Studies On Indian Lichens During The Last 50 Years (1960-2010)

PHYTOTAXONOMY
Vol. 11,2011. pp. 120-140

Jr[tudies
on Indian lichens during the last 50 years (1960-2010)
K.P. Singh
Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad -, 211002.
Email: krishna.p.singh@gmail.com
Studies on Indian lichens carried out by Indian as well as foreign lichenologists between 1960 and 2010
are presented in the present communication. Scientists from 4 organizations, viz., Agarkar Research
Institute, Pune; Botanical Survey of India; Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow; and
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow have played significant roles in the present progress
of Indian lichenology, The M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai has carried ont research
on applied aspects of lichens and an, 'All India Co-ordinated Project on Taxonomy' (AICOPTAX)
boosted the lichen research in the country during the last one decade. It is suggested that explorations
in unexplored and underexplored areas, mutual cooperation among the lichen specialists of different
organizations and revisionary studies of families would provide a strong base for writing country's useful
lichen flora and also help in evolving conservation strategies along with sustainable uses of lichens for
humanity.
Key Words: Indian lichens, between 1960 and 2010, a review
Introduction
Lichens, one of the important components of
biodiversity, are widely spread in all suitable
environmental habitats, including the continent of
Antarctica. These are of various colours and occur
in the form of crustose, foliose and fruticose types
on the ground, bark of trees, stones, boulders, rocks,
poles, over mosses, etc., with greater predominance
in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas. Their
diversity varies according to the altitude and
topography of the area.
It is well known that earlier studies on Indian
lichens were carried out by European botanists. The
sporadic collections made from different parts of
India were sent to European countries for study and
subsequently published. A detailed account of these
studies has already been presented by D.D. Awasthi
(1965) and may be consulted, if required. Before this
important contribution, A. Singh (1964) brought out
a publication, namely, 'Lichens of India' enumerating
therein 947 species. But this publication was not
much in use and attracted adverse remarks from D.D.
Awasthi (1965). During the last 50 years, over 450
research articleslbooks have been published on
various aspects of Indian lichens by Indian and
foreign lichenologists. Due to limitations of space,
it is not possible to refer to all of them, but efforts
have been made to cover most of the important
publications appearing between 1960 and 2010 on
Indian lichens in the present communication.
The institutions mainly responsible for the
present development of Indian lichenology are
Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow;
Botanical Survey of India; Agarkar Research
Institute, Pune; and National Botanical Research
Institute, Lucknow. Recently, the M.S. Swarninathan
Research Foundation, Chennai has carried out
research on applied aspects of lichens and All India
Co-ordinated Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX)
boosted the lichen research in the country during
the last one decade.
Contributions from the Botany Department,
Lucknow University, Lucknow (LWU)
At this centre, D.D. Awasthi initiated work on
lichens for his doctoral dissertation under the
guidance of Prof. S.N. Das Gupta during nineteen
fifties and consolidated all the information on lichens
from Indian subcontinent (India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan
and Nepal). After receiving the advanced training in
lichenology (1960-63) under the direction of
STUDIES ON INDIAN LICHENS DURING THE LAST 50 YEARS (1960-2010)
121
Dr. William A. Weber and with another doctoral
degree from Colorado University, United States of
America (U.S.A.), he returned to India and
established a lichen centre in nineteen sixties in the
Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow.
During his stay in U.S.A., he collected classical
literature on lichens and visited many important
herbaria in Europe and U.S.A. He published an
account of. the known species of Physcia and
Anaptychia based on collections made from
Himalayas and south India (D.D. Awasthi 1960 a &
b). Foliose and fruticose lichens collected from
Arunachal Pradesh by Botanical Survey of India
parties were enumerated into 72 species by D.D.
Awasthi (1961). During his stay in U.S.A., D.D.
Awasthi (1963) published some noteworthy additions
to the lichen flora of India and made some new
combinations in the genus Dirinaria (D.D. Awasthi
1964). He also consolidated all the information on
lichens from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Pakistan
and published it in the form of a catalogue listing
1310 species under 150 genera (D.D. Awasthi 1965).
This valuable publication provided the base for
future lichen research in the country. Subsequently,
through financial assistance provided by Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi,
University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Botanical
Survey of India, Kolkata, taxonomic investigations
on lichens were continued by D.D. Awasthi and his
students (M.R. Agarwal, K.P. Singh, M. Joshi, S.R.
Singh, K. Dange, P. Akhtar, L.R Sharma, D.K. Upreti,
R. Tewari, R. Mathur, G. Awasthi and P. Srivastava)
at Lucknow University, Lucknow till 1996.
Collections from Darjee1ing Hills, Meghalaya in
Eastern Himalaya, Western Himalaya, especially from
the present Uttarakhand, Kerala, Nilgiri and Palni
Hills in Western Ghats, Pachmarhi Hills in Madhya
Pradesh and Mount Abu in Rajasthan were made
by D.D. Awasthi and his associates from this centre.
The results of these collections in the form of
new records for India, new species, systematic
account of the areas and nomenclature with
enumerations were published in national and
international journals. Along with these collections,
D.D. Awasthi also separately maintained his own
collections (Herb. Awasthi). These collections
together with collections available from other
institutes paved the way for revision of many genera
such as Alectoria, Bacidia, Ba dim ia, Bryoria,
Brigantiaea, Buel/ia, Catil/aria, Col/ema, Cetraria,
Coccocarpia, Dirinaria, Evernia, Fellhanera,
Hypogymnia, Graph is, Heterodermia, Letrouitia,
Lempholemma, Leptogium, Lobaria, Mycobilimbia,
Menegazzia, Ochrolechia, Parmelia sensu lato,
Peltigera, Physcia, Phaeographina, Phaeographis,
Pseudocyphellaria, Pyxine, Ramalina,
Rhizocarpon, Sticta, Sulcaria, Usnea, and others.
The several papers published by botanists from
this centre are as follows: Akhtar (1981), Akhtar &
D.D.Awasthi (1980), D.D.Awasthi (1970,1973, 1975a
& b, 1976,1977, 1981a & b, 1982a & b, 1983a &b,
1984,1985,1986,1987, 1988a& b, 1998), D.D.Awasthi
& Agarwal (1968a& b, 1969, 1970), D.D.Awasthi &
Akhtar (1977,1979), D.D. Awasthi & G Awasthi (1985),
D.D. & Dange (1978), D.D. Awasthi & Joshi
(1977,1978,1982), D.D. Awasthi & Mathur (1987),
D.D. Awasthi & K.P. Singh (1970,1971, 1972a & b,
1973a, b & c, 1975a & b, 1977 a &b, 1978), D.D.
Awasthi & S.R. Singh(1977a & b, 1978, 1979), D.D.
Awasthi & Srivastava (1989,1993), D.D. Awasthi &
Tewari (1987), D.D. Awasthi & Upreti (1980, 1981,
1985), G. Awasthi (1982, 1986, 1988) G. Awasthi &
D.D. Awasthi (1985), Jpshi & D.D. Awasthi (1982),
K.P. Singh & S.R. Singh (1977), Pant (1990), Pant
(nee Awasthi) & D.D. Awasthi (1989a & b, 2003),
Sharma & G Awasthi (1981), S.R. Singh (1977,1999)
S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi (1978,1981, 1990) and
Srivastava & D.D. Awasthi (1988).
During the late eighties and early nineties, D.D.
Awasthi (1988, 1991) made significant contributions
and keyed out all macro and micro lichen species
from Indian subcontinent. Even after retirement from
the University service, he continued to contribute
on lichens. D.D. Awasthi (2000a) wrote "A Handbook
of Lichens" and later Lichenology in Indian
Subcontinent - a supplement to "A Handbook of
Lichens" (D.D. Awasthi 2000b) - where he listed
over 2000 species. he published a
"Compendium of Macrolichens from India, Nepal
and Sri Lanka ", where he dealt with about 970
species (D.D. Awasthi 2007). Recently, he presented
an elaborate review of foliicolous lichens of the
122 PHYTOTAXONOMY, VOL. 11,2011
world and listed 925 species of 89 genera with their
geographic distribution according to the continents
(D.D. Awasthi 2010). However, this centre was closed
down in 1996 after the superannuation of Dr. D.D.
Awasthi from the University service. The huge
collections (ca. 40,000 specimens, including
collections of D.D. Awasthi, Herb. Awasthi) of
lichens made by his students from various places in
the country have been transferred as permanent loan
to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
(LWG), with the condition that both will retain their
identity as LWU and Herb Awasthi in future citations.
Thus, this centre contributed sufficient and
significant knowledge on lichens in Indian
subcontinent and founded a strong base for future
lichen research in the country.
Contributions from the Botanical Survey of India
(BSI)
A central government organization under the
Ministry of Environment and Forests, BSI is
concerned with the study of flora of India and its
conservation. It carries out research on all groups
of plants. To study and survey the cryptogamic flora
of the country, a separate cryptogamic unit was
established in the year 1961 at Kolkata, Headquarters
of Botanical Survey of India. e.G Dharne & K.N.
Roychowdhury initiated lichen studies at this unit
and made some collections from DaIjee1ing Hills and
24 Parganas in West Bengal. The results of these
collections have been published by Dharne &
Roychowdhury (1967, 1968), and Roychowdhury
(1971a, b & c, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1979, 1985) in the
form of some new species and many new additions
to the species from the country. Further, Vohra et al.
(1982) also made observations on the cryptogamic
flora of Silent Valley where 74 species of lichens
were enumerated. The identifications made by
Roychowdhury were not very authentic. However,
his collections are valuable for future research. Later,
K.P. Singh joined the organization during November
1975 and made collections from Northeastern states
like Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya,
Nagaland and collected over 18,000 specimens either
alone or along with his associates (GP. Sinha, P.
Bujarbarua, P.K. Dixit, A. Pinokiyo and T.A.M.
Jagadeesh Ram) and established a lichen herbarium
at Botanical Survey of India, Shillong (ASSAM).
Collections from Sikkim were made by GP. Sinha.
Similarly, collections made from Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh, Orissa, Central India, West Bengal under
various projects are preserved in different herbaria
of BSI. At present, BSI has 4 established lichen
herbaria. These are: Central National Herbarium,
Howrah (CAL) with over 8,000 specimens (both old
and new collections), Botanical Survey of India,
Shillong (ASSAM) with over 18,000 specimens,
Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok, Sikkim (BSHC)
with about 1,800 specimens and Botanical Survey
of India, Allahabad (BSA) with about 6,500
specimens. These collections have been worked out
partly and results already published. The
publications made by this organization are: Ahti et
al. (2002), K.P. Singh ( 1973, 1977, 1978a & b, 1979a
& b, 1980a, b, c & d, 1981a & b, 1984, 1999), K.P.
Singh & Bujarbarua (2002), K.P. Singh & Chandra
(2007), K.P. Singh & D.D. Awasthi (1978,1979), K.P.
Singh &' Sinha (1993,1994, 1997a & b, 2010), K.P.
Singh & Pinokiyo (2003, 2004, 2008), K.P. Singh &
S.R. Singh (1982, 1984), K.P. Singh & Swarna1atha
(2009), K.P. Singh et al. (1989,2002, 2004a & b, 2005,
2006, 2009), Sinha (1999, 2004a & b), Sinha &
Chauhan (1996,1998,2002), Sinha & Elix (2003), Sinha
& K.P.Singh (1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1993,2005),
Sinha et al (1994), Jagadeesh & Sinha (2003a & b,
2005, 2009a, b & c, 2010 a & b), Jagadeesh et al.
(2005a, b & c, 2006a & b, 2007a, & b, 2008, 2009),
Pinokiyo & K.P. Singh (2004, 2006a & b) and
Pinokiyo et al. (2004, 2008) in the form of new
species, new records for India, systematic accounts,
diversity of the areas, etc. Studies on collections
from Assam, the family Graphidaceae in Northeast
India, micro lichens of Arunachal Pradesh and
micro lichens of Sikkim are being continued. The
valuable contributions made from the BSI are the
'Lichen Flora of Nagaland' - the first state lichen
flora from the country dealing with 346 species,
'Macrolichens of Sikkim' dealing with 320 species,
and a recent one, 'Indian Lichens: An Annotated
Checklist' (K.P. Singh & Sinha, 2010) with over 2300
species. Genus Awasthiella from Manipur was also
discovered as new to science. The studies on
"Foliicolous lichens of India" and "Lichen flora of
123
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal" have
also been sent for publication.
Contributions from Agarkar Research Institute,
Pune(ARI)
Lichen investigations in this institute were
initiated by late P.G. Patwardhan in nineteen
seventies with the help ofPL 480 project funded by
United States of America under the guidance of
late M.E. Hale of Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A.
Collections were made from Western Ghats, and
Andaman & Nicobar Islands. A few collections were
also made from Northeast India under a D.S.T.
project. P.G. Patwardhan and his associates (C.R.
Kulkarni, M.B. Nagarkar, U. Makhija, P. Sethy, Bharati
Adawadkar) mostly worked on the rnicrolichen genera
belonging to tropical and subtropical groups like
Pyrenocarpous, Graphidaceous and
Thelotremataceous lichens. Genera like Arthothelium,
Astrothelium, Cryptothecia, Laurera, Porina,
Trypethelium, etc., were also revised. The
publications made by this organization are:
Adawadkar & Makhija (2004, 2005, 2006a & b, 2007),
Chitale & Makhija (2008), Chitale et al. (2007,2009),
Dube & Makhija (2008), Dube et al. (2005), Kulkarni
(1977), Makhija &Adawadkar (1999,2001,2002,2003,
2005a & b, 2007), Makhija & Patwardhan (1985, 1987a
& b, 1988a & b, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998),
Makhija et al. (1992a & b, 1994, 1999,2004,2005,
2006,2009), Nagatkar (1990), Nagatkar & Patwardhan
(1981, 1982), Nagarkar et al. (1986,1987, 1988),
Patwardhan (1983), Patwardhan & Badhe (1971,1972,
1973 a, b & c), Patwardhan & Kulkarni (1976, 1977a
& b), Patwardhan & Makhija (1980a & b, 1981a, b
& c), Patwardhan & Nagarkar (1979, 1980, 1982),
Patwardhan & Prabhu (1977), Patwardhan & Rairkar
(1979), Patwardhan et at. (1977, 1985), Prabhu et al.
(1983), Sethy & Patwardhan (1987), Sethy et al.
(1987) and Sharma & Makhija (2009 a & b). The
flora of Maharashtra has been worked out by
Makhija and her associates (A. Dube and G. Chitale)
under AICOPTAX Project. The publications made
from the area are mentioned above.
In vitro culture of lichens: The Agarkar
Research Institute has also established a tissue
culture laboratory for lichens where B.C. Behera is
engaged on such research. His group is trying to
standardize a lichen culture methodology for the
desirable secondary metabolites. Different species
have been screened for the scavenging of super
oxide, anti-tyrosinase and anti-xanthine oxidase
activities. Dr. Behera and his group has also
standardized the in vitro culture methodologies for
the lichen species Arthothelium awasthii, Graphis
guimarana, G nakanishiana, G schizograpta,
Heterodermia podocarpa, Parmotrema tinctorum
and Usnea ghattensis. They have successfully
cultured in vitro producing lichen substances as
these occur in natural thalli. For the sarne species,
the growth optimizing parameters were also
standardized in vitro cultures. The publications made
by B.C. Behera and his associates on above aspects
are: Behera & Makhija (2001,2002), Behera et al.
(2000,2004, 2005a & b, 2006a, b & c) and Verma et
at. (2008).
Contributions from the National Botanical Research
Institute, Lucknow (NBRI)
National Botanic Garden of yester years or
National Botanical Research Institute of today is a
well known organization for its researches on plants
in the country. In this institute, lichenological
investigations were initiated during nineteen sixties.
The lichen herbarium, a part of general herbarium,
comprises over 80,000 specimens collected from
various parts of the country. Of these, about 50%
belong to Lucknow University centre and were
collected by students of D.D. Awasthi from various
places in the country. A. Singh primarily worked on
foliicolous and pyrenocarpous lichens Of Andaman
& Nicobar Islands (A. Singh 1969, 1970a, b & c,
1971,1973,1978,1979: A. Singh & Upreti 1987) and
from West Bengal (A. Singh & Roychowdhury 1982).
A. Singh (1980) also compiled the lichenological
progress made between the years 1966 and 1977.
The detailed accounts of genus Anthracothecium
and allied genera were also published by A. Singh
(1982 a & b, 1983, 1984, 1985 a, b & c, 1986, 1987)
and A. Singh & Upreti (1999). Species of
Endocarpon and Pleurotheliopsis were worked out
jointly with Upreti (A. Singh & Upreti 1984, 1986).
A. Singh & Upreti (1991) and A. Singh et al (1999)
also documented the lichens growing on historical
Indian monuments. Dr. Upreti after joining the
organization also worked jointly with Ajay Singh on
genera Opegrapha, Pannentaria and Porina (Upreti
& A. Singh, 1987a, b, c, d, e & f, 1988 a & b), alone
on genus Pyrenula (Upreti 1990, 1991 a & b, 1992,
1993 a, 1998), and on other genera and general
systematics (Upreti, 1985 a & b, 1987, 1988, 1993b,
1994,1996,1997 a & b, 1999; Upreti et.aI2002, 2003,
2004, 2005 a & b, 2006, 2007 a & b, 2009). Further,
the genera Diploschistes (Pant & Upreti, 1993),
Stereocaulon (Pant & Upreti, 1999), Arthopyrenia
(Upreti & Pant, 1993), Lecanora (Upreti & Chatterjee,
1997, 1998), Porpidia, Aspicilia and Tephromela
(Upreti & Chatterjee 2002 a,b & c) and ecological
studies (Upreti & Chatterjee 1999 a&b, 2000) were
also worked out at the same institute. Some other
publications like Ahti & Upreti (2004), Ahti et
al. (2007), Upreti & Aptroot (1996), Upreti & Budel
(1990), Upreti & Negi (1998), Upreti & Divakar (2003,
2008,2010) were also published. Under AlCOPTAX
and other funded projects, D.K. Upreti and his
associates (P.K. Divakar, S. Nayaka, V. Yadav, Y. Joshi
and others), in the preceding one decade, have made
extensive collections from Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakahand, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
and contributed jointly numerous publications
(Bajpai et al. 2007; Divakar & Upreti 2002, 2003 a &
b, 2005 b, 2006; Divakar et.al. 2001,2002,2003; Dubey
et al. 2007,2010; Joshi & Upreti 2006, 2007 a & b,
2008; Josh et a12007, 2008 a & b, 2009; Kumar &
Upreti 2008; Nayaka & Upreti 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007;
Nayaka et al. 2001,2002 a & b, 2003, 2006 a & b ;
Sheikh et al. 2006 a & b; Shukla & Upreti 2007;
Shukla et al. 2005, Srivastava et al. 2004, 2006; Tiwari
& Upreti 2007 a & b, 2008; Upreti & Nayaka 2006
a & b) on various aspects ofIndian lichens dealing
with new species, new records for India, revisionary,
ecological, pollution and systematic studies. Among
these, Pannelioid Lichens in India (Divakar & Upreti
2005a) has been published in the book form. Dr.
Divakar is now engaged on molecular studies,
particularly on Parmelioid taxa in Spain.
Contributions from M.S. Swaminathan Research
Foundation (MSSRF), Chennai
This organization initiated research on lichens
in 1993, where GN. Hariharan and his group (p. Balaji,
P. Bharath, R. Valarrnathi and others) are carrying
out investigations on bioprospecting of lichen
secondary compounds, and on ecological, molecular
and biotechnological aspects. The organization has
a small lichen herbarium with specimens collected
from parts of East Coast and Western Ghats. The
important publications from this organization are:
Balaji & Hariharan (2004, 2005, 2007), Balaji et al.
(2006a & b, 2007), Hariharan & Balaji (2002a & b,
2005), Mohan & Hariharan (1999), Prashant et al.
(2008), Suryanarayanan et al. (2005), Valarmathi &
Hariharan (2007), Nanayakkara et al. (2005) and
Valarmathi et al. (2008). This group has also
developed lifkey-lichens - a software to identify
one hundred Indian lichen species based on field
characters. The important contributions made from
this organization are the standardized molecular
protocols and isolation and characterization of genes
responsible (Valarmathai et al. 2009) for secondary
compound production (DnPKS from Dirinaria
applanata).
All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy
(AICOPTAX)
An All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy
(AICOPTAX), formulated and funded by the
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New
Delhi at various centres since 1999, also boosted
the lichen research in the country. Collections made
from different parts of the country were investigated
in coordinating and collaborating units, and
published in different journals. These are reflected
in studies made at different lichen centres; in
addition, A. Dube, A. Pinokiyo, G Chitale, P.K. Dixit,
R. Srivastava, S. Joshi, S. Nayaka, T.A.M. Jagadeesh
Ram and Vandana Yadav were trained in lichen
research under the project.
Some Sporadic Publications
Some sporadic publications made by other
Indian workers also deserve to be mentioned. The
important ones are by: Badhe (1976a) on lichens
from Pachmarhi region in Madhya Pradesh;
Chatterjee et al. (1995, 1996a & b) on Indian
monuments, Kumar (2000), Kumar & Sequiera (1997,
1999,2001,2003) on South Indian lichens; Rout et
al. (2005) on lichens from Assam area; Muthu Kumar
et al. (1998a & b, 1999a & b), Muthu Kumar & Tarar
125
(1999, 2000a, b, c & d) on lichens from Central India
and Prasher et al (2008) on lichens from Gangotri
and Gomukh in Western Himalaya. Muthu Kumar
and Tarar (2006) again published an account of 160
species of lichens from Me1ghat (Vidarbha) and
Pachmarhi Hills in Central India. However, this
account and accompanying discussion are based
mainly on old concept of genera and thus have little
significance in the present day context. A
contribution entitled 'Biology of Lichens' in the
honour of D.D. Awasthi for his pioneering work on
Indian lichens was also edited and published by
Mukerji et al. (1999), where 16 articles, mostly on
Indian lichens, were contributed by various workers.
Prasad & Manoharachary (1992) also presented their
research findings on the lichens from Andhra
Pradesh. Interestingly, the lichens from Schirmacher
Oasis in Antarctica have also been studied by Indian
workers. Lichen specialists participating in different
Indian Antarctic expeditions also made collections
and published their results. Recently, Olech & Singh
(2010) consolidated all the information and prepared
an account of 57 species of lichens reported from
Schirmacher Oasis area in Antarctica. It was
published by National Centre for Antarctic and
Ocean Research (NCAOR), Vascodegama, Goa.
A little work on lichen ecology in India was
also carried out by Negi & Gadgil (1996b). They
studied the distribution pattern of macro lichens in
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and listed about 76
species. Negi (1996a, 2001, 2003) also wrote articles
on significance of Indian lichens.
In addition to above publications made by
several Indian workers, foreign lichenologists have
also contributed many papers on Indian lichens,
particularly from Himalayan region in the last fifty
years. These contributions were based either on
collections made through expeditions/systematic
collections by individual workers, or on collected
material worked out during revisionary studies of
many genera. Some significant contributions made
by foreign lichenologists are enumerated below.
Asahina (1966) studied the species of Usnea and
Cladonia from Himalaya and published his
interesting findings. Some other contributions are:
Hale (1965, 1972, 1976 a, b, c & d, 1980 a & b, 1987,
1990), Hale & Kurokawa (1964), Hale & Patwardhan
(1974) on the species of Parmelia sensu lato;
Kurokawa (1962, 1973, 1980) on the species of
Anaptychia and Cetrariopsis; Lamb (1965, 1968,
1977) onSterocaulon; Degelius (1974) on Collema;
Thor (1998) on Chiodecton; Essilinger (1977) on
brown Parmelia; Aptroot (1991, 2009), Aptroot et
al. (2008) on Pyrenulaceae and Stirtonia; Ahti
(2007), Ahti et ai.(2007), Ahti & Upreti (2004) on
Cladonia species; Arvidsson (1982) on
Coccocarpia; Culberson & Culberson (1968) on
Cetre/ia and Piatismatia; Eega & Torrente (1993)
on Bactrospora; Ertz (2009) on Opegrapha; Filson
(1981) on Cladia; Frey (1977) on Lasallia; Harris
(1995) on Pyrenolichens; Hawksworth (1970,1971);
on Alectoria TheIl et al. (1995) on Allocetraria;
Henssen & Thor (1998) on genera Chiodecton,
Erythrodecton. etc.; Hertel (1977) on Lecidea;
J0rgelU\son (1973,1975, 2001, 2004) on genera
Fuscopannaria. Pannaria and Leptogium
(Mallotiwn group); Kalb (2004) and Kalb et al.(2004a,
2004b) on genera Diorygma and Ramboldia; Krog
(1976) on Lethariella; Lucking (2008,2009), Lucking
et al. (2009) on Graphis and Folliicolous lichens;
Schubert & Klement (1960) on North and Central
Indian lichens; Tehler (1993) on Schismatomma;
Verseghy (1962) on Ochrolechia; Vezda (1968,1972),
Vezda & Poelt (1974), Vezda & Wirth (1976) on
Thelopsis. Dimerella. Gyaladiopsis and other
genera; Yoshimura (1971) on Lobaria; Yoshimura et
al.(1997) on Anzia species, etc. These publications
have some information about Indian lichen species.
Presence or absence of acids/secondary
metabolites within lichen thalli and sometimes in
ascocarps plays an important role in lichen
taxonomy. For identification of a species, it has now
become essential to study chemistry of lichen
species along with other morphological and
anatomical characters. There was a school of
chemistry at the Chemistry Department, Delhi
University during nineteen fifties to eighties where
Prof. T.R. Seshadri and his associates carried out
valuable research on lichen compounds, particularly
on material of Indian lichens. A few publications of
this group that are available in literature are
mentioned here. These are: Khanna & Seshadri
(1968), Agarwal et al.(1961), Aiyar et a1 (1972),
Chandrasekar et a1 (1965), Murty Y.K. &
Venkateswara1a, V (1969), Rao et al. (1965, 1966,
1967), Rao & Seshadri (1967,1968), Ramakrishna &
Subramanian (1964,1965, 1966a & b), Subramanian
& Ramakrishna (1964, 1967), Neelakantan (1965),
Nee1akantan & Rao (1967), etc. Badhe (1976b), Badhe
& Patwardhan (1972) also carried out studies on
amino acids of various Indian lichen species. Apart
from this, chemistry has also been studied ofIndian
material in revisionary work made by several
foreign lichenologists. A fair discussion of
chemistry of lichens has already been made by A.
Singh (1980).
The above publications indicate that an
appreciable amount of information on Indian lichen
flora has been added in the last fifty years. But at
the same time, the way new species and new records
for the country are being discovered, it is suggested
that more explorations are needed in unexplored and
under explored areas of the country. The coasta,l
areas, parts in Northeastern states, Rajasthan areas,
Alpine regions, many islands in the Andaman and
Nicobar group of islands are still unexplored
lichenologically. Further, a co-operation among the
country's lichen specialists is also needed to
exchange material on loan for revisionary work of
genera and families taken up by different
organizations. This will help in correct identification
and determination of the status of taxa. This will
finally create a base for writing a valuable lichen
flora of India. This can be initiated at a later date as
joint venture by the specialist scientists of different
organizations in the country. It will also help in
evolving the conservation strategies of the group
as a whole and sustainable use of many species of
Indian lichens for humanity.
Acknowledgements
The facilities provided by Director, Botanical
Survey ofIndia, Kolkata is gratefully acknowledged.
The help rendered by Dr. G.P. Sinha in preparation
of this manuscript is acknowledged. The author is
also thankful to Dr. G.N. Hariharan, Dr. D.K. Upreti
and Dr. U. Makhija for providing information about
their laboratories and copies of reprints.
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