Li Cam oan:

Knh gi: Hi ng bo v n chuyn ngnh khoa in t - Vin thng, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa - i hc Nng. Em tn l : Trn Minh Phong Hin ang hc lp 09DT1 - khoa in t - Vin thng, Trng i hc Bch Khoa Nng. Em xin cam on ni dung ca n ny khng phi l sao chp ca bt k n hoc cng trnh no c t trc. Nu vi phm em xin chu mi hnh thc k lut ca khoa.

Sinh vin thc hin n: Trn Minh Phong

Mc lc
M u 1 Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn 1.1 Gii thiu chng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Cc tnh cht vt l ca truyn sng v tuyn . 1.2.1 Suy hao (Attenuation) . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Doppler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Nhiu lin k t (ISI) . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5 Fading phng v fading la chn tn s 1.3 nh hng ca cc ngun tnh hiu ngoi . . . 1.3.1 Nhiu ng knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Nhiu xuyn knh ICI . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Thit b thu pht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Mo phi tuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 B tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Kt lun chng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 15

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2 K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s 2.1 Gii thiu chng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao OFDM . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 X l tnh hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 u v nhc im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 iu ch n sng mang cn bng trong min tn s (Single Carrier Modulation with Frequency Domain Equalization) . 2.3.1 Cn bng trong min tn s (frequency domain equalization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.4

2.3.2 So snh vi OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Kt lun chng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 20 20 21 23 25 26 28 29 29 29 32 33 35 35 36 37 39 54 55

3 Single Carrier FDMA 3.1 Gii thiu chng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 x l tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Sp xp sng mang con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Biu din trong min thi gian ca tn hiu SC-FDMA . . . 3.4.1 Cc k t trong min thi gian ca IFDMA . . . . . 3.4.2 Cc k t trong min thi gian ca LFDMA . . . . . 3.4.3 Cc k t trong min thi gian ca DFDMA . . . . . 3.4.4 So snh sp xp cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con 3.5 SC-FDMA v OFDMA (a truy cp phn chia tn s trc giao) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 PAPR(peak-to-average-power)ca tn hiu SC-FDMA . . . . 3.7 Kt lun chng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chng trnh v kt qu m phng 4.1 Gii thiu chng . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 M phng k thut SC/FDE . . . . 4.3 M phng h thng SC-FDMA . . . 4.4 M phng PAPR ca SC-FDMA . . Kt lun v hng pht trin Ti liu tham kho

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Li m u
Ngy nay, thng tin di ng ang pht trin mnh m v khng ngng c ci tin nhm p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin phong ph v a dng ca con ngi. Cc th h mng di ng u tin c thng mi ha vo nhng nm 1980 s dng a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Truyn dn s xut hin u tin vo nhng nm 1990 vi phn ln cc h thng c trin khai a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian(TDMA) v mt s khc da vo phn chia theo m (CDMA). Cng ngh th h th ba bt u t nm 2000 s dng phn chia theo m, trong khi cc th h mng thng tin di ng tip thep ang c xu hng tr v cc k thut phn chia theo tn s. Hin ti ang c hai xu hng s dng cng ngh FDMA ang cnh tranh nhau dnh c ch ng trong cc mng thng tin di ng t bo th h k tip. Trong khi WIMAX, c chun ha bi t chc IEEE s dng cng ngh OFDMA cho truyn dn ng ln v ng xung th mt cng ngh tim tng khc l LTE(Long Term Evolution) c chun ha bi t chc hp tc th h th 3 (3GPP) li ch s dng OFDMA cho truyn dn ng xung, trong khi ng ln s dng cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang. Mun tip cn vi cng ngh a truy cp v tm hiu r hn v LTE em chn ti: " K thut SC-FDMA " n c trnh by qua 4 chng: Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn. chng ny s trnh by v cc c tnh vt l knh truyn, cc yu t gy nh hng ln tn hiu truyn sng v tuyn. Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s. Chng ny s trnh by v hai k thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s l ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao OFDM v truyn dn n sng mang cn bng trong min tn s SC/FDE.
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Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA. Chng ny s trnh by v cng ngh SC-FDMA: cc khi thc thi h thng, cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con v so snh vi OFDMA gii thch ti sao li chn SC-FDMA cho ng ln trong LTE. Chng 4: M phng. Chng ny s thc hin m phng hai h thng OFDM v SC/FDE. M phng cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con ca SC-FDMA v m phng PAPR ca SC-FDMA so snh vi OFDMA. a ra nhng nhn xt v kt lun. c s quan tm gip v ch bo tn tnh trong nghin cu v cung cp ti liu ca thy gio Dr.Nguyn Vn Cng v kin ng gp ca cc thy c gio trong b mn thng tin di ng v n lc ca bn thn, n c hon thnh vi ni dung mc nht nh. Tuy nhin do trnh v thi gian c hn, n chc chn khng khi nhng sai st, knh mong cc thy c gio ng gp kin chnh sa v hng pht trin tip theo n ca e c hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Dr.Nguyn Vn Cng, cc thy c gio b mn gip trong thi gian hc tp v nghin cu thc hin n chuyn ngnh vin thng ny.

Chng 1 Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn

1.1 Gii thiu chng

Khi nghin cu h thng thng tin, vic to ra cc m hnh knh ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic nh gi cht lng hot ng ca h thng. Bn cht bin i mt cch ngu nhin theo thi gian ca knh truyn gy ra nhng nh hng, thit hi khng th lng trc lm cho cu trc b thu, k thut sa li ngy cng phc tp. Khi nghin cu cc thut ton, gii thut hn ch nhng nh hng ca knh truyn, iu cn thit l phi xy dng nhng m hnh c th xp x mi trng truyn dn mt cch hp l. Tn hiu khi truyn t my pht n my thu s b cc yu t lm nh hng n tn hiu. Nhng yu t ny c th c nhm thnh 3 loi theo hin tng m gy nn chng: - nh hng do c tn vt l ca truyn sng v tuyn t my pht n my thu. - nh hng do s c mt ca nhng ngun tn hiu bn ngoi. - nh hng do cc tn cht ca thit b thu v pht.

1.2
1.2.1

Cc tnh cht vt l ca truyn sng v tuyn

Suy hao (Attenuation)

Nng lng pht x t mt anten a hng s lp y mt khi cu, v do thnh phn tia nng lng ban u ti mt anten thu thay i t l nghch vi khong cch gia anten pht v thu. Trong khng gian t do, nng lng thu c s t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch(d m). Vi cc tn hiu lan truyn trn mt t, nng lng thu c cng thay
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Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn

i t l nghch vi khong cch(1/d ) nhng do cc yu t mi trng t nhin tc ng nn > 2. Cc tn hiu pht t cc anten ng hng c mi quan h tng t gia nng lng thu c v khong cch nhng hng s t l ph thuc vo li anten xc nh bi bn cht ca cc anten thu v pht.

1.2.2

Shadowing

Nu suy hao l nh hng duy nht do khong cch n cng tn hiu th mt tn hiu s c nhn vi cng sut ngang bng ti mi im cng khong cch ti my pht. Tuy nhin, do tn hiu pht truyn i vi nhng ng truyn khc nhau lm cho tn hiu thu c ti nhng im khc nhau cng khong cch vi my pht l khc nhau. S khc nhau trong cng sut tn hiu thu ti mt khong cch cho trc c cp n nh shadowing , bi v phn ln l do s khc nhau ca cc chng ngi vt trn ng t my pht n my thu. Shadowing nh hng lm thay i chm khi cc thit b u cui di chuyn t mt v tr ny n v tr khc, xt khong cch hng chc met. Do , shadowing cn c gi l slow fading .

1.2.3

Doppler

Khi my pht hay my thu ang di chuyn, tn s ca tn hiu thu l khc so vi tn s ca tn hiu pht. S khc nhau l do dch doppler v n t l vi fd = v/ Hz vi v (m/s) l vn tc tng i ca my pht v my thu v (m) l bc sng ca tn hiu pht. S sai khc tn s cng t l vi cosine ca gc tia ti. Trong h thng thng tin di ng, s tn x lm cho tn hiu thu l tp hp ca nhiu tia ti vi gc ti anten thu khc nhau. Do tn hiu thu c c cc thnh phn c tn s l f fd . Cng ca nhng thnh phn tn hiu ny c c trng bi ph doppler ca knh truyn sng v tuyn, n biu din mt ph cng sut l hm theo tn s. V d biu din ton hc ca "classical Doppler spectrum" cho tn hiu pht sng sine nh sau:

S (f ) = 0

A 1( ff )2
d

, |f | < fd

(1.1)

, |f | > fd

Hnh 1.1 biu din S (f ) vi fd = 185.2Hz v A = 1

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Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn

Hnh 1.1: Classical Doppler spectrum.

1.2.4

Nhiu lin k t (ISI)

Truyn sng a ng l mt hin tng ph bin trong truyn tn hiu di ng. Do cc c trng ca mi trng, cc thnh phn ca tn hiu pht i n my thu sau khi phn x t mt t v cc vt cn trn ng nh hnh 1.2. Do , p ng xung ca knh truyn c th c m hnh nh mt tp cc xung vi cc tr t l vi di ng truyn ca cc thnh phn tn hiu khc nhau. Ti my thu, mt k t s vi khong thi gian T (s) c cc thnh

Hnh 1.2: truyn sng a ng. 8

Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn

phn di chuyn n vi khong thi gian di hn v do s gy nhiu ln nhng k t khc. nh hng ny l nhiu lin k t (ISI). gim ISI cch tt nht l gim tc d liu, nhng vi nhu cu hin nay l yu cu tc truyn phi tng nhanh. Do gii php ny khng thc hin c. Mt ngh a ra l chn cc tin t CP. Ta s xem xt chng sau.

1.2.5

Fading phng v fading la chn tn s

S tn x tn hiu v truyn sng a ng cng to ra s thay i t ngt cng tn hiu ca tn hiu thu ti mt trm gc khi thit b di ng di chuyn qua vng dch v ca n. S thay i ny l do s khc nhau trong cng tn hiu thu ti cc v tr cch nhau mt khong l bc ca bc sng sng mang ca tn hiu pht. Hin tng ny thng thng c cp n nh l fast fading n khc bit hn so vi hin tng shadowing. S khc bit ny l cng tn hiu thu khi m hin tng shadowing gy ra i vi cc v tr t cch nhau mt khong cch xa cn fast fading gy ra s sai khc cng tn hiu ti cc v tr t cch nhau mt khong cch ngn, c vi centimet. nh hng ca fast fading ln cc tn hiu thu c ph thuc vo mi quan h ca bng thng tn hiu vi rng ca p ng tn s knh truyn. p ng tn s l chuyn i fourier ca p ng xung. Khi bng thng ca tn hiu l Bs (Hz) l nh hn so vi rng ca p ng tn s, th fast fading c cp n nh l phng bi v tt c thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu pht b suy hao xp x nhau. Ngc li fast fading l fading la chn tn s.

1.3
1.3.1

nh hng ca cc ngun tnh hiu ngoi

Nhiu ng knh

Nhiu ng knh c bit trong m hnh ti s dng tn s ca thng tin di ng. s dng ph sng v tuyn hiu qu, mt s trm gc trong mt vng dch v s dng li cc knh truyn vt l.

Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn

1.3.2

Nhiu xuyn knh ICI

Nhiu xuyn knh cng xy ra trong tt c cc h thng thng tin di ng. Nhiu xuyn knh gy ra do cc thit b pht trn cc knh lin nhau. Nhiu lin knh thng xy ra do tn hiu truyn trn knh v tuyn b dch tn gy can nhiu sang cc knh k n. loi b nhiu xuyn knh ngi ta phi c khong bo v (guard band) gia cc di tn.

1.3.3

Noise

Nhiu ng knh v nhiu xuyn knh l nh hng ca cc tn hiu c to bi h thng di ng v do n nm di s kim sot ca cc nh iu hnh mng di ng. Mc d cc nh khai thc mng c giy php cung cp cho h c quyn truyn nng lng trong vng ph c phn cng,tuy nhin c mt nng lng bc x trong cc bng di ng bi mt lot cc ngun t nhin v nhn to bn ngoi s kim sot. nh hng ca chng ln cc my thu trm gc thng thng c m hnh nh l nhiu trng hay l nhiu xung. Ngun nhiu ph bin nht l nhit ca kh quyn. Nhiu kh quyn c m hnh nh l nhiu trngvi mt ph cng sut:

N0 = 1.3807 1023 T (J )

(1.2)

Vi T l nhit Kenvin v 1.3807 1023 h s l hng s Boltzmanns n v o l Joules cng c th c biu din l W/Hz. Do vy, trong mt bng thng Bs (Hz), nhiu cng sut l N0 .Bs (W). Trong h thng di ng, mc cng sut thng c o theo n v dBm.

1.4
1.4.1

Thit b thu pht

Noise

Nhiu nhit trong cc thit b in t lm tng cng sut nhiu khng kh ti my thu sng v tuyn. Nhiu c cng thm ny thng c biu din l con s nhiu thu, l t s ca tng cng sut nhiu trong my thu trn nhiu kh quyn.

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Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn sng v tuyn

1.4.2

Mo phi tuyn

S phi tuyn trong cc b khuch i cng sut my pht l iu khng th trnh khi. cc k thut yu cu khuch i tuyn tn cao l rt t v cng knh v chng hot ng vi hiu qu cng sut thp. trong cc h thng FDMA, khuch i phi tuyn tng lm PAPR ca tn hiu pht cao. y cng l iu v sao ngi p dng SC-FDMA vo cu trc ng ln ca h thng di ng b PAPR ca n thp hn so vi nhng k thut khc, c bit l OFDMA.

1.4.3

B tn s

C s sai khc trong tn s v pha ca cc b dao ng t ti my thu v my pht ca mt h thng thng tin. Cc k thut min tn s l c bit d b tn thng bi b tn s bi v ti mt my thu chng s ph hy s trc giao ca tn hiu cc bng con ring bit. ti thiu ha b tn s, cc h thng OFDM v SC-FDMA s dng mt s knh bng hp nh pilot tones pht cc tn hiu bit gip my thu to ra tn s tham chiu bt ng vi tn s my pht.

1.5

Kt lun chng

Chng ny ta c th hiu r hn cc c tn ca knh truyn sng v tuyn. Trong nhng nh hng ca knh v tuyn th truyn sng a ng l mt chng ngi ng k cho h thng v tuyn bng rng. Knh a ng gy nn nhiu ISI trong min thi gian v la chn tn s trong min tn s.

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Chng 2 K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

2.1 Gii thiu chng

Trong chng ny s trnh by v hai k thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao(OFDM) v truyn dn n sng mang cn bng trong min tn s (SC-FDE). y l c s ta hiu r hn v k thut SC-FDMA chng sau.

2.2

Ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao OFDM

OFDM l h thng a sng mang nh hnh 2.1, chng a d liu ln cc sng mang con v truyn chng song song. OFDM s dng cc sng mang con trc giao, ph tn s ca chng chng ln ln nhau do hiu sut ph ca chng cao so vi cc h thng ghp knh phn chia theo tn s(FDE). Hnh 2.2 biu din ph ca 10 tn hiu trc giao. Mi tn hiu l khng i trn mi chu k k hiu nn ph ca chng c dng sinc.

Hnh 2.1: H thng iu ch a sng mang chung.

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Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

Hnh 2.2: Cc sng mang con trc giao trong OFDM.

2.2.1

X l tnh hiu

tng c s ca OFDM l chia lung d liu tc cao thnh cc lung d liu tc thp v truyn mi lung d liu trn cc bng tn s ring bit, cc lung d liu tc thp c ghp knh tn s to thnh mt dng sng. Nu cc tn hiu bng hp c tc thp th khong thi gian k t s di hn ch nhiu xuyn k t ISI. Mc d fast fading l fading la chn tn s xy ra trn ton b bng tn tn hiu OFDM nhng khi xt mi di bng hp ca cc tn hu c tc thp th c th coi nh l fading phng. Hnh 2.3 m t cc phn t ca my thu v my pht OFDM s dng k thut x l tn hiu s. Chui bit nh phn u vo c a vo b iu ch bng tn c s (thng thng l QAM) chuyn thnh chui cc k t iu ch nhiu mc c gi tr phc. Mt b x l thc hin thut ton IDFT ln mi chui Nk t iu ch to ra mt k t OFDM, n cha N bng tn con. Cc mu N bng tn con nhn c t IDFT c pht qua knh fading v my thu thc hin DFT khi phc li N k t iu ch trong min thi gian t tn hiu thu trong min tn s. Cn bng knh s b li mo tuyn tnh gy ra do truyn sng a ng. B tch sng (detect) s cho ra chui bit nh phn tng ng vi u vo ca my pht OFDM. trit nhiu gia cc k t iu ch iu ch k tip nhau, chu k ca k t trong mi bng con phi ln hn tri tr ln nht ca knh.
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Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

Hnh 2.3: H thng x l tn hi OFDM.

Mc d c th loi b c nhiu xuyn k t t cc tn hiu c tc thp trong cc bng tn khc nhau nhng tri tr ca knh vn c th gy xuyn nhiu gia cc k t OFDM k tip nhau. gim nhiu ny, h thng OFDM a ra mt khong thi gian bo v gia cc k t OFDM k tip nhau, khong thi gian bo v phi ln hn tri tr. Khong thi gian bo v ny tng ng vi khong thi gian truyn ca G mu iu ch v trong khong thi gian bo v, ti thi im bt u ca mi k t OFDM, my pht thc hin vic ti to li G tn hiu iu ch c chuyn i to ra bi b x l IDFT. G mu iu ch c pht trong khong thi gian bo v c gi l cycle prefix (CP) ca k t OFDM.

2.2.2

u v nhc im

u im chnh ca OFDM trong h thng v tuyn bng rng l gim mnh c nhiu lin k t ISI, iu m gy tr ngi rt ln i vi cc my thu. Tm li, OFDM c nhng u im sau: Hiu sut s dng ph cao Cc h thng OFDM chu selective-frequency fading tt hn Loi tr c nhiu ICI v ISI bng cch chn thm mt khong bo v trc mi symbol K thut cn bng knh n gin hn so vi nhng k thut cn bng knh thch ng c s dng trong nhng h thng n sng mang
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Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

S dng k thut DFT b sung vo cc chc nng iu ch lm gim kh nng phc tp ca OFDM OFDM chu ng tt nhiu xung v vi nhiu xuyn knh kt hp

Nhc im chnh ca OFDM l PAPR cao. Tn hiu pht l tng ca tt c cc sng mang con c iu ch v bin nh cao l khng th trnh khi bi v nhiu thnh phn sng mang con cng pha. Bin nh ny l vn ln i vi cc b khuch i cng sut my pht. So vi cc k thut truyn sng trong min thi gian, OFDM nhy cm hn vi b tn s. N cng yu cu mt m hnh thch nghi hoc phi c m ha trnh c ph khng ca knh truyn.

2.3

iu ch n sng mang cn bng trong min tn s (Single Carrier Modulation with Frequency Domain Equalization)
Cn bng trong min tn s (frequency domain equalization)

2.3.1

Mt b cn bng s b p mo tuyn tnh gy bi knh truyn sng a ng. Vi knh bng rng, cc b cn bng min thi gian l ko thit thc bi v p ng xung knh truyn trong min thi gian l rt di. Cho nn trong trng hp ny, b cn bng min tn s(frequency domain equalization) l kh thi hn. B cn bng knh thng thng l lc nghch o mo tuyn tnh gy bi knh truyn sng a ng. vi mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin trong min thi gian, lc tuyn tnh l mt php tch chp trong min thi gian v l mt php nhn trong min tn s. Php bin i Fourier s chuyn i tn hiu min thi gian sang tn hiu min tn s, ri c cn bng bi chia cho mt c lng knh p ng tn s. Hnh 2.4 biu din phng trnh c s cn bng trong min thi gian v cn bng trong min tn s. S dng DFT, cn bng min tn s c th d dng thc hin bng cch s dng x l tn hiu s hin i. V kch thc ca DFT ko tng tuyn tnh vi di p ng knh truyn, cho nn phc tp ca FDE thp hn nhiu so vi b cn bng min thi gian cho cc knh bng rng. iu ch n sng mang vi cn bng min tn s(SC/FDE) l mt k thut kh thi gim nh hng ca fading la chn tn s. Hiu nng ca n tng t nh OFDM vi cng mt phc tp, thm ch vi cc p
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Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

Hnh 2.4: Cn bng.

ng xung knh truyn di. Hnh 2.5 m t s khi my thu SC/FDE v OFDM, ta c th thy cc thnh phn ca chng l ging nhau ch khc nhau v tr ca khi IDFT.

Hnh 2.5: Cc khi ca h thng SC/FDE v OFDMA.

B iu ch SC/FDE s pht cc k t iu ch lin tip nhau. N chia chui cc k t iu ch thnh cc khi v thm cc CP vo u mi khi. CP l copy ca phn cui cng ca khi nh hnh 2.6. Cng ging OFDM, CP ny s ngn chn nhiu xuyn khi, ng thi vic thm CP ny s lm cho tch chp ca p ng xung knh truyn vi cc k t iu ch c dng chp vng. Mt iu ng ch l vn dung ha vic x l tn hiu ti my thu vi vic chuyn i tn hiu gy ra bi knh l vn tng qut cho vic cn bng min tn s s dng bin i ri rc. Khi tn hiu truyn qua
16

Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

Hnh 2.6: Cyclic prefix(CP).

knh, n chp tuyn tn vi p ng xung ca knh truyn. Bi v b cn bng lun c gng thc hin nghch o p ng xung knh truyn, nn n thc hin cng mt kiu tch chp ging nh knh truyn, hoc l chp tuyn tnh hoc l chp vng. Mt cch gii quyt vn ny l add CP my pht lm cho ging nh chp vng. Hnh 2.5, my thu SC/FDE chuyn tn hiu nhn c sang min tn s bng cch p dng DFT. Sau khi thc hin cn bng trong min tn s, thut ton IDFT s chuyn tn hiu n sng mang ny tr li min thi gian v b tch sng khi phc li k t iu ch ban u. Ngc li, OFDM p dng cc b tch sng ring bit cho tng sng mang con.

2.3.2

So snh vi OFDM

Cc khi trong h thng OFDM v SC/FDE l tng t nhau. Tuy nhin chng c s khc bit trong thc hin, im khc bit c bn l cc b cn bng ca chng. SC/FDE thc hin c DFT v IDFT my thu, trong khi OFDM thc hin IDFT my pht v DFT my thu. my thu, OFDM thc hin tch d liu trn tng sng mang con trong min tn s, trong khi SC/FDE thc hin tch d liu trong min thi gian sau khi thm b IDFT nh hnh 2.7. Chnh s khc bit ny m OFDM nhy cm hn vi im khng trong ph knh truyn. khc phc th n yu cu m ha knh truyn hoc iu khin cng sut tng cng sut pht tn s c p ng yu. Chu k ca cc k t iu ch trong min thi gian c m rng trong trng hp ca OFDM khi truyn dn song song cc khi d liu trong sut chu k thi gian c gin ra ny nh hnh 2.8. H thng c rng bngBs (Hz) c chia nh thnh nhiu bng tn sng mang con nh hn v d liu c lp c truyn ti trn mi sng mang con. Tm li, SC/FDE c cc u im vt tri so vi OFDM nh: PAPR thp hn do iu ch n sng mang ti my pht.
17

Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

Hnh 2.7: my thu OFDM v SC/FDE.

Hnh 2.8: K t OFDM v SC/FDE.

Chu tt vi ph khng knh truyn. t nhy cm vi dch tn s sng mang. phc tp thp ti my pht, to nhiu thun li cho cc thit b u cui di ng trong truyn thng a ng ln.

2.4

Kt lun chng

Chng ny ta thy c hai k thut OFDM v SC/FDE. OFDM m rng khong k t v s dng cc sng mang con trc giao truyn ti dng d liu song song tc thp hn, lm gim thiu c nhiu ISI. Vi bng thng h thng c chia thnh cc bng hp, mi bng con xem nh l mt knh fading phng thay v l knh la chon tn s. SC/FDE
18

Chng 2: K thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s

c cu trc ging OFDM tuy nhin khc nhau v tr t b IDFT, n gii quyt nhiu ISI v tn la chn tn s ca knh bng cch cn bng trong min tn s vi vic chn CP v cc b DFT/IDFT. im ging v khc nhau gia OFDM v SC/FDE: Ging nhau: X l tn hiu da trn c s cc b DFT/IDFT v s dng CP. Cn bng trong min tn s. t phc tp hn vi cn bng trong min thi gian.

khc nhau:
OFDM Tryn a sng mang Chia lung d liu u vo thnh cc lung d liu song song tc thp hn PAPR cao Nhy vi b tn s Nhy vi ph khng knh truyn SC/FDE Truyn n sng mang Truyn cng tc d liu chui u vo PAPR thp t nhy vi b tn s Chu tt vi ph khng ca knh truyn

19

Chng 3 Single Carrier FDMA

3.1 Gii thiu chng

OFDMA v SC-FDMA l cc phin bn sa i ca cc m hnh OFDM v SC/FDE. Tuy nhin k thut a truy cp trong chng ny l truyn nhiu tn hiu ng thi. Tt c cc k thut phn chia tn s trc giao s dng mt tp cc sng mang con trc giao phn b trn ton b bng thng ca h thng. Tt c chng u gm nhng b bin i ri rc chuyn tn hiu gia hai min tn s v thi gian. truyn nhiu tn hiu ng thi, k thut a truy cp gn cc tn hiu ln tp cc sng mang con loi tr ln nhau. Bi v cc knh bng rng chu nh hng ca fading la chn tn s, cc k thut FDMA c th trin khai lp lch ph thuc knh truyn cu trc nn phn tp a user, v bi v c tn fading cc thit b u cui ti cc v tr khc nhau l c lp nn cc k thut lp dch c th gn mi thit b u cui vi cc song mang con vi cc c tnh truyn dn thch hp ti v tr ca cc thit b u cui. WiMAX s dng OFDMA cho truyn tn hiu c t trm gc v t cc thit b di ng u cui. Ngc li, 3GPP quy nh OFDMA cho downlink v SC-FDMA cho uplink trong LTE to hiu qu cng sut cho cc thit b di ng u cui. D on trc v cc phin bn trong tng lai ca cc h thng CDMA hin ti, d n hp tc 3GPP2 lm vic vi SC-FDMA s dng tri m cho uplink ca k thut siu bng rng di ng UMB. Mt khuyt im ca OFDMA l t s cng sut nh /trung bnh (PAPR) cao, iu ny lm tng gi thnh v hiu qu cng sut ca b khuch i cng sut pht thp. Vi PAPR thp hn,cc b khuch i cng sut ca cc thit b di ng u cui s dng SC-FDMA c th n gin hn v hiu qu cng sut cao hn so vi s dng OFDMA. Mt kha cnh khc, vi tc d liu cao, b cn bng min tn s ca SC-FDMA
20

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

phc tp hn nhiu so vi b cn bn OFDMA. Do SC-FDMA ch gii hn cho LTE uplink, b cn bng phc tp ch yu cu trm gc (base stations) m ko yu cu cc thit b di ng u cui. Trong chng ny ta s gii thiu qu trnh x l tn hiu SC-FDMA, cc phng php sp xp sng mang v biu din tn hiu ca chng trong min thi gian, so snh mi quan h gia SC-FDMA v OFDMA.

3.2

x l tn hiu

Hnh 3.1: Cu trc my pht v thu ca SC-FDMA.

u vo ca my pht v u ra ca my thu l cc tn hiu iu ch dng phc. Cc h thng thc t t ng s dng cc k thut iu ch ng vi cht lng knh truyn, s dng BPSK trong nhng knh km v s dng ln n 64-QAM vi cc knh cht lng tt. Khi d liu gm M k t iu ch phc a qua b M-point DFT to ra M k t min tn s v sp xp chng ln N sng mang con trc giao tri ln ton b bng thng. H thng SC-FDMA c th x l Q(= N/M ) ngun tn hiu trc giao vi mi ngun chim mt tp gm M sng mang con trc giao khc nhau. Hnh 3.2, xm (m = 0, . . . , M 1) biu din cc k t ngun c iu ch, Xk (k = 0, . . . , M 1) biu din M mu DFT(xm ). Yl (l = 0, . . . , N 1) biu din cc mu trong min tn s sau khi sp xp cc sng mang con v yn (n = 0, . . . , N 1) biu din cc k t pht trong min thi gian to bi IDFT(Yl ). Khi subcarrier mapping gn cc k t iu ch trong min tn svo cc sng mang con. Qu trnh x l sp xp ny i khi cn c gi l
21

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

Hnh 3.2: Qu trnh to k t SC-FDMA.

qu trnh lp lch(scheduling). Do cc thit b u cui phn tn trong khng gian c cc knh fading c lp nn SC-FDMA v OFDMA c li ch trong vic lp lch ph thuc vo knh. IDFT to ra mt biu din trong min thi gian, yn , ca N k t sng mang con. B chuyn i song song sang ni tip t y0 , . . . , yN 1 vo chui thi gian ph hp vi iu ch sng mang tn s v tuyn v vic truyn dn n my thu. My pht trong hnh 3.1 thc hin hai qu trnh x l khc trc khi truyn. N chn mt tp cc k t gi l cyclic prefix(CP) to khong bo v ngn chn nhiu xuyn khi IBI gy ra do truyn sng a ng. My pht cng thc hin vic lc tuyn tnh (pulse shaping) gim nng lng tn hiu ngoi di bng tn. CP l bn copy phn cui cng ca khi. N c chn vo phn bt u ca mi khi vi hai l do: th nht, CP nh mt khong bo v gia hai khi lin tip, nu di ca CP ln hn tri tr ca knh th s ko c IBI. Th hai, do CP l bn copy phn cui cng ca khi, n s chuyn i tch chp tuyn tn trong min thi gian ri rc sang chp vng min thi gian ri rc. Do d liu pht truyn trong knh c th lp m hnh l tch chp vng gia p ng xung v khi d liu c pht m trong min tn s l php nhn DFT ca cc mu tn s. Mt b lc pulse shaping ph bin thng c s dng l raised-cosine filter. Biu din min tn s v min thi gain ca b lc ny nh sau: T , 0 |f | 12 T T T 1 1 1+ P (f ) = (3.1) { 1 + cos [ ( | f | )] } , | f | 2T 2T 2T 2 1+ 0 , |f | 2T

p(t) =

sin(t/T ) cos(t/T ) t/T 1 42 t2 /T 2

(3.2)

Trong T l chu k, l h s roll-off nm trong khong t 0-1. Pht x ngoi bng c kim sot bi h s roll-off ca b lc. H s ny c nh ngha l t s gia khong tn s ngoi bng thng
22

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

Hnh 3.3: B lc raised-cosine.

Nyquist(1/2T) so vi 1/2T. Vi = 0, b lc ny l mt b lc thng di l tng. cng tng, khong tn s ngoi bng tng. Trong min thi gian, cc bp sng ph ca p ng xung tng khi gim v iu ny s lm tng cng sut nh ca tn hiu pht sau khi qua b lc. Do vic la chn h s roll-off phi cn bng c gia hai mc ch l pht x ngoi bng thp v PAPR thp. B DFT nm my thu s chuyn tn hiu nhn c sang min tn s khi phc li N song mang con. B gii sp xp sng mang tch M mu min tn s ca mi ngun tn hiu. Bi v SC-FDMA s dng iu ch sng mang n, cho nn n s gp phi mo tuyn tn nh l nhiu lin k t ISI. B cn bng min tn s loi b nhiu ISI. Khi IDFT my thu s chuyn cc k t sau khi cn bng sang min thi gian sau a ti b tch sng to li chui M k t iu ch. Hnh 3.4 cho thy hot ng ca my thu SC-FDMA trm gc vi a user ng uplink. Trc khi thc hin x l gii iu ch th trm gc tch cc user trong min tn s vi b x l gii sp xp sng mang con.

3.3

Sp xp sng mang con

Hnh 3.5 biu din hai phng php gn M k t c iu ch trong min tn s vo cc sng mang con: sp xp song mang con phn tn v sp xp song mang con tp trung. Trong ch sp xp cc sng mang con tp trung, cc k t iu ch c gn cho M sng mang con ln cn. Trong ch phn tn, cc k t c t u trn ton b bng tn knh truyn.
23

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

Hnh 3.4: Cu trc my thu SC-FDMA vi a user truy cp ng ln.

Hnh 3.5: M hnh sp xp sng mang con: phn tn v tp trung.

Trong c hai ch , IDFT my pht s gn bin 0 cho N-M sng mang con ko b chim. Ta gi ch sp xp sng mang con tp trung ca SC-FDMA l LFDMA v ch sp xp sng mang con phn tn l DFDMA. Trng hp N = Q M ch phn tn vi cc song mang con b chim thng c gi l FDMA an xen (IFDMA). IFDMA l trng hp c bit ca SC-FDMA v n rt hiu qu khi my pht c th iu ch tn hiu mt cch nghim ngt trong min thi gian m ko cn s dng DFT v IDFT. Hnh 3.6 cho thy 3 v d v SC-FDMA pht cc k t trong min tn s vi M = 4 k t/block, N = 12 sng mang con v Q = N/M = 3 thit b u cui. Trong ch tp trung, 4 k t iu ch chim cc song mang
24

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

con 0,1,2 v 3, trong ch phn tn, cc k t iu ch t cch u nhau ln ton b sng mang con.

Hnh 3.6: V d v sp xp sng mang con vi M = 4,N = 12 v Q = 3.

Hnh 3.7 m t ba thit b u cui chim cc tp sng mang con khc nhau trong cc ch IFDMA v LFDMA.

Hnh 3.7: Phng php t cc sng mang con ca a user.

T quan im phn b ti nguyn, cc phng php sp xp c chia thnh phng php lp lch tnh(static scheduling) v lp lch knh c lp (channel-dependent scheduling CDS ). CDS gn cc sng mang con cho cc user theo p ng tn s knh truyn ca mi user. Vi c hai phng php , vic sp xp cc sng mang con phn tn s dn n vic phn tp tn s v tn hiu pht i tri trn ton b rng bng tn. Vi vic sp xp phn tn, CDS s gip ci thin hiu nng. Ngc li, CDS l thun li hn vi sp xp sng mang tp trung bi v n to ra phn tp a ngi dng.

3.4

Biu din trong min thi gian ca tn hiu SCFDMA

Vi IFDMA, LFDMA v DFDMA th ba hot ng trong hnh 3.2 c th xem nh mt php chp tuyn tnh trn chui cc k t iu ch
25

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

{xm : m = 0, ..., M 1}. Do mi thnh phn chui u ra {yn : n = 0, ..., N 1} l mt tng theo trng s ca cc thnh phn chui u vo, trong cc trng s l cc s phc. Mc ny s ch ra biu din chui trong min thi gian ca mt khi tn hiu IFDMA. Cc cng thc cho cc chui trong min thi gian ca LFDMA v DFDMA phc tp hn so vi IFDMA. 3.4.1 Cc k t trong min thi gian ca IFDMA

Vi IFDMA, vic kt hp hai khi DFT v IDFT my pht s n gin cc php ton x l tn hiu bng vic nhn mi k t u vo vi mt s phc c bin n v v lp li chui u vo vi Q ln quay pha(Q l h s m rng bng tn = N/M). Php nhn ny tng ng vi vic quay pha mi k t iu ch phc ca khi truyn dn. kim tra, ta quan st hai tn cht ca DFT v IDFT: th nht, cc mu cch u nhau mt khong cch u nhau khc khng trong mt min no tng ng vi mt chui c chu k trong mt min khc. Th 2, mt s dch mt khong r tng ng vi mt php quay pha mi mu trong min thi gian. Vic quy pha c thc hin bng cch nhn mi mu vi ej 2rn/N , vi N l s im bin i ngc, r l khong dch tn s, n l s mu u ra trong min thi gian. Ly v d, cho mt tn hiu u vo, {Yl : l = 0, . . . , N 1} l ph ca chui SC-FDMA c pht i din cho khi d liu {xm : m = 0, . . . , M 1}. Trong IFDMA, ph ca n c M thnh phn khc khng cch u nhau, cc mu lin k tch bit nhau Q-1 mu trong min tn s. Tnh hiu tng ng trong min thi gian {yn : n = 0, . . . , N 1} l tun hon vi Q bn sao c phn tn trn cc thi im n = 0, . . . , M 1 v quay pha tng ng ej 2rn/N . Xt tn hiu u vo {xm : m = 0, . . . , M 1} chim cc sng mang con l = 0, Q, . . . , (M 1)Q. tn hiu pht tun hon trong min thi gian tng ng vi tri ph ca tn hiu ny c chui {x1 /Q, . . . xM 1 /Q} c lp li Q ln(quay pha 0 radian). By gi xt mt tn hiu t thit b u cui khc {um : m = 0, . . . , M 1} c iu ch tp sng mang cch u nhau tip theo n = 1, Q + 1, . . . , (M 1).Q +1. Ph ca tn hiu ny l {Vl : l = 0, . . . , N 1} cng tng t nh ph Yl nhg b dch i mt sng mang con. Php dch trong min tn s ny tng ng vi nhn trong min thi gian vi ej 2rn/N . do chui tn hiu c pht trong min thi gian s l u0 /Q ,u1 ej 2n/N /Q, . . . , uM 1 ej 2n/N /Q c lp li Q ln vi gc quay tng ng. Tng qut ta c, vi mt tn hiu
26

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

u vo {xm : m = 0, . . . , M 1} c iu ch ln cc sng mang con ti n = r, Q + r, 2Q + r, . . . , (M 1)Q + r th tn hiu pht s lp li Q ln v quay pha ej 2rn/N .

Hnh 3.8: Minh ha m hnh sp xp sng mang con IFDMA vi M =4 k t / block, Q =3 thit b u cui v N = QxM = 12 sng mang con.

Hnh 3.8 Minh ha cho v d ca ta vi M=4 kt/khi, N = 12 sng mang con v Q =3 thit b u cui. Cc cng thc ton hc:

Yl =

Xk , k = l/Q 0

,0 k M 1 , cn li

(3.3)

Vi 0 l N 1 v N = Q.M t n = M.q + m(0 q Q 1, 0 m M 1) th

yn = (yM.q+m ) 1 = N
N 1

Yl e
l=0

n j 2 N l

1 1 = . Q M

M 1

Xk ej 2 QM Qk
k =0

1 1 = . Q M

M 1

Xk e
k =0

+m j 2 M q k M

1 1 = .( Q M

M 1

X k ej 2 M k )
k =0

1 1 xm = x(n)modM Q Q

(3.4)

Kt qu cc k t min thi gian {yn } n gin ch l s lp li cc k hiu u vo {xm } vi h s co gin 1/Q trong min thi gian. Khi s phn b sng mang con bt u t sng mang con th r(0 <
27

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

r Q) th: Yl = Xl/Qr , l = Q.k + r 0 ,0 k M 1 , cn li

(3.5)

Tng ng vi phng trnh (3.4), k t min thi gian {yn } c th c vit li thnh:

yn =

rn 1 x(n)modM .ej 2 N Q

(3.6)

Phng trnh trn, c mt s xoay pha ej 2rn/N k t sm pha hn khi bt u phn b sng mang con t sng mang con th r bao gm sng sng mang con 0. S xoay pha ny cng p dng vi cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con khc.

3.4.2

Cc k t trong min thi gian ca LFDMA

Hnh 3.9 l m hnh sp xp sng mang ca LFDMA, cho thy cc k t iu ch chim bi 12 sng mang con {Yl }.

Hnh 3.9: LFDMA vi M = 4 k t /block, Q = 3 thit b u cui, N = Q M = 12 sng mang con .

Vi LFDMA, cc mu tn s sau khi sp xp sng mang {Yl } c th c m t nh sau: Cc mu trong min thi gian ca tn hiu LFDMA c th c biu din nh sau:

yn = yQ.m+q =

1 Q x(n)modM q j 2 Q 1 1 ). M Q .(1 e

M 1 p=0

1e

j 2 {

xp (mp) q + } M QM

,q = 0 ,q = 0
(3.7)
28

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

3.4.3

Cc k t trong min thi gian ca DFDMA

Hnh 3.10 l m hnh sp xp sng mang con DFDMA. N biu din cc k t iu ch chim bi 12 sng mang con Yl .

Hnh 3.10: DFDMA vi M = 4 k t/block, Q = 3 thit b u cui v N = Q M sng mang con.

Cc mu trong min thi gian ca tn hiu DFDMA c th c biu din nh sau: 1 ,q = 0 (n)modM )modM Q x(Q Q xp yn = yQ.m+q M 1 j 2 q 1 1 ,q = 0 Q .(1 e Q ). M p=0 p) (Qm Qq j 2 { + }
1e
M QM

(3.8) vi Q(1 Q < Q) l h s tri thc. Cc mu trong min thi gian ca DFDMA c cng cu trc vi cc mu trong min thi gian ca LFDMA.

3.4.4

So snh sp xp cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con

Hnh 3.11 biu din cc mu trong min thi gian ca ca mi m hnh sp xp sng mang trnh by trn. Tn hiu IFDMA duy tr cc k t trong min thi gian u vo trong mi mu trong khi LFDMA v DFDMA c cc mu trong min thi gian phc tp hn bi v c tng trng s phc cc k t u vo, iu ny lm cho cc tn hiu LFDMA v DFDMA c cng sut nh cao hn.

3.5

SC-FDMA v OFDMA (a truy cp phn chia tn s trc giao)

Hnh 3.1 biu din cc khi trong my pht v my thu ca SC-FDMA. Cc khi trong my pht v my thu ca OFDMA cng ging nh vy,
29

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

Hnh 3.11: Cc mu trong min thi gian ca cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con khc nhau.

tuy nhin chng ko c khi DFT my pht v IDFT my thu. Do chng c mt s c tnh cht chung nh sau: iu ch v truyn dn d liu theo cc khi, mi khi bao gm M k t iu ch. Phn chia bng thng truyn dn thnh cc bng con, thng tin c mang trn cc sng mang con ri rc. S dng cn bng knh min tn s. S dng CP ngn chn nhiu xuyn khi IBI.

Tuy nhin c mt s s khc bit m n dn n s khc bit hiu nng. Trc tin l OFDMA pht mt tn hiu a sng mang trong khi SC-FDMA pht tn hiu n sng mang. Do , t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh(PAPR) ca OFDMA ln hn SC-FDMA. Trong min thi gian, khong thi gian ca k t iu ch c m rng trong trng hp OFDMA. Khi m M k t mi khi v N song mang con tri ln ton b bng thng h thng th c SC-FDMA v OFDMA c th pht cc tn hiu t Q = N/M thit b u cui mt cch ng thi. Vi M = 4, N = 12 v Q = 3, v khong k t iu ch l T(s), th khong k t OFDMA l M T (s). Thi gian m rng ny gim nhiu xuyn k t(ISI), y cng l u im ca OFDMA. Ngc li, SC-FDMA li nn cc k t c iu ch trong min thi gian. Khong k t SC-FDMA l
30

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

T /Q(s) ging nh trong h thng TDMA. SC-FDMA s dng cn bng trong min tn s ti trm gc loi b nhiu xuyn k t ISI. Hnh 3.12 biu din cc khi ca M k t c iu ch t Q = 3 thit b u cui, khong thi gian k t iu ch l T(s) chim mt bng thng Bsouce (Hz).

Hnh 3.12:

Hnh 3.13 biu din mt tn hiu OFDMA vi N=12 sng mang con,mi bng con = Bsource /4, mi sng mang con mang mt k t iu ch vi khong thi gian 4T (s). Hnh 3.14 biu din mt tn hiu SC-FDMA, s dng sp xp IFDMA. y, mi k t iu ch chim ton b bng thng knh truyn Bchannel = 3Bsource , khong thi gian k t cng gim xung cn T /3(s).

Hnh 3.13:

Hnh 3.15 biu din OFDMA thc hin cn bng v tch sng tch bit trn mi sng mang con. Ngc li SC-FDMA thc hin tch cn bng trn ton b bng thng knh truyn. sau s dng b IDFT chuyn tn hiu t mt thit b u cui sang min thi gian trc khi a n b tch tn hiu iu ch. t b IDFT trc b tch sng l cn thit bi v ngoi tr IFDMA th cc tn hiu c pht bao gm mt tng c trng s ca tt c cc k t trong mt khi. b IDFT s ly li c cc k t
31

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

Hnh 3.14:

ban u t tn hiu hn hp ny. V SC-FDMA tri mi k t iu ch ln ton b bng thng knh truyn, n t nhy vi fading la chn tn s hn OFDMA.

Hnh 3.15: cn bng v tch sng tong OFDMA v SC-FDMA

3.6

PAPR(peak-to-average-power)ca tn hiu SC-FDMA

Peak-to-average-power (PAPR) l thng s o hiu nng cho thy hiu qu s dng cng sut ti my pht. Trong trng hp mt b khuch i cng sut l tng m ta c th t c khuch i tuyn tnh ti gn im bo ha, ta s t c hiu qu s dng cng sut ln nht khi cc b khuch i hot ng ti im bo ha. Ta c th biu din mi lin h gia PAPR v hiu sut s dng cng sut nh sau:

= max 10

P AP R 20

(3.9)

Vi l hiu sut s dng cng sut v max l hiu sut s dng cng sut ln nht. Phng trnh trn cho thy PAPR cng cao s lm gim
32

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

hiu qu cng sut pht. Mt u im ni bt ca SC-FDMA so vi OFDMA l PAPR thp hn bi v bn cht cu trc n sng mang ca n. PAPR thp c li ch tt cho cc thit b di ng u cui trong thng tin ng ln. Cc mu trong min thi gian ca cc tn hiu iu ch SC-FDMA l khc nhau ph thuc vo cu trc sp xp sng mang v do c tn PAPR ca mi cu trc sp xp sng mang cng khc nhau. Trong phn ny ta s m t PAPR cho my pht n anten SC-FDMA. t {xm : m = 0, 1, . . . , M 1} l cc k t iu ch th {Xk : k = 0, 1, . . . , M 1} l cc mu trong min tn s sau khi cc k t iu ch l : l = 0, 1, . . . , N 1} l cc mu trong min tn s i qua b DFT, {X sau khi sp xp sng mang con, v {x n : n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1} l cc k t thi gian sau khi cc mu sp c sp xp sng mang i qua b IDFT. Chng ta biu din tn hiu pht ca SC-FDMA x(t) cho mt khi d liu nh sau:
N 1

x(t) = e

jc t n=0

) x n p(t nT

(3.10)

Vi c l tn s sng mang ca h thng, p(t) l xung bng c s, v T l khong k t ca k t pht x n . Chng ta nh ngha PAPR cho tn hiu pht x(t) nh sau: peak power of x(t) = P AP R = average power of x(t)
0tN T NT 1 |x(t)|2 dx NT 0

max |x(t)|2

(3.11)

Vic ly mu k t s cho cng gi tr PAPR nh trng hp lin tc bi v tn hiu SC-FDMA c iu ch qua n sng mang. Do , chng ta biu din PAPR:
n=0,1,..,N 1 N 1 1 n |2 n=0 |x N

max

|x n |2
(3.12)

P AP R =

Ta xem xt r hn PAPR trong m phng chng 4.

3.7

Kt lun chng

SC-FDMA l mt k thut a truy cp m s dng iu ch n sng mang, ghp knh tn s trc giao v cn bng trong min tn s. N c hiu nng v phc tp chung ging vi OFDMA. Mt u im vt
33

Chng 3: Single Carrier FDMA

tri so vi OFDMA l tn hiu SC-FDMA c c tnh cng sut nh tt hn bi v cu trc n sng mang ca n. SC-FDMA c a ra nh l mt s thay th hp dn cho OFDMA ng ln khi c tnh nh cng sut ca n tt hn mang li li ch cho cc thit b di ng u cui trong hiu qu cng sut pht v gi thnh sn xut. Hnh 3.16 s gii thch v sao li c gi l Single Carrier "FDMA", cc k t SC-FDMA c pht ln lt ln n sng mang tri ngc vi pht song song ca OFDM/OFDMA ln a sng mang. ng thi, cc user cng s dng ghp knh trc giao v gii ghp knh trong min tn s.

Hnh 3.16:

SC-FDMA c hai phng php sp xp sng mang con l phn tn v tp trung. Hai phng php ny nh hng khc nhau n cu trc ca tn hiu min thi gian v c tnh cng sut nh. Hai phng php sp xp sng mang con ny gip cho cc nh iu hnh mng linh hot thch ng vi cc yu cu c th ca mi mi trng hot ng.

34

Chng 4 Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

4.1 Gii thiu chng

Trong chng ny ta s thc hin chng trnh m phng trn MATLAB vi h thng SC-FDMA . Phn 4.1 tp trung vo m hnh iu ch n sng mang vi cn bng trong min tn s(SC/FDE), so snh vi OFDM. Phn 4.2 m phng h thng a truy cp SC-FDMA. Vi knh a ng, ta xt 2 m hnh knh ca ITU cho ngi i b (PedestrianA) v xe c (Vehicular A) vi nhiu trng cng Gausian(AWGN).
M hnh knh Ped.A Delay(nsec) Power(dB) Veh.A Delay(nsec) Power(dB) path 1 0 0 0 0 path 2 110 -9.7 310 -1.0 path 3 190 -19.2 710 -9.0 path 4 410 -22.8 1090 -10.0 path 5 1730 -15.0 path 6 2510 -20.0

Bng 4.1: M hnh knh truyn ca ITU cho ngi i b v xe c

Bng thng h thng Tc ly mu Dng iu ch d liu CP Kch thc b IFFT my pht SC-FDMA: kch thc block u vo SC-FDMA: kch thc khi FFT u vo B cn bng

5MHz 5 mega-samples/s QPSK 20 mu 512 16 k t 16 Zero forcing hoc MMSE

Bng 4.2: Cc thng s thc hin m phng

35

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

4.2

M phng k thut SC/FDE

chng 2, c hai h thng SC/FDE v OFDM u s dng cc khi x l tn hiu ging nhau. Hnh 4.1 v 4.2 biu din 2 m hnh thc hin m phng vi h thng SC/FDE v h thng OFDM.

Hnh 4.1: M hnh m phng h thng SC/FDE.

Hnh 4.2: M hnh m phng h thng OFDM.

Thc hin m phng bng matlab, kim tra t s li k t SER ca 2 h thng SC/FDE v OFDM vi cc knh a ng v nhiu AWGN. Hnh 4.3 cho thy SER ca h thng SC/FDE vi hai loi cn bng knh truyn khc nhau. Ta thy rng b cn bng MMSE c SER tt hn do n hn ch c nhiu trong qu trnh cn bng.
36

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

Hnh 4.3: SER ca SC/FDE vi hai phng php cn bng MMSE v Zero forcing;s dng m hnh knh Veh.A.

Hnh 4.4 so snh SER gia SC/FDE v OFDM, s dng b cn bng MMSE. Ta thy h thng SC/FDE c SER thp hn OFDM.

Hnh 4.4: SER ca hai h thng OFDM v SC/FDE vi 2 m hnh knh cho ngi i b v xe c.

4.3

M phng h thng SC-FDMA

Hnh 4.5 l m hnh m phng h thng SC-FDMA. y ta m phng SER vi 3 m hnh sp xp sng mang con l IFDMA, DFDMA v
37

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

LFDMA.

Hnh 4.5: M hnh m phng h thng SC-FDMA.

Thc hin m phng bng Matlab. So snh cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con ca SC-FDMA vi LFDMA chim cc sng mang con u tin ca bng thng h thng. Hnh 4.6 l kt qu m phng SER ca cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con IFDMA, DFDMA v LFDMA. Ta thy SER ca IFDMA v DFDMA l gn ging nhau v khng ph thuc vo v tr bng con trong khi LFDMA th SER thay i theo v tr bng con. Cho thy li ch ca phn tp tn s. Vi LFDMA th vic lp dch ph thuc knh gip ci thin c im ny.

Hnh 4.6: SER tng ng vi cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con IFDMA, DFDMA v LFDMA.

38

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

4.4

M phng PAPR ca SC-FDMA

Hnh 4.7 v 4.8 l m hnh m phng PAPR ca SC-FDMA v OFDMA. Ta tnh ton hm phn b tch ly b (CCDF) ca PAPR (xc sut PAPR cao hn mt gi tr P AP Ro cho trc). Vi OFDMA ta khng s dng b lc pulse shaping v d liu s chim tp sng mang u tin ca bng thng.

Hnh 4.7: S m phng PAPR ca SC-FDMA.

Hnh 4.8: S m phng PAPR ca OFDMA.

Thc hin m phng bng code matlab, so snh PAPR ca 2 h thng. Hnh 4.9 l kt qu m phng PAPR ca cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con ca SC-FDMA v OFDMA. Ta thy cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con ca SC-FDMA u c PAPR thp hn OFDMA. Vi cc m hnh th IFDMA c PAPR thp nht cn vi 2 m hnh kia th c PAPR gn nh nhau.

39

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

Hnh 4.9: CCDF ca PAPR cho cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con SC-FDMA v h thng OFDMA.

40

Code MATLAB
%===================================================== %mo phong SER cua SC/FDE va OFDM %===================================================== function SER_OFDM_SCFDE() SP.FFTsize = 512; %kich thuoc bo IFFT va FFT. SP.CPsize = 0; %kich thuoc cycle prefix. SP.SNR = [0:2:30]; % SNR. SP.numRun = 10^4; % phat 10^4 block. % cac mo hinh kenh truyen dua tren 3GPP TS 25.104. pedAchannel = [1 10^(-9.7/20) 10^(-22.8/20)]; pedAchannel = pedAchannel/sqrt(sum(pedAchannel.^2)); H1 = fft(pedAchannel,SP.FFTsize); % chuan hoa kenh truyen vehAchannel = [1 0 10^(-1/20) 0 10^(-9/20) 10^(-10/20) 0 0 0 10^(-15/20) 0 0 0 10^(-20/20)]; vehAchannel = vehAchannel/sqrt(sum(vehAchannel.^2)); H2 = fft(vehAchannel,SP.FFTsize); figure(1); plot(1:512,H1,1:512,H2); % dat mo hinh kenh truyen SP.channel = pedAchannel; % mo phong SC/FDE [SER_scfde_ped_ZF,SER_scfde_ped_MMSE ]= scfde(SP); % mo phong OFDM. [SER_ofdm_ped_ZF,SER_ofdm_ped_MMSE]= ofdm(SP); % chon mo hinh kenh khac SP.channel = vehAchannel; % mo phong SC/FDE. [SER_scfde_veh_ZF,SER_scfde_veh_MMSE] = scfde(SP);
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Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

% mo phong OFDM. [SER_ofdm_veh_ZF,SER_ofdm_veh_MMSE] = ofdm(SP); %----------------------------------------------------% so sanh khi su dung ZF va MMSE cua SC/FDE %----------------------------------------------------figure(2) semilogy(SP.SNR,SER_scfde_veh_MMSE,b-s, SP.SNR,SER_scfde_veh_ZF,r-.o); xlabel(SNR[dB]); ylabel(SER); legend(SC-FDE : veh.A MMSE,SC-FDE : veh.A ZF); %-----------------------------------------------------% so sanh OFDM va SC/FDE %-----------------------------------------------------figure(3) semilogy(SP.SNR,SER_scfde_ped_MMSE,b-s,SP.SNR,SER_ofdm_ped_MMSE, r-*,SP.SNR,SER_scfde_veh_MMSE,b-.s, SP.SNR,SER_ofdm_veh_MMSE,r-.*); xlabel(SNR[dB]); ylabel(SER); legend(SC-FDE : ped.A,OFDM : ped.A, SC-FDE : veh.A,OFDM : veh.A); %================================== %tin SER cua SC/FDE. %================================== function [SER_ZF,SER_MMSE] = scfde(SP) numSymbols = SP.FFTsize; %kich thuoc 1 block . % dap ung kenh truyen mien tan so. H_channel = fft(SP.channel,SP.FFTsize); for n = 1:length(SP.SNR), errCount1 = 0; errCount2 = 0; for k = 1:SP.numRun, %phat 10^4 block %tao random data block QPSK. tmp = round(rand(2,numSymbols)); tmp = tmp*2-1; inputSymbols = (tmp(1,:) + i*tmp(2,:))/sqrt(2);
42

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

%Add CP. TxSymbols = [inputSymbols(numSymbols-SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols) inputSymbols]; %truyen qua kenh truyen da duong. RxSymbols = filter(SP.channel, 1, TxSymbols); %nhieu AWGN . tmp = randn(2, numSymbols+SP.CPsize); complexNoise = (tmp(1,:) + i*tmp(2,:))/sqrt(2); noisePower = 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10); %tin hieu bi nhieu AWGN. RxSymbols = RxSymbols + sqrt(noisePower)*complexNoise; %Remove CP. EstSymbols = RxSymbols(SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols+SP.CPsize); %chuyen tin hieu thu duoc sang mien tan so. Y = fft(EstSymbols, SP.FFTsize); % can bang trong mien tan so. % ZF Y_ZF = Y./H_channel; % MMSE G_MMSE = conj(H_channel)./(conj(H_channel).*H_channel + 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10)); Y_MMSE = Y.*G_MMSE; %tin hieu sau khi can bang duoc chuyen lai mien thoi gian. EstSymbols_ZF = ifft(Y_ZF); EstSymbols_ZF = sign(real(EstSymbols_ZF))+ i*sign(imag(EstSymbols_ZF)); EstSymbols_ZF = EstSymbols_ZF/sqrt(2); %-----------------------------------------------EstSymbols_MMSE = ifft(Y_MMSE); EstSymbols_MMSE = sign(real(EstSymbols_MMSE))+ i*sign(imag(EstSymbols_MMSE)); EstSymbols_MMSE = EstSymbols_MMSE/sqrt(2); %kiem tra so ki tu loi. I_ZF = inputSymbols-EstSymbols_ZF; I_ZF = find(I_ZF); errCount1 = errCount1 + length(I_ZF); %------------------------------------------------43

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

I_MMSE = inputSymbols-EstSymbols_MMSE; I_MMSE = find(I_MMSE); errCount2 = errCount2 + length(I_MMSE); end %tin SER SER_ZF(n,:) = errCount1 / (numSymbols*SP.numRun); SER_MMSE(n,:) = errCount2 / (numSymbols*SP.numRun); end %================================ %tin SER cua OFDM. %================================ function [SER_ZF,SER_MMSE] = ofdm(SP) numSymbols = SP.FFTsize; %kich thuoc 1 block. % dap ung kenh truyen mien tan so. H_channel = fft(SP.channel,SP.FFTsize); for n = 1:length(SP.SNR), errCount1 = 0; errCount2 = 0; for k = 1:SP.numRun, %tao random data block. tmp = round(rand(2,numSymbols)); tmp = tmp*2-1; inputSymbols = (tmp(1,:) + i*tmp(2,:))/sqrt(2); %block dua vao khoi IFFT. TxSamples = sqrt(SP.FFTsize)*ifft(inputSymbols); %Add CP. ofdmSymbol = [TxSamples(numSymbols-SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols) TxSamples]; %truyen qua kenh truyen da duong. RxSamples = filter(SP.channel, 1, ofdmSymbol); %nhieu AWGN . tmp = randn(2, numSymbols+SP.CPsize); complexNoise = (tmp(1,:) + i*tmp(2,:))/sqrt(2); noisePower = 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10); %tin hieu truyen bi nhieu AWGN. RxSamples = RxSamples + sqrt(noisePower)*complexNoise; %Remove CP. EstSymbols = RxSamples(SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols+SP.CPsize);
44

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

%chuyen tin hieu thu duoc sang mien tan so. Y = fft(EstSymbols, SP.FFTsize); % can bang trong mien tan so. G_ZF = conj(H_channel); Y_ZF = Y.*G_ZF; %----------------------------------------------G_MMSE = conj(H_channel)./(conj(H_channel).*H_channel + 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10)); Y_MMSE = Y.*G_MMSE; %tin hieu sau khi can bang duoc chuyen lai mien thoi gian. EstSymbols_ZF = Y_ZF; EstSymbols_ZF = sign(real(EstSymbols_ZF))+ i*sign(imag(EstSymbols_ZF)); EstSymbols_ZF = EstSymbols_ZF/sqrt(2); %--------------------------------------EstSymbols_MMSE = Y_MMSE; EstSymbols_MMSE = sign(real(EstSymbols_MMSE))+ i*sign(imag(EstSymbols_MMSE)); EstSymbols_MMSE = EstSymbols_MMSE/sqrt(2); %kiem tra so ki tu loi. I_ZF = inputSymbols-EstSymbols_ZF; I_ZF = find(I_ZF); errCount1 = errCount1 + length(I_ZF); %--------------------------------I_MMSE = inputSymbols-EstSymbols_MMSE; I_MMSE = find(I_MMSE); errCount2 = errCount2 + length(I_MMSE); end %tin SER SER_ZF(n,:) = errCount1 / (numSymbols*SP.numRun); SER_MMSE(n,:) = errCount2 / (numSymbols*SP.numRun); end %===================================================== % ham chinh chua cac thong so mo phong SER cua SC-FDMA %===================================================== function SER_SCFDMA() SP.FFTsize = 512; %kich thuoc khoi IFFT va FFT tai may thu va may phat
45

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

SP.inputBlockSize = 16; % kich thuoc 1 block ki tu dau vao SP.CPsize = 20; % do dai CP SP.subband = 0; % ??t v? tr b?ng con SP.SNR = [0:2:30]; % day ti so SNR SP.numRun = 10^5; % phat 10^5 ki tu SC-FDMA % mo hinh kenh dua tren 3GPP TS 25.104. pedAchannel = [1 10^(-9.7/20) 10^(-22.8/20)]; pedAchannel = pedAchannel/sqrt(sum(pedAchannel.^2)); % chuan hoa vehAchannel = [1 0 10^(-1/20) 0 10^(-9/20) 10^(-10/20) 0 0 0 10^(-15/20) 0 0 0 10^(-20/20)]; vehAchannel = vehAchannel/sqrt(sum(vehAchannel.^2)); % dat mo hinh kenh SP.channel = pedAchannel; % chay mo phong [SER_ifdma SER_dfdma SER_lfdma] = scfdma(SP); SP.subband = 10; [SER_ifdma10 SER_dfdma10 SER_lfdma10] = scfdma(SP); semilogy(SP.SNR,SER_ifdma,b-s,SP.SNR,SER_dfdma,b--s SP.SNR,SER_lfdma,b-o,SP.SNR,SER_ifdma10,r-, SP.SNR,SER_dfdma10,r--,SP.SNR,SER_lfdma10,r--*); xlabel(SNR[dB]); ylabel(SER); legend(IFDMA-sub0,DFDMA-sub0,LFDMA-sub0, IFDMA-sub10,DFDMA-sub10,LFDMA-sub10); %=================================== %SER cua SC-FDMA. %=================================== function [SER_ifdma SER_dfdma SER_lfdma] = scfdma(SP) numSymbols = SP.FFTsize; Q = numSymbols/SP.inputBlockSize; % he so trai bang thong. Q_tilda = 31; % dap ung kenh truyen mien tan so H_channel = fft(SP.channel,SP.FFTsize); for n = 1:length(SP.SNR), errCount_ifdma = 0; errCount_dfdma = 0;
46

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

errCount_lfdma = 0; for k = 1:SP.numRun, % tranmiter % tao random data block. tmp = round(rand(2,SP.inputBlockSize)); tmp = tmp*2-1; inputSymbols = (tmp(1,:) + i*tmp(2,:))/sqrt(2); % DFT-precoding. inputSymbols_freq = fft(inputSymbols); inputSamples_ifdma = zeros(1,numSymbols); inputSamples_dfdma = zeros(1,numSymbols); inputSamples_lfdma = zeros(1,numSymbols); % sap xep song mang con % IFDMA inputSamples_ifdma(1+SP.subband:Q:numSymbols) = inputSymbols_freq; % DFDMA inputSamples_dfdma(1:Q_tilda:Q_tilda*16) = inputSymbols_freq; inputSamples_dfdma(Q_tilda*16+1:1:numSymbols) = 0; % LFDMA inputSamples_lfdma([1:SP.inputBlockSize]+ SP.inputBlockSize*SP.subband)= inputSymbols_freq; % chuyen tin hieu tro ve mien thoi gian inputSamples_ifdma = ifft(inputSamples_ifdma); inputSamples_dfdma = ifft(inputSamples_dfdma); inputSamples_lfdma = ifft(inputSamples_lfdma); %Add CP. TxSamples_ifdma = [inputSamples_ifdma(numSymbols SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols) inputSamples_ifdma]; TxSamples_dfdma = [inputSamples_dfdma(numSymbols SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols) inputSamples_dfdma]; TxSamples_lfdma = [inputSamples_lfdma(numSymbols SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols) inputSamples_lfdma]; % channel RxSamples_ifdma = filter(SP.channel, 1,TxSamples_ifdma); RxSamples_dfdma = filter(SP.channel, 1,TxSamples_dfdma); RxSamples_lfdma = filter(SP.channel, 1,TxSamples_lfdma); % nhieu AWGN
47

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

tmp = randn(2, numSymbols+SP.CPsize); complexNoise = (tmp(1,:) + i*tmp(2,:))/sqrt(2); noisePower = 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10); % tin hieu phat bi nhieu AWGN RxSamples_ifdma = RxSamples_ifdma + sqrt(noisePower/Q)*complexNoise; RxSamples_dfdma = RxSamples_dfdma + sqrt(noisePower/Q)*complexNoise; RxSamples_lfdma = RxSamples_lfdma + sqrt(noisePower/Q)*complexNoise; % Receiver % bo CP RxSamples_ifdma = RxSamples_ifdma(SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols+SP.CPsize); RxSamples_dfdma = RxSamples_dfdma(SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols+SP.CPsize); RxSamples_lfdma = RxSamples_lfdma(SP.CPsize+1:numSymbols+SP.CPsize); % chuyen tin hieu sang mien tan so Y_ifdma = fft(RxSamples_ifdma, SP.FFTsize); Y_dfdma = fft(RxSamples_dfdma, SP.FFTsize); Y_lfdma = fft(RxSamples_lfdma, SP.FFTsize); % giai sap xep song mang Y_ifdma = Y_ifdma(1+SP.subband:Q:numSymbols); Y_dfdma = Y_dfdma(1:Q_tilda:Q_tilda*16); Y_lfdma = Y_lfdma([1:SP.inputBlockSize]+SP.inputBlockSize*SP.subband); % dap ung xung kenh truyen cua IFDMA H_ifdma = H_channel(1+SP.subband:Q:numSymbols); G_ifdma = conj(H_ifdma)./(conj(H_ifdma).*H_ifdma + 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10)) Y_ifdma = Y_ifdma.*G_ifdma; % dap ung xung kenh truyen cua DFDMA H_dfdma = H_channel(1:Q_tilda:Q_tilda*16); G_dfdma = conj(H_dfdma)./(conj(H_dfdma).*H_dfdma + 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10)) Y_dfdma = Y_dfdma.*G_dfdma; % dap ung xung kenh truyen cua LFDMA H_lfdma = H_channel([1:SP.inputBlockSize]+SP.inputBlockSize*SP.subband G_lfdma = conj(H_lfdma)./(conj(H_lfdma).*H_lfdma + 10^(-SP.SNR(n)/10)) Y_lfdma = Y_lfdma.*G_lfdma; % chuyen tin hieu tro lai mien thoi gian EstSymbols_ifdma = ifft(Y_ifdma); EstSymbols_dfdma = ifft(Y_dfdma); EstSymbols_lfdma = ifft(Y_lfdma); % tach song
48

Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

EstSymbols_ifdma = sign(real(EstSymbols_ifdma)) + i*sign(imag(EstSymbols_ifdma)); EstSymbols_ifdma = EstSymbols_ifdma/sqrt(2); EstSymbols_dfdma = sign(real(EstSymbols_dfdma)) + i*sign(imag(EstSymbols_dfdma)); EstSymbols_dfdma = EstSymbols_dfdma/sqrt(2); EstSymbols_lfdma = sign(real(EstSymbols_lfdma)) + i*sign(imag(EstSymbols_lfdma)); EstSymbols_lfdma = EstSymbols_lfdma/sqrt(2); %tim va dem loi I_ifdma =inputSymbols-EstSymbols_ifdma; I_ifdma=find(I_ifdma); errCount_ifdma = errCount_ifdma + length(I_ifdma); I_dfdma =inputSymbols-EstSymbols_dfdma; I_dfdma=find(I_dfdma); errCount_dfdma = errCount_dfdma + length(I_dfdma); I_lfdma = inputSymbols-EstSymbols_lfdma; I_lfdma = find(I_lfdma); errCount_lfdma = errCount_lfdma + length(I_lfdma); end % tinh SER SER_ifdma(n,:) = errCount_ifdma /(SP.inputBlockSize*SP.numRun); SER_dfdma(n,:) = errCount_dfdma /(SP.inputBlockSize*SP.numRun); SER_lfdma(n,:) = errCount_lfdma /(SP.inputBlockSize*SP.numRun); end %=================================== % PAPR cua SC-FDMA va OFDMA %==================================== [N1,X1,N2,X2,N3,X3] = paprSCFDMA(); [N4,X4] = paprOFDMA(); semilogy(X1,1-cumsum(N1)/max(cumsum(N1)),b-, X2,1-cumsum(N2)/max(cumsum(N2)),r--, X3,1-cumsum(N3)/max(cumsum(N3)),g:, X4,1-cumsum(N4)/max(cumsum(N4)),y-.); title(CCDF cua PAPR cua SCFDMA); xlabel(PAPRo[dB]); ylabel(Pr(PAPR>PAPRo));
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Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

legend(IFDMA,LFDMA,DFDMA,OFDMA); %======================================== %Mo phong PAPR cua SC-FDMA %su dung dieu che Q-PSK %su dung bo loc pulse shaping raised-cosine %======================================== function [N1,X1,N2,X2,N3,X3] = paprSCFDMA() totalSubcarriers = 512; %tong so song mang con numSymbols = 16; %so ki tu Q-PSK trong 1 block Q = totalSubcarriers/numSymbols; %he so trai bang thong Q_tilda = 31; % he so trai bang thong cua DFDMA. Q_tilda < Q. pulseShaping = 1; rolloffFactor = 0.3; % he so roll-off Bs = 5*10^6; % bang thong he thong Ts = 1/Bs; Nos = 4; % Oversampling factor. psFilter = rcPulse(Ts, Nos, rolloffFactor); numRuns = 10^4; % phat 10^4 ki tu SC-FDMA papr = zeros(1,numRuns); for n = 1:numRuns, %tao 1 block ki tu dieu che Q-PSK ngau nhien tmp = round(rand(numSymbols,2)); tmp = tmp*2-1; data = (tmp(:,1) + j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2); data = data.; % chuyen du lieu sang mien tan so X = fft(data); % tap cac song mang con Y1 = zeros(totalSubcarriers,1); Y2 = zeros(totalSubcarriers,1); Y3 = zeros(totalSubcarriers,1); % sap xep song mang con. % mo hinh sap xep song mang con IFDMA Y1(1:Q:totalSubcarriers) = X; % chuyen du lieu tro ve mien thoi gian y1 = ifft(Y1); % Perform pulse shaping.
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Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

if pulseShaping == 1 % up-sampling y_oversampled1(1:Nos:Nos*totalSubcarriers) = y1; % Perform filtering. y_result1 = filter(psFilter, 1, y_oversampled1); else y_result1 = y1; end % Calculate the PAPR. papr1(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y_result1).^2)/mean(abs(y_result1).^2)); % mo hinh sap xep song mang con LFDMA Y2(1:numSymbols) = X; % chuyen du lieu tro ve mien thoi gian y2 = ifft(Y2); % Perform pulse shaping. if pulseShaping == 1 % up-sampling y_oversampled2(1:Nos:Nos*totalSubcarriers) = y2; % Perform filtering. y_result2 = filter(psFilter, 1, y_oversampled2); else y_result2 = y2; end % Calculate the PAPR. papr2(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y_result2).^2)/mean(abs(y_result2).^2)); % sap xep song mang con DFDMA Y3(1:Q_tilda:Q_tilda*numSymbols) = X; % chuyen du lieu tro ve mien thoi gian y3 = ifft(Y3); % Perform pulse shaping. if pulseShaping == 1 % up-sampling y_oversampled3(1:Nos:Nos*totalSubcarriers) = y3; % Perform filtering. y_result3 = filter(psFilter, 1, y_oversampled3);
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Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

else y_result3 = y3; end % Calculate the PAPR. papr3(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y_result3).^2)/mean(abs(y_result3).^2)); end % Plot CCDF. [N1,X1] = hist(papr1, 100); [N2,X2] = hist(papr2, 100); [N3,X3] = hist(papr3, 100); %====================================== %mo phong PAPR cua OFDMA. %su dung dieu che Q-PSK %====================================== function [N,X] = paprOFDMA() totalSubcarriers = 512; %tong so song mang con numSymbols = 16; %so ki tu trong 1 block Bs = 5*10^6; % bang thong he thong Ts = 1/Bs; % khoang ki tu OFDMA Nos = 4; % Oversampling factor. Nsub = totalSubcarriers; Fsub = [0:Nsub-1]*Bs/Nsub; % Subcarrier spacing. numRuns = 10^4; % phat 10^4 ki tu OFDMA papr = zeros(1,numRuns); for n = 1:numRuns, %t 1 block cac ki tu dieu che Q-PSK tmp = round(rand(numSymbols,2)); tmp = tmp*2-1; data = (tmp(:,1) + j*tmp(:,2))/sqrt(2); data = data.; %lay mau ki tu t = [0:Ts/Nos:Nsub*Ts]; %dieu che OFDM y = 0; for k = 1:numSymbols,
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Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng

y= y + data(k)*exp(j*2*pi*Fsub(k)*t); end %Calculate PAPR. papr(n) = 10*log10(max(abs(y).^2)/mean(abs(y).^2)); end %Plot CCDF. [N,X] = hist(papr, 100);

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Kt lun v hng pht trin

Cng ngh LTE ca 3GPP ang to nhiu pht trin cho ngnh vin thng sp ti. n ny e tm hiu k thut SC-FDMA l k thut c p dng trong ng ln ca LTE. Vi n ny e thc hin c: * Tm hiu c k thut ghp knh tn s trc giao OFDM v n sng mang cn bng trong min tn s SC/FDE l nn tng hiu r hn v SC-FDMA. Tm hiu c k thut SC-FDMA, cc cch sp xp sng mang ca chng v so snh u im ca chng vi OFDMA. Xy dng m hnh m phng cho h thng SC/FDE, OFDM v SC-FDMA, so snh hiu qu ca SC/FDE vi OFDM, so snh gia cc m hnh sp xp sng mang. M phng c PAPR ca SC-FDMA v so snh vi OFDMA cho thy u im ca SC-FDMA vi OFDMA.

* *

n ny e ch dng mc tm hiu K thut SC-FDMA, sau ny e s tip tc pht trin ni dng ca n tm hiu su hn v k thut ny trong ng ln ca LTE, tim hiu thm v phn b ti nguyn trong LTE.

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Ti liu tham kho

[1] TS.Nguyn L Hng, Mobile Communications. [2] Hyung G.Myung and David J.Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA, a new air interface for Long Term Evolution - 2008 . [3] ,Yong Soo Cho,Jaekwon Kim,Won Young Yang,Chung-Gu Kang Wireless Communication with MATLAB - 2010 .

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