Chapter # 44 X-Rays

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manishkumarphysics.in
SOLVED EXAMPLES
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. When a Coolidge tube is operated for some time it becomes hot. Where does the heat from ?
2. In a Coolidge tube, electrons strike the target and stop inside it. Does the target get more and more nega-
tively charged as time passes ?
3. Can X-rays be used for photoelectric effect ?
4. Can X-rays be polarized ?
5. X-rays and visible light travel at the same speed in vacuum. Do they travel at the same speed in glass ?
6. Characteristic X-rays may be used to identify the element from which they are coming. Can continuous X-
rays be used for this purpose ?
7. Is it possible that in a Coolidge tube characterstic
o
L X-rays are emitted but not
o
K X-rays ?
8. Can
o
L X-ray of one material have shorter wavelength than
o
K X-ray of another ?
9. Can a hydrogen atom emit characteristic X-ray ?
10. Whh is exposure to X-ray injurious to health but exposure to visible light is not, when both are electromag-
netic waves ?
Objective - I
1. X-ray beamcan be deflected
(A) by an electric field
(B*) by a magnetic field
(C) by an electric field as well as by a magnetic field
(D) neither by an electric field nor by a magnetic field
X-l+i l-i l- l+i i =+-i t -
(A) l+=i l - -i zi ,ii
(B*) l+=i - -+i -i zi ,ii
(C) l+=i l - -i zi ,ii =ii ti l+=i - -+i -i zi ,ii ii
(D) - -i l+=i l - -i zi ,ii ~i - ti l+=i - -+i -i zi ,ii
2. Consider a photon of continuous X-ray coming from a Coolidge tube. Its energy comes from
(A*) the kinetic energy of the strilking electron
(B) the kinetic energy of the free electrons of the traged
(C) the kinetic energy of the ions of the traget
(D) an atomic transition in the target
+ni -ni = ~i ti =-- X-l+ii + +i i- l-i +il :=+i -i ~i-i t -
(A*) ++ +- in :n+i- +i nl- -i =
(B) n- + n+- :n+i-i +i nl- -i =
(C) n- + ~i-i +i nl- -i =
(D) n- n nil+ -ii-i-i =
3. The energy of a photon of characteristic X-ray froma Coolidge tube comes from
(A) the kinetic energy of the strilking electron
(B) the kinetic energy of the free electron of the target
(C) the kinetic energy of the ions of the target
(D*) an atomic transition in the target
+ ni -ni = ~i- ini ~lini-ili+ X-l+ii + +i i - +i -i ~i-i t -
(A) ++ +- in :n+i- +i nl- -i =
(B) n- + n+- :n+i-i +i nl- -i =
(C) n- + ~i-i +i nl- -i =
(D*) n- n nil+ -ii-i-i =
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
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4. If the potential difference applied to the tube is doubled and the separation between the filament and the
targer is also doubled, the cutoff wavelength
(A) will remain unchanged (B) will be doubled
(C) will be halved (D) will become four the original
l< -ni ~ii l- i --i < n-i + <i i ( --- n- + n +i ~--in ii < n-i + l<i i -i . - --n
+i - n< (cutoff wavelength) -
(A) ~ll-- tni (B) <n-i ti ini
(C) ~iii ti i ni (D) n n +i -i n -i ti i ni
5. If the current in the circuit for heating the filament is increased, the cutoff wavelength
(A) will increase (B) will decrease (C*) will remain unchanged (D) will change
l< --- +i nn +- in li n iii ci <i i -i +i -n< -
(A) c ini (B) +n ti ini (C*) ~ll- - t ni (D) ll-- ti ini
6. Moseleys law of characteristic X-rays is \v = a(Z-b). in this,
(A*) both a and b are independent of the material
(B) a is independent but b depends on the material
(C) b is independent but a depends on the material
(D) both a and b depend on the material
~lini-ili+ X-l+ii + ln ni n +i l-n \v = a(Z-b) t :=n -
(A*) a b <i -i ti <ii l-i -ti +- t
(B) a ~l-i t l+-- b <ii l-i +-i t
(C) b ~l-i t l+-- a <ii l-i +-i t
(D) a b <i-i ti <ii l-i +- t
7. Frequencies of K
o
X-rays of deifferent materials are measured. Which one of the graphs in fig. may represent
the relation between the frequency v and the atomic number Z.
lli-- <iii +i K
o
X-l+ii +i ~i l-ii nii ni l--- l-zi n +i -=i n i+ ~i l-i v -ii nii +ni + z n = i
<lzi- +-i t -
(D*)
8. The X-ray beamcoming froman X-ray tube
(A) is monochromic
(B) has all wavelengths smaller than a certain maxiumu wavelength
(C*) has all wavelength greater than a certain minimum wavelength
(D) has all wavelength lying between a minimum and a maximum wavelength
X-l+i nni = ~i- ini X-l+i -
(A) (+ ii ti -i t
(B) n (+ ~li+-n -n< = +n ini =n-- -n< -l-i- ti-i t
(C*) n (+ ---n -n< = ~li+ini =n-- -n< -l-i- ti-i t
(D) (+ ---n -ii (+ ~li+-n -n< + i- ini =n-- -n< -l-i- ti-i t
9. One of the following wavelength is absent and the rest are presnet in the X-rays coming froma Cooling tube,
Which one is the absent wavelength ?
l--- - n< i n = (+ - n< + ni -ni = ~i- ini X-l+ii n ~- l-i- t -ii zi i -l-i- t ~- l-i- - n<
+i -=i t -
(A*) 25 pm (B) 50 pm (C) 75 pm (D) 100 pm
10. Fig,. shows the intensity-wavelength relations of X-rays coming from two different Cooling tubes. The solid
curve represents the relation for the tube A in which the potential difference between the target and the
filament is V
A
and the atomic number of the target material is Z
A
. These quantities are V
B
and Z
B
for the other
tube. Then,
l-zi n <i li--li-- + ni -lni n ~i- ini X-l+ii + ln -i -i- n< = i <lzi - l+ n t ai = +
-ni A+ ln t . l=n n- - - + n lii - V
A
( n- + <ii +i nii +ni + Z
A
t < =i -ni + ln
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
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t ilzii V
B
-ii Z
B
t . -i -
(A) V
A
> V
B
, Z
A
> Z
B
(B*) V
A
> V
B
, Z
A
< Z
B
(C) V
A
< V
B
, Z
A
> Z
B
(D) V
A
< V
B
, Z
A
< Z
B
11. 50% of the X-rays coming from a Coolidge tube is able to pass through a 0.1 mm thick aluminum foil. If the
potential difference between the target and th filament is increased, the fraction of the X-ray passing through
the same foil will be
+ ni -ni n ~i- ini X-l+ii +i 50%0.1 lnni ni i (- lnl-n +i -i = n =+-i t l< - - ( n-+
n lii - ci l<i i -i --i = n - ini X-l+ii +i iin ti i ni -
(A) 0% (B) < 50% (C) 50% (D*) > 50%
12. 50% of the X-rays coming from a Coolidge tube is able to pass through a 0.1 mm tick aluminum foil. The
potential difference between the target and the filament is increased. The thickness of aluminimum foil,
which will allow 50% of the X-ray to pass through, will be
+ ni -ni = ~i- ini X-l+ii +i 50%0.1 lnni ni i (- lnl-n +i --i = n =+-i t n- -ii - - + n
lii - ci l<i i-i t (- lnl-n --i +i t ni i: l== 50%, X-l+i ti n =+ni. ti ni -
(A) zero (B) < 0.1 mm (C) 0.1 mm (D*) 0.1 mm
13. X-rays from a Coolidge tube is incident on a thin aluminiumfoil. The intensity of the X-ray transmitted by the
foil is found to be I
o
. The heating current is increased so as to increase the temperature of the filament. The
intensity of the X-ray transmitted by the foil will be -
+ ni -ni = ~i- ini X-l+i (+ -ni (- lnl-n +i --i ~il-- t --i = n - ini X-l+i +i -i -i
I
o
ii i-i t nn +- ini iii n lz + <i i-i t . l== - - +i -i c i-i t --i = n - ini X-l+ii
+i -i -i ti i ni -
(A) zero (B) < I
o
(C) I
o
(D*) > I
o
14. Visible light passing through a circular hole forms a diffraction disc of radius 0.1 mm on a screen. If X-rays is
passed through the same set-up, the radius of the diffraction disc will be -
-ii+i lz< = n - ini < z +izi. < 0.1 lnni lzii +i l- - -+-i -i-i t l< :=i -ii = X-l+i
nii i -i l- - -+-i +i lzii ti i ni -
(A) zero (B*) < 0.1 mm (C) 0.1 mm (D) > 0.1 mm
Objective - II
1. For harder X-rays,
(A) the wavelength is higher (B) the intensity is higher
(C*) the frequency is higher (D*) the photon energy is higher
+ai X-l+ii + ln -
(A) - n< ~li+ ti -i t (B) -i -i ~li+ ti -i t
(C*) ~i l-i --- ti -i t (D*) +ii- +i -i --- ti-i t
2. Cutoff wavelength of X-rays coming from a Coolidge tube depends on the
(A) target material (B*) accelerating voltage
(C) separation between the target and the filament (D) tepmerature of the filament
+ ni -ni = ~i- ini X-l+ii +i +i - n< (- --n - n<) l-i +-i t -
(A) n- + <ii (B*) + i--i
(C) + i--i (D) +ii- +i -i --- ti-i t
3. Mark the correct options.
(A) An atom with a vacancy has smaller energy than a neutral atom
(B*) K X-ray is emitted when a hole makes a jump from the K shell to some other shell
(C*) The wavelength of K X-ray is smaller than the wavelength of L X-ray of the same material
(D) The wavelength of K
o
X-ray is smaller than the wavelength of K
|
X-ray of the same material
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
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=ti l+-i +i l-l-t- +il -
(A) (+ iini -ii- in nii +i -i -<i=i- nii = +n ti-i t
(B*) K X-l+i - --- ti -i t . (+ ti n K-+-i+ = l+=i ~- +-i+ n + <-i t
(C*) K X-l+ii +i -n< :=i <ii +i L X-l+ii = +n ti -i t
(D) K
o
X-l+ii +i - n< :=i <ii +i K
|
X-l+ii = +n ti-i t
4. For a given material, the energy and wavelength of characteristic X-ray satisfy -
l+=i l< n <ii + ln . ~lini-ili+ X-l+ii +i -i ( -n< = - +- t -
(A) E(K
o
) > E(K
|
) > E(K

) (B) E(M
o
) > E(L
o
) > E(K
o
)
(C*) (K
o
) > (K
|
) > (K

) (D*) (M
o
) > (L
o
) > (K
o
)
5. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is increased. As a result, in the emitted radiation,
(A) the intensity increases (B) the minimum wavelength increases
(C*) the intensity remains unchanged(D*) the minimum wavelength decreases
l+=i X-l+i -ln+i ~ii l- lii - ci l<i ni t liin- -=l - ll+i n -
(A) -i-i c ini (B) ---n -n< c ini
(C*) -i-i ~ll-- tni (D*) ---n -n< +n ti ini
6. When an electron strikes the target in Coolidge tube, its entire kinetic energy
(A) is conberted into a photon (B*) may be converted into a photon
(C) is converted into heat (D*) may be converted into heat
+ni -ni n :n+i- n- = +i-i t -i :=+i nl--i
(A) +ii- n ll-- ti i-i t (B*) +ii- n ll-- ti =+-i t
(C) -ni n ll-- ti i-i t (D*) -ni n ll- - ti =+-i t
7. X-ray incident on a material
(A*) exerts a force on it (B*) transfers energy to it
(C*) transfers momentum to it (D*) transfers impluse to it
X-l+i l+=i <ii ~il-- ti -i t -i -
(A*) := n nni-i t (B*) :=+i -i -ii-i-l- +-i t
(C*) :=+i =n -ii-i-l- +-i t (D*) :=+i ~in <i- +-i t
8. Consider a photon of continuous X-ray and a photon of characteristic X-rays of the same wavelength. Which
of the following is/are different for the two photons ?
(A) frequency (B) energy (C) penetrating power (D*) method of creation
X-l+i + +i i- -ii =ni- - n< ini ~lini-ili+ X-l+i + +i i- l-i +il :- <i -i +i i-i +
ln l--- n = +i-=i+i-= li-- t -
(A) ~i l-i (B) -i (C) i<- -in-i (D*) --- ti- +i l+i
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
1. Find the maximum frequency of the X-rays emitted by an X-ray tube operating at 30- kV.
Sol. For maximum frequency, the total kinetic energy (eV) should be converted into an X-ray photon.
Thus,
hv = eV
or, v =
h
e
V
=
s eV 10 14 . 4
V 10 30 e
15
3

=
14 . 4
30
10
18
Hz = 7.2 10
18
Hz.
2. An X-ray tube operate at 20 kV. Aparticular electron loses 5%of its kinetic energy of to emit an X-ray photon
at the first collision. Find the wavelength corresponding to this photon.
Sol. Kinetic energy acquired by the by the electron is
K = eV = 20 10
3
eV.
The energy of the photon
= 0.05 20 = 10
3
eV = 10
3
eV.
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
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Thus,
eV 10
hv
3
=

=
eV 10
) s / m 10 3 ( ) s eV 10 14 . 4 (
3
8 15


=
nm 24 . 1
eV 10
nm eV 1242
3
=

3. An X-ray tube is operated at 20 kV and the current through the tube is 0.5 mA. Find (a) the number of
electrons hitting this target per second, (b) the energy falling on the target per second as the kinetic energy
of the electrons and (c) the cut off wavelength of the X-rays emitted.
Sol. (a) i = ne = 0.5 10
3
A
or, n =
s / 10 1 . 3
C 10 6 . 1
A 10 5 . 0
15
10
3
=

(b) The kinetic energy of an electron reaching the target is K= eV. The energy falling on the target per second
= n eV iV = (0.5 10
3
A) (20 10
3
V)
= 10 J/s
(c)
eV
hc
min
=

or,
eV
hc
min
=
=
nm 062 . 0
) V 10 20 ( e
eV 1242
3
=

4. Find the constants a and b in Moseleys equation ) b Z ( a v = from the following data.
Element Z Wavelength of K
a
X-ray
M
0
42 71 pm
C
0
27 178.5 pm
Sol. Moseleys equation is
) b Z ( a v =
Thus,
) b Z ( a
c
1
1
=

....(i)
and
) b Z ( a
c
2
2
=

....(ii)
From(i) and (ii)
) Z Z ( a
1 1
c
2 1
2 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

or, a =
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1 2 1
1 1
) Z Z (
c
=
27 42
) s / m 10 3 (
2 / 1 8

(
(

2 / 1 12 2 / 1 12
) m 10 5 . 178 (
1
) m 10 71 (
1
= 5.0 10
7
(Hz)
1/2
Dividing (i) by (ii),
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
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b Z
b Z
2
1
1
2

or,
b 27
b 42
71
5 . 178

=
or, b = 1.37
EXERCISE
-ni+ l--i+ h = 4.14 10
15
eV - =.. +izi +i -in C = 3 10
8
ni=
1. Find the energy the frequency and the momentum of an x-ray photon of wavelength 0.10 nm.
0.10 nm -n< in X-l+i +ii- +i -i. ~il-i -ii = n ai- +il
Ans: 12.4 ke V, 3 10
18
Hz 6.62 10
24
kg m/s
2. Iron emits ko x-ray of energy 6.4 ke V and calcium emits ko X-ray of energy 3.69 ke V Calculate the
times taken by an iron Ka photon and a calcium Ka photon to cross through a distance of 3km
ni ti. 6.4 ke V -i ini K
o
X-l+i -=l - +-i t -ii + l-zn 3.69 keV -i ini K
o
X- l+ii +i -= -
+-i t nit + K
o
+ii- -ii +l-zin + K
o
+ii- +i 3 l+ni <i - +- n nn =ni +i ni-i +il
Ans:. Find the cutoff wavelength for the continuous X-rays coming from an X -rays tube operating at 30 kV
3. Find the cutoff wavelength for the continuous X-rays coming from an X-ray tube operating at 30 kV.
30 kV +i ziin (+ X-l+i -ni = ~i- ini =-- X-l+ii +i +i - n< ai- +il
Ans. 41.4 pm
4. What potential difference should be applied across an X-ray tube to get X-ray of wavelength not less
than 0.10 nm? What is the maximum energy of a photon of this X-ray in joule?
l+=i X-l+i -ni l+--i lii - ~ii l- l+i i l+ :== 0.10 nm - n< = +n - n< ini X-l+i
i-- -ti ti ` :- X-l+ii + l+=i +i i- +i ~li+-n -i +i ni- n n l+--i tini`
Ans: 12.4 kV, 2.0 10
15
5. The X-ray coming from a collide tube has a cutoff wavelength of 70 pm Find the kinetic energy of the
electrons hitting the target
(+ + ni -ni = ~i- ini X-l+ii +i +i - n< 80 pm t n- = +i- in :n + i-i +i nl- -i ai-
+il
Ans: 15.5 ke V
6. If the operating potential in an X -ray tube is increased by 1% by what percentage does the cutoff
wavelength decrease?
l< (+ X-l+i -ni +i -in- i--i 1% ci <i i -i +ii -n< l+-- l-zi- +n ti ini`
Ans: approximately
7. The distance between the cathode (filament ) and the target in an x-ray tube is 1.5 m If the curoff
wavelength is 30 pm, find the electric field between the cathode and the target
(+ X-l+i -ni + n- -ii + ii (- -) + n < i 1.5 ni t l< +i - n< 30 pm t . +ii -ii n- +
i- n l - -i zi ai- +il
Ans: 27.7 kV/m
8. The short wavelength limit shifts by 26 pm when the operating voltage in an X-ray tube in increased to
1.5 times the original value .What was the original value of the operating voltage ?
X-l+i -ni n -in- i --i nn +i 1.5 n-i + <i i-i t -i - --n - n< =ini 26 pm = l-iil- ti
i-i t -in- i--i +i nn ni- l+--i t`
Ans: 15.9 kV
9. The electron beam in a colour TV is accelerated through 32 kv and then strikes the screen. What is the
wavelength of the most energetic X-ray photon ?
(+ ni- ii +i :n+ i- 32 kv = l- ti - + z-i- < = +i-i t =ili+ -i in X-l+i +ii-
+i -n< l+--i t`
Ans: 38.8 pm
10. When 40 kv is applied across an X-ray tube X-ray tube X-ray is obtained with a maximum frequency of
9.7 10
18
Hz Calculate the value of planck constant from these data.
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
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manishkumarphysics.in
X-l+i -ni 40 kv ~ii l- l+i i-i t ~li+-n 9.7 10
18
t ~i l-i +i X-l+i i-- ti -i t :- ~i + i
+i =ti-i = -ni + l--i + + ni- +i ni-i +il
Ans : 4.12 10
15
eV s
11. An X-ray tube operates at 40 kv suppose the electrons converts 70% of its energy into a photon at each
collision. Find the lowest three wavelengths emitted from the tube. Neglect the energy imparted to the
atom with which the electron collides.
(+ X-l+i -ln+i 40 kv -iln- +i i-i t ni-i l+ + ++ n :n+i- +i -i +i 70% +i i- n
ll- - ti i-i t -ln+i = -=l - ti - ini - --n -i- - n<i + ni- ai- +il l= nii = :n+ i-
+i-i t -=+i <i ni -i -n ni- nil
Ans: 44.3 pm , 493 pm
12. The wavelength of ka X-ray of tungsten is 21.3 pm It takes 11.3 ke to knock out a electrons from the L
shell of a tungsten atom. What should be the minimum accelerating voltage across an X-ray tube
having tungsten target which allows production of ko X-ray ?
n-- +i K
o
X-l+ii +i -n< 21.3 pm t n-- nii +i L-+-i+ = :n+i- +i it l-+in- + ln
11.3 keV +i ~iz+-i ti -i t n-- n- ini X-l+i -ln+i ~ii l- + i --i +i - --n ni- l+--i
ti l== K
o
X-l+ii +i -i<- =i ti =+`
Ans: 69 .5 kV
13. The K
|
X-ray of argon has a wavelength of 0.36 nm . The minimum energy needed to ionize an argon
atom is 16 eV Find the energy needed to knock out an electrons from the K shall of an argon
~in- +i K
|
X-l+ii +i -n< 0.36 nm t ~in- nii +i ~il-- +- + ln ---n 16eV -i +i
~iz+-i ti -i t ~in - nii + K +-i+ = :n+ i- it l-+in- + ln ~iz+ -i ai- +il
Ans: 3.47 keV
14. The K
o
x-ray of aluminium (Z = 13) and zinc (Z = 30 ) have wavelengths 887 pm and 146 respectively
use mostlys law
v
= a (Z b) to find to the wavelength of the ko X-ray of iron (Z = 26)
(- lnl-n (Z = 13) -ii l + (Z = 13) +i K
o
X-l+ii +i -n< +nzi 887 pm 146 pm t ni =n + l-n
v
= a (Z b) +i -in nit (Z = 26 ) +i K
o
X-l+i +i -n< ai- +- + ln +il
Ans: 198 pm
15. A certain element emits ka X-ray of energy 3.69 ke V use the data from the previous problem to identify
the element.
(+ llzi - 3.69 keV -i +i K
o
X-l+i -=l - +-i t lzn z- n l< n ~i +i +i -in ++ :=
- +i t-i- +il
Ans: calcium
16. The K
p
X-ray from certain elements are given below draw a moseley type plot of
v
versus Z for Kp
radiation.
Element. Ne P Ca Mn Zn Br
Energy (keV) 0.858 2.14 4.02 6.51 9.57 13.3.
+z l-lz-- -i +i K
|
X-l+i -i- <i ni t K
|
ll+i + ln
v
Z + i- nin =i n i+ ii l-(
- Ne P Ca Mn Zn Br
-i (keV) 0.858 2.14 4.02 6.51 9.57 13.3.
17. Use moseleys law with b = 1 to find the frequency of the Ko X-ray of La (Z = 57) if the frequency of the
X-ray of Cu(Z=29 is known to be 1.88 10
18
Hz
l< Cu(Z=29) + ln K
o
X-l+ii +i ~i l-i ai- t l=+i ni- 1.88 10
18
t t ni =n + l-n +i -i n
++ (b = 1 ni-+) La (Z = 57) +i K
o
X-l+ii +i ~il-i ai- +il
Ans : 7.52 10
18
18. The K
o
and K
|
x-rays of molyblenumhave wavelengths 0.71 and 0.63 respectively. Find the wavelength
of Lo x-ray of molybdenum.
nilnl-n +i K
o
-ii K
|
x-l+ii +i -n< +nzi 0.71 -ii 0.63 t nilnl-n +i L
o
x-l+ii +i
-n< ai- +il
Ans: 5.64
19. The wavelengths of Koand LoX-rays of material are 21.3pm and 141 pm respectively Find the wavelength
of K| X-ray of the material.
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
Page # 8
manishkumarphysics.in
l+=i <ii + ln K
o
-ii L
o
X-l+ii +i - n< +nzi 21.3pm -ii 141 pm t := <ii + ln K
|
X-l+ii
+i -n< ai- +il
Ans: 18.5 pm
20. The energy of a silver atom with a vacancy in K shell is 25.31 ke V, in L shall 3.56 ke V, M shell is 0.530
ke V higher than the energy of the atom with no vacancy. Find the frequency of Ko k| and Lo X-ray of
silver
l-i l+- -ii- in nii +i - n-i n K-+-i+ n (+ iini -ii- in -i <i + nii +i -i 25.31 keV, L-+-i+
n l+- 3.56 keV -ii M-+-i+ n ll+- in +i 0.530 keV ~li+ ti -i t -i <i + ln K
o
K
|
-ii L
o
X-l+ii +i
~i l-i ai- +il
Ans: 5.25 10
18
Hz 5.98 10
18
Hz 7.32 10
17
Hz
21. Find the maximum potential difference which may be applied across an X-ray tube with tungsten target
without emitting any characteristic K or L X-ray The energy levels of the tungsten atom with an electron
knocked out are as follows .
Cell containing vacancy K L M
Energy in ke V 69.5 11.3 2.3
n-- n- ini X-l+i -ni ~iil- l+i i =+- ini t ~li+-n lii- ai- +il l+ :==
~lini-ili+ K i L X-l+ii +i -i<- -ti ti =+ (+ :n+i- it l-+n t( n-- nii + -i --
l---i-=i t :
l+- -ii- ini +-i+ K L M
keV n -i 69.5 11.3 2.3 i
Ans: less than 11.3 kV
22. The electric current in a X-ray tube (from the target to the filament ) operating at 40K V is MA. Assume
that on an average 1% of the total kinetic energy of the electrons hitting the target ate converted into X-
rays. (a) What is the total power emitted as X-rays and (b) how much heat is produced in the target
every second ?
40 kV -iln- (+ X-l+i -ln+i n l - iii (n- = - - +i ~i ) 10 mA t ni- nil l+ n- = +i-
in :n+i-i +i +n nl- -i +i ~i=-- 1% ti X-l+ii n ll- - ti-i t (a) X- l+ii + n -=l -
+n zil+- l+--i t -ii (b) n- n l- = + l+--i -ni --- ti ti t `
Ans: (a) 4 W (b) 396 J
23. Heat at the rate of 200 W is produced in an X-ray tube operating at 20 kV Find the current in the circuit
Assume that only a small fraction of the kinetic energy of electrons is converted into X-rays.
20 kV -iln- (+ X-l+i -ln+i n 200 i +i < = -ni --- ti -i t li n iii ai- +il t ni-
nil l+ :n +i- +i nl- -i +i ~- iin ti X-l+ii n ll- - ti -i t
Ans: 10 mA
24. Continues X-ray are made to strike a tissue paper soaked with polluted water. The incoming X-ray
excite the atoms of the sample by knocking out the electrons from the inner shells. Characteristic X-
ray are analysed and the intensity is plotted against the wavelength (figure 44 E1) Assuming that only
K
o
intensities are detected list the elements present in the sample from the plot use mostlys equation.
v = ( 25 10
14
Hz ) (Z 1)2
< li- i-i +i ~zii li- l+ t ( lzi =-- X-l+i ~il-- +i i-i t ~i- ini X-l+i ~i -l+ +-i+i
= :n + i-i +i it l-+in+ l-<zi + nii ~i +i --i l- +-i t l== ~lini-ili+ X-l+i --- ti -i t
-=l - X-l+ii +i lzn ii l+i i-i t -ii - n< + =i -i -i -i +i ni+ ~ili- l+i i-i t t ni--
t ( l+ + n K
o
-i -i( ti = = l--+i i-i t . n i+ +i =ti-i = l-<zi n -l-i- -i +i = -i -i: ni n +i
=ni+i +i -in +il v = ( 25 10
14
Hz ) (Z 1)2 i
Chapter # 44 X-Rays
Page # 9
manishkumarphysics.in
Ans : Zr , Zn, Cu, Fe
25. A free atom of iron emits Ko x-ray of energy 6.4 ke V calculate the recoil kinetic energy of the atom
mass of an iron atom = 9.3 10
26
kg.
ni t +i (+ n +- nii 6.4 keV -i +i K
o
X-l+i -=l - +-i t nii +i l--i - -i +i ni-i +il
nit + (+ nii +i <ni- = 9.3 10
26
kg
Ans: 3.9 10
4
eV
26. The stopping potential in a photoelectric experiment is linearly related to the inverse of the wavelength
(1/ ) of the light falling on the cathode The potential difference applied across an X-ray tube is linearly
related to the inverse of the cutoff wavelength (1/ ) of the X-ray emitted show that the slopes of the
lines in the two cases are equal and find its value.
(+ +izi l - ii n l-i i+ li. + ii ~il-- +izi +i - n< + +n (1/ ) li+ = l-i
+-i t X-l+i -ln+i ~ii l- lii -. -=l - X-l+ii +i +i - n< + +n (1/ ) li+ =
l-i +-i t +- +il l+ :- <i-i l-il-i n ii~i + cin i t -ii :=+i ni- ai- +il
Ans:
e
he
= 1.242 10
6
V m
27. Suppose a monochromatic X-ray beam of wavelength 100 pm is sent through a youngs double slit and
the interference pattern is observed on a photographic plate separation between the slits so that the
successive maxima on the screen are separated by a distance of 0.1 mm? [M_Bank_Chp-44_Ex-_27]
ni-i l+ n l,l-n i n n 100 pm - n< ini (+ ii X-l+i +- l+i i-i t -ii l-ni = 40 = ni
< l-i- +ii n il++ -n l+-+i l- l-i- l+i i-i t l-ni + n +i < i l+--i ii i . l==
l+ < i-- <i +nin- -l--ai + i- +i <i 0.1 mm t
Ans: 4 10
7
m