to bed so early last ni$ht2 BD Because " +as feelin$ very tired1 '1 AD 3here ---2 BD Hust to the post box1 " +ant to post these letters1 "7ll be back in a fe+ #inutes1 (1 AD --- television every evenin$2 BD No9 only if there7s a $ood pro$ra##e on1 )1 AD Eour house is very beautiful1 0o+ lon$ --- here2 BD Nearly ten years1 *1 AD 0o+ +as your holiday2 --- a nice ti#e2 BD Ees9 thanks1 "t +as $reat1 ,1 AD --- Hulie recently2 BD Ees9 " #et her a fe+ days a$o1

-1 AD Can you describe the +o#an you sa+2 3hat ---2 BD A red s+eater and black leans1 .1 AD "7# sorry to keep you +aitin$ --- lon$2 BD No9 only about ten #inutes1 /1 AD 0o+ lon$ --- you to $et to +ork in the #ornin$2 BD 5sually about () #inutes1 "t depends on the traffic1 1 AD --- +ith that ne+spaper yet2 BD No9 "7# still readin$ it1 " +on7t be lon$1 &1 AD --- to the 5nited States2 BD No9 never9 but " +ent to Canada a fe+ years a$o1 @p&-* (1 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete B7s sentences1 1 AD 3hat7s the ne+ restaurant like2 "s it $ood2 BD "7ve no idea P"7ve never beenP there1 &1 AD 0o+ +ell do you kno+ Bill2 BD ?ery +ell1 3e --- since +e +ere children1 '1 AD =id you enAoy your holiday2 BD Ees9 it +as really $ood1 "t7s the best holiday ---1 (1 AD "s Hack still here2 BD No9 "7# afraid he isn7t --- bout ten #inutes a$o1 )1 AD " like your suit1 " haven7t seen it before1 BD "t7s ne+1 "t7s the first ti#e ---1 *1 AD 0o+ did you cut your knee2 BD " slipped and fell +hen --- tennis1 ,1 AD =o you ever $o s+i##in$2 BD Not these days1 " haven7t --- a lon$ ti#e9 -1 AD 0o+ often do you $o to the cine#a2 BD ?ery rarely1 "t7s nearly a year --- to the cine#a1 .1 AD "7ve bou$ht so#e ne+ shoes1 =o you like the#2 BD Ees9 they7re very nice1 3here --- the#2 Present and past 5nits - ,9 /.9 Appendix & )1 Put the verb in the correct for#9 past si#ple !" did%9 past continuous !" +as doin$%9 past perfect !" had done% or past perfect continuous !" had been doin$%1 1 Eesterday afternoon Sharon P+entP !$o% to the station to #eet

Paul1 3hen she --- !$et% there9 Paul --- !already6+ait% for her1 0is train --- !arrive% early1 &1 3hen " $ot ho#e9 Bill --- !lie% on the sofa1 The television +as on but he --- !not6+atch% it1 0e --- !fall% asleep and --- !snore% loudly1 " --- !turn% the television off --- !+ake% up1 @p&-, '1 Fast ni$ht " --- !Aust6$o% to bed and --- !read% a book +hen suddenly " --- !hear% a noise1 " --- !$et% up to see +hat it +as but " --- !not6see% anythin$9 so " --- !$o% back to bed1 (1 8ary had to $o to Ne+ Eork last +eek9 but she al#ost --!#iss% the plane1 She --- !stand% in the ;ueue at the check-in desk +hen she suddenly --- !realise% that she --- !leave% her passport at ho#e1 4ortunately9 she doesn7t live very far fro# the airport9 so she --- !have% ti#e to take a taxi ho#e to $et it1 She --- !$et% back to the airport Hust in ti#e for her fli$ht1 )1 " --- !#eet% Ieor$e and Finda yesterday as " --- !+alk% throu$h the park1 They --- !be% to the Sports Centre +here they 1" --- !play% tennis1 They --- !$o% to a cafe for a drink and --- !invite% #e to Aoin the# but " --- !arran$e% to #eet a friend and --- !not6have% ti#e1 *1 8ake sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 Put the verb in the correct for#9 present perfect !" have done%9 present perfect continuous !" have been doin$%9 Past perfect H had done% or past perfect continuous !" had been doin$%1 1 Ann is sittin$ on the $round1 She7s out of breath1 !she6run% PShe has been runnin$1P &1 3here7s #y ba$2 " left it under this chair1 !so#ebody6take6it% ---1 '1 3e +ere all surprised +hen Aenny and Andy $ot #arried last year1 !they6only6kno+6each other6a fe+ +eeks% ---1 (1 "t7s still rainin$1 " +ish it +ould stop1 !it6rain6all day% ---1 )1 Suddenly " +oke up1 " +as confused and didn7t kno+ +here " +as1 !"6drea#% ---1 *1 " +asn7t hun$ry at lunchti#e so " didn7t have anythin$ to eat1 !"6have6a bi$ breakfast% ---1 @p&-,1 Every year Bob and Alice spend a fe+ days at the sa#e hotel by

the sea1 !they6$o6t ere r years% ---1 -1 "7ve $ot a headache1 !"6have6it6since " $ot up% ---1 .1 Next +eek Ierry is $oin$ to run in a #arathon1 !he6train6very hard for it% ---1 ,1 Put the verbs into the correct for#1 Hulia and Gevin are old friends1 They #eet by chance at a station1 H5F"AD 0ello9 Gevin1 ! % ---1 !"6not6see% you for a$es1 0o+ are you2 GE?"ND "7# fine1 0o+ about you2 !&% --- !you6look% +ell1 H5F"AD Ees9 "7# very +ell thanks1 So9 !'% --- !you6$o% so#e+here or !(% --- !you6#eet% so#ebody off a train2 GE?"ND !)% --- !"6$o% to Fondon for a business #eetin$1 H5F"AD Oh1 !*% --- !you6often6$o% a+ay on business2 GE?"ND <uite often9 yes1 And you2 3here !,% ---1 !Eou6$o%2 H5F"AD No+here1 !-% --- !"6#eet% a friend1 5nfortunately9 her train !.% --- !be% delayed - ! /% --- !"6+ait% here for nearly an hour1 GE?"ND 0o+ are your children2 H5F"AD They7re all fine9 thanks1 The youn$est ! % --- !Aust6start% school1 GE?"ND 0o+ ! &% --- !she6$et% on2 ! '% --- !she6like% it2 H5F"AD Ees9 ! (% --- !she6think% it7s $reat1 GE?"ND ! )% --- !you6+ork% at the #o#ent2 3hen " last ! *% --!speak% to you9 ! ,% --- !you6+ork% in a travel a$ency1 H5F"AD That7s ri$ht1 5nfortunately9 the fir# ! -% --- !$o% out of business a couple of #onths after ! .% --- !"6start% +ork there9 so !&/% --- !"6lose% #y Aob1 GE?"ND And !& % --- !you6not6have% a Aob since then2 H5F"AD Not a per#anent Aob1 !&&% --- !"6have% a fe+ te#porary Aobs1 By the +ay9 !&'% --- !you6see% Hoe recently2 GE?"ND Hoe2 0e7s in Canada1 H5F"AD :eally2 0o+ lon$ !&(% --- !he6be% in Canada2 GE?"ND About a year no+1 !&)% --- !"6see% hi# a fe+ days before !&*% --- !he6$o%1 !&,% --- !he6be% une#ployed for #onths9 so !&-% --- !he6decide% to try his luck so#e+here else1 !&.% --!he6really6look for+ard% to $oin$1

H5F"AD So9 +hat !'/% --- !he6do% there2 GE?"ND "7ve no idea1 !' % --- !"6not6hear% fro# hi# since !'&% --!he6leave%1 Any+ay9 " #ust $o and catch #y train1 "t +as really nice to see you a$ain1 H5F"AD Eou too1 Bye1 0ave a $ood Aourney1 GE?"ND Thanks1 Bye1 @p&-. -1 Put the verb into the #ost suitable for#1 1 3ho --- !invent% the bicycle2 &1 7=o you still have a headache27 7No --- !it6$o%1 "7# all ri$ht no+17 '1 " +as the last to leave the office1 Everybody else --- !$o% ho#e1 (1 3hat --- !you6do% last +eekend2 --- !you6$o% a+ay2 )1 " like your car1 0o+ lon$ --- !you6have% it2 *1 3e decided not to $o out because --- !it6rain% ;uite hard1 ,1 Hill is an experienced teacher --- !she6teach% for ) years1 -1 !"6buy% a ne+ Aacket last +eek but --- ! 6not6+ear% it yet1 .1 A fe+ days a$o --- !"6see% a #an at a party +hose face --- !be% very fa#iliar1 At first " couldn7t think +here --- ! 6see% hi# before1 Then suddenly --- !"6re#e#ber% +ho !it6be%1 /1 --- !you6hear% of A$atha Christie2 --- !she6be% a +riter +ho --!die% in .,*1 --- !she6+rite% #ore than ,/ detective novels --!you6read% any of the#2 1 AD 3hat --- !this +ord6#ean%2 BD "7ve no idea --- ! 6never6see% it before1 Fook it up in the dictionary1 &1 AD --- !you6arrive% at the theatre in ti#e for the play last ni$ht2 BD No9 +e +ere late1 By the ti#e +e $ot there --!it6already6be$in%1 '1 " +ent to Hohn7s roo# and --- !knock% on the door but there --- !be% no ans+er1 Either --- !he6$o% out or --- !he6not6+ant% to see anyone1 (1 An$ela asked #e ho+ to use the photocopier --!she6never6use% it before9 so --- !she6not6kno+% +hat to do1 )1 8ary --- !$o% for a s+i# after +ork yesterday --- !she6need% so#e exercise because --- !she6sit% in an office all day in front of a

co#puter1 Past continuous and used to 5nits * and .1 Co#plete the sentences usin$ the past continuous !+as doin$% or used to 111 5se the verb in brackets1 1 " haven7t been to the cine#a for a$es no+1 3e Pused to $oP a lot1 !$o% &1 Ann didn7t see #e +ave to her1 She P+as lookin$P in the other direction1 !look% '1 " --- a lot but " don7t use #y car very #uch these days1 !drive% (1 " asked the driver to slo+ do+n1 She --- too fast1 !drive% )1 :ose and Hi# #et for the first ti#e +hen they --- at university1 !study% *1 3hen " +as a child9 " --- a lot of bad drea#s1 !have% ,1 3hen the phone ran$9 " --- a sho+er1 !have% -1 73here +ere you yesterday afternoon27 7" --- volleyball17 !play% .1 7=o you do any sports27 7Not these days1 " --- volleyball17 !play% /1 Ieor$e looked very nice1 0e --- a very nice suit1 !+ear% @p&./ The future 5nits .-&)9 Appendix ' /1 3hat do you say to your friend in these situations2 5se the +ords $iven in brackets1 5se the present continuous !" a# doin$%9 $oin$ to111 or +ill !"7ll%1 1 Eou have #ade all your holiday arran$e#ents1 Eour destination is Ha#aica1 4:"EN=D 0ave you decided +here to $o for your holiday yet2 EO5D Ees9 P"7# $oin$ to Ha#aica1P !"6$o% &1 Eou have #ade an appoint#ent +ith the dentist for 4riday #ornin$1 4:"EN=D Shall +e #eet on 4riday #ornin$2 EO5D " can7t on 4riday ---1 !"6$o% '1 Eou and so#e friends are plannin$ a holiday in Britain1 Eou have decided to hire a car but you haven7t arran$ed this yet1 4:"EN=D 0o+ do you plan to travel round Britain2 By train2 EO5D No9 ---1 !+e6hire%

(1 Eour friend has t+o youn$ children1 She +ants to $o out to#orro+ evenin$1 Eou offer to look after the children1 4:"EN=D " +ant to $o out to#orro+ evenin$ but " haven7t $ot a baby-sitter1 EO5D That7s no proble# ---1 !"6look after% )1 Eou have already arran$ed to have lunch +ith Sue to#orro+1 4:"EN=D Are you free at lunchti#e to#orro+2 EO5D No ---1 !have lunch% *1 Eou are in a restaurant1 Eou and your friend are lookin$ at the #enu1 Eou ask your friend if he6she has decided +hat to have1 EO5D 3hat ---12 !you6have% 4:"EN=D " don7t kno+1 " can7t #ake up #y #ind1 ,1 Eou and a friend are readin$1 "t7s $ettin$ a bit dark and your friend is findin$ it difficult to read1 Eou decide to turn on the li$ht1 4:"EN=D "t7s $ettin$ a bit dark9 isn7t it2 "t7s difficult to read1 EO5D --- !"6turn on% -1 Eou and a friend are readin$1 "t7s $ettin$ a bit dark and you decide to turn on the li$ht1 Eou stand up and +alk to+ards the li$ht s+itch1 4:"EN=D 3hat are you doin$2 EO5D --- !"6turn on% 1 Put the verb into the #ost suitable for#1 5se a present tense !si#ple or continuous%9 +ill !"7ll% or shall1 Conversation !"N T0E 8O:N"NI% HENNED ! % PAre you doin$P !you6do% anythin$ to#orro+ evenin$9 0elen2 0EFEND No9 +hy2 HENNED 3ell9 do you fancy $oin$ to the cine#a2 Stran$ers on a Plane is on1 " +ant to see it but " don7t +ant to $o alone1 0EFEND OG9 !&% -- !"6co#e% +ith you1 3hat ti#e !'% --!+e6#eet%2 HENNED 3ell9 the fil# !(% --- !be$in% at -1()9 so !)% --- !"6#eet% you at about -1'/ outside the cine#a9 OG2 0EFEND 4ine1 !*% --- !"6see% 8ary later this evenin$1 !,% --- !"6ask% her if she +ants to co#e too2 HENNED Ees9 do that1 !-% --- !"6see% you to#orro+ then1 Bye1

@p&. Conversation & !FATE: T0E SA8E =AE% 0EFEND Henny and " !.% --- !$o% to the cine#a to#orro+ ni$ht to see Stran$ers on a Plane1 3hy don7t you co#e +ith us2 8A:ED "7d love to co#e1 3hat ti#e ! /% --- !the fil#6be$in%2 0EFEND -1()1 8A:ED ! % --- !you6#eet% outside the cine#a2 0EFEND Ees9 at -1'/1 "s that OG for you2 8A:ED Ees9 ! &% --- !"6be% there at -1'/1 &1 Put the verbs in the #ost suitable for#1 So#eti#es there is #ore than one possibility1 1 A has decided to learn a lan$ua$e1 AD "7ve decided to try and learn a forei$n lan$ua$e1 BD 0ave you2 3hich lan$ua$e ! % Pare you $oin$ to learnP !you6learn%2 AD Spanish1 BD " see1 And !&% --- !you6do% a course2 AD Ees9 !'% --- !it6start% next +eek1 BD That7s $reat1 "7# sure !(% --- !you6enAoy% it1 AD " hope so1 But " think !)% --- !it6be% ;uite difficult1 &1 A +ants to kno+ about B7s holiday plans9 AD " hear ! % --- !you6$o% on holiday soon1 BD That7s ri$ht1 !&% --- !+e6$o% to 4inland1 AD " hope !'% --- !you6have% a nice ti#e1 BD Thanks1 !(% --- !"6send% you a postcard and !)% --- !"6$et% in touch +ith you +hen !*% --- !"6$et% back1 '1 A invites B to a party1 AD ! % --- !"6have% a party next Saturday1 Can you co#e2 BD On Saturday2 "7# not sure1 So#e friends of #ine !&% --!Co#e% to stay +ith #e next +eek but " think !'% --- !they6$o% by Saturday1 But if !(% --- !they6be% still here9 !)% --- !"6not6be% able to co#e to the party1 AD OG1 3ell9 tell #e as soon as !*% --- !you6kno+%1 BD :i$ht1 !,% --- !"6phone% you durin$ the +eek1 (1 A and B are t+o secret a$ents arran$in$ a #eetin$1 They are talkin$ on the phone1

AD 3ell9 +hat ti#e ! % --- !+e6#eet%2 BD Co#e to the cafe by the station at four o7clock1 !&% --- !"6+ait% for you +hen !'% --- !you6arrive%1 !(% --- !"6sit% by the +indo+ and !)% --- !"6+ear% a bri$ht $reen s+eater1 AD OG1 !*% --- !A$ent '/,6co#e% too2 BD No9 she can7t be there1 AD Oh1 !,% --- !"6brin$% the docu#ents2 BD Ees1 !-% --- !"6explain% everythin$ +hen !.% --- !"6see% you1 And don7t be late1 AD OG1 ! /% --- !"6try% to be on ti#e1 @p&.& '1 Put the verb into the correct for#1 Choose fro# the follo+in$D present continuous !" a# doin$% +ill !7ll%6+on7t present si#ple !" do% +ill be doin$ $oin$ to !"7# $oin$ to do% shall 1 " feel a bit hun$ry1 " think --- !"6have% so#ethin$ to eat1 &1 3hy are you puttin$ on your coat2 --- !you6$o% so#e+here2 '1 3hat ti#e --- !"6phone% you this evenin$2 About ,1'/2 (1 FookL That plane is flyin$ to+ards the airport --- !it6land%1 )1 3e #ust do so#ethin$ soon9 before --- !it6be% too late1 *1 "7# sorry you7ve decided to leave the co#pany --- !"6#iss% you +hen --- !you6$o%1 ,1 !"6$ive% you #y address2 "f --- !"6$ive% you #y address --!you6+rite% to #e2 -1 Are you still +atchin$ that pro$ra##e2 3hat ti#e --- !it6end%2 .1 !"6$o% to Fondon next +eekend for a +eddin$1 8y sister --!$et% #arried1 /1 "7# not ready yet --- !"6tell% you +hen --- !"6be% ready1 " pro#ise --- !"6not6be% very lon$1 AD 3here are you $oin$2 BD To the hairdresser7s --- !"6have% #y hair cut1 &1 She +as very rude to #e1 " refuse to speak to her a$ain until --- !she6apolo$ise%1

'1 " +onder +here --- !+e6live% ten years fro# no+2 (1 3hat do you plan to do +hen --- !you6finish% your course at colle$e2 8odal verbs !can6#ust6+ould% etc1 5nits &*-(/9 Appendix ( (1 Co#plete B7s sentences usin$ can6could6#i$ht6#ust6should6+ould @ the verb in brackets1 "n so#e sentences you need to use haveD #ust have1116should have111 etc1 "n so#e sentences you need the ne$ative !can7t6couldn7t etc1%1 1 AD "7# hun$ry1 BD But you7ve Aust had lunch1 Eou Pcan7t beP hun$ry already1 !be% &1 AD " haven7t seen our nei$hbours for a$es1 BD No1 They P#ust have $oneP a+ay1 !$o% '1 AD 3hat7s the +eather like2 "s it rainin$2 BD Not at the #o#ent but it --- later1!rain% (1 AD 3here has Hulia $one2 BD "7# not sure1 She --- to the bank1 !$o% )1 AD " didn7t see you at Hohn7s party last +eek1 BD No9 " had to +ork that evenin$9 so " ---1 !$o% *1 AD " sa+ you at Hohn7s party last +eek1 BD No9 you didn7t1 Eou --- #e1 " didn7t $o to Hohn7s party1 !see% ,1 AD 3hen did you post the letter to 8ary2 BD This #ornin$1 So she --- it to#orro+1 !$et% @p&.' -1 AD 3hen +as the last ti#e you sa+ Bill2 BD Eears a$o1 " --- hi# if " sa+ hi# no+1 !reco$nise% .1 AD =id you hear the explosion2 BD 3hat explosion2 AD There +as a loud explosion a fe+ #inutes a$o1 Eou --- it1 !hear% /1 AD 3e +eren7t sure +hich +ay to $o1 "n the end +e turned ri$ht1 BD Eou +ent the +ron$ +ay1 Eou --- left1 !turn% )1 8ake sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 1 =on7t phone Ann no+1 !she #i$ht6have6lunch% PShe #i$ht be havin$ lunch1P

&1 " ate too #uch1 No+ " feet sick1 !" shouldn7t6eat6so #uch% P" shouldn7t have eaten so #uch1P '1 " +onder +hy To# didn7t phone #e1 !he #ust6for$et% (1 3hy did you $o ho#e so early2 !you needn7t6$o " ho#e so early% )1 Eou7ve si$ned the contract1 !it6can7t6chan$e6no+% *1 73hat7s Finda doin$27 7"7# not sure17 !she #ay " +atch6television% ,1 Ann +as standin$ outside the cine#a1 !she #ust6+ait6for so#ebody% -1 0e +as in prison at the ti#e that the cri#e +as co##itted9 so !he couldn7t6do6it%1 .1 3hy +eren7t you here earlier2 !you ou$ht6be6here earlier% /1 3hy didn7t you ask #e to help you2 !" +ould6help6you% 1 "7# surprised nobody told you that the road +as very dan$erous1 !you should6+arn% &1 Ieor$e +as in a stran$e #ood yesterday1 !he #i$ht not6feel6very +ell% Conditionals 5nits &)9 ',-'. *1 Put the verb into the correct for#1 1 "f you PfoundP a +allet in the street9 +hat +ould you do +ith it2 !find% &1 " #ust hurry1 8y friend +ill be annoyed if "P7# notP on ti#e1 !not6be% '1 " didn7t realise that Iary +as in hospital1 if " Phad kno+nP he +as in hospital9 " +ould have $one to visit hi#1 !kno+% (1 "f the phone --- " can you ans+er it2 !rin$% )1 " can7t decide +hat to do1 3hat +ould you do if you --- in #y position2 !be% *1 AD 3hat shall +e do to#orro+2 BD 3ell9 if it --- a nice day9 +e can $o to the beach1 !be% @p&.( ,1 AD Fet7s $o to the beach1 BD No9 it7s too cold1 "f it --- +ar#er9 " +ouldn7t #ind $oin$ to the beach1 !be%

-1 AD =id you $o to the beach yesterday2 BD No9 it +as too cold1 "f it --- +ar#er9 +e #i$ht have $one1 !be% .1 "f you --- enou$h #oney to $o any+here in the +orld9 +here +ould you $o2 !have% /1 "7# $lad +e had a #ap1 "7# sure +e +ould have $ot lost if +e --- one1 !not6have% 1 The accident +as your fault1 "f you --- #ore carefully9 it +ouldn7t have happened1 !drive% &1 AD 3hy do you read ne+spapers2 BD 3ell9 if " --- ne+spapers9 " +ouldn7t kno+ +hat +as happenin$ in the +orld1 !not6read% ,1 Co#plete the sentences1 1 FiN is tired all the ti#e1 She shouldn7t $o to bed so late1 "f PFiN didn7t $o to bed so late9 she +ouldn7t be tired all the ti#e1P &1 "t7s rather late1 " don7t think Ann +ill co#e to see us no+1 "7d be surprised if Ann ---1 '1 "7# sorry " disturbed you1 " didn7t kno+ you +ere busy1 "f "7d kno+n you +ere busy9 " ---1 (1 The do$ attacked you9 but only because you provoked it1 "f ---1 )1 " don7t +ant the# to be upset9 so "7ve decided not to tell the# +hat happened1 They --- if ---1 *1 5nfortunately9 " didn7t have an u#brella and so " $ot very +et in the rain1 " ---1 ,1 8artin failed his drivin$ test last +eek1 0e +as very nervous and that7s +hy he failed1 "f he ---1 -1 5se your o+n ideas to co#plete these sentences1 1 "7d $o out this evenin$ if ---1 &1 "7d have $one out last ni$ht if ---1 '1 "f you hadn7t re#inded #e ---1 (1 3e +ouldn7t have been late if ---1 )1 "f "7d been able to $et tickets ---1 *1 3ho +ould you phone if ---1

,1 Cities +ould be nicer places if ---1 -1 "f there +as no television ---1 3ish 5nits '--(/ .1 Put the verb into the correct for#1 1 " feel sick1 " +ish --- so #uch cake1 !"6not6eat% &1 "7# fed up +ith this rain1 " +ish --- rainin$1 !it6stop% '1 "t7s a difficult ;uestion1 " +ish --- the ans+er1 !"6kno+% (1 " should have listened to you1 " +ish --- your advice1 !"6take% @p&.) )1 " +ish --- here1 She7d be able to help us1 !Ann6be% *1 Aren7t they ready yet2 " +ish---1 !they6hurry up% ,1 "t +ould be nice to stay here1 " +ish --- to $o no+1 !+e6not6have% -1 3hen +e +ere in Fondon last year9 +e didn7t have ti#e to see all the thin$s +e +anted to see1 " +ish --- #ore ti#e1 !+e6have% .1 "t7s freeNin$ today1 " +ish --- so cold1 " hate cold +eather1 !it6not6be% /1 3hat7s her na#e a$ain2 " +ish --- re#e#ber her na#e1 !"6can% 1 3hat " said +as stupid1 " +ish --- anythin$1 !"6not6say% &1 !in a car% Eou7re drivin$ too fast1 " +ish --- a bit1 !you6slo+ do+n% '1 "t +as a terrible fil#1 " +ish --- to see it1 !+e6not6$o% (1 Eou7re al+ays tired1 " +ish --- to bed so late1 !you6not6$o% Passive 5nits ( -(( &/1 Put the verb into the #ost suitable passive for#1 1 There7s so#ebody behind us1 " think +e Pare bein$ follo+edP !follo+%1 &1 A #ystery is so#ethin$ that Pcan7t be explainedP !can7t6explain%1 '1 3e didn7t play football yesterday1 The #atch --- !cancel%1 (1 The television --- !repair%1 "t7s +orkin$ a$ain no+1 )1 The church to+er --- !restore%1 The +ork is al#ost finished1 *1 70o+ old is the to+er27 7"t --- !believe% to be over *// years

old17 ,1 "f " didn7t do #y Aob properly9 " --- !+ould6sack%1 -1 AD " left so#e papers on the desk last ni$ht and " can7t find the# no+1 BD They --- !#i$ht6thro+% a+ay1 .1 " learnt to s+i# +hen " +as very youn$1 " --- !teach% by #y #other1 /1 After --- !arrest%9 " +as taken to the police station1 1 --- !you6ever6arrest%27 7No9 never17 &1 T+o people --- !report% to --- !inAure% in an explosion at a factory in Bir#in$ha# early this #ornin$1 & 1 Put the verb into the correct for#9 active or passive1 1 This house is ;uite old1 "t P+as builtP !build% over // years a$o1 &1 8y $randfather +as a builder1 0e PbuiltP1 !build% this house #any years a$o1 '1 7"s your car still for sale27 7No9 " --- !sell% it17 (1 7"s the house at the end of the street still for sale27 7No9 it --!sell%17 )1 So#eti#es #istakes --- !#ake%1 "t7s inevitable1 *1 " +ouldn7t leave your car unlocked1 "t --- !#i$ht6steal%1 ,1 8y ba$ has disappeared1 "t --- !#ust6steal%1 -1 " can7t find #y hat1 So#ebody --- !#ust6take% it by #istake1 .1 "t7s a serious proble#1 " don7t kno+ ho+ it --- !can6solve%1 /1 3e didn7t leave early enou$h1 3e --- !should6leave% earlier1 1 Every ti#e " travel by plane9 #y fli$ht --- !delay%1 &1 A ne+ brid$e --- !build% across the river1 3ork started last year and the brid$e --- !expect% to open next year1 @p&.* &&1 :ead these ne+spaper reports and put the verbs into the #ost suitable for#1 1 Castle fire 3inton Castle ! % P+as da#a$edP !da#a$e% in a fire last ni$ht1 The fire9 +hich !&% --- !discover% at about . o7clock9 spread very ;uickly1 Nobody !'% --- !inAure% but t+o people had to !(% --!rescue% fro# an upstairs roo#1 A nu#ber of paintin$s !)% ---

!believe6destroy%1 "t !*% --- !not6kno+% ho+ the fire starred1 &1 S0OP :OBBE:E "n Paxha# yesterday a shop assistant ! % --- !force% to hand over )// Pounds after !&% --- !threaten% by a #an +ith a knife1 The #an escaped in a car +hich !'% --- !steal% earlier in the day1 The car !(% --- !later6find% in a car park +here it !)% --- !abandon% by the thief1 A #an !*% --- !arrest% in connection +ith the robbery and !,% --!still6;uestion% by the police1 '1 :OA= =EFAES :epair +ork started yesterday on the Paxha#-Fon$+orth road1 The road ! % --- !resurface% and there +ill be lon$ delays1 =rivers !&% --- !ask% to use an alternative route if possible1 The +ork !'% --!expect% to last t+o +eeks1 Next Sunday the road !(% --- !close% and traffic !)% --- !divert%1 (1 Accident A +o#an ! % --- !take% to hospital after her car collided +ith a lorry near Norstock yesterday1 She !&% --- !allo+% ho#e later after treat#ent1 The road !'% --- !block% for an hour after the accident and traffic had to !(% --- !divert%1 A police inspector said after+ardsD 7The +o#an +as lucky1 She could !)% --- !kill%17 >in$ and the infinitive 5nits )&-*) &'1 Put the verb into the correct for#1 1 0o+ old +ere you +hen you learnt Pto drive2P !drive% &1 " don7t #ind P+alkin$P ho#e but "7d rather P$etP a taxi1 !+alk9 $et% '1 " can7t #ake a decision1 " keep --- #y #ind1 !chan$e% (1 0e had #ade his decision and refused --- his #ind1 !chan$e% )1 3hy did you chan$e your decision2 3hat #ade you --- your #ind2 !chan$e% *1 "t +as a really $ood holiday1 " really enAoyed --- by the sea a$ain1 !be% ,1 =id " really tell you " +as unhappy2 " don7t re#e#ber --- that1 !say% -1 7:e#e#ber --- To# to#orro+17 7OG1 " +on7t for$et17 !phone% .1 The +ater here is not very $ood1 "7d avoid --- it if " +ere you1

!drink% /1 " pretended --- interested in the conversation but really it +as very borin$1 !be% 1 " $ot up and looked out of the +indo+ --- +hat the +eather +as like1 !see% &1 " have a friend +ho clai#s1 --- able to speak five lan$ua$es1 !be% @&., '1 " like --- carefully about thin$s before --- a decision1 !think9 #ake% (1 Steve used --- a footballer1 0e had to stop --- because of an inAury1 !be9 play% )1 After --- by the police9 the #an ad#itted --- the car but denied --- at // #iles an hour1 !stop9 steal9 drive% *1 AD 0o+ do you #ake this #achine ---2 !+ork% BD "7# not sure1 Try --- that button and see +hat happens1 !press% &(1 8ake sentences fro# the +ords in brackets1 1 " can7t find the tickets1 !"6see#6lose6the#% P" see# to have lost the#1P &1 " haven7t $ot far to $o1 !it6not6+orth6take6a taxi% P"t7s not +orth takin$ a taxi1P '1 "7# feelin$ a bit tired1 !"6not6fancy6$o6out% ---1 (1 Ti# isn7t very reliable1 !he6tend6for$et6thin$s% ---1 )1 "7ve $ot a lot of lu$$a$e1 !you6#ind6help6#e92% ---1 *1 There7s nobody in the house1 !everybody6see#6$o out% ---1 ,1 3e don7t like our flat1 !+e6think6#ove% ---1 -1 The vase +as very valuable1 ! 6afraid6touch6it% ---1 .1 Bill never carries #oney +ith hi#1 !he6afraid6robbed% ---1 /1 " +ouldn7t $o to see the fil#1 !it6not6+orth6see% ---1 1 "7# very tired after that lon$ +alk1 !"6not6used6+alk6so far% ---1 &1 Sue is on holiday1 " received a postcard fro# her yesterday1 !she6see#6enAoy6herself% ---1 '1 =ave had lots of holiday photo$raphs1 !he6insist6sho+6the# to #e% ---1 (1 " don7t +ant to do the shoppin$1 !"7d rather6so#ebody else6do6

it% ---1 &)1 Co#plete the second sentence so that the #eanin$ is si#ilar to the first1 1 " +as surprised " passed the exa#1 " didn7t expect Pto pass the exa#1P &1 =id you #ana$e to solve the proble#2 =id you succeed Pin solvin$ the proble#2P '1 " don7t read ne+spapers any #ore1 "7ve $iven up ---1 (1 "7d prefer not to $o out toni$ht1 "7d rather ---1 )1 0e can7t +alk very +ell1 0e has difficulty ---1 *1 Shall " phone you this evenin$2 =o you +ant ---2 ,1 Nobody sa+ #e co#e in1 " ca#e in +ithout ---1 -1 They said " +as a cheat1 " +as accused ---1 .1 "t +ill be $ood to see the# a$ain1 "7# lookin$ for+ard ---1 /1 3hat do you think " should do2 3hat do you advise #e ---2 1 "t7s a pity " couldn7t $o out +ith you1 "7d like ---1 &1 "7# sorry that " didn7t take your advice1 " re$ret ---1 @p&.Articles 5nits *--, &*1 Put in a6an or the +here necessary1 Feave an e#pty space !-% if the sentence is already co#plete1 1 " don7t usually like stayin$ at !-% hotels9 but last su##er +e spent a fe+ days at PaP very nice hotel by PthePsea1 &1 --- tennis is #y favourite sport1 " play once or t+ice --- +eek if " can9 but "7# not --- very $ood player1 '1 " +on7t be ho#e for --- dinner this evenin$1 "7# #eetin$ so#e friends after --- +ork and +e7re $oin$ to --- cine#a1 (1 --- une#ploy#ent is very hi$h at the #o#ent and it7s very difficult for --- people to find --- +ork1 )1 There +as --- accident as " +as $oin$ --- ho#e last ni$ht1 T+o people +ere taken to --- hospital1 " think --- #ost accidents are caused by --- people drivin$ too fast1 *1 Carol is --- econo#ist1 She used to +ork in --- invest#ent depart#ent of --- Floyds Bank1 No+ she +orks for --- A#erican bank in --- 5nited States1

,1 AD 3hat7s --- na#e of --- hotel +here you7re stayin$2 BD --- "#perial1 "t7s in --- <ueen Street in --- city centre1 "t7s near --- station1 -1 " have t+o brothers1 --- older one is trainin$ to be --- pilot +ith British Air+ays1 --- youn$er one is still at --- school1 3hen he leaves --- school9 he hopes to $o to --- university to study --- la+1 ConAunctions 5nits &)9 ',9 &,1 Choose the ri$ht alternative1 1 "7ll try to be on ti#e but don7t +orry Pif6+henP "7# late1 !if is ri$ht% &1 =on7t thro+ that ba$ a+ay1 P"f63henP you don7t +ant it9 "7ll have it1 '1 Please report to reception Pif6+henP you arrive at the hotel1 (1 3e7ve arran$ed to play tennis to#orro+ but +e +on7t play Pif6+henP it7s rainin$1 )1 Hennifer is in her final year at school1 She still doesn7t kno+ +hat she7s $oin$ to do Pif6+henP she leaves1 *1 3hat +ould you do Pif6+henP you lost your keys2 ,1 " hope "7ll be able to co#e to the party but "7ll let you kno+ Pif6unlessP " can7t1 -1 " don7t +ant to be disturbed9 so don7t phone #e Pif6unlessP it7s so#ethin$ i#portant1 .1 Please si$n the contract Pif6unlessP you7re happy +ith the conditions1 /1 " like travellin$ by sea Pas lon$ as6unlessP it7s not rou$h1 1 Eou #i$ht not re#e#ber the na#e of the hotel9 so +rite it do+n Pif6in caseP you for$et it1 &1 "t7s not cold no+ but take your coat +ith you Pif6in caseP it $ets cold later1 '1 Take your coat +ith you and then you can put it on Pif6inP case it $ets cold later1 (1 The television is al+ays on9 Peven if6ifP nobody is +atchin$ it1 )1 PEven6Althou$hP +e played very +ell9 +e lost the #atch1 *1 3e7re not very close friends Pdespite6althou$hP +e7ve kno+n each other a lon$ ti#e1

,1 73hen did you leave school27 7PAs63henP " +as *17 -1 Ann +ill be surprised P+hen6asP she hears the ne+s1 @p&.. Prepositions !ti#e% 5nits &9 -- & &-1 Put in one of the follo+in$ prepositionsD at on in for since durin$ by until 1 Hack has $one a+ay1 0e7ll be back PinP a +eek1 &1 3e7re havin$ a party --- Saturday1 Can you co#e2 '1 "7ve $ot an intervie+ next +eek1 "t7s --- .1'/ --- Tuesday #ornin$1 (1 Sue isn7t usually here --- +eekends1 She $oes a+ay1 )1 The train service is very $ood1 The trains are nearly al+ays --ti#e1 *1 "t +as a confusin$ situation1 8any thin$s +ere happenin$ --the sa#e ti#e1 ,1 " couldn7t decide +hether or not to buy the s+eater --- the end " decided not to1 -1 The road is busy all the ti#e9 even --- ni$ht1 .1 " +as +oken up by a loud noise --- the ni$ht1 /1 " sa+ 0elen --- 4riday but " haven7t seen her --- then1 1 Brian has been doin$ the sa#e Aob --- five years1 &1 Ann7s birthday is --- the end of 8arch1 "7# not sure exactly +hich day it is1 '1 3e7ve $ot so#e friends stayin$ +ith us --- the #o#ent1 They7re stayin$ 4riday1 (1 "f you7re interested in applyin$ for the Aob9 your application #ust be received --- 4riday1 Prepositions !place and other uses% 5nits &&- &, &.1 Put in the #issin$ preposition1 1 "7d love to be able to visit every country --- the +orld1 &1 70ave you read any books --- 8ar$aret 3hite27 7No9 "7ve never heard of her17 '1 7"s there a bank near here27 7Ees9 there7s one --- the end of this road17

(1 Ti# is a+ay at the #o#ent9 0e7s --- holiday1 )1 Eou7ve $ot a dirty #ark --- your cheek1 0ave a look --- the #irror1 *1 3e +ent --- a party --- Finda7s house on Saturday1 ,1 Bo#bay is --- the +est coast of "ndia1 -1 Fook at the leaves --- that tree1 They7re a beautiful colour1 .1 70ave you ever been --- Tokyo27 7No9 "7ve never been --- Hapan17 /1 8oNart died --- ?ienna in ,. --- the a$e of ')1 1 7Are you --- this photo$raph27 7Ees9 that7s #e --- the left17 &1 3e +ent --- the theatre last ni$ht1 3e had seats --- the front ro+1 '1 73here7s the li$ht s+itch27 7"t7s --- the +all 1 the door17 (1 3hat ti#e did you arrive --- the party2 )1 " couldn7t decide +hat to eat1 There +as nothin$ --- the #enu that " liked1 *1 3e live --- a to+er block1 Our flat is --- the fifteenth floor1 ,1 73hat did you think of the fil#27 7So#e parts +ere a bit stupid but --- the +hole " enAoyed it17 -1 3hen you paid the hotel bill9 did you pay --- cash or --- credit card2 .1 70o+ did you $et here2 --- the bus27 7No --- car17 &/1 AD " +onder +hat7s --- television this evenin$1 0ave you $ot a ne+spaper2 BD Ees9 the T? pro$ra##es are --- the back pa$e1 @p'// Noun6adAective @ preposition 5nits &-- '/ '/1 Put in the #issin$ preposition1 1 The plan has been chan$ed but nobody see#s to kno+ the reason --- this1 &1 =on7t ask #e to decide1 "7# not very $ood --- #akin$ decisions1 '1 So#e people say that Sue is unfriendly but she7s al+ays very nice --- #e1 (1 3hat do you think is the best solution --- the proble#2 )1 There has been a bi$ increase --- the price of land recently1 *1 0e lives a rather lonely life1 0e doesn7t have #uch contact ---

other people1 ,1 Paula is a keen photo$rapher1 She likes takin$ pictures --people1 -1 Iordon $ot #arried --- a +o#an he #et +hen he +as studyin$ at colle$e1 .1 0e7s very brave1 0e7s not afraid --- anythin$1 /1 "7# surprised --- the a#ount of traffic today1 " didn7t think it +ould be so busy1 1 Thank you for lendin$ #e the $uide book1 "t +as full --- useful infor#ation1 &1 Please co#e in and sit do+n1 "7# sorry --- the #ess1 ?erb @ preposition 5nits ' - ') ' 1 Put in a preposition +here necessary1 "f the sentence is already co#plete9 leave an e#pty space !-%1 1 She +orks ;uite hard1 Eou can7t accuse her --- bein$ laNy1 &1 3ho7s $oin$ to look --- your children +hile you7re at +ork2 '1 The proble# is beco#in$ serious1 3e have to discuss --- it1 (1 The proble# is beco#in$ serious1 3e have to do so#ethin$ --it1 )1 " prefer this chair --- the other one1 "t7s #ore co#fortable1 *1 " #ust phone --- the office to tell the# " +on7t be at +ork today1 ,1 The river divides the city --- t+o parts1 -1 73hat do you think --- the ne+ #ana$er27 7She7s all ri$ht9 " suppose17 .1 Can so#ebody please explain --- #e +hat " have to do2 /1 7=o you like stayin$ at hotels27 7"t depends --- the hotel17 1 70ave you ever been to Borla27 7No9 "7ve never heard --- it1 3here is it27 &1 Eou re#ind #e --- so#ebody " kne+ a lon$ ti#e a$o1 Eou took Aust like her1 '1 3hat7s funny2 3hat are you lau$hin$ ---12 (1 3hat have you done +ith all the #oney you had2 3hat did you spend it ---12 @p'/

ST5=E I5"=E This $uide is to help you decide +hich units you need to study1 The sentences in the $uide are $rouped to$ether !Present and past9 Articles and nouns etc1% in the sa#e +ay as the units in the Contents !pa$e iii%1 Each sentence can be co#pleted usin$ one or #ore of the alternatives !A9 B9 C etc1%1 There are bet+een t+o and five alternatives each ti#e1 "N SO8E SENTENCES 8O:E T0AN ONE AFTE:NAT"?E "S POSS"BFE1 "f you don7t kno+ or if you are not sure +hich alternatives are correct9 then you probably need to study the unit!s% listed on the ri$ht1 Eou +ill also find the correct sentence in this unit1 !"f t+o or three units are listed9 you +ill find the correct sentence in the first one1% There is a key to this study $uide on pa$e '('1 "4 EO5 A:E NOT S5:E 30"C0 "S :"I0T Present and past 1 7--- this +eek27 7No9 she7s on holiday17 A1 is Susan +orkin$ B1 =oes Susan +ork C1 =oes +ork Susan !5nit 9 '% 1& " don7t understand this sentence1 3hat ---2 A1 does #ean this +ord B1 does this +ord #ean C1 #eans this +ord !5nit (9 (-% 1' Hohn --- tennis once or t+ice a +eek1 A1 is playin$ usually B1 is usually playin$ C1 usually plays =1 plays usually !5nit &9 '9 /.% 1( 0o+ --- no+2 Better than before2 A1 you are feelin$ B1 do you feel C1 are you feelin$ !5nit (% 1) "t +as a borin$ +eekend --- anythin$1 A1 " didn7t B1 " don7t do C1 " didn7t do !5nit )% 1* To# --- his hand +hen he +as cookin$ the dinner1 A1 burnt B1 +as burnin$ C1 has burnt !5nit *9 (% Present perfect and past &1 Hi# is a+ay on holiday1 0e --- to Spain1 A1 is $one B1 has $one C1 has been !5nit ,% &1& Everythin$ is $oin$ +ell1 3e --- any proble#s so far1

A1 didn7t have B1 don7t have C1 haven7t had !5nit -% &1' Finda has lost her passport a$ain1 "t7s the second ti#e this ---1 A1 has happened B1 happens C1 happened !5nit -9 '% &1( Eou7re out of breath ---2 A1 Are you runnin$ B1 0ave you run C1 0ave you been runnin$ !5nit .% &1) 3here7s the book " $ave you2 3hat --- +ith it2 A1 have you done B1 have you been doin$ C1 are you doin$ !5nit /% &1* 3e7re $ood friends1 3e --- each other for a lon$ ti#e1 A1 kno+ B1 have kno+n C1 have been kno+in$ =1 kne+ !5nit 9 /% &1, Sally has been +orkin$ here ---1 A1 for six #onths B1 since six #onths C1 six #onths a$o !5nit &% @p'/& &1-1 "t7s t+o years Hoe1 A1 that " don7t see B1 that " haven7t seen C1 since " didn7t see =1 since " sa+ !5nit &% &1.1 They --- out after lunch and they7ve Aust co#e back1 A1 +ent B1 have $one C1 are $one !5nit '9 (9 ,% &1 /1 The Chinese --- printin$1 A1 invented B1 have invented C1 had invented !5nit '9 )% &1 1 "an --- in Scotland for ten years1 No+ he lives in Fondon1 A1 lived B1 has lived C1 has been livin$ !5nit (9 % &1 &1 The #an sittin$ next to #e on the plane +as nervous because he before ---1 A1 hasn7t flo+n B1 didn7t fly C1 hadn7t flo+n =1 +asn7t flyin$ !5nit )% &1 '1 --- a car +hen they +ere livin$ in Fondon2 A1 0ad they B1 =id they have C1 3ere they havin$ =1 0ave they had !5nit ,% &1 (1 " --- television a lot but " don7t any #ore1 A1 +as +atchin$ B1 +as used to +atch C1 used to +atch !5nit -% 4uture '1 1 --- to#orro+9 so +e can $o out so#e+here1 A1 "7# not +orkin$ B1 " don7t +ork C1 " +on7t +ork !5nit .9 & %

'1&1 That ba$ looks heavy --- you +ith it1 A1 "7# helpin$ B1 " help C1 "7ll help !5nit & % '1'1 " think the +eather --- be nice later1 A1 +ill B1 shall C1 is $oin$ to !5nit &'9 &&% '1(1 7Ann is in hospital17 7Ees9 " kno+ --- her to#orro+17 A1 " visit B1 "7# $oin$ to visit C1 "7ll visit !5nit &'9 &/% '1)1 3e7re late1 The fil# --- by the ti#e +e $et to the cine#a1 A1 +ill already start B1 +ill be already started C1 +ill already have started !5nit &(% '1*1 =on7t +orry --- late toni$ht1 A1 if " a# B1 +hen " a# C1 +hen "7ll be =1 if "7ll be !5nit &)% 8odals (1 1 The fire spread throu$h the buildin$ ;uickly but everybody ---1 A1 +as able to escape B1 #ana$ed to escape C1 could escape !5nit &*% (1&1 The phone is rin$in$1 "t --- be Ti#1 A1 #i$ht B1 can C1 could !5nit &,9 &.% (1'1 3hy did you stay at a hotel +hen you +ent to Ne+ Eork2 Eou --- +ith Barbara1 A1 can stay B1 could stay C1 could have stayed !5nit &,% (1(1 "7ve lost one of #y $loves1 " --- it so#e+here1 A1 #ust drop B1 #ust have dropped C1 #ust be droppin$ =1 #ust have been droppin$ !5nit &-% @p'/' (1)1 Take an u#brella +ith you +hen you $o out1 "t --- rain later1 A1 #ay B1 #i$ht C1 can =1 could !5nit '/% (1*1 3hat +as +ron$ +ith you2 3hy --- $o to hospital2 A1 had you to B1 did you have to C1 #ust you !5nit ' % (1,1 There7s plenty of ti#e1 Eou --- hurry1 A1 don7t have to B1 #ustn7t C1 needn7t !5nit ' 9 '&% (1-1 "t +as a $reat party last ni$ht1 Eou --- co#e1 3hy didn7t you2 A1 #ust have B1 should have C1 ou$ht to have =1 had to !5nit ''% (1.1 Hane --- a car1 A1 su$$ested that " buy B1 su$$ested that " should buy C1

su$$ested #e to buy !5nit '(% (1 /1 " think all drivers --- seat belts1 A1 should +ear B1 had better +ear C1 had better to +ear !5nit ')% (1 1 "t7s late1 "t7s ti#e --- ho#e1 A1 +e $o B1 +e #ust $o C1 +e should $o =1 +e +ent !5nit ')% Conditionals and 7+ish7 )1 1 "7# not tired enou$h to $o to bed yet1 " +ouldn7t sleep if " --to bed no+1 A1 $o B1 +ent C1 had $one =1 +ould $o !5nit ',% )1&1 "f " +ere you9 " --- that coat1 "t7s #uch too expensive1 A1 +on7t buy B1 don7t buy C1 a# not $oin$ to buy =1 +ouldn7t buy !5nit '-% )1'1 " decided to stay at ho#e last ni$ht1 " +ould have $one out if " --- so tired1 A1 +asn7t B1 +eren7t C1 +ouldn7t have been =1 hadn7t been !5nit '.% )1(1 " +ish --- a car1 "t +ould #ake life so #uch easier1 A1 have B1 had C1 +ould have !5nit (/9 '-% Passive *1 1 3e --- by a loud noise durin$ the ni$ht1 A1 +oke up B1 are +oken up C1 +ere +oken up =1 +ere +akin$ up !5nit ( % *1&1 There7s so#ebody +alkin$ behind us1 " think ---1 A1 +e are follo+in$ B1 +e are bein$ follo+ed C1 +e are follo+ed =1 +e are bein$ follo+in$ !5nit (&% *1'1 73here --- 7"n Fondon17 A1 +ere you born B1 are you born C1 have you been born =1 did you born !5nit ('% *1(1 The train --- arrive at 1'/ but it +as an hour late1 A1 supposed to B1 is supposed to C1 +as supposed to !5nit ((% *1)1 3here ---2 3hich hairdresser did you $o to2 A1 did you cut your hair B1 have you cut your hair C1 did you have cut your hair =1 did you have your hair cut !5nit ()% @p'/( :eported speech

,1 1 0ello9 Hi#1 " didn7t expect to see you today1 Sonia said you --ill1 A1 are B1 +ere C1 +as =1 should be !5nit (,9 (-% ,1&1 Ann --- and left1 A1 said $oodbye to #e B1 said #e $oodbye C1 told #e $oodbye !5nit (,% <uestions and auxiliary verbs -1 1 70o+ --- 27 7Nobody kno+s17 A1 happened the accident B1 did happen the accident C1 did the accident happen !5nit (-% -1&1 7=o you kno+ +here ---1 7No9 he didn7t say17 A1 To# has $one B1 has To# $one C1 has $one To# !5nit (.% -1'1 The police officer stopped us and asked us +here ---1 A1 +ere +e $oin$ B1 are +e $oin$ C1 +e are $oin$ =1 +e +ere $oin$ !5nit (.% -1(1 7=o you think- it7s $oin$ to rain2 7---17 A1 " hope not B1 " don7t hope C1 " don7t hope so !5nit )/% -1)1 7Eou don7t kno+ +here Garen is --- 7Sorry9 "7ve no idea17 A1 don7t you B1 do you C1 is she !5nit ) % >in$ and the infinitive .1 1 Eou can7t stop #e --- +hat " +ant1 A1 doin$ B1 do C1 to do =1 that " do !5nit )&% .1&1 " #ust $o no+1 " pro#ised --- late1 A1 not bein$ B1 not to be C1 to not be =1 " +ouldn7t be !5nit )'9 (/% .1'1 =o you +ant --- +ith you or do you +ant to $o alone2 A1 #e co#in$ B1 #e to co#e C1 that " co#e =1 that " +ill co#e !5nit )(% .1(1 "7# sure " locked the door1 " clearly re#e#ber --- it1 A1 lockin$ B1 to lock C1 to have locked !5nit ))% .1)1 She tried to be serious but she couldn7t help ---1 A1 lau$hin$ B1 to lau$h C1 that she lau$hed !5nit )*% .1*1 " like --- the kitchen as often as possible1 A1 cleanin$ B1 clean C1 to clean =1 that " clean !5nit ),% .1,1 "7# tired1 "7d rather --- out this evenin$9 if you don7t #ind1 A1 not $oin$ B1 not to $o C1 don7t $o =1 not $o !5nit )-%

.1-1 7Shall " stay here27 7"7d rather --- +ith us17 A1 you co#e B1 you to co#e C1 you ca#e =1 you +ould co#e !5nit )-% .1.1 Are you lookin$ for+ard --- Ann a$ain2 A1 seein$ B1 to see C1 to seein$ !5nit ).9 * % .1 /1 3hen Hane ca#e to Britain9 she had to $et used --- on the left1 A1 drivin$ B1 to drivin$ C1 to drive !5nit */% .1 1 "7# thinkin$ --- a house1 =o you think that7s a $ood idea2 A1 to buy B1 of to buy C1 of buyin$ !5nit * 9 *)% @p'/) "4 EO5 A:E NOT S5:E 30"C0 "S :"I0T .1 &1 "7# sure you7ll have no --- the exa#1 A1 difficulty to pass B1 difficulties to pass C1 difficulties passin$ =1 difficulty passin$ !5nit *&% .1 '1 A friend of #ine phoned --- #e to a party1 A1 for invite B1 to invite C1 for invitin$ =1 for to invite !5nit *'% .1 (1 Hi# doesn7t speak very clearly ---1 A1 "t is difficult to understand hi#1 B1 0e is difficult to understand1 C1 0e is difficult to understand hi#1 !5nit *(% .1 )1 The path +as icy9 so +e +alked very carefully1 3e +ere afraid ---1 A1 of fallin$ B1 fro# fallin$ C1 to fall !5nit *)% .1 *1 " didn7t hear you --- in1 Eou #ust have been very ;uiet1 A1 co#e B1 to co#e C1 ca#e !5nit **% .1 ,1 --- a hotel9 +e looked for so#e+here to have dinner1 A1 4indin$ B1 After findin$ C1 0avin$ found =1 3e found !5nit *,% Articles and nouns /1 1 Call an a#bulance1 There7s been ---1 A1 accident B1 an accident1 C1 so#e accident !5nit *-% /1&1 73here are you $oin$27 7"7# $oin$ to buy ---1 A1 a bread B1 so#e bread C1 a loaf of bread !5nit *.% /1'1 Sandra +orks at a bi$ hospital1 She7s ---1 A1 nurse B1 a nurse C1 the nurse !5nit ,/9 , % /1(1 She +orks six days --- +eek1

A1 in B1 for C1 a =1 the !5nit , % /1) There are #illions of stars in ---1 A1 space B1 a space C1 the space !5nit ,&% /1* Every day --- be$ins at . and finishes at '1 A1 school B1 a school C1 the school !5nit ,'% /1, a proble# in #ost bi$ cities1 A1 Cri#e is B1 The cri#e is C1 The cri#es are !5nit ,(% /1- 3hen --- invented2 A1 +as telephone B1 +ere telephones C1 +as the telephone =1 +ere the telephones !5nit ,)% /1. 3e visited ---1 A1 Canada and 5nited States B1 the Canada and the 5nited States C1 Canada and the 5nited States =1 the Canada and 5nited States !5nit ,*% /1 / Hulia is a student at ---1 A1 Fondon 5niversity B1 the Fondon 5niversity C1 the 5niversity of Fondon !5nit ,,% /1 3hat ti#e --- on television2 A1 is the ne+s B1 are the ne+s C1 is ne+s !5nit ,-9 *.% /1 & "t took us ;uite a lon$ ti#e to $et here1 "t +as --- Aourney1 A1 three hour B1 a three-hours C1 a three-hour !5nit ,.% @p'/* /1 ' 3here is2 A1 the #ana$er office B1 the #ana$er7s office C1 the office of the #ana$er =1 the office of the #ana$er7s !5nit -/% Pronouns and deter#iners 1 "7# $oin$ to a +eddin$ on Saturday --- is $ettin$ #arried9 A1 A friend of #e B1 A friend of #ine C1 One #y friends !5nit - % 1& 3hat ti#e shall +e --- this evenin$2 A1 #eet B1 #eet us C1 #eet ourselves !5nit -&% 1' They live on a busy road --- a lot of noise fro# the traffic1 A1 "t #ust be B1 There #ust be C1 There #ust have =1 "t #ust have !5nit -'% 1( 0e7s laNy1 0e never does --- +ork1 A1 so#e B1 any C1 no !5nit -(% 1) 73hat +ould you like to eat27 7" don7t #ind --- +hatever

you7ve $ot17 A1 So#ethin$ B1 Anythin$ C1 Nothin$ !5nit -(9 -)% 1* 3e couldn7t buy anythin$ because --- of the shops +ere open1 A1 all B1 no one C1 none =1 nothin$ !5nit -)% 1, 3hen +e +ere on holiday9 +e spent --- #oney1 A1 a lot of B1 #uch C1 too #uch !5nit -*% 1- --- don7t visit this part of the to+n1 A1 The #ost tourists B1 8ost of tourists C1 8ost tourists !5nit -,% 1. " asked t+o people the +ay to the station but --- of the# kne+1 A1 none B1 either C1 both =1 neither !5nit --% 1 / "t +as a $reat party --- enAoyed it1 A1 Everybody B1 All C1 All of us =1 Everybody of us !5nit -.% 1 The bus service is very $ood1 There7s a bus --- ten #inutes1 A1 each B1 every C1 all !5nit -.9 ./% :elative clauses &1 " don7t like stories --- have unhappy endin$s1 A1 that B1 they C1 +hich =1 +ho !5nit . % &1& " didn7t believe the# at first but in fact everythin$ --- +as true1 A1 they said B1 that they said C1 +hat they said !5nit .&% &1' 3hat7s the na#e of the #an ---2 A1 you borro+ed his car B1 +hich car you borro+ed C1 +hose car you borro+ed =1 his car you borro+ed !5nit .'% &1( Colin told #e about his ne+ Aob --- very #uch1 A1 that he7s enAoyin$ B1 +hich he7s enAoyin$ C1 he7s enAoyin$ =1 he7s enAoyin$ it !5nit .(% &1) Sheila couldn7t co#e to the party --- +as a pity1 A1 that B1 it C +hat =1 +hich !5nit .)% @p'/, &1* So#e of the people --- to the party can7t co#e1 A1 invitin$ B1 invited C1 +ho invited =1 they +ere invited !5nit .*% AdAectives and adverbs '1 Hane doesn7t enAoy her Aob1 She7s --- because she does the

sa#e thin$ every day1 A1 borin$ B1 bored !5nit .,% '1& The +o#an +as carryin$ a --- ba$1 A1 black s#all plastic B1 s#all and black plastic C1 s#all black plastic =1 plastic s#all black !5nit .-% '1' 8aria7s En$lish is excellent1 She speaks ---1 A1 perfectly En$lish B1 En$lish perfectly C1 perfect En$lish =1 En$lish perfect !5nit ..% '1( 0e --- to find a Aob but he had no luck1 A1 tried hard B1 tried hardly C1 hardly tried !5nit //% '1) " haven7t seen her for --- "7ve for$otten +hat she looks like1 A1 so lon$ B1 a so lon$ ti#e C1 a such lon$ ti#e =1 such a lon$ ti#e !5nit / % '1* haven7t $ot --- on holiday at the #o#ent1 A1 #oney enou$h to $o B1 enou$h #oney to $o C1 #oney enou$h for $oin$ =1 enou$h #oney for$oin$ !5nit /&% '1, Fet7s $et a taxi1 "t7s --- to +alk1 A1 a ;uite lon$ +ay B1 ;uite a lon$ +ay C1 rather a lon$ +ay !5nit /'% '1- The exa# +as ;uite easy --- +e expected1 A1 #ore easy that B1 #ore easy than C1 easier than =1 easier as !5nit /(% '1. The #ore electricity you use ---1 A1 your bill +ill be hi$her B1 +ill be hi$her your bill C1 the hi$her your bill +ill be !5nit /)% '1 / 0e7s a fast runner1 " can7t run as fast as ---1 A1 he B1 hi# C1 he can !5nit /*% '1 The fil# +as really borin$1 "t +as --- "7ve ever seen1 A1 #ost borin$ fil# B1 the #ore borin$ fil# C1 the fil# #ore borin$ =1 the #ost borin$ fil# !5nit /,% '1 & To# likes +alkin$ ---1 A1 Every #ornin$ he +alks to +ork1 B1 0e +alks to +ork every #ornin$1 C1 0e +alks every #ornin$ to +ork1 !5nit /-% '1 ' --- a lon$ ti#e for the bus1 A1 Al+ays +e have to +ait B1 3e al+ays have to +ait C1 3e have al+ays to +ait =1 3e have to +ait al+ays !5nit /.%

'1 ( Ann --- She left last #onth1 A1 still doesn7t +ork here B1 doesn7t still +ork here C1 no #ore +orks here =1 doesn7t +ork here any #ore !5nit /% '1 ) --- she can7t drive9 she has bou$ht a car1 A1 Even B1 Even thou$h C1 Even if =1 Even +hen !5nit 9 &% @p'/ConAunctions and prepositions (1 " couldn7t sleep --- very tired1 A1 althou$h " +as B1 despite " +as C1 despite of bein$ =1 in spite of bein$ !5nit &% (1& Eou should insure your bicycle --- stolen1 A1 in case it +ill be B1 if it +ill be C1 in case it is =1 if it is !5nit '% (1' The club is for #e#bers only1 Eou --- you7re a #e#ber1 A1 can7t $o in if B1 can $o in only if C1 can7t $o in unless =1 can $o in unless !5nit (% (1( An$ela has been #arried a lon$ ti#e1 She $ot #arried --she +as &' years old1 A1 +hen B1 as !5nit )% (1) 3hat a beautiful houseL "t7s --- a palace1 A1 as B1 like !5nit *% (1* They are very kind to #e1 They treat #e --- their o+n son1 A1 like " a# B1 as if " a# C1 as if " +as =1 as if " +ere !5nit ,% (1, "7ll be in Fondon next +eek1 " hope to see To# --- there1 A1 +hile " +ill be B1 +hile " a# C1 durin$ #y visit =1 durin$ " a# !5nit -% (1- 4red is a+ay at the #o#ent1 " don7t kno+ exactly +hen he7s co#in$ back but "7# sure he7ll be back --- 8onday1 A1 by B Duntil !5nit .% Prepositions )1 "7ll be at ho#e --- 4riday #ornin$1 Eou can phone #e then1 A1 at B1 on C1 in !5nit &/% )1& "7# $oin$ a+ay --- the end of Hanuary1 A1 at B1 on C1 in !5nit & % )1' 3hen +e +ere in "taly9 +e spent a fe+ days --- ?enice1 A1 at B1 to C1 in !5nit &&9 &(% )1( Our flat is --- the second floor of the buildin$1

A1 at B1 on C1 in !5nit &'% )1) " sa+ Hack --- a concert last Saturday1 A1 at B1 on C1 in !5nit &(% )1* 3hat ti#e did they --- the hotel2 A1 arrive to B1 arrive at C1 arrive in =1 $et to E $et in !5nit &)% )1, To#7s a+ay at the #o#ent1 0e7s --- holiday in 4rance1 A1 at B1 on C1 in =1 for !5nit &*% )1- 3e travelled --- *1() train9 +hich arrived at -1'/1 A1 in the B1 on the C1 by the =1 by !5nit &,% )1. 0ave you read any books --- A$atha Christie2 A1 of B1 fro# C1 by !5nit &,% )1 / The accident +as #y fault9 so " had to pay for the da#a$e --- the other car1 A1 of B1 for C1 to =1 on ED at !5nit &-% @p'/. )1 3hy +ere you so unfriendly --- Tessa2 0ave you had an ar$u#ent +ith her2 A1 of B1 for C1 to =1 +ith !5nit &.% )1 & "7# not very $ood --- repairin$ thin$s1 A1 at B1 for C1 in =1 about !5nit '/% )1 ' " don7t understand this sentence1 Can you ---2 A1 explain to #e this +ord B1 explain #e this +ord C1 explain this +ord to #e !5nit ' % )1 ( "f you7re +orried about the proble#9 you should do so#ethin$ --- it1 A1 for B1 about C1 a$ainst =1 +ith !5nit '&% )1 ) 73ho is To# 8adely27 7"7ve no idea1 "7ve never heard --hi#17 A1 about B1 fro# C1 after =1 of !5nit ''% )1 * 73hat ti#e +ill you arrive27 7" don7t kno+1 "t depends --- the traffic17 A1 of B1 for C1 fro# =1 on !5nit '(% )1 , " prefer tea --- coffee1 A1 to B1 than C1 a$ainst =1 over !5nit ')9 )-% )1 - They $ave #e a for# and told #e to ---1 A1 fill in B1 fill it in C1 fill in it !5nit '*%

@ff @p' / GEE TO EME:C"SES "n so#e of the exercises9 you have to use your o+n ideas to +rite sentences1 Exa#ple ans+ers are $iven in the key1 "f possible9 check your ans+ers +ith so#ebody +ho speaks En$lish +ell1 5N"T 1 & 7# lookin$6a# lookin$ ' 7s $ettin$6is $ettin$ ( 7re stayin$6are stayin$ ) 7# co#in$6a# co#in$ * 7s startin$6is startin$ , 7re #akin$6are #akin$ 111 7# tryin$6a# tryin$ - 7s happenin$6is happenin$ 1& & are you lookin$ ' 7s she studyin$6is she studyin$ ( "s anybody listenin$ ) "s it $ettin$ 1' ' 7# not enAoyin$6a# not enAoyin$ ( 7s havin$6is havin$ ) 7# not eatin$6a# not eatin$ * 7s learnin$6is learnin$ , aren7t speakin$67re not speakin$6are not speakin$ 1( are you doin$ & 7# trainin$6a# trainin$ ' Are you enAoyin$ ( 7# not +orkin$6a# not +orkin$ ) 7# tryin$6a# tryin$ * 7# decoratin$6a# decoratin$ , Are you doin$ - are helpin$ 1)

& ' ( )

7s $ettin$6is $ettin$ is chan$in$ is risin$ or is increasin$ 7s $ettin$6is $ettin$ 5N"T & &1 & drink ' opens 111 closes ( causes ) live * take place &1& & do the banks close ' does 8artin co#e ( do you do ) takes 111 does it take * play 111 don7t play , does this +ord #ean &1' ' rises ( #ake ) don7t eat * doesn7t believe , translates - doesn7t tell . flo+s &1( & =oes your sister play tennis2 ' 3hich ne+spaper do you read2 ( 3hat does your brother do2 or 3hat is your brother7s Aob2 ) 0o+ often do you $o to the cine#a2 * 3here does your #other live2 &1) & " pro#ise ' " insist ( " apolo$ise

) " reco##end 5N"T ' '1 ' +ron$--is tryin$ ( +ron$--are they talkin$ ) ri$ht * +ron$--7s $ettin$6is $ettin$ , ri$ht - +ron$--7# co#in$6a# co#in$ . +ron$--are you $ettin$ '1& ' 7s +aitin$6is +aitin$ ( Are you listenin$ ) =o you listen * flo+s , 7s flo+in$6is flo+in$ - $ro+ 111 aren7t $ro+in$67re not $ro+in$6are not $ro+in$ . 7s i#provin$6is i#provin$ / 7s stayin$6is stayin$ 111 al+ays stays 7# startin$6a# startin$ & 7# learnin$ a# learnin$ 111 is teachin$ ' finish 111 7# +orkin$6a# +orkin$ ( live 111 do your parents live ) is lookin$ 111 7s stayin$6is stayin$ * does your father do 111 isn7t +orkin$67s not +orkin$6is not +orkin$ , enAoy 111 7# not enAoyin$6a# not enAoyin$ - al+ays leaves . 7s al+ays leavin$6is al+ays leavin$ !al+ays leaves is also possible% '1' & "t7s al+ays breakin$ do+n1 ' "7# al+ays #akin$ the sa#e #istake16111 that #istake1 ( Eou7re al+ays leavin$ the li$hts 5N"T ( (1

& ri$ht ' +ron$--=o you believe ( +ron$--"t tastes ) +ron$--" think (1& & 3hat are you doin$2 "7# thinkin$1 ' 3ho does this u#brella belon$ to2 ( The dinner s#ells $ood1 ) "s anybody sittin$ here2 * "7# havin$ dinner1 (1' & doesn7t belon$6does not belon$ ' 7# usin$6a# usin$ ( need ) does he +ant * is he lookin$ , believes - don7t re#e#ber6do not re#e#ber . 7# thinkin$6a# thinkin$ / think 111 don7t use6do not use prefer & consists (1( & is bein$ ' is ( are you bein$ ) "s she 5N"T ) )1 & had ' She +alked to +ork ( "t took her !about% half an hour ) She started +ork * She didn7t have !any% lunch16111 eat !any% lunch1 @p' , She finished +ork

- She +as tired +hen she $ot ho#e1 . She cooked / She didn7t $o She +ent to bed & She slept )1& & tau$ht ' sold ( drank ) +on * fell 111 hurt , thre+ 111 cau$ht - spent 111 bou$ht 111 cost )1' & =id you $o alone2 ' 3as the food $ood2 ( 0o+ lon$ did you stay there2 ) =id you stay at a hotel2 * 0o+ did you travel2 , 3as the +eather fine2 - 3hat did you do in the evenin$s2 . =id you #eet anybody interestin$2 )1( ' didn7t disturb ( +ent ) didn7t sleep * didn7t eat , +asn7t - lau$hed . fle+ / didn7t cost didn7t have & +ere 5N"T * *1 Exa#ple ans+ersD ' " +as +orkin$1

( " +as in bed asleep1 ) " +as havin$ a #eal in a restaurant1 * " +as +atchin$ T? at ho#e1 *1& Exa#ple ans+ersD & +as havin$ a sho+er1 ' +ere +aitin$ for the bus1 ( +as readin$ the paper1 ) +as +atchin$ it1 *1' didn7t see 111 +as lookin$ & #et 111 +ere $oin$ 111 +as $oin$ 111 had 111 +ere +aitin$6+aited ' +as cyclin$ 111 stepped 111 +as $oin$ 111 #ana$ed 111 didn7t hit *1( & +ere you doin$ ' =id you $o ( +as +earin$ !+ore is also possible% ) +ere you drivin$ 111 happened * took 111 +asn7t lookin$ , didn7t kno+ - sa+ 111 +as tryin$ . +as +alkin$ 111 heard 111 +as follo+in$ 111 started / +anted 5N"T , ,1 & 8y father has started a ne+ Aob1 ' "7ve $iven up s#okin$16" have $iven 111 ( Charles and Sarah have $one to BraNil1 ) SuNanne has had a baby1 ,1& & She has broken her le$16She7s broken 111 ' 0er En$lish has i#proved16"t has i#proved16"t7s i#proved1 ( 0e has $ro+n a beard160e7s $ro+n 111 ) The letter has arrived16"t has arrived16"t7s arrived1 * The bus fare has $one up16"t has $one up16"t7s $one up1 ,1' & 7ve Aust seen6have Aust seen

' 7s already left6has already left ( haven7t read it yet ) 7s already seen has already seen * 7ve Aust arrived have Aust arrived , haven7t told hi# yet ,1( & he7s Aust $one out6he has Aust $one out ' " haven7t finished yet1 ( "7ve already done6" have already done ) 0ave you found a Aob yet2 * she7s Aust co#e back6she has Aust co#e back ,1) & been ' $one ( $one ) been 5N"T & 0ave you ever been to California2 ' 0ave you ever run a #arathon2 ( 0ave you ever spoken to a fa#ous person2 ) 0ave you al+ays lived in this to+n2 * 3hat7s the #ost beautiful place you7ve ever visited2 -1& & haven7t seen ' haven7t eaten ( " haven7t played !it% ) "7ve had6" have had * " haven7t read , "7ve never been6" haven7t been - has been late67s been late . "7ve never tried6" have never tried6"7ve never eaten / it7s happened6it has happened that7s happened6that has happened "7ve never seen her6" haven7t seen her -1' & haven7t read one6a ne+spaper

' it hasn7t #ade a profit16it has #ade a loss1 ( she hasn7t +orked !very% hard this ter#1 ) it hasn7t sno+ed !#uch% this +inter1 * haven7t +on #any6any $a#es this season1 -1( & 0ave you played tennis before2 No9 this is the first ti#e "7ve played tennis1 ' 0ave you ridden a horse before2 0ave you been on a horse before2 No9 this is the first ti#e "7ve ridden a horse16111 "7ve been on a horse1 ( 0ave you been to Fondon before2 No9 this is the first ti#e "7ve been to Fondon1 5N"T . .1 & have been playin$ tennis167ve been playin$ tennis1 ' has been +atchin$ television167s been +atchin$ television1 ( has been runnin$167s been runnin$1 .1& & 0ave you been +aitin$ lon$2 ' 3hat have you been doin$2 ( 0o+ lon$ have you been livin$ in Baker Street2 ) 0o+ lon$ have you been sellin$ co#puters2 .1' & have been +aitin$67ve been +aitin$ ' have been learnin$ Spanish 7ve been learnin$ Spanish @P' & ( She has been lookin$ for a Aob6She7s been lookin$16Ann has been lookin$1 ) She has been +orkin$ in Fondon She7s been +orkin$168ary has been +orkin$1 * have been +ritin$ to each other 7ve been +ritin$1 .1( & have been lookin$67ve been lookin$ ' are you lookin$ ( have been $oin$67ve been $oin$ ) have been thinkin$67ve been thinkin$

* is +orkin$67s +orkin$ , has been +orkin$67s been +orkin$ 5N"T / /1 & She has been travellin$ for three #onths1 She has visited six countries so far1 ' 0e has +on the national cha#pionship four ti#es1 0e has been playin$ tennis since he +as ten1 ( They have #ade ten fil#s since they left colle$e1 They have been #akin$ fil#s since they left colle$e1 /1& & 0o+ lon$ have you been +aitin$2 ' 0o+ #any fish have you cau$ht2 ( 0o+ #any people have you invited2 ) 0o+ lon$ have you been teachin$2 * 0o+ #any books have you +ritten2 0o+ lon$ have you been +ritin$ books2 , 0o+ lon$ have you been savin$2 0o+ #uch #oney have you saved2 /1' & has broken ' 0ave you been +orkin$ ( 0ave you ever +orked S has she $one * has appeared67s appeared , haven7t been +aitin$ - has stopped Ps stopped . have lost67ve lost 111 0ave you seen / have been readin$67ve been readin$ 111 haven7t finished have read 7ve read 5N"T 1 ' +ron$--have been #arried ( ri$ht ) +ron$--has been rainin$ * +ron$--have you been livin$ , +ron$--has been +orkin$

- ri$ht !see 5nit .A% . +ron$--haven7t s#oked / +ron$--have you had it 1& & 0o+ lon$ have you been teachin$ En$lish2 ' 0o+ lon$ have you kno+n Carol2 ( 0o+ lon$ has your brother been in Australia2 ) 0o+ lon$ have you had that Aacket2 * 0o+ lon$ has Alan +orked at the airport2 or 0o+ lon$ has Alan been +orkin$1 , 0o+ lon$ have you been havin$ drivin$ lessons2 - 0ave you al+ays lived in Ilas$o+2 1' ' has been67s been ( have been +aitin$67ve been +aitin$ ) have kno+n67ve kno+n * haven7t played , has been +atchin$67s been +atchin$ - haven7t +atched . have had67ve had / hasn7t been have been feelin$67ve been feelin$ or have felt67ve felt & has been livin$67s been livin$ ' haven7t been ( have al+ays +anted67ve al+ays +anted 5N"T & &1 & 0o+ lon$ has she been learnin$ "talian2 3hen did she start learnin$ "talian2 ' 0o+ lon$ have you kno+n hi#6111 kno+n 8artin2 3hen did you first #eet !hi#68artin%2 ( 0o+ lon$ have they been #arried2 3hen did they $et #arried2 !3hen did they #arry2 is possible but less usual% &1& ' been ill since Sunday

been ill for a fe+ days #arried t+o years a$o had it for ten years6had this ca#era for ten years to 4rance three +eeks a$o been +orkin$ in a hotel since Hune &1' & for ' for ( since ) Since * for , since - for . since &1( & No9 " haven7t eaten in a restaurant for a$es1 ' No9 " haven7t seen Sarah for about a #onth16No9 " haven7t seen her for1 ( No9 " haven7t been to the cine#a for a lon$ ti#e1 * No9 it7s a$es since " !last% ate in a restaurant1 , No9 it7s about a #onth since " !last% sa+ Sarah1 - No9 it7s a lon$ ti#e since " !last% +ent to the cine#a1 5N"T ' '1 & has $one to bed67s $one to bed ' has fallen6has dropped6 has $one do+n ( has turned on the li$ht6has turned the li$ht on6has turned it on ) has $ro+n67s $ro+n * has taken off '1& ' +ent ( has $one67s $one ) have for$otten67ve for$otten * for$ot , had - has been67s been

( ) * , -

. haven7t finished / has Aust $one67s Aust $one arrested & $ave 111 lost or have lost67ve lost ' +as 111 has disappeared67s disappeared ( have i#proved67ve i#proved '1' ' +ron$--did Shakespeare +rite ( ri$ht ) +ron$--+as * ri$ht , +ron$--8y $randparents $ot #arried1 - +ron$--+ere you born . ri$ht / +ron$--+as the scientist +ho developed1 @p' ' '1( & has broken did that happen fell ' 0ave you had cut 111 =id you $o did 5N"T ( (1 ' ri$ht ( +ron$--" bou$ht ) +ron$--+ere you * +ron$--Aenny left school , ri$ht - ri$ht . +ron$--+asn7t / +ron$--3hen +as this book published (1& & The +eather has been cold recently1 ' "t +as cold last +eek1 ( " didn7t read a ne+spaper yesterday1 ) " haven7t read a ne+spaper today1 * Ann has earned a lot of #oney this year1 , She didn7t earn so #uch last year1

- 0ave you had a holiday recently2 (1' & $ot 111 +as 111 +ent ' 0ave you +ashed it2 !=id you +ash it2 is also possible% ( +asn7t ) +orked * has lived " 7s lived , =id you $o 111 +as 111 +as - " died 111 never #et . have never #et6"7ve never #et hi# / "7# afraid he has $one out16111 he7s $one out1 3hen exactly did he $o out2 0o+ lon$ have you lived there2 3here did you live before that2 And ho+ lon$ did you live in Chica$o2 (1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & " haven7t bou$ht anythin$ today1 ' " didn7t +atch T? yesterday1 ( " +ent out +ith so#e friends yesterday evenin$1 ) " haven7t been to the cine#a recently1 * "7ve been s+i##in$ a lot recently1 5N"T ) )1 & "t had chan$ed a lot1 ' She had arran$ed to do so#ethin$ else16She7d arran$ed1 ( The fil# had already be$un1 ) hadn7t seen hi# for five years1 * She had Aust had breakfast16She7d Aust had1 )1& & " had never seen her before16"7d never seen1 ' 0e had never played tennis before160e7d never played1 ( 3e had never been there before163e7d never been there before1 or 111 been to =en#ark before1 )1' called the police & there +as 111 had $one "7d $one ' had Aust co#e back fro# holiday67d Aust co#e 111 looked very

+ell ( had a phone call fro# Sally +as had +ritten to her " 7d +ritten1 had never replied to his letters67d never replied1 )1( & +ent ' had $one ( broke ) sa+ 111 had broken 111 stopped 5N"T * *1 & They had been playin$ football16They7d been playin$ 111 ' So#ebody had been s#okin$ in the roo#1 ( She had been drea#in$16She7d been drea#in$1 ) 0e had been +atchin$ T?160e7d been +atchin$1 *1& & " had been +aitin$ for &/ #inutes +hen " suddenly realised that " +as in the +ron$ restaurant1 ' At the ti#e the factory closed do+n9 Sarah had been +orkin$ there for five years1 ( The orchestra had been playin$ for about ten #inutes +hen a #a in the audience suddenly be$an shoutin$ ) Exa#ple ans+erD " had been +alkin$ alon$ the road for about ten #inutes +hen a car suddenly stopped Aust behind #e1 *1' ' +as +alkin$ ( had67d been runnin$ ) +ere eatin$ * had been eatin$ !had eaten is also possible% , +as lookin$ - +as +aitin$ 111 had been +aitin$67d been +aitin$ . had had67d had / had67d been travellin$ 5N"T , ,1 ' " haven7t $ot a ladder16" don7t have a ladder1

3e didn7t have enou$h ti#e1 0e didn7t have a #ap1 She hasn7t $ot any #oney16She doesn7t have any #oney1 They haven7t $ot a key16They don7t have a key1 " didn7t have a ca#era1 ,1& & 0ave you $ot6=o you have ' =id you have ( 0ave you $ot6=o you have ) did you have * 0ave you $ot6=o you have , =id you have ,1' Exa#ple ans+ersD & "7ve $ot a bicycle !no+%1 " didn7t have a bicycle !ten years a$o%1 ' " haven7t $ot a $uitar !no+%1 " had a $uitar !ten years a$o%1 ( "7ve $ot a do$ !no+%1 " had a do$ !ten years a$o%1 ,1( & has a s+i# ' had a party ( have a look ) is havin$ a rest67s havin$ a rest * had a chat , =id you have a nice ti#e - had a baby . had a ci$arette / +as havin$ a sho+er =id you have a $ood fli$ht 5N"T -1 & used to have6used to ride ' used to live ( used to like6used to love6used to eat ) used to be @p' ( * used to take , used to be

( ) * , -

- did you use to $o -1& '-* 0e used to $o to bed early1 0e used to run three #iles every #ornin$1 0e didn7t use to $o out in the evenin$1 0e didn7t use to spend #uch #oney16111 spend a lot of #oney -1' &- / She used to play the piano but she hasn7t played !the piano% for years1 She used to be very laNy but she +orks very hard these days1 She didn7t use to like cheese but she eats lots of cheese no+1 She used to have a do$ but it died t+o years a$o1 She used to be a hotel receptionist but she +orks in a bookshop no+1 She used to have lots of friends but she doesn7t kno+ #any people these days1 She never used to read ne+spapers but she reads a ne+spaper every day no+1 She didn7t use to drink tea but she likes it no+1 She used to $o to a lot of parties but she hasn7t been to a party for a$es1 5N"T . .1 & 0o+ lon$ are you stayin$2 ' 3hen are you $oin$2 ( Are you $oin$ alone2 ) Are you travellin$ by car2 * 3here are you stayin$2 .1& & a# +orkin$ late67# +orkin$ late or 111 +orkin$ till . o7clock ' "7# $oin$ to the theatre !+ith #y #other% ( "7# #eetin$ Hulia .1' Exa#ple ans+ersD & "7# $oin$ to +ork to#orro+ #ornin$1

' "7# not doin$ anythin$ to#orro+ evenin$1 ( "7# playin$ football next Sunday1 ) "7# $oin$ to a party this evenin$1 .1( ' are havin$67re havin$ ( opens 111 finishes ) a# not $oin$67# not $oin$ 111 a# stayin$67# stayin$ * Are you doin$ , are $oin$67re $oin$ 111 be$ins - does this train $et . a# $oin$ 67# $oin$ 111 Are you co#in$ / is co#in$ 111 is travellin$67s travellin$ 111 arrives 111 a# #eetin$67# #eetin$ a# not usin$67# not usin$ & does it finish 5N"T &/ &/1 & "7# $oin$ to phone her later1 ' "7# $oin$ to do it this afternoon1 ( Not yet1 "7# $oin$ to read it after dinner1 ) !Not yet1% "7# Aust $oin$ to have it1 &/1& & 3hat are you $oin$ to +ear2 ' 3here are you $oin$ to put it2 ( 3ho are you $oin$ to invite2 &/1' & "7# $oin$ to $ive it up1 ' "7# not $oin$ to take it1 ( "7# $oin$ to co#plain1 &/1( & 0e is $oin$ to be late1 ' The boat is $oin$ to sink1 ( She is $oin$ to run out of petrol1 &/1) & +ere $oin$ to play ' +as $oin$ to phone

( +as $oin$ to $ive up ) +ere $oin$ to have 5N"T & & 1 & "7ll turn6"7ll s+itch6"7ll put ' "7ll $o ( "7ll do ) "7ll sho+6"7ll teach * "7ll have , "7ll send - "7ll $ive6"7ll brin$ . "7ll stay6"7ll +ait & 1' ' "7ll #eet ( "7ll lend ) "7# havin$ * " +on7t for$et , does your train leave - +on7t tell . Are you doin$ / 3ill you co#e +on7t tell & 1( & Shall " buy it2 ' 3hat shall " $ive6buy6$et Ann !for her birthday%2 ( 3here shall +e $o2 ) Shall +e $o by car or !shall +e% +alk26111 or !shall +e $o% on foot2 * 3hat ti#e shall " phone !you%2 5N"T && &&1 & "7# $oin$ ' +ill $et ( is co#in$ ) +e are $oin$ * "t +on7t hurt

&&1& & +ill look ' +ill like67ll like ( +ill $et67ll $et ) +ill be67ll be * +ill #eet67ll #eet , +ill co#e67ll co#e - +ill be67ll be &&1' & +on7t ' +ill67ll ( +on7t ) +ill67ll * +on7t &&1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & "7ll be in bed1 ' "7ll beat +ork1 ( " expect "7ll be at ho#e1 ) " don7t kno+ +here "7ll be this ti#e next year1 &&1) & =o you think it +ill rain2 ' 3hen do you think it +ill finish2 ( 0o+ #uch do you think it +ill cost2 ) =o you think they7ll $et #arried2 111 they +ill $et #arried2 * 3hat ti#e do you think you7ll be back26111 you +ill be back2 , 3hat do you think +ill happen2 @p' ) 5N"T &' &'1 & "7ll lend ' "7ll $et ( "7# $oin$ to +ash ) are you $oin$ to paint * "7# $oin$ to buy , "7ll sho+

- "7ll have . "7ll do / it is $oin$ to fall 0e7s $oin$ to have 111 he7s $oin$ to do &'1& "7ll $et & "7# $oin$ to sit 111 "7ll Aoin ' you7ll find ( "7# not $oin$ to apply ) Eou7ll +ake !Eou7re $oin$ to +ake is also possible% * "7ll take 111 3e7ll leave 111 Ann is $oin$ to take 5N"T &( &(1 & b is true ' a and c are true ( b and d are true ) c and d are true * c is true &(1& & 3e7ll have finished ' +e7ll be playin$ ( "7ll be +orkin$ ) the #eetin$ +ill have finished * he7ll have spent , he7ll have been - you7ll still be doin$ . she7ll have travelled / "7ll be stayin$ 3ill you be seein$ 5N"T &) &)1 & $oes ' +ill tell67ll tell 111 co#e ( see 111 +on7t reco$nise6+ill not reco$nise ) is67s * +ill +ait67ll +ait 111 are67re

, +ill be67ll be 111 $ets - is . phones 111 a#67# &)1& & "7ll $ive you #y address +hen " find so#e+here to live1 or 111 +hen "7ve found so#e+here to live1 ' "7ll co#e strai$ht back ho#e after " do the shoppin$1 or 111 after "7ve done the shoppin$1 ( Fet7s $o ho#e before it starts rainin$1 ) " +on7t speak to her until she apolo$ises1 or 111 until she has apolo$ised1 &)1' & you leave6you $o ' you finish +ith it6+hen you finish readin$ it or you7ve finished +ith it you7ve finished readin$ it you7ve read it ( you decide6you7ve decided ) they finish the ne+ road or they7ve finished the ne+ road or they7ve built the ne+ road &)1( & "f ' 3hen ( if ) "f * +hen , if - if 5N"T &* &*1 ' can ( been able to ) be able to * can , be able to &*1& Exa#ple ans+ersD & " used to be able to run fast1 ' "7d like to be able to play a #usical instru#ent1 ( "7ve never been able to $et up early1 &*1' & could run ' can +ait ( couldn7t eat

) can7t hear * couldn7t sleep &*1( & +ere able to find it1 ' " +as able to finish it1 ( +as able to $et a+ay1 &*1) ( couldn7t6+asn7t able to ) +as able to * could6+as able to , +as able to - could6+as able to . +ere able to / couldn7t6+asn7t able to 5N"T &, &,1 & 3e could have fish1 ' Eou could $ive her a book1 ( Eou could phone her no+1 ) 3e could $o !and see hi#% on 4riday1 * 3e could han$ it in the kitchen1 &,1& & could ' can6could ( could ) could * can , can6could - could &,1' & could have $one ' could apply ( could have $one ) could co#e &,1( & Gen couldn7t have $one out !for a #eal% on 4riday evenin$ !because he had to +ork%1 ' Gen could have played tennis on 8onday afternoon1 ( 0e couldn7t have lent Hack F)/ !because he +as short of #oney%1 or 0e couldn7t have lent hi# F)/1

) 0e could have co#e to Hane7s party1 or 0e could have $one to1 * 0e couldn7t have repaired her +ashin$ #achine !because he doesn7t kno+ anythin$ about #achines%1 5N"T &&-1 & #ust ' can7t ( #ust ) can7t * #ust , #ust - can7t &-1& ' be ( have been ) be * $o or have been , be $oin$ - have taken6have stolen . have been / be follo+in$ &-1' ' "t #ust have been very expensive1 ( They #ust have $one a+ay1 ) " #ust have left it in the restaurant last ni$ht1 @p' * * The exa# can7t have been very difficult1 , She #ust have been listenin$ to our conversation16She #ust have listened to1 - She can7t have understood +hat " said1 . " #ust have for$otten to turn it off1 / The driver can7t have seen the red li$ht1 The nei$hbours #ust have been havin$ a party1 5N"T &. &.1 & She #ay6#i$ht be busy1 ' She #ay6#i$ht be +orkin$1 ( She #ay6#i$ht +ant to be alone1 ) She #ay6#i$ht have been ill yesterday1 * She #ay6#i$ht have $one ho#e early1

, She #ay6#i$ht have had to $o ho#e early1 - She #ay6#i$ht have been +orkin$ yesterday1 . She #ay6#i$ht not +ant to see #e1 / She #ay6#i$ht not be +orkin$ today1 She #ay6#i$ht not have been 1feelin$ +ell yesterday1 &.1& & be ' have been ( be +aitin$ ) have or have read &.1' & a1 She #ay6#i$ht be +atchin$ T? in her roo#1 b1 She #ay6#i$ht have $one out1 ' a1 "t #ay6#i$ht be in the car1 b1 Eou #ay6#i$ht have left it in the restaurant last ni$ht1 ( a1 0e #ay6#i$ht have been in the bath1 b1 0e #ay6#i$ht not have heard the bell1 &.1( ' #i$ht not have been invited1 ( couldn7t have been invited1 ) couldn7t have been an accident1 * #i$ht not have been an accident1 5N"T '/ '/1 & " #ay6#i$ht buy a 8ercedes1 ' " #ay6#i$ht $o to Fondon1 ( " #ay6#i$ht han$ it in the dinin$ roo#1 ) 0e #ay6#i$ht co#e on Saturday1 * She #ay6#i$ht $o to university1 '/1& & #i$ht +ake ' #i$ht bite ( #i$ht need ) #i$ht slip * #i$ht break '/1'

& #i$ht be able to #eet6see ' #i$ht have to +ork ( #i$ht have to $o '/1( & " #ay6#i$ht not $o out this evenin$1 ' To# #ay6#i$ht not like the present " bou$ht for hi#1 ( Sue #ay6#i$ht not be able to #eet us this evenin$1 '/1) & #ay6#i$ht as +ell $o ' #ay6#i$ht as +ell have another drink ( 3e #ay6#i$ht as +ell +atch it1 or 111 +atch the fil#1 5N"T ' ' 1 ' have to ( #ust or have to ) had to * #ust or have to , have to - have to . has to / have to had to & has had to ' 1& & do you have to $et up6have you $ot to $et up ' does !she% have to $o26has !she% $ot to $o2 ( did he have to pay2 ) did you have to +ait2 * do you have to phone her no+26have you $ot to phone her no+2 , does he have to leave26has he $ot to leave2 ' 1' & don7t have to pay ' didn7t have to +ait ( doesn7t have to +ork ) don7t have to $o * doesn7t have to shave

don7t have to do didn7t have to $o 1( don7t have to #ustn7t don7t have to #ustn7t doesn7t have to #ustn7t #ustn7t / don7t have to 5N"T '& '&1 & needn7t co#e ' needn7t +alk ( needn7t ask ) needn7t tell * needn7t explain '&1& ' needn7t ( #ust ) #ustn7t * needn7t , needn7t - #ust 111 #ustn7t . needn7t 111 #ust '&1' & She needn7t have bou$ht any e$$s1 ' Eou needn7t have shouted !at #e%1 ( 0e needn7t have sold his car1 ) 3e needn7t have taken the ca#era1 * " needn7t have rushed6" needn7t have hurried1 '&1( & Eou needn7t have +alked ho#e1 Eou could have taken a taxi1 ' Eou needn7t have stayed at a hotel1 Eou could have stayed +ith us1

, ' ' ( ) * , .

( She needn7t have phoned #e in the #iddle of the ni$ht9 She could have phoned #e in the #ornin$1 ) Eou needn7t have left +ithout sayin$ anythin$1 Eou could have said $oodbye to #e1 5N"T '' ''1 & Eou should look for another Aob1 ' 0e shouldn7t $o to bed so late1 ( Eou should take a photo$raph1 @p' , ) She shouldn7t use her car so #uch1 * 0e should put so#e pictures on the +alls1 ''1& & " think s#okin$ should be banned in restaurants1 ' " don7t think you should $o out this evenin$1 ( " think the $overn#ent should resi$n1 ''1' ' should co#e ( should do ) should have done * should +in , should have +on - should be . should have arrived ''1( ' 3e should have reserved a table1 ( The shop should be open16The shop should have opened by no+1 or "t should ) She shouldn7t be drivin$ so fast1 or She shouldn7t be doin$ )/ #iles an hour1 * Eou should have co#e to see #e1 , The driver in front shouldn7t have stopped +ithout +arnin$1 - " should have been lookin$ +here " +as $oin$1 or " should have looked +here " +as $oin$1 5N"T '( '(1

& " should stay6" stay6" stayed a little lon$er1 ' they should visit6they visit6they visited the #useu# after lunch1 ( +e should pay6+e pay6+e paid the rent by 4riday1 ) " should $o6" $o6" +ent a+ay for a fe+ days1 '(1& b1 ri$ht c1 ri$ht d1 +ron$ & a1 ri$ht b1 +ron$ c1 ri$ht '(1' & should say ' should +orry ( should leave ) should ask * should listen '(1( & "f Ann should arrive before " $et ho#e ' "f there should be so#e6any letters for #e +hile "7# a+ay ( "f you should need !any% help ) Should there be so#e6any letters for #e +hile "7# a+ay * Should you need !any% help9 let #e kno+1 '(1) & " should keep ' " should phone ( " should buy 5N"T ') ')1 b1 had or 7d c1 close or shut d1 hadn7t & a1 did b1 +as done c1 thou$ht ')1& & Eou7d better put a plaster on it1 ' 3e7d better reserve a table163e7d better phone to reserve 111 ( Eou7d better not $o to +ork1 ) "7d better pay the phone bill1 or 111 pay #y phone bill1

* "7d better not $o out1 , 3e7d better take a taxi1 or 111 $et a taxi ')1 ' ' had better67d better or should ( should ) should * had better67d better , should - should ')1( & had a holiday1 ' +as here1 ( "t7s ti#e the train left1 ) "t7s ti#e " had a party1 * "t7s ti#e so#e chan$es +ere #ade16"t7s ti#e there +ere so#e chan$es1 5N"T '* '*1 & Can6Could " leave a #essa$e2 or Can6Could you $ive her a #essa$e2 ' Can6Could you tell #e ho+ to $et to the station2 or 11 the +ay to the station2 or 111 +here the station is2 ( Can6Could " try on these trousers2 or Can6Could " try these !trousers% on2 ) Can " $ive you a lift2 '*1& & =o you think " could use your phone2 ' =o you think you could check this letter !for #e%2 ( =o you think " could leave +ork early2 ) =o you think you could turn the #usic do+n2 or 111 turn it do+n2 * =o you think " could co#e and see the flat2 '*1' 3ould you like so#ethin$ to eat2 or Can " offer you so#ethin$ to eat2 & Can6Could63ould you sho+ #e2 or =o you think you could sho+ #e2 or 111 do it for #e2

' Can6Could68ay " have a look at your ne+spaper2 or =o you think " could 1112 ( 3ould you like to sit do+n2 or Can " offer you a seat2 ) Can6Could63ould you slo+ do+n2 or =o you think you could 1112 * Can6Could68ay "6+e have the bill9 please2 or =o you think "6+e could have 1112 or Can6Could you brin$ #e6us the bill9 please2 , 3ould you like to borro+ it2 or 111 to read it2 5N"T ', ',1 ' +ould take67d take ( refused ) +ouldn7t $et * closed do+n !or +as6+ere closed do+n% , pressed - +ould be67d be . didn7t co#e / borro+ed +alked & +ould understand ',1& & 3hat +ould you do if your car +as stolen or 111 +ere stolen ' 3hat +ould you do if you lost your passport% ( 3hat +ould you do if there +as a fire in the buildin$2 or 111 if there +ere a fire in the buildin$2 ',1' & "f he took the exa#ination9 he7d fail1 or 111 he +ould fail1 ' "f +e stayed at a hotel9 it +ould cost too #uch #oney1 @p' ( "f she applied for the Aob9 she +ouldn7t $et it1 ) "f +e told the# the truth9 they +ouldn7t believe us1 * "f +e invited Bill to the party9 +e7d have to invite his friends too1 ',1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & so#ebody broke into #y house1 ' "7d have a #uch nicer day than usual1 ( you +ere invited2 ) you7d look #uch nicer1

* " didn7t co#e out +ith you this evenin$2 5N"T ''-1 ' +ould help67d help ( lived ) +ould live67d live * +ould taste , +as6+ere - +ouldn7t +ait 111 +ould $o67d $o . didn7t $o / +eren7t 111 +ouldn7t be '-1& & "f he spoke #ore clearly9 people +ould understand hi#1 ' "f the book +asn7t6+eren7t so expensive9 "7d buy it6" +ould buy it1 or "f the book +as6+ere cheaper9 111 ( "f +e could afford it9 +e7d6+e +ould $o out #ore often1 ) "f it +asn7t6+eren7t rainin$9 +e could have lunch in the $arden1 * "f " didn7t have to +ork to#orro+ evenin$9 " could6" +ould6"7d #eet you1 or 111 "7d be able to #eet you1 '-1' & " had a key1 ' " +ish Ann +as6+ere here1 ( " +ish it +asn7t6+eren7t !so% cold1 ) " +ish " didn7t live in a bi$ city1 * " +ish " could $o to the party1 , " +ish " didn7t have to +ork to#orro+1 - " +ish " kne+ so#ethin$ about cars1 . " +ish " +as6+ere lyin$ on a beautiful sunny beach1 '-1( Exa#ple ans+ersD " +ish " +as at ho#e1 & " +ish " had a bi$ $arden1 ' " +ish " could tell Aokes1 ( " +ish " +as taller1 5N"T '. '.1 & he7d #issed6he had #issed 111 he +ould have been6he7d have

been ' " +ould have for$otten6"7d have for$otten 111 you hadn7t re#inded ( "7d had6" had had 111 "7d have sent6" +ould have sent ) +e7d have enAoyed6+e +ould have enAoyed 111 the +eather had been * "t +ould have been 111 "7d +alked 6 " had +alked , " +as6" +ere - "7d been tired6" had been tired '.1& & "f the driver in front hadn7t stopped so suddenly9 the accident +ouldn7t have happened1 ' "f "7d6" had kno+n that Ieor$e had to $et up early9 "7d6" +ould have +oken hi# up1 ( "f Hi# hadn7t lent #e the #oney9 " +ouldn7t have been able to buy the car1 or 111 " couldn7t have bou$ht the car1 ) "f 8ar$aret hadn7t been +earin$ a seat belt9 she7d6she +ould have been inAured1 * "f you7d6you had had !so#e% breakfast9 you +ouldn7t be hun$ry no+1 , "f "7d6" had had so#e #oney on #e9 "7d6" +ould have $ot a taxi1 '.1' & " +ish "7d6" had applied for it1 or 111 for the Aob1 ' " +ish "7d6" had learned to play a #usical instru#ent1 ( " +ish " hadn7t painted it red16111 painted the $ate red1 ) " +ish "7d6" had brou$ht #y ca#era1 * " +ish they7d6they had told #e they +ere co#in$1 or " +ish "7d6" had kno+n they +ere co#in$1 5N"T (/ (/1 & +ould enAoy 7d enAoy ' +ould have enAoyed67d have enAoyed ( +ould have phoned67d have phoned ) +ould be67d be * +ould have stopped 7d have stopped (/1&

& 0e pro#ised he +ould +rite to #e1 ' They pro#ised they +ould +ait for us1 ( Eou pro#ised you +ouldn7t tell Hill +hat " said1 (/1' & " +ish Hohn +ould co#e1 " +ish he +ould co#e1 ' " +ish the baby +ould stop cryin$ ( " +ish so#ebody +ould $ive #e a Aob1 ) " +ish you +ould buy so#e ne+ clothes1 or 111 $et so#e ne+ clothes1 * " +ish you +ouldn7t drive so fast1 , " +ish you +ouldn7t !al+ays% leave the door open1 - " +ish people +ouldn7t drop litter in the street1 (/1( & ri$ht ' +ron$--" +ish " had #ore #oney ( +ron$--" +ish it +asn7t6+eren7t so cold today1 ) ri$ht * ri$ht , +ron$--" +ish everythin$ +asn7t6+eren7t so expensive1 (/1) & +ould shake ' +ould al+ays for$et ( +ould share 5N"T ( ( 1 & is #ade ' +as da#a$ed ( is included ) +ere invited * are sho+n , are held - +as +ritten 111 +as translated . +ere overtaken ( 1& & 0o+ is $lass #ade2 ' 3hen +as Australia discovered2

( 3hat is silver used for2 ) 3hen +as television invented2 ( 1' & covers ' is covered ( are locked ) +as posted 111 arrived * sank 111 +as rescued , died 111 +ere brou$ht - $re+ @p' . . +as stolen / disappeared did Sue resi$n & +as Bill sacked ' is o+ned ( called 111 +as inAured 111 +asn7t needed ) +ere these photo$raphs taken 111 =id you take ( 1( & All fli$hts +ere cancelled because of fo$1 ' This road isn7t used very often1 ( " +as accused of stealin$ #oney1 ) 0o+ are lan$ua$es learnt2 * 3e +ere advised not to $o out alone1 5N"T (& (&1 & can7t be broken1 ' can be eaten1 ( it can7t be used1 ) it can7t be seen1 * it can be carried1 (&1& ' he #ade ( be +oken up ) be spent * have been repaired

, be carried - have been caused (&1' & The concert has been postponed1 ' The co#puter is bein$ used at the #o#ent1 ( " didn7t realise that our conversation +as bein$ recorded1 ) 111 +e found that the $a#e had been cancelled1 * A ne+ rin$ road is bein$ built round the city1 , A ne+ hospital has been built near the airport1 (&1( ' "t has been stolenL6"t7s been stolen2 ( So#ebody has taken it1 or 111 taken #y u#brella1 ) 0e has been pro#oted160e7s been pro#oted1 or 0e +as pro#oted1 * "t is bein$ redecorated16"t7s bein$ redecorated1 , "t is +orkin$ a$ain16"t7s +orkin$ a$ain 1 "t has been repaired1 "t7s been repaired1 - T+o people +ere arrested last ni$ht1 . "t had been blo+n do+n in the stor#1 or "t +as blo+n do+n1 / Nobody has seen hi# since then1 0ave you ever been #u$$ed2 5N"T (' ('1 &-*D Beethoven +as born in ,,/1 A$atha Christie +as born in -. 1 Ialileo +as born in )*(1 8ahat#a Iandhi +as born in -*.1 8artin Futher Gin$ +as born in .&.1 Elvis Presley +as born in .')1 Feonardo da ?inci +as born in ()&1 3illia# Shakespeire +as born in )*(1 , " +as born in 111 ('1& & " +as asked so#e difficult ;uestions at the intervie+1 ' Hanet +as $iven a present by her collea$ues +hen she retired1

( " +asn7t told that Ieor$e +as ill1 ) 0o+ #uch +ill you be paid2 * " think To# should have been offered the Aob1 , 0ave you been sho+n +hat to do2 ('1' & bein$ invited ' bein$ $iven ( bein$ attacked ) bein$ asked * bein$ paid ('1( & $ot stun$ ' $et broken ( $et used ) $ot stolen * $ot stopped , $et paid - $et da#a$ed6$et broken . $et asked 5N"T (( ((1 & The +eather is expected to be $ood to#orro+1 ' The thieves are believed to have $et in throu$h the kitchen +indo+1 ( 8any people are reported to be ho#eless after the floods1 ) The prisoner is thou$ht to have escaped by cli#bin$ over a +all1 * The #an is alle$ed to have driven throu$h the to+n at ./ #iles an hour1 , The buildin$ is reported to have been badly da#a$ed by fire1 - a1 The co#pany is said to be losin$ a lot of #oney1 b1 The co#pany is believed to have lost a lot of #oney last year1 c1 The co#pany is expected to lose #oney this year1 ((1& & 0e is supposed to be very rich1 ' 0e is supposed to +rite poetry1 ( 0e is supposed to have & children1

) 0e is supposed to have robbed a bank a lon$ ti#e a$o1 ((1' ' are67re supposed to be ( are67re supposed to start ) aren7t67re not supposed to block * +as supposed to phone , +eren7t supposed to arrive or 111 supposed to co#e 5N"T () ()1 b &a 'a (b ()1& & To have it cleaned1 ' To have it repaired1 ( To have #y hair cut1 ()1' & " had it cut1 ' They had it painted1 ( She had the# #ade1 ()1( & have another key #ade ' had your hair cut ( 0ave you had your hair cut ) =o you have a ne+spaper delivered * are havin$ a s+i##in$ pool built , haven7t had the fil# developed - have it cleaned . have your ears pierced ()1) & She had her ba$ stolen on a train1 ' 0e had his hat blo+n off in the +ind1 ( She had her passport taken a+ay fro# her by the police1 @p' . 5N"T (* (*1 & 0e said that his father +asn7t very +ell1 ' 0e said that Sharon and Paul +ere $ettin$ #arried next #onth1

( 0e said that 8ar$aret had had a baby1 She said that he didn7t kno+ +hat 4red +as doin$1 * 0e said that he had6he7d seen 0elen at a party in Hune and she had see#ed fine1 or 0e said that he sa+ 0elen1 and she see#ed1 , 0e said that he hadn7t seen =iane recently1 - 0e said that he +asn7t enAoyin$ his Aob very #uch1 . 0e said that " could co#e and stay at his flat if " +as ever in Fondon1 / 0e said that his car had been stolen a fe+ +eeks a$o1 or 111 that his car +as stolen1 0e said he +anted to $o on holiday but he couldn7t afford it1 & 0e said he +ould6he7d tell Ann he had6he7d seen #e1 or 111 he sa+ #e1 (*1& Exa#ple ans+ersD & " thou$ht you said she +asn7t co#in$16111 she +as $oin$ so#e+here else1 ' " thou$ht you said she didn7t like hi#1 ( " thou$ht you said you didn7t kno+ #any people1 ) " thou$ht you said you +ouldn7t be here next +eek16111 you +ould be a+ay1 * " thou$ht you said you +ere stayin$ at ho#e16111 you +eren7t $oin$ out1 , " thou$ht you said you couldn7t speak !any% 4rench1 - " thou$ht you said you +ent to the cine#a last +eek16111 you had been to the cine#a last +eek1 5N"T (, (,1 & But you said you didn7t like fish1 ' But you said you couldn7t drive1 ( But you said Hane had a very +ell-paid Aob1 ) But you said you didn7t have any brothers or sisters1 * But you said you had never been to the 5nited States1 , But you said you +ere +orkin$ to#orro+ evenin$1 - But you said Hane +as a friend of yours1 (,1& & Tell ' Say ( said

) told * said , tell 111 said - tell 111 say . told / said (,1' & her to slo+ do+n1 ' her not to +orry1 ( asked To# to $ive #e a hand1 ) asked #e to open #y ba$1 * asked hi# to repeat +hat he !had% said1 , told her not to +ait for #e if " +as late1 - asked her to #arry hi#1 . " told hi# to #ind his o+n business1 5N"T ((-1 & 3here do you live no+2 ' Are you #arried2 ( 0o+ lon$ have you been #arried2 ) 0ave you $ot !any% children2 or =o you have !any% children2 * 0o+ old are they2 , 3hat does your husband do% - =oes he enAoy his Aob2 . =id he arrest anyone yesterday2 / 0o+ often do you $o on holiday2 3here are you $oin$ next year% or 3here are you $oin$ to $o 112 (-1& ' 3ho $ave you the key2 or 3ho $ave it to you2 ( 3hat happened2 ) 3hat did she tell you2 or 3hat did =iane tell you2 * 3ho does it belon$ to2 or 3ho does this book 1112 , 3ho lives in that house2 or 3ho lives there2 - 3hat did you fall over2 . 3hat fell on the floor2 / 3hat does it #ean2 or 3hat does this +ord #ean2 3ho did you borro+ it fro#2 or 111 borro+ the #oney fro#2

& 3hat are you +orried about2 (-1' & 0o+ is cheese #ade2 ' 3hen +as the co#puter invented2 ( 3hy isn7t Sue +orkin$ today2 ) 3hat ti#e are your friends co#in$2 * 3hy +as the concert cancelled2 , 3here +as your #other born2 - 3hy didn7t you co#e to the party2 . 0o+ did the accident happen2 / 3hy doesn7t this #achine +ork2 (-1( & =on7t you like hi#2 ' "sn7t it $ood2 ( 0aven7t you $ot any2 =on7t you have any2 5N"T (. (.1 & Could you tell #e +here the post office is2 ' " +onder +hat the ti#e is1 ( " +ant to kno+ +hat this +ord #eans1 ) =o you kno+ +hat ti#e they left2 * " don7t kno+ if6+hether Sue is $oin$ out toni$ht1 , 0ave you any idea +here Carol lives2 - " can7t re#e#ber +here " parked the car1 . Can you tell #e if!+hether there is a bank near here2 / Tell #e +hat you +ant1 " don7t kno+ +hy Gay didn7t co#e to the party1 & =o you kno+ if6+hether you have to pay to park here2 ' "7ve no idea +ho that +o#an is1 ( =o you kno+ if6+hether Ann received #y letter2 ) Can you tell #e ho+ far it is to the airport2 (.1& she has $one & +hen she +ill be back6+hen she7ll be back ' if6+hether she +ent out alone (.1'

& 0e asked #e +here " had been1 or 111 +here "7d been1 ' 0e asked #e ho+ lon$ " had been back1 or 111 ho+ lon$ "7d been back1 ( 0e asked #e +hat " +as doin$ no+1 ) 0e asked #e +here " +as livin$1 * 0e asked #e +hy " had co#e back6111 +hy "7d co#e back6111 +hy " ca#e back1 @p'& , 0e asked #e if6+hether " +as $lad to be back1 - 0e asked #e if6+hether " had any plans to $o a+ay a$ain1 . 0e asked #e if6+hether " could lend hi# so#e #oney1 5N"T )/ )/1 & doesn7t ' +as ( +ill ) a# 111 isn7t * should , +on7t - do . could / +ould 111 could 111 can7t )/1& ' =o you2 " don7t1 ( =idn7t you2 " did1 ) 0aven7t you2 " have1 * =id you2 " didn7t1 )/1' Exa#ple ans+ersD ' So did " or =id you2 " didn7t1 ( Neither +ill " or 3on7t you2 3hy not2 ) So do " or =o you2 " live in a villa$e1 * So +ould " or 3ould you2 " +ouldn7t1 , Neither can " or Can7t you2 " can1 )/1( & " hope so1 ' " expect so1 ( " don7t think so1 ) "7# afraid not1 * "7# afraid so1 , " suppose so1

- " hope not1 . " think so1 5N"T ) ) 1 ' haven7t you ( " +ere you ) does she * isn7t he , hasn7t she - can7t you . +ill he / aren7t there shall +e & is it ' aren7t " ( +ould you ) +ill you * should " , +ill you - had he ) 1& & "t7s !very% expensive9 isn7t it2 ' The fil# +as $reat9 +asn7t it2 ( She has6She has $ot6She7s $ot a lovely voice9 hasn7t she2 or She has a lovely voice9 doesn7t she2 ) "t doesn7t look very $ood9 does it2 * Eou7ve had your hair cut9 haven7t you2 , This brid$e isn7t very safe9 is it2 ) 1' & Hack9 you couldn7t $et #e so#e sta#ps9 could you2 ' Gate9 you don7t kno+ +here Ann is9 do you2 or 111 you haven7t seen Ann9 have you2 ( 0elen9 you haven7t $ot a bicycle pu#p9 have you2 or 111 you don7t have a bicycle pu#p9 do you2 ) :obin9 you haven7t seen #y keys have you2 5N"T )&

)&1 & #akin$ ' listenin$ ( applyin$ ) +ashin$ * bein$ , +orkin$ - usin$ . seein$ / +ritin$ bein$ & tryin$ )&1& & playin$ tennis ' drivin$ too fast ( $oin$ for a s+i# ) breakin$ into the shop * +aitin$ a fe+ #inutes )&1' & travellin$ durin$ the rush hour ' $oin$ a+ay !until% to#orro+ ( not havin$ a licence ) turnin$ the radio do+n * not interruptin$ #e all the ti#e )&1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & $oin$ out ' sittin$ on the floor ( havin$ a picnic ) lau$hin$ * breakin$ do+n 5N"T )' )'1 & She a$reed to help hi#1 ' 0e offered to carry her ba$1 ( They arran$ed to #eet at - o7clock1 ) She refused to tell hi# her na#e1 )'1& & to $et ' to buy6to have6to drive ( !ho+% to use6!ho+% to operate ) to be

* say or to say )'1' & to $o ' $oin$ ( +aitin$ ) to $o * barkin$ , to call - havin$ . #issin$ / to find )'1( & To# appears to be +orried about so#ethin$1 ' Eou see# to kno+ a lot of people1 ( 8y En$lish see#s to be $ettin$ better1 ) That car appears to have broken do+n1 * =avid tends to for$et thin$s1 , They clai# to have solved the proble#1 )'1) & ho+ to use ' +hat to do ( ho+ to ride ) +hat to say * +hether to $o 5N"T )( )(1 & do you +ant #e to lend you so#e ' +ould you like #e to shut it ( +ould you like #e to sho+ you ) do you +ant #e to repeat it * do you +ant #e to +ait )(1& & to stay !+ith the#% for a fe+ days1 ' She +ouldn7t let hi# use her phone1 ( She +arned hi# to be careful1 ) 0e asked her to $ive hi# a hand1 )(1' & " didn7t expect it to rain1 ' Fet hi# do +hat he +ants1 ( Ilasses #ake hi# look older1

" +ant you to kno+ the truth1 :e#ind #e to phone #y sister1 Sarah persuaded #e to apply for the Aob1 8y la+yer advised #e not to say anythin$ to the police1 " +as +arned not to believe everythin$ he says1 / 0avin$ a car enables you to travel round #ore easily1 @p'&& )(1( & to $o ' to do ( read ) to $o * to $o , eatin$ - cry . to study 5N"T )) ))1 & drivin$ ' to $o ( to $o ) rainin$ * to buy , askin$ - askin$ . to ans+er / breakin$ to pay & eatin$ ' to shut ( #eetin$ 111 to see ) cryin$ or to cry * to $et ))1& & 0e can re#e#ber $oin$ to Paris +hen he +as ei$ht1 ' 0e can7t re#e#ber fallin$ into a river1 ( 0e can re#e#ber cryin$ on his first day at school1 ) 0e can7t re#e#ber sayin$ he +anted to be a doctor1 or 0e can7t re#e#ber +antin$ to be1 * 0e can7t re#e#ber bein$ bitten by a do$1 ))1' b1 lendin$ c1 to phone d1 to $ive e1 leavin$6puttin$ & a1 sayin$

) * , .

b1 to say or to tell you ' a1 to beco#e b1 +orkin$ c1 readin$ 5N"T )* )*1 & Try turnin$ it the other +ay1 ' 0ave you tried #ovin$ the aerial2 ( 3hy don7t you try phonin$ hi# at +ork2 ) 0ave you tried takin$ an aspirin2 )*1& & "t needs cuttin$1 ' "t needs redecoratin$1 ( They need ti$htenin$1 ) "t needs e#ptyin$1 )*1' b1 knockin$ c1 to put d1 askin$ e1 to reach f1 to concentrate & a1 to $o b1 lookin$ c1 cleanin$ d1 to $o e1 Eou don7t need to iron 111 "t doesn7t need ironin$ ' a1 overhearin$ b1 $et or to $et c1 s#ilin$ d1 #ake or to #ake 5N"T ), ),1 ' likes takin$6to take photo$raphs1 ( doesn7t like drivin$6to drive1 ) likes +orkin$6to +ork in the open air1 * doesn7t like takin$6to take risks1 , likes doin$6to do nothin$1 - doesn7t like bein$6to be kept +aitin$1 ),1& Exa#ple ans+ersD & " don7t #ind playin$ cards1 ' " hate doin$ the ironin$1

( " enAoy $oin$ to #useu#s1 ) " don7t like lyin$ on the beach all day1 ),1' Exa#ple ans+ersD & " +ouldn7t like to be a dentist1 ' "7d like to be a hairdresser1 ( "7d hate to be an airline pilot1 ) " +ouldn7t #ind bein$ a tourist $uide1 ),1( & +aitin$ ' $oin$6to $o ( +ritin$ ) +orkin$6bein$ * to co#e to $o , +earin$ to +ear - to sit . to $et / to talk6to speak ),1) & " +ould like6"7d like to have seen the pro$ra##e1 ' " +ould hate to have lost #y +atch1 ( " +ould love to have #et Ann1 ) " +ouldn7t like to have been alone1 * " +ould prefer to have travelled by train1 5N"T ))-1 & " prefer tennis to football1 or 111 football to tennis1 ' " prefer phonin$ people to +ritin$ letters1 or 111 +ritin$ letters to phonin$ people1 ( " prefer $oin$ to the cine#a to +atchin$ fil#s on T?1 or 111 +atchin$ fil#s on T? to $oin$ to the cine#a1 * " prefer to phone people rather than +rite letters1 or 111 to +rite letters rather than phone people1 , " prefer to $o to the cine#a rather than +atch fil#s on T?1 or 111 to +atch fil#s on T? rather than $o to the cine#a1 )-1& ' "7d prefer to listen to so#e #usic1 ( "7d rather $o for a s+i#1 ) "7d rather +ait a fe+ #inutes1 * "7d prefer to eat at ho#e1

, "7d rather think about it for a +hile1 - "7d rather stand1 . "7d prefer to $o alone1 "7d rather $o for a s+i# than play tennis1 & "7d rather +ait a fe+ #inutes than leave no+1 ' "7d prefer to eat at ho#e rather than $o to a restaurant1 ( "7d rather think about it for a +hile than decide no+1 )-1' & " told her ' +ould you rather " did it ( +ould you rather " ans+ered it )-1( & stayed ' stay ( didn7t ) +as * didn7t 5N"T ). ).1 & lendin$ you any #oney1 ' re#e#berin$ na#es1 ( passin$ the exa#1 ) bein$ late2 * eatin$ at ho#e9 +e +ent to a restaurant1 , doin$ nothin$1 - tellin$ any of their friends1 . playin$ +ell1 @'&' ).1& & by standin$ on a chair1 ' by turnin$ a key1 ( by borro+in$ too #uch #oney1 ) by drivin$ too fast1 * by puttin$ so#e posters up on the +alls1 ).1' & payin$ ' $oin$ ( sayin$ ) $oin$ * usin$ , travellin$6bein$

- tellin$ . doin$6havin$ ).1( & "7# lookin$ for+ard to seein$ her1 ' "7# not lookin$ for+ard to $oin$ to the dentist1 ( She7s lookin$ for+ard to leavin$ school !next su##er%1 ) "7# lookin$ for+ard to playin$ tennis !to#orro+%1 5N"T */ */1 & he +asn7t used to havin$ dinner so early9 but after so#e ti#e he $ot used to it1 111 0e is used to havin$ dinner at six o7clock1 !or 0e is used to eatin$ at six o7clock1% ' She +asn7t used to +orkin$ ni$hts 111 to $et used to it 111 She is used to +orkin$ ni$hts1 */1& & No9 "7# used to sleepin$ on the floor1 ' "7# used to +orkin$ hard16"7# used to hard +ork1 ( "7# not used to $oin$ to bed !so% late1 */1' & 0e +asn7t used to the heat6111 to the hot +eather6111 to livin$ in a hot cli#ate1 ' She had to $et used to livin$ ( The children soon $ot used to her16111 to their ne+ teacher1 ) !exa#ple ans+ers% Eou +ould have to $et used to the +eather to the food6to speakin$ a forei$n lan$ua$e1 */1( ' drink ( eatin$ ) havin$ * have , $o - be . bein$ 5N"T * * 1 & doin$ ' co#in$6$oin$ ( doin$6tryin$ ) buyin$ * hearin$

, $oin$ - havin$ . bein$ / +atchin$ invitin$6askin$ * 1& & in solvin$ ' of livin$ ( of causin$ ) !fro#% +alkin$ * for interruptin$ , of spendin$ - fro# escapin$ . on helpin$ / to playin$ * 1' & To# insisted on drivin$ Ann to the station1 ' Hi# con$ratulated #e on $ettin$ #arried1 ( 8rs Bond thanked Sue for co#in$ to see her1 ) " +arned Hack a$ainst stayin$ at the hotel near the airport1 * 8ary apolo$ised to #e for not phonin$ !#e% earlier1 , Hane accused #e of bein$ selfish1 5N"T *& *&1 & "t7s no use askin$ To#1 ' There7s no point in $oin$ out ( it7s no $ood phonin$ her no+ ) it7s not +orth co#plainin$ !about +hat happened% * " think it7s a +aste of ti#e readin$ ne+spapers1 *&1& & repairin$1 ' visitin$1 ( "t7s +orth considerin$1 ) "t7s +orth readin$1 * They aren7t6They7re not +orth keepin$1 *&1'

& There7s no point in eatin$ if you7re not hun$ry1 ' There7s no point in +orkin$ if you don7t need #oney1 ( There7s no point in studyin$ if you feel tired1 *&1( & " have difficulty re#e#berin$ people7s na#es1 ' She had no difficulty $ettin$ a Aob1 ( =o you have difficulty understandin$ hi#2 ) Eou +on7t have any difficulty $ettin$ a ticket for the concert1 *&1) & readin$ ' +ritin$ ( +atchin$ ) cli#bin$6$oin$6+alkin$ *&1* & $o skiin$ ' +ent s+i##in$ ( $oes ridin$ ) $o shoppin$ 5N"T *' *'1 & " had to $o to the bank to $et so#e #oney1 ' "7# savin$ #oney to $o to Canada1 ( " +ent into hospital to have an operation1 ) "7# +earin$ t+o pullovers to keep +ar#1 * " phoned the police station to report that #y car had been stolen1 *'1& & to read ' to +alk or to $o on foot ( to drink ) to put " to carry * to discuss6to consider6to talk about , to buy6to $et - to talk6to speak . to +ear6to put on / to celebrate

to help " to assist *'1' & for ' to ( to ) for * to , for - for 111 to *'1( & 3e +ore +ar# clothes so that +e +ouldn7t $et cold1 ' The #an spoke very slo+ly so that " +ould understand +hat he said1 or 111 so that " could understand 111 ( " +hispered so that nobody else could hear our conversation1 or 111 +ould hear our conversation1 ) Please arrive early so that +e can start the #eetin$ on ti#e1 @p'&( * She locked the door so that she +ouldn7t be disturbed1 , " slo+ed do+n so that the car behind could overtake1 5N"T *( *(1 & This #achine is ;uite easy to use1 ' The +indo+ +as very difficult to open1 ( So#e +ords are i#possible to translate1 ) That chair isn7t safe to stand on1 * A car is expensive to #aintain1 *(1& & "t7s an easy #istake to #ake1 ' "t7s a nice place to live !in%1 ( "t +as a $ood $a#e to +atch1 *(1' & "t7s careless of you to #ake the sa#e #istake a$ain and a$ain1 ' "t +as nice of =on and Aenny to invite #e to stay +ith the#1 ( "t +asn7t very considerate o Hohn to #ake so #uch noise !+hen " +as tryin$ to sleep%1 *(1( & a#6+as $lad to hear ' +ere surprised to see ( a#6+as sorry to hear *(1)

& Paul +as the last !person% to arrive1 ' 4iona +as the only student6the only one to pass the exa#1 ( " +as the second custo#er6 person to co#plain !to the restaurant #ana$er about the service%1 ) Neil Ar#stron$ +as the first person6#an to +alk on the #oon1 *(1* & are bound to be ' is sure to for$et ( is not6isn7t likely to rain ) is likely to be 5N"T *) *)1 ' "7# afraid of losin$ it1 ( 3e +ere afraid to $o s+i##in$1 ) 3e +ere afraid of #issin$ our train1 * 3e +ere afraid to look1 , She +as afraid of spillin$ the drinks1 - a1 " +as afraid to eat it1 b1 " +as afraid of #akin$ #yself ill1 *)1& & in startin$ ' to read ( in $ettin$ ) to hear6in hearin$ * in $oin$ *)1' & to disturb ' for bein$ late or " +as late ( for sayin$ or " said ) to hear *)1( b1 to leave c1 fro# leavin$ & a1 to solve b1 in solvin$ ' a1 of $oin$

b1 to $o c1 to $oin$ d1 to $o ( a1 to buy b1 to buy c1 on buyin$ d1 of buyin$ 5N"T ** **1 & arrive ' take it6do it ( it rin$ ) hi# play6hi# playin$ * you lock it6you do it , her fall **1& & 3e sa+ =ave and 0elen playin$ tennis1 ' 3e sa+ Clare havin$ a #eal in a restaurant163e sa+ Clare eatin$ in a restaurant1 ( 3e heard Bill playin$ the $uitar1 ) 3e could s#ell the dinner burnin$1 * 3e sa+ Finda Ao$$in$1 **1' ' happen ( tell ) cryin$ * cyclin$ , say - run 111 open . explode / cra+lin$ sla# & sleepin$ cli#b 5N"T *, *,1 & E##a +as sittin$ in an ar#chair readin$ a book1

' Sue $ot ho#e late feelin$ very tired1 ( Sarah +ent out sayin$ she +ould be back in an hour1 ) Finda +as in Fondon for t+o years +orkin$ as a tourist $uide1 * 8ary +alked round the to+n lookin$ at the si$hts and takin$ photo$raphs1 *,1& & " fell asleep +atchin$ television1 ' The #an slipped $ettin$ off a bus1 ( " $ot +et +alkin$ ho#e in the rain1 ) 8ar$aret had an accident drivin$ to +ork yesterday1 * T+o fire#en +ere overco#e by s#oke tryin$ to put out the fire1 *,1' & 0avin$ bou$ht our tickets9 +e +ent into the theatre1 ' 0avin$ had dinner9 they continued their Aourney1 ( 0avin$ done all her shoppin$9 Fucy +ent for a cup of coffee1 *,1( & Thinkin$ they #i$ht be hun$ry9 " offered the# so#ethin$ to eat1 ' Bein$ a forei$ner9 she needs a visa to stay in this country1 ( Not kno+in$ his address9 " +asn7t able to contact hi#1 ) 0avin$ travelled a lot9 Sarah kno+s a lot about other countries1 * Not bein$ able to understand En$lish9 the #an didn7t kno+ +hat " +anted1 , 0avin$ spent nearly all our #oney9 +e couldn7t afford to stay in a hotel1 5N"T **-1 ' a very nice restaurant ( ri$ht ) a toothbrush * a bank , an insurance co#pany - ri$ht . ri$ht / a petrol station a proble# & an intervie+ for a Aob

' a necklace ( a very $ood $a#e *-1& ' a key ( a coat ) su$ar * a biscuit , electricity - a letter . blood / a ;uestion a #o#ent & a decision *-1' & days ' #eat ( a ;ueue ) letters * friends , people - air . patience / lan$ua$e countries & space @'&) 5N"T *. *.1 & a1 a paper b1 any paper ' a1 a li$ht b1 Fi$ht ( a1 ti#e b1 a +onderful ti#e ) advice * very $ood +eather , bad luck - Aob . Aourney / total chaos so#e & doesn7t ' Eour hair is 111 it ( the da#a$e 111 +as

*.1& & infor#ation ' chairs ( furniture ) hair * pro$ress *.1' & "7d like so#e infor#ation about places to see !in this to+n%1 ' Can you $ive #e so#e advice about +hich exa#inations to take26111 so#e advice about exa#inations2 ( 3hat ti#e is the ne+s !on T?%2 ) "t7s a beautiful vie+ isn7t it2 or "t7s beautiful scenery isn7t it2 * 3hat horrible +eatherL 5N"T ,/ ,/1 ' "t7s a ve$etable1 ( "t7s a1 $a#e1 ) They7re #usical instru#ents1 * "t7s a !tall6hi$h% buildin$1 , They7re planets1 - "t7s a flo+er1 . They7re rivers1 / They7re birds1 & 0e +as a +riter6a dra#atist a play+ri$ht1 ' 0e +as a scientist6a physicist1 ( They +ere A#erican presidents6presidents of the 5nited States1 ) She +as an actress6a fil# actress6a fil# star1 * They +ere sin$ers6#usicians1 , They +ere painters6artists1 ,/1& & 0e7s a +aiter1 ' She7s a travel a$ent1 ( 0e7s a pilot1 ) She7s a drivin$ instructor1 * 0e7s a plu#ber1

, She7s a Aournalist1 - 0e7s an interpreter1 ,/1' ( a ) an * - !collect sta#ps% , a - So#e . - !"7ve $ot sore feet1% /a a 111 a & - !Those are nice shoes1% ' so#e ( a visa 111 so#e countries ) a teacher1 0er parents +ere teachers too1 * - !$oin$ to concerts% , so#e - a liar 111 al+ays tellin$ lies 5N"T , , 1 111 and a #a$aNine1 The ne+spaper is in #y ba$ but " don7t kno+ +here " put the #a$aNine1 & " sa+ an accident this #ornin$1 A car crashed into a tree1 The driver of the car +asn7t hurt but the car +as badly da#a$ed1 ' 111 A blue one and a $rey one1 The blue one belon$s to #y nei$hboursC " don7t kno+ +ho the o+ner of the $rey one is1 ( 8y friends live in an old house in a s#all villa$e1 There is a beautiful $arden behind the house1 " +ould like to have a $arden like that1 , 1& a1 a b1 the c1 the & a1 a b1 a c1 the ' a1 a b1 the c1 the ( a1 an 111 The b1 the c1 the ) a1 the b1 a c1 a , 1' & the dentist ' the door ( a #istake

) * , .

the bus station a proble# the post office the floor the book / a Aob in a bank a s#all flat near the city centre & a s#all super#arket at the end of the street , 1( Exa#ple ans+ersD ' Once or t+ice a year1 ( Thirty #iles an hour1 ) About seven hours a ni$ht1 * T+o or three ti#es a +eek1 , About t+o hours a day1 5N"T ,& ,&1 & a nice holiday 111 the best holiday ' the nearest shop 111 the end of this street ( listen to the radio 111 " haven7t $ot a radio ) to travel in space 111 $o to the #oon * $o to the cine#a 111 a lot of fil#s on television , a nice day 111 by the sea - for breakfast 111 eat breakfast . +here :oo# &) is 111 on the second floor / the #ost expensive hotel 111 a cheaper hotel ,&1& & the 111 the '( The )* the , the infor#ation 111 the top of pa$e )1 - The ,&1' & in a s#all villa$e in the country ' The #oon 111 the earth

the hi$hest #ountain in the +orld the sa#e thin$ a very hot day 111 the hottest day of the year have lunch 111 eat a $ood breakfast live in a forei$n country 111 the lan$ua$e . on the +ron$ platfor#1 3e +ere on Platfor# ' instead of Platfor# -1 ,&1( & the cine#a ' the sea ( dinner ) <uestion * the $ate , Iate & @p'&* 5N"T ,' ,'1 & to school ' at ho#e ( for schoolC or for +ork ) to +ork or to school * in hospital , at university - in bed . to prison ,'1& c1 school d1 school e1 $et ho#e fro# school 111 The school isn7t very far f1 school $1 the school & a1 university b1 university c1 the university ' a1 the hospital b1 the hospital c1 hospital d1 hospital ( a1 church b1 church c1 the church ) a1 prison b1 the prison c1 prison * a1 bed b1 ho#e c1 +ork d1 bed e1 +ork f1 +ork , a1 the sea b1 sea c1 the sea 5N"T ,( ,(1 Exa#ple ans+ersD & " like cats1 ' " don7t like Noos1 ( " don7t #ind fast food restaurants1

( ) * , -

) "7# not interested in football1 ,(1& ' spiders ( #eat ) the ;uestions * the people , 0istory - lies . the hotels / The +ater the $rass & patience ,(1' ' Apples ( the apples ) 3o#en 111 #en * tea , The ve$etables - Fife . skiin$ / the people people 111 a$$ression & All the books ' the beds ( +ar ) The 4irst 3orld 3ar * une#ploy#ent , the #arria$e - 8ost people 111 #arria$e 111 fa#ily life 111 society 5N"T ,) ,)1 b1 the cheetah c1 the kan$aroo !and the rabbit% & a1 the s+an b1 the pen$uin c1 the o+l ' a1 the +heel b1 the laser c1 the telescope ( a1 the rupee b1 escudo c1 the 111 ,)1& & a ' the ( a ) the * the , a - !-% . The

,)1' & the inAured ' the une#ployed ( the sick ) the rich 111 the poor ,)1( & a Ier#an the Ier#ans ' a 4rench#an6a 4rench+o#an the 4rench ( a :ussian the :ussians ) a Chinese the Chinese * a BraNilian the BraNilians , an En$lish#an6an En$lish+o#an the En$lish - a6an 111 the 111 5N"T ,* ,*1 & the ' The 111 the ( - ) the * ,*1& ' ri$ht ( the 5nited States ) The south 111 the north * ri$ht , the Channel - the 8iddle East . ri$ht / ri$ht the S+iss Alps & The 5nited Gin$do# ' The Seychelles 11 the "ndian Ocean ( The :iver ?ol$a 111 the Caspian Sea ,*1' & "n South A#erica ' The Nile ( S+eden ) The 5nited States * The :ockies

, The 8editerranean - Australia . The Pacific / The "ndian Ocean The Tha#es & The =anube ' Thailand ( The Pana#a Canal ) The A#aNon 5N"T ,, ,,1 &1 Turner7s in Carter :oad ' the Park 0otel in Park :oad ( St Peter7s in Baines Street ) the :oyal Oak in 5nion Street * the City 8useu# in Baines Street , Floyds Bank in 4orest Avenue - ?ictoria Park at the end of Baines Street . the Ne+ China 0ouse in Carter :oad ,,1& & The Eiffel To+er ' The ?atican ( Buckin$ha# Palace ) Broad+ay * The 3hite 0ouse , The Acropolis - St 8ark7s Cathedral ,,1' & 0yde Park ' St Ha#es7s Park ( The Irand 0otel 111 Baker Street ) Iat+ick Airport * Fiverpool 5niversity , 0arrison7s - the Ship "nn . The Statue of Fiberty 11 Ne+ Eork harbour

/ the Science 8useu# "B8 111 British Teleco# & The Classic ' the Ireat 3all ( the "ndependent 111 the 0erald ) Ca#brid$e 5niversity Press @p'&, 5N"T ,,-1 ' shorts ( a #eans ) #eans * so#e scissors or a pair of scissors , a series - series . species ,-1& & politics ' econo#ics ( athletics ) physics * $y#nastics , electronics ,-1' & don7t ' +ant ( +as ) aren7t * +asn7t , does or do - isn7t . they are / are =o & is ,-1( &1 +earin$ black Aeans ' ri$ht !is playin$ is also correct% ( nice people ) Ten pounds is not enou$h1 * so#e ne+ pyAa#as or a ne+ pair of pyAa#as , ri$ht !hasn7t is also correct% - 8any people have . a police#an6a police+o#an6a polce officer / 0ave the police

These scissors aren7t 5N"T ,. ,.1 & a co#puter #a$aNine ' holiday photo$raphs ( #ilk chocolate ) a factory inspector * a central Fondon hotel , exa#ination results - the dini$ roo# carpet . a football club scandal / a t+o-part ;uestion a seven-year-old $irl ,.1& a1 a houseboat b1 a boathouse & a1 a race horse b1 a horse race ' a1 a cardphone b1 a phonecard ,.1'* & roo# nu#ber ' seat belt ( credit card ) +eather forecast * ne+paper editor , shop +indo+ ,.1( ' &/-pound ( )-#inute ) */ #inutes * t+o-hour , five courses - t+o-year . )//-year / five days

six-#ile 5N"T -/ -/1 ' that #an7s Aacket ( the top of the pa$e ) Charles7s dau$hter * The cause of the proble# , yesterday7s ne+spaper - #y father7s ne+spaper . the na#e of this street / the children7s toys the ne+ #ana$er of the co#pany or the co#pany7s ne+ #ana$er & the result of the football #atch ' our nei$hbour7s $arden ( the $round floor of the buildin$ ) =on and 8ary7s children * the econo#ic policy of the $overn#ent or the $overn#ent7s econo#ic policy , Catherine7s husband - the husband of the +o#an talkin$ to 8ary . 8ike7s parents7 car &/ 0elen7s friend7s +eddin$ -/1& & a boy7s na#e ' children7s school ( a $irls7 school ) a +o#en7s #a$aNine -/1' & Fast +eek7s stor# caused a lot of da#a$e1 ' The to+nCs only cine#a has closed do+n1 ( Britain7s exports to the 5nited States have fallen recently1 ) The re$ion7s #ain industry is touris#1 -/1( & five #inutes7 +alk or a five-#inute +alk ' t+o +eeks7 holiday or a t+o-+eek holiday

( an hour7s sleep 5N"T - 1 & 3e #ust a relation of yours1 ' 0enry borro+ed a book of #ine1 ( Anne invited so#e friends of hers to her flat1 ) 3e had dinner +ith a nei$hbour of ours1 * " +ent on holiday +ith t+o friends of #ine1 , "s that #an a friend of yours2 - " #et a friend of Hane7s at the party1 - 1& & #y o+n television ' her o+n #oney ( her o+n business ) his o+n private Aet * his o+n ideas , its o+n parlia#ent - 1' & your o+n fault ' his o+n ideas ( your o+n proble#s ) her o+n decisions - 1( & #akes her o+n clothes ' +rites his o+n son$s ( bake our o+n bread - 1) & #y o+n & #yself ( hi#self ) the#selves * herself , their o+n - yourself . our o+n / her o+n 5N"T -& -&1 & hurt hi#self ' bla#e herself

( Put yourself ) enAoyed the#selves * burn yourself , express #yself -&1& & #e ' #yself ( us ) yourself * you , ourselves - the#selves . the# -&1' & feel ' dried herself ( concentrate ) defend yourself * #eetin$ , relax - +ash @p'&-&1( & the#selves ' each other ( each other ) the#selves * each other , ourselves - each other . ourselves to each other -&1) & 0e cut it hi#self1 ' "7ll post it #yself1 ( Finda told #e herself1 or Finda herself told #e1 ) 3hy can7t you phone hi# yourself2 or 111 do it yourself2 5N"T -' -'1 ' "s there 111 there is6there7s ( there +as 111 "t +as ) "t +as * There +as , is it - "t +as . "t is6"t7s

/ there +asn7t "s it 111 it7s & there +as 111 There +as ' "t +as ( There +asn7t ) There +as 111 it +asn7t -'1& & There is a lot of salt in the soup1 ' There +as nothin$ in the box1 ( There +as a lot of violence in the fil#1 ) There +ere a lot of people in the shops1 * Exa#ple ans+ersD There is6There7s a lot to do in this to+n16111 a lot of life in this to+n16111 a lot happenin$ in this to+n1 -'1' & There #i$ht be or There should be ' there +ill be or there should be ( There7s $oin$ to be or There #i$ht be ) There used to be * there should be , there +ouldn7t be -'1( & there +as a lot of sno+ ' ri$ht ( There used to be a church here ) ri$ht * There #ust have been a reason1 , ri$ht - There7s sure to be a car park so#e+here1 . there +ill be an opportunity / ri$ht there +ould be so#ebody to #eet #e at the station but there +asn7t anybody1 5N"T -( -(1 & so#e ' any

( ) , .

any 111 so#e so#e * any any - so#e any / any !so#e is also possible% -(1& & so#ebody6so#eone ' anybody6anyone ( anythin$ ) so#ethin$ * so#ebody6so#eone 111anybody6anyone , so#ethin$ 111 anybody6anyone - Anybody6Anyone . anybody6anyone / any+here any+here & so#e+here ' any+here ( anybody6anyone ) so#ethin$ * Anybody6Anyone , She never tells anybody anythin$ or 111 anyone anythin$1 -(1' & Any day ' Anythin$ ( any+here ) Anythin$ * Any ti#e , Anybody6Anyone - Any ne+spaper6Any one 5N"T -) -)1 & Nobody6No one1 ' No+here1 ( None1 ) None1

* Nobody6No one1 , Nothin$1 . +asn7t talkin$ to anybody6anyone1 / "7# not $oin$ any+here1 " haven7t $ot any lu$$a$e1 & They haven7t $ot any children1 ' " didn7t #eet anybody6anyone1 ( " didn7t buy anythin$1 -)1& ' no ( any ) None * none , No - any . any / none -)1' & nobody6no one ' No+here ( anythin$ ) Nothin$ 111 anythin$ * Nothin$ , any+here - Nobody6no9 one said anythin$1 -)1( & nobody ' anybody ( Anybody ) Nothin$ * Anythin$ , anythin$ 5N"T -* -*1 ' a lot of salt ( ri$ht ) ri$ht * a lot , #any6a lot of - a lot

. ri$ht -*1& & plenty of #oney ' plenty of roo# ( plenty to learn ) are plenty of thin$s to see * There are plenty of hotels1 -*1' & little ' #any ( #uch ) #any * fe+ , little -*1( ' a fe+ dollars ( a little ti#e ) ri$ht * ri$ht , only a fe+ +ords -*1) & a little ' a fe+ ( fe+ ) little * A little , little - a fe+ @p'&. 5N"T -, -,1 ' - ( of ) of * , of - - . -,1& ' of #y spare ti#e ( of the house ) accidents * of ther friends , of the population - birds . of the pople " invited

/ of her opinions European countries & !of% #y dinner -,1' ' 8any people ( So#e of the photo$raphs ) So#e people * #ost of the food , all !of% the #oney - all the ti#e . #ost of the ti#e / 8ost people half !of% the ;uestions -,1( & All of the# ' none of us ( so#e of it ) none of the# * None of it , So#e of the# - all of it 5N"T ---1 & Neither ' either !of the#% ( both ) Either * Neither --1& & either ' both ( Neither of ) neither 111 both6both the6both of the * both6both of --1' & either of the# ' both of the# ( neither of us ) neither of the#

--1( ' Both Hi# and Carol are on holiday ( Ieor$e neither s#okes nor drinks1 ) Neither Hi# nor Carol has !$ot% a car1 * The fil# +as both lon$ and borin$1 , That #an7s na#e is either :ichard or :obert1 - "7ve $ot neither the ti#e nor the #oney to $o on holiday1 . 3e can leave either today or to#orro+1 --1) & either ' any ( none ) any * either , neither - none 5N"T -. -.1 ' Everybody6Everyone ( Everythin$ ) all * everybody6everyone , everythin$ - All . everybody6everyone / All everybody6everyone & Everybody6Everyone ' All ( everythin$ -.1& & The +hole tea# played +ell1 ' 0e ate the +hole box !of chocolates%1 ( They searched the +hole house1 ) Ann +orked the +hole day1 * The +hole fa#ily play6plays tennis1 , "t rained the +hole +eek1 - Ann +orked +hole +eek1 . "t rained all +eek1 -.1'

& every four hours ' every four years ( every five #inutes ) every six #onths -.1( & every day ' all day ( The +hole buildin$ ) every ti#e * all the ti#e , all #y lu$$a$e 5N"T ./ ./1 ' Each ( Every ) Each * every , each - every ./1& ' Every ( Each ) every * every , each - every . every / each Every & each ./1' & Sonia and " had ten pounds each16111 each had ten pounds1 ' Those postcards cost (/ pence each16111 are (/ pence each1 ( 3e paid F(/ each163e each paid F(/1 ./1( & everyone ' every one ( Everyone ) every one 5N"T . . 1 & A bur$lar is so#eone +ho breaks into a house to steal thin$s1 ' A custo#er is so#eone +ho buys so#ethin$ fro# a shop1 ( A shoplifter is so#eone +ho steals fro# a shop1 ) A co+ard is so#eone +ho is not brave1 * An atheist is so#eone +ho doesn7t believe in Iod1 , A pensioner is so#eone +ho no lon$er +orks and $ets #oney fro# the state1

- A tenant is so#eone +ho pays rent to live in a house or flat1 . 1& & The #an +ho6that ans+ered the phone told #e you +ere a+ay1 ' The +aitress +ho6that served us +as very i#polite and i#patient1 ( The buildin$ that6+hich +as destroyed in the fire has no+ been rebuilt1 ) The people +ho6that +ere arrested have no+ been released1 * The bus that6+hich $oes to the airport runs every half hour1 . 1' & +ho6that runs a+ay fro# ho#e ' that6+hich +on the race ( +ho6that stole #y car ) +ho6that invented the telephone * that6+hich +ere on the +all , that6+hich cannot be explained - that6+hich $ives you the #eanin$ of +ords . +ho6that are never on ti#e / that6+hich can support life @p''/ 5N"T .& .&1 ' !+ho% ( +ho ) !+ho% * !that% , that - !that% . that .&1& & !that6+hich% Ann is +earin$ ' !that6+hich% +e +anted to visit ( !that6+hich% you7re $oin$ to see ) !+ho6that% " invited to the party * !that6+hich% you had to do , !that6+hich% +e hired - !that6+hich% To# reco##ended to us .&1' & !that6+hich% +e +ere invited to

' !+ho6that% " +ork +ith ( !that6+hich% you told #e about ) !that6+hich% +e +ent to last ni$ht * !that6+hich% " applied for , !+ho6that% you can rely on - !+ho6that% " sa+ you +ith .&1( & !that% ' +hat ( that ) !that% * !that% , +hat - !that% 5N"T .' .'1 & +hose +ife is an En$lish teacher1 ' +ho o+ns a restaurant1 ( +hose a#bition is to cli#b Everest1 ) +ho have Aust $ot #arried1 * +hose parents used to +ork in a circus1 .'1& & +here +e can have a really $ood #eal ' +here " can buy so#e postcards ( +here +e had the car repaired ) +here Hohn is stayin$ * +here she !had% bou$ht it .'1' & +here ' +ho ( +hose ) +here * +hose , +ho# .'1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & +e $ot stuck in a lift ' " didn7t +rite to you ( you phoned ) they haven7t $ot a car * 8ary $ot #arried 5N"T .( .(1

' +hich +e enAoyed very #uch1 ( " +ent to see the doctor9 +ho told #e to rest for a fe+ days1 ) Hohn9 +ho6+ho# " have kno+n for a very lon$ ti#e9 is one of #y closest friends1 * Sheila9 +hose Aob involves a lot of travellin$9 is a+ay fro# ho#e a lot1 , The ne+ stadiu#9 +hich can hold ./9/// people9 +ill be opened next #onth1 - 3e often $o to visit our friends in Bristol9 +hich is only '/ #iles a+ay1 . Ilas$o+9 +here #y brother lives9 is the lar$est city in Scotland1 .(1& ' The strike at the car factory9 +hich lasted ten days9 is no+ over1 ( "7ve found the book " +as lookin$ for1 or 111 the book that6+hich " +as lookin$ for1 ) The population of Fondon9 +hich +as once the lar$est city in the +orld9 is no+ fallin$1 * 4e+ of the people +ho6that applied for the Aob had the necessary ;ualifications1 , 8ar$aret sho+ed #e a photo$raph of her son9 +ho is a police#an1 .(1' ' 8y office9 +hich 111 the buildin$ is 111 !co##as% ( The office that6+hich 111 !no co##as% ) She told #e her address9 +hich 111 !co##a% * There are so#e +ords that6+hich 111 !no co##as% , The sun9 +hich 111 in the universe9 provides 111 !co##as% 5N"T .) .)1 & This is a photo$raph of our friends9 +ith +ho# +e +ent on holiday1 or 111 +ho +e +ent on holiday +ith1 ' The +eddin$9 to +hich only #e#bers of the fa#ily +ere invited9 took place last 4riday1 or The +eddin$9 +hich only #e#bers of the fa#ily +ere invited to9 took place 111 ( Sheila9 for +ho# +e had been +aitin$9 finally arrived1 or Sheila9 +ho +e had been +aitin$ for9 finally arrived1

) 3e cli#bed to the top of the to+er9 fro# +hich +e had a beautiful vie+1 or 111 +hich +e had a beautiful vie+ fro#1 .)1& & 3e +ere $iven a lot of infor#ation9 #ost of +hich +as useless1 ' There +ere a lot of people at the party9 only a fe+ of +ho# " had #et before1 ( " have sent her t+o letters9 neither of +hich she has received1 ) Ten people applied for the Aob none of +ho# +ere suitable1 * Gate has $ot t+o cars9 one of +hich she hardly ever uses1 , Nor#an +on F)/9///9 half of +hich he $ave to his parents1 - Hulia has t+o sisters9 both of +ho# are teachers1 .)1' & Hill isn7t on the phone9 +hich #akes it difficult to contact her1 ' Neil has passed his exa#inations9 +hich is $ood ne+s1 ( Our fli$ht +as delayed9 +hich #eant +e had to +ait four hours at the airport1 ) Ann offered to let #e stay in her house9 +hich +as very nice of her1 * The street " live in is very noisy at ni$ht9 +hich #akes it difficult to sleep1 , Our car has broken do+n9 +hich #eans +e can7t $o a+ay to#orro+1 5N"T .* .*1 & " didn7t talk #uch to the #an sittin$ next to #e on the plane1 ' The taxi takin$ us to the airport broke do+n1 ( At the end of the street there is a path leadin$ to the river1 ) A ne+ factory e#ployin$ )// people has Aust opened in the to+n1 * The co#pany sent #e a brochure containin$ all the infor#ation " needed1 .*1& & The +indo+ broken in the stor# last ni$ht has no+ been repaired1 ' 8ost of the su$$estions #ade at the #eetin$ +ere not very practical1

( The paintin$s stolen fro# the #useu# haven7t been found yet1 ) 3hat +as the na#e of the #an arrested by the police2 @p'' .*1' ' livin$ ( offerin$ ) called * blo+n , sittin$ 111 readin$ - +orkin$ 111 studyin$ .*1( ' There7s so#ebody co#in$1 ( There +ere a lot of people travellin$1 ) There +as nobody else stayin$ there1 * There +as nothin$ +ritten on it1 , There7s a course be$innin$ next 8onday1 5N"T ., .,1 & a1 exhaustin$ b1 exhausted ' a1 depressin$ b1 depressed c1 depressed ( a1 excitin$ b1 excitin$ c1 excited .,1& & interested ' excitin$ ( e#barrassin$ ) e#barrassed * a#aNed , astonishin$ - a#used . terrifyin$ 111 shocked / bored 111 borin$ borin$ 111 interestin$ .,1' & bored ' confusin$ ( dis$ustin$ ) interested * annoyed , borin$ - interested . exhausted / excited a#usin$ & interestin$ 5N"T ..-1

& ' ( ) * , .

an unusual $old rin$ a nice ne+ pullover a ne+ $reen pulloer a beautiful old house black leather $loves an old A#erican fil# a lon$ thin face bi$ black clouds / a lovely sunny day a lon$ +ide avenue & a s#all black #etal box ' a bi$ fat black cat ( a lovely little old villa$e ) beautiful lon$ black hair * an interestin$ old 4rench paintin$ , an enor#ous red and yello+ u#brella .-1& ' the last t+o days ( the first t+o +eeks of Septe#ber ) the next fe+ days * the first three ;uestions !of the exa#ination% , the next t+o years - the last three days of our holiday .-1' & tastes a+ful or tasted a+ful ' feel fine ( s#ell nice ) look +et * sounds ;uite interestin$ or sounded ;uite interestin$ .-1( & happy ' happily ( violent ) terrible * properly 5N"T .. ..1 & badly ' easily ( patiently

) unexpectedly * re$ularly ..1& ' selfishly ( terribly ) sudden * colourfully , colorful - badly . badly / safe an$rily ..1' & careful ' continuously ( happily ) fluent * specially , co#plete - perfectly . nervous / financially6co#pletely ..1( & seriously ill ' absolutely enor#ous ( sli$htly da#a$ed ) unusually ;uiet * co#pletely chan$ed , unnecessarily lon$ - badly planned 5N"T // //1 & $ood ' +ell ( $ood ) +ell * +ell , +ell - $ood . +ell / $ood +ell //1& & +ell-kno+n ' +ell-kept ( +ell-balanced ) +ell-infor#ed * +ell-dressed , +ell-paid - 3ell doneL !& separate +ords% //1'

& ri$ht ' ri$ht ( +ron$-hard ) ri$ht * +ron$-slo+ly //1( & hardly hear ' hardly slept ( hardly speak ) hardly said * hardly chan$ed , hardly reco$nised //1) & hardly any ' hardly anythin$ ( hardly anybody6hardly anyone ) hardly ever * 0ardly anybody60ardly anyone , hardly any+here - hardly ever . hardly any / hardly anythin$ 111 hardly any+here 5N"T / / 1 ( so ) so * such a , so - such . such a / such a so & so 11 such ' so ( such a ) such a / 1& ' " +as so tired !that% " couldn7t keep #y eyes open1 ( 3e had such a $ood ti#e on holiday !that% +e didn7t +ant to co#e ho#e1 ) She speaks En$lish so +ell !that% you +ould think it +as her native lan$ua$e1 or She speaks such $ood En$lish !that% 111 @p''& * "7ve $ot such a lot of thin$s to do !that% " don7t kno+ +here to be$in1 or "7ve $ot so #any thin$s to do !that% 111 , The #usic +as so loud !that% you could hear it fro# #iles a+ay1 - " had such a bi$ breakfast !that% " didn7t eat anythin$ else for

the rest of the day1 . "t +as such horrible +eather !that% +e spent the +hole day indoors1 / 1' Exa#ple ans+ersD & a1 "t7s so oppressive1 b "t7s such an oppressive place1 ' a1 She7s so friendly1 b1 She7s such a friendly person1 ( a1 "t7s so exhaustin$1 b1 "t7s such an exhaustin$ Aob1 ) a1 " haven7t seen you for so lon$1 b1 " haven7t seen you for such a lon$ ti#e1 5N"T /& /&1 & enou$h #oney ' enou$h #ilk ( +ar# enou$h ) enou$h roo# * +ell enou$h , enou$h ti#e - enou$h ;ualifications . bi$ enou$h / enou$h cups /&1& & too busy to talk ' too late to $o ( +ar# enou$h to sit ) too nice to be * enou$h ener$y to play , too far a+ay to hear - enou$h En$lish to read /&1' & This coffee is too hot to drink1 ' The piano +as too heavy to #ove1 ( This coat isn7t +ar# enou$h to +ear in +inter1 ) The situation is too co#plicated to explain1

* This sofa isn7t +ide enou$h for three people to sit on1 , The +all +as too hi$h to cli#b over1 - So#e thin$s are too s#all to see +ithout a #icroscope1 5N"T /' /'1 & ;uite a $ood voice1 ' ;uite a lon$ +ay1 ( ;uite a busy day1 ) ;uite a nice ti#e1 * ;uite a stron$ +ind1 , ;uite a fri$htenin$ experience1 - ;uite a lot of #istakes1 /'1& & ;uite +ell but it7s rather noisy ' rather lon$ but ;uite interestin$ ( ;uite a hard +orker but he7s rather slo+ ) rather disappointed 111 ;uite pleased * <uite a +ell-paid Aob but it7s 8i$ht hard +ork , ;uite near us but it7s rather difficult1 /'1' ' #ore than a little 111 ( co#pletely ) #ore than a little 111 * #ore than a little 111 , co#pletely /'1( & ;uite safe1 ' ;uite i#possible1 ( ;uite ri$ht1 ) ;uite different1 * ;uite unnecessary1 , ;uite sure1 - ;uite a#aNin$1 5N"T /( /(1 & stron$er ' s#aller

#ore expensive +ar#er #ore interestin$ #ore difficult better . +orse / lon$er #ore ;uietly & #ore often ' further ( happier6#ore cheerful /(1& ' #ore serious than ( thinner ) bi$$er * #ore interested , #ore i#portant than - si#pler6#ore si#ple . #ore cro+ded than / #ore peaceful than #ore easily & hi$her than /(1' & "t takes lon$er by train than by car1 ' " ran further than =ave1 ( Hoe did +orse than Chris1 ) 8y friends arrived earlier than " expected1 * The buses run #ore often than the trains1 or 111 run #ore fre;uently than the trains1 or The buses are #ore fre;uent than the trains1 , 3e +ere busier than usual at +ork today1 or 3e +ere busier at +ork today than usual1 5N"T /) /)1 & #uch bi$$er ' #uch #ore co#plicated than ( a bit happier ) far #ore interestin$ than

( ) * , -

* a bit #ore slo+ly , a lot easier - sli$htly older /)1& & any earlier ' no #ore expensive than ( any further ) no +orse than /)1' & bi$$er and bi$$er ' heavier and heavier ( #ore and #ore nervous ) +orse and +orse * #ore and #ore expensive , better and better - #ore and #ore talkative /)1( & the #ore " liked hi# or the #ore " $ot to like hi# ' the #ore your profit !+ill be% or the hi$her your profit !+ill be% or the #ore profit you +ill #ake ( the harder it is to concentrate ) the #ore i#patient she beca#e /)1) & older ' older or elder ( older @p''' 5N"T /* /*1 & as hi$h as yours1 ' Eou don7t kno+ as #uch about cars as #e1 or 111 as " do1 ( "t isn7t as cold today as it +as yesterday1 ) " don7t feel as tired today as " felt yesterday1 or 111 as " did1 * They haven7t lived here as lon$ as us1 or 111 as +e have1 , " +asn7t as nervous before the intervie+ as " usually a#1 or 111 as usual1

/*1& ' The station +asn7t as far as " thou$ht1 ( The #eal cost less than " expected16111 +as cheaper than " expected16111 +asn7t as expensive as " expected1 ) " don7t $o out as #uch as " used to16111 as often as " used to1 * She used to have lon$er hair1 , Eou don7t kno+ the# as +ell as #e1 or 111 as " do1 - There +eren7t as #any people at this #eetin$ as at the last one1 /*1' & as +ell as ' as lon$ as ( as soon as ) as often as * as ;uietly as , Aust as co#fortable as - Aust as +ell-;ualified as . Aust as bad as /*1( & Eour hair is the sa#e colour as #ine1 ' " arrived at the sa#e ti#e as you !did%1 ( 8y birthday is !on% the sa#e day as To#7s1 or 8y birthday is the sa#e as Torn7s1 /*1) & than hi#6than he does ' as #e6as " do ( than us6than +e +ere ) than her6than she is * as the#6as they have been 5N"T /, /,1 & "t7s the cheapest restaurant in the to+n1 ' "t +as the happiest day of #y life1 ( She is the #ost intelli$ent student in the class1 ) "t is the #ost valuable paintin$ in the $allery1 * "t is the busiest ti#e of the year1 - 0e7s one of the richest #en in the +orld1

. "t is one of the oldest castles in Britain1 / She is one of the best players in the tea#1 "t +as one of the +orst experiences o #y life1 & 0e is one of the #ost dan$erous cri#inals in the country1 /,1& ' lar$er ( the lon$est ) happier * the +orst , the #ost popular - the hi$hest 111 hi$her . #ost enAoyable / #ore co#fortable the ;uickest & The oldest or The eldest /,1' & That7s the funniest Aoke "7ve ever heard1 ' This is the best coffee "7ve ever tasted1 ( She is the #ost patient person "7ve ever #et1 ) That7s the furthest !or farthest% "7ve ever run1 * "t is6+as the +orst #istake "7ve ever #ade1 , 3ho is the #ost fa#ous person you "ve ever #et2 5N"T //-1 ' Hi# doesn7t like football very #uch1 ( ri$ht ) " ate #y dinner ;uickly1 * Are you $oin$ to invite a lot of people to the party2 , ri$ht - =id you $o to bed late last ni$ht2 . ri$ht / ri$ht " #et a friend of #ine on #y +ay ho#e1 & " fell off #y bicycle yesterday1 /-1& & 3e +on the $a#e easily1 ' " closed the door ;uietly1 ( =iane speaks Ier#an ;uite +ell1

) * , -

Ti# +atches television all the ti#e1 Please don7t ask that ;uestion a$ain1 =oes Gen play football every +eekend2 " borro+ed so#e #oney fro# a friend of #ine1 /-1' & " $o to the bank every 4riday1 ' 3hy did you co#e ho#e so late2 ( Ann drives her car to +ork every day1 ) " haven7t been to the cine#a recently1 * Please +rite your na#e at the top of the pa$e1 , " re#e#bered her na#e after a fe+ #inutes1 - 3e +alked around the to+n all #ornin$1 . " didn7t see you at the party on Saturday ni$ht1 / 3e found so#e interestin$ books in the library1 Sally took the children to the Noo yesterday1 & They are buildin$ a ne+ hotel opposite the park1 5N"T /. /.1 ' " usually have 111 ( ri$ht ) Steve hardly ever $ets an$ry1 * " also +ent to the bank1 , Hane al+ays has to hurry 11 - 3e +ere all tired so +e all fell asleep1 . ri$ht /.1& & 3e +ere all on holiday1 ' 3e +ere all stayin$ at the sa#e hotel1 ( 3e all enAoyed ourselves1 ) Catherine is al+ays very $enerous1 * " don7t usually have to +ork on Saturdays1 , =o you al+ays +atch television in the evenin$s2 - 0e is also learnin$ "talian1 . That hotel is probably very expensive1 / "t probably costs a lot to stay there1 " can probably help you1

& " probably can7t help you1 /.1' & usually take ' a# usually ( has probably $one @p''( ) +ere both born * can also sin$ , often breaks - have never spoken . al+ays have to +ait / can only read +ill probably be leavin$ & probably +on7t be ' is hardly ever ( are still livin$ ) +ould never have #et * Ees9 " al+ays a# at this ti#e of day1 !but " a# al+ays tired% 5N"T / /1 ' 0e doesn7t +rite poe#s any #ore1 ( 0e still +ants to be a teacher1 ) 0e7s not60e isn7t interested in politics any #ore1 * 0e7s still sin$le1 , 0e doesn7t $o fishin$ any #ore1 - 0e hasn7t $ot a beard any #ore160e doesn7t have 111 /- & 0e no lon$er +rites poe#s1 0e is no lon$er interested in politics1 0e no lon$er $oes fishin$1 0e no lon$er has a beard160e has no lon$er $ot a beard160e7s no lon$er $ot 111 /1& & 0e hasn7t $one yet1 ' They haven7t finished their dinner yet1 ( They haven7t +oken up yet1

) She hasn7t found a Aob yet1 or 111 found one yet1 * " haven7t decided !+hat to do% yet1 , "t hasn7t taken off yet1 /1' ) " don7t +ant to $o out yet1 *she doesn7t +ork there any #ore , " still have a lot of friends there1 - 3e7ve already #et1 . =o you still live in the sa#e house / have you already eaten 0e isn7t here yet1 & he still isn7t here !he isn7t here yet is also possible% ' are you already a #e#ber ( can still re#e#ber it very clearly1 ) These trousers don7t fit #e any #ore1 * 0ave you finished +ith the paper yet2 No9 "7# still readin$ it1 5N"T 1 & even An$ela ' not even Sharon ( even An$ela ) even Finda * not even An$ela 1& & She even has to +ork on Sundays1 ' They even painted the floor1 (Eou could even hear the noise fro# the next street1 or 111 hear it fro#1 ) They even have the +indo+s open +hen it7s freeNin$1 or 111 have the# open1 , " can7t even re#e#ber her na#e1 - There isn7t even a cine#a1 . 0e didn7t even tell his +ife !+here he +as $oin$%1 1' & even older ' even better ( even #ore difficult ) even +orse

* even less 1( & if ' even if ( even ) even thou$h * Even , Even thou$h - even if . Even thou$h 5N"T & &1 & Althou$h " had never seen her before ' althou$h it +as ;uite cold ( althou$h +e don7t like the# very #uch ) Althou$h " didn7t speak the lan$ua$e * Althou$h the heatin$ +as on , althou$h "7d #et her t+ice before - althou$h +e7ve kno+n each other for a lon$ ti#e &1& & a1 "n spite of b1 Althou$h ' a1 because b1 althou$h ( a1 because of b1 in spite of ) a1 althou$h b1 because of Exa#ple ans+ersD * a1 he didn7t study very hard1 b1 he studied very hard1 , a1 " +as hun$ry1 b1 bein$ hun$ry6#y hun$er6the fact that " +as hun$ry &1' & "n spite of havin$ very little #oney9 they are happy1 ' Althou$h #y foot +as inAured9 " #ana$ed to +alk to the nearest villa$e1 or " #ana$ed to +alk to the nearest villa$e althou$h #y 111 ( " enAoyed the fil# in spite of the silly story16111 in spite of the story bein$ silly16111 in spite of the silliness of the story16111 in spite of the fact the story +as silly1 or "n spite of 1119 " enAoyed the fil#1 ) =espite livin$ in the sa#e street9 +e hardly ever see each other1 or =espite the fact that +e live in1 or 3e hardly ever see each other despite 111 * " $ot very +et in the rain even thou$h " had an u#brella1 or

Even thou$h " had an u#brella9 " $ot 111 &1( & "t7s a bit +indy thou$h1 ' 3e ate it thou$h1 ( " don7t like her husband thou$h1 5N"T ' '1 & she $ets lost ' She7s $oin$ to take an u#brella in case it rains1 ( She7s $oin$ to take her ca#era in case she +ants to take so#e photo$raphs1 ) She7s $oin$ to take so#e +ater in case she $ets thirsty1 * She7s $oin$ to take a to+el in case she +ants to have a s+i#1 '1& in case you need to contact #e1 & "7ll say $oodbye no+ in case " don7t see you a$ain before you $o1 ' Can you check the list in case +e7ve for$otten so#ethin$2 or 111 for$otten anythin$2 '1' & 0e +rote do+n the na#e of the book in case he for$ot it1 ' " phoned #y parents in case they +ere +orried about #e1 ( " +rote to Hane a$ain in case she hadn7t received #y first letter1 ) " $ave the# #y address in case they ca#e to Fondon one day1 @p'') '1( ' "f ( if ) in case * if , if - in case . in case 5N"T ( (1 & unless you listen carefully1 ' "7ll never speak to her a$ain unless she apolo$ises to #e1 ( 0e +on7t be able to understand you unless you speak very slo+ly1 ) "7# $oin$ to look for another Aob unless the co#pany offer !or offers% #e #ore #oney1

(1& & "7# not $oin$ to the party unless you $o too1 or 111 unless you co#e too1 ' The do$ +on7t attack you unless you #ove suddenly1 ( 0e +on7t speak to you unless you ask hi# a ;uestion1 ) The doctor +on7t see you today unless it7s an e#er$ency1 (1' & unless ' providin$ ( as lon$ as ) unless * unless , provided - 5nless . unless / as lon$ as (1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & " have to +ork1 ' " don7t have to +ork1 ( she has ti#e1 ) it isn7t rainin$1 * "7# in a harry1 , you have so#ethin$ else to do1 - you pay it back as soon as possible1 . you take risks1 5N"T ) )1 ' because ( at the sa#e ti#e as ) at the sa#e ti#e as * because , because )1& & As it +as a nice day9 +e +ent for a +alk by the sea1 ' As +e didn7t +ant to +ake anybody up9 +e ca#e in very ;uietly1 ( As the door +as open9 " +alked in1 ) As none of us had a +atch9 +e didn7t kno+ +hat ti#e it +as1 )1' & 3e all s#iled as +e posed for the photo$raph1 ' " burnt #yself as " +as takin$ a hot dish out of the oven

( The cro+d cheered as the t+o tea#s ran onto the field1 ) A do$ ran out in front of the car as +e +ere drivin$ alon$ the road1 )1( & +hen ' as ( 3hen ) as ti#e * +hen )1) Exa#ple ans+ersD you +ere $ettin$ into your car1 & +e started playin$ tennis1 ' " had to +alk ho#e1 ( so#ebody +alked in front of the ca#era1 5N"T * *1 ' like ( like ) as * like , like - As . as / like as & like ' like ( like ) like * as , as *1& & as a tourist $uide ' like blocks of ice ( like a be$inner ) like a church * as a birthday present , as a proble# - like +inter . like a child *1' like & as ' like ( like ) as * like , as - as . as / like like & as ' Fike ( as ) as 5N"T , ,1 & as if she had hurt her le$1

as if he #eant +hat he +as sayin$1 as if it has Aust been cut1 as if he hadn7t eaten for a +eek1 as if she +as enAoyin$ it1 as if "7# $oin$ to be sick1 as if she didn7t +ant to co#e1 ,1& & Eou look as if you7ve seen a $host1 ' Eou sound as if you7re enAoyin$ it1 or 111 as if you7ve been enAoyin$ it1 ( " feel as if "7ve run a #arathon1 ,1' & "t looks as if it7s $oin$ to rain1 ' "t sounds as if they are havin$ an ar$u#ent1 ( "t looks as if there7s been an accident1 ) "t looks as if +e7ll have to +alk1 * "t sounds as if you had a $ood ti#e1 ,1( & as if " +as6+ere ' as if she +as6+ere ( as if it +as6+ere 5N"T -1 ' durin$ ( for ) durin$ * for , for - for . durin$ / for for & for ' durin$ ( for -1& ' +hile ( 3hile ) =urin$ * +hile , durin$ - =urin$ . +hile / +hile durin$ & +hile ' durin$ ( +hile ) +hile -1' Exa#ple ans+ersD '1 " +as doin$ the house+ork1

' ( ) * , -

" #ake a ;uick phone call2 the lesson1 the intervie+1 the car is #ovin$1 the #eal1 the $a#e / +e +ere playin$ football 5N"T . .1 & by /1'/ ' by Saturday +hether you can co#e to the party1 ( Please #ake sure you7re here by & o7clock1 or Please be here 111 ) "f +e leave no+9 +e should arrive by lunchti#e1 @p''* .1& ' by ( until ) until 111 by * by , until - by . by / until By & by .1' Exa#ple ans+ersD ' until " co#eback1 ( by ) o7clock1 ) by next 4riday1 * until #idni$ht1 .1( & By the ti#e " $ot to the station ' By the ti#e the police arrived ( By the ti#e the $uards discovered +hat had happened ) By the ti#e " !had% finished #y +ork 5N"T &/ &/1 & on Sundays1 ' at ni$ht1 ( in the evenin$1

( ) * , .

) * , .

on & Huly .*.1 at the sa#e ti#e1 in the .&/s1 in about &/ #inutes1 at the #o#ent1 / at Christ#as1 in the 8iddle A$es1 & in seconds1 &/1& & a1 on b1 at ' a1 in b1 on ( a1 on b1 ) a1 in b1 at * a1 in b1 on c1 &/1' in & on ' in ( on ) in * in , at - on . at / On Saturday ni$ht 111 at o7clock at & at ) o7clock in the #ornin$ ' on , Hanuary 111 in April ( in ) on Tuesday #ornin$ 111 in the afternoon * in , at - on . in 5N"T & & 1 & on ti#e ' in ti#e ( on ti#e ) in ti#e * on ti#e , in ti#e - in ti#e . on ti#e

& 1& & "6+e $ot ho#e Aust in ti#e1 ' "6stopped hi# Aust in ti#e1 ( "6+e $ot to the cine#a Aust in ti#e for the be$innin$ of the fil#1 & 1' & at the end of the #onth ' at the end of the course ( at the end of the race ) at the end of the intervie+ & 1( & "n the end she resi$ned1 ' "n the end " $ave up1 ( "n the end +e decided not to $o1 or 111 +e didn7t $o1 & 1) & "n ' at 111 at ( in ) in * at , in - at . in 5N"T && &&1 & At the traffic li$hts1 ' On his ar#1 or On the #an7s ar#1 ( a1 On the door1 b1 "n the door1 ) "n Paris1 * On the +all1 , a1 At the top of the stairs1 b1 At the botto# !of the stairs%1 - a1 At the $ate1 b1 On the $ate1 . At the end of the ;ueue1 / On the beach1 &&1& & on #y $uitar ' at the next $ara$e ( in your coffee ) on that tree

* in the #ountains , on the island - at the +indo+ &&1' & on the +all in the kitchen ' at ( on ) At * on , at - in 111 in . on / in on 5N"T &' &'1 & On the second floor1 ' On the corner1 or At the corner1 ( "n the corner1 ) "n the back of the car1 * in a #irror1 , At the front1 - "n the back ro+1 . a1 On the left1 b1 On the ri$ht1 / On a far#1 &'1& & on the ri$ht ' in the +orld ( on #y +ay to +ork ) on the +est coast * in the front ro+ , at the back of the class - on the back of the envelope &'1' in & on or at ' in ( on 111 on ) at * in the paper 11 on the back pa$e , in - in . in

/ on on 5N"T &( &(1 & on a train ' at a conference ( in hospital ) at the hairdresser6at the hairdresser7s * on her bicycle , in Ne+ Eork - at the National Theatre &(1& & in bed ' 3hat7s on at the cine#a ( in prison ) at school * at the Sports Centre , in hospital - at the airport . on the plane / at sea @p'', &(1' at & at ' on ( in ) at * at6in a very nice hotel 111 in A#sterda# , in - at +ork 111 at ho#e in bed . at / in at & in Fondon 111 at Fondon 5niversity 5N"T &) &)1 ' at ( to ) to * into , $et ho#e 111 $oin$ to bed - at . to 4rance 111 in BraNil / to

in Chica$o 111 #oved to Ne+ Eork lives in Ne+ Eork & to ' into ( to ) at * to , 3elco#e to 111 &)1& Exa#ple ans+ersD & "7ve been to S+eden once1 ' "7ve never been to the 5nited States1 ( "7ve been to Paris a fe+ ti#es1 &)1' & in ( at * - ' - ) to &)1( & " $ot on the bus1 ' " $ot out of the car1 ( " $ot off the train1 ) " $ot into the taxi1 or " $ot in The taxi * " $ot off the plane1 5N"T & * &*1 & on the phone ' on strike ( on a tour ) on holiday * on television , on purpose - on a diet . on business / the +hole &*1& in cold +eather & in pencil ' in love ( in block letters ) in the shade * in #y opinion , in cash &*1'

& on ' on ( at ) in * on , for - on . at / on "n #y opinion 111 on television & on ' on ( at ) on * at , on - in 5N"T &, &,1 & by #istake ' by hand ( by che;ue ) by satellite * by chance &,1& & on ' by ( on ) by car 111 on #y bike * in , on - by &,1' Exa#ple ans+ersD ' 5lysses is a novel by Ha#es Hoyce1 ( Eesterday is a son$ by Paul 8cCartney1 ) Iurnica is a paintin$ by Pablo Picasso1 &,1( by & +ith ' by ( by ) +ith * by car 111 in your car , on - by . by the bed +ith a la#p and a clock on it / by &,1) & by ten pence1 ' by t+o votes1 ( Gate by five #inutes16her by five #inutes1 5N"T &&-1

& ' ( ) * , .

to the proble# +ith her brother in prices to your ;uestion for a ne+ road in the nu#ber of people +ithout Aobs for shoes like these any #ore bet+een your Aob and #ine &-1& & invitaion to ' contact +ith ( key to ) cause of * reply to , connection bet+een - pictures of . reason for / da#a$e to &-1' & for ' of ( to ) in * for , of - in or to . to or to+ards / +ith in & for ' to ( of ) for a rise in pay * to , +ith 5N"T &. &.1 & That +as nice of her1 ' That +as $enerous of hi#1 ( That +asn7t very nice of the#1 ) That7s very kind of you1 * That +asn7t very polite of hi#1 , That7s bit childish of the#1 &.1&

& kind to ' sorry for ( annoyed +ith ) annoyed about * i#pressed +ith6i#pressed by , bored +ith !or bored by% - astonished at6astonished by @p''&.1' & of ' to 111 to ( of ) of * +ith , to - +ith . at6by / +ith about & about ' sorry about or sorry for 111 an$ry +ith ( furious +ith us for #akin$ ) about * about , at6by - +ith6by . about &/ about & for 5N"T '/ '/1 & of furniture ' on fport ( of ti#e ) at tennis * to a :ussian !#an% , of :obert - fro# yours6to yours '/1& & si#ilar to ' afraid of ( interested in ) responsible for * proud of , different fro#6different to

'/1' & for ' of ( of ) in * to , of 111 of - on . of / +ith of & of ' in ( of ) of * of , to - on '/1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & "7# hopless at tellin$ Aokes ' "7# not very $ood at #athe#atics1 ( "7# ;uite $ood at re#e#berin$ na#es1 5N"T ' ' 1 ' $lanced at ( invited to ) listen to * thro+ stones at , thro+ it to - speakin$ to . +rote to / point the# at ' 1& & at ' at ( to ) to * to , at - to . at / at ' 1' ' Can you explain this ;uestion to #e2 ( Can you explain the syste# to #e2 ) Can you explain to #e ho+ this #achine +orks2 * Can you explain to #e +hat your proble# is2 ' 1( ' to ( - ) to * to , - - to . to / 5N"T '&

'&1 & for ' for ( to ) for * about , - about . - / for for & about ' for ( for '&1& & +aitin$ for ' talk about ( asked the +aiter for the bill ) applied for * do so#ethin$ about it , looks after or has looked after - left Boston for Paris '&1' & for ' about ( of ) for * of , about - '&1( & lookin$ for ' looked after ( lookin$ for * looks after 5N"T '' ''1 & about ' co#plained to us about the noise ( of ) of * about 111 about 111 about 111 about , of - about . of or about ''1& & co#plainin$ about ' think about ( +arn you about ) heard of * drea# of

, re#inded #e about - re#ind you of ''1' & hear about ' heard fro# ( heard of ) hear fro# * hear about , heard of ''1( & think about ' thinks about6thinks of ( think of ) think of * thinkin$ of6thinkin$ about , think of - thinkin$ about6thinkin$ of . thou$ht about / think #uch of 5N"T '( '(1 & for the #isunderstandin$ !+hich +as #y fault%1 ' on +innin$ the tourna#ent1 ( fro# his ene#ies16a$ainst his ene#ies1 ) of players1 * on bread and e$$s1 - for everythin$1 . for the econo#ic crisis2 / violent cri#e on television1 is to bla#e for the econo#ic crisis2 & television is to bla#e for the increase in violent cri#e1 '(1& & paid for ' accused of ( depends on ) live on

* con$ratulated hi# on , apolo$ise to @p''. GEE TO EME:C"SES '(1' & fro# ' on ( of ) for * for , - on . on / on or fro# or a$ainst & of 5N"T ') ')1 & s#all to+ns to bi$ cities1 ' +ith all the infor#ation " needed1 ( F*/ on a pair of shoes1 ')1& & happened to ' drove into ( divided into ) believe in * fill it +ith , Concentrate on - succeeded in ')1' & to ' on ( in ) to * in , +ith - into . in / on into & to ' into ( on ) fro# one lan$ua$e into another * happened to 111 spend it on , into

- +ith ')1( Exa#ple ans+ersD & on books1 ' into a +all1 ( to volleyball1 ) into #any lan$ua$es1 5N"T '* '*1 & turn up ' #ovin$ in ( closed do+n ) dropped out * sho+ off , doNed off - clears up '*1& & back at ' out of ( on +ith ) up at * for+ard to , a+ay +ith '*1' & cross it out ' #ade it up ( $ive the# back ) see her off * $ave the# a+ay , sho+ you round - turned it do+n '*1( ' the# up ( the television off or off the television ) hi# do+n * a Aacket on or on a Aacket , your ci$arette out or out your ci$arette

- it out . a +ord up or up a +ord / it up @p'(/ 1 ' 7# $ettin$6a# $ettin$ ( do you do ) +as the car doin$ * phones 111 didn7t phone , +ere thinkin$ 111 decided - 7s happenin$6is happenin$ . doesn7t rain / ran$ 111 +ere havin$ +ent 111 +as studyin$ 111 didn7t +ant 111 didn7t stay & told 111 didn7t believe 111 thou$ht 111 +as Aokin$ &1 & didn7t $o ' is +earin$ ( has $ro+n ) haven7t decided * is bein$ , +asn7t readin$ - didn7t have . is be$innin$ / found +asn7t & you7ve been ' "7ve been doin$ ( did she $o ) "7ve been playin$ * do you co#e , since " sa+ her - for &/ years '1 ' are you $oin$ ( =o you +atch

) * , .

have you lived6have you been livin$6have you been =id you have 0ave you seen +as she +earin$ 0ave you been +aitin$60ave you been here / does it take 0ave you finished & 0ave you !ever% been have kno+n each other6have been friends "7ve ever had6"7ve ever been on6"7ve had for a$es !etc1% 0e +ent 0e +ent ho#e60e +ent out 0e left "7ve +orn it " +as playin$ been s+i##in$ for6had a s+i# for since "7ve been6since " !last% +ent did you buy6did you $et

( & ' ( ) * , . )

$ot 111 +as already +aitin$ 111 had arrived & +as lyin$ 111 +asn7t +atchin$ 111had fallen 111 +as snorin$ 111 turned 111 +oke ' had Aust $one 111 +as readin$ 111 heard 111 $ot 111 didn7t see 111 +est ( #issed 111 +as standin$ 111 realised 111 had left 111 had 111 $ot ) #et 111 +as +alkin$ 111 had been 111 had been playin$ 111 +ere $oin$ 111 invited 111 had arran$ed 111 didn7t have *1 & So#ebody has taken it1 ' They had only kno+n each other !for% a fe+ +eeks1 ( "t has been rainin$ all day16"t has rained all day1 ) " had been drea#in$1 * "7d had !J " had had% a bi$ breakfast1 , They7ve been $oin$ there for years1 - "7ve had it since " $ot up1 . 0e has been trainin$ very hard for it1 ,1

" haven7t seen & Eou look6Eou7re lookin$ ' are you $oin$ ( are you #eetin$ ) "7# $oin$ * =o you often $o , are you $oin$ - "7# #eetin$ . has been / "7ve been +aitin$ has Aust started & is she $ettin$ ' =oes she like ( she thinks ) Are you +orkin$ * spoke , you +ere +orkin$ - +ent . " started " had started &/ " lost & you haven7t had && "7ve had &' have you seen &( has he been &) " sa+ &* he +ent &, 0e had been &- he decided6he7d decided &. 0e +as really lookin$ for+ard '/ is he doin$ ' " haven7t heard '& he left invented & it7s $one6it has $one ' had $one

did you do 111 =id you $o have you had it +as rainin$ She has been teachin$ " bou$ht 1 " haven7t +orn " sa+ 111 +as 111 "7d seen6" had seen 111 " re#e#bered 1111 it +as / 0ave you heard 111 She +as died 111 She +rote 111 0ave you read does this +ord #ean 111 "7ve never seen & =id you arrive 111 it had already be$un ' knocked 111 +as 111 he7d $one he had $one 111 he didn7t +ant ( She7d never used6She had never used 111 she didn7t kno+ ) +ent 111 She needed 111 she7d been sittin$6she had been sittin$ .1 ' used to drive ( +as drivin$ ) +ere studyin$ * used to have , +as havin$ - +as playin$ . used to play / +as +earin$ /1 & "7# $oin$ to the dentist1 ' +e7re $oin$ to hire a car1 ( "7ll look after the children1 ) "7# havin$ lunch +ith Sue1 * are you $oin$ to have2 , "7ll turn on the li$ht1 - "7# $oin$ to turn on the li$ht1 1 & "7ll co#e ' shall +e #eet ( be$ins ) "7ll #eet * "7# seein$

( ) * , .

, Shall " ask - "7ll see . are $oin$ / does the fil# be$in Are you #eetin$ & "7ll be @p'( &1 !&% are you $oin$ to do !'% it starts !(% you7ll enAoy !)% it +ill be6it7s $oin$ to be & ! % you7re $oin$ !&% 3e7re $oin$ !'% you have6you7ll have !(% "7ll send !)% "7ll $et !*% " $et ' ! % "7# havin$6"7# $oin$ to have !&% are co#in$ !'% they7ll have $one !(% they7re !)% " +on7t be able !*% you kno+ !,% "7ll phone ( ! % shall +e #eet !&% "7ll be +aitin$ !'% you arrive !(% "7ll be sittin$ !)% "7ll be-+earin$ !*% "s A$ent '/, co#in$ or "s A$ent '/, $oin$ to co#e or 3ill A$ent '/, be co#in$ !,% Shall " brin$ !-% "7ll explain !.% see ! /% "7ll try '

"7ll have & Are you $oin$ ' shall " phone ( "t7s $oin$ to land ) it is * "7ll #iss6"7# $oin$ to #iss you $o6you7ve $one , Shall " $ive 111 " $ive 111 +ill you +rite - does it end . "7# $oin$ 111 is $ettin$ / "7ll tell 111 "7# 111 " +on7t be "7# $oin$ to have6"7# havin$ & she apolo$ises ' +e7ll be livin$ ( you finish (1 ' could rain6#i$ht rain ( #i$ht have $one6could have $one ) couldn7t $o * couldn7t have seen6can7t have seen , should $et - +ouldn7t reco$nise #i$ht not reco$nise . #ust have heard / should have turned )1 ' 0e #ust have for$otten1 ( Eou needn7t have $one ho#e so early1 ) "t can7t be chan$ed no+1 * She #ay be +atchin$ television1 , She #ust have been +aitin$ for so#ebody1 - he couldn7t have done it1 . Eou ou$ht to have been here earlier1 / " +ould have helped you1 Eou should have been +arned1 & 0e #i$ht not have been feelin$ very +ell160e #i$ht not have felt very +ell1 *1

rin$s +ere is +as6+ere had been had / hadn7t had had driven had been drivin$ & didn7t read ,1 & ca#e !to see us no+%1 ' +ouldn7t have disturbed you1 ( "f you hadn7t provoked the do$9 it +ouldn7t have attacked you1 ) They +ould be upset if " told the# +hat happened161 +hat had happened1 * " +ouldn7t have $ot !so% +et if "7d had an u#brella1 , "f he hadn7t been !so% nervous9 he +ouldn7t have failed1 -1 Exa#ple ans+ersD " +asn7t feelin$ so tired1 & " hadn7t had so #uch to do1 ' " +ould have for$otten Hane7s birthday1 ( you hadn7t taken so lon$ to $et ready1 ) " +ould have $one to the concert1 * you +ere in trouble2 , there +as no traffic1 - people +ould $o out #ore1 .1 ' " kne+ ( "7d taken6" had taken ) Ann +ere6Ann +as * they7d hurry up6they +ould hurry up , +e didn7t have - +e7d had6" +e had had . it +asn7t6it +eren7t / " could

( ) * , .

" hadn7t said & you7d slo+ do+n6you +ould slo+ do+n ' +e hadn7t $one ( you +ouldn7t $o6you didn7t $o &/1 ' +as cancelled ( has been repaired ) is bein$ restored * is believed , +ould be sacked - #i$ht have been thro+n . +as tau$ht / bein$ arrested 0ave you ever been arrested & are reported 111 have been inAured & 1 ' have sold ( has been sold ) are #ade * #i$ht be stolen , #ust have been stolen - #ust have taken . can be solved / should have left is delayed & is bein$ built 111 is expected && Castle fire & +as discovered ' +as inAured ( be rescued ) are believed to have been destroyed * is not kno+n Shop robbery +as forced & bein$ threatened ' had been stolen

( +as later found ) had been abandoned * has been arrested , is still bein$ ;uestioned :oad delays is bein$ resurfaced & are asked6are bein$ asked have been asked ' is expected ( +ill be closed ) +ill be diverted Accident +as taken & +as allo+ed ' +as blocked ( be diverted ) have been killed @p'(& &'1 ' chan$in$ ( to chan$e ) chan$e * bein$ , sayin$ - to phone . drinkin$ / to be to see & to be ' to think 111 #akin$ ( to be 111 playin$ ) bein$ stopped 1111 stealin$ 111 drivin$ * +ork 111 pressin$ &(1 ' " don7t fancy $oin$ out1 ( 0e tends to for$et thin$s1 ) 3ould you #ind helpin$ #e2

Everybody see#s to have $one out1 3e7re thinkin$ of #ovin$1 " +as afraid to touch it1 0e is afraid of bein$ robbed1 / "t7s not +orth seein$1 "7# not used to +alkin$ so far1 & She see#s to be enAoyin$ herself1 ' 0e insisted on sho+in$ the# to #e9 ( rather so#ebody else did it1 &)1 ' readin$ ne+spapers1 ( not $o out toni$ht6stay at ho#e toni$ht1 ) +alkin$ or in +alkin$1 * #e to phone you this evenin$2 , anybody seein$ #e6bein$ seen1 - of bein$ a cheat6of cheatin$1 . to seein$ the# a$ain1 / to do2 to have $one out +ith you1 & not takin$ your advice6not havin$ taken your advice6that " didn7t take your advice1 &* & Tennis 111 t+ice a +eek 111 a very $ood player ' for dinner 111 after +ork 111 to the cine#a ( 5ne#ploy#ent 111 for people 111find +ork ) PanP accident 111 $oin$ ho#e 111 taken to hospital 111 " think #ost accidents 111 by people drivin$ * PanP econo#ist 111 in PtheP invest#ent depart#ent 111 of Floyds Bank 111 for an A#erican bank 111 in the 5nited States , PtheP na#e of PtheP hotel111PTheP "#perial111 in <ueen Street in PtheP city centre111near PtheP station1 - PTheP older one111PaP pilot +ith British Air+ays 111PTheP youn$er one111 at school111 $o to university111 study la+ &,1 & if ' +hen ( if ) +hen

* , .

* if , if - unless . if / as lon$ as in case & in case ' if ( even if ) Althou$h * althou$h , +hen - +hen &-1 & on ' PatP .1'/ PonP Tuesday ( at ) on * at , "n - at . durin$6in / PonP 4riday11PsinceP then for &at ' PatP the #o#ent111PuntilP 4riday ( by &.1 in & by ' at ( on ) PonP your check111PinP the #irror * PtoP a party PatPFinda7s house , on - on . to 111 to / in ?ienna 111 at the a$e of ') in this photo$raph 111 on the left & to the theatre 111 in the front no+ ' on the +all by the door ( at ) on * in a to+er block 111 on the fifteenth floor , on - pay in cash or pay cash 111 by credit card . On the bus 111 by car &/ on 111 on '/1 for & at

to ( to in * +ith of - to of / at6by of & about ' 1 of & after ' - ( about ) to * , into - of . to / on of & of ' at ( on @p'(' GEE TO ST5=E I5"=E!see pa$e '/ % Note that so#eti#es #ore than one alternative is correct1 Present and past 1 A 1& B 1' C 1( B9 C 1) C 1* A Present perfect and past &1 B &1& C &1' A &1( C &1) A &1* B &1 , A &1- = &1. A &1 / A &1 A &1 & C

' ) , .

&1 ' B &1 ( C 4uture '1 A '1& C '1' A9 '1( B '1) C9 C '1* A 8odals (1 A9 B (1& A9 C (1' C (1( B (1) A9 B9 = (1 * B (1, A9 C (1- B9 C (1. A9 B (1 / A (1 = Conditionals and 7+ish7 )1 B )1& = )1' = )1( B Passive *1 C *1& B *1' A *1( C *1) = :eported speech ,1 B ,1& A <uestions and auxiliary verbs

-1 C -1& A -1' = -1( A -1) B >in$ and the infinitive .1 A .1& B9 = .1' B .1( A .1) A .1* C .1, = .1- C .1. C .1 / B .1 C .1 & = .1 ' B .1 ( A9 B .1 ) A .1 * A .1 , B9 C Articles and nouns /1 B /1& B9 C /1' B /1( C /1) A /1* A /1, A /1- C /1. C /1 / A9 C /1 A /1 & C

/1 ' B Pronouns and deter#iners 1 B 1& A 1' B 1( B 1) B 1* C 1, A9 C 1- C 1. = 1 / A9 C 1 B :elative clauses &1 A9 C &1& A9 B &1' C &1( B &1) = &1* B AdAectives and adverbs '1 B '1& C '1' B9 C '1( A '1) A9 = '1* B '1, B9 C '1- C '1. C '1 / B9 C '1 = '1 & A9 B '1 ' B '1 ( = '1 ) B

ConAunction and prepositions (1 A9 = (1& C (1' B9 C (1( A (1) B (1* C9 = (1, B9 C (1- A Prepositions )1 B )1& A )1' C )1( B )1) A )1* B9 = )1, B )1- B )1. C )1 / C )1 C )1 & A )1 ' C )1 ( B )1 ) = )1 * = )1 , A )1 -B