CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
A mobile tracking and positioning system includes a plurality of mobile transmit and receive stations that track a mobile target which emits a radio signal in response to the occurrence of a tracking effort initiation event. The tracking stations have a GPS receiver or like means for determining their position, a radio direction finder responsive to the radio signal that determines the vector to the mobile target, two way communications system and a computer. The mobile transmit and receive stations exchange their position and direction to target information via two way communications systems, enabling the stations to triangulate the location of the target with their computers. !obile phone tracking tracks the current position of a mobile phone even on the move. To locate the phone, it must emit at least the roaming signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process does not re"uire an active call. GS! locali#ation is then done by multilateration based on the signal strength to nearby antenna masts. !obile positioning i.e.. location based service that discloses the actual coordinates of mobile phone bearer, is a technology used by telecommunication companies to approximate where a mobile phone, and there by also its users, temporarily resides. The more properly applied term locating refers to the purpose rather than positioning process. Such service is offered as an option of the class of location based services.

1.2 NEED FOR MOBILE TRACKING

%ecent demands from new applications re"uire positioning capabilities of mobile telephones or other devices. The ability to obtain the geo location of the !obile Telephone &!T' in the cellular system allows the network operators to facilitate new services to the mobile users. The most immediate motivation for the cellular system to provide !T position is enhanced in accident emergency services. The positioning of the mobile user could provide services like (mergency service for subscriber safety. )ocation sensitive billing. *ellular +raud detection. ,ntelligent transport system services. (fficient and effective network performance and management.

CHAPTER 2 EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONSTRAINTS

2.1 NETWORK ASSISTED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
A mobile telephone can be located by a mobile telephone itself or through a mobile telecommunication network. To locate the mobile telephone by itself, the mobile telephone is provided with a GPS receiver to calculate its location in latitude and longitude coordinates based on the location information received from a satellite through the GPS receiver. ,ncreases the price and the si#e of the mobile telephone. The load on the mobile telephone is increased. Power consumption is high.

2.2 NETWORK BASED MOBILE POSITIONING

,n the case that the mobile telephone network locates the mobile telephone, at least three base stations &.Ss' receive a signal from the mobile telephone/ calculate the distances between the .Ss and the mobile telephone using the arrival time of the signals at the .Ss, then determine the location of the mobile telephone using the trigonometry. This location service is provided generally by a location data processor included in a base station controller &.S*'. 0pon a re"uest for service about the location of a specific mobile subscriber, the .S* selects the three ad1acent .Ss surrounding the mobile telephone for use in the location service, and these selected .Ss are ready for communication with the mobile telephone.

2.3 TIME OF ARRIVAL (TOA)

The T2A method calculates the distance of a mobile telephone and a .S based on the T2A of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the .S. ,t is assumed that

the mobile telephone is located at the intersection point of three circles having the radius of the distances between the .Ss and the mobile telephone. The distance is calculated by the following e"uation, R ! C ! "#$% ( (& ' X ) 2 ( () ' Y) 2 ) where, C 4 propagation speed of electromagnetic wave, 4 propagation of time from the mobile telephone to ith base station, & * ) ++ location of ith base station, X* Y ' mobile position.

2., TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL (TDOA)

The T52A method assumes that the T52As of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the three .Ss define a set of points on a hyperbola, and the mobile telephone is located at the intersection point of at least three hyperbolas. The implementation re"uires accurate synchroni#ation of each .S. The signal of the mobile telephone often travels a longer path to a .S due to the multi path fading characteristic and the 6on )ine 2f Sight &6)2S' effects. ,n this method, three circles or hyperbolas do not meet at one point but overlap each other over an area.

+ig -.$8 ,llustrates a typical T2A method for locating a mobile telephone. As shown in +igure -.$, three circles *$, *-, and *3, whose radii are the distance between the mobile telephone !$ and atleast three .Ss T$, T-, and T3, are overlapped across an area. The mobile telephone !$ is located in the overlap area. 2ne approach to locating the mobile telephone !$ in the overlap area $ is to use a common chord, as shown in +igure. -. 9hen at least three circles *$, *-, and *3 are overlapped over an area without meeting at one point, the mobile telephone !$ is considered to exist at the intersection point of three common chords )$, )-, and )3. The above method using the common chord is not very accurate in locating the mobile telephone except in the case where the mobile telephone is at an approximate e"ual distance from the selected .Ss and in a similar propagation environment to each respective .S.

+ig -.-8 illustrates the T52A method of locating a mobile telephone. ,n the case that a first mobile telephone !$ is nearer to the first .S T$, as shown in +igure -, the procedure will be described by a way of example. ,n +igure -, two circles *$$ and *-$ are drawn based on the T2As of a signal transmitted from the first mobile telephone !$ at the first and the second .Ss T$ and T-. A first common chord )$ is defined by the intersection between the circles *$$ and *-$. .ut if the path between the first mobile telephone !$ and the second .S T- is in an 6)2S condition and the path between the first mobile telephone !$ and the first .S T$ is in a line of sight &)2S' condition, the common chord )$ is positioned far left from the actual location of the mobile telephone !$. The effect is the same in the opposite case. ,f the path between the first mobile telephone !$ and the second .S T- is in the )2S condition and the path between the first mobile telephone !$ and the first .S T$ is in the 6)2S condition, the common chord )$ is also far right from the actual location of the mobile telephone !$. ,n this method using a common chord involves a huge location error unless the paths between the mobile telephone and each .S have the same propagation environment.

CHAPTER 3 LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHOD

3.1. PROPOSAL

!S* )ocation 5ata Processor

.S*

T$ T3 TTn

+ig 3.$8 ,llustrates the configuration of a typical mobile telecommunication network. As shown in +igure 3.$, the mobile telecommunication network includes a several base stations &.Ss' T $ to T 6 for providing mobile telecommunication service to a mobile subscriber through a mobile telephone !$, a base station controller &.S*' for controlling the .Ss T $ to T 6, and a mobile switching center &!S*' for connecting the .S* to another .TS or a PST6 &Public Switched Telephone 6etwork'. ,n a cellular mobile telecommunication network, the whole service area is divided into a several coverage areas having respective base stations &.S'. (ach .S coverage area is called a <cell.< An !S* controls these .Ss so that a subscriber can continue his call without

interruption while moving between different cells. The !S* can reduce the time re"uired for calling a subscriber by locating the cell of the subscriber. ,n case of an emergency like a fire, or a patient needing first aid treatment, the mobile subscriber should be accurately located. Tracking the location of a mobile subscriber within the boundary of a cell in a mobile telecommunication network is known as >location service?. The method proposed by us for tracking the location of a mobile telephone using curves connecting the points where circles intersect one another, the circles radii being the distances between .Ss and the mobile telephone. The steps involved are8 a. (ach base station nearer to a mobile telephone receives a predetermined signal from the mobile telephone and calculates the distance between the mobile telephone and the base station and the variances of time arrival of the signal at the base station/ b. A circle is drawn to have a radius being the distance and the coordinates of the base station being the center of the circle/ c. A pair of the first and the second base stations is selected among the base stations. A several location tracking curves connecting two intersection points between the selected circles corresponding to the first and the second base stations are drawn. 2ne of the location tracking curves is selected using the variances of the first and the second base stations/ d. The steps c. and d. are repeated for the other pairs of the base stations/ e. The intersection points are obtained among the location tracking curves selected in step d. and e. and, f. The location of the mobile telephone is determined using the coordinates of the intersection points obtained in step e.

Start %eceive signal from mobile telephone

*alculate T2AAs of received signal and their variances

5raw circle for each .S based T2AAs

Select a plurality of curves using Bariances

2btain intersection points between selected curves

(nd

+ig 3.-8 5epicts a flowchart showing the steps involved in locating a mobile telephone. The several location tracking curves are parts of circles with centers near to the base station with smaller variances between the first and the second base stations. The C

circles formed by the location tracking curves have the centers on a line connecting the coordinates of the first and the second base stations. The larger variances between the variances of the first and the second base stations are compared to the variances of the several location tracking curves, and one of the location tracking curves is selected according to the comparison result. The location coordinates of the mobile telephone are determined by averaging the coordinates of the intersection points obtained in step &f'.

3.2 DESCRIPTION
9hen a location service is re"uested about a specific mobile telephone by a user or a network, the location data processor draws two circles *$ and *- with their respective centers set at .Ss T$ and T- based on the T2As of a signal transmitted from the corresponding mobile telephone !$ or !- to the two .Ss T$ and T- located near the mobile telephone !$ or !-. The two circles *$ and *- define a common chord )$.

+ig 3.38 ,llustrates a proposed method for mobile telephone location. Dowever, if each mobile telephone !$ or !- is placed in a different propagation environment with respect to the .Ss T$ and T-, the location of the mobile telephone !$ or !- can not be determined by the common chord )$. Therefore, we use location tracking curves T%$ and T%- connecting the same two intersection points P$ and P- of the two circles *$ and *-, instead of the common chord )$. The process of determining

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the location tracking curves will be explained later. The two curves T%$ and T%- have their middle points intersecting the line ST, which connects the positions of the two .Ss T$ and T- and the parts of two circles *$ and *- drawn to connect the two intersection points P$ and P-. ,nstead of the common chord )$, the location data processor uses the curve T%$ for the mobile telephone !$ and the curve T%- for the mobile telephone !-. ,t prevents the location error caused by the multi path fading or the 6)2S path characteristics. ,f the radio propagation environment between the mobile telephone and the .S is poor due to the multi path fading or the 6)2S effects, the T2A of the received signal has error. The T2A error can be compensated by appropriately selecting a desired curve &reference circle'.

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CHAPTER , DETERMINATION OF TRACKING CURVE

,.1 DETERMINATION OF LOCATION TRACKING CURVE
The 6)2S environment has been compared with the )2S environment and we see that the variances of the T2As of a signal transmitted from a mobile telephone are higher in the 6)2S environment. .y knowing this, appropriate curves can be selected by comparison between the variances of T2As of an input signal. That is, the mobile telephone is nearer from the common chord )$ to the one with the larger variances out of the two .Ss in +igure :. Therefore, the .S with the smaller variances should be selected to draw reference circles based on the variances. +or example, since the first mobile telephone !$ is near the first .S T$, the variances of the T2As of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone !$ at the first .S T$ will be higher than those of the signal at the second .S T-. Dence, the reference circle *$ is obtained around the second .S T- with smaller variances.

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+ig 7.$8 ,llustrates the determination of location tracking curve. +rom +igure ;, assuming that the first and the second .Ss T$ and T- selected for use in the location tracking are present at positions (&1* )1) and (&2* )2), respectively, in the second dimensional coordinates, the location data processor draws the two circles *$ and *- with the coordinates (&1* )1) and (&2* )2) of the two .Ss T$ and T- at their centers. The curve connects the two points P$ and P- at which the two circles *$ and *intersect each other. The coordinates of the intersection points P$ and P- are (&A* )A) and (&B* )B), respectively. Since the mobile telephone is near the first .S T$ with respect to the common chord )$, the variances of the T2As of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the first .S T$ will be larger than those of the signal at the second .S. Therefore, reference circles T%$ to T%7 are drawn with respect to the second .S T- with smaller variances, as shown in +ig 7.$. The coordinates of the reference circle can be obtained &using minimum variance' which has its center on the line ST passing through (&1* )1) and (&2* )2) and passes through (&A* )A) and (&B* )B). Selecting the center of the reference circle is significant as the mobile telephone is located on the reference circle. The location data processor selects the desired curves &reference circles' with respect to the several .Ss selected for

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location tracking. ,n +ig 7.$, as the real location of the mobile telephone deviates farther from the circle *- with the second .S T- at its center, the center of a reference circle is farther from the location of the second .S T-. That is, the center of a desired reference circle is farther from the second .S T- in the case of a third mobile telephone !3 &curve *3' than in the case of a fourth mobile telephone !7.

,.2 REFERENCE CIRCLE SELECTION

The variances of the T2As of a signal which arrives at the two .Ss T$ and Tfrom different paths are used to find the curve on which the actual location of the mobile telephone is determined. ,f the T2As of the signal at the first .S T$ from 6 propagation paths are %1* %2. . . %N, the first .S T$ calculates the variances of %1* %2* . . . * %N. The location data processor compares the variances calculated by the first .S T$ with the variances calculated by the second .S T- and considers that the mobile telephone is near to that .S with the larger variances &the first .S T- in +ig 3.7'. Dence, the reference circle has its center near to the .S with the smaller variances &the second .S T- in +igure ;' on the line ST. 9ith the larger variances, the center of a reference circle gets farther to the right from the center of the second .S T-. ,n order to select the desired curve, the location data processor initiali#es the reference circles with predetermined radii and the variances of T2As of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone located on the reference circles, and compare the preset variances with real variance measurements. The location data processor sets a several reference circles based on the distances between the mobile telephone and the .S with the smaller variances&the second .S T-' ,n +igure ;, as an example, the first to the fourth reference circles T%$ to T%7 have radii twice, three times, four times, and five times, respectively, of that of .S T-, where all these points of reference circles T%$ and T%7 are located along the line ST. The variances of the second .S T- smaller than those of the first .S T$ are used as a criterion

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for selecting an optimal reference circle. Therefore, the location data processor predetermines the reference variances for the first to the fourth reference circles T%$ to T%7 to be compared with respect to the second .S T$. ,t is assumed in the following description that 1* 2* -./ 3 are reference variances and 10 20 3 The location data processor compares the variances calculated by the two .Ss T$ and T- and selects the base station with smaller variances as a reference point to draw the reference circle. ,f the selected variances &those of the second .S T-' are * the location data processor compares the selected variances * with the preset reference variances 1* 2* -./ 3.

I1 0! 1, the curve of the first reference circles T%$ is selected. I1 1 0 0! 2, the curve of the second reference circles T%- is selected. I1 2 0 0! 3, the curve of the third reference circles T%3 is selected. I1 3 0 * the curve of the fourth reference circles T%7 is selected. As we have seen, the location data processor selects the optimal curve &reference circle' for the two .Ss among the several .Ss, and selects another optimal circle for another .S pair, and so on. 9hen curves are selected for all selected .S pairs, the location data processor obtains the intersection points among the selected curves as shown in +igure =. Dowever, as the selected curves do not intersect at one point due to the multi path fading or the 6)2S effects, the midpoint of these intersection points is determined as the location of the mobile telephone.

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+ig 7.-8 ,llustrates the positioning of mobile telephone by the proposed method. Tracking the location of a mobile telephone re"uires at least three .Ss. As shown in +igure =, the first to the third .Ss T$ to T3 form the first to the third circles *$ to *3, respectively. The location data processor selects a first optimal curve T%$ for the first and the second .Ss T$ and T-, a second optimal curve T%- for the second and the third circles *- and *3, and a third optimal curve T%3 for the first and third circles *$ and *3. As the three intersection points !$ (&A* )A), !- (&B* )B), and !3 (&C* )C) are defined by the three curves T%$ to T%3, the location data processor considers the mobile telephone to be located at (&* )). 9hile the three .Ss are selected for the location service using the T2As of a signal arrived at each .S from a mobile telephone has been described in the embodiment of the present invention, more .Ss can be used to increase the accuracy in locating the exact position of the mobile station. ,f N%2 intersection points are defined by location tracking curves obtained according to the present invention and an
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intersection point is at (& * ) ), coordinates (&* )) indicate the location of the mobile

telephone.

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After the location of the mobile telephone, that is, the intersection points among the curves are obtained, the location data processor represents the intersection points in the latitude and the longitude coordinates and transmits the position coordinates to the network &.SF.S*F!S*' and the mobile telephone.

CONCLUSION
2ur proposal is advantageous in that the location of a mobile telephone can be accurately tracked even in the multi path fading and the 6)2S environment, by using more accurate tracking curves connecting the intersection points among circles with the radii being the distances between corresponding .Ss and the mobile telephone in a cellular mobile communication system. 9e have described about accurate positioning of mobile telephones, which can be used for several applications. The important considerations to be undertaken while selecting a location based technology are location accuracy, implementation cost, reliability, increasing functionality. !obile positioning technology has become an important area of research, for emergency as well as for commercial services. !obile positioning in cellular networks will provide several services such as, locating stolen mobiles, emergency calls, different

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billing tariffs depending on where the call is originated, and methods to predict the user movement inside a region.

REFERENCES
Ahmed (, %abbany, The Global Positioning System, -nd edition. www.roseindia.net en.wikipedia.org www.landairsea.com

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