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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN POLITICAL LAW AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Atty. EDWIN REY SANDOVAL

POLITICAL LAW
1. Distinguish sovereignty from dominion.

Held: Sovereign ! is the righ o e"er#i$e he %&n# ion$ o% a S a e o he e"#l&$ion o% an! o her S a e. It is often referred to as the 'o(er o% imperium, whi h is defined as the !o"ern#ent a$thority %ossessed &y the State. On the other hand, dominion, or domini&m, is the #a'a#i ! o% he S a e o o(n or a#)&ire 'ro'er ! s$ h as 'ands and nat$ra' reso$r es. (Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an , See 4ootnote /05 2. What was the basis for the early Spanish decrees embracing the theory of jura regalia? Is this also the basis of the declaration in Section 2, rticle !II of the "#$% &onstitution that all lands of the public domain are owned by the State? &onse'uently, did Spain ac'uire title over all lands in the (hilippines in the ")th century?

Held: Dominium was the &asis for the ear'y S%anish de rees e#&ra in! the theory of jura regalia. The de 'aration in Se tion 1, Arti 'e 6II of the ,7/8 Constit$tion that a'' 'ands of the %$&'i do#ain are owned &y the State is 'i9ewise fo$nded on dominium. If dominium, not imperium, is the &asis of the theory of jura regalia, then the 'ands whi h S%ain a :$ired in the ,0th ent$ry were 'i#ited to non;%ri"ate 'ands, &e a$se it o$'d on'y a :$ire 'ands whi h were not yet %ri"ate'y;owned or o $%ied &y the 4i'i%inos. <en e, S%ain a :$ired tit'e on'y o"er 'ands whi h were $no $%ied and $n 'ai#ed, i.e., %$&'i 'ands. (Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an , See 4ootnote /05 *. What is the Doctrine of &onstitutional Supremacy? Held: =nder the doctrine of constitutional supremacy, i% a la( or #on ra# viola e$ an! norm o% he Con$ i & ion, that 'aw or ontra t, whether %ro#$'!ated &y the 'e!is'ati"e or &y the e>e $ti"e &ran h or entered into &y %ri"ate %ersons for %ri"ate %$r%oses, i$ n&ll and void and (i ho& an! %or#e and e%%e# * Th&$+ $in#e he Con$ i & ion i$ he %&ndamen al+ 'aramo&n and $&'reme la( o% he na ion+ i i$ deemed (ri en in ever! $ a & e and #on ra# . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5 +. What are self,e-ecuting and non,self e-ecuting provisions of the &onstitution? Held: Pro"isions whi h la! do(n a general 'rin#i'le, s$ h as those fo$nd in Arti 'e II of the ,7/8 Constit$tion, are $s$a''y no $el%,e"e#& ing. 3$t a %ro"ision whi h is #om'le e in i $el% and -e#ome$ o'era ive (i ho& he aid o% $&''lemen ar! or ena-ling legi$la ion, or that whi h $&''lie$ $&%%i#ien r&le -! mean$ o% (hi#h he righ i gran $ ma! -e en.o!ed or 'ro e# ed, is $el%,e"e#& ing. Th$s a onstit$tiona' %ro"ision is se'f;e>e $tin! if the nat$re and e>tent of the ri!ht onferred and the 'ia&i'ity i#%osed are fi>ed &y the Constit$tion itse'f, so that they an &e deter#ined &y an e>a#ination and onstr$ tion of its ter#s, and there is no 'an!$a!e indi atin! that the s$&Be t is referred to the 'e!is'at$re for a tion. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5

..

re provisions of e-ecuting? Why?

the

&onstitution

self,e-ecuting

or

non,self

Held: Unle$$ i i$ e"'re$$l! 'rovided ha + a legi$la ive a# i$ ne#e$$ar! o en%or#e a #on$ i & ional manda e, the %res$#%tion now is, that all 'rovi$ion$ are $el%,e"e#& ing. If the onstit$tiona' %ro"isions are treated as re:$irin! 'e!is'ation instead of se'f; e>e $tin!, the 'e!is'at$re wo$'d ha"e the %ower to i!nore and %ra ti a''y n$''ify the #andate of the f$nda#enta' 'aw. This an &e ata 'ys#i . (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5 ). Is the /0ilipino 0irst1 (olicy e-pressed in Section "2, of the &onstitution a self,e-ecuting provision? rticle !II

Held: Yes. It is a manda or!+ 'o$i ive #ommand (hi#h i$ #om'le e in i $el% and (hi#h need$ no %&r her g&ideline$ or im'lemen ing la($ or r&le$ %or i $ en%or#emen . 4ro# its "ery words the %ro"ision does not re:$ire any 'e!is'ation to %$t it in o%eration. It is per se .&di#iall! en%or#ea-le. When o$r Constit$tion #andates that 3i4n the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony, the State shall give preference to 'ualified 0ilipinos, it #eans B$st that C :$a'ified 4i'i%inos #$st &e %referred. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS +.R. No. ,,/17., Day 1, ,778, 108 SCRA ?2/ @3e''osi''oA5 %. 5ive e-amples of non,self e-ecuting provisions of the &onstitution. Held: 3y its "ery nat$re, !rticle II of the Constitution is a Ede 'aration of %rin i%'es and state %o'i ies.F These %rin i%'es in Arti 'e II are not intended to &e se'f;e>e $tin! %rin i%'es ready for enfor e#ent thro$!h the o$rts. They are $sed &y the B$di iary as aid$ or a$ g&ide$ in he e"er#i$e o% i $ 'o(er o% .&di#ial revie(+ and -! he legi$la &re in i $ ena# men o% la($. As he'd in the 'eadin! ase of "ilos#ayan Incorporate$ v. Morato (1?0 SCRA .?2, .0?, *$'y ,8, ,77.5, the %rin i%'es and state %o'i ies en$#erated in Arti 'e II and so#e se tions of !rticle %II are not Ese'f;e>e $tin! %ro"isions, the disre!ard of whi h an !i"e rise to a a$se of a tion in o$rts. They do not e#&ody B$di ia''y enfor ea&'e onstit$tiona' ri!hts &$t !$ide'ines for 'e!is'ation.F (&ana$a v. !ngara 181 SCRA ,/ @,778A, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 $. When are acts of persons considered /State action1 covered by the &onstitution? Held: In onstit$tiona' B$ris%r$den e, the a ts of %ersons distin t fro# the !o"ern#ent are onsidered Estate a tionF o"ered &y the Constit$tion /01 when the a# ivi ! i engage$ in i$ a 2'&-li# %&n# ion34 /51 when the !o"ern#ent is so $igni%i#an l! involved (i h he 'riva e a# or a$ o ma6e he governmen re$'on$i-le %or hi$ a# ionG and /71 when the !o"ern#ent has a''roved or a& hori8ed he a# ion. (Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 108 SCRA ?2/ @,778A @3e''osi''oA5 THE DOCTRINE O9 STATE I::UNIT; 9RO: SUIT #. Discuss the basis of the doctrine of State immunity from suit. Held: The &asi %ost$'ate enshrined in the Constit$tion that E< =he S a e ma! no -e $&ed (i ho& i $ #on$en ,F ref'e ts nothin! 'ess than a re#ogni ion o% he $overeign #hara# er o% he S a e and an e"'re$$ a%%irma ion o% he &n(ri en r&le e%%e# ivel! in$&la ing i %rom he .&ri$di# ion o% #o&r $* I i$ -a$ed on he ver! e$$en#e o% $overeign !. As has &een a%t'y o&ser"ed &y *$sti e <o'#es, a so"erei!n is e>e#%t fro# s$it, not &e a$se of any for#a' on e%tion or o&so'ete theory, &$t on the 'o!i a' and %ra ti a' !ro$nd that here #an -e no

legal righ a$ again$ he a& hori ! ha ma6e$ he la( on (hi#h he righ de'end$. Tr$e, the do trine, not too infre:$ent'y, is derisi"e'y a''ed Ethe roya' %rero!ati"e of dishonestyF &e a$se it !rants the state the %rero!ati"e to defeat any 'e!iti#ate 'ai# a!ainst it &y si#%'y in"o9in! its non;s$a&i'ity. We ha"e had o asion to e>%'ain in its defense, howe"er, ha a #on in&ed adheren#e o he do# rine o% non,$&a-ili ! #anno -e de'lored+ %or he lo$$ o% governmen al e%%i#ien#! and he o-$ a#le o he 'er%orman#e o% i $ m&l i%ario&$ %&n# ion$ (o&ld -e %ar grea er in $everi ! han he in#onvenien#e ha ma! -e #a&$ed 'riva e 'ar ie$, if s$ h f$nda#enta' %rin i%'e is to &e a&andoned and the a"ai'a&i'ity of B$di ia' re#edy is not to &e a ordin!'y restri ted. (Department of !griculture v. N'RC 118 SCRA 07-, No". ,,, ,77- @Vit$!A5 "2. Is the rule absolute, i.e., that the State may not be sued at all? 6ow may consent of the State to be sued given?

Held: The r$'e, in any ase, is not rea''y a&so'$te for it does not say that the state #ay not &e s$ed $nder any ir $#stan es. On the ontrary, as orre t'y %hrased, the do trine on'y on"eys, Ethe state #ay not &e s$ed witho$t its onsentGF its 'ear i#%ort then is that the State #ay at ti#es &e s$ed. The StateHs onsent #ay &e !i"en either e"'re$$l! or im'liedl!. 7!(87SS &9:S7:; #ay &e #ade thro$!h a general la( <i.e., Common(ealt) !ct No. *+,, as amended by (residential Decree :o. "++. 3Sections +#,.24, which re'uires that all money claims against the government must first be filed with the &ommission on udit which must act upon it within si-ty days. 8ejection of the claim will authori=e the claimant to elevate the matter to the Supreme &ourt on certiorari and, in effect, sue the State thereby> or a $'e#ial la(. In this B$risdi tion, the !enera' 'aw wai"in! the i##$nity of the state fro# s$it is fo$nd in !ct No. *-.*, where he Phili''ine governmen 2#on$en $ and $&-mi $ o -e $&ed &'on an! mone! #laim involving lia-ili ! ari$ing %rom #on ra# + e"'re$$ or im'lied+ (hi#h #o&ld $erve a$ a -a$i$ o% #ivil a# ion -e (een he 'riva e 'ar ie$ .F I?(@I7D &9:S7:;, on the other hand, is on eded when the S a e i $el% #ommen#e$ li iga ion+ h&$ o'ening i $el% o a #o&n er#laim or (hen i en er$ in o a #on ra# . In this sit$ation, the !o"ern#ent is dee#ed to ha"e des ended to the 'e"e' of the other ontra tin! %arty and to ha"e di"ested itse'f of its so"erei!n i##$nity. This r$'e > > > is not, howe"er, witho$t :$a'ifi ation. Not a'' ontra ts entered into &y the !o"ern#ent o%erate as a wai"er of its non;s$a&i'ityG distin tion #$st sti'' &e #ade &etween one whi h is e>e $ted in the e>er ise of its $overeign %&n# ion and another whi h is done in its 'ro'rie ar! #a'a#i !. In /nite$ States of !merica v. Ruiz (,-0 SCRA ?/85, where the :$estioned transa tion dea't with the i#%ro"e#ents on the whar"es in the na"a' insta''ation at S$&i 3ay, we he'dI EThe traditiona' r$'e of i##$nity e>e#%ts a State fro# &ein! s$ed in the o$rts of another State witho$t its onsent or wai"er. This r$'e is a ne essary onse:$en e of the %rin i%'e of inde%enden e and e:$a'ity of States. <owe"er, the r$'es of Internationa' Law are not %etrifiedG they are onstant'y de"e'o%in! and e"o'"in!. And &e a$se the a ti"ities of states ha"e #$'ti%'ied, it has &een ne essary to distin!$ish the# ; &etween so"erei!n and !o"ern#enta' a ts <jure imperii> and %ri"ate, o##er ia' and %ro%rietary a ts <jure gestionis>. The res$'t is that S a e imm&ni ! no( e" end$ onl! o a# $ 0ure imperii. The restri ti"e a%%'i ation of State i##$nity is now the r$'e in the =nited States, the =nited )in!do# and other states in Western E$ro%e. 6 > > The restri ti"e a%%'i ation of State i##$nity is %ro%er on'y when the %ro eedin!s arise o$t of #ommer#ial ran$a# ion$ of the forei!n so"erei!n, i $ #ommer#ial a# ivi ie$ or e#onomi#

a%%air$. Stated different'y, a S a e ma! -e $aid o have de$#ended o he level o% an individ&al and #an h&$ -e deemed o have a#i l! given i $ #on$en o -e $&ed onl! (hen i en er$ in o -&$ine$$ #on ra# $* I doe$ no a''l! (here he #on ra# $ rela e o he e"er#i$e o% i $ $overeign %&n# ion$ . In this ase the %roBe ts are an inte!ra' %art of the na"a' &ase whi h is de"oted to the defense of &oth the =nited States and the Phi'i%%ines, indis%$ta&'y a f$n tion of the !o"ern#ent of the hi!hest orderG they are not $ti'iJed for nor dedi ated to o##er ia' or &$siness %$r%oses.F (Department of !griculture v. N'RC 118 SCRA 07-, No". ,,, ,77- @Vit$!A5 "". When is a suit against a public official deemed to be a suit against the State? Discuss.

Held: ,. The do trine of state i##$nity fro# s$it a%%'ies to o#%'aints fi'ed a!ainst %$&'i offi ia's for a# $ done in he 'er%orman#e o% heir d& ie$. The r$'e is that the s$it #$st &e re!arded as one a!ainst the State where the $a i$%a# ion o% he .&dgmen again$ he '&-li# o%%i#ial #on#erned (ill re)&ire he S a e i $el% o 'er%orm a 'o$i ive a# + $&#h a$ a''ro'ria ion o% he amo&n ne#e$$ar! o 'a! he damage$ a(arded o he 'lain i%%. The r&le doe$ no a''l! (here hi$ o%%i#ial #a'a#i ! %or a# $ ha righ $ o% o her$. P$&'i offi ia's a%a ity, fro# 'ia&i'ity arisin! fro# he '&-li# o%%i#ial i$ #harged in are &nla(%&l and in.&rio&$ o he are not e>e#%t, in their %ersona' a# $ #ommi ed in -ad %ai h.

Neither does it a%%'y where the %$&'i offi ia' is 'ear'y &ein! $&ed no in hi$ o%%i#ial #a'a#i ! -& in hi$ 'er$onal #a'a#i !, a'tho$!h the a ts o#%'ained of #ay ha"e &een o##itted whi'e he o $%ied a %$&'i %osition. (!ma$o 1. 'ansang v. C! 5.8. :o. "22))%, 0eb. 2*, 2222, 2nd Div. 3Auisumbing45 1. As ear'y as ,7.?, this Co$rt has %rono$n ed that an offi er annot she'ter hi#se'f &y the %'ea that he is a %$&'i a!ent a tin! $nder the o'or of his offi e when his a ts are who''y witho$t a$thority. =nti' re ent'y in ,77, (&have= v. Sandiganbayan, ,7- SCRA 1/1 @,77,A5, this do trine sti'' fo$nd a%%'i ation, this Co$rt sayin! that i##$nity fro# s$it annot instit$tiona'iJe irres%onsi&i'ity and non;a o$nta&i'ity nor !rant a %ri"i'e!ed stat$s not 'ai#ed &y any other offi ia' of the Re%$&'i . (Repu#lic v. San$oval, 112 SCRA ,1?, Dar h ,7, ,77-, En 3an @Ca#%os, *r.A5 "2. State instances when a suit against the State is proper. Held: So#e instan es when a s$it a!ainst the State is %ro%er areI

1) When the Re'&-li# i$ $&ed -! nameG 2) When the s$it is again$ an &nin#or'ora ed governmen agen#!G 3) When the s$it is on its fa e a!ainst a !o"ern#ent offi er &$t
the ase is s$ h that &l ima e lia-ili ! (ill -elong no o he o%%i#er -& o he governmen . (Repu#lic v. San$oval, 112 SCRA ,1?, Dar h ,7, ,77-, En 3an @Ca#%os, *r.A5 "*. 6as the government waived its immunity from suit in the ?endiola massacre, and, therefore, should indemnify the heirs and victims of the ?endiola incident? &onse'uently, is the suit filed against the 8epublic by petitioners in said case really a suit against the State?

Held: Petitioners > > > ad"an e the ar!$#ent that the State has i#%'ied'y wai"ed its so"erei!n i##$nity fro# s$it. It is their onsidered "iew that &y the re o##endation #ade &y the Co##ission for the !o"ern#ent to inde#nify the heirs and "i ti#s of the Dendio'a

in ident and &y the %$&'i addresses #ade &y then President A:$ino in the after#ath of the 9i''in!s, the State has onsented to &e s$ed. 6 > > Thi$ i$ no a $&i again$ he S a e (i h i $ #on$en .

4irst'y, the re#ommenda ion #ade &y the Co##ission re!ardin! inde#nifi ation of the heirs of the de eased and the "i ti#s of the in ident &y the !o"ern#ent doe$ no in an! (a! mean ha lia-ili ! a& oma i#all! a a#he$ o he S a e. It is i#%ortant to note that A.O. ,, e>%ress'y states that the %$r%ose of reatin! the Co##ission was to ha"e a &ody that wi'' ond$ t an Ein"esti!ation of the disorder, deaths and as$a'ties that too9 %'a e.F In the e>er ise of its f$n tions, A.O. ,, %ro"ides !$ide'ines, and what is re'e"ant to O$r dis $ssion readsI E,. Its on '$sions re!ardin! the e>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se for the o##ission of any offense and of the %ersons %ro&a&'y !$i'ty of the sa#e sha'' &e s$ffi ient o#%'ian e with the r$'es on %re'i#inary in"esti!ation and the har!es arisin! therefro# #ay &e fi'ed dire t'y with the %ro%er o$rt.F In effe t, (ha ever ma! -e he %inding$ o% he Commi$$ion+ he $ame $hall onl! $erve a$ he #a&$e o% a# ion, in the e"ent that any %arty de ides to 'iti!ate hisKher 'ai#. Therefore, the Co##ission is #ere'y a 'reliminar! ven&e. The Co##ission is not the end in itse'f. Wha ever re#ommenda ion i ma6e$ #anno in an! (a! -ind he S a e immedia el!+ $&#h re#ommenda ion no having -e#ome %inal and e"e#& or!* Thi$ i$ 're#i$el! he e$$en#e o% i -eing a 9ACT,9INDIN> BOD;. Se ond'y, whate"er a ts or $tteran es that then President A:$ino #ay ha"e done or said, the sa#e are not tanta#o$nt to the State ha"in! wai"ed its i##$nity fro# s$it. The PresidentLs a t of Boinin! the #ar hers, days after the in ident, does not #ean that there was an ad#ission &y the State of any 'ia&i'ity. In fa t to &orrow the words of %etitioner > > >, Eit was an a# o% $olidari ! -! he governmen (i h he 'eo'le.F Doreo"er, %etitioners re'y on President A:$inoLs s%ee h %ro#isin! that the !o"ern#ent wo$'d address the !rie"an es of the ra''yists. 3y this a'one, it annot &e inferred that the State has ad#itted any 'ia&i'ity, #$ h 'ess an it &e inferred that it has onsented to the s$it. A'tho$!h onsent to &e s$ed #ay &e !i"en i#%'ied'y, sti'' it annot &e #aintained that s$ h onsent was !i"en onsiderin! the ir $#stan es o&tainin! in the instant ase. Third'y, the 6 > > Whi'e the Re%$&'i in this ase is s$ed &y na#e, the &l ima e lia-ili ! doe$ no 'er ain o he governmen . A'tho$!h the #i'itary offi ers and %ersonne', then %arty defendants, were dis har!in! their offi ia' f$n tions when the in ident o $rred, heir %&n# ion$ #ea$ed o -e o%%i#ial he momen he! E?CEEDED THEIR AUTHORIT;. 3ased on the Co##ission findin!s, here (a$ la#6 o% .&$ i%i#a ion -! he governmen %or#e$ in he &$e o% %irearm$. Doreo"er, the #e#&ers of the %o'i e and #i'itary rowd dis%ersa' $nits o##itted a %rohi&ited a t $nder 3.P. 3'!. //2 as there was $nne essary firin! &y the# in dis%ersin! the #ar hers. As ear'y as ,7.?, this Co$rt has %rono$n ed that an o%%i#er #anno $hel er him$el% -! he 'lea ha he i$ a '&-li# agen a# ing &nder he #olor o% hi$ o%%i#e (hen hi$ a# $ are (holl! (i ho& a& hori !* =nti' re ent'y in ,77, (C)avez v. San$igan#ayan, ,7- SCRA 1/1 @,77,A5, this do trine sti'' fo$nd a%%'i ation, this Co$rt sayin! that imm&ni ! %rom $&i #anno in$ i & ionali8e irre$'on$i-ili ! and non,a##o&n a-ili ! nor gran a 'rivileged $ a &$ no #laimed -! an! ase does not :$a'ify as a s$it a!ainst the State.

o her o%%i#ial o% he Re'&-li#. The #i'itary and %o'i e for es were de%'oyed to ens$re that the ra''y wo$'d &e %ea ef$' and order'y as we'' as to !$arantee the safety of the "ery %eo%'e that they are d$ty;&o$nd to %rote t. <owe"er, the fa ts as fo$nd &y the tria' o$rt showed that they fired at the $nr$'y rowd to dis%erse the 'atter. Whi'e it is tr$e that nothin! is &etter sett'ed than the !enera' r$'e that a so"erei!n state and its %o'iti a' s$&di"isions annot &e s$ed in the o$rts e> e%t when it has !i"en its onsent, it annot &e in"o9ed &y &oth the #i'itary offi ers to re'ease the# fro# any 'ia&i'ity, and &y the heirs and "i ti#s to de#and inde#nifi ation fro# the !o"ern#ent. The %rin i%'e of state i##$nity fro# s$it does not a%%'y, as in this ase, when the re'ief de#anded &y the s$it re:$ires no affir#ati"e offi ia' a tion on the %art of the State nor the affir#ati"e dis har!e of any o&'i!ation whi h &e'on!s to the State in its %o'iti a' a%a ity, even though the officers or agents who are made defendants claim to hold or act only by virtue of a title of the state and as its agents and servants. This Co$rt has #ade it :$ite 'ear that e"en a Ehigh position in the government does not confer a license to persecute or recBlessly injure another.F The ine$#a'a-le #on#l&$ion i$ ha he S a e #anno -e held #ivill! lia-le %or he dea h$ ha %ollo(ed he in#iden * In$ ead+ he lia-ili ! $ho&ld %all on he named de%endan $ in he lo(er #o&r . In 'ine with the r$'in! of this Co$rt in Shauf v. &ourt of ppeals (,7, SCRA 8,- @,772A5, herein '&-li# o%%i#ial$+ having -een %o&nd o have a# ed -e!ond he $#o'e o% heir a& hori !+ ma! -e held lia-le %or damage$. (Repu#lic v. San$oval, 112 SCRA ,1?, Dar h ,7, ,77-, En 3an @Ca#%os, *r.A5 CITI@ENSHIP 14. ;o what citi=enship principle does 7-plain, and give illustrative case. the (hilippines adhere to?

Held: The Phi'i%%ine 'aw on itiJenshi% adheres to the %rin i%'e of 0us sanguinis. There$nder, a #hild %ollo($ he na ionali ! or #i i8en$hi' o% he 'aren $ regardle$$ o% he 'la#e o% hi$Aher -ir h, as o%%osed to the do trine of 0us soli whi h deter#ines nationa'ity or itiJenshi% on the &asis of 'la#e o% -ir h. Pri"ate res%ondent Rosa'ind Y&as o Lo%eJ was &orn on Day ,0, ,7-? in Na%ier Terra e, 3roo#e, Western A$stra'ia, to the s%o$ses, Te'esforo Y&as o, a 4i'i%ino itiJen and nati"e of Daet, Ca#arines Norte, and Theresa Dar:$eJ, an A$stra'ian. <istori a''y, this was a year &efore the ,7-. Constit$tion too9 into effe t and at that ti#e, what ser"ed as the Constit$tion of the Phi'i%%ines were the %rin i%a' or!ani a ts &y whi h the =nited States !o"erned the o$ntry. These were the Phi'i%%ine 3i'' of *$'y ,, ,721 and the Phi'i%%ine A$tono#y A t of A$!$st 17, ,7,0, a'so 9nown as the *ones Law. A#on! others, these 'aws defined who were dee#ed to &e of the Phi'i%%ine Is'ands. > > > itiJens

Under -o h organi# a# $+ all inha-i an $ o% he Phili''ine$ (ho (ere S'ani$h $&-.e# $ on A'ril 00+ 0BCC and re$ided herein in#l&ding heir #hildren are deemed o -e Phili''ine #i i8en$. Pri"ate res%ondentLs father, Te'esforo Y&as o, was &orn on *an$ary ., ,/87 in Daet, Ca#arines Norte, a fa t d$'y e"iden ed &y a ertified tr$e o%y of an entry in the Re!istry of 3irths. Th$s, $nder the Phi'i%%ine 3i'' of ,721 and the *ones Law, Te'esforo Y&as o was dee#ed to &e a Phi'i%%ine itiJen. B! vir &e o% he $ame la($+ (hi#h (ere he la($ in %or#e a he ime o% her -ir h+ Tele$%oroD$ da&gh er+ herein 'riva e re$'onden Ro$alind ;-a$#o Lo'e8+ i$ li6e(i$e a #i i8en o% he Phili''ine$. The si!nin! into 'aw of the ,7-. Phi'i%%ine Constit$tion has esta&'ished the %rin i%'e of jus sanguinis as &asis for the a :$isition

of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% > > >. So a'so, the %rin i%'e of jus sanguinis, whi h onfers itiJenshi% &y "irt$e of &'ood re'ationshi%, was s$&se:$ent'y retained $nder the ,78- and ,7/8 Constit$tions. Th&$+ he herein 'riva e re$'onden + Ro$alind ;-a$#o Lo'e8+ i$ a 9ili'ino #i i8en+ having -een -orn o a 9ili'ino %a her* The %a# o% her -eing -orn in A&$ ralia i$ no an amo&n o her lo$ing her Phili''ine #i i8en$hi'* I% A&$ ralia %ollo($ he 'rin#i'le o% .&$ $oli+ hen a mo$ + 'riva e re$'onden #an al$o #laim A&$ ralian #i i8en$hi' re$&l ing o her 'o$$e$$ion o% d&al #i i8en$hi'. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .?-, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 ".. What are the ways of ac'uiring citi=enship? Discuss.

Held: There are two ways of a :$irin! itiJenshi%I (,5 -! -ir h, and (15 &y na &rali8a ion. These ways of a :$irin! itiJenshi% orres%ond to the two 9inds of itiJensI the nat$ra';&orn itiJen, and the nat$ra'iJed itiJen. A %erson, who at the ti#e of his &irth is a itiJen of a %arti $'ar o$ntry, is a nat$ra';&orn itiJen thereof. As defined in the > > > Constit$tion, nat$ra';&orn itiJens Eare those itiJens of the Phi'i%%ines fro# &irth witho$t ha"in! to %erfor# any a t to a :$ire or %erfe t his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%.F On the other hand, nat$ra'iJed itiJens are those who ha"e &e o#e 4i'i%ino itiJens thro$!h nat$ra'iJation, !enera''y $nder Common(ealt) !ct No. 4,*, otherwise 9nown as the Revise$ Naturalization 'a(, whi h re%ea'ed the for#er Nat$ra'iJation Law (A t No. 17185, and &y Repu#lic !ct No. 5*-. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 "). ;o be naturali=ed, what must an applicant prove? When and what are the conditions before the decision granting (hilippine citi=enship becomes e-ecutory?

Held: To &e nat$ra'iJed, an a%%'i ant has to %ro"e that he 'o$$e$$e$ all he )&ali%i#a ion$ and none o% he di$)&ali%i#a ion$ %ro"ided &y 'aw to &e o#e a 4i'i%ino itiJen. The de ision !rantin! Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% &e o#es e>e $tory on'y after two (15 years fro# its %ro#$'!ation when the o$rt is satisfied that d$rin! the inter"enin! %eriod, the a%%'i ant has /01 no le% he Phili''ine$G /51 has dedi#a ed him$el% o a la(%&l #alling or 'ro%e$$ionG /71 has no -een #onvi# ed o% an! o%%en$e or viola ion o% governmen 'rom&lga ed r&le$G or /E1 #ommi ed an! a# 're.&di#ial o he in ere$ o% he na ion or #on rar! o an! governmen anno&n#ed 'oli#ie$ <Section ", 8. . .*2>. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 17. What AC @I0I& ;I9:S naturali=ation? Held: must be possessed by an applicant for

Section +, !ct 4,* %ro"ides the fo''owin! AC @I0I& ;I9:SI

(a) <e #$st &e no le$$ han 50 !ear$ o% age on he da! o% he hearing of the %etitionG (b) <e #$st ha"e re$ided in he Phili''ine$ %or a #on in&o&$ 'eriod o% no le$$ han en !ear$G (c) <e #$st &e of good moral #hara# er and -elieve$ in he 'rin#i'le$ &nderl!ing he Phili''ine Con$ i & ion, and #$st ha"e #ond&# ed him$el% in a 'ro'er and irre'roa#ha-le manner d&ring he en ire 'eriod o% hi$ re$iden#e in the Phi'i%%ines in his re'ation with the onstit$ted !o"ern#ent as we'' as with the o##$nity in whi h he is 'i"in!G (d) <e #$st o(n real e$ a e in he Phili''ine$ (or h no le$$ han %ive ho&$and 'e$o$, Phi'i%%ine $rren y, or #$st ha"e so#e 6no(n l&#ra ive rade, 'ro%e$$ion, or la(%&l o##&'a ionG

(e) <e #$st &e a-le o $'ea6 and (ri e Engli$h or S'ani$h and an! o% he 'rin#i'al lang&age$G and (f) <e #$st ha"e enrolled hi$ minor #hildren o% $#hool age+ in an! o% he '&-li# $#hool$ or 'riva e $#hool$ re#ogni8ed -! he B&rea& o% Priva e S#hool$ o% he Phili''ine$ (here Phili''ine hi$ or!+ governmen and #ivi# are a&gh or 're$#ri-ed a$ 'ar o% he $#hool #&rri#&l&m+ d&ring he en ire 'eriod o% he re$iden#e in he Phili''ine$ re)&ired o% him 'rior o he hearing of his %etition for nat$ra'iJation as Phi'i%%ine itiJen. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 18. What are the DISAC @I0I& ;I9:S application for naturali=ation? Held: Section DISAC @I0I& ;I9:SI 4 !ct under 4,*, Section +, ct the +%*, in an

%ro"ides

fo''owin!

(a) <e #$st no -e o''o$ed o organi8ed governmen or a%%ilia ed (i h an! a$$o#ia ion or gro&' o% 'er$on$ (ho &'hold and ea#h do# rine$ o%%osin! a'' or!aniJed !o"ern#entsG (b) <e #$st no -e de%ending or ea#hing he ne#e$$i ! or 'ro'rie ! o% violen#e+ 'er$onal a$$a&l + or a$$a$$ina ion %or he $&##e$$ and 'redominan#e o% heir idea$G (c) <e #$st no -e a 'ol!gami$ or -eliever in he 'ra# i#e of %o'y!a#yG (d) <e #$st no have -een #onvi# ed o% an! #rime involving moral &r'i &deG (e) <e #$st no -e $&%%ering %rom men al aliena ion or in#&ra-le #on agio&$ di$ea$e$G (f) <e #$st ha"e, d$rin! the %eriod of his residen e in the Phi'i%%ines (or no le$$ han $i" mon h$ -e%ore %iling hi$ a''li#a ion5, mingled $o#iall! (i h he 9ili'ino$+ or (ho have no evin#ed a $in#ere de$ire o learn and em-ra#e he #&$ om$+ radi ion$ and ideal$ of the 4i'i%inosG (g) <e #$st no -e a #i i8en or $&-.e# o% a na ion (i h (hom he Phili''ine$ i$ a (ar+ d&ring he 'eriod o% $&#h (arG (h) <e #$st no -e a #i i8en or $&-.e# o% a %oreign #o&n r! (ho$e la($ do no gran 9ili'ino$ he righ o -e#ome na &rali8ed #i i8en$ or $&-.e# $ hereo%. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 "#. &an a legitimate child born under the "#*. &onstitution of a 0ilipino mother and an alien father validly elect (hilippine citi=enship fourteen <"+> years after he has reached the age of majority?

Held: =nder !rticle I2 Section 78*9 of the 7:*5 Constitution, the itiJenshi% of a 'e!iti#ate hi'd, &orn of a 4i'i%ino #other and an a'ien father, fo''owed the itiJenshi% of the father $n'ess, $%on rea hin! the a!e of #aBority, the hi'd e'e ted Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. C.!. No. ;+5 whi h was ena ted %$rs$ant to Se tion ,(-5, Arti 'e IV of the ,7-. Constit$tion, %res ri&es the %ro ed$re that sho$'d &e fo''owed in order to #a9e a "a'id e'e tion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. <owe"er, the ,7-. Constit$tion and C.A. No. 01. did not %res ri&e a ti#e %eriod within whi h the e'e tion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% sho$'d &e #ade. The ,7-. Charter on'y %ro"ides that the e'e tion sho$'d &e #ade E &'on rea#hing he age o% ma.ori !.F The a!e of #aBority then o##en ed $%on rea hin! twenty;one (1,5 years. In the o%inions of the Se retary of *$sti e on ases in"o'"in! the "a'idity of e'e tion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, this di'e##a was reso'"ed &y &asin! the ti#e %eriod on the de isions of this Co$rt %rior to the effe ti"ity of the ,7-. Constit$tion. In these de isions, the %ro%er %eriod for e'e tin! Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% was, in t$rn, &ased on the %rono$n e#ents of the

De%art#ent of State of the =nited States +o"ern#ent to the effe t that the e'e tion sho$'d &e #ade within a Erea$ona-le imeF after attainin! the a!e of #aBority. The %hrase Ereasona&'e ti#eF has &een inter%reted to #ean that the ele# ion $ho&ld -e made (i hin hree /71 !ear$ %rom rea#hing he age o% ma.ori !. The $'an o% %o&r een /0E1 !ear$ that 'a%sed fro# the ti#e that %erson rea hed the a!e of #aBority $nti' he fina''y e>%ressed his intention to e'e t Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% is clearly way beyond the contemplation of the re'uirement of electing /upon reaching the age of majority.1 Phili''ine #i i8en$hi' #an never -e rea ed li6e a #ommodi ! ha #an -e #laimed (hen needed and $&''re$$ed (hen #onvenien * One (ho i$ 'rivileged o ele# Phili''ine #i i8en$hi' ha$ onl! an in#hoa e righ o $&#h #i i8en$hi'* A$ $&#h+ he $ho&ld avail o% he righ (i h %ervor+ en h&$ia$m and 'rom' i &de. (Re< !pplication for !$mission to t)e P)ilippine 6ar 2icente D. C)ing , 3ar Datter No. 7,?, O t. ,, ,777, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 22. 6ow may (hilippine citi=enship be renounced? Is the application for an alien certificate of registration, and the possession of foreign passport, tantamount to acts of renunciation of (hilippine citi=enship?

Held: Petitioner a'so ontends that e"en on the ass$#%tion that the %ri"ate res%ondent is a 4i'i%ino itiJen, she has nonethe'ess reno$n ed her Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. To &$ttress this ontention, %etitioner ited %ri"ate res%ondentLs a%%'i ation for an a'ien Certifi ate of Re!istration (ACR5 and I##i!rant Certifi ate of Residen e (ICR5, on Se%te#&er ,7, ,7//, and the iss$an e to her of an A$stra'ian %ass%ort on Dar h -, ,7//. 6 > > In order that itiJenshi% #ay &e 'ost &y ren$n iation, s$ h ren&n#ia ion m&$ -e E?PRESS. PetitionerLs ontention, that the a%%'i ation of %ri"ate res%ondent for an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration, and her A$stra'ian %ass%ort, is &ereft of #erit. This iss$e was %$t to rest in the ase of !znar v. C3ME'EC (,/. SCRA 82@,772A5 and in the #ore re ent ase of Merca$o v. Manzano an$ C3ME'EC (+.R. No. ,-.2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,7775. In the ase of =nar, the Co$rt r$'ed that the mere %a# ha he i$ an Ameri#an did no mean ha he i$ no longer a 9ili'ino , and that an a''li#a ion %or an alien #er i%i#a e o% regi$ ra ion (a$ no an amo&n o ren&n#ia ion o% hi$ Phili''ine #i i8en$hi'. And, in Merca$o v. Manzano an$ C3ME'EC, it was he'd that the fa t that res%ondent DanJano was re!istered as an A#eri an itiJen in the 3$rea$ of I##i!ration and De%ortation and was ho'din! an A#eri an %ass%ort on A%ri' 11, ,778, on'y a year &efore he fi'ed a ertifi ate of andida y for "i e;#ayor of Da9ati, (ere .&$ a$$er ion$ o% hi$ Ameri#an na ionali ! &efore the ter#ination of his A#eri an itiJenshi%. Th$s, the #ere fa t that %ri"ate res%ondent Rosa'ind Y&as o Lo%eJ was a ho'der of an A$stra'ian %ass%ort and had an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration are not a ts onstit$tin! an effe ti"e ren$n iation of itiJenshi% and do not #i'itate a!ainst her 'ai# of 4i'i%ino itiJenshi%. 9or ren&n#ia ion o e%%e# ivel! re$&l in he lo$$ o% #i i8en$hi'+ he $ame m&$ -e e"'re$$. As he'd &y this Co$rt in the afore ited ase of =nar, an a%%'i ation for an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration does not a#o$nt to an e>%ress ren$n iation or re%$diation of oneLs itiJenshi%. The a%%'i ation of the herein %ri"ate res%ondent for an a'ien ertifi ate of re!istration, and her ho'din! of an A$stra'ian %ass%ort, as in the ase of ?ercado v. ?an=ano, were mere a# $ o% a$$er ion o% her A&$ ralian #i i8en$hi' -e%ore $he e%%e# ivel!

10

reno&n#ed he $ame. Th$s, at the #ost, %ri"ate res%ondent had d$a' itiJenshi% C she was an A$stra'ian and a 4i'i%ino, as we''. Doreo"er, $nder Common(ealt) !ct ;*, he %a# ha a #hild o% 9ili'ino 'aren A$ (a$ -orn in ano her #o&n r! ha$ no -een in#l&ded a$ a gro&nd %or lo$ing oneD$ Phili''ine #i i8en$hi'. Sin e %ri"ate res%ondent did not 'ose or reno$n e her Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, %etitionerLs 'ai# that res%ondent #$st !o thro$!h the %ro ess of re%atriation does not ho'd water. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .?-, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 21. 6ow may 0ilipino citi=ens who lost their citi=enship 87 &ACI87 the same? An$(er: 4i'i%ino itiJens who ha"e 'ost their itiJenshi% #ay > > > rea :$ire the sa#e in the #anner %ro"ided &y 'aw. Common(ealt) !ct No. ;* en$#erates the three #odes &y whi h Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% #ay &e rea :$ired &y a for#er itiJenI /01 &y na &rali8a ion, /51 &y re'a ria ion, and /71 &y dire# a# o% Congre$$. (=rival$o v. C3ME'EC, 1.8 SCRA 818, *$ne 1/, ,770, En 3an @Pan!ani&anAG !ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 22. Distinguish naturali=ation from repatriation.

Held: : ;C8 @ID ;I9: is a mode %or -o h a#)&i$i ion and rea#)&i$i ion of Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. As a mode of initially ac'uiring Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, nat$ra'iJation is !o"erned &y Common(ealt) !ct No. 4,*, as amended. On the other hand, nat$ra'iJation as a mode for reac'uiring Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% is !o"erned &y Common(ealt) !ct No. ;* ( n ct (roviding for the Ways in Which (hilippine &iti=enship ?ay Ee @ost or 8eac'uired @,7-0A5. =nder this 'aw, a %ormer 9ili'ino #i i8en (ho (i$he$ o rea#)&ire Phili''ine #i i8en$hi' m&$ 'o$$e$$ #er ain )&ali%i#a ion$ and none o% he di$)&ali%i#a ion$ men ioned in Se# ion E o% C*A* EF7. 87( ;8I ;I9:, on the other hand, #ay &e had $nder "ario$s stat$tes &y those who 'ost their itiJenshi% d$e toI /01 de$er ion of the ar#ed for es (Section +, &. . :o. )*5G /51 $ervi#e in he armed %or#e$ o% he allied %or#e$ in Wor'd War II (Section ", 8epublic ct :o. #). 3"#.*45G /71 $ervi#e in he Armed 9or#e$ o% he Uni ed S a e$ at any other ti#e (Sec. ", 8epublic ct :o. 2)*2 3"#)245G /E1 marriage o% a 9ili'ino (oman o an alien (Sec. ", 8epublic ct :o. $"%" 3"##.45G and /G1 'oli i#al and e#onomi# ne#e$$i ! <Ibid>. As distin!$ished fro# the 'en!thy %ro ess of nat$ra'iJation, 87( ;8I ;I9: si#%'y onsists of the a6ing o% an oa h o% allegian#e o he Re'&-li# o% he Phili''ine$ and regi$ ering $aid oa h in he Lo#al Civil Regi$ r! o% he 'la#e (here he 'er$on #on#erned re$ide$ or la$ re$ided* In !ngat v. Repu#lic (-,? SCRA ?-/ @,777A5, we he'dI @PAarentheti a''y, $nder these stat$tes (referrin! to RA Nos. 70. and 10-25, the %erson desirin! to rea :$ire Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% wo$'d no e"en &e re:$ired to fi'e a %etition in o$rt, and a'' that he had to do was to a6e an oa h o% allegian#e to the Re%$&'i of the Phi'i%%ines and to regi$ er ha %a# (i h he #ivil regi$ r! in the %'a e of his residen e or where he had 'ast resided in the Phi'i%%ines. Doreo"er, re%atriation res$'ts in the re#over! o% he original na ionali !. This #eans that a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino who 'ost his itiJenshi% wi'' &e restored to his %rior stat$s as a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino itiJen. On the other hand, if he was ori!ina''y a nat$ra'; &orn itiJen &efore he 'ost his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, he wi'' &e restored to his for#er stat$s as a nat$ra';&orn 4i'i%ino. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5

11

2*.

Who may validly avail of repatriation under 8. . :o. $"%"? has 'a%sed into 'aw on O to&er 1-, re%atriation /a1 of 9ili'ino (omen i8en$hi' -! marriage o alien$ and (ho have lo$ heir Phili''ine i#al or e#onomi# ne#e$$i !. +.R. No. ,-11??, Se%t. ,?, ,777

Held: R.!. No. .7,7, whi h ,77., is an a t %ro"idin! for the (ho have lo$ heir Phili''ine #i /-1 of na &ral,-orn 9ili'ino$ #i i8en$hi' on a##o&n o% 'oli (Gerar$o !ngat v. Repu#lic, @Vit$!A5 2+.

Eefore what agency should application for repatriation under 8. $"%" be filed?

Held: =nder Section 7 of P.D. No. ,+5, dated *$ne ., ,78., a#endin! C.A. No. 0-, an a%%'i ation for re%atriation o$'d &e fi'ed with the S'e#ial Commi ee on Na &rali8a ion, haired &y the Soli#i or >eneral with the Under$e#re ar! o% 9oreign A%%air$ and the Dire# or o% he Na ional In elligen#e Coordina ing Agen#! as the other #e#&ers. A'tho$!h the a!en y was dea ti"ated &y "irt$e of President CoraJon C. A:$inoLs De#orand$# of Dar h 18, ,7/8, it was not, howe"er, a&ro!ated. The Co##ittee was rea ti"ated on *$ne /, ,77. . <en e, he a''li#a ion $ho&ld -e %iled (i h $aid Agen#!+ no (i h he Regional Trial Co&r . (Gerar$o !ngat v. Repu#lic, +.R. No. ,-11??, Se%t. ,?, ,777 @Vit$!A5 2.. ?ay a natural,born 0ilipino who became an merican citi=en still be considered a natural,born 0ilipino upon his reac'uisition of (hilippine citi=enship and, therefore, 'ualified to run for &ongressman?

Held: 87( ;8I ;I9: res$'ts in the re#over! o% he original na ionali !. This #eans that a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino who 'ost his itiJenshi% wi'' &e re$ ored o hi$ 'rior $ a &$ as a nat$ra'iJed 4i'i%ino itiJen. On the other hand, if he was ori!ina''y a nat$ra'; &orn itiJen &efore he 'ost his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, he wi'' &e restored to his for#er stat$s as a nat$ra';&orn 4i'i%ino. In res%ondent Cr$JLs ase, he 'ost his 4i'i%ino itiJenshi% when he rendered ser"i e in the Ar#ed 4or es of the =nited States. <owe"er, he s$&se:$ent'y rea :$ired Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% $nder R.!. No. +;*-, whi h %ro"idesI Se# ion 0. Any %erson who had 'ost his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% &y renderin! ser"i e to, or a e%tin! o##ission in, the Ar#ed 4or es of the =nited States, or after se%aration fro# the Ar#ed 4or es of the =nited States, a :$ired =nited States itiJenshi%, ma! rea#)&ire Phili''ine #i i8en$hi' -! a6ing an oa h o% allegian#e o he Re'&-li# o% he Phili''ine$ and regi$ ering he $ame (i h Lo#al Civil Regi$ r! in he 'la#e (here he re$ide$ or la$ re$ided in he Phili''ine$* The $aid oa h o% allegian#e $hall #on ain a ren&n#ia ion o% an! o her #i i8en$hi'* <a"in! th$s ta9en the re:$ired oath of a''e!ian e to the Re%$&'i and ha"in! re!istered the sa#e in the Ci"i' Re!istry of Dan!atare#, Pan!asinan in a ordan e with the afore ited %ro"ision, res%ondent Cr$J is dee#ed to ha"e re o"ered his ori!ina' stat$s as a nat$ra';&orn itiJen, a stat$s whi h he a :$ired at &irth as the son of a 4i'i%ino father. It &ears stressin! that the a t of re%atriation a''ows hi# to re#over+ or re &rn o+ hi$ original $ a &$ -e%ore he lo$ hi$ Phili''ine #i i8en$hi'* PetitionerLs ontention that res%ondent Cr$J is no 'on!er a nat$ra';&orn itiJen sin e he had to %erfor# an a t to re!ain his itiJenshi% is $ntena&'e. @TAhe ter# Enat$ra';&orn itiJenF was first defined in Arti 'e III, Se tion ? of the ,78- Constit$tion as fo''owsI

12

Se tion ?. A nat$ra';&orn itiJen is one who is a itiJen of the Phi'i%%ines fro# &irth witho$t ha"in! to %erfor# any a t to a :$ire or %erfe t his Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. Two re:$isites #$st on $r for a %erson to &e onsidered as s$ hI /01 a %erson #$st &e a =ilipino citizen from #irt) and /51 he doe$ no have o 'er%orm an! a# o o- ain or 'er%e# hi$ Phili''ine #i i8en$hi'. =nder the ,78- Constit$tion definition, there were two ate!ories of 4i'i%ino itiJens whi h were not onsidered nat$ra';&ornI (,5 those who were nat$ra'iJed and (15 those &orn &efore *an$ary ,8, ,78- <the date of effectivity of the "#%* &onstitution>, of 4i'i%ino #others who, $%on rea hin! the a!e of #aBority, e'e ted Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. Those Enat$ra'iJed itiJensF were not onsidered nat$ra';&orn o&"io$s'y &e a$se they were not 4i'i%inos at &irth and had to %erfor# an a t to a :$ire Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. Those &orn of 4i'i%ino #others &efore the effe ti"ity of the ,78- Constit$tion were 'i9ewise not onsidered nat$ra';&orn &e a$se they a'so had to %erfor# an a t to %erfe t their Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%. The %resent Constit$tion, howe"er, now onsiders those &orn of 4i'i%ino #others &efore the effe ti"ity of the ,78- Constit$tion and who e'e ted Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi% $%on rea hin! the #aBority a!e as nat$ra';&orn. A% er de%ining (ho are na &ral,-orn #i i8en$+ Se# ion 5 o% Ar i#le IH add$ a $en en#e: 2Tho$e (ho ele# Phili''ine #i i8en$hi' in a##ordan#e (i h 'aragra'h /71+ Se# ion 0 hereo% $hall -e deemed na &ral,-orn #i i8en$*3 Con$e)&en l!+ onl! na &rali8ed 9ili'ino$ are #on$idered no na &ral,-orn #i i8en$. It is a%%arent fro# the en$#eration of who are itiJens $nder the %resent Constit$tion that there are on'y two 'asses of itiJensI (,5 those who are natural,born and (15 those who are naturali=ed in a ordan e with 'aw. A #i i8en (ho i$ no a na &rali8ed 9ili'ino+ i*e*+ did no have o &ndergo he 'ro#e$$ o% na &rali8a ion o o- ain Phili''ine #i i8en$hi'+ ne#e$$aril! i$ a na &ral,-orn 9ili'ino. Noteworthy is the a&sen e in the said en$#eration of a se%arate ate!ory for %ersons who, after 'osin! Phi'i%%ine itiJenshi%, s$&se:$ent'y rea :$ire it. The reason therefore is 'earI a$ o $&#h 'er$on$+ he! (o&ld ei her -e na &ral, -orn or na &rali8ed de'ending on he rea$on$ %or he lo$$ o% heir #i i8en$hi' and he mode 're$#ri-ed -! he a''li#a-le la( %or he rea#)&i$i ion hereo%. As res%ondent Cr$J was not re:$ired &y 'aw to !o thro$!h nat$ra'iJation %ro eedin!s in order to rea :$ire his itiJenshi%, he is %erfor e a nat$ra';&orn 4i'i%ino. As s$ h, he %ossessed a'' the ne essary :$a'ifi ations to &e e'e ted as #e#&er of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. (!ntonio 6engson III v. HRE&, +.R. No. ,?1/?2, Day 8, 122,, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 2). Distinguish dual citi=enship from dual allegiance.

Held: DC @ &I;ID7:S6I( arises when, a$ a re$&l o% he #on#&rren a''li#a ion o% he di%%eren la($ o% (o or more $ a e$+ a 'er$on i$ $im&l aneo&$l! #on$idered a na ional -! he $aid $ a e$. 4or instan e, s$ h a sit$ation #ay arise when a %erson whose %arents are itiJens of a state whi h adheres to the %rin i%'e of jus sanguinis is &orn in a state whi h fo''ows the do trine of jus soli. S$ h a %erson, ipso facto and witho$t any "o'$ntary a t on his %art, is on $rrent'y onsidered a itiJen of &oth states. DC @ @@75I :&7, on the other hand, refers to a sit$ation in whi h a 'er$on $im&l aneo&$l! o(e$+ -! $ome 'o$i ive a# + lo!al ! o (o or more $ a e$* While d&al #i i8en$hi' i$ invol&n ar!+ d&al allegian#e i$ he re$&l o% an individ&alD$ voli ion. (Merca$o v. Manzano, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2%. What is the main concern of Section ., rticle IF, "#$% &onstitution, on citi=enship? &onse'uently, are persons with mere dual citi=enship dis'ualified to run for elective local positions under Section +2<d> of the @ocal 5overnment &ode?

13

Held: In in '$din! Section 5 in !rticle I2 on itiJenshi%, he #on#ern o% he Con$ i & ional Commi$$ion (a$ no (i h d&al #i i8en$ 'er $e -& (i h na &rali8ed #i i8en$ (ho main ain heir allegian#e o heir #o&n rie$ o% origin even a% er heir na &rali8a ion. <en e, the %hrase Ed&al #i i8en$hi'3 in R*A* No* F0IJ+ Se# ion EJ/d1 /Lo#al >overnmen Code1 m&$ -e &nder$ ood a$ re%erring o 2d&al allegian#e.F Conse:$ent'y, %ersons with #ere d$a' itiJenshi% do not fa'' $nder this dis:$a'ifi ation. CnliBe those with dual allegiance, who must, - - -, be subject to strict process with respect to the termination of their status, for candidates with dual citi=enship, it should suffice if, upon the filing of their certificate of candidacy, they elect (hilippine citi=enship to terminate their status as persons with dual citi=enship considering that their condition is the unavoidable conse'uence of conflicting laws of different states. B! ele# ing Phili''ine #i i8en$hi'+ $&#h #andida e$ a he $ame ime %or$(ear allegian#e o he o her #o&n r! o% (hi#h he! are al$o #i i8en$ and here-! ermina e heir $ a &$ a$ d&al #i i8en$. It #ay &e that, fro# the %oint of "iew of the forei!n state and of its 'aws, s$ h an indi"id$a' has not effe ti"e'y reno$n ed his forei!n itiJenshi%. That is of no #o#ent. (Merca$o v. Manzano, +.R. No. ,-.2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,777 @DendoJaA5 2$. &ite instances when a citi=en of the (hilippines may possess dual citi=enship considering the citi=enship clause < rticle IF> of the &onstitution. Held: 1) Those -orn o% 9ili'ino %a her$ andAor mo her$ in %oreign #o&n rie$ (hi#h %ollo( he 'rin#i'le o% 0us soliG 2) Those -orn in he Phili''ine$ o% 9ili'ino mo her$ and alien %a her$ i% -! he la($ o% heir %a herD$ #o&n r! $&#h #hildren are #i i8en$ o% ha #o&n r!G 3) Those who marry aliens if #y t)e la(s of t)e latter>s country t)e former are consi$ere$ citizens unless #y t)eir act or omission t)ey are $eeme$ to )ave renounce$ P)ilippine citizens)ip. (Merca$o v. Manzano, +.R. No. ,-.2/-, -28 SCRA 0-2, Day 10, ,777 @DendoJaA5 2#. Does res citi=enship? judicata apply in cases hinging on the issue of

Held: Petitioner #aintains f$rther that when itiJenshi% is raised as an iss$e in B$di ia' or ad#inistrati"e %ro eedin!s, the reso'$tion or de ision thereon is !enera''y not onsidered res B$di ata in any s$&se:$ent %ro eedin! ha''en!in! the sa#eG itin! the ase of Moy ?a 'im ?ao v. Commissioner of Immigration (?, SCRA 171 @,78,A5. <e insists that the sa#e iss$e of itiJenshi% #ay &e threshed o$t anew. Petitioner is orre t insofar as the !enera' r$'e is on erned, i.e., the %rin i%'e of res judicata !enera''y does not a%%'y in ases hin!in! on the iss$e of itiJenshi%. <owe"er, in the ase of 6urca v. Repu#lic (., SCRA 1?/ @,78-A5, an e"#e' ion to this !enera' r$'e was re o!niJed. The Co$rt r$'ed in that ase that in order that the do trine of res judicata #ay &e a%%'ied in ases of itiJenshi%, the fo''owin! #$st &e %resentI 1) a %ersonLs #on rover$! 2) the Soli#i a# ive 'ar 3) the %inding #i i8en$hi' -e rai$ed a$ a ma erial i$$&e in a (here $aid 'er$on i$ a 'ar !G or >eneral or hi$ a& hori8ed re're$en a ive oo6 in he re$ol& ion thereof, and on #i i8en$hi' i$ a%%irmed -! hi$ Co&r .

14

A'tho$!h the !enera' r$'e was set forth in the ase of ?oy Ga @im Gao, the ase did not fore 'ose the wei!ht of %rior r$'in!s on itiJenshi%. It e'$ idated that re'ian e #ay so#ehow &e %'a ed on these ante edent offi ia' findin!s, tho$!h not rea''y &indin!, to #a9e the effort easier or si#%'er. (2alles v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .?-, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 CIHILIAN SUPRE:AC; CLAUSE *2. ;he (resident issued @etter of Instruction <@9I> ordering the deployment of members of the (hilippine ?arines in the metropolis to conduct joint visibility patrols with members of the (hilippine :ational (olice in various shopping malls. Will this not violate the civilian supremacy clause under Section *, rticle II of the &onstitution? Does this not amount to an Hinsidious incursionH of the military in the tasB of law enforcement in violation of Section .<+>, rticle !FI of the &onstitution?

Held: The de%'oy#ent of the Darines does not onstit$te a &rea h of the i"i'ian s$%re#a y 'a$se. The a''in! of the #arines in this ase onstit$tes 'ermi$$i-le &$e o% mili ar! a$$e $ %or #ivilian la( en%or#emen . > > > The limi ed 'ar i#i'a ion o% he :arine$ is e"ident in the %ro"isions of the LOI itse'f, whi h $&%%i#ien l! 'rovide$ he me e$ and -o&nd$ o% he :arine$K a& hori !. It is noteworthy that the lo#al 'oli#e %or#e$ are he one$ in #harge o% he vi$i-ili ! 'a rol$ a all ime$+ he real a& hori ! -elonging o he PNP. In fa t, he :e ro :anila Poli#e Chie% i$ he overall leader o% he PNP,Phili''ine :arine$ .oin vi$i-ili ! 'a rol$. =nder the LOI, the %o'i e for es are tas9ed to &rief or orient the so'diers on %o'i e %atro' %ro ed$res. It is their res%onsi&i'ity to dire t and #ana!e the de%'oy#ent of the Darines. It is, 'i9ewise, their d$ty to %ro"ide the ne essary e:$i%#ent to the Darines and render 'o!isti a' s$%%ort to these so'diers. In vie( o% he %oregoing+ i #anno -e 'ro'erl! arg&ed ha mili ar! a& hori ! i$ $&'reme over #ivilian a& hori !* Doreo"er, the de%'oy#ent of the Darines to assist the PNP does not $n#a9e the i"i'ian hara ter of the %o'i e for e. Neither does it a#o$nt to an Einsidio$s in $rsionF of the #i'itary in the tas9 of 'aw enfor e#ent in "io'ation of Se tion .@?A, Arti 'e 6VI of the Constit$tion. In this re!ard, it is not orre t to say that +enera' An!e'o Reyes, Chief of Staff of the A4P, &y his a''e!ed in"o'"e#ent in i"i'ian 'aw enfor e#ent, has &een "irt$a''y a%%ointed to a i"i'ian %ost in dero!ation of the afore ited %ro"ision. The real a& hori ! in he$e o'era ion$+ a$ $ a ed in he LOI+ i$ lodged (i h he head o% a #ivilian in$ i & ion+ he PNP+ and no (i h he mili ar!* S&#h -eing he #a$e+ i doe$ no ma er (he her he A9P Chie% a# &all! 'ar i#i'a e$ in he Ta$6 9or#e T&l&ngan $in#e he doe$ no e"er#i$e an! a& hori ! or #on rol over he $ame* Sin#e none o% he :arine$ (a$ in#or'ora ed or enli$ ed a$ mem-er$ o% he PNP+ here #an -e no a''oin men o a #ivilian 'o$i ion o $'ea6 o% . <en e, the de%'oy#ent of the Darines in the Boint "isi&i'ity %atro's does not destroy the i"i'ian hara ter of the PNP. Considerin! the a&o"e ir $#stan es, he :arine$ render no hing more han a$$i$ an#e re)&ired in #ond&# ing he 'a rol$. As s$ h, there an &e no Einsidio$s in $rsionF of the #i'itary in i"i'ian affairs nor an there &e a "io'ation of the i"i'ian s$%re#a y 'a$se in the Constit$tion. It is worth #entionin! that military assistance to civilian authorities in various forms persists in (hilippine jurisdiction . The Phi'i%%ine e>%erien e re"ea's that it is not a"erse to re:$estin! the assistan e of the #i'itary in the i#%'e#entation and e>e $tion of ertain traditiona''y E i"i'F f$n tions. > > > @SAo#e of the multifarious activities wherein military aid has been rendered,

15

e>e#%'ifyin! the a ti"ities that &rin! &oth the i"i'ian #i'itary to!ether in a re'ationshi% of oo%eration, areI

and

the

,. E'e tionsG 1. Ad#inistration of the Phi'i%%ine Nationa' Red CrossG -. Re'ief and res $e o%erations d$rin! a'a#ities and disastersG ?. A#ate$r s%orts %ro#otion and de"e'o%#entG .. De"e'o%#ent of the $'t$re and the artsG 0. Conser"ation of nat$ra' reso$r esG 8. I#%'e#entation of the a!rarian refor# %ro!ra#G /. Enfor e#ent of $sto#s 'awsG 7. Co#%osite i"i'ian;#i'itary 'aw enfor e#ent a ti"itiesG ,2. Cond$ t of 'i ens$re e>a#inationsG ,,. Cond$ t of nationwide tests for e'e#entary and hi!h s hoo' st$dentsG ,1. Anti;dr$! enfor e#ent a ti"itiesG ,-. Sanitary ins%e tionsG ,?. Cond$ t of ens$s wor9G ,.. Ad#inistration of the Ci"i' Aerona$ti s 3oardG ,0. Assistan e in insta''ation of weather fore astin! de"i esG ,8. Pea e and order %o'i y for#$'ation in 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits. This $n:$estiona&'y onstit$tes a !'oss on e>e $ti"e %ower res$'tin! fro# a syste#ati , $n&ro9en, e>e $ti"e %ra ti e, 'on! %$rs$ed to the 9now'ed!e of Con!ress and, yet, ne"er &efore :$estioned. What we ha"e here is #$t$a' s$%%ort and oo%eration &etween the #i'itary and i"i'ian a$thorities, not dero!ation of i"i'ian s$%re#a y. In the =nited States, where a 'on! tradition of s$s%i ion and hosti'ity towards the $se of #i'itary for e for do#esti %$r%oses has %ersisted and whose Constit$tion, $n'i9e o$rs, does not e>%ress'y %ro"ide for the %ower to a'', the use of military personnel by civilian law enforcement officers is allowed under circumstances similar to those surrounding the present deployment of the (hilippine ?arines. (I6P v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 THE RI>HT TO A BALANCED AND HEALTH9UL ECOLO>; *". Is the right to a balanced and healthful ecology any less important than any of the civil and political rights enumerated in the Eill of 8ights? 7-plain.

Held: Whi'e the ri!ht to a &a'an ed and hea'thf$' e o'o!y is to &e fo$nd $nder the De 'aration of Prin i%'es and State Po'i ies and not $nder the 3i'' of Ri!hts, i doe$ no %ollo( ha i i$ le$$ im'or an han an! o% he #ivil and 'oli i#al righ $ en&mera ed in he la er* S&#h a righ -elong$ o a di%%eren #a egor! o% righ $ al oge her %or i #on#ern$ no hing le$$ han $el%,'re$erva ion and $el%,'er'e &a ion+ he advan#emen o% (hi#h ma! even -e $aid o 'reda e all governmen $ and #on$ i & ion$* A$ a ma er o% %a# + he$e -a$i# righ $ need no even -e (ri en in he Con$ i & ion %or he! are a$$&med o e"i$ %rom he in#e' ion o% h&man6ind. If they are now e>%'i it'y #entioned in the f$nda#enta' harter, it is &e a$se of the we'';fo$nded fear of its fra#ers that $n'ess the ri!hts to a &a'an ed and hea'thf$' e o'o!y and to hea'th are #andated as state %o'i ies &y the Constit$tion itse'f, there&y hi!h'i!htin! their ontin$in! i#%ortan e and i#%osin! $%on the state a so'e#n o&'i!ation to %reser"e the first and %rote t and ad"an e the se ond, the day wo$'d not &e too far when a'' e'se wo$'d &e 'ost not on'y for the %resent !eneration, &$t a'so for those to o#e C !enerations whi h stand to inherit nothin! &$t %ar hed earth in a%a&'e of s$stainin! 'ife. (3posa v. =actoran 1r., 11? SCRA 871 @,77-A @Da"ideA5

16

*2.

;he (rovince of (alawan and the &ity of (uerto (rincesa enacted ordinances prohibiting the catching andIor e-portation of live tropical fishes, and imposing penalties for violations thereof, in order to stop the illegal practice of cyanide fishing which destroys the corals and other marine resources. Several fishermen apprehended for violating the ordinances in 'uestion challenged their constitutionality contending that the ordinances violated their preferential right as subsistence and marginal fishermen to the use of our communal marine resources guaranteed by the &onstitution, under Section %, rticle !III. Will you sustain the challenge?

Held: The 2're%eren ial righ 3 o% $&-$i$ en#e or marginal %i$hermen o he &$e o% marine re$o&r#e$ i$ no a-$ol& e* In a##ordan#e (i h he RE>ALIAN DOCTRINE+ marine re$o&r#e$ -elong o he S a e+ and+ '&r$&an o he %ir$ 'aragra'h o% Se# ion 5+ Ar i#le ?II o% he Con$ i & ion+ heir 2e"'lora ion+ develo'men and & ili8a ion " " " $hall -e &nder he %&ll #on rol and $&'ervi$ion o% he S a e*3 :oreover+ heir manda ed 'ro e# ion+ develo'men and #on$erva ion " " " im'l! #er ain re$ ri# ion$ on (ha ever righ o% en.o!men here ma! -e in %avor o% an!one* Wha m&$ -e -orne in mind i$ he S a e 'oli#! en$hrined in he Con$ i & ion regarding he d& ! o% he S a e o 'ro e# and advan#e he righ o% he 'eo'le o a -alan#ed and heal h%&l e#olog! in a##ord (i h he rh! hm and harmon! o% na &re /Se# ion 0I+ Ar i#le II5. The ordinan es in :$estion are #eant %re ise'y to %rote t and onser"e o$r #arine reso$r es to the end that their enBoy#ent #ay &e !$aranteed not on'y for the %resent !eneration, &$t a'so for the !enerations to o#e. The ri!ht to a &a'an ed and hea'thf$' e o'o!y arries with it a orre'ati"e d$ty to refrain fro# i#%airin! the en"iron#ent. (&ano v. Gov. Salva$or P. Socrates, +.R. No. ,,21?7, A$!. 1,, ,7785 ACADE:IC 9REEDO: **. ?ay a university validly revoBe a degree or honor it has conferred to a student after the graduation of the latter after finding that such degree or honor was obtained through fraud?

Held: In 5arcia v. 0aculty dmission &ommittee, @oyola School of ;heology <)$ S&8 2%% 3"#%.4>, the SC %ointed o$t that a#ademi# %reedom o% in$ i & ion$ o% higher learning i$ a %reedom gran ed o 2in$ i & ion$ o% higher learning3 (hi#h i$ h&$ given a 2(ide $'here o% a& hori ! #er ainl! e" ending o he #hoi#e o% $ &den $*3 I% $&#h in$ i & ion o% higher learning #an de#ide (ho #an and (ho #anno $ &d! in i + i #er ainl! #an al$o de ermine on (hom i #an #on%er he honor and di$ in# ion o% -eing i $ grad&a e$. Where i i$ $ho(n ha he #on%ermen o% an honor or di$ in# ion (a$ o- ained hro&gh %ra&d+ a &niver$i ! ha$ he righ o revo6e or (i hdra( he honor or di$ in# ion i ha$ h&$ #on%erred* Thi$ %reedom o% a &niver$i ! doe$ no ermina e &'on he 2grad&a ion3 o% a $ &den + %or i i$ 're#i$el! he 2grad&a ion3 o% $&#h a $ &den ha i$ in )&e$ ion. (/P 6oar$ of Regents v. Hon. Court of !ppeals an$ !roAias(amy Billiam Margaret Celine, +.R. No. ,-?01., A$!. -,, ,777, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 *+. What are the essential freedoms subsumed in the term /academic freedom1?

Held: In !teneo $e Manila /niversity v. Capulong (+.R. No. 77-18, 18 Day ,77-5, this Co$rt ited with a%%ro"a' the for#$'ation #ade &y *$sti e 4e'i> 4ran9f$rter of the essentia' freedo#s s$&s$#ed in the ter# Ea ade#i freedo#F en o#%assin! no onl! 2 he %reedom o de ermine " " " on a#ademi# gro&nd$ (ho ma! ea#h+ (ha ma! -e a&gh /and1 ho( i $hall -e a&gh +3 -& li6e(i$e 2(ho ma! -e admi ed o $ &d!*3 We have h&$ $an# ioned i $ invo#a ion -! a $#hool in

17

re.e# ing $ &den $ (ho are a#ademi#all! delin)&en (&angonan v. Pano, ,-8 SCRA 1?. @,7/.A5, or a la!(oman $ee6ing admi$$ion o a $eminar! (Garcia v. 'oyola Sc)ool of &)eology, 0/ SCRA 188 @,78.A5, or stu$ents violating CSc)ool Rules on Discipline.F (!teneo $e Manila /niversity v. Capulong, supra.5 (Isa#elo 1r. v. Perpetual Help College of Rizal Inc., 118 SCRA .7.; .78, No". /, ,77-, En 3an @Vit$!A5 ECONO:IC POLIC; *.. Does the &onstitutional policy of a /self,reliant and independent national economy1 rule out foreign competition?

Held: The onstit$tiona' %o'i y of a Ese'f;re'iant and inde%endent nationa' e ono#yF doe$ no ne#e$$aril! r&le o& he en r! o% %oreign inve$ men $+ good$ and $ervi#e$* I #on em'la e$ nei her 2e#onomi# $e#l&$ion3 nor 2mendi#an#! in he in erna ional #omm&ni !.F Aside fro# en"isionin! a rade 'oli#! -a$ed on 2e)&ali ! and re#i'ro#i !+3 he %&ndamen al la( en#o&rage$ ind&$ rie$ ha are 2#om'e i ive in -o h dome$ i# and %oreign mar6e $+3 here-! demon$ ra ing a #lear 'oli#! again$ a $hel ered dome$ i# rade environmen + -& one in %avor o% he grad&al develo'men o% ro-&$ ind&$ rie$ ha #an #om'e e (i h he -e$ in he %oreign mar6e $. (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/ @,778A5 THE RI>HTS O9 INDI>ENOUS CULTURAL CO::UNITIESAINDI>ENOUS PEOPLES *). 7numerate the &onstitutional provisions recogni=ing protecting the rights and interests of the indigenous peoples. and

Held: The fra#ers of the ,7/8 Constit$tion, 'oo9in! &a 9 to the 'on! destit$tion of o$r 'ess fort$nate &rothers, fittin!'y saw the histori o%%ort$nity to a t$a'iJe the idea's of %eo%'e e#%ower#ent and so ia' B$sti e, and to rea h o$t %arti $'ar'y to the #ar!ina'iJed se tors of so iety, in '$din! the indi!eno$s %eo%'es. They in or%orated in the f$nda#enta' 'aw se"era' %ro"isions re o!niJin! and %rote tin! the ri!hts and interests of the indi!eno$s %eo%'es, to witI Section ++. The State re o!niJes and %ro#otes the ri!hts of indi!eno$s %eo%'es within the fra#ewor9 of nationa' $nity and de"e'o%#ent. <!rticle II of the &onstitution, entitled State (rinciples and (olicies> Section 5. The State, s$&Be t to the %ro"isions of the Constit$tion and nationa' de"e'o%#ent %o'i ies and %ro!ra#s, sha'' %rote t the ri!hts of indi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nities to their an estra' 'ands to ens$re their e ono#i , so ia', and $'t$ra' we'';&ein!. The Con!ress #ay %ro"ide for the a%%'i a&i'ity of $sto#ary 'aws !o"ernin! %ro%erty ri!hts and re'ations in deter#inin! the ownershi% and e>tent of an estra' do#ains. <!rticle %II of the &onstitution, entitled :ational 7conomy and (atrimony> Section 7. The Con!ress sha'' !i"e the hi!hest %riority to the ena t#ent of #eas$res that %rote t and enhan e the ri!ht of a'' the %eo%'e to h$#an di!nity, red$ e so ia', e ono#i and %o'iti a' ine:$a'ities, and re#o"e $'t$ra' ine:$a'ities &y e:$ita&'y diff$sin! wea'th and %o'iti a' %ower for the o##on !ood. To this end, the State sha'' re!$'ate the a :$isition, ownershi%, $se and dis%osition of %ro%erty and its in re#ents. <!rticle %III of the &onstitution, entitled Social Justice and 6uman 8ights>

18

Section ;. The State sha'' a%%'y the %rin i%'es of a!rarian refor# or stewardshi%, whene"er a%%'i a&'e in a ordan e with 'aw, in the dis%osition and $ti'iJation of other nat$ra' reso$r es, in '$din! 'ands of the %$&'i do#ain $nder 'ease or on ession, s$&Be t to %rior ri!hts, ho#estead ri!hts of s#a'' sett'ers, and the ri!hts of indi!eno$s o##$nities to their an estra' 'ands. <I#i$.> Section 7,. The State sha'' re o!niJe, res%e t, and %rote t the ri!hts of $'t$ra' o##$nities to %reser"e and de"e'o% their $'t$res, traditions, and instit$tions. It sha'' onsider these ri!hts in the for#$'ation of nationa' %'ans and %o'i ies. <!rticle %I2 of the &onstitution, entitled 7ducation, Science, ;echnology, rts, &ulture, and Sports> Section 7+. The Con!ress #ay reate a ons$'tati"e &ody to ad"ise the President on %o'i ies affe tin! indi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nities, the #aBority of the #e#&ers of whi h sha'' o#e fro# s$ h o##$nities. <!rticle %2I of the &onstitution, entitled 5eneral (rovisions> (Se%arate O%inion, )a%$nan, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources, et a'., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 37. Discuss the Indigenous (eoples 8ights ct <R.!. No. .*,7>.

Held: Repu#lic !ct No. .*,7 is entit'ed MAn A t to Re o!niJe, Prote t and Pro#ote the Ri!hts of Indi!eno$s C$'t$ra' Co##$nitiesKIndi!eno$s Peo%'es, Creatin! a Nationa' Co##ission on Indi!eno$s Peo%'es, Esta&'ishin! I#%'e#entin! De hanis#s, A%%ro%riatin! 4$nds Therefor, and for Other P$r%oses.M It is si#%'y 9nown as M &)e In$igenous Peoples Rig)ts !ct of 7::,M or the IPRA. The IPRA re#ogni8e$ he e"i$ en#e o% he indigeno&$ #&l &ral #omm&ni ie$ or indigeno&$ 'eo'le$ /ICC$AIP$1 a$ a di$ in# $e# or in Phili''ine $o#ie !* I gran $ he$e 'eo'le he o(ner$hi' and 'o$$e$$ion o% heir an#e$ ral domain$ and an#e$ ral land$+ and de%ine$ he e" en o% he$e land$ and domain$* The o(ner$hi' given i$ he indigeno&$ #on#e' o% o(ner$hi' &nder #&$ omar! la( (hi#h ra#e$ i $ origin o na ive i le. 6 > > Wi hin heir an#e$ ral domain$ and an#e$ ral land$+ he ICC$AIP$ are given he righ o $el%,governan#e and em'o(ermen (Se tions ,- to 125, social justice and human rights (Se tions 1, to 1/5, he righ o 're$erve and 'ro e# heir #&l &re+ radi ion$+ in$ i & ion$ and #omm&ni ! in elle# &al righ $+ and he righ o develo' heir o(n $#ien#e$ and e#hnologie$ (Se tions 17 to -85. (Se%arate O%inion, P$no, *., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, et a'., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 *$. Define Hindigenous peoplesIindigenous cultural communities.H

Held: ,. Drawin! ins%iration fro# &oth o$r f$nda#enta' 'aw and internationa' 'aw, IPRA now e#%'oys the %o'iti a''y; orre t onB$n ti"e ter# Mindi!eno$s %eo%'esKindi!eno$s $'t$ra' o##$nitiesM as fo''owsI Se# ion 7. Definition of ;erms. ; 4or %$r%oses of this A t, the fo''owin! ter#s sha'' #eanI (i) Indigeno&$ 'eo'le$AIndigeno&$ #&l &ral #omm&ni ie$. ; refer to a gro&' o% 'eo'le or homogeno&$ $o#ie ie$ iden i%ied -! $el%, a$#ri' ion and a$#ri' ion -! o her$+ (ho have #on in&o&$l! lived a$ organi8ed #omm&ni ! on #omm&nall! -o&nded and de%ined erri or!+ and (ho have+ &nder #laim$ o% o(ner$hi' $in#e ime immemorial+ o##&'ied+ 'o$$e$$ed and & ili8ed $&#h erri orie$+

19

$haring #ommon -ond$ o% lang&age+ #&$ om$+ radi ion$+ and o her di$ in# ive #&l &ral rai $+ or (ho have+ hro&gh re$i$ an#e o 'oli i#al+ $o#ial and #&l &ral inroad$ o% #oloni8a ion+ non,indigeno&$ religion$ and #&l &re$+ -e#ame hi$ ori#all! di%%eren ia ed %rom he ma.ori ! o% 9ili'ino$. Indi!eno$s %eo%'es sha'' 'i9ewise in '$de %eo%'es who are regarded a$ indigeno&$ on a##o&n o% heir de$#en %rom he 'o'&la ion$ (hi#h inha-i ed he #o&n r! a he ime o% #on)&e$ or #oloni8a ion+ or a he ime o% inroad$ o% non, indigeno&$ religion$ and #&l &re$+ or he e$ a-li$hmen o% 're$en S a e -o&ndarie$+ (ho re ain $ome or all o% heir o(n $o#ial+ e#onomi#+ #&l &ral and 'oli i#al in$ i & ion$+ -& (ho ma! have -een di$'la#ed %rom heir radi ional domain$ or (ho ma! have re$e led o& $ide heir an#e$ ral domain$ > > >. (Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 1. The IPRA is a 'aw dea'in! with a s%e ifi !ro$% of %eo%'e, i.e., the Indi!eno$s C$'t$ra' Co##$nities (ICCs5 or the Indi!eno$s Peo%'es (IPs5. The ter# MICCsM is $sed in the ,7/8 Constit$tion whi'e that of MIPsM is the onte#%orary internationa' 'an!$a!e in the Internationa' La&or Or!aniJation (ILO5 Con"ention ,07 <&onvention &oncerning Indigenous and ;ribal (eoples in Independent &ountries, June 2%, "#$#> and the =nited Nations (=N5 Draft De 'aration on the Ri!hts of Indi!eno$s Peo%'es <5uide to 8. . $*%", published by the &oalition for I(s 8ights and ncestral Domains in cooperation with the I@9 and Eilance, sia Department, p. + 3"###4 , hereinafter referred to as 5uide to 8. . $*%">. Indigeno&$ C&l &ral Comm&ni ie$ or Indigeno&$ Peo'le$ re%er o a gro&' o% 'eo'le or homogeneo&$ $o#ie ie$ (ho have #on in&o&$l! lived a$ an organi8ed #omm&ni ! on #omm&nall! -o&nded and de%ined erri or!. These !ro$%s of %eo%'e ha"e a t$a''y o $%ied, %ossessed and $ti'iJed their territories $nder 'ai# of ownershi% sin e ti#e i##e#oria'. They share o##on &onds of 'an!$a!e, $sto#s, traditions and other distin ti"e $'t$ra' traits, or, they, &y their resistan e to %o'iti a', so ia' and $'t$ra' inroads of o'oniJation, non;indi!eno$s re'i!ions and $'t$res, &e a#e histori a''y differentiated fro# the 4i'i%ino #aBority. ICCsKIPs a'so in '$de des endants of ICCsKIPs who inha&ited the o$ntry at the ti#e of on:$est or o'oniJation, who retain so#e or a'' of their own so ia', e ono#i , $'t$ra' and %o'iti a' instit$tions &$t who #ay ha"e &een dis%'a ed fro# their traditiona' territories or who #ay ha"e resett'ed o$tside their an estra' do#ains. (Separate 9pinion, (uno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 *#. Define Hancestral domainsH and Hancestral lands.H constitute part of the land of the public domain? Do they

Held: An estra' do#ains and an estra' 'ands are 'ro'er ! o% indigeno&$ 'eo'le$ and do no #on$ i & e 'ar o% he '&-li# domain.

he 'riva e o% he land

The IPRA !rants to ICCsKIPs a distin t 9ind of ownershi% o"er an estra' do#ains and an estra' 'ands. An estra' 'ands are not the sa#e as an estra' do#ains. These are defined in Se tion -(a5 and (&5 of the Indi!eno$s Peo%'es Ri!hts A t > > >. An#e$ ral domain$ are all area$ -elonging o ICC$AIP$ held &nder a #laim o% o(ner$hi'+ o##&'ied or 'o$$e$$ed -! ICC$AIP$ -! hem$elve$ or hro&gh heir an#e$ or$+ #omm&nall! or individ&all! $in#e ime immemorial+ #on in&o&$l! &n il he 're$en + e"#e' (hen in err&' ed -! (ar+ %or#e ma.e&re or di$'la#emen -! %or#e+ de#ei + $ eal h or a$ a #on$e)&en#e o% governmen 'ro.e# $ or an! o her vol&n ar! dealing$ (i h governmen andAor 'riva e individ&al$ or #or'ora ion$. An estra' do#ains o#%rise 'ands, in'and waters, oasta' areas, and nat$ra' reso$r es therein and in '$des an estra' 'ands, forests, %ast$re,

20

residentia', a!ri $'t$ra', and other 'ands indi"id$a''y owned whether a'iena&'e or not, h$ntin! !ro$nds, &$ria' !ro$nds, worshi% areas, &odies of water, #inera' and other nat$ra' reso$r es. They a'so in '$de 'ands whi h #ay no 'on!er &e e> '$si"e'y o $%ied &y ICCsKIPs &$t fro# whi h they traditiona''y had a ess to for their s$&sisten e and traditiona' a ti"ities, %arti $'ar'y the ho#e ran!es of ICCsKIPs who are sti'' no#adi andKor shiftin! $'ti"ators (Section *DaE IPR!5. An#e$ ral land$ are land$ held -! he ICC$AIP$ &nder he $ame #ondi ion$ a$ an#e$ ral domain$ e"#e' ha he$e are limi ed o land$ and ha he$e land$ are no merel! o##&'ied and 'o$$e$$ed -& are al$o & ili8ed -! he ICC$AIP$ &nder #laim$ o% individ&al or radi ional gro&' o(ner$hi'. These 'ands in '$de &$t are not 'i#ited to residentia' 'ots, ri e terra es or %addies, %ri"ate forests, swidden far#s and tree 'ots <Section *3b4, I(8 >. (Separate 9pinion, (uno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +2. 6ow may I&&sII(s ac'uire rights to their ancestral domains and ancestral lands?

Held: The ri!hts of the ICCsKIPs to their an estra' do#ains and an estra' 'ands #ay &e a :$ired in two #odesI (,5 &y na ive i le o"er &oth an estra' 'ands and do#ainsG or (15 &y orren$ i le $nder the P$&'i Land A t and the Land Re!istration A t with res%e t to an estra' 'ands on'y. (Separate 9pinion, (uno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +". What is the concept of Hnative titleH? ncestral Domain ;itle <& D;>? What is a &ertificate of

Held: : ;IF7 ;I;@7 refers to ICC$AIP$ 're#on)&e$ righ $ o land$ and domain$ held &nder a #laim o% 'riva e o(ner$hi' a$ %ar -a#6 a$ memor! rea#he$. These 'ands are deemed never o have -een '&-li# land$ and are indi$'& a-l! 're$&med o have -een held ha (a! $in#e -e%ore he S'ani$h Con)&e$ . The ri!hts of ICCsKIPs to their an estra' domains (whi h a'so in '$de an estra' lands5 &y "irt$e of nati"e tit'e sha'' &e re o!niJed and res%e ted <Section "", I(8 >. 9ormal re#ogni ion+ (hen $oli#i ed -! ICC$AIP$ #on#erned+ $hall -e em-odied in a Cer i%i#a e o% An#e$ ral Domain Ti le (CADT5, (hi#h $hall re#ogni8e he i le o% he #on#erned ICC$AIP$ over he erri orie$ iden i%ied and delinea ed. Li6e a orren$ i le+ a CADT i$ eviden#e o% 'riva e o(ner$hi' o% land -! na ive i le. : ;IF7 ;I;@7, howe"er, is a ri!ht of %ri"ate ownershi% %e $'iar'y !ranted to ICCsKIPs o"er their an estra' 'ands and do#ains. The IPRA ate!ori a''y de 'ares an#e$ ral land$ and domain$ held -! na ive i le a$ NEHER TO HAHE BEEN '&-li# land. Do#ains and 'ands he'd $nder nati"e tit'e are, therefore, indis%$ta&'y %res$#ed to ha"e ne"er &een %$&'i 'ands and are %ri"ate. The on e%t of nati"e tit'e in the IPRA was ta9en fro# the ,727 ase of Carino v. Insular Government (?, Phi'. 7-. @,727A, 1,1 =.S. ??7, .- L. Ed. .7?5. &arino fir#'y esta&'ished a on e%t of %ri"ate 'and tit'e that e>isted irres%e ti"e of any roya' !rant fro# the State. (Separate 9pinion, (uno, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +2. Discuss the concept of Hjura regaliaH and how it evolved in the (hilippines. Does it negate native title to lands held in private ownership since time immemorial?

Held: +enera''y, $nder the on e%t of 0ura regalia, 'riva e i le o land m&$ -e ra#ed o $ome gran + e"'re$$ or im'lied+ %rom he S'ani$h Cro(n or i $ $&##e$$or$+ he Ameri#an Colonial governmen + and herea% er+ he Phili''ine Re'&-li#. The &e'ief that the S%anish

21

Crown is the ori!in of a'' 'and tit'es in the Phi'i%%ines has %ersisted &e a$se tit'e to 'and #$st e#anate fro# so#e so$r e for it annot iss$e forth fro# nowhere. In its &road sense, the ter# H0ura regaliaH refers to ro!al gran $+ or ho$e righ $ (hi#h he Ling ha$ -! vir &e o% hi$ 'reroga ive$. In S%anish 'aw, it refers to a righ (hi#h he $overeign ha$ over an! hing in (hi#h a $&-.e# ha$ a righ o% 'ro'er ! or propriedad. These were ri!hts enBoyed d$rin! fe$da' ti#es &y the 9in! as the so"erei!n. The theory of the fe$da' syste# was that tit'e to a'' 'ands was ori!ina''y he'd &y the )in!, and whi'e the $se of 'ands was !ranted o$t to others who were %er#itted to ho'd the# $nder ertain onditions, the )in! theoreti a''y retained the tit'e. 3y fi tion of 'aw, the )in! was re!arded as the ori!ina' %ro%rietor of a'' 'ands, and the tr$e and on'y so$r e of tit'e, and fro# hi# a'' 'ands were he'd . The theory of jura regalia was therefore nothin! #ore than a nat$ra' fr$it of on:$est. The Regalian heor!+ ho(ever+ doe$ no nega e na ive i le o land$ held in 'riva e o(ner$hi' $in#e ime immemorial. In the 'and#ar9 ase of &arino v. Insular 5overnment (?, Phi'. 7-., 1,1 =.S. ??7, .- L. Ed. .7? @,727A5, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt, re"ersin! the de ision of the %re;war Phi'i%%ine S$%re#e Co$rt, #ade the fo''owin! %rono$n e#entI > > > E"ery %res$#%tion is and o$!ht to &e ta9en a!ainst the +o"ern#ent in a ase 'i9e the %resent. It #i!ht, %erha%s, &e %ro%er and s$ffi ient to say that (hen+ a$ %ar -a#6 a$ e$ imon! or memor! goe$+ he land ha$ -een held -! individ&al$ &nder a #laim o% 'riva e o(ner$hi'+ i (ill -e 're$&med o have -een held in he $ame (a! %rom -e%ore he S'ani$h #on)&e$ + and never o have -een '&-li# land. - - - (Carino v. Insular Government, s$%ra note 8., at 7?,5 The a&o"e r$'in! instit$tiona'iJed the re o!nition of the e>isten e of nati"e tit'e to 'and, or ownershi% of 'and &y 4i'i%inos &y "irt$e of %ossession $nder a 'ai# of ownershi% sin e ti#e i##e#oria' and inde%endent of any !rant fro# the S%anish Crown, as an e"#e' ion o he heor! o% 0ura regalia. 6 > > &arino was de ided &y the =.S. S$%re#e Co$rt in ,727, at a ti#e when de isions of the =.S. Co$rt were &indin! as %re edent in o$r B$risdi tion <Section "2, (hilippine Eill of "#22>. We a%%'ied the &arino do trine in the ,7?0 ase of 9h &ho v. Director of @ands (8. Phi'. /72 @,7?0A5, where we stated that M<a=ll land$ ha (ere no a#)&ired %rom he >overnmen ei her -! '&r#ha$e or -! gran + -elong o he '&-li# domain+ -& <a=n e"#e' ion o he r&le (o&ld -e an! land ha $ho&ld have -een in he 'o$$e$$ion o% an o##&'an and o% hi$ 'rede#e$$or$ in in ere$ $in#e ime immemorial+ %or $&#h 'o$$e$$ion (o&ld .&$ i%! he 're$&m' ion ha he land had never -een 'ar o% he '&-li# domain or ha i had -een 'riva e 'ro'er ! even -e%ore he S'ani$h #on)&e$ . (Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 +*. Distinguish ownership of land under native title and ownership by ac'uisitive prescription against the State.

Held: Ownershi% &y "irt$e of : ;IF7 ;I;@7 're$&''o$e$ ha he land ha$ -een held -! i $ 'o$$e$$or and hi$ 'rede#e$$or,in,in ere$ in he #on#e' o% an o(ner $in#e ime immemorial. The 'and is no a#)&ired %rom he S a e, that is, S%ain or its s$ essor;in;interest, the =nited States and the Phi'i%%ine +o"ern#ent. There has &een no ran$%er o% i le %rom he S a e a$ he land ha$ -een regarded a$ 'riva e in #hara# er a$ %ar -a#6 a$ memor! goe$. In ontrast, ownershi% of 'and &y &ACISI;IF7 (87S&8I(;I9: a!ainst the State

22

involve$ a #onver$ion o% he #hara# er o% he 'ro'er ! %rom aliena-le '&-li# land o 'riva e land+ (hi#h 're$&''o$e$ a ran$%er o% i le %rom he S a e o a 'riva e 'er$on. (Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of DENR, +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 THE RI>HT O9 THE STATE TO RECOHER PROPERTIES UNLAW9ULL; ACQUIRED B; PUBLIC O99ICIALS OR E:PLO;EES ++. Does the right of the State to recover properties unlawfully ac'uired by public officials or employees which may not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel under Section "., rticle !I of the &onstitution apply to criminal cases for the recovery of ill, gotten wealth?

Held: Section 75, !rticle %I, ,7/8 Constit$tion %ro"ides that E3;4he right of the State to recover properties unlawfully ac'uired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees as transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.F 4ro# the 'ro#eeding$ o% he Con$ i & ional Commi$$ion o% 0CBI+ ho(ever+ i (a$ #lear ha hi$ 'rovi$ion a''lie$ onl! o #ivil a# ion$ %or re#over! o% ill,go en (eal h+ and no o #riminal #a$e$* Th&$+ he 'ro$e#& ion o% o%%en$e$ ari$ing %rom+ rela ing or in#iden o+ or involving ill,go en (eal h #on em'la ed in Se# ion 0G+ Ar i#le ?I o% he Con$ i & ion ma! -e -arred -! 're$#ri' ion. (Presi$ential !$ Hoc =actF=in$ing Committee on 6e)est 'oans et al. v. Hon. !niano !. Desierto et al., +.R. No. ,-2,?2, O t. 1., ,777, En 3an @Da"ide, C.*.A5

STR=CT=RE O4 +OVERNDENT
THE DOCTRINE O9 SEPARATION O9 POWERS +.. ?ay the 5overnment, through the (&55, validly bind itself to cause the dismissal of all cases against the ?arcos heirs pending before the Sandiganbayan and other courts in a &ompromise greement entered into between the former and the latter?

Held: This is a dire# en#roa#hmen on .&di#ial 'o(er+ 'ar i#&larl! in regard o #riminal .&ri$di# ion. We'';sett'ed is the do trine that on#e a #a$e ha$ -een %iled -e%ore a #o&r o% #om'e en .&ri$di# ion+ he ma er o% i $ di$mi$$al or '&r$&an#e lie$ (i hin he %&ll di$#re ion and #on rol o% he .&dge. In a ri#ina' ase, he manner in (hi#h he 'ro$e#& ion i$ handled+ in#l&ding he ma er o% (hom o 're$en a$ (i ne$$e$+ ma! lie (i hin he $o&nd di$#re ion o% he governmen 'ro$e#& or4 -& he #o&r de#ide$+ -a$ed on he eviden#e 'ro%%ered+ in (ha manner i (ill di$'o$e o% he #a$e* M&ri$di# ion+ on#e a#)&ired -! he rial #o&r + i$ no lo$ de$'i e a re$ol& ion+ even -! he .&$ i#e $e#re ar!+ o (i hdra( he in%orma ion or o di$mi$$ he #om'lain * The 'ro$e#& ionD$ mo ion o (i hdra( or o di$mi$$ i$ no he lea$ -inding &'on he #o&r . On the ontrary, de isiona' r$'es re:$ire the tria' o$rt to #a9e its own e"a'$ation of the #erits of the ase, &e a$se !rantin! s$ h #otion is e:$i"a'ent to effe tin! a dis%osition of the ase itse'f. Th$s, the PC++, as the !o"ern#ent %rose $tor of i'';!otten wea'th ases, annot !$arantee the dis#issa' of a'' s$ h ri#ina' ases a!ainst the Dar oses %endin! in the o$rts, for said dis#issa' is not within its so'e %ower and dis retion. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 DELE>ATION O9 POWERS +). What are the tests of a valid delegation of power?

23

Held: E#%owerin! the CODELEC, an ad#inistrati"e &ody e>er isin! :$asi;B$di ia' f$n tions, to %ro#$'!ate r$'es and re!$'ations is a for# of de'e!ation of 'e!is'ati"e a$thority > > >. <owe"er, in ever! #a$e o% 'ermi$$i-le delega ion+ here m&$ -e a $ho(ing ha he delega ion i $el% i$ valid. It is "a'id on'y if the 'aw /a1 is #om'le e in i $el%, setting forth therein the policy to be e-ecuted, carried out, or implemented by the delegateG and /-1 %i"e$ a $ andard C the limits of which are sufficiently determinate and determinable C o (hi#h he delega e m&$ #on%orm in he 'er%orman#e o% hi$ %&n# ion$. A SC00I&I7:; S; :D 8D is one whi h de%ine$ legi$la ive 'oli#!+ mar6$ i $ limi $+ ma'$ o& i $ -o&ndarie$ and $'e#i%ie$ he '&-li# agen#! o a''l! i * I indi#a e$ he #ir#&m$ an#e$ &nder (hi#h he legi$la ive #ommand i$ o -e e%%e# ed. (Santiago v. C3ME'EC, 182 SCRA ,20, Dar h ,7, ,7785 THE LE>ISLATIHE DEPART:ENT +%. Discuss the nature of the (arty,@ist system. 'ualification, open to all? Is it, without any

Held: ,. The %arty;'ist syste# is a $o#ial .&$ i#e ool de$igned no onl! o give more la( o he grea ma$$e$ o% o&r 'eo'le (ho have le$$ in li%e+ -& al$o o ena-le hem o -e#ome veri a-le la(ma6er$ hem$elve$+ em'o(ered o 'ar i#i'a e dire# l! in he ena# men o% la($ de$igned o -ene%i hem* I in end$ o ma6e he marginali8ed and he &nderre're$en ed no merel! 'a$$ive re#i'ien $ o% he S a eD$ -enevolen#e+ -& a# ive 'ar i#i'an $ in he main$ ream o% re're$en a ive demo#ra#!. Th$s, a''owin! a'' indi"id$a's and !ro$%s, in '$din! those whi h now do#inate distri t e'e tions, to ha"e the sa#e o%%ort$nity to %arti i%ate in %arty;'ist e'e tions wo$'d dese rate this 'ofty o&Be ti"e and #on!re'iJe the so ia' B$sti e #e hanis# into an atro io$s "eneer for traditiona' %o'iti s. (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 1. Cr$ ia' to the reso'$tion of this ase is the f$nda#enta' so ia' B$sti e %rin i%'e that those who ha"e 'ess in 'ife sho$'d ha"e #ore in 'aw. The 'ar !,li$ $!$ em i$ one $&#h ool in ended o -ene%i ho$e (ho have le$$ in li%e* I give$ he grea ma$$e$ o% o&r 'eo'le gen&ine ho'e and gen&ine 'o(er* I i$ a me$$age o he de$ i & e and he 're.&di#ed+ and even o ho$e in he &ndergro&nd+ ha #hange i$ 'o$$i-le* I i$ an invi a ion %or hem o #ome o& o% heir lim-o and $ei8e he o''or &ni !. Clearl!+ here%ore+ he Co&r #anno a##e' he $&-mi$$ion$ " " " ha he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em i$+ (i ho& an! )&ali%i#a ion+ o'en o all. S$ h %osition does not on'y wea9en the e'e tora' han es of the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resentedG it a'so %reB$di es the#. It wo$'d !$t the s$&stan e of the %arty;'ist syste#. Instead of !eneratin! ho%e, it wo$'d reate a #ira!e. Instead of ena&'in! the #ar!ina'iJed, it wo$'d f$rther wea9en the# and a!!ra"ate their #ar!ina'iJation. (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 +$. re political parties L even the major ones L prohibited from participating in the party,list elections?

Held: =nder the Constitution and R! ,:47, %ri"ate re$'onden $ #anno -e di$)&ali%ied %rom he 'ar !,li$ ele# ion$+ merel! on he gro&nd ha he! are 'oli i#al 'ar ie$. Section 5, !rticle 2I of the Constit$tion, %ro"ides that #e#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es #ay E&e e'e ted thro$!h a %arty;'ist syste# of re!istered national, regional, and se tora' parties or or!aniJations. 4$rther#ore, $nder Sections , and ., !rticle I% DCE of the Constit$tion, political parties may be registered under the party,list system. 6 > >

24

D$rin! the de'i&erations in the Constit$tiona' Co##ission, Co##. Christian S. Donsod %ointed o$t that the %arti i%ants in the %arty;'ist syste# #ay E&e a re!iona' %arty, a se tora' %arty, a nationa' %arty, =NIDO, Da!sasa9a, or a re!iona' %arty in Dindanao.F > > >. Indeed, Co##issioner Donsod stated that the %$r%ose of the %arty; 'ist %ro"ision was to o'en &' he $!$ em, in order to !i"e a han e to %arties that onsistent'y %'a e third or fo$rth in on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions to win a seat in Con!ress. <e e>%'ainedI EThe '&r'o$e o% hi$ i$ o o'en he $!$ em* In he 'a$ ele# ion$+ (e %o&nd o& ha here (ere #er ain gro&'$ or 'ar ie$ ha + i% (e #o&n heir vo e$ na ion(ide+ have a-o& 0+JJJ+JJJ or 0+GJJ+JJJ vo e$* B& he! (ere al(a!$ hird or %o&r h 'la#e in ea#h o% he di$ ri# $* So+ he! have no voi#e in he A$$em-l!* B& hi$ (a!+ he! (o&ld have %ive or $i" re're$en a ive$ in he a$$em-l! even i% he! (o&ld no (in individ&all! in legi$la ive di$ ri# $* So+ ha i$ e$$en iall! he me#hani#$+ he '&r'o$e and o-.e# ive o% he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em.F 4or its %art, Section + of R! ,:47 a'so %ro"ides for Ea %arty; 'ist syste# of re!istered nationa', re!iona' and se tora' parties or or!aniJations or oa'itions thereof, > > >.F Se tion - e>%ress'y states that a E%artyF is Eeither a %o'iti a' %arty or a se tora' %arty or a oa'ition of %arties.F Dore to the %oint, the 'aw defines E%o'iti a' %artyF as Ean or!aniJed !ro$% of itiJens ad"o atin! an ideo'o!y or %'atfor#, %rin i%'es and %o'i ies for the !enera' ond$ t of !o"ern#ent and whi h, as the #ost i##ediate #eans of se $rin! their ado%tion, re!$'ar'y no#inates and s$%%orts ertain of its 'eaders and #e#&ers as andidates for %$&'i offi e.F 4$rther#ore, Section 77 of R! ,:47 'ea"es no do$&t as to the %arti i%ation of %o'iti a' %arties in the %arty;'ist syste#. 6 > > Ind$&ita&'y, therefore, %o'iti a' %arties C e"en the #aBor ones C #ay %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist e'e tions. That %o'iti a' %arties #ay %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist e'e tions does not #ean, howe"er, that any %o'iti a' %arty C or any or!aniJation or !ro$% for that #atter C #ay do so. The re)&i$i e #hara# er o% he$e 'ar ie$ or organi8a ion$ m&$ -e #on$i$ en (i h he '&r'o$e o% he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em+ a$ laid do(n in he Con$ i & ion and RA FCE0. 6 > > (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 +#. Who are the marginali=ed and underrepresented represented under the party,list system? sectors to be

Held: The #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors to &e re%resented $nder the %arty;'ist syste# are en$#erated in Section 5 of R! ,:47 > > >. Whi'e the en$#eration of #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors is no e"#l&$ive, it de#onstrates the #lear in en o% he la( ha no all $e# or$ #an -e re're$en ed &nder he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em. 6 > > @WAe stress that the %arty;'ist syste# see9s to ena&'e ertain 4i'i%ino itiJens C s%e ifi a''y those &e'on!in! to marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed $e# or$+ organi8a ion$ and 'ar ie$ C to &e e'e ted to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. The assertion > > > that the %arty;'ist syste# is not e> '$si"e to the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented disre!ards the 'ear stat$tory %o'i y. Its 'ai# that e"en the s$%er; ri h and o"erre%resented an %arti i%ate dese rates the s%irit of the %arty;'ist syste#. Indeed+ he la( #ra% ed o addre$$ he 'e#&liar di$advan age o% Pa!a a$ hovel d(eller$ #anno -e a''ro'ria ed -! he man$ion o(ner$ o% 9or-e$ Par6* The in ere$ $ o% he$e (o $e# or$ are mani%e$ l!

25

di$'ara e4 hen#e+ he " " " 'o$i ion rea$on and #ommon $en$e. 6 > >

rea

hem $imilarl! de%ie$

While he -&$ine$$ mog&l$ and he mega,ri#h are+ n&meri#all! $'ea6ing+ a in! minori !+ he! are nei her marginali8ed nor &nderre're$en ed+ %or he $ ar6 reali ! i$ ha heir e#onomi# #lo& engender$ 'oli i#al 'o(er more a(e$ome han heir n&meri#al limi a ion* Tradi ionall!+ 'oli i#al 'o(er doe$ no ne#e$$aril! emana e %rom he $i8e o% oneD$ #on$ i &en#!4 indeed+ i i$ li6el! o ari$e more dire# l! %rom he n&m-er and amo&n o% oneD$ -an6 a##o&n $. I i$ ironi#+ here%ore+ ha he marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed in o&r mid$ are he ma.ori ! (ho (allo( in 'over !+ de$ i & ion and in%irmi !* I (a$ %or hem ha he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em (a$ ena# ed N o give hem no onl! gen&ine ho'e+ -& gen&ine 'o(er4 o give hem o''or &ni ! o -e ele# ed and o re're$en he $'e#i%i# #on#ern$ o% heir #on$ i &en#ie$4 and $im'l! o give hem a dire# vo e in Congre$$ and in he larger a%%air$ o% he S a e. In its no&'est sense, the %arty;'ist syste# tr$'y e#%owers the #asses and $shers a new ho%e for !en$ine han!e. Veri'y, it in"ites those #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented in the %ast C the far# hands, the fisher fo'9, the $r&an %oor, e"en those in the $nder!ro$nd #o"e#ent C to o#e o$t and %arti i%ate, as indeed #any of the# a#e o$t and %arti i%ated d$rin! the 'ast e'e tions. The State annot now disa%%oint and fr$strate the# &y disa&'in! the dese ratin! this so ia' B$sti e "ehi 'e. 3e a$se the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented had not &een a&'e to win in the on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions nor#a''y do#inated &y traditiona' %o'iti ians and "ested !ro$%s, 12 %er ent of the seats in the <o$se of Re%resentati"es were set aside for the %arty;'ist syste#. In ar!$in! that e"en those se tors who nor#a''y ontro''ed /2 %er ent of the seats in the <o$se o$'d %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist e'e tions for the re#ainin! 12 %er ent, the OS+ and the Co#e'e disre!ard the f$nda#enta' differen e &etween the on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions and the %arty;'ist e'e tions. As ear'ier noted, he '&r'o$e o% he 'ar !,li$ 'rovi$ion (a$ o o'en &' he $!$ em+ in order o enhan#e he #han#e o% $e# oral gro&'$ and organi8a ion$ o gain re're$en a ion in he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ hro&gh he $im'le$ $#heme 'o$$i-le. Lo!i shows that the syste# has &een o%ened to those who ha"e ne"er !otten a footho'd within it C those who annot otherwise win in re!$'ar e'e tions and who therefore need the Esi#%'est s he#e %ossi&'eF to do so. Con"erse'y, it wo$'d &e i''o!i a' to o%en the syste# to those who ha"e 'on! &een within it C those %ri"i'e!ed se tors that ha"e 'on! do#inated the on!ressiona' distri t e'e tions. 6 > > Heril!+ allo(ing he non,marginali8ed and overre're$en ed o vie %or he remaining $ea $ &nder he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em (o&ld no onl! DILUTE+ -& al$o PREMUDICE he #han#e o% he marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed+ #on rar! o he in en ion o% he la( o enhan#e i * The 'ar !,li$ $!$ em i$ a ool %or he -ene%i o% he &nder'rivileged4 he la( #o&ld no have given he $ame ool o o her$+ o he 're.&di#e o% he in ended -ene%i#iarie$. (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 .2. Section .<2>, rticle FI of the &onstitution provides that H3t4he party,list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party, list.H Does the &onstitution re'uire all such allocated seats to be filled up all the time and under all circumstances?

Held: The Constit$tion si#%'y states that M@tAhe %arty;'ist re%resentati"es sha'' onstit$te twenty per centum of the tota' n$#&er of re%resentati"es in '$din! those $nder the %arty;'ist.M

26

6 > > We r$'e that a si#%'e readin! of Se tion ., Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion, easi'y on"eys the e:$a''y si#%'e #essa!e that Congre$$ (a$ ve$ ed (i h he -road 'o(er o de%ine and 're$#ri-e he me#hani#$ o% he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em o% re're$en a ion* The Con$ i & ion e"'li#i l! $e $ do(n onl! he 'er#en age o% he o al mem-er$hi' in he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ re$erved %or 'ar !,li$ re're$en a ive$. In he e"er#i$e o% i $ #on$ i & ional 'reroga ive+ Congre$$ ena# ed R! ,:47. As said ear'ier, Con!ress de 'ared therein a %o'i y to %ro#ote M%ro%ortiona' re%resentationM in the e'e tion of %arty;'ist re%resentati"es in order to ena&'e 4i'i%inos &e'on!in! to the #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors to ontri&$te 'e!is'ation that wo$'d &enefit the#. I ho(ever deemed i ne#e$$ar! o re)&ire 'ar ie$+ organi8a ion$ and #oali ion$ 'ar i#i'a ing in he $!$ em o o- ain a lea$ (o 'er#en o% he o al vo e$ #a$ %or he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em in order o -e en i led o a 'ar !,li$ $ea * Tho$e garnering more han hi$ 'er#en age #o&ld have Oaddi ional $ea $ in 'ro'or ion o heir o al n&m-er o% vo e$*O 9&r hermore+ no (inning 'ar !+ organi8a ion or #oali ion #an have more han hree $ea $ in he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$. 6 > > Considerin! the fore!oin! stat$tory re:$ire#ents, it wi'' &e shown > > > that Se# ion G/51+ Ar i#le HI o% he Con$ i & ion i$ no manda or!* I merel! 'rovide$ a CEI'ING %or 'ar !,li$ $ea $ in Congre$$. (2eterans =e$eration Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,-08/,, O t. 0, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 51. What are the I:FI9@ E@7 ( 8 ?7;78S to determine the winners in a (hilippine,style party,list election? Held: To deter#ine the winners in a Phi'i%%ine;sty'e %arty;'ist e'e tion, the Constit$tion and Re%$&'i A t No. 87?, #andate at 'east fo$r in"io'a&'e %ara#eters. These areI 0irst, T<E TWENTY PERCENT ALLOCATION ; he #om-ined n&m-er o% ALL 'ar !,li$ #ongre$$men $hall no e"#eed (en ! 'er#en o% he o al mem-er$hi' o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$+ in#l&ding ho$e ele# ed &nder he 'ar ! li$ . Second, T<E TWO PERCENT T<RES<OLD ; onl! ho$e garnering a minim&m o% (o 'er#en o% he o al valid vo e$ #a$ %or he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em are O)&ali%iedO o have a $ea in he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$. ;hird, T<E T<REE SEAT LIDIT ; eac) Hualifie$ party regar$less of t)e num#er of votes it actually o#taine$ is entitle$ to a maIimum of t)ree seatsJ t)at is one KHualifyingK an$ t(o a$$itional seats. 0ourth, PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION ; he addi a )&ali%ied 'ar ! i$ en i led o $hall -e #om'& ed heir o al n&m-er o% vo e$.M (2eterans =e$eration +.R. No. ,-08/, and Co#%anion Cases, O t. 0, 1222, En .2. ional $ea $ (hi#h Oin 'ro'or ion o Party v. C3ME'EC, 3an @Pan!ani&anA5

State the guidelines for screening (arty,@ist (articipants.

Held: In this 'i!ht, the Co$rt finds it a%%ro%riate to 'ay down the fo''owin! !$ide'ines, $''ed fro# the 'aw and the Constit$tion, to assist the Co#e'e in its wor9. 4IRST, the 'oli i#al 'ar !+ $e# or+ organi8a ion or #oali ion m&$ re're$en he marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed gro&'$ iden i%ied in Se# ion G o% RA FCE0* In o her (ord$+ i m&$ $ho( N hro&gh i $ #on$ i & ion+ ar i#le$ o% in#or'ora ion+ -!la($+ hi$ or!+ 'la %orm o% governmen and ra#6 re#ord N ha i re're$en $ and $ee6$ o &'li% marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed $e# or$* Heril!+ ma.ori ! o% i $

27

mem-er$hi' $ho&ld -elong o he marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed* And i m&$ demon$ ra e ha in a #on%li# o% in ere$ + i ha$ #ho$en or i$ li6el! o #hoo$e he in ere$ o% $&#h $e# or$. SECOND, whi'e e"en #aBor %o'iti a' %arties are e>%ress'y a''owed &y RA 87?, and the Constit$tion to %arti i%ate in the %arty;'ist syste#, they #$st o#%'y with the de 'ared stat$tory %o'i y of ena&'in! E4i'i%ino itiJens &e'on!in! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors > > > to &e e'e ted to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es.F In o her (ord$+ (hile he! are no di$)&ali%ied merel! on he gro&nd ha he! are 'oli i#al 'ar ie$+ he! m&$ $ho(+ ho(ever+ ha he! re're$en he in ere$ $ o% he marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed. 6 > >. T<IRD, in "iew of the o&Be tions dire ted a!ainst the re!istration of An! 3$hay <ayaan! Y$#a&on!, whi h is a''e!ed'y a re'i!io$s !ro$%, he Co&r no e$ he e"'re$$ #on$ i & ional 'rovi$ion ha he religio&$ $e# or ma! no -e re're$en ed in he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em. > > > 4$rther#ore, the Constit$tion %ro"ides that Ereligio&$ denomina ion$ and $e# $ $hall no -e regi$ ered.F <Sec. 2 3.4, rticle I! 3&4> The %rohi&ition was e>%'ained &y a #e#&er of the Constit$tiona' Co##ission in this wiseI E<T=he 'rohi-i ion i$ on an! religio&$ organi8a ion regi$ ering a$ a 'oli i#al 'ar !* I do no $ee an! 'rohi-i ion here again$ a 'rie$ r&nning a$ a #andida e* Tha i$ no 'rohi-i ed here4 i i$ he regi$ ra ion o% a religio&$ $e# a$ a 'oli i#al 'ar !.F 4O=RT<, a 'ar ! or an organi8a ion m&$ no -e di$)&ali%ied &nder Se# ion I o% RA FCE0+ (hi#h en&mera e$ he gro&nd$ %or di$)&ali%i#a ion a$ %ollo($I 1) It is a religio&$ $e# or denomina ion+ organi8a ion or a$$o#ia ion organi8ed %or religio&$ '&r'o$e$G 2) It advo#a e$ violen#e or &nla(%&l mean$ to see9 its !oa'G 3) It is a %oreign 'ar ! or organi8a ionG 4) It is re#eiving $&''or %rom an! %oreign governmen + %oreign 'oli i#al 'ar !+ %o&nda ion+ organi8a ion+ (he her dire# l! or hro&gh an! o% i $ o%%i#er$ or mem-er$ or indire# l! hro&gh hird 'ar ie$ %or 'ar i$an ele# ion '&r'o$e$G 5) It viola e$ or %ail$ o #om'l! (i h la($+ r&le$ or reg&la ion$ rela ing o ele# ion$G 6) It de#lare$ &n r& h%&l $ a emen $ in i $ 'e i ionG 7) It has #ea$ed o e"i$ %or a lea$ one /01 !earG or 8) It %ail$ o 'ar i#i'a e in he la$ (o /51 're#eding ele# ion$ or %ail$ o o- ain a lea$ (o 'er #en &m /5P1 o% he vo e$ #a$ &nder he 'ar !,li$ $!$ em in he (o /51 're#eding ele# ion$ %or he #on$ i &en#! in (hi#h i had regi$ ered.F Note sho$'d &e ta9en of %ara!ra%h ., whi h dis:$a'ifies a %arty or !ro$% for "io'ation of or fai'$re to o#%'y with e'e tion 'aws and re!$'ations. These 'aws in '$de Section + of R! ,:47, whi h states that the %arty;'ist syste# see9s to Eena&'e 4i'i%ino itiJens &e'on!in! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors, or!aniJations and %arties > > > to &e o#e #e#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es.F A %arty or or!aniJation, therefore, that does not o#%'y with this %o'i y #$st &e dis:$a'ified. 4I4T<, he 'ar ! or organi8a ion m&$ no -e an ad.&n# o%+ or a 'ro.e# organi8ed or an en i ! %&nded or a$$i$ ed -!+ he governmen . 3y the "ery nat$re of the %arty;'ist syste#, the %arty or or!aniJation #$st &e a !ro$% of itiJens, or!aniJed &y itiJens and o%erated &y itiJens. I m&$ -e inde'enden o% he governmen . The %arti i%ation of the !o"ern#ent or its offi ia's in the affairs of a %arty;'ist andidate is not on'y illegal and &n%air to other %arties, &$t a'so dele erio&$ o he o-.e# ive o% he la(I to ena&'e itiJens &e'on!in! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors and or!aniJation to &e e'e ted to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es.

28

SI6T<, he 'ar ! m&$ no onl! #om'l! (i h he la(4 i $ nominee$ m&$ li6e(i$e do $o. > > >

he re)&iremen $ o%

SEVENT<, no onl! he #andida e 'ar ! or organi8a ion m&$ re're$en marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed $e# or$4 $o al$o m&$ i $ nominee$. To re%eat, $nder Se tion 1 of RA 87?,, the no#inees #$st &e 4i'i%ino itiJens Ewho &e'on! to #ar!ina'iJed and $nderre%resented se tors, or!aniJations and %arties.F S&rel!+ he in ere$ $ o% he !o& h #anno -e %&ll! re're$en ed -! a re iree4 nei her #an ho$e o% he &r-an 'oor or he (or6ing #la$$+ -! an ind&$ riali$ * To allo( o her(i$e i$ o -e ra! he S a e 'oli#! o give gen&ine re're$en a ion o he marginali8ed and &nderre're$en ed. EI+<T<, > > > whi'e 'a 9in! a we'';defined %o'iti a' onstit$en y, he nominee m&$ li6e(i$e -e a-le o #on ri-& e o he %orm&la ion and ena# men o% a''ro'ria e legi$la ion ha (ill -ene%i he na ion a$ a (hole. > > > (!ng 6agong 6ayani G 3=B 'a#or Party v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8./7, *$ne 10, 122,, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 .*. ccused,appellant &ongressman 8omeo 5. Jalosjos filed a motion before the &ourt asBing that he be allowed to fully discharge the duties of a &ongressman, including attendance at legislative sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in the first instance of a non,bailable offense. 6e contended that his reelection being an e-pression of popular will cannot be rendered inutile by any ruling, giving priority to any right or interest L not even the police power of the State. 8esolve.

Held: The imm&ni ! %rom arre$ or de en ion o% Sena or$ and mem-er$ o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ " " " ari$e$ %rom a 'rovi$ion o% he Con$ i & ion. The history of the %ro"ision shows that the %ri"i'e!e has a'ways &een !ranted in a restri ti"e sense. The %ro"ision !rantin! an e>e#%tion as a s%e ia' %ri"i'e!e annot &e e>tended &eyond the ordinary #eanin! of its ter#s. It #ay not &e e>tended &y intend#ent, i#%'i ation or e:$ita&'e onsiderations. The ,7-. Constit$tion Le!is'ati"e De%art#entI %ro"ided in its Arti 'e VI on the

Se . ,.. The Senators and De#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es sha'' in a'' ases e> e%t treason, fe'ony, and &rea h of the %ea e, &e %ri"i'e!ed fro# arrest d$rin! their attendan e at the sessions of Con!ress, and in !oin! to and ret$rnin! fro# the sa#eG > > >. 3e a$se of the &road o"era!e of fe'ony and &rea h of the %ea e, the e>e#%tion a%%'ied on'y to i"i' arrests. A on!ress#an 'i9e the a $sed;a%%e''ant, on"i ted $nder Tit'e E'e"en of the Re"ised Pena' Code o$'d not 'ai# %ar'ia#entary i##$nity fro# arrest. <e was s$&Be t to the sa#e !enera' 'aws !o"ernin! a'' %ersons sti'' to &e tried or whose on"i tions were %endin! a%%ea'. The ,78fo''owsI Constit$tion &roadened the %ri"i'e!e of i##$nity as

Arti 'e VIII, Se . 7. A De#&er of the 3atasan! Pa#&ansa sha'', in a'' offenses %$nisha&'e &y not #ore than si> years i#%rison#ent, &e %ri"i'e!ed fro# arrest d$rin! his attendan e at its sessions and in !oin! to and ret$rnin! fro# the sa#e. 4or offenses %$nisha&'e &y #ore than si> years i#%rison#ent, there was no i##$nity fro# arrest. The restri ti"e inter%retation of i##$nity and the intent to onfine it within aref$''y defined %ara#eters is i''$strated &y the on '$din! %ortion of the %ro"ision, to witI

29

6 > > &$t the 3atasan! Pa#&ansa sha'' s$rrender the #e#&er in"o'"ed to the $stody of the 'aw within twenty fo$r ho$rs after its adBo$rn#ent for a re ess or for its ne>t session, otherwise s$ h %ri"i'e!e sha'' ease $%on its fai'$re to do so. The %resent Constit$tion adheres to the sa#e restri ti"e r$'e #in$s the o&'i!ation of Con!ress to s$rrender the s$&Be t Con!ress#an to the $stody of the 'aw. The re:$ire#ent that he sho$'d &e attendin! sessions or o##ittee #eetin!s has a'so &een re#o"ed. 4or re'ati"e'y #inor offenses, it is eno$!h that Con!ress is in session. The a $sed;a%%e''ant ar!$es that a #e#&er of Con!ressL f$n tion to attend sessions is $nders ored &y Se tion ,0(15, Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion whi h states that C (15 A #aBority of ea h <o$se sha'' onstit$te a :$or$# to do &$siness, &$t a s#a''er n$#&er #ay adBo$rn fro# day to day and #ay o#%e' the attendan e of a&sent De#&ers in s$ h #anner, and $nder s$ h %ena'ties, as s$ h <o$se #ay %ro"ide. <owe"er, the a $sed;a%%e''ant has not !i"en any reason why he sho$'d &e e>e#%ted fro# the o%eration of Se tion ,,, Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion. The mem-er$ o% Congre$$ #anno #om'el a-$en mem-er$ o a end $e$$ion$ i% he rea$on %or he a-$en#e i$ a legi ima e one* The #on%inemen o% a Congre$$man #harged (i h a #rime '&ni$ha-le -! im'ri$onmen o% more han $i" !ear$ i$ no merel! a& hori8ed -! la(+ i ha$ #on$ i & ional %o&nda ion$. A $sed;a%%e''antLs re'ian e on the r$'in! in !guinal$o v. Santos (1,1 SCRA 80/, at 88- @,771A5, whi h states, inter alia, that C The Co$rt sho$'d ne"er re#o"e a %$&'i offi er for a ts done %rior to his %resent ter# of offi e. To do otherwise wo$'d &e to de%ri"e the %eo%'e of their ri!ht to e'e t their offi ers. When the %eo%'e ha"e e'e ted a #an to offi e, it #$st &e ass$#ed that they did this with the 9now'ed!e of his 'ife and hara ter, and that they disre!arded or for!a"e his fa$'t or #is ond$ t, if he had &een !$i'ty of any. It is not for the Co$rt, &y reason of s$ h fa$'t or #is ond$ t, to %ra ti a''y o"err$'e the wi'' of the %eo%'e. wi'' not e>tri ate hi# fro# his %redi a#ent. I #an -e readil! $een " " " ha he Ag&inaldo #a$e involve$ he admini$ ra ive removal o% a '&-li# o%%i#er %or a# $ done PRIOR o hi$ 're$en erm o% o%%i#e* I doe$ no a''l! o im'ri$onmen ari$ing %rom he en%or#emen o% #riminal la(* :oreover+ in he $ame (a! ha 'reven ive $&$'en$ion i$ no removal+ #on%inemen 'ending a''eal i$ no removal* He remain$ a Congre$$man &nle$$ e"'elled -! Congre$$ or+ o her(i$e+ di$)&ali%ied. One ra ionale -ehind #on%inemen + (he her 'ending a''eal or a% er %inal #onvi# ion+ i$ '&-li# $el%,de%en$e* So#ie ! m&$ 'ro e# i $el%* I al$o $erve$ a$ an e"am'le and (arning o o her$. A 'er$on #harged (i h #rime i$ a6en in o #&$ od! %or '&r'o$e$ o% he admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e. As stated in /nite$ States v. Gustilo (,7 Phi'. 12/, 1,15, i i$ he in.&r! o he '&-li# (hi#h S a e a# ion in #riminal la( $ee6$ o redre$$* I i$ no he in.&r! o he #om'lainan * A% er #onvi# ion in he Regional Trial Co&r + he a##&$ed ma! -e denied -ail and h&$ $&-.e# ed o in#ar#era ion i% here i$ ri$6 o% hi$ a-$#onding. The a $sed;a%%e''ant states that the %'ea of the e'e torate whi h "oted hi# into offi e annot &e s$%%'anted &y $nfo$nded fears that he #i!ht es a%e e"ent$a' %$nish#ent if %er#itted to %erfor# on!ressiona' d$ties o$tside his re!$'ar %'a e of onfine#ent. It wi'' &e re a''ed that when a warrant for a $sed;a%%e''antLs arrest was iss$ed, he f'ed and e"aded a%t$re des%ite a a'' fro# his o''ea!$es in the <o$se of Re%resentati"es for hi# to attend the

30

sessions and to s$rrender "o'$ntari'y to the a$thorities. Ironi a''y, it is now the sa#e &ody whose a'' he initia''y s%$rned whi h a $sed; a%%e''ant is in"o9in! to B$stify his %resent #otion. This an not &e o$ntenan ed &e a$se, > > > aside fro# its &ein! ontrary to we''; defined Constit$tiona' restrainsG it wo$'d &e a #o 9ery of the ai#s of the StateLs %ena' syste#. A $sed;a%%e''ant ar!$es that on se"era' o asions, the Re!iona' Tria' Co$rt of Da9ati !ranted se"era' #otions to te#%orari'y 'ea"e his e'' at the Da9ati City *ai', for offi ia' or #edi a' reasons > > >. <e a'so a''s attention to "ario$s instan es, after his transfer at the New 3i'i&id Prison in D$ntin'$%a City, when he was 'i9ewise a''owedK%er#itted to 'ea"e the %rison %re#ises > > >. There i$ no $ho(ing ha he a-ove 'rivilege$ are 'e#&liar o him or o a mem-er o% Congre$$* Emergen#! or #om'elling em'orar! leave$ %rom im'ri$onmen are allo(ed o all 'ri$oner$+ a he di$#re ion o% he a& hori ie$ or &'on #o&r order$. Wha he a##&$ed,a''ellan $ee6$ i$ no o% an emergen#! na &re* Allo(ing a##&$ed,a''ellan o a end #ongre$$ional $e$$ion$ and #ommi ee mee ing$ %or %ive /G1 da!$ or more in a (ee6 (ill vir &all! ma6e him a %ree man (i h all he 'rivilege$ a''&r enan o hi$ 'o$i ion* S&#h an a-erran $i &a ion no onl! eleva e$ a##&$ed, a''ellan D$ $ a &$ o ha o% a $'e#ial #la$$+ i al$o (o&ld -e a mo#6er! o% he '&r'o$e$ o% he #orre# ion $!$ em. 6 > > The a $sed;a%%e''ant a"ers that his onstit$ents in the 4irst Distri t of Na#&oan!a de' Norte want their "oi es to &e heard and that sin e he is treated as bona fide #e#&er of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es, the 'atter $r!es a o;e:$a' &ran h of !o"ern#ent to res%e t his #andate. <e a'so 'ai#s that the on e%t of te#%orary detention does not ne essari'y $rtai' his d$ty to dis har!e his #andate and that he has a'ways o#%'ied with the onditionsKrestri tions when he is a''owed to 'ea"e Bai'. We re#ain $n%ers$aded. 6 > > When he vo er$ o% hi$ di$ ri# ele# ed he a##&$ed,a''ellan o Congre$$+ he! did $o (i h %&ll a(arene$$ o% he limi a ion$ on hi$ %reedom o% a# ion* The! did $o (i h he 6no(ledge ha he #o&ld a#hieve onl! $&#h legi$la ive re$&l $ (hi#h he #o&ld a##om'li$h (i hin he #on%ine$ o% 'ri$on* To give a more dra$ i# ill&$ ra ion+ i% vo er$ ele# a 'er$on (i h %&ll 6no(ledge ha he i$ $&%%ering %rom a erminal illne$$+ he! do $o 6no(ing ha a an! ime+ he ma! no longer $erve hi$ %&ll erm in o%%i#e. (People v. 1alos0os, -1? SCRA 0/7, 4e&. -, 1222, En 3an @Ynares;Santia!oA5 .+. Discuss the objectives of Section 2)<">, rticle FI of the "#$% &onstitution, that H3e4very bill passed by the &ongress shall embrace only one subject which shall be e-pressed in the title thereof.H

Held: The o&Be ti"es of Section +;879, !rticle 2I of the 7:., Constitution areI 1) To 'reven hodge,'odge or log,rolling legi$la ionG 2) To 'reven $&r'ri$e or %ra&d &'on he legi$la &re &y #eans of %ro"isions in &i''s of whi h the tit'es !a"e no infor#ation, and whi h #i!ht therefore &e o"er'oo9ed and are'ess'y and $nintentiona''y ado%tedG and 3) To %airl! a''ri$e he 'eo'le+ hro&gh $&#h '&-li#a ion o% legi$la ive 'ro#eeding$ a$ i$ &$&all! made, of the s$&Be ts of 'e!is'ation that are &ein! onsidered, in order that they #ay

31

ha"e o%%ort$nity of &ein! heard otherwise if they sha'' so desire.

thereon

&y

%etition

or

Se tion 10(,5 of Arti 'e VI of the ,7/8 Constit$tion is s$ffi ient'y o#%'ied with where > > > the i le i$ CO:PREHENSIHE eno&gh o em-ra#e he general o-.e# ive i $ee6$ o a#hieve+ and i% all he 'ar $ o% he $ a & e are RELATED and >ER:ANE o he $&-.e# ma er em-odied in he i le or $o long a$ he $ame are NOT INCONSISTENT (i h or %oreign o he general $&-.e# and i le. (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, en 3an @P$risi#aA5 ... Section ++ of 8. . :o. $"$# <;he FoterMs 8egistration ct of "##)> which provides for automatic transfer to a new station of any 7lection 9fficer who has already served for more than four years in a particular city or municipality was assailed for being violative of Section 2)<"> of rticle FI of the &onstitution allegedly because it has an isolated and different subject from that of 8 $"$# and that the same is not e-pressed in the title of the law. Should the challenge be sustained?

Held: Section 44 of R! .7.: i$ no i$ola ed #on$idering ha i i$ rela ed and germane o he $&-.e# ma er $ a ed in he i le o% he la(. The tit'e of RA /,/7 is MThe VoterHs Re!istration A t of ,770M with a s$&Be t #atter en$n iated in the e>%'anatory note as MAN ACT PROVIDIN+ 4OR A +ENERAL RE+ISTRATION O4 VOTERS, ADOPTIN+ A SYSTED O4 CONTIN=IN+ RE+ISTRATION, PRESCRI3IN+ T<E PROCED=RES T<EREO4 AND A=T<ORININ+ T<E APPROPRIATION O4 4=NDS T<ERE4OR.M Se# ion EE+ (hi#h 'rovide$ %or he rea$$ignmen o% ele# ion o%%i#er$+ i$ relevan o he $&-.e# ma er o% regi$ ra ion a$ i $ee6$ o en$&re he in egri ! o% he regi$ ra ion 'ro#e$$ -! 'roviding g&ideline %or he CO:ELEC o %ollo( in he rea$$ignmen o% ele# ion o%%i#er$* I i$ no an alien 'rovi$ion -& one (hi#h i$ rela ed o he #ond&# and 'ro#ed&re o% #on in&ing regi$ ra ion o% vo er$. In this re!ard, it &ears stressin! that he Con$ i & ion doe$ no re)&ire Congre$$ o em'lo! in he i le o% an ena# men + lang&age o% $&#h 're#i$ion a$ o mirror+ %&ll! inde" or #a alog&e+ all he #on en $ and he min& e de ail$ herein. (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC , +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 .). Do courts have the power to in'uire into allegations that, in enacting a law, a 6ouse of &ongress failed to comply with its own rules?

Held: The ases, &oth here and a&road, in "aryin! for#s of e>%ression, all den! o he #o&r $ he 'o(er o in)&ire in o allega ion$ ha + in ena# ing a la(+ a Ho&$e o% Congre$$ %ailed o #om'l! (i h i $ o(n r&le$+ in he a-$en#e o% $ho(ing ha here (a$ a viola ion o% a #on$ i & ional 'rovi$ion or he righ o% 'riva e individ&al$. In 3smena v. Pen$atun (,27 Phi'. At /82;/8,5, it was he'dI EAt any rate, o$rts ha"e de 'ared that O he r&le$ ado' ed -! deli-era ive -odie$ are $&-.e# o revo#a ion+ modi%i#a ion or (aiver a he 'lea$&re o% he -od! ado' ing hem*D And i ha$ -een $aid ha QParliamen ar! r&le$ are merel! 'ro#ed&ral+ and (i h heir o-$ervan#e+ he #o&r $ have no #on#ern* The! ma! -e (aived or di$regarded -! he legi$la ive -od!*D Con$e)&en l!+ Qmere %ail&re o #on%orm o 'arliamen ar! &$age (ill no invalida e ha a# ion / a6en -! a deli-era ive -od!1 (hen he re)&i$i e n&m-er o% mem-er$ have agreed o a 'ar i#&lar mea$&re.LF I m&$ -e reali8ed ha ea#h o% he hree de'ar men $ o% o&r governmen ha$ i $ $e'ara e $'here (hi#h he o her$ ma! no invade (i ho& &'$e ing he deli#a e -alan#e on (hi#h o&r #on$ i & ional order re$ $. D$e re!ard for the wor9in! of o$r syste# of !o"ern#ent, #ore than #ere o#ity, o#%e's re'$ tan e on the %art of the o$rts to enter $%on an in:$iry into an a''e!ed "io'ation of the r$'es of the <o$se. Co$rts #$st a ordin!'y de 'ine the in"itation to e>er ise

32

their %ower. @DendoJaA5 .%.

(!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778

What is the Eicameral &onference &ommittee? of its function and its jurisdiction.

Discuss the nature the he Its

Held: Whi'e it is tr$e that a onferen e o##ittee is me#hani$m %or #om'romi$ing di%%eren#e$ -e (een he Sena e and Ho&$e, it is no limi ed in i $ .&ri$di# ion o hi$ )&e$ ion. &roader f$n tion is des ri&ed th$sI

A #on%eren#e #ommi ee ma! deal generall! (i h he $&-.e# ma er or i ma! -e limi ed o re$olving he 're#i$e di%%eren#e$ -e (een he (o ho&$e$* Even (here he #on%eren#e #ommi ee i$ no -! r&le limi ed in i $ .&ri$di# ion+ legi$la ive #&$ om $everel! limi $ he %reedom (i h (hi#h ne( $&-.e# ma er #an -e in$er ed in o he #on%eren#e -ill. 3$t o asiona''y a onferen e o##ittee %rod$ es $ne>%e ted res$'ts, res$'ts &eyond its #andate. These e> $rsions o $r e"en where the r$'es i#%ose stri t 'i#itations on onferen e o##ittee B$risdi tion. This is sy#%to#ati of the a$thoritarian %ower of onferen e o##ittee. (P)ilippine 1u$ges !ssociation v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-, No". ,,, ,77-, En 3an @Cr$JA5 .$. Discuss the 7nrolled Eill Doctrine.

Held: /n$er t)e enrolle$ #ill $octrine t)e signing of H. 6ill No. ,7.: #y t)e SpeaAer of t)e House an$ t)e Presi$ent of t)e Senate an$ t)e certification #y t)e secretaries of #ot) Houses of Congress t)at it (as passe$ on Novem#er +7 7::; are conclusive of its $ue enactment. - > > To &e s$re, there is no 'ai# either here or in the de ision in the EVAT ases (&olentino v. Secretary of =inance5 that he enrolled -ill em-odie$ a #on#l&$ive 're$&m' ion. In one ase (!storga v. 2illegas, .0 SCRA 8,? @,78?A5 (e 2(en -ehind3 an enrolled -ill and #on$&l ed he Mo&rnal o de ermine (he her #er ain 'rovi$ion$ o% a $ a & e had -een a''roved -! he Sena e. B& + (here a$ here here i$ no eviden#e o he #on rar!+ hi$ Co&r (ill re$'e# he #er i%i#a ion o% he 're$iding o%%i#er$ o% -o h Ho&$e$ ha a -ill ha$ -een d&l! 'a$$ed* Under hi$ r&le+ hi$ Co&r ha$ re%&$ed o de ermine #laim$ ha he hree,%o&r h$ vo e needed o 'a$$ a 'ro'o$ed amendmen o he Con$ i & ion had no -een o- ained+ -e#a&$e 2a d&l! a& hen i#a ed -ill or re$ol& ion im'or $ a-$ol& e veri ! and i$ -inding on he #o&r $.F > > > This Co$rt has ref$sed to e"en 'oo9 into a''e!ations that the enro''ed &i'' sent to the President ontained %ro"isions whi h had &een Es$rre%titio$s'yF inserted in the onferen e o##ittee > > >. (&olentino v. Secretary of =inance5 It has ref$sed to 'oo9 into har!es that an a#end#ent was #ade $%on the 'ast readin! of a &i'' in "io'ation of Art. VI, Se . 10(15 of the Constit$tion that, E$%on the 'ast readin! of a &i'', no a#end#ent sha'' &e a''owed.F (P)ilippine 1u$ges !ss>n v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-, 8,2 @,77-A5 In other ases, this Co$rt has denied 'ai#s that the tenor of a &i'' was otherwise than as ertified &y the %residin! offi ers of &oth <o$ses of Con!ress. The enro''ed &i'' do trine, as a r$'e of e"iden e, is we''; esta&'ished. It is ited with a%%ro"a' &y te>t writers here and a&road. The enro''ed &i'' r$'e rests on the fo''owin! onsiderationsI 6 > >. A$ he Pre$iden ha$ no a& hori ! o a''rove no 'a$$ed -! Congre$$+ an enrolled A# in he #&$ od! Se#re ar! o% S a e+ and having he o%%i#ial a e$ a ion$ S'ea6er o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$+ o% he Pre$iden a -ill o% he o% he o% he

33

Sena e+ and o% he Pre$iden o% he Uni ed S a e$+ #arrie$+ on i $ %a#e+ a $olemn a$$&ran#e -! he legi$la ive and e"e#& ive de'ar men $ o% he governmen + #harged+ re$'e# ivel!+ (i h he d& ! o% ena# ing and e"e#& ing he la($+ ha i (a$ 'a$$ed -! Congre$$* The re$'e# d&e o #oe)&al and inde'enden de'ar men $ re)&ire$ he .&di#ial de'ar men o a# &'on ha a$$&ran#e+ and o a##e' + a$ having 'a$$ed Congre$$+ all -ill$ a& hen i#a ed in he manner $ a ed4 leaving he #o&r o de ermine+ (hen he )&e$ ion 'ro'erl! ari$e$+ (he her he A# + $o a& hen i#a ed+ i$ in #on%ormi ! (i h he Con$ i & ion. (Mars)all =iel$ L Co. v. ClarA, ,?- =.S. 0?7, 081, -0 L. Ed. 17?, -2- @,/7,A5 To o"err$'e the do trine now, > > > is to re%$diate the #assi"e tea hin! of o$r ases and o"erthrow an esta&'ished r$'e of e"iden e. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778 @DendoJaA5 .#. When should the @egislative Journal be regarded as conclusive upon the courts, and why?

Held: The Mo&rnal i$ regarded a$ #on#l&$ive (i h re$'e# o ma er$ ha are re)&ired -! he Con$ i & ion o -e re#orded herein* Wi h re$'e# o o her ma er$+ in he a-$en#e o% eviden#e o he #on rar!+ he Mo&rnal$ have al$o -een a##orded #on#l&$ive e%%e# $. Th$s, in /nite$ States v. Pons (-? Phi'. 817, 8-. @,7,0AA, 'uoting erel. 6erron v. Smith, ?? Ohio -?/ @,//0A5, this Co$rt s%o9e of the im'era ive$ o% '&-li# 'oli#! %or regarding he Mo&rnal$ a$ 2'&-li# memorial$ o% he mo$ 'ermanen #hara# er+3 h&$: 2The! $ho&ld -e '&-li#+ -e#a&$e all are re)&ired o #on%orm o hem4 he! $ho&ld -e 'ermanen + ha righ $ a#)&ired oda! &'on he %ai h o% (ha ha$ -een de#lared o -e la( $hall no -e de$ ro!ed omorro(+ or a $ome remo e 'eriod o% ime+ -! %a# $ re$ ing onl! in he memor! o% individ&al$.F 6 > >. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778 @DendoJaA5 )2. What matters are re'uired to be entered on the Journal? Held: 1) The !ea$ and na!$ on he hird and %inal reading of a &i'' (Ar * HI+ Se#* 5I<5=5G 2) The !ea$ and na!$ on an! )&e$ ion+ a he re)&e$ o% one,%i% h o% he mem-er$ 're$en (Id., Se#* 0I<E=5G 3) The !ea$ and na!$ &'on re'a$$ing a -ill over he Pre$iden D$ ve o (Id., Se#* 5F<0=5G and 4) The Pre$iden D$ o-.e# ion o a -ill he had ve oed (Id.5. (!rroyo v. De 2enecia, 188 SCRA 10/, A$!. ,?, ,778 @DendoJaA5 )". dis'ualification case was filed against a candidate for &ongressman before the election with the &9?7@7&. ;he latter failed to resolve that dis'ualification case before the election and that candidate won, although he was not yet proclaimed because of that pending dis'ualification case. Is the &9?7@7& now ousted of jurisdiction to resolve the pending dis'ualification case and, therefore, should dismiss the case, considering that jurisdiction is now vested with the 6ouse of 8epresentatives 7lectoral ;ribunal <687;>?

Held: ,. In his first assi!n#ents of error, %etitioner "i!oro$s'y ontends that after the Day /, ,77. e'e tions, the CODELEC 'ost its B$risdi tion o"er the :$estion of %etitionerLs :$a'ifi ations to r$n for #e#&er of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. <e 'ai#s that B$risdi tion o"er the %etition for dis:$a'ifi ation is e> '$si"e'y 'od!ed with the <o$se of Re%resentati"es E'e tora' Tri&$na' (<RET5. +i"en the yet;$nreso'"ed :$estion of B$risdi tion, %etitioner a"ers that the CODELEC o##itted serio$s error and !ra"e a&$se of dis retion in dire tin! the s$s%ension of his %ro 'a#ation as the winnin!

34

andidate in the Se ond Con!ressiona' Distri t of Da9ati City. disa!ree.

We

Pe i ioner #onvenien l! #on%&$e$ he di$ in# ion -e (een an &n'ro#laimed #andida e o he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ and a mem-er o% he $ame* O- aining he highe$ n&m-er o% vo e$ in an ele# ion doe$ no a& oma i#all! ve$ he 'o$i ion in he (inning #andida e. Section 7, of !rticle 2I of the 7:., Constitution readsI /;he Senate and the 6ouse of 8epresentatives shall have an 7lectoral ;ribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and 'ualifications of their respective ?embers.F Under he a-ove,$ a ed 'rovi$ion+ he ele# oral ri-&nal #learl! a$$&me$ .&ri$di# ion over all #on e$ $ rela ive o he ele# ion+ re &rn$ and )&ali%i#a ion$ o% #andida e$ %or ei her he Sena e or he Ho&$e onl! (hen he la er -e#ome :E:BERS o% ei her he Sena e or he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$* A #andida e (ho ha$ no -een 'ro#laimed and (ho ha$ no a6en hi$ oa h o% o%%i#e #anno -e $aid o -e a mem-er o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ $&-.e# o Se# ion 0F o% Ar i#le HI o% he Con$ i & ion. Whi'e the %ro 'a#ation of a winnin! andidate in an e'e tion is #inisteria', E.(. Elg. $$" in conjunction with Sec. ) of 8. . ))+) allows suspension of proclamation under circumstances mentioned therein. Th$s, %etitionerLs ontention that Eafter the ond$ t of the e'e tion and (%etitioner5 has &een esta&'ished the winner of the e'e tora' e>er ise fro# the #o#ent of e'e tion, the CODELEC is a$to#ati a''y di"ested of a$thority to %ass $%on the :$estion of :$a'ifi ationF finds no &asis in 'aw, &e a$se even A9TER he ele# ion$ he CO:ELEC i$ em'o(ered -! Se# ion I /in rela ion o Se# ion F1 o% R*A* IIEI o #on in&e o hear and de#ide )&e$ ion$ rela ing o )&ali%i#a ion$ o% #andida e$. 6 > >. Under he a-ove,)&o ed 'rovi$ion+ no onl! i$ a di$)&ali%i#a ion #a$e again$ a #andida e allo(ed o #on in&e a% er he ele# ion /and doe$ no o&$ he CO:ELEC o% i $ .&ri$di# ion1+ -& hi$ o- aining he highe$ n&m-er o% vo e$ (ill no re$&l in he $&$'en$ion or ermina ion o% he 'ro#eeding$ again$ him (hen he eviden#e o% g&il i$ $ rong* Whi'e the %hrase Ewhen the e"iden e of !$i't is stron!F see#s to s$!!est that the %ro"isions of Se tion 0 o$!ht to &e a%%'i a&'e on'y to dis:$a'ifi ation ases $nder Se tion 0/ of the O#ni&$s E'e tion Code, Se tion 8 of R.A. 00?0 a''ows the a%%'i ation of the %ro"isions of Se tion 0 to ases in"o'"in! dis:$a'ifi ation &ased on ine'i!i&i'ity $nder Se tion 8/ of 3P. 3'!. //,. 6 > >. (!Huino v. C3ME'EC, 1?/ SCRA ?22, Se%t. ,/, ,77., En 3an @)a%$nan, *.A5 1. As to the <o$se of Re%resentati"es E'e tora' Tri&$na'Ls s$%%osed ass$#%tion of B$risdi tion o"er the iss$e of %etitionerLs :$a'ifi ations after the Day /, ,77. e'e tions, s$ffi e it to say that HRETD$ .&ri$di# ion a$ he $ole .&dge o% all #on e$ $ rela ing o he ele# ion$+ re &rn$ and )&ali%i#a ion$ o% mem-er$ o% Congre$$ -egin$ onl! a% er a #andida e ha$ -e#ome a mem-er o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ ( rt. FI, Sec. "%, "#$% &onstitution5. Pe i ioner no -eing a mem-er o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$+ i i$ o-vio&$ ha he HRET a hi$ 'oin ha$ no .&ri$di# ion over he )&e$ ion. (Romual$ezFMarcos v. C3ME'EC, 1?/ SCRA -22, Se%t. ,/, ,77., En 3an @)a%$nan, *.A5 )2. Will the rule be the same if that candidate wins and proclaimed winner and already assumed office as &ongressman? was

Held: Whi'e the CODELEC is "ested with the %ower to de 'are "a'id or in"a'id a ertifi ate of andida y, its ref$sa' to e>er ise that %ower fo''owin! the %ro 'a#ation and ass$#%tion of the %osition &y 4arinas is a re o!nition of the B$risdi tiona' &o$ndaries se%aratin! the CODELEC and the E'e tora' Tri&$na' of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es (<RET5. =nder Arti 'e VI, Se tion ,8 of the Constit$tion, the <RET has

35

so'e and e> '$si"e B$risdi tion o"er a'' ontests re'ati"e to the e'e tion, ret$rns, and :$a'ifi ations of #e#&ers of the <o$se of Re%resentati"es. Th&$+ on#e a (inning #andida e ha$ -een 'ro#laimed+ a6en hi$ oa h+ and a$$&med o%%i#e a$ a mem-er o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$+ CO:ELECD$ .&ri$di# ion over ele# ion #on e$ $ rela ing o hi$ ele# ion+ re &rn$+ and )&ali%i#a ion$ end$+ and he HRETD$ o(n .&ri$di# ion -egin$* Th&$+ he CO:ELECD$ de#i$ion o di$#on in&e e"er#i$ing .&ri$di# ion over he #a$e i$ .&$ i%ia-le+ in de%eren#e o he HRETD$ o(n .&ri$di# ion and %&n# ion$. 6 > > Petitioner f$rther ar!$es that the <RET ass$#es B$risdi tion on'y if there is a "a'id %ro 'a#ation of the winnin! andidate. <e ontends that if a andidate fai's to satisfy the stat$tory re:$ire#ents to :$a'ify hi# as a andidate, his s$&se:$ent %ro 'a#ation is "oid ab initio. Where the %ro 'a#ation is n$'' and "oid, there is no %ro 'a#ation at a'' and the #ere ass$#%tion of offi e &y the %ro 'ai#ed andidate does not de%ri"e the CODELEC at a'' of its %ower to de 'are s$ h n$''ity, a ordin! to %etitioner. B& " " "+ in an ele# oral #on e$ (here he validi ! o% he 'ro#lama ion o% a (inning #andida e (ho ha$ a6en hi$ oa h o% o%%i#e and a$$&med hi$ 'o$ a$ #ongre$$man i$ rai$ed+ ha i$$&e i$ -e$ addre$$ed o he HRET* The rea$on %or hi$ r&ling i$ $el%,eviden + %or i avoid$ d&'li#i ! o% 'ro#eeding$ and a #la$h o% .&ri$di# ion -e (een #on$ i & ional -odie$+ (i h d&e regard o he 'eo'leD$ manda e. (Guerrero v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA ?./, *$'y 10, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 )*. Is there an appeal from a decision of the Senate or 6ouse of 8epresentatives 7lectoral ;ribunal? What then is the remedy, if any?

Held: The Constit$tion #andates that the <o$se of Re%resentati"es E'e tora' Tri&$na' and the Senate E'e tora' Tri&$na' sha'' ea h, res%e ti"e'y, &e the sole B$d!e of a'' ontests re'atin! to the e'e tion, ret$rns and :$a'ifi ations of their res%e ti"e #e#&ers. The Co$rt has stressed that E> > > $o long a$ he Con$ i & ion gran $ he HRET he 'o(er o -e he $ole .&dge o% all #on e$ $ rela ing o he ele# ion+ re &rn$ and )&ali%i#a ion$ o% mem-er$ o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$+ an! %inal a# ion a6en -! he HRET on a ma er (i hin i $ .&ri$di# ion $hall+ a$ a r&le+ no -e revie(ed -! hi$ Co&r * The 'o(er gran ed o he Ele# oral Tri-&nal " " " e"#l&de$ he e"er#i$e o% an! a& hori ! on he 'ar o% hi$ Co&r ha (o&ld in an! (i$e re$ ri# i or #&r ail i or even a%%e# he $ame.F The Co$rt did re o!niJe, of o$rse, its %ower of B$di ia' re"iew in e> e%tiona' ases. In 8obles v. 687; (,/, SCRA 8/25, the Co$rt has e>%'ained that (hile he .&dgmen $ o% he Tri-&nal are -e!ond .&di#ial in er%eren#e+ he Co&r ma! do $o+ ho(ever+ -& onl! 2in he e"er#i$e o% hi$ Co&r D$ $o,#alled e" raordinar! .&ri$di# ion " " " &'on a de ermina ion ha he Tri-&nalD$ de#i$ion or re$ol& ion (a$ rendered (i ho& or in e"#e$$ o% i $ .&ri$di# ion+ or (i h grave a-&$e o% di$#re ion or 'ara'hra$ing ?orrero (Morrero v. 6ocar @00 Phi'. ?17A5, &'on a #lear $ho(ing o% $&#h ar-i rar! and im'roviden &$e -! he Tri-&nal o% i $ 'o(er a$ #on$ i & e$ a denial o% d&e 'ro#e$$ o% la(+ or &'on a demon$ ra ion o% a ver! #lear &nmi iga ed error+ mani%e$ l! #on$ i & ing $&#h grave a-&$e o% di$#re ion ha here ha$ o -e a remed! %or $&#h a-&$e.F The Co$rt does not > > > "ent$re into the %eri'o$s area of orre tin! %er ei"ed errors of inde%endent &ran hes of the +o"ern#entG it o#es in on'y when it has to "indi ate a denia' of d$e %ro ess or orre t an a&$se of dis retion so !ra"e or !'arin! that no 'ess than the Constit$tion itse'f a''s for re#edia' a tion. ('i#anan v. HRE&, 1/- SCRA .12, De . 11, ,778 @Vit$!A5

36

THE E?ECUTIHE DEPART:ENT 64. Did former (resident 7strada resign as (resident or should be considered resigned as of January 22, 222" when (resident 5loria ?acapagal rroyo tooB her oath as the "+th (resident of the 8epublic? Held: 87SI5: ;I9: > > > is a fa t$a' :$estion and its 7@7?7:;S are &eyond :$i&&'eI here m&$ -e an in en o re$ign and he in en m&$ -e #o&'led -! a# $ o% relin)&i$hmen . ;he validity of a resignation is not governed by any formal re'uirement as to form. It can be oral. It can be written. It can be e-press. It can be implied. A$ long a$ he re$igna ion i$ #lear+ i m&$ -e given legal e%%e# * In the ases at &ar, the fa ts show that %etitioner did not write any for#a' 'etter of resi!nation &efore he e"a $ated Da'a anan! Pa'a e in the afternoon of *an$ary 12, 122, after the oath;ta9in! of res%ondent Arroyo. Conse:$ent'y, (he her or no 'e i ioner re$igned ha$ o -e de ermined %rom hi$ a# $ and omi$$ion$ -e%ore+ d&ring and a% er Man&ar! 5J+ 5JJ0 or -! THE TOTALIT; O9 PRIOR+ CONTE:PORANEOUS AND POSTERIOR 9ACTS AND CIRCU:STANTIAL EHIDENCE BEARIN> A :ATERIAL RELEHANCE ON THE ISSUE. =sin! this ;9; @I;G ;7S;, (e hold Pre$iden . 6 > > In s$#, we ho'd that the resi!nation of the %etitioner annot &e do$&ted. It was onfir#ed &y his 'ea"in! Da'a anan!. In the %ress re'ease ontainin! his fina' state#ent, /01 he a#6no(ledged he oa h, a6ing o% he re$'onden a$ Pre$iden of the Re%$&'i a'&eit with reser"ation a&o$t its 'e!a'ityG /51 he em'ha$i8ed he (a$ leaving he Pala#e, the seat of the %residen y, %or he $a6e o% 'ea#e and in order o -egin he healing 'ro#e$$ o% o&r na ion* He $i$ not say )e (as leaving t)e Palace $ue to any Ain$ of ina#ility an$ t)at )e (as going to reFassume t)e presi$ency as soon as t)e $isa#ility $isappearsG /71 he e"'re$$ed hi$ gra i &de o he 'eo'le %or he o''or &ni ! o $erve hem* Wi ho& do&- + he (a$ re%erring o he past opportunity given him o $erve he 'eo'le a$ Pre$iden G /E1 he a$$&red ha he (ill no $hir6 %rom an! future c)allenge ha ma! #ome ahead on he $ame $ervi#e o% o&r #o&n r!* Pe i ionerD$ re%eren#e i$ o a future c)allenge after occupying t)e office of t)e presi$ent (hi#h he ha$ given &'G and /G1 he #alled on hi$ $&''or er$ o .oin him in he 'romo ion o% a #on$ r&# ive na ional $'iri o% re#on#ilia ion and $olidari !* Certainly t)e national spirit of reconciliation an$ soli$arity coul$ not #e attaine$ if )e $i$ not give up t)e presi$ency. The 're$$ relea$e (a$ 'e i ionerD$ valedi# or!+ hi$ %inal a# o% %are(ell* His presi$ency is no( in t)e past tense. (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5 ).. Discuss our legal history on e-ecutive immunity. ha 'e i ioner re$igned a$

Held: The do trine of e>e $ti"e i##$nity in this B$risdi tion e#er!ed as a case law. In the ,7,2 ase of =or#es etc. v. C)uoco &iaco an$ Crossfiel$ (,0 Phi'. .-? @,7,2A5, the res%ondent Tia o, a Chinese itiJen, s$ed %etitioner W. Ca#eron 4or&es, +o"ernor;+enera' of the Phi'i%%ine Is'ands, *.E. <ardin! and C.R. Trow&rid!e, Chief of Po'i e and Chief of the Se ret Ser"i e of the City of Dani'a, res%e ti"e'y, for da#a!es for a''e!ed'y ons%irin! to de%ort hi# to China. In !rantin! a writ of %rohi&ition, this Co$rt, s%ea9in! thr$ Dr. *$sti e *ohnson, he'dI EThe 'rin#i'le o% nonlia-ili ! " " " doe$ no mean ha he .&di#iar! ha$ no a& hori ! o o&#h he a# $ o% he >overnor, >eneral4 ha he ma!+ &nder #over o% hi$ o%%i#e+ do (ha he (ill+ &nim'eded and &nre$ rained. S$ h a onstr$ tion wo$'d #ean that tyranny, $nder the !$ise of the e>e $tion of the 'aw, o$'d wa'9

37

defiant'y a&road, destroyin! ri!hts of %erson and of %ro%erty, who''y free fro# interferen e of o$rts or 'e!is'at$res. Thi$ doe$ no mean+ ei her+ ha a 'er$on in.&red -! he e"e#& ive a& hori ! -! an a# &n.&$ i%ia-le &nder he la( ha$ no remed!+ -& m&$ $&-mi in $ilen#e. On the ontrary, it #eans, si#%'y, that he >overnor,>eneral+ li6e he .&dge$ o% he #o&r $ and he mem-er$ o% he Legi$la &re+ ma! no -e 'er$onall! m&l# ed in #ivil damage$ %or he #on$e)&en#e$ o% an a# e"e#& ed in he 'er%orman#e o% hi$ o%%i#ial d& ie$. The .&di#iar! ha$ %&ll 'o(er o+ and (ill+ (hen he ma er i$ 'ro'erl! 're$en ed o i and he o##a$ion .&$ l! (arran $ i + de#lare an a# o% he >overnor, >eneral illegal and void and 'la#e a$ nearl! a$ 'o$$i-le in $ a &$ )&o an! 'er$on (ho ha$ -een de'rived hi$ li-er ! or hi$ 'ro'er ! -! $&#h a# . This re#edy is ass$red to e"ery %erson, howe"er h$#&'e or of whate"er o$ntry, when his %ersona' or %ro%erty ri!hts ha"e &een in"aded, e"en &y the hi!hest a$thority of the state. The hing (hi#h he .&di#iar! #an no do i$ m&l# he >overnor,>eneral 'er$onall! in damage$ (hi#h re$&l $ %rom he 'er%orman#e o% hi$ o%%i#ial d& !, any #ore than it an a #e#&er of the Phi'i%%ine Co##ission or the Phi'i%%ine Asse#&'y. P$&'i %o'i y for&ids it. Nei her doe$ hi$ 'rin#i'le o% nonlia-ili ! mean ha he #hie% e"e#& ive ma! no -e 'er$onall! $&ed a all in rela ion o a# $ (hi#h he #laim$ o 'er%orm a$ $&#h o%%i#ial* On he #on rar!+ i #learl! a''ear$ %rom he di$#&$$ion here o%ore had, %arti $'ar'y that %ortion whi h to$ hed the 'ia&i'ity of B$d!es and drew an ana'o!y &etween s$ h 'ia&i'ity and that of the +o"ernor;+enera', ha he la er i$ lia-le (hen he a# $ in a #a$e $o 'lainl! o& $ide o% hi$ 'o(er and a& hori ! ha he #an no -e $aid o have e"er#i$ed di$#re ion in de ermining (he her or no he had he righ o a# * Wha i$ held here i$ ha he (ill -e 'ro e# ed %rom 'er$onal lia-ili ! %or damage$ no onl! (hen he a# $ (i hin hi$ a& hori !+ -& al$o (hen he i$ (i ho& a& hori !+ 'rovided he a# &all! &$ed di$#re ion and .&dgmen + ha i$+ he .&di#ial %a#&l !+ in de ermining (he her he had a& hori ! o a# or no . In other words, he is entit'ed to %rote tion in de ermining he )&e$ ion o% hi$ a& hori !. If he de ides wron!'y, he is sti'' %rote ted %ro"ided the :$estion of his a$thority was one o"er whi h two #en, reasona&'y :$a'ified for that %osition, #i!ht honest'y differG &$t he is not %rote ted if the 'a 9 of a$thority to a t is so %'ain that two s$ h #en o$'d not honest'y differ o"er its deter#ination. In s$ h ase, he a ts, not as +o"ernor;+enera' &$t as a %ri"ate indi"id$a', and, as s$ h, #$st answer for the onse:$en es of his a t.F Dr. *$sti e *ohnson $nders ored the onse:$en es if the Chief E>e $ti"e was not !ranted i##$nity fro# s$it, vi=N E> > >. A# ion &'on im'or an ma er$ o% $ a e dela!ed4 he ime and $&-$ an#e o% he #hie% e"e#& ive $'en in (rangling li iga ion4 di$re$'e# engendered %or he 'er$on o% one o% he highe$ o%%i#ial$ o% he S a e and %or he o%%i#e he o##&'ie$4 a enden#! o &nre$ and di$order4 re$&l ing in a (a!+ in a di$ r&$ a$ o he in egri ! o% governmen i $el%.F O$r "#*. &onstitution too9 effe t &$t it did not contain any specific provision on e-ecutive immunity. Then a#e the t$#$'t of the #artia' 'aw years $nder the 'ate President 4erdinand E. Dar os and the ,78- Constit$tion was &orn. In ,7/,, it was a#ended and one of the amendments involved e-ecutive immunity. Se tion ,8, Arti 'e VII statedI EThe President sha'' &e i##$ne fro# s$it d$rin! his ten$re. Thereafter, no s$it whatsoe"er sha'' 'ie for offi ia' a ts done &y hi# or &y others %$rs$ant to his s%e ifi orders d$rin! his ten$re. The i##$nities herein %ro"ided sha'' a%%'y to the in $#&ent President referred to in Arti 'e 6VII of this Constit$tion.F

38

In his se ond Vi ente +. Sin o Professoria' Chair Le t$re entit'ed, EPresidentia' I##$nity And A'' The )in!Ls DenI The Law Of Pri"i'e!e As A Defense To A tions 4or Da#a!es,F (01 Phi'. L.*. ,,- @,7/8A5 %etitionerLs 'earned o$nse', for#er Dean of the =P Co''e!e of Law, Atty. Pa ifi o A!a&in, &ri!htened the #odifi ations effe ted &y this onstit$tiona' a#end#ent on the e>istin! 'aw on e>e $ti"e %ri"i'e!e. To :$ote his dis:$isitionI EIn the Phi'i%%ines tho$!h, we so$!ht to do the A#eri an one &etter &y en'ar!in! and fortifyin! the a&so'$te i##$nity on e%t. 4irst, we e>tended it to shie'd the President not on'y fro# i"i' 'ai#s &$t a'so fro# ri#ina' ases and other 'ai#s. Se ond, we en'ar!ed its s o%e so that it wo$'d o"er e"en a ts of the President o$tside the s o%e of offi ia' d$ties. And third, we &roadened its o"era!e so as to in '$de not on'y the President &$t a'so other %ersons, &e they !o"ern#ent offi ia's or %ri"ate indi"id$a's, who a ted $%on orders of the President. It an &e said that at that %oint #ost of $s were s$fferin! fro# AIDS (or a&so'$te i##$nity defense syndro#e5.F ;he 9pposition in the then Eatasang (ambansa sought the repeal of this ?arcosian concept of e-ecutive immunity in the "#%* &onstitution. The #o"e was 'ed &y then De#&er of Par'ia#ent, now Se retary of 4inan e, A'&erto Ro#$'o, who ar!$ed that the after incumbency immunity !ranted to President Dar os "io'ated the %rin i%'e that a %$&'i offi e is a %$&'i tr$st. <e deno$n ed the i##$nity as a ret$rn to the ana hronis# Ethe 9in! an do no wron!.F The effort fai'ed. The ,78- Constit$tion eased to e>ist when President Dar os was o$sted fro# offi e &y the Peo%'e Power re"o'$tion in ,7/0. When the "#$% &onstitution was rafted, its framers did not reenact the e>e $ti"e i##$nity %ro"ision of the ,78- Constit$tion. 6 > > (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5 )). &an former (resident 7strada still be prosecuted criminally considering that he was not convicted in the impeachment proceedings against him?

Held: We re.e# hi$ arg&men ha he #anno -e 'ro$e#& ed %or he rea$on ha he m&$ %ir$ -e #onvi# ed in he im'ea#hmen 'ro#eeding$. The i#%ea h#ent tria' of %etitioner Estrada was a&orted &y the wa'9o$t of the %rose $tors and &y the e"ents that 'ed to his 'oss of the %residen y. Indeed, on 4e&r$ary 8, 122,, the Senate %assed Senate Reso'$tion No. /- ERe o!niJin! that the I#%ea h#ent Co$rt is 0unctus 9fficio.1 Sin#e he Im'ea#hmen Co&r i$ no( %&n# &$ o%%i#io+ i i$ &n ena-le %or 'e i ioner o demand ha he $ho&ld %ir$ -e im'ea#hed and hen #onvi# ed -e%ore he #an -e 'ro$e#& ed* The 'lea i% gran ed+ (o&ld '& a 'er'e &al -ar again$ hi$ 'ro$e#& ion* S&#h a $&-mi$$ion ha$ no hing o #ommend i $el% %or i (ill 'la#e him in a -e er $i &a ion han a non,$i ing Pre$iden (ho ha$ no -een $&-.e# ed o im'ea#hmen 'ro#eeding$ and !e #an -e he o-.e# o% a #riminal 'ro$e#& ion* To -e $&re+ he de-a e$ in he Con$ i & ional Commi$$ion ma6e i #lear ha (hen im'ea#hmen 'ro#eeding$ have -e#ome moo d&e o he re$igna ion o% he Pre$iden + he 'ro'er #riminal and #ivil #a$e$ ma! alread! -e %iled again$ him > > >. This is in a ord with o$r r$'in! in In 8eN Saturnino Eermude= (,?. SCRA ,02 @,7/0A5 that Ein#&m-en Pre$iden $ are imm&ne %rom $&i or %rom -eing -ro&gh o #o&r d&ring he 'eriod o% heir in#&m-en#! and en&re3 BUT NOT BE;OND* Con$idering he 'e#&liar #ir#&m$ an#e ha he im'ea#hmen 'ro#e$$ again$ he 'e i ioner ha$ -een a-or ed and herea% er he lo$ he 're$iden#!+ 'e i ioner E$ rada #anno demand a$ a #ondi ion $ine )&a non o hi$ #riminal 'ro$e#& ion -e%ore he Om-&d$man ha he -e #onvi# ed in he im'ea#hmen 'ro#eeding$. (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar. 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5

39

)%.

State the reason why not all appointments made by the (resident under the "#$% &onstitution will no longer re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on ppointments.

Held: The afore ited %ro"ision <Section "), rticle FII> of the Constit$tion has &een the s$&Be t of se"era' ases on the iss$e of the restri ti"e f$n tion of the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents with res%e t to the a%%ointin! %ower of the President. This Co$rt to$ hed $%on the histori a' ante edent of the said %ro"ision in the ase of Sarmiento III v. ?ison (,.0 SCRA .?75 in whi h it was ratio inated $%on that Section 7; of !rticle 2II of the 7:., Constitution re:$irin! onfir#ation &y the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents of ertain a%%oint#ents iss$ed &y the President #on em'la e$ a $!$ em o% #he#6$ and -alan#e$ -e (een he e"e#& ive and legi$la ive -ran#he$ o% governmen . E"'erien#e $ho(ed ha (hen almo$ all 're$iden ial a''oin men $ re)&ired he #on$en o% he Commi$$ion on A''oin men $+ a$ (a$ he #a$e &nder he 0C7G Con$ i & ion+ he #ommi$$ion -e#ame a ven&e o% Ohor$e radingO and $imilar mal'ra# i#e$* On he o her hand+ 'la#ing a-$ol& e 'o(er o ma6e a''oin men $ in he Pre$iden (i h hardl! an! #he#6 -! he legi$la &re+ a$ (ha ha''ened &nder he 0CF7 Con$ i & ion+ lead$ o a-&$e o% $&#h 'o(er. Th$s was %er ei"ed the need to esta&'ish a M#idd'e !ro$ndM &etween the ,7-. and ,78- Constit$tions. The fra#ers of the ,7/8 Constit$tion dee#ed it i#%erati"e to s$&Be t ertain hi!h %ositions in the !o"ern#ent to the %ower of onfir#ation of the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents and to a''ow other %ositions within the e> '$si"e a%%ointin! %ower of the President. (Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5

)$.

7numerate the groups of officers who are to be appointed by the (resident under Section "), rticle FII of the "#$% &onstitution, and identify those officers whose appointments shall re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on ppointments.

Held: Confor#a&'y, as onsistent'y inter%reted and r$'ed in the 'eadin! ase of Sar#iento III v. ?ison <Ibid.>, and in the s$&se:$ent ases of Eautista v. Salonga (,81 SCRA ,025, Auintos,Deles v. &onstitutional &ommission (,88 SCRA 1.75, and &alderon v. &arale (12/ SCRA 1.?5, $nder Se tion ,0, Arti 'e VII, of the Constit$tion, there are fo$r !ro$%s of offi ers of the !o"ern#ent to &e a%%ointed &y the PresidentI 4IRST, the head$ o% he e"e#& o her '&-li# mini$ er$ and #on$&l$+ %rom he ran6 o% #olonel or naval (ho$e a''oin men $ are ve$ ed in him SECOND, all a''oin men $ are no T<IRD, a''oin G ive de'ar men $+ o%%i#er$ o% he #a' ain+ and o in hi$ Con$ i & am-a$$ador$+ armed %or#e$ her o%%i#er$ ionG (ho$e o he

o her o%%i#er$ o% he >overnmen o her(i$e 'rovided %or -! la(G he Pre$iden

ho$e (hom

ma! -e AUTHORI@ED B; LAW (ho$e a''oin men $ alone.

4O=RT<, o%%i#er$ Congre$$ ma! -! la( ve$

lo(er in ran6 in he Pre$iden

I i$ (ell,$e led ha onl! 're$iden ial a''oin ee$ -elonging o he %ir$ gro&' re)&ire he #on%irma ion -! he Commi$$ion on A''oin men $. (Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 )#. Cnder 8epublic ct )#%. <the DI@5 ct of "##2>, the Director 5eneral, Deputy Director 5eneral, and other top officials of the (hilippine :ational (olice <(:(> shall be appointed by the (resident and their appointments shall re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on ppointments. 8espondent Sisto=a was appointed Director 5eneral of the (:( but he refused to submit his appointment papers to the

40

&ommission on ppointments for confirmation contending that his appointment shall no longer re'uire confirmation despite the e-press provision of the law re'uiring such confirmation. Should his contention be upheld? Held: I i$ (ell,$e led ha onl! 're$iden ial a''oin ee$ -elonging o he %ir$ gro&' /en&mera ed &nder he %ir$ $en en#e o% Se# ion 0I+ Ar i#le HII o% he 0CBF Con$ i & ion1 re)&ire he #on%irma ion -! he Commi$$ion on A''oin men $. The a%%oint#ents of res%ondent offi ers, who are not within the first ate!ory, need not &e onfir#ed &y the Co##ission on A%%oint#ents. As he'd in the ase of ;arrosa v. Singson (1-1 SCRA ..-5, Congre$$ #anno -! la( e"'and he 'o(er o% #on%irma ion o% he Commi$$ion on A''oin men $ and re)&ire #on%irma ion o% a''oin men $ o% o her governmen o%%i#ial$ no men ioned in he %ir$ $en en#e o% Se# ion 0I o% Ar i#le HII o% he 0CBF Con$ i & ion. &onse'uently, unconstitutional are Sections 2) and *" of 8epublic ct )#%. which empower the &ommission on ppointments to confirm the appointments of public officials whose appointments are not re'uired by the &onstitution to be confirmed. > > >. (Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 %2. Will it be correct to argue that since the (hilippine :ational (olice is aBin to the rmed 0orces of the (hilippines, therefore, the appointments of police officers whose ranB is e'ual to that of colonel or naval captain will re'uire confirmation by the &ommission on ppointments?

Held: This ontention is > > > $ntena&'e. The Phili''ine Na ional Poli#e i$ $e'ara e and di$ in# %rom he Armed 9or#e$ o% he Phili''ine$* The Con$ i & ion+ no le$$+ $e $ %or h he di$ in# ion. =nder Section 4 of !rticle %2I of the 7:., Constitution, M;he rmed 0orces of the (hilippines shall be composed of a citi=en armed force which shall undergo military training and service, as may be provided by law. It shall Beep a regular force necessary for the security of the State.M On the other hand, Constit$tion ordains thatI Section ; of the sa#e Arti 'e of the

M;he State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in character to be administered and controlled by a national police commission. ;he authority of local e-ecutives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.M To so distin!$ish the %o'i e for e Con!ress ena ted Repu#lic !ct ;:,5 > > >. fro# the ar#ed for es,

There&nder+ he 'oli#e %or#e i$ di%%eren %rom and inde'enden o% he armed %or#e$ and he ran6$ in he mili ar! are no $imilar o ho$e in he Phili''ine Na ional Poli#e* Th&$+ dire# or$ and #hie% $&'erin enden $ o% he PNP " " " do no %all &nder he %ir$ #a egor! o% 're$iden ial a''oin ee$ re)&iring #on%irma ion -! he Commi$$ion on A''oin men $. (Manalo v. Sistoza, -,1 SCRA 1-7, A$!. ,,, ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 %". ;o what types of appointments is Section "., rticle FII of the "#$% &onstitution <prohibiting the (resident from maBing appointments two months before the ne-t presidential elections and up to the end of his term> directed against?

Held: Section 75, !rticle 2II is dire ted a!ainst two ty%es of a%%oint#entsI /01 ho$e made %or -&!ing vo e$ and /51 ho$e made %or 'ar i$an #on$idera ion$. ;he first refers to those appointments made

41

within two months preceding the (residential election and are similar to those which are declared election offenses in the 9mnibus 7lection &odeO while the second consists of the so,called /midnight1 appointments. The SC in In Re< Hon. Mateo !. 2alenzuela an$ Hon. Placi$o 6. 2allarta, (17/ SCRA ?2/, No". 7, ,77/, En 3an @Nar"asa C.*.A5 'arified this when it he'dI ESe# ion 0G+ Ar i#le HII ha$ a -roader $#o'e han he A! ona r&ling* I ma! no &nrea$ona-l! -e deemed o #on em'la e no onl! 2midnigh 3 a''oin men $ N ho$e made o-vio&$l! %or 'ar i$an rea$on$ a$ $ho(n -! heir n&m-er and he ime o% heir ma6ing N -& al$o a''oin men $ 're$&med made %or he '&r'o$e o% in%l&en#ing he o& #ome o% he Pre$iden ial ele# ion.F %2. Distinguish the (residentPs power to call out the armed forces as their &ommander,in,&hief in order to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion, from his power to proclaim martial and suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. 7-plain why the former is not subject to judicial review while the latter two are.

Held: There is a 'ear te>t$a' o##it#ent $nder the Constit$tion to &estow on the President f$'' dis retionary %ower to a'' o$t the ar#ed for es and to deter#ine the ne essity for the e>er ise of s$ h %ower. Section 7., !rticle 2II of the Constitution, whi h e#&odies the %owers of the President as Co##ander;in;Chief, %ro"ides in %artI EThe Pre$iden $hall -e he Commander,in,Chie% o% all armed %or#e$ o% he Phili''ine$ and (henever i -e#ome$ ne#e$$ar!+ he ma! #all o& $&#h armed %or#e$ o 'reven or $&''re$$ la(le$$ violen#e+ inva$ion or re-ellion* In #a$e o% inva$ion or re-ellion+ (hen he '&-li# $a%e ! re)&ire$ i + he ma!+ %or a 'eriod no e"#eeding $i" ! da!$+ $&$'end he 'rivilege o% he (ri o% ha-ea$ #or'&$+ or 'la#e he Phili''ine$ or an! 'ar hereo% &nder mar ial la(.F (:9;7N 8ead complete provision.5 The f$'' dis retionary %ower of the President to deter#ine the fa t$a' &asis for the e>er ise of the a''in! o$t %ower is a'so i#%'ied and f$rther reinfor ed in the rest of Se tion ,/, Arti 'e VII > > >. Under he %oregoing 'rovi$ion$+ Congre$$ ma! revo6e $&#h 'ro#lama ion$ /o% mar ial la(1 or $&$'en$ion /o% he 'rivilege o% he (ri o% ha-ea$ #or'&$1 and he Co&r ma! revie( he $&%%i#ien#! o% he %a# &al -a$i$ hereo%* Ho(ever+ here i$ no $&#h e)&ivalen 'rovi$ion dealing (i h he revo#a ion or revie( o% he Pre$iden K$ a# ion o #all o& he armed %or#e$* The di$ in# ion 'la#e$ he #alling o& 'o(er in a di%%eren #a egor! %rom he 'o(er o de#lare mar ial la( and he 'o(er o $&$'end he 'rivilege o% he (ri o% ha-ea$ #or'&$+ o her(i$e+ he %ramer$ o% he Con$ i & ion (o&ld have $im'l! l&m'ed oge her he hree 'o(er$ and 'rovided %or heir revo#a ion and revie( (i ho& an! )&ali%i#a ion. 7-pressio unios est e-clusio alterius. 6 > >. That the intent of the Constit$tion is e>a t'y what its 'etter says, i.e., that the %ower to a'' is f$''y dis retionary to the President, is e>tant in the de'i&eration of the Constit$tiona' Co##ission > > >. The reason for the differen e in the treat#ent of the afore#entioned %owers hi!h'i!hts the intent to !rant the President the widest 'eeway and &roadest dis retion in $sin! the %ower to a'' o$t -e#a&$e i i$ #on$idered a$ he le$$er and more -enign 'o(er #om'ared o he 'o(er o $&$'end he 'rivilege o% he (ri o% ha-ea$ #or'&$ and he 'o(er o im'o$e mar ial la(+ -o h o% (hi#h involve he #&r ailmen and $&''re$$ion o% #er ain -a$i# #ivil righ $ and individ&al %reedom$+ and h&$ ne#e$$i a ing $a%eg&ard$ -! Congre$$ and revie( -! hi$ Co&r . Doreo"er, $nder Section 7., !rticle 2II of the Constitution, in the e>er ise of the %ower to s$s%end the %ri"i'e!e of the writ of habeas corpus or to i#%ose #artia' 'aw, two onditions #$st on $rI /01

42

there #$st &e an a# &al inva$ion or re-ellion and, /51 '&-li# $a%e ! m&$ re)&ire i * ;hese conditions are not re'uired in the case of the power to call out the armed forces. ;he only criterion is that M()enever it #ecomes necessary,M the (resident may call the armed forces Mto prevent or suppress la(less violence invasion or re#ellion.M The i#%'i ation is that the President is !i"en f$'' dis retion and wide 'atit$de in the e>er ise of the %ower to a'' as o#%ared to the two other %owers. I% he 'e i ioner %ail$+ -! (a! o% 'roo%+ o $&''or he a$$er ion ha he Pre$iden a# ed (i ho& %a# &al -a$i$+ hen hi$ Co&r #anno &nder a6e an inde'enden inve$ iga ion -e!ond he 'leading$* The %a# &al ne#e$$i ! o% #alling o& he armed %or#e$ i$ no ea$il! )&an i%ia-le and #anno -e o-.e# ivel! e$ a-li$hed $in#e ma er$ #on$idered %or $a i$%!ing he $ame i$ a #om-ina ion o% $everal %a# or$ (hi#h are no al(a!$ a##e$$i-le o he #o&r $. 3esides the a&sen e of te>t$a' standards that the o$rt #ay $se to B$d!e ne essity, infor#ation ne essary to arri"e at s$ h B$d!#ent #i!ht a'so %ro"e $n#ana!ea&'e for the o$rts. Certain %ertinent infor#ation #i!ht &e diffi $'t to "erify, or who''y $na"ai'a&'e to the o$rts. In #any instan es, the e"iden e $%on whi h the President #i!ht de ide that there is a need to a'' o$t the ar#ed for es #ay &e of a nat$re not onstit$tin! te hni a' %roof. On he o her hand+ he Pre$iden a$ Commander,in,Chie% ha$ a va$ in elligen#e ne (or6 o ga her in%orma ion+ $ome o% (hi#h ma! -e #la$$i%ied a$ highl! #on%iden ial or a%%e# ing he $e#&ri ! o% he $ a e* In he e"er#i$e o% he 'o(er o #all+ on, he,$'o de#i$ion$ ma! -e im'era ivel! ne#e$$ar! in emergen#! $i &a ion$ o aver grea lo$$ o% h&man live$ and ma$$ de$ r&# ion o% 'ro'er ! . Indeed, the de ision to a'' o$t the #i'itary to %re"ent or s$%%ress 'aw'ess "io'en e #$st &e done swift'y and de isi"e'y if it were to ha"e any effe t at a''. S$ h a s enario is not farfet hed when we onsider the %resent sit$ation in Dindanao, where the ins$r!en y %ro&'e# o$'d s%i'' o"er the other %arts of the o$ntry. The deter#ination of the ne essity for the a''in! o$t %ower if s$&Be ted to $nfettered B$di ia' s r$tiny o$'d &e a "erita&'e %res ri%tion for disaster, as s$ h %ower #ay &e $nd$'y straitBa 9eted &y an inB$n tion or a te#%orary restrainin! order e"ery ti#e it is e>er ised. Th&$+ i i$ he &n#lo&ded in en o% he Con$ i & ion o ve$ &'on he Pre$iden + a$ Commander,in,Chie% o% he Armed 9or#e$+ %&ll di$#re ion o #all %or h he mili ar! (hen in hi$ .&dgmen i i$ ne#e$$ar! o do $o in order o 'reven or $&''re$$ la(le$$ violen#e+ inva$ion or re-ellion* Unle$$ he 'e i ioner #an $ho( ha he e"er#i$e o% $&#h di$#re ion (a$ gravel! a-&$ed+ he Pre$iden K$ e"er#i$e o% .&dgmen de$erve$ o -e a##orded re$'e# %rom hi$ Co&r . (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora , +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 %*. Ey issuing a ;89 on the date convicted rapist @eo 7chegaray is to be e-ecuted by lethal injection, the Supreme &ourt was critici=ed on the ground, among others, that it encroached on the power of the (resident to grant reprieve under Section "#, rticle FII, "#$% &onstitution. Justify the S&Ms act.

Held: Section 7:, !rticle 2II of the 7:., Constitution is $im'l! he $o&r#e o% 'o(er of the President to !rant re%rie"es, o##$tations, and %ardons and re#it fines and forfeit$res after on"i tion &y fina' B$d!#ent. Thi$ 'rovi$ion+ ho(ever+ #anno -e in er're ed a$ den!ing he 'o(er o% #o&r $ o #on rol he en%or#emen o% heir de#i$ion$ a% er he %inali !* In r& h+ an a##&$ed (ho ha$ -een #onvi# ed -! %inal .&dgmen $ ill 'o$$e$$e$ #olla eral righ $ and he$e righ $ #an -e #laimed in he a''ro'ria e #o&r $. 4or instan e, a death on"i t who &e o#es insane after his fina' on"i tion annot &e e>e $ted whi'e in a state of insanity <See rticle %# of the 8evised (enal &ode>. The $&$'en$ion o% $&#h a dea h $en en#e i$ &ndi$'& a-l! an e"er#i$e o% .&di#ial 'o(er* I i$ no &$&r'a ion o% he 're$iden ial 'o(er o%

43

re'rieve ho&gh i $ e%%e# i$ he $ame N he em'orar! $&$'en$ion o% he e"e#& ion o% he dea h #onvi# * In he $ame vein+ i #anno -e denied ha Congre$$ #an a an! ime amend R*A* No* FIGC -! red&#ing he 'enal ! o% dea h o li%e im'ri$onmen * The e%%e# o% $&#h an amendmen i$ li6e ha o% #omm& a ion o% $en en#e* B& -! no $ re #h o% he imagina ion #an he e"er#i$e -! Congre$$ o% i $ 'lenar! 'o(er o amend la($ -e #on$idered a$ a viola ion o% he Pre$iden D$ 'o(er o #omm& e %inal $en en#e$ o% #onvi# ion. ;he powers of the 7-ecutive, the @egislative and the Judiciary to save the life of a death convict do not e-clude each other for the simple reason that there is no higher right than the right to life. (Ec)egaray v. Secretary of 1ustice, -2, SCRA 70, *an. ,7, ,777, En 3an @P$noA5 %+. Discuss the nature of a conditional pardon. Is its grant or revocation by the (resident subject to judicial review?

Held: A #ondi ional 'ardon i$ in he na &re o% a #on ra# -e (een he $overeign 'o(er or he Chie% E"e#& ive and he #onvi# ed #riminal o he e%%e# ha he %ormer (ill relea$e he la er $&-.e# o he #ondi ion ha i% he doe$ no #om'l! (i h he erm$ o% he 'ardon+ he (ill -e re#ommi ed o 'ri$on o $erve he &ne"'ired 'or ion o% he $en en#e or an addi ional one (!lvarez v. Director of Prisons, /2 Phi'. .25. B! he 'ardoneeD$ #on$en o he erm$ $ i'&la ed in hi$ #on ra# + he 'ardonee ha$ here-! 'la#ed him$el% &nder he $&'ervi$ion o% he Chie% E"e#& ive or hi$ delega e (ho i$ d& !,-o&nd o $ee o i ha he 'ardonee #om'lie$ (i h he erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% he 'ardon. =nder Section ;48i9 of the Revise$ !$ministrative Co$e, the Chief E>e $ti"e is a$thoriJed to order Ethe arrest and re; in ar eration of any s$ h %erson who, in his B$d!#ent, sha'' fai' to o#%'y with the ondition, or onditions of his %ardon, %aro'e, or s$s%ension of senten e.F It is now a we'';entren hed r$'e in this B$risdi tion that hi$ e"er#i$e o% 're$iden ial .&dgmen i$ -e!ond .&di#ial $#r& in!* The de ermina ion o% he viola ion o% he #ondi ional 'ardon re$ $ e"#l&$ivel! in he $o&nd .&dgmen o% he Chie% E"e#& ive+ and he 'ardonee+ having #on$en ed o 'la#e hi$ li-er ! on #ondi ional 'ardon &'on he .&dgmen o% he 'o(er ha ha$ gran ed i + #anno invo6e he aid o% he #o&r $+ ho(ever erroneo&$ he %inding$ ma! -e &'on (hi#h hi$ re#ommi men (a$ ordered. It #atters not that the %ardonee has a''e!ed'y &een a :$itted in two of the three ri#ina' ases fi'ed a!ainst hi# s$&se:$ent to his onditiona' %ardon, and that the third re#ains %endin! for thirteen (,-5 years in a%%arent "io'ation of his ri!ht to a s%eedy tria'. Ul ima el!+ $olel! ve$ ed in he Chie% E"e#& ive+ (ho in he %ir$ 'la#e (a$ he e"#l&$ive a& hor o% he #ondi ional 'ardon and o% i $ revo#a ion+ i$ he #orollar! 'reroga ive o rein$ a e he 'ardon i% in hi$ o(n .&dgmen + he a#)&i al o% he 'ardonee %rom he $&-$e)&en #harge$ %iled again$ him+ (arran $ he $ame* Co&r $ have no a& hori ! o in er%ere (i h he gran -! he Pre$iden o% a 'ardon o a #onvi# ed #riminal* I ha$ -een o&r %or i%ied r&ling ha a %inal .&di#ial 'rono&n#emen a$ o he g&il o% a 'ardonee i$ no a re)&iremen %or he Pre$iden o de ermine (he her or no here ha$ -een a -rea#h o% he erm$ o% a #ondi ional 'ardon. There is 'i9ewise ni' a &asis for the o$rts to effe t$ate the reinstate#ent of a onditiona' %ardon re"o9ed &y the President in the e>er ise of %owers $ndis%$ta&'y so'e'y and a&so'$te'y in his offi e. (In Re< Bilfre$o Sumulong &orres, 1., SCRA 827, De . 17, ,77. @<er#osisi#aA5 %.. Who has the power to ratify a treaty?

Held: In o$r B$risdi tion, he 'o(er o ra i%! i$ ve$ ed in he Pre$iden and NOT, as o##on'y &e'ie"ed, in he legi$la &re. The role o% he Sena e i$ limi ed onl! o giving or (i hholding i $ #on$en + or #on#&rren#e+ o he ra i%i#a ion. (6!?!N 3Eagong lyansang ?aBabayan4 v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5

44

%).

What is the power of impoundment of the (resident? principal sources?

What are its

Held: IDPO=NDDENT refers to the re%&$al o% he Pre$iden + %or (ha ever rea$on+ o $'end %&nd$ made availa-le -! Congre$$* I i$ he %ail&re o $'end or o-liga e -&dge a& hori ! o% an! !'e. Pro%onents of i#%o$nd#ent ha"e in"o9ed at 'east three %rin i%a' so$r es of the a$thority of the President. 4ore#ost is the a& hori ! o im'o&nd given o him ei her e"'re$$l! or im'liedl! -! Congre$$. Se ond is the e"e#& ive 'o(er dra(n %rom he Pre$iden D$ role a$ Commander,in,Chie%. Third is the 9ai h%&l E"e#& ion Cla&$e. The 'ro'onen $ in$i$ ha a %ai h%&l e"e#& ion o% he la($ re)&ire$ ha he Pre$iden de$i$ %rom im'lemen ing he la( i% doing $o (o&ld 're.&di#e '&-li# in ere$ . An e>a#%'e !i"en is when thro$!h effi ient and %r$dent #ana!e#ent of a %roBe t, s$&stantia' sa"in!s are #ade. In s$ h a ase, it is sheer fo''y to e>%e t the President to s%end the entire a#o$nt &$d!eted in the 'aw. (PHI'C3NS! v. EnriHuez, 1-. SCRA .20, A$!. 7, ,77? @P$iasonA5 THE MUDICIAL DEPART:ENT %%. What are the re'uisites before the &ourt can e-ercise the power of judicial review?

Held: ,. The ti#e;tested standards for the e>er ise of B$di ia' re"iew areI /01 the eIistence of an appropriate caseG /51 an in ere$ 'er$onal and $&-$ an ial -! he 'ar ! rai$ing he #on$ i & ional )&e$ ionG /71 the 'lea ha he %&n# ion -e e"er#i$ed a he earlie$ o''or &ni !G and /E1 the ne#e$$i ! ha he #on$ i & ional )&e$ ion -e 'a$$ed &'on in order o de#ide he #a$e. (Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 1. When :$estions of onstit$tiona' si!nifi an e are raised, the Co$rt an e>er ise its %ower of B$di ia' re"iew on'y if the fo''owin! re:$isites are o#%'ied with, na#e'yI /01 the e>isten e of an a# &al and a''ro'ria e #a$eG /51 a 'er$onal and $&-$ an ial in ere$ o% he 'ar ! rai$ing he #on$ i & ional )&e$ ionG /71 the e"er#i$e o% .&di#ial revie( i$ 'leaded a he earlie$ o''or &ni !G and /E1 the #on$ i & ional )&e$ ion i$ he li$ mo a o% he #a$e. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 %$. What is an Hactual case or controversyH?

Held: An M &;C @ & S7 98 &9:;89F78SGM #eans an e"i$ ing #a$e or #on rover$! (hi#h i$ -o h ri'e %or re$ol& ion and $&$#e' i-le o% .&di#ial de ermina ion+ and ha (hi#h i$ no #on.e# &ral or an i#i'a or!+ or ha (hi#h $ee6$ o re$olve h!'o he i#al or %eigned #on$ i & ional 'ro-lem$. A %etition raisin! a onstit$tiona' :$estion does not %resent an Ma t$a' ontro"ersy,M $n'ess it allege$ a legal righ or 'o(er. Doreo"er, it m&$ $ho( ha a #on%li# o% righ $ e"i$ $+ %or inheren in he erm O#on rover$!O i$ he 're$en#e o% o''o$ing vie($ or #on en ion$. Otherwise, the Co$rt wi'' &e for ed to reso'"e iss$es whi h re#ain $nfo $sed &e a$se they 'a 9 s$ h on reteness %ro"ided when a :$estion e#er!es %re ise'y fra#ed fro# a 'ash of ad"ersary ar!$#ents e>%'orin! e"ery as%e t of a #$'ti;fa eted sit$ation e#&ra in! onf'i tin! and de#andin! interests. The #on rover$! m&$ al$o -e .&$ i#ia-le4 ha i$+ i m&$ -e $&$#e' i-le o% .&di#ial de ermina ion. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5

45

%#.

(etitioners Isagani &ru= and &esar 7uropa brought a suit for prohibition and mandamus as citi=ens and ta-payers, assailing the constitutionality of certain provisions of 8epublic ct :o. $*%", otherwise Bnown as the Indigenous (eoples 8ights ct of "##% <I(8 >, and its Implementing 8ules and 8egulations. preliminary issue resolved by the S& was whether the petition presents an actual controversy.

Held: Co&r $ #an onl! de#ide a# &al #on rover$ie$+ no h!'o he i#al )&e$ ion$ or #a$e$. The thresho'd iss$e, therefore, is whether an Ma%%ro%riate aseM e>ists for the e>er ise of B$di ia' re"iew in the %resent ase. 6 > > In the ase at &ar, there e>ists a 'i"e ontro"ersy in"o'"in! a 'ash of 'e!a' ri!hts. A 'aw has &een ena ted, and the I#%'e#entin! R$'es and Re!$'ations a%%ro"ed. Doney has &een a%%ro%riated and the !o"ern#ent a!en ies on erned ha"e &een dire ted to i#%'e#ent the stat$te. It annot &e s$ essf$''y #aintained that we sho$'d await the ad"erse onse:$en es of the 'aw in order to onsider the ontro"ersy a t$a' and ri%e for B$di ia' reso'$tion. It is %re ise'y the ontention of the %etitioners that the 'aw, on its fa e, onstit$tes an $n onstit$tiona' a&di ation of State ownershi% o"er 'ands of the %$&'i do#ain and other nat$ra' reso$r es. :oreover+ (hen he S a e ma#hiner! i$ $e in o mo ion o im'lemen an alleged &n#on$ i & ional $ a & e+ hi$ Co&r 'o$$e$$e$ $&%%i#ien a& hori ! o re$olve and 'reven imminen in.&r! and viola ion o% he #on$ i & ional 'ro#e$$. (Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 $2. What is the meaning of Hlegal standingH or locus standi?

Held: M@75 @ S; :DI:5M or @9&CS S; :DI has &een defined as a 'er$onal and $&-$ an ial in ere$ in he #a$e $&#h ha he 'ar ! ha$ $&$ ained or (ill $&$ ain dire# in.&r! a$ a re$&l o% he governmen al a# ha i$ -eing #hallenged. The ter# MI:;787S;M #eans a ma erial in ere$ + an in ere$ in i$$&e a%%e# ed -! he de#ree+ a$ di$ ing&i$hed %rom mere in ere$ in he )&e$ ion involved+ or a mere in#iden al in ere$ . The !ist of the :$estion of standin! is whether a %arty a''e!es M$&#h 'er$onal $ a6e in he o& #ome o% he #on rover$! a$ o a$$&re ha #on#re e adver$ene$$ (hi#h $har'en$ he 're$en a ion o% i$$&e$ &'on (hi#h he #o&r de'end$ %or ill&mina ion o% di%%i#&l #on$ i & ional )&e$ ion$.M (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 12225 In addition to the e>isten e of an a t$a' ase or ontro"ersy, a %erson who assai's the "a'idity of a stat$te #$st ha"e a 'er$onal and $&-$ an ial in ere$ in he #a$e+ $&#h ha + he ha$ $&$ ained+ or (ill $&$ ain+ a dire# in.&r! a$ a re$&l o% i $ en%or#emen . E"ident'y, the ri!hts asserted &y %etitioners as itiJens and ta>%ayers are he'd in o##on &y a'' the itiJens, the "io'ation of whi h #ay res$'t on'y in a M!enera'iJed !rie"an eM. Yet, in a sense, a'' itiJenHs and ta>%ayerHs s$its are efforts to air !enera'iJed !rie"an es a&o$t the ond$ t of !o"ern#ent and the a''o ation of %ower. (Separate 9pinion, Kapunan, J., in Isagani Cruz v. Secretary of Environment an$ Natural Resources et al., +.R. No. ,-.-/., De . 0, 1222, En 3an 5 $". sserting itself as the official organi=ation of 0ilipino lawyers tasBed with the bounden duty to uphold the rule of law and the &onstitution, the Integrated Ear of the (hilippines <IE(> filed a petition before the S& 'uestioning the validity of the order of the (resident commanding the deployment and utili=ation of the (hilippine ?arines to assist the (hilippine :ational (olice <(:(> in law enforcement by joining the latter in visibility patrols around

46

the metropolis. ;he Solicitor 5eneral 'uestioned the legal standing of the IE( to file the petition? 8esolve. Held: In the ase at &ar, the I3P %ri#ari'y an hors its standin! on its a''e!ed res%onsi&i'ity to $%ho'd the r$'e of 'aw and the Constit$tion. A%art fro# this de 'aration, howe"er, the I3P asserts no other &asis in s$%%ort of its locus standi. The mere invo#a ion -! he IBP o% i $ d& ! o 're$erve he r&le o% la( and no hing more+ (hile &ndo&- edl! r&e+ i$ no $&%%i#ien o #lo he i (i h $ anding in hi$ #a$e* Thi$ i$ oo general an in ere$ (hi#h i$ $hared -! o her gro&'$ and he (hole #i i8enr!* Ba$ed on he $ andard$ a-ove,$ a ed+ he IBP ha$ %ailed o 're$en a $'e#i%i# and $&-$ an ial in ere$ in he re$ol& ion o% he #a$e* I $ %&ndamen al '&r'o$e (hi#h+ &nder Se# ion 5+ R&le 07C,A o% he R&le$ o% Co&r + i$ o eleva e he $ andard$ o% he la( 'ro%e$$ion and o im'rove he admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e i$ alien o+ and #anno -e a%%e# ed -! he de'lo!men o% he :arine$. > > > :oreover+ he IBP " " " ha$ no $ho(n an! $'e#i%i# in.&r! (hi#h i ha$ $&%%ered or ma! $&%%er -! vir &e o% he )&e$ ioned governmen al a# * Indeed+ none o% i $ mem-er$+ (hom he IBP '&r'or edl! re're$en $+ ha$ $&$ ained an! %orm o% in.&r! a$ a re$&l o% he o'era ion o% he .oin vi$i-ili ! 'a rol$. Neither is it a''e!ed that any of its #e#&ers has &een arrested or that their i"i' 'i&erties ha"e &een "io'ated &y the de%'oy#ent of the Darines. What the I3P %roBe ts as inB$rio$s is the s$%%osed M#i'itariJationM of 'aw enfor e#ent whi h #i!ht threaten Phi'i%%ine de#o rati instit$tions and #ay a$se #ore har# than !ood in the 'on! r$n. Not on'y is the %res$#ed MinB$ryM not %ersona' in hara ter, it is 'i9ewise too "a!$e, hi!h'y s%e $'ati"e and $n ertain to satisfy the re:$ire#ent of standin!. Sin#e 'e i ioner ha$ no $&##e$$%&ll! e$ a-li$hed a dire# and 'er$onal in.&r! a$ a #on$e)&en#e o% he )&e$ ioned a# + i doe$ no 'o$$e$$ he 'er$onali ! o a$$ail he validi ! o% he de'lo!men o% he :arine$* Thi$ Co&r + ho(ever+ doe$ no #a egori#all! r&le ha he IBP ha$ a-$ol& el! no $ anding o rai$e #on$ i & ional i$$&e$ no( or in he %& &re* The IBP m&$ + -! (a! o% allega ion$ and 'roo%+ $a i$%! hi$ Co&r ha i ha$ $&%%i#ien $ a6e o o- ain .&di#ial re$ol& ion o% he #on rover$!. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora , +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 $2. &onsidering the lacB of re'uisite standing of the IE( to file the petition 'uestioning the validity of the order of the (resident to deploy and utili=e the (hilippine ?arines to assist the (:( in law enforcement, may the &ourt still properly taBe cogni=ance of the case?

Held: Having $ a ed he %oregoing+ i m&$ -e em'ha$i8ed ha hi$ Co&r ha$ he di$#re ion o a6e #ogni8an#e o% a $&i (hi#h doe$ no $a i$%! he re)&iremen o% legal $ anding (hen 'aramo&n in ere$ i$ involved* In no a %e( #a$e$+ he Co&r ha$ ado' ed a li-eral a i &de on he lo#&$ $ andi o% a 'e i ioner (here he 'e i ioner i$ a-le o #ra% an i$$&e o% ran$#enden al $igni%i#an#e o he 'eo'le* Th&$+ (hen he i$$&e$ rai$ed are o% 'aramo&n im'or an#e o he '&-li#+ he Co&r ma! -r&$h a$ide e#hni#ali ie$ o% 'ro#ed&re. In this ase, a readin! of the %etition shows that the I3P has ad"an ed onstit$tiona' iss$es whi h deser"e the attention of this Co$rt in "iew of their serio$sness, no"e'ty and wei!ht as %re edents. Doreo"er, &e a$se %ea e and order are $nder onstant threat and 'aw'ess "io'en e o $rs in in reasin! te#%o, $ndo$&ted'y a!!ra"ated &y the Dindanao ins$r!en y %ro&'e#, the 'e!a' ontro"ersy raised in the %etition a'#ost ertain'y wi'' not !o away. It wi'' stare $s in the fa e a!ain. It, therefore, &ehoo"es the Co$rt to re'a> the r$'es on standin! and to reso'"e the iss$e now, rather than 'ater. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 12225 /-. When is an action considered /moot1? ?ay the court still resolve the case once it has become moot and academic?

47

Held: ,. It is a''e!ed &y res%ondent that, with res%e t to the PCCR @Pre%aratory Co##ission on Constit$tiona' Refor#A, this ase has &e o#e #oot and a ade#i . We a!ree. An a tion is onsidered E?99;F (hen i no longer 're$en $ a .&$ i#ia-le #on rover$! -e#a&$e he i$$&e$ involved have -e#ome a#ademi# or dead. Cnder 7.9. :o. +*, the (&&8 was instructed to complete its tasB on or before June *2, "###. 6owever, on 0ebruary "#, "###, the (resident issued 7-ecutive 9rder :o. %2 <7.9. :o. %2>, which e-tended the time frame for the completion of the commissionPs worB - -. ;he (&&8 submitted its recommendations to the (resident on December 22, "### and was dissolved by the (resident on the same day. It had liBewise spent the funds allocated to it. ;hus, the (&&8 has ceased to e-ist, having lost its raison dPQtre. Subse'uent events have overtaBen the petition and the &ourt has nothing left to resolve. The $ alene$$ o% he i$$&e -e%ore &$ i$ made more mani%e$ -! he im'o$$i-ili ! o% gran ing he relie% 'ra!ed %or -! 'e i ioner* Ba$i#all!+ 'e i ioner a$6$ hi$ Co&r o en.oin he PCCR %rom a# ing a$ $&#h* Clearl!+ 'rohi-i ion i$ an ina''ro'ria e remed! $in#e he -od! $o&gh o -e en.oined no longer e"i$ $* I i$ (ell,e$ a-li$hed ha 'rohi-i ion i$ a 'reven ive remed! and doe$ no lie o re$ rain an a# ha i$ alread! 9AIT ACCO:PLI* A hi$ 'oin + an! r&ling regarding he PCCR (o&ld $im'l! -e in he na &re o% an advi$or! o'inion+ (hi#h i$ de%ini el! -e!ond he 'ermi$$i-le $#o'e o% .&di#ial 'o(er. (Gonzales v. Narvasa, --8 SCRA 8--, A$!. ,?, 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 1. The %etition whi h was fi'ed &y %ri"ate res%ondents &efore the tria' o$rt so$!ht the iss$an e of a writ of #anda#$s, to o##and %etitioners to ad#it the# for enro'#ent. Ta6ing in o a##o&n he admi$$ion o% 'riva e re$'onden $ ha he! have %ini$hed heir N&r$ing #o&r$e a he Lan ing College o% N&r$ing even -e%ore he 'rom&lga ion o% he )&e$ ioned de#i$ion+ hi$ #a$e ha$ #learl! -een over a6en -! even $ and $ho&ld here%ore -e di$mi$$ed. <owe"er, the ase of Eastern 6roa$casting Corporation 8D?RE9 v. Dans etc. et al., 5.8. :o. .#*2#, July "#, "#$., "*% S&8 )2$ is the a$thority for the "iew that Meven i% a #a$e (ere moo and a#ademi#+ a $ a emen o% he governing 'rin#i'le i$ a''ro'ria e in he re$ol& ion o% di$mi$$al %or he g&idan#e no onl! o% he 'ar ie$ -& o% o her$ $imilarl! $i &a ed.F We sha'' adhere to this "iew and %ro eed to dwe'' on the #erits of this %etition. (/niversity of San !gustin Inc. v. Court of !ppeals , 1-2 SCRA 80,, 882, Dar h 8, ,77? @No onA5 $+. In connection with the ?ay "", "##$ elections, the &9?7@7& issued a resolution prohibiting the conduct of e-it polls on the ground, among others, that it might cause disorder and confusion considering the randomness of selecting interviewees, which further maBes the e-it polls unreliable. ;he constitutionality of this resolution was challenged by ES,&E: Eroadcasting &orporation as violative of freedom of e-pression. ;he Solicitor 5eneral contends that the petition has been rendered moot and academic because the ?ay "", "##$ election has already been held and done with and, therefore, there is no longer any actual controversy to be resolved. 8esolve. Held: While he a$$ailed Re$ol& ion re%erred $'e#i%i#all! o he :a! 00+ 0CCB ele# ion+ i $ im'li#a ion$ on he 'eo'leD$ %&ndamen al %reedom o% e"'re$$ion ran$#end he 'a$ ele# ion* The holding o% 'eriodi# ele# ion$ i$ a -a$i# %ea &re o% o&r demo#ra i# governmen * B! i $ ver! na &re+ e"i 'olling i$ ied &' (i h ele# ion$* To $e a$ide he re$ol& ion o% he i$$&e no( (ill onl! 'o$ 'one a a$6 ha #o&ld (ell #ro' &' again in %& &re ele# ion$. In any e"ent, in Salonga v. Cruz Pano (,-? SCRA ?-/, ?0-, 4e&. ,/, ,7/.5, the Co$rt had o asion to reiterate that it Ea'so has the d& ! o %orm&la e g&iding and #on rolling #on$ i & ional 'rin#i'le$+ 're#e' $+ do# rine$+ or r&le$* I ha$ he $!m-oli# %&n# ion o% ed&#a ing -en#h and -ar on he e" en o% 'ro e# ion given -! #on$ i & ional g&aran ee$.F Sin e the f$nda#enta' freedo#s of s%ee h

48

and of the %ress are &ein! in"o9ed here, we ha"e reso'"ed to sett'e, for the !$idan e of %osterity, whether they 'i9ewise %rote t the ho'din! of e>it %o''s and the disse#ination of data deri"ed therefro#. (!6SFC6N 6roa$casting Corporation v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--?/0, *an. 1/, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 $.. Discuss the nature of a ta-payerPs suit. When may it be allowed?

Held: ,. Petitioner and res%ondents a!ree that o #on$ i & e a a"'a!erK$ $&i + (o re)&i$i e$ m&$ -e me + namel!+ ha '&-li# %&nd$ are di$-&r$ed -! a 'oli i#al $&-divi$ion or in$ r&men ali ! and in doing $o+ a la( i$ viola ed or $ome irreg&lari ! i$ #ommi ed+ and ha he 'e i ioner i$ dire# l! a%%e# ed -! he alleged &l ra vire$ a# . The sa#e %rono$n e#ent was #ade in "ilos#ayan Inc. v. Guingona 1r., (1-1 SCRA ,,2 @,77?A, where the Co$rt a'so reiterated its 'i&era' stan e in entertainin! so; a''ed ta>%ayerHs s$its, es%e ia''y when i#%ortant iss$es are in"o'"ed. A 'oser e>a#ination of the fa ts of this ase wo$'d readi'y de#onstrate that %etitionerHs standin! sho$'d not e"en &e #ade an iss$e here, Msin e standin! is a on e%t in onstit$tiona' 'aw and here no onstit$tiona' :$estion is a t$a''y in"o'"ed.M In the ase at &ar, dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds was on'y #ade in ,78. when the Pro"in e &o$!ht the 'ands fro# Orti!as at P,,2.22 %er s:$are #eter in 'ine with the o&Be ti"es of P.D. 08?. Petitioner ne"er referred to s$ h %$r hase as an i''e!a' dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds &$t fo $sed on the a''e!ed fra$d$'ent re on"eyan e of said %ro%erty to Orti!as &e a$se the %ri e %aid was 'ower than the %re"ai'in! #ar9et "a'$e of nei!h&orin! 'ots. The first re:$ire#ent, therefore, whi h wo$'d #a9e this %etition a ta>%ayerHs s$it is a&sent. The on'y re#ainin! B$stifi ation for %etitioner to &e a''owed to %$rs$e this a tion is whether it is, or wo$'d &e, dire t'y affe ted &y the a t o#%'ained of. As we stated in "ilos#ayan Inc. v. Morato <supra.>,
MStandin! is a s%e ia' on ern in onstit$tiona' 'aw &e a$se in so#e ases s$its are &ro$!ht not &y %arties who ha"e &een %ersona''y inB$red &y the o%eration of a 'aw or &y offi ia' a tion ta9en, &$t &y on erned itiJens, ta>%ayers or "oters who a t$a''y s$e in the %$&'i interest. Hen#e he )&e$ ion in $ anding i$ (he her $&#h 'ar ie$ have Kalleged $&#h a 'er$onal $ a6e in he o& #ome o% he #on rover$! a$ o a$$&re ha #on#re e adver$ene$$ (hi#h $har'en$ he 're$en a ion o% i$$&e$ &'on (hi#h he #o&r $o largel! de'end$ %or ill&mina ion o% di%%i#&l #on$ i & ional )&e$ ion$.H (Citin! 6aAer v. Carr, -07 =.S. ,/0, 8'. Ed. 1d 0-- @,701A5M

Undenia-l!+ a$ a a"'a!er+ 'e i ioner (o&ld $omeho( -e adver$el! a%%e# ed -! an illegal &$e o% '&-li# mone!* When+ ho(ever+ no $&#h &nla(%&l $'ending ha$ -een $ho(n+ a$ in he #a$e a -ar+ 'e i ioner+ even a$ a a"'a!er+ #anno )&e$ ion he ran$a# ion validl! e"e#& ed -! and -e (een he Provin#e and Or iga$ %or he $im'le rea$on ha i i$ no 'riv! o $aid #on ra# . In other words, %etitioner has a&so'$te'y no a$se of a tion, and onse:$ent'y no 'o $s standi, in the instant ase. (&)e !ntiFGraft 'eague of t)e P)ilippines Inc. v. San 1uan, 102 SCRA 1.2, 1.-;1.., A$!. ,, ,770, En 3an @Ro#eroA5 1. A a"'a!er i$ deemed o have he $ anding o rai$e a #on$ i & ional i$$&e (hen i i$ e$ a-li$hed ha '&-li# %&nd$ have -een di$-&r$ed in alleged #on raven ion o% he la( or he Con$ i & ion* Th&$+ a a"'a!erD$ a# ion i$ 'ro'erl! -ro&gh onl! (hen here i$ an e"er#i$e -! Congre$$ o% i $ a"ing or $'ending 'o(er <0last v. &ohen, *#2 CS $*, 22 @ 7d 2d #+%, $$ S &t "#+2>. This was o$r r$'in! in a re ent ase wherein %etitioners Te'e o##$ni ations and 3road ast Attorneys of the Phi'i%%ines (TELE3AP5 and +DA Networ9, In . :$estioned the "a'idity of Se tion 71 of 3.P. 3'!. //, (otherwise 9nown as the EO#ni&$s E'e tion CodeF5 re:$irin! radio and te'e"ision stations to !i"e free air ti#e to the Co##ission on E'e tions d$rin! the a#%ai!n %eriod <;elecommunications and Eroadcast ttorneys of the (hilippines, Inc. v. &ommission on 7lections, 2$# S&8 **% 3"##$4>. The Co&r held ha 'e i ioner TELEBAP did no have an! in ere$ a$ a a"'a!er $in#e

49

he a$$ailed Congre$$.

la(

did

no

involve

he

a"ing

or

$'ending

'o(er

o%

Dany other r$'in!s ha"e %re#ised the !rant or denia' of standin! to ta>%ayers $%on whether or not the ase in"o'"ed a dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds &y the 'e!is'at$re. In Sani$a$ v. Commission on Elections (8- SCRA --- @,780A5, the %etitioners therein were a''owed to &rin! a ta>%ayerLs s$it to :$estion se"era' %residentia' de rees %ro#$'!ated &y then President Dar os in his 'e!is'ati"e a%a ity a''in! for a nationa' referend$#, with the Co$rt e>%'ainin! that C
6 > > @iAt is now an an ient r$'e that the "a'id so$r e of a stat$te C Presidentia' De rees are of s$ h nat$re C #ay &e ontested &y one who wi'' s$stain a dire t inB$ry as a res$'t of its enfor e#ent. A he in$ an#e o% a"'a!er$+ la($ 'roviding %or he di$-&r$emen o% '&-li# %&nd$ ma! -e en.oined+ &'on he heor! ha he e"'endi &re o% '&-li# %&nd$ -! an o%%i#er o% he S a e %or he '&r'o$e o% e"e#& ing an &n#on$ i & ional a# #on$ i & e$ a mi$a''li#a ion o% $&#h %&nd$. The &readth of Presidentia' De ree No. 77, arries an a%%ro%riation of 4i"e Di''ion Pesos for the effe ti"e i#%'e#entation of its %$r%oses. Presidentia' De ree No. ,2-, a%%ro%riates the s$# of Ei!ht Di''ion Pesos to arry o$t its %ro"isions. The in ere$ o% he a%orenamed 'e i ioner$ a$ a"'a!er$ in he la(%&l e"'endi &re o% he$e amo&n $ o% '&-li# mone! $&%%i#ien l! #lo he$ hem (i h ha 'er$onali ! o li iga e he validi ! o% he De#ree$ a''ro'ria ing $aid %&nd$ > > >.

In sti'' another ase, the Co$rt he'd that %etitioners C the Phi'i%%ine Constit$tion Asso iation, In ., a non;%rofit i"i or!aniJation C had standin! as ta>%ayers to :$estion the onstit$tiona'ity of Re%$&'i A t No. -/-0 insofar as it %ro"ides for retire#ent !rat$ity and o##$tation of "a ation and si 9 'ea"es to Senators and Re%resentati"es and to the e'e ti"e offi ia's of &oth ho$ses of Con!ress ( (hilippine &onstitution ssociation, Inc. v. 5imene=, ,. SCRA ?87 @,70.A5. And in (ascual v. Secretary of (ublic WorBs (,,2 Phi'. --, @,702A5, the Co$rt a''owed %etitioner to #aintain a ta>%ayerLs s$it assai'in! the onstit$tiona' so$ndness of Re%$&'i A t No. 712 a%%ro%riatin! P/.,222 for the onstr$ tion, re%air and i#%ro"e#ent of feeder roads within %ri"ate %ro%erty. A'' these ases in"o'"ed the dis&$rse#ent of %$&'i f$nds &y #eans of a 'aw. Deanwhi'e, in 6ugnay Construction an$ Development Corporation v. 'aron (,80 SCRA 1., @,7/7A5, the Co$rt de 'ared that the tria' o$rt was wron! in a''owin! res%ondent Ra"anJo to &rin! an a tion for inB$n tion in his a%a ity as a ta>%ayer in order to :$estion the 'e!a'ity of the ontra t of 'ease o"erin! the %$&'i #ar9et entered into &etween the City of Da!$%an and %etitioner. The Co$rt de 'ared that Ra"anJo did not %ossess the re:$isite standin! to &rin! s$ h ta>%ayerLs s$it sin e E<o=n i $ %a#e+ and here i$ no eviden#e o he #on rar!+ he lea$e #on ra# en ered in o -e (een 'e i ioner and he Ci ! $ho($ ha no '&-li# %&nd$ have -een or (ill -e &$ed in he #on$ r&# ion o% he mar6e -&ilding.F Co#in! now to the instant ase, i i$ readil! a''aren ha here i$ no e"er#i$e -! Congre$$ o% i $ a"ing or $'ending 'o(er* The PCCR (a$ #rea ed -! he Pre$iden -! vir &e o% E*O* No* E7+ a$ amended -! E*O* No* FJ* Under Se# ion F o% E*O* No* E7+ he amo&n o% P7 million i$ Oa''ro'ria edO %or i $ o'era ional e"'en$e$ O o -e $o&r#ed %rom he %&nd$ o% he O%%i#e o% he Pre$iden .F > > >. The a''ro'ria ion$ %or he PCCR (ere a& hori8ed -! he Pre$iden + no -! Congre$$* In %a# + here (a$ no a''ro'ria ion a all. EIn a stri t sense, ((89(8I ;I9: has &een defied Oa$ no hing more han he legi$la ive a& hori8a ion 're$#ri-ed -! he Con$ i & ion ha mone! ma! -e 'aid o& o% he Trea$&r!,L whi'e ((89(8I ;I9: ? D7 EG @ W refers to Rt)e act of t)e legislature setting apart or assigning to a particular use a certain sum to #e use$ in t)e payment of $e#t or $ues from t)e State to its cre$itors.PF The f$nds $sed for the PCCR were ta9en fro# f$nds intended for the Offi e of the President, in the e>er ise of the Chief E>e $ti"eLs %ower to transfer f$nds %$rs$ant to Section +5 859 of !rticle 2I of the Constit$tion.

50

In the fina' ana'ysis, i m&$ -e $ re$$ed ha he Co&r re ain$ he 'o(er o de#ide (he her or no i (ill en er ain a a"'a!erD$ $&i . In the ase at &ar, there &ein! no e>er ise &y Con!ress of its ta>in! or s%endin! %ower, %etitioner annot &e a''owed to :$estion the reation of the PCCR in his a%a ity as a ta>%ayer, &$t rather, he #$st esta&'ish that he has a E%ersona' and s$&stantia' interest in the ase and that he has s$stained or wi'' s$stain dire t inB$ry as a res$'t of its enfor e#ent.F In other words, %etitioner #$st show that he is a rea' %arty in interest C that he wi'' stand to &e &enefited or inB$red &y the B$d!#ent or that he wi'' &e entit'ed to the a"ai's of the s$it. Nowhere in his %'eadin!s does %etitioner %res$#e to #a9e s$ h a re%resentation. (Gonzales v. Narvasa, --8 SCRA 8--, A$!. ,?, 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 $). What is a justiciable controversy? What are political 'uestions?

Held: As a !enera' %ro%osition, a ontro"ersy is B$sti ia&'e if it re%er$ o a ma er (hi#h i$ a''ro'ria e %or #o&r revie(* I 'er ain$ o i$$&e$ (hi#h are inheren l! $&$#e' i-le o% -eing de#ided on gro&nd$ re#ogni8ed -! la(. Ne"erthe'ess, the Co$rt does not a$to#ati a''y ass$#e B$risdi tion o"er a t$a' onstit$tiona' ases &ro$!ht &efore it e"en in instan es that are ri%e for reso'$tion. One 'ass of ases wherein the Co$rt hesitates to r$'e on are M(9@I;I& @ AC7S;I9:S.M The rea$on i$ ha 'oli i#al )&e$ ion$ are #on#erned (i h i$$&e$ de'enden &'on he WISDO:+ NOT THE LE>ALIT;+ o% a 'ar i#&lar a# or mea$&re -eing a$$ailed* :oreover+ he 'oli i#al )&e$ ion -eing a %&n# ion o% he $e'ara ion o% 'o(er$+ he #o&r $ (ill no normall! in er%ere (i h he (or6ing$ o% ano her #o,e)&al -ran#h &nle$$ he #a$e $ho($ a #lear need %or he #o&r $ o $ e' in o &'hold he la( and he Con$ i & ion. As &ana$a v. !ngara (,2- Phi'. ,2., @,7.8A5 %$ts it, %o'iti a' :$estions refer M o ho$e )&e$ ion$ (hi#h+ &nder he Con$ i & ion+ are o -e DECIDED B; THE PEOPLE IN THEIR SOHEREI>N CAPACIT;+ or in regard o (hi#h 9ULL DISCRETIONAR; AUTHORIT; HAS BEEN DELE>ATED o he legi$la ive or e"e#& ive -ran#h o% governmen .M Th$s, if an iss$e is 'ear'y identified &y the te>t of the Constit$tion as #atters for dis retionary a tion &y a %arti $'ar &ran h of !o"ern#ent or to the %eo%'e the#se'"es then it is he'd to &e a %o'iti a' :$estion. In the 'assi for#$'ation of *$sti e 3rennan in 6aAer v. Carr (-07 =.S. ,/0, /1 S Ct. 07,, 8 L. Ed. 00-, 08/ @,701A5, M@%Aro#inent on the s$rfa e of any ase he'd to in"o'"e a %o'iti a' :$estion is fo$nd a te>t$a''y de#onstra&'e onstit$tiona' o##it#ent of the iss$e to a oordinate %o'iti a' de%art#entG or a 'a 9 of B$di ia''y dis o"era&'e and #ana!ea&'e standards for reso'"in! itG or the i#%ossi&i'ity of de idin! witho$t an initia' %o'i y deter#ination of a 9ind 'ear'y for nonB$di ia' dis retionG or the i#%ossi&i'ity of a o$rtHs $nderta9in! inde%endent reso'$tion witho$t e>%ressin! 'a 9 of the res%e t d$e oordinate &ran hes of !o"ern#entG or an $n$s$a' need for $n:$estionin! adheren e to a %o'iti a' de ision a'ready #adeG or the %otentia'ity of e#&arrass#ent fro# #$'tifario$s %rono$n e#ents &y "ario$s de%art#ents on the one :$estion.M The ,7/8 Constit$tion e>%ands the on e%t of B$di ia' re"iew &y %ro"idin! that M/T1he M&di#ial 'o(er $hall -e ve$ ed in one S&'reme Co&r and in $&#h lo(er #o&r $ a$ ma! -e e$ a-li$hed -! la(* M&di#ial 'o(er in#l&de$ he d& ! o% he #o&r $ o% .&$ i#e o $e le a# &al #on rover$ie$ involving righ $ (hi#h are legall! demanda-le and en%or#ea-le+ and o de ermine (he her or no here ha$ -een a grave a-&$e o% di$#re ion amo&n ing o la#6 or e"#e$$ o% .&ri$di# ion on he 'ar o% an! -ran#h or in$ r&men ali ! o% he >overnmen .M (!rticle 2III, Sec. 7 of the ,7/8 Constit$tion5 =nder this definition, the Co$rt annot a!ree > > > that the iss$e in"o'"ed is a %o'iti a' :$estion &eyond the B$risdi tion of this Co$rt to re"iew. When he gran o% 'o(er i$ )&ali%ied+ #ondi ional or $&-.e# o limi a ion$+ he i$$&e o% (he her he 're$#ri-ed )&ali%i#a ion$ or #ondi ion$ have -een me or he limi a ion$ re$'e# ed+ i$ .&$ i#ia-le , he 'ro-lem -eing one o% legali ! or validi !+ no i $ (i$dom* :oreover+ he

51

.&ri$di# ion o delimi #on$ i & ional -o&ndarie$ ha$ -een given o hi$ Co&r . When political 'uestions are involved, the &onstitution limits the determination as to whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lacB or e-cess of jurisdiction on the part of the official whose action is being 'uestioned. 3y 58 F7 ECS7 90 DIS&87;I9: is #eant si#%'y #a'ri#io&$ or (him$i#al e"er#i$e o% .&dgmen ha i$ 'a en and gro$$ a$ o amo&n o an eva$ion o% 'o$i ive d& ! or a vir &al re%&$al o 'er%orm a d& ! en.oined -! la(+ or o a# a all in #on em'la ion o% la(+ a$ (here he 'o(er i$ e"er#i$ed in an ar-i rar! and de$'o i# manner -! rea$on o% 'a$$ion or ho$ ili !. =nder this definition, a court is without power to directly decide matters over which full discretionary authority has been delegated. Eut while this &ourt has no power to substitute its judgment for that of &ongress or of the (resident, it may looB into the 'uestion of whether such e-ercise has been made in grave abuse of discretion. A showin! that %'enary %ower is !ranted either de%art#ent of !o"ern#ent #ay not &e an o&sta 'e to B$di ia' in:$iry, for the i#%ro"ident e>er ise or a&$se thereof #ay !i"e rise to B$sti ia&'e ontro"ersy. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 $%. Is the legitimacy of the assumption to the (residency of (resident 5loria ?acapagal rroyo a political 'uestion and, therefore, not subject to judicial review? Distinguish 7DS (eople (ower I from 7DS (eople (ower II. Held: Res%ondents re'y on the ase of @awyers @eague for a Eetter (hilippines andIor 9liver . @o=ano v. (resident &ora=on &. 'uino, et al. and re'ated ases to s$%%ort their thesis that sin e the ases at &ar in"o'"e the 'e!iti#a y of the !o"ern#ent of res%ondent Arroyo, er!o, they %resent a %o'iti a' :$estion. A #ore ere&ra' readin! of the ited ases wi'' show that they are ina%%'i a&'e. In the ited ases, (e held ha he governmen o% %ormer Pre$iden A)&ino (a$ he re$&l o% a $&##e$$%&l revol& ion -! he $overeign 'eo'le+ al-ei a 'ea#e%&l one* No le$$ han he 9reedom Con$ i & ion de#lared ha he A)&ino governmen (a$ in$ alled hro&gh a dire# e"er#i$e o% he 'o(er o% he 9ili'ino 'eo'le 2in de%ian#e o% he 'rovi$ion$ o% he 0CF7 Con$ i & ion+ a$ amended*3 I i$ %amiliar learning ha he legi ima#! o% a governmen $ired -! a $&##e$$%&l revol& ion -! 'eo'le 'o(er i$ -e!ond .&di#ial $#r& in! %or ha governmen a& oma i#all! or-i $ o& o% he #on$ i & ional loo'* In #he#6ered #on ra$ + he governmen o% re$'onden Arro!o i$ no revol& ionar! in #hara# er* The oa h ha $he oo6 a he EDSA Shrine i$ he oa h &nder he 0CBF Con$ i & ion* In her oa h+ $he #a egori#all! $(ore o 're$erve and de%end he 0CBF Con$ i & ion* Indeed+ $he ha$ $ re$$ed ha $he i$ di$#harging he 'o(er$ o% he 're$iden#! &nder he a& hori ! o% he 0CBF Con$ i & ion. In fine, the 'e!a' distin tion &etween EDSA Peo%'e Power I and EDSA Peo%'e Power II is 'ear. ,.5 7DS I involve$ he e"er#i$e o% he 'eo'le 'o(er o% revol& ion (hi#h over hro($ he (hole governmen . 7DS II is an e"er#i$e o% 'eo'le 'o(er o% %reedom o% $'ee#h and %reedom o% a$$em-l! o 'e i ion he governmen %or redre$$ o% grievan#e$ (hi#h onl! a%%e# ed he o%%i#e o% he Pre$iden . 2.> 7DS I is e" ra #on$ i & ional and he legi ima#! o% he ne( governmen ha re$&l ed %rom i #anno -e he $&-.e# o% .&di#ial revie(, &$t 7DS II is in ra #on$ i & ional and he re$igna ion o% he $i ing Pre$iden ha i #a&$ed and he $&##e$$ion o% he Hi#e Pre$iden a$ Pre$iden are $&-.e# o .&di#ial revie(. -.5 7DS I 're$en ed a 'oli i#al )&e$ ionG 7DS II involve$ legal )&e$ ion$. Need'ess to state, the ases at &ar %ose 'e!a' and not %o'iti a' :$estions. The %rin i%a' iss$es for reso'$tion re:$ire the %ro%er inter%retation of ertain %ro"isions in the ,7/8 Constit$tion, nota&'y Se tion , of Arti 'e II, and Se tion / of Arti 'e VII, and the

52

a''o ation of !o"ern#enta' %owers $nder Se tion ,, of Arti 'e VII. The iss$es 'i9ewise a'' for a r$'in! on the s o%e of %residentia' i##$nity fro# s$it. They a'so in"o'"e the orre t a'i&ration of the ri!ht of %etitioner a!ainst %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity. As ear'y as the ,/2- ase of ?arbury v. ?adison (, Cran h @. =SA ,-8, L Ed 02 @,/2-A5, the do trine has &een 'aid down that /it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is - - -.1 Th$s, res%ondentLs in"o ation of the do trine of %o'iti a' :$estion is &$t a foray in the dar9. (1osep) E. Estra$a v. !niano Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, En 3an @P$noA5 $$. Is the (residentPs power to call out the armed forces as their &ommander,in,&hief in order to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion subject to judicial review, or is it a political 'uestion? &larify. Held: When he Pre$iden #all$ he armed %or#e$ o 'reven or $&''re$$ la(le$$ violen#e+ inva$ion or re-ellion+ he ne#e$$aril! e"er#i$e$ a di$#re ionar! 'o(er $olel! ve$ ed in hi$ (i$dom* Thi$ i$ #lear %rom he in en o% he %ramer$ and %rom he e" o% he Con$ i & ion i $el%* The Co&r + h&$+ #anno -e #alled &'on o overr&le he Pre$iden D$ (i$dom or $&-$ i & e i $ o(n* Ho(ever+ hi$ doe$ no 'reven an e"amina ion o% (he her $&#h 'o(er (a$ e"er#i$ed (i hin 'ermi$$i-le #on$ i & ional limi $ or (he her i (a$ e"er#i$ed in a manner #on$ i & ing grave a-&$e o% di$#re ion* In vie( o% he #on$ i & ional in en o give he Pre$iden %&ll di$#re ionar! 'o(er o de ermine he ne#e$$i ! o% #alling o& he armed %or#e$+ i i$ in#&m-en &'on he 'e i ioner o $ho( ha he Pre$iden D$ de#i$ion i$ o all! -ere% o% %a# &al -a$i$. The %resent %etition fai's to dis har!e s$ h hea"y &$rden as there is no e"iden e to s$%%ort the assertion that there e>ists no B$stifi ation for a''in! o$t the ar#ed for es. There is, 'i9ewise, no e"iden e to s$%%ort the %ro%osition that !ra"e a&$se was o##itted &e a$se the %ower to a'' was e>er ised in s$ h a #anner as to "io'ate the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision on i"i'ian s$%re#a y o"er the #i'itary. In the %erfor#an e of this Co$rtLs d$ty of E%$r%osef$' hesitationF &efore de 'arin! an a t of another &ran h as $n onstit$tiona', on'y where s$ h !ra"e a&$se of dis retion is 'ear'y shown sha'' the Co$rt interfere with the PresidentLs B$d!#ent. To do$&t is to s$stain. (Integrate$ 6ar of t)e P)ilippines v. Hon. Ronal$o 6. @amora, +.R. No. ,?,1/?, A$!. ,., 1222, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 $#. Do lower courts constitutionality of a law? of this jurisdiction? have jurisdiction to consider the If so, how should they act in the e-ercise

Held: We $ re$$ a he o& $e ha he lo(er #o&r had .&ri$di# ion o #on$ider he #on$ i & ionali ! o% Se# ion 0BF+ hi$ a& hori ! -eing em-ra#ed in he general de%ini ion o% he .&di#ial 'o(er o de ermine (ha are he valid and -inding la($ -! he #ri erion o% heir #on%ormi ! o he %&ndamen al la(. S%e ifi a''y, 6P 7+: "ests in the re!iona' tria' o$rts B$risdi tion o"er a'' i"i' ases in whi h the s$&Be t of the 'iti!ation is in a%a&'e of %e $niary esti#ation <Sec. "#3"4>, e"en as the a $sed in a ri#ina' a tion has the ri!ht to :$estion in his defense the onstit$tiona'ity of a 'aw he is har!ed with "io'atin! and of the %ro eedin!s ta9en a!ainst hi#, %arti $'ar'y as they ontra"ene the 3i'' of Ri!hts. Doreo"er, !rticle 2III, Section 58+9, of the Constit$tion ve$ $ in he S&'reme Co&r a''ella e .&ri$di# ion over %inal .&dgmen $ and order$ o% lo(er #o&r $ in all #a$e$ in (hi#h he #on$ i & ionali ! or validi ! o% an! rea !+ in erna ional or e"e#& ive agreemen + la(+ 're$iden ial de#ree+ 'ro#lama ion+ order+ in$ r&# ion+ ordinan#e+ or reg&la ion i$ in )&e$ ion. In the e>er ise of this B$risdi tion, a t with the $t#ost ir $#s%e tion, &earin! a de 'aration of $n onstit$tiona'ity $%on 'ess than on the do trine of se%aration of 'ower o$rts are ad"ised to in #ind the onse:$en es of the sta&i'ity of 'aws, no %owers. A$ he )&e$ ioned

53

a# i$ &$&all! he handi(or6 o% he legi$la ive or he e"e#& ive de'ar men $+ or -o h+ i (ill -e 'r&den %or $&#h #o&r $+ i% onl! o& o% a -e#oming mode$ !+ o de%er o he higher .&dgmen o% hi$ Co&r in he #on$idera ion o% i $ validi !+ (hi#h i$ -e er de ermined a% er a horo&gh deli-era ion -! a #ollegia e -od! and (i h he #on#&rren#e o% he ma.ori ! o% ho$e (ho 'ar i#i'a ed in i $ di$#&$$ion. ( rt. FIII, Sec. +324, &onstitution5 8Drilon v. 'im +*5 SCR! 7*5 7*:F74!ug. 4 7::4 En 6anc DCruzE9 #2. What cases are to be heard by the Supreme &ourt en banc?

Held: =nder S$%re#e Co$rt Cir $'ar No. 1;/7, dated 4e&r$ary 8, ,7/7, as a#ended &y the Reso'$tion of No"e#&er ,/, ,77-I 6 > >, the fo''owin! are onsidered en &an asesI

1) Cases in whi h the #on$ i & ionali ! or validi ! o% an! rea !+ in erna ional or e"e#& ive agreemen + la(+ e"e#& ive order+ or 're$iden ial de#ree+ 'ro#lama ion+ order+ in$ r&# ion+ ordinan#e+ or reg&la ion i$ in )&e$ ionG 2) Criminal #a$e$ in whi h the a''ealed de#i$ion im'o$e$ he dea h 'enal !G 3) Cases raisin! novel )&e$ ion$ o% la(G 4) Cases affe tin! am-a$$ador$+ o her '&-li# mini$ er$ and #on$&l$G 5) Cases in"o'"in! de#i$ion$+ re$ol& ion$ or order$ o% he Civil Servi#e Commi$$ion+ Commi$$ion on Ele# ion$+ and Commi$$ion on A&di G 6) Cases where the 'enal ! o -e im'o$ed i$ he di$mi$$al o% a .&dge+ o%%i#er or em'lo!ee o% he .&di#iar!+ di$-armen o% a la(!er+ or ei her he $&$'en$ion o% an! o% hem %or a 'eriod o% more han one /01 !ear or a %ine e"#eeding P0J+JJJ*JJ or -o hG 7) Cases where a do# rine or 'rin#i'le laid do(n -! he #o&r en -an# or in divi$ion ma! -e modi%ied or rever$edG 8) Cases a$$igned o a divi$ion (hi#h in he o'inion o% a lea$ hree /71 mem-er$ hereo% meri he a en ion o% he #o&r en -an# and are a##e' a-le o a ma.ori ! o% he a# &al mem-er$hi' o% he #o&r en -an#G and 9) A'' other ases a$ he #o&r en -an# -! a ma.ori ! o% i $ a# &al mem-er$hi' ma! deem o% $&%%i#ien im'or an#e o meri i $ a en ion. (=irestone Ceramics Inc. v. Court of !ppeals, --? SCRA ?0., ?8,;?81, *$ne 1/, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 #". What is fiscal autonomy? What is the fiscal autonomy clause?

Held: As en"isioned in the Constit$tion, the fis a' a$tono#y enBoyed &y the *$di iary, the Ci"i' Ser"i e Co##ission, the Co##ission on A$dit, the Co##ission on E'e tions, and the Offi e of the O#&$ds#an onte#%'ates a g&aran ee o% %&ll %le"i-ili ! o allo#a e and & ili8e heir re$o&r#e$ (i h he (i$dom and di$'a #h ha heir need$ re)&ire. It re o!niJes the 'o(er and a& hori ! o lev!+ a$$e$$ and #olle# %ee$+ %i" ra e$ o% #om'en$a ion no e"#eeding he highe$ ra e$ a& hori8ed -! la( %or #om'en$a ion and 'a! 'lan$ o% he governmen and allo#a e and di$-&r$e $&#h $&m$ a$ ma! -e 'rovided -! la( or %res ri&ed &y the# in the o$rse of the dis har!e of their f$n tions. 0IS& @ C;9:9?G #eans %reedom %rom o& $ide #on rol. The *$di iary, the Constit$tiona' Co##issions, and the O#&$ds#an #$st ha"e the inde%enden e and f'e>i&i'ity needed in the dis har!e of their onstit$tiona' d$ties. The i#%osition of restri tions and onstraints on the #anner the inde%endent onstit$tiona' offi es a''o ate and $ti'iJe the f$nds a%%ro%riated for their o%erations is ana hema o %i$#al a& onom! and "io'ati"e not on'y of the e>%ress #andate of the Constit$tion &$t es%e ia''y as re!ards the S$%re#e Co$rt, of the inde'enden#e and $e'ara ion o% 'o(er$ $%on whi h the entire fa&ri of

54

o$r onstit$tiona' syste# is &ased. ,--, A%ri' ,., ,771, En 3an @+$tierreJA5

( 6engzon v. Drilon, 12/ SCRA

#2. ?ay the 9mbudsman validly entertain criminal charges against a judge of the regional trial court in connection with his handling of cases before the court. Held: Petitioner riti iJes the B$ris%r$den e (?aceda v. Fas'ue=, 11, SCRA ?0? @,77-A and Dolalas v. 9ffice of the 9mbudsman, ?indanao, 10. SCRA /,/ @,770A5 ited &y the Offi e of the O#&$ds#an as erroneo$s and not a%%'i a&'e to his o#%'aint. <e insists that sin e his o#%'aint in"o'"ed a ri#ina' har!e a!ainst a B$d!e, it was within the a$thority of the O#&$ds#an not the S$%re#e Co$rt to reso'"e whether a ri#e was o##itted and the B$d!e %rose $ted ..herefore. The %etition 6 > > We a!ree with the So'i itor +enera' that the O#&$ds#an o##itted no !ra"e a&$se of dis retion warrantin! the writs %rayed for. The iss$es ha"e &een sett'ed in the ase of In 8eN Joa'uin Eorromeo (1?, SCRA ?2/, ?02 @,77.A5. There, we 'aid down the r$'e that -e%ore a #ivil or #riminal a# ion again$ a .&dge %or a viola ion o% Ar $* 5JE and 5JG /6no(ingl! rendering an &n.&$ .&dgmen or order1 #an -e en er ained+ here m&$ %ir$ -e 2a %inal and a& hori a ive .&di#ial de#lara ion3 ha he de#i$ion or order in )&e$ ion i$ indeed 2&n.&$ *3 The 'rono&n#emen ma! re$&l %rom ei her: /a1 an a# ion o% #er iorari or 'rohi-i ion in a higher #o&r im'&gning he validi ! o% he .&dgmen 4 or /-1 an admini$ ra ive 'ro#eeding in he S&'reme Co&r again$ he .&dge 're#i$el! %or 'rom&lga ing an &n.&$ .&dgmen or order* Li6e(i$e+ he de ermina ion o% (he her a .&dge ha$ mali#io&$l! dela!ed he di$'o$i ion o% he #a$e i$ al$o an e"#l&$ive .&di#ial %&n# ion (In Re< 6orromeo, s$%ra, at ?0,5. ETo re'ea + no o her en i ! or o%%i#ial o% he governmen + NOT PROSECUTION OR INHESTI>ATION SERHICE O9 AN; OTHER BRANCH+ no %&n# ionar! hereo%+ ha$ #om'e en#e o revie( a .&di#ial order de#i$ion N (he her %inal and e"e#& or! or no N and 'rono&n#e erroneo&$ $o a$ o la! he -a$i$ %or a #riminal or admini$ ra #om'lain %or rendering an &n.&$ .&dgmen or order* Tha 'reroga BELON>S TO THE COURTS ALONE.
THE an! or i ive ive

an not s$

eed.

This ha"in! &een said, we find that the O#&$ds#an a ted in a ordan e with 'aw and B$ris%r$den e when he referred the ases a!ainst *$d!e Pe'ayo to the S$%re#e Co$rt for a%%ro%riate a tion. (De 2era v. Pelayo, --. SCRA 1/,, *$'y 0, 1222, ,st Di". @PardoA5 #*. Discuss the validity of /?emorandum Decisions.1 -e l! he he o%

Held: ,. The #on$ i & ional manda e ha no de#i$ion $hall rendered -! an! #o&r (i ho& e"'re$$ing herein #learl! and di$ in# he %a# $ and he la( on (hi#h i i$ -a$ed doe$ no 're#l&de validi ! o% 2memorand&m de#i$ion$3 (hi#h ado' -! re%eren#e %inding$ o% %a# and #on#l&$ion$ o% la( #on ained in he de#i$ion$ in%erior ri-&nal$. 6 > >

6ence, even in this jurisdiction, incorporation by reference is allowed if only to avoid the cumbersome reproduction of the decision of the lower courts, or portions thereof, in the decisions of the higher court (=rancisco v. PermsAul, ,8- SCRA -1?, ---5. This is %arti $'ar'y tr$e when the de ision so$!ht to &e in or%orated is a 'en!thy and thoro$!h dis $ssion of the fa ts and on '$sions arri"ed at > > >.

55

(3il an$ Natural Gas Commission v. Court of !ppeals, 17- SCRA 10, *$'y 1-, ,77/ @DartineJA5 2. We ha"e s$stained de isions of 'ower o$rts as ha"in! s$&stantia''y or s$ffi ient'y o#%'ied with the onstit$tiona' inB$n tion notwithstandin! the 'a oni and terse #anner in whi h they were written and e"en if Ethere @was 'eftA #$ h to &e desired in ter#s of @theirA 'arity, oheren e and o#%rehensi&i'ityF %ro"ided that they e"ent$a''y set o$t the fa ts and the 'aw on whi h they were &ased, as when they stated the 'e!a' :$a'ifi ations of the offense onstit$ted &y the fa ts %ro"ed, the #odifyin! ir $#stan es, the %arti i%ation of the a $sed, the %ena'ty i#%osed and the i"i' 'ia&i'ityG or dis $ssed the fa ts o#%risin! the e'e#ents of the offense that was har!ed in the infor#ation, and a ordin!'y rendered a "erdi t and i#%osed the orres%ondin! %ena'tyG or :$oted the fa ts narrated in the %rose $tionLs #e#orand$# &$t #ade their own findin!s and assess#ent of e"iden e, &efore fina''y a!reein! with the %rose $tionLs e"a'$ation of the ase. We ha"e a'so san tioned the $se of #e#orand$# de isions (In =rancisco v. PermsAul, ,8- SCRA -1?, --- @,7/7A, the Co$rt des ri&ed E@tAhe distin ti"e feat$res of a #e#orand$# de ision are, 4IRST, it is rendered -! an a''ella e #o&r , SECOND, i in#or'ora e$ -! re%eren#e he %inding$ o% %a# or he #on#l&$ion$ o% la( #on ained in he de#i$ion+ order+ or r&ling &nder revie(. Dost 'i9e'y, the %$r%ose is to affir# the de ision, a'tho$!h it is not i#%ossi&'e that the a%%ro"a' of the findin!s of fa ts &y the 'ower o$rt #ay 'ead to a different on '$sion of 'aw &y the hi!her o$rt. At any rate, he rea$on %or allo(ing he in#or'ora ion -! re%eren#e i$ eviden l! o avoid he #&m-er$ome re'rod&# ion o% he de#i$ion o% he lo(er #o&r + or 'or ion$ hereo%+ in he de#i$ion o% he higher #o&r * The idea i$ o avoid having o re'ea in he -od! o% he la er de#i$ion he %inding$ or #on#l&$ion$ o% he lo(er #o&r $in#e he! are -eing a''roved or ado' ed an!(a!.5, a s%e ie of s$ in t'y written de isions &y a%%e''ate o$rts in a ordan e with the %ro"isions of Se tion ?2, 3.P. 3'!. ,17 on the !ro$nds of e>%edien y, %ra ti a'ity, on"enien e and do 9et stat$s of o$r o$rts. We ha"e a'so de 'ared that #e#orand$# de isions o#%'y with the onstit$tiona' #andate. In =rancisco v. PermsAul, howe"er, we 'aid the "a'idity of #e#orand$# de isions, th$sI onditions for the

EThe #e#orand$# de ision, to &e "a'id, #anno in#or'ora e he %inding$ o% %a# and he #on#l&$ion$ o% la( o% he lo(er #o&r onl! -! remo e re%eren#e, whi h is to say that the ha''en!ed de ision is not easi'y and i##ediate'y a"ai'a&'e to the %erson readin! the #e#orand$# de ision. 9or he in#or'ora ion -! re%eren#e o -e allo(ed+ i m&$ 'rovide %or dire# a##e$$ o he %a# $ and he la( -eing ado' ed+ (hi#h m&$ -e #on ained in a $ a emen ATTACHED o he $aid de#i$ion* In o her (ord$+ he memorand&m de#i$ion a& hori8ed &nder Se# ion EJ o% B*P* Blg* 05C $ho&ld a# &all! em-od! he %inding$ o% %a# and #on#l&$ion$ o% la( o% he lo(er #o&r in an anne" a a#hed o and made an indi$'en$a-le 'ar o% he de#i$ion. EIt is e>%e ted that this re:$ire#ent wi'' a''ay the s$s%i ion that no st$dy was #ade of the de ision of the 'ower o$rt and that its de ision was #ere'y affir#ed witho$t a %rior e>a#ination of the fa ts and the 'aw on whi h it is &ased. The pro-imity at 'east of the anne>ed state#ent sho$'d s$!!est that s$ h e>a#ination has &een $nderta9en. It is, of o$rse, a'so $nderstood that the de ision &ein! ado%ted sho$'d, to &e!in with, o#%'y with Arti 'e VIII, Se tion ,? as no a#o$nt of in or%oration or ado%tion wi'' re tify its "io'ation. EThe Co&r %ind$ ne#e$$ar! o em'ha$i8e ha he memorand&m de#i$ion $ho&ld -e $'aringl! &$ed le$ i -e#ome an addi ive e"#&$e %or .&di#ial $lo h* I i$ an addi ional #ondi ion %or he validi ! o% hi$ 6ind o% de#i$ion ma! -e re$or ed o onl! in #a$e$ (here he %a# $ are in he main a##e' ed -! -o h 'ar ie$ and ea$il! de ermina-le -! he .&dge and here are no do# rinal #om'li#a ion$ involved ha (ill re)&ire an e" ended di$#&$$ion o% he la($ involved* The memorand&m de#i$ion ma! -e em'lo!ed in $im'le li iga ion$ onl!+ $&#h a$ ordinar! #olle# ion #a$e$+

56

(here he a''eal i$ o-vio&$l! gro&ndle$$ and de$erve$ no more ime needed o di$mi$$ i . 6 > >

han

he

EHen#e%or h+ all memorand&m de#i$ion$ $hall #om'l! (i h he re)&iremen $ herein $e %or h a$ o he %orm 're$#ri-ed and he o##a$ion$ (hen he! ma! -e rendered* An! devia ion (ill $&mmon he $ ri# en%or#emen o% Ar i#le HIII+ Se# ion 0E o% he Con$ i & ion and $ ri6e do(n he %la(ed .&dgmen a$ a la(le$$ di$o-edien#e.

Tested a!ainst these standards, we find that the RTC de ision at &ar #isera&'y fai'ed to #eet the# and, therefore, fe'' short of the onstit$tiona' inB$n tion. The RTC de ision is &rief indeed, &$t it is star9'y ha''ow, otiose'y written, "a $o$s in its ontent and trite in its for#. It a hie"ed nothin! and atte#%ted at nothin!, not e"en at a si#%'e s$##ation of fa ts whi h o$'d easi'y &e done. Its inade:$a y s%ea9s for itse'f. We annot e"en onsider or affir# said RTC de ision as a #e#orand$# de ision &e a$se it fai'ed to o#%'y with the #eas$res of "a'idity 'aid down in 0rancisco v. (ermsBul. It #ere'y affir#ed in toto the DeTC de ision witho$t sayin! #ore. A de#i$ion or re$ol& ion+ e$'e#iall! one re$olving an a''eal+ $ho&ld dire# l! mee he i$$&e$ %or re$ol& ion4 o her(i$e+ he a''eal (o&ld -e 'oin le$$ (See !6D 3verseas Manpo(er Corporation v. N'RC, 1/0 SCRA ?.?, ?0? @,77/A5. We therefore reiterate o$r ad#onition in Nicos In$ustrial Corporation v. Court of !ppeals (120 SCRA ,18, ,-? @,771A5, in that whi'e we on eded that &re"ity in the writin! of de isions is an ad#ira&'e trait, it sho$'d not and annot &e s$&stit$ted for s$&stan eG and a!ain in 0rancisco v. (ermsBul, where we a$tioned that e>%edien y a'one, no #atter how o#%e''in!, annot e> $se non; o#%'ian e with the onstit$tiona' re:$ire#ents. This is not to dis o$ra!e the 'ower o$rts to write a&&re"iated and on ise de isions, &$t ne"er at the e>%ense of s ho'ar'y ana'ysis, and #ore si!nifi ant'y, of B$sti e and fair %'ay, 'est the fears e>%ressed &y *$sti e 4eria as the ponente in Romero v. Court of !ppeals o#e tr$e, i.e., i% an a''ella e #o&r %ailed o 'rovide he a''eal he a en ion i righ %&ll! de$erved+ $aid #o&r de'rived he a''ellan o% d&e 'ro#e$$ $in#e he (a$ a##orded a %air o''or &ni ! o -e heard -! a %air and re$'on$i-le magi$ ra e* Thi$ $i &a ion -e#ome$ more omino&$ in #riminal #a$e$+ a$ in hi$ #a$e+ (here no onl! 'ro'er ! righ $ are a $ a6e -& al$o he li-er ! i% no he li%e o% a h&man -eing. 4aithf$' adheren e to the re:$ire#ents of Section 74, !rticle 2III of the Constit$tion is indis%$ta&'y a %ara#o$nt o#%onent of d$e %ro ess and fair %'ay. It is 'i9ewise de#anded &y the d$e %ro ess 'a$se of the Constit$tion. The 'ar ie$ o a li iga ion $ho&ld -e in%ormed o% ho( i (a$ de#ided+ (i h an e"'lana ion o% he %a# &al and legal rea$on$ ha led o he #on#l&$ion$ o% he #o&r * The #o&r #anno $im'l! $a! ha .&dgmen i$ rendered in %avor o% ? and again$ ; and .&$ leave i a ha (i ho& an! .&$ i%i#a ion (ha $oever %or i $ a# ion* The lo$ing 'ar ! i$ en i led o 6no( (h! he lo$ + $o he ma! a''eal o he higher #o&r + i% 'ermi ed+ $ho&ld he -elieve ha he de#i$ion $ho&ld -e rever$ed* A de#i$ion ha doe$ no #learl! and di$ in# l! $ a e he %a# $ and he la( on (hi#h i i$ -a$ed leave$ he 'ar ie$ in he dar6 a$ o ho( i (a$ rea#hed and i$ 're#i$el! 're.&di#ial o he lo$ing 'ar !+ (ho i$ &na-le o 'in'oin he 'o$$i-le error$ o% he #o&r %or revie( -! a higher ri-&nal* :ore han ha + he re)&iremen i$ an a$$&ran#e o he 'ar ie$ ha + in rea#hing .&dgmen + he .&dge did $o hro&gh he 'ro#e$$e$ o% legal rea$oning. It is, th$s, a safe!$ard a!ainst the i#%et$osity of the B$d!e, %re"entin! hi# fro# de idin! ipse di-it. Vo$ hsafed neither the sword nor the %$rse &y the Constit$tion &$t nonethe'ess "ested with the so"erei!n %rero!ati"e of %assin! B$d!#ent on the 'ife, 'i&erty or %ro%erty of his fe''ow#en, the B$d!e #$st $'ti#ate'y de%end on the %ower of reason for s$stained %$&'i onfiden e in the B$stness of his de ision.

57

Th$s the Co$rt has str$ 9 down as "oid, de isions of 'ower o$rts and e"en of the Co$rt of A%%ea's whose are'ess disre!ard of the onstit$tiona' &ehest e>%osed their so#eti#es a"a'ier attit$de not on'y to their #a!isteria' res%onsi&i'ities &$t 'i9ewise to their a"owed fea'ty to the Constit$tion. Th$s, we n$''ified or dee#ed to ha"e fai'ed to o#%'y with Se tion ,?, Arti 'e VIII of the Constit$tion, a de ision, reso'$tion or order whi hI ontained no ana'ysis of the e"iden e of the %arties nor referen e to any 'e!a' &asis in rea hin! its on '$sionsG ontained nothin! #ore than a s$##ary of the testi#onies of the witnesses of &oth %artiesG on"i ted the a $sed of 'i&e' &$t fai'ed to ite any 'e!a' a$thority or %rin i%'e to s$%%ort on '$sions that the 'etter in :$estion was 'i&e'o$sG onsisted #ere'y of one (,5 %ara!ra%h with #ost'y swee%in! !enera'iJations and fai'ed to s$%%ort its on '$sion of %arri ideG onsisted of fi"e (.5 %a!es, three (-5 %a!es of whi h were :$otations fro# the 'a&or ar&iterLs de ision in '$din! the dis%ositi"e %ortion and &are'y a %a!e (two @1A short %ara!ra%hs of two @1A senten es ea h5 of its own dis $ssion or reasonin!sG was #ere'y &ased on the findin!s of another o$rt sans trans ri%t of steno!ra%hi notes, or fai'ed to e>%'ain the fa t$a' and 'e!a' &ases for the award of #ora' da#a!es. In the sa#e "ein do we stri9e down as a n$''ity the RTC de ision in :$estion. (?ao v. Court of !ppeals, -?? SCRA 121, O t. 1?, 1222, ,st Di". @Da"ideA5 #+. Does the period for decision maBing under Section "., FIII, "#$% &onstitution, apply to the Sandiganbayan? 7-plain. rticle

Held: The a-ove 'rovi$ion doe$ no a''l! o he Sandigan-a!an* The 'rovi$ion re%er$ o RE>ULAR COURTS o% lo(er #ollegia e level that in the %resent hierar hy a%%'ies on'y to the Co$rt of A%%ea's. The Sandigan-a!an i$ a SPECIAL COURT o% he $ame level a$ Co&r o% A''eal$ and 'o$$e$$ing all he inheren 'o(er$ o% a #o&r .&$ i#e+ (i h %&n# ion$ o% a rial #o&r . he o%

Th&$+ he Sandigan-a!an i$ no a reg&lar #o&r -& a $'e#ial one. The Sandi!an&ayan was ori!ina''y e#%owered to %ro#$'!ate its own r$'es of %ro ed$re. <owe"er, on Dar h -2, ,77., Con!ress re%ea'ed the Sandi!an&ayanLs %ower to %ro#$'!ate its own r$'es of %ro ed$re and instead %res ri&ed that the R$'es of Co$rt %ro#$'!ated &y the S$%re#e Co$rt sha'' a%%'y to a'' ases and %ro eedin!s fi'ed with the Sandi!an&ayan. ES%e ia' o$rts are B$di ia' tri&$na's e>er isin! 'i#ited B$risdi tion o"er %arti $'ar or s%e ia'iJed ate!ories of a tions. They are the Co$rt of Ta> A%%ea's, the Sandi!an&ayan, and the ShariLa Co$rts.F <Supra, :ote 2*, at p. $> =nder Arti 'e VIII, Se tion .@.A of the Constit$tion ER$'es of %ro ed$re of special courts and :$asi;B$di ia' &odies sha'' re#ain effe ti"e $n'ess disa%%ro"ed &y the S$%re#e Co$rt.F In his re%ort, the Co$rt Ad#inistrator wo$'d distin!$ish &etween ases whi h the Sandi!an&ayan has o!niJan e of in its ori!ina' B$risdi tion, and ases whi h fa'' within the a%%e''ate B$risdi tion of the Sandi!an&ayan. The Co$rt Ad#inistrator %osits that sin e in the first 'ass of ases, the Sandi!an&ayan a ts #ore as a tria' o$rt, then for that 'assifi ation of ases, the three @-A #onth re!'e#entary %eriod a%%'ies. 4or the se ond 'ass of ases, the Sandi!an&ayan has the twe'"e;#onth re!'e#entary %eriod for o''e!iate o$rts. We do not a!ree. The 'aw reatin! the Sandi!an&ayan, P.D. No. 7;-; is this iss$e. It %ro"idesI 'ear on

58

ESe#. I. ?a-imum period for termination of cases C As far as %ra ti a&'e, the tria' of ases &efore the Sandi!an&ayan on e o##en ed sha'' &e continuous until terminated and t)e 0u$gment s)all #e ren$ere$ (it)in t)ree D*E mont)s from t)e $ate t)e case (as su#mitte$ for $ecision.F On Se%te#&er r$'es, th$sI ,/, ,7/?, the Sandi!an&ayan %ro#$'!ated its own

ESe#. 7. ?a-imum (eriod to Decide &ases L The B$d!#ent or fina' order of a di"ision of the Sandi!an&ayan sha'' &e rendered (it)in t)ree D*E mont)s from t)e $ate t)e case (as su#mitte$ for $ecision.1 >iven he #lari ! o% he r&le ha doe$ no di$ ing&i$h+ (e hold ha he hree <7= mon h 'eriod+ no he (elve <05= mon h 'eriod+ o de#ide #a$e$ a''lie$ o he Sandigan-a!an. 9&r hermore+ he Sandigan-a!an 're$en l! $i ing in %ive <G= divi$ion$+ %&n# ion$ a$ a rial #o&r * The erm 2 rial3 i$ &$ed in i $ -road $en$e+ meaning+ i allo($ in rod&# ion o% eviden#e -! he 'ar ie$ in he #a$e$ -e%ore i . The Sandi!an&ayan, in ori!ina' ases within its B$risdi tion, ond$ ts tria's, has the dis retion to wei!h the e"iden e of the %arties, ad#it the e"iden e it re!ards as redi&'e and reBe t that whi h they onsider %erB$rio$s or fa&ri ated. (Re< Pro#lem of Delays in Cases 6efore t)e San$igan#ayan, A.D. No. 22;/;2.;SC, No". 1/, 122,, En 3an @PardoA5

CONSTIT=TIONAL LAW
A. T<E IN<ERENT POWERS O4 T<E STATE
POLICE POWER #.. Define (9@I&7 (9W78 and clarify its scope.

Held: ,. (9@I&7 (9W78 is an inheren a ri-& e o% $overeign !. It has &een defined as he 'o(er ve$ ed -! he Con$ i & ion in he legi$la &re o :ALE+ ORDAIN+ and ESTABLISH all manner o% (hole$ome and rea$ona-le la($+ $ a & e$ and ordinan#e$+ ei her (i h 'enal ie$ or (i ho& + no re'&gnan o he Con$ i & ion+ a$ he! $hall .&dge o -e 9OR THE >OOD AND WEL9ARE O9 THE CO::ONWEALTH+ and %or he $&-.e# $ o% he $ame. The %ower is PLENAR; and its SCOPE is HAST and PERHASIHE, rea hin! and B$stifyin! #eas$res for '&-li# heal h+ '&-li# $a%e !+ '&-li# moral$+ and he general (el%are. It &ears stressin! that 'oli#e 'o(er i$ lodged 'rimaril! in he Na ional Legi$la &re* I #anno -e e"er#i$ed -! an! gro&' or -od! o% individ&al$ no 'o$$e$$ing legi$la ive 'o(er. The Nationa' Le!is'at$re, howe"er, ma! delega e hi$ 'o(er o he Pre$iden and admini$ ra ive -oard$ a$ (ell a$ he la(ma6ing -odie$ o% m&ni#i'al #or'ora ion$ or lo#al governmen &ni $. On e de'e!ated, the a!ents an e>er ise on'y s$ h 'e!is'ati"e %owers as are onferred on the# &y the nationa' 'aw#a9in! &ody. (Metropolitan Manila Development !ut)ority v. 6elF!ir 2illage !ssociation Inc., -1/ SCRA /-0, /?-;/??, Dar h 18, 1222, ,st Di". @P$noA5 1. The SCOPE of %o'i e %ower has &een he'd to &e $o #om'rehen$ive a$ o en#om'a$$ almo$ all ma er$ a%%e# ing he heal h+ $a%e !+ 'ea#e+ order+ moral$+ #om%or and #onvenien#e o% he #omm&ni !. Po'i e %ower is e$$en iall! RE>ULATOR; in na &re and he 'o(er o i$$&e li#en$e$ or gran -&$ine$$ 'ermi $+ i% e"er#i$ed %or a reg&la or! and no reven&e,rai$ing '&r'o$e+ i$ (i hin he am-i o% hi$ 'o(er. 6 > > @TAhe iss$an e of &$siness 'i enses and %er#its &y a #$ni i%a'ity or ity is essentia''y re!$'atory in nat$re. The a$thority, whi h de"o'"ed $%on 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits, to iss$e or !rant s$ h 'i enses

59

or %er#its, is essentia''y in the e>er ise of the %o'i e %ower of the State within the onte#%'ation of the !enera' we'fare 'a$se of the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code. (!ce#e$o 3ptical Company Inc. v. Court of !ppeals, -17 SCRA -,?, Dar h -,, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 #). Does rticle 2)*<g> of the @abor &ode <vesting upon the Secretary of @abor the discretion to determine what industries are indispensable to the national interest and thereafter, assume jurisdiction over disputes in said industries> violate the worBersP constitutional right to striBe? Held: Said ar i#le doe$ no in er%ere (i h he (or6er$D righ o $ ri6e -& merel! reg&la e$ i + (hen in he e"er#i$e o% $&#h righ + na ional in ere$ $ (ill -e a%%e# ed. The ri!hts !ranted &y the Constit$tion are not a&so'$te. They are sti'' s$&Be t to ontro' and 'i#itation to ens$re that they are not e>er ised ar&itrari'y. The interests of &oth the e#%'oyers and the e#%'oyees are intended to &e %rote ted and not one of the# is !i"en $nd$e %referen e. The La&or Code "ests $%on the Se retary of La&or the dis retion to deter#ine what ind$stries are indis%ensa&'e to nationa' interest. Th$s, $%on the deter#ination of the Se retary of La&or that s$ h ind$stry is indis%ensa&'e to the nationa' interest, it wi'' ass$#e B$risdi tion o"er the 'a&or dis%$te of said ind$stry. The a$$&m' ion o% .&ri$di# ion i$ in he na &re o% 'oli#e 'o(er mea$&re* Thi$ i$ done %or he 'romo ion o% he #ommon good #on$idering ha a 'rolonged $ ri6e or lo#6o& #an -e inimi#al o he na ional e#onom!* The Se#re ar! o% La-or a# $ o main ain ind&$ rial 'ea#e* Th&$+ hi$ #er i%i#a ion %or #om'&l$or! ar-i ra ion i$ no in ended o im'ede he (or6er$D righ o $ ri6e -& o o- ain a $'eed! $e lemen o% he di$'& e. (P)iltrea$ BorAers /nion DP&B/E v. Confesor, 107 SCRA -7-, Dar h ,1, ,7785 #%. ?ay solicitation for religious purposes be subject regulation by the State in the e-ercise of police power? to proper

Held: The onstit$tiona' inhi&ition of 'e!is'ation on the s$&Be t of re'i!ion has a do$&'e as%e t. On the one hand, it foresta''s o#%$'sion &y 'aw of the a e%tan e of any reed or the %ra ti e of any for# of worshi%. 4reedo# of ons ien e and freedo# to adhere to s$ h re'i!io$s or!aniJation or for# of worshi% as the indi"id$a' #ay hoose annot &e restri ted &y 'aw. On the other hand, it safe!$ards the free e>er ise of the hosen for# of re'i!ion. Th&$+ he Con$ i & ion em-ra#e$ (o #on#e' $+ ha i$+ %reedom o -elieve and %reedom o a# * The %ir$ i$ a-$ol& e -& + in he na &re o% hing$+ he $e#ond #anno -e* Cond&# remain$ $&-.e# o reg&la ion %or he 'ro e# ion o% $o#ie !* The %reedom o a# m&$ have a''ro'ria e de%ini ion$ o 're$erve he en%or#emen o% ha 'ro e# ion. In e"ery ase, the %ower to re!$'ate #$st &e so e>er ised, in attainin! a %er#issi&'e end, as not to $nd$'y infrin!e on the %rote ted freedo#. When#e+ even he e"er#i$e o% religion ma! -e reg&la ed+ a $ome $ligh in#onvenien#e+ in order ha he S a e ma! 'ro e# i $ #i i8en$ %rom in.&r!* Wi ho& do&- + a S a e ma! 'ro e# i $ #i i8en$ %rom %ra&d&len $oli#i a ion -! re)&iring a $ ranger in he #omm&ni !+ -e%ore 'ermi ing him '&-li#l! o $oli#i %&nd$ %or an! '&r'o$e+ o e$ a-li$h hi$ iden i ! and hi$ a& hori ! o a# %or he #a&$e (hi#h he '&r'or $ o re're$en * The S a e i$ li6e(i$e %ree o reg&la e he ime and manner o% $oli#i a ion generall!+ in he in ere$ o% '&-li# $a%e !+ 'ea#e+ #om%or + or #onvenien#e. It does not fo''ow, therefore, fro# the onstit$tiona' !$arantees of the free e>er ise of re'i!ion that e"erythin! whi h #ay &e so a''ed an &e to'erated. It has &een said that a la( advan#ing a legi ima e governmen al in ere$ i$ no ne#e$$aril! invalid a$ one in er%ering (i h he 2%ree e"er#i$e3 o% religion merel! -e#a&$e i al$o in#iden all! ha$ a de rimen al e%%e# on he adheren $ o% one or more religion* Th&$+ he general reg&la ion+ in he '&-li# in ere$ + o% $oli#i a ion+ (hi#h doe$ no involve an! religio&$ e$ and doe$ no

60

&nrea$ona-l! o-$ r&# or dela! he #olle# ion o% %&nd$+ i$ no o'en o an! #on$ i & ional o-.e# ion+ even ho&gh he #olle# ion -e %or a religio&$ '&r'o$e* S&#h reg&la ion (o&ld no #on$ i & e a 'rohi-i ed 'revio&$ re$ rain on he %ree e"er#i$e o% religion or in er'o$e an inadmi$$i-le o-$ a#le o i $ e"er#i$e. E"en with n$#ero$s re!$'ati"e 'aws in e>isten e, it is s$r%risin! how #any o%erations are arried on &y %ersons and asso iations who, se retin! their a ti"ities $nder the !$ise of &ene"o'ent %$r%oses, s$ eed in heatin! and defra$din! a !enero$s %$&'i . It is in fa t a#aJin! how %rofita&'e the fra$d$'ent s he#es and %ra ti es are to %eo%'e who #ani%$'ate the#. The State has a$thority $nder the e>er ise of its %o'i e %ower to deter#ine whether or not there sha'' &e restri tions on so'i itin! &y $ns r$%$'o$s %ersons or for $nworthy a$ses or for fra$d$'ent %$r%oses. That so'i itation of ontri&$tions $nder the !$ise of harita&'e and &ene"o'ent %$r%oses is !ross'y a&$sed is a #atter of o##on 9now'ed!e. Certain'y the so'i itation of ontri&$tions in !ood faith for worthy %$r%oses sho$'d not &e denied, &$t so#ewhere sho$'d &e 'od!ed the %ower to deter#ine within reasona&'e 'i#its the worthy fro# the $nworthy. The o&Be tiona&'e %ra ti es of $ns r$%$'o$s %ersons are %reB$di ia' to worthy and %ro%er harities whi h nat$ra''y s$ffer when the onfiden e of the %$&'i in a#%ai!ns for the raisin! of #oney for harity is 'essened or destroyed. Some reg&la ion o% '&-li# $oli#i a ion i$+ here%ore+ in he '&-li# in ere$ . To #on#l&de+ $oli#i a ion %or religio&$ '&r'o$e$ ma! -e $&-.e# o 'ro'er reg&la ion -! he S a e in he e"er#i$e o% 'oli#e 'o(er. (Centeno v. 2illalonFPornillos, 1-0 SCRA ,78, Se%t. ,, ,77? @Re!a'adoA5 THE POWER O9 E:INENT DO:AIN #$. What is 7?I:7:; D9? I:?

Held: ,. 7?I:7:; D9? I: is the righ or 'o(er o% a $overeign $ a e o APPROPRIATE PRIHATE PROPERT; o 'ar i#&lar &$e$ o PRO:OTE PUBLIC WEL9ARE. It is an indi$'en$a-le a ri-& e o% $overeign !G a %ower gro&nded in he 'rimar! d& ! o% governmen o $erve he #ommon need and advan#e he general (el%are. Th$s, the ri!ht of e#inent do#ain a''er ain$ o ever! inde'enden governmen (i ho& he ne#e$$i ! %or #on$ i & ional re#ogni ion* The 'rovi$ion$ %o&nd in modern #on$ i & ion$ o% #ivili8ed #o&n rie$ rela ing o he a6ing o% 'ro'er ! %or he '&-li# &$e do no -! im'li#a ion gran he 'o(er o he governmen + -& limi a 'o(er (hi#h (o&ld o her(i$e -e (i ho& limi . Th$s, o$r own Constit$tion %ro"ides that E<'=riva e 'ro'er ! $hall no -e a6en %or '&-li# &$e (i ho& .&$ #om'en$a ion.F (!rt. III Sec. :5. 4$rther#ore, the d$e %ro ess and e:$a' %rote tion 'a$ses ("#$% &onstitution, rt. III, Sec. "5, a t as additiona' safe!$ards a!ainst the ar&itrary e>er ise of this !o"ern#enta' %ower. Sin e the e>er ise of the %ower of e#inent do#ain affe ts an indi"id$a'Ls ri!ht to %ri"ate %ro%erty, a onstit$tiona''y;%rote ted ri!ht ne essary for the %reser"ation and enhan e#ent of %ersona' di!nity and inti#ate'y onne ted with the ri!hts to 'ife and 'i&erty, the need for its ir $#s%e t o%eration annot &e o"ere#%hasiJed. In City of Manila v. C)inese Community of Manila we said (?2 Phi'. -?7 @,7,75I The e"er#i$e o% he righ o% eminen domain+ (he her dire# l! -! he S a e+ or -! i $ a& hori8ed agen $+ i$ ne#e$$aril! in deroga ion o% 'riva e righ $+ and he r&le in ha #a$e i$ ha THE AUTHORIT; :UST BE STRICTL; CONSTRUED* No $'e#ie$ o% 'ro'er ! i$ held -! individ&al$ (i h grea er ena#i !+ and none i$ g&arded -! he Con$ i & ion and he la($ more $ed&lo&$l!+ han he righ o he %reehold o% inha-i an $* When he legi$la &re in er%ere$ (i h ha righ + and+ %or grea er '&-li# '&r'o$e$+ a''ro'ria e$ he land o% an individ&al (i ho&

61

hi$ #on$en + he 'lain meaning o% he la( $ho&ld no -e enlarged -! do&- <%&l= in er're a ion. <6ensley v. MountainlaAe Bater Co., "* &al., *2) and cases cited 3%* m. Dec., .%)4> The stat$tory %ower of ta9in! %ro%erty fro# the owner witho$t his onsent is one of the #ost de'i ate e>er ises of !o"ern#enta' a$thority. It is to &e wat hed with Bea'o$s s r$tiny. I#%ortant as the %ower #ay &e to the !o"ern#ent, the in"io'a&'e san tity whi h a'' free onstit$tions atta h to the ri!ht of %ro%erty of the itiJens, onstrains the stri t o&ser"an e of the s$&stantia' %ro"isions of the 'aw whi h are prescribed as #odes of the e>er ise of the %ower, and to %rote t it fro# a&$se > > >. The 'o(er o% eminen domain i$ e$$en iall! LE>ISLATIHE in na &re. It is fir#'y sett'ed, howe"er, that $&#h 'o(er ma! -e validl! delega ed o lo#al governmen &ni $+ o her '&-li# en i ie$ and '&-li# & ili ie$+ al ho&gh he $#o'e o% hi$ delega ed legi$la ive 'o(er i$ ne#e$$aril! narro(er han ha o% he delega ing a& hori ! and ma! onl! -e e"er#i$ed in $ ri# #om'lian#e (i h he erm$ o% he delega ing la(. (Heirs of !l#erto Suguitan v. City of Man$aluyong, -1/ SCRA ,-8, ,??;,?0, Dar h ,?, 1222, -rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 1. 7?I:7:; D9? I: is a f$nda#enta' State %ower that is in$e'ara-le %rom $overeign !* I i$ governmen D$ righ o a''ro'ria e+ in he na &re o% a #om'&l$or! $ale o he S a e+ 'riva e 'ro'er ! %or '&-li# &$e or '&r'o$e. Inherent'y %ossessed &y the nationa' 'e!is'at$re, the %ower of e#inent do#ain #ay &e "a'id'y de'e!ated to 'o a' !o"ern#ents, other %$&'i entities and %$&'i $ti'ities. 9or he a6ing o% 'riva e 'ro'er ! -! he governmen o -e valid+ he a6ing m&$ -e %or PUBLIC PURPOSE and here m&$ -e MUST CO:PENSATION. (Mo$ay v. Court of !ppeals, 10/ SCRA ./0, 4e&r$ary 12, ,7785 ##. State some limitations on the e-ercise of the power of 7minent Domain. Held: The @I?I; ;I9:S on the %ower of e#inent do#ain are that he USE m&$ -e PUBLIC+ CO:PENSATION m&$ -e made and DUE PROCESS O9 LAW m&$ -e o-$erved. The S$%re#e Co$rt, ta9in! o!niJan e of s$ h iss$es as the ade:$a y of o#%ensation, ne essity of the ta9in! and the %$&'i $se hara ter or the %$r%ose of the ta9in!, has r$'ed that the ne essity of e>er isin! e#inent do#ain #$st &e !en$ine and of a %$&'i hara ter. +o"ern#ent #ay not a%ri io$s'y hoose what %ri"ate %ro%erty sho$'d &e ta9en. (Mo$ay v. Court of !ppeals, 10/ SCRA ./0, 4e&r$ary 12, ,7785 "22. Discuss proceedings. the 7!( :D7D :9;I9: 90 (CE@I& CS7 in eminent domain

Held: The City of Dani'a, a tin! thro$!h its 'e!is'ati"e &ran h, has the e>%ress %ower to a :$ire %ri"ate 'ands in the ity and s$&di"ide these 'ands into ho#e 'ots for sa'e to bona fide tenants or o $%ants thereof, and to 'a&orers and 'ow;sa'aried e#%'oyees of the ity. Tha onl! a %e( #o&ld a# &all! -ene%i %rom he e"'ro'ria ion o% he 'ro'er ! doe$ no dimini$h i $ '&-li# #hara# er* I i$ $im'l! no 'o$$i-le o 'rovide all a on#e land and $hel er %or all (ho need hem. Coro''ary to the e>%anded notion of %$&'i $se, e"'ro'ria ion i$ no an!more #on%ined o va$ ra# $ o% land and landed e$ a e$* I i$ here%ore o% no momen ha he land $o&gh o -e e"'ro'ria ed in hi$ #a$e i$ le$$ han hal% a he# are onl!. Thro$!h the years, he '&-li# &$e re)&iremen in eminen domain ha$ evolved in o a %le"i-le #on#e' + in%l&en#ed -! #hanging #ondi ion$* P&-li# &$e no( in#l&de$ he -roader no ion o% indire# '&-li# -ene%i or advan age+ in#l&ding in 'ar i#&lar+ &r-an land re%orm and ho&$ing.

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(=ilstream International Incorporate$ v. C!, 1/? SCRA 8,0, *an. 1-, ,77/ @4ran is oA5 "2". ;he constitutionality of Sec. #2 of E.(. Elg. $$" <re'uiring radio and television station owners and operators to give to the &omelec radio and television time free of charge> was challenged on the ground, among others, that it violated the due process clause and the eminent domain provision of the &onstitution by taBing airtime from radio and television broadcasting stations without payment of just compensation. (etitioners claim that the primary source of revenue of radio and television stations is the sale of airtime to advertisers and that to re'uire these stations to provide free airtime is to authori=e a taBing which is not /a de minimis temporary limitation or restraint upon the use of private property.1 Will you sustain the challenge? Held: All -road#a$ ing+ (he her -! radio or -! elevi$ion $ a ion$+ i$ li#en$ed -! he governmen * Air(ave %re)&en#ie$ have o -e allo#a ed a$ here are more individ&al$ (ho (an o -road#a$ han here are %re)&en#ie$ o a$$ign* A %ran#hi$e i$ h&$ a PRIHILE>E $&-.e# + among o her hing$+ o amendmen -! Congre$$ in a##ordan#e (i h he #on$ i & ional 'rovi$ion ha 2an! $&#h %ran#hi$e or righ gran ed " " " $hall -e $&-.e# o amendmen + al era ion or re'eal -! he Congre$$ (hen he #ommon good $o re)&ire$.F < rt. !II, Sec. ""> Indeed+ 'rovi$ion$ %or Comele# Time have -een made -! amendmen o% he %ran#hi$e$ o% radio and elevi$ion -road#a$ $ a ion$ and $&#h 'rovi$ion$ have no -een ho&gh o% a$ a6ing 'ro'er ! (i ho& .&$ #om'en$a ion. Art. 6II, Se . ,, of the Constit$tion a$thoriJes the a#end#ent of fran hises for Ethe o##on !ood.F What better measure can be conceived for the common good than one for free airtime for the benefit not only of candidates but even more of the public, particularly the voters, so that they will be fully informed of the issues in an election? E<I= i$ he righ o% he vie(er$ and li$ ener$+ no he righ o% he -road#a$ er$+ (hi#h i$ 'aramo&n .F Nor indeed an there &e any onstit$tiona' o&Be tion to the re:$ire#ent that &road ast stations !i"e free airti#e. E"en in the =nited States, there are res%onsi&'e s ho'ars who &e'ie"e that !o"ern#ent ontro's on &road ast #edia an onstit$tiona''y &e instit$ted to ens$re di"ersity of "iews and attention to %$&'i affairs to f$rther the syste# of free e>%ression. 4or this %$r%ose, &road ast stations #ay &e re:$ired to !i"e free airti#e to andidates in an e'e tion. In r& h+ radio and elevi$ion -road#a$ ing #om'anie$+ (hi#h are given %ran#hi$e$+ do no o(n he air(ave$ and %re)&en#ie$ hro&gh (hi#h he! ran$mi -road#a$ $ignal$ and image$* The! are merel! given he TE:PORAR; PRIHILE>E o% &$ing hem. Sin e a fran hise is a #ere %ri"i'e!e, he e"er#i$e o% he 'rivilege ma! rea$ona-l! -e -&rdened (i h he 'er%orman#e -! he gran ee o% $ome %orm o% '&-li# $ervi#e. In he gran ing o% he 'rivilege o o'era e -road#a$ $ a ion$ and herea% er $&'ervi$ing radio and elevi$ion $ a ion$+ he S a e $'end$ #on$idera-le '&-li# %&nd$ in li#en$ing and $&'ervi$ing $&#h $ a ion$* I (o&ld -e $ range i% i #anno even re)&ire he li#en$ee$ o render '&-li# $ervi#e -! giving %ree air ime. The #laim ha 'e i ioner (o&ld -e lo$ing PG5+7BJ+JJJ*JJ in &nreali8ed reven&e %rom adver i$ing i$ -a$ed on he a$$&m' ion ha air ime i$ 2%ini$hed 'rod&# 3 (hi#h+ i i$ $aid+ -e#ome he 'ro'er ! o% he #om'an!+ li6e oil 'rod&#ed %rom re%ining or $imilar na &ral re$o&r#e$ a% er &ndergoing a 'ro#e$$ %or heir 'rod&# ion . As he'd in 8ed @ion Eroadcasting &o. v. 0.&.&. (-7. =.S. at -7?, 1- L. Ed. 1d at -7,, :$otin! ?8 =.S.C. Se . -2,5, whi h $%he'd the ri!ht of a %arty %ersona''y atta 9ed to re%'y, Eli#en$e$ o -road#a$ do no #on%er o(ner$hi' o% de$igna ed %re)&en#ie$+ -& onl! he em'orar! 'rivilege o% &$ing hem.F Conse:$ent'y, Ea li#en$e 'ermi $ -road#a$ ing+ -& he li#en$ee ha$ no #on$ i & ional righ o -e he one (ho hold$ he

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li#en$e or o mono'oli8e a radio %re)&en#! o he e"#l&$ion o% hi$ %ello( #i i8en$. There is nothin! in the 4irst A#end#ent whi h %re"ents the !o"ern#ent fro# re:$irin! a 'i ensee to share his fre:$en y with others and to ond$ t hi#se'f as a %ro>y or fid$ iary with o&'i!ations to %resent those "iews and "oi es whi h are re%resentati"e of his o##$nity and whi h wo$'d otherwise, &y ne essity, &e &arred fro# the airwa"es.F A$ radio and elevi$ion -road#a$ $ a ion$ do no o(n he air(ave$+ no 'riva e 'ro'er ! i$ a6en -! he re)&iremen ha he! 'rovide air ime o he Comele#. (&E'E6!P Inc. v. C3ME'EC, 1/7 SCRA --8, A%ri' 1,, ,77/ @DendoJaA5 "22. ?ay eminent domain be barred by Hres judicataH or Hlaw of the caseH? Held: The %rin i%'e of 87S JCDI& ; , whi h finds a%%'i ation in !enera''y a'' ases and %ro eedin!s, #anno -ar he RI>HT o% he S a e or i $ agen $ o e"'ro'ria e 'riva e 'ro'er !* The ver! na &re o% eminen domain+ a$ an INHERENT 'o(er o% he S a e+ di# a e$ ha he RI>HT o e"er#i$e he 'o(er -e ABSOLUTE and UN9ETTERED even -! a 'rior .&dgmen or RES MUDICATA. The S&9(7 of e#inent do#ain is 'lenar! and, 'i9e %o'i e %ower, an Erea h e"ery for# of %ro%erty whi h the State #i!ht need for %$&'i $se.F All $e'ara e in ere$ $ o% individ&al$ in 'ro'er ! are held o% he governmen &nder hi$ a#i agreemen or I:PLIED RESERHATION. Notwithstandin! the !rant to indi"id$a's, the 7?I:7:; D9? I:, the hi!hest and #ost e>a t idea of %ro%erty, remain$ in he governmen + or in he aggrega e -od! o% he 'eo'le in heir $overeign #a'a#i !4 and he! have he righ o re$&me he 'o$$e$$ion o% he 'ro'er ! (henever he '&-li# in ere$ re)&ire$ i .F Th$s, the State or its a$thoriJed a!ent annot &e fore"er &arred fro# e>er isin! said right &y reason a'one of %re"io$s non; o#%'ian e with any 'e!a' re:$ire#ent. While he 'rin#i'le o% re$ .&di#a a doe$ no denigra e he righ o% he S a e o e"er#i$e eminen domain+ i doe$ a''l! o $'e#i%i# i$$&e$ de#ided in a 'revio&$ #a$e* 9or e"am'le+ a %inal .&dgmen di$mi$$ing an e"'ro'ria ion $&i on he gro&nd ha here (a$ no 'rior o%%er 're#l&de$ ano her $&i rai$ing he $ame i$$&e4 i #anno + ho(ever+ -ar he S a e or i $ agen %rom herea% er #om'l!ing (i h hi$ re)&iremen + a$ 're$#ri-ed -! la(+ and $&-$e)&en l! e"er#i$ing i $ 'o(er o% eminen domain over he $ame 'ro'er !. (Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corporation, 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 "2*. Discuss how e-propriation may be initiated, and the two stages in e-propriation. Held: E>%ro%riation #ay &e initiated &y #o&r a# ion or legi$la ion. In -o h in$ an#e$+ .&$ #om'en$a ion i$ de ermined -! #o&r $ (EP@! v. Dulay, ,?7 SCRA -2. @,7/8A5. -! he

The e>%ro%riation of 'ands onsists of ;W9 S; 57S. As e>%'ained in Municipality of 6inan v. Garcia (,/2 SCRA .80, ./-;./? @,7/7A, reiterated in National Po(er Corp. v. 1ocson, 120 SCRA .12 @,771A5I The 0I8S; is on erned with the de ermina ion o% he a& hori ! o% he 'lain i%% o e"er#i$e he 'o(er o% eminen domain and he 'ro'rie ! o% i $ e"er#i$e in he #on e" o% he %a# $ involved in he $&i . It ends with an order, if not dis#issa' of the a tion, Mof onde#nation de 'arin! that the %'aintiff has a 'awf$' ri!ht to ta9e the %ro%erty so$!ht to &e onde#ned, for the %$&'i $se or %$r%ose de 'ared in the o#%'aint, $%on the %ay#ent of B$st o#%ensation to &e deter#ined as of the date of the fi'in! of the o#%'aintM > > >. The S7&9:D %hase of the e#inent do#ain a tion is on erned with the de ermina ion -! he #o&r o% O he .&$ #om'en$a ion %or

64

he 'ro'er ! $o&gh o -e a6en.M This is done &y the o$rt with the assistan e of not #ore than three (-5 o##issioners > > >. I i$ onl! &'on he #om'le ion o% he$e (o $ age$ ha e"'ro'ria ion i$ $aid o have -een #om'le ed* :oreover+ i i$ ONL; UPON PA;:ENT O9 MUST CO:PENSATION ha i le over he 'ro'er ! 'a$$e$ o he governmen * There%ore+ &n il he a# ion %or e"'ro'ria ion ha$ -een #om'le ed and ermina ed+ o(ner$hi' over he 'ro'er ! -eing e"'ro'ria ed remain$ (i h he regi$ ered o(ner. Conse:$ent'y, the 'atter an e>er ise a'' ri!hts %ertainin! to an owner, in '$din! the ri!ht to dis%ose of his %ro%erty, s$&Be t to the %ower of the State $'ti#ate'y to a :$ire it thro$!h e>%ro%riation. (Repu#lic v. Salem Investment Corporation et. al., +.R. No. ,-8.07, *$ne 1-, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 "2+. Do the two <2> stages in e-propriation apply only to judicial, and not to legislative, e-propriation? Held: The De la Rama$ are mi$ a6en in arg&ing ha he (o $ age$ o% e"'ro'ria ion " " " onl! a''l! o .&di#ial+ and no o legi$la ive+ e"'ro'ria ion. A'tho$!h Con!ress has the %ower to deter#ine what 'and to ta9e, it an not do so ar&itrari'y. M&di#ial de ermina ion o% he 'ro'rie ! o% he e"er#i$e o% he 'o(er+ %or in$ an#e+ in vie( o% allega ion$ o% 'ar iali ! and 're.&di#e -! ho$e adver$el! a%%e# ed+ and he .&$ #om'en$a ion %or he $&-.e# 'ro'er ! i$ 'rovided in o&r #on$ i & ional $!$ em. We see no %oint in distin!$ishin! &etween B$di ia' and 'e!is'ati"e e>%ro%riation as far as the two sta!es #entioned a&o"e are on erned. Bo h involve he$e $ age$ and in -o h+ he 'ro#e$$ i$ no #om'le ed &n il 'a!men o% .&$ #om'en$a ion i$ made. The Co$rt of A%%ea's was orre t in sayin! that B*P* Blg* 7EJ did no e%%e# ivel! e"'ro'ria e he land o% he De la Rama$* A$ a ma er o% %a# + i merel! #ommen#ed he e"'ro'ria ion o% he $&-.e# 'ro'er !. 6 > > The De 'a Ra#as #a9e #$ h of the fa t that ownershi% of the 'and was transferred to the !o"ern#ent &e a$se the e:$ita&'e and &enefi ia' tit'e was a'ready a :$ired &y it in ,7/-, 'ea"in! the# with on'y the na9ed tit'e. <owe"er, as this Co$rt he'd in !ssociation of Small 'an$o(ners in t)e P)il. Inc. v. Secretary of !grarian Reform (,8. SCRA -?-, -/7 @,7/7A5I The re o!niJed r$'e, indeed, is that i le o he 'ro'er ! e"'ro'ria ed $hall 'a$$ %rom he o(ner o he e"'ro'ria or onl! &'on %&ll 'a!men o% he .&$ #om'en$a ion. *$ris%r$den e on this sett'ed %rin i%'e is onsistent &oth here and in other de#o rati B$risdi tions. 6 > > (Repu#lic v. Salem Investment Corporation et. al., +.R. No. ,-8.07, *$ne 1-, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 "2.. Is (8I98 C:SC&&7SS0C@ :759;I ;I9: a condition precedent for the e-ercise of eminent domain? Held: Citin! Iron an$ Steel !ut)ority v. Court of !ppeals (1?7 SCRA .-/, O to&er 1., ,77.5, %etitioner insists that &efore e#inent do#ain #ay &e e>er ised &y the state, there #$st &e a showin! of %rior $ns$ essf$' ne!otiation with the owner of the %ro%erty to &e e>%ro%riated. Thi$ #on en ion i$ no #orre# * As %ointed o$t &y the So'i itor +enera' he #&rren e%%e# ive la( on delega ed a& hori ! o e"er#i$e he 'o(er o% eminen domain i$ %o&nd in Se# ion 05+ Boo6 III of the Revise$ !$ministrative Co$e, whi h %ro"idesI

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ESEC* 05* (ower of 7minent Domain C The Pre$iden $hall de ermine (hen i i$ ne#e$$ar! or advan ageo&$ o e"er#i$e he 'o(er o% eminen domain in -ehal% o% he Na ional >overnmen + and dire# he Soli#i or >eneral+ (henever he deem$ he a# ion advi$a-le+ o in$ i & e e"'ro'ria ion 'ro#eeding$ in he 'ro'er #o&r .F The %oregoing 'rovi$ion doe$ no re)&ire 'rior &n$&##e$$%&l nego ia ion a$ a #ondi ion 're#eden %or he e"er#i$e o% eminen domain. In Iron and Steel uthority v. &ourt of ppeals, the President hose to %res ri&e this ondition as an additiona' re:$ire#ent instead. In the instant ase, howe"er, no s$ h "o'$ntary restri tion was i#%osed. (SMI Development Corporation v. Repu#lic, -1- SCRA /01, *an. 1/, 1222, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 THE POWER O9 TA?ATION "2). &an ta-es be subject to off,setting or compensation?

Held: Ta"e$ #anno -e $&-.e# o #om'en$a ion %or he $im'le rea$on ha he governmen and he a"'a!er are no #redi or$ and de- or$ o% ea#h o her. There is a ma erial di$ in# ion -e (een a a" and de- . DE6&S are d&e o he >overnmen in i $ #or'ora e #a'a#i !, whi'e &!%ES are d&e o he >overnmen in i $ $overeign #a'a#i !. It #$st &e noted that a di$ ing&i$hing %ea &re o% a a" i$ ha i i$ CO:PULSOR; ra her han a ma er o% -argain. <en e, a ta> doe$ no de'end &'on he #on$en o% he a"'a!er. If any ta>%ayer an defer the %ay#ent of ta>es &y raisin! the defense that it sti'' has a %endin! 'ai# for ref$nd or redit, this wo$'d ad"erse'y affe t the !o"ern#ent re"en$e syste#. A a"'a!er #anno re%&$e o 'a! hi$ a"e$ (hen he! %all d&e $im'l! -e#a&$e he ha$ a #laim again$ he governmen or ha he #olle# ion o% a a" i$ #on ingen on he re$&l o% he la($&i i %iled again$ he governmen . (P)ileI Mining Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 17? SCRA 0/8, A$!. 1/, ,77/ @Ro#eroA5 "2%. Cnder rticle FI, Section 2$, paragraph * of the "#$% &onstitution, H3&4haritable institutions, churches and parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mos'ues, non,profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly and e-clusively used for religious, charitable or educational purposes shall be e-empt from ta-ation.H G?& claims that the income earned by its building leased to private entities and that of its parBing space is liBewise covered by said e-emption. 8esolve. Held: The de&ates, inter%e''ations and e>%ressions of o%inion of the fra#ers of the Constit$tion re"ea' their intent that whi h, in t$rn, #ay ha"e !$ided the %eo%'e in ratifyin! the Charter. S$ h intent #$st &e effe t$ated. A ordin!'y, *$sti e <i'ario +. Da"ide, *r., a for#er onstit$tiona' o##issioner, who is now a #e#&er of this Co$rt, stressed d$rin! the Con o# de&ates that M> > > (ha i$ e"em' ed i$ no he in$ i & ion i $el% > > >G ho$e e"em' ed %rom real e$ a e a"e$ are land$+ -&ilding$ and im'rovemen $ a# &all!+ dire# l! and e"#l&$ivel! &$ed %or religio&$+ #hari a-le or ed&#a ional '&r'o$e$. 4ather *oa:$in +. 3ernas, an e#inent a$thority on the Constit$tion and a'so a #e#&er of the Con o#, adhered to the sa#e "iew that he e"em' ion #rea ed -! $aid 'rovi$ion 'er ained onl! o PROPERT; TA?ES. In his treatise on ta>ation, Dr. *$sti e *ose C. Vit$! on $rs, statin! that M@tAhe ta> e>e#%tion o"ers property ta>es on'y.M (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. C!, 17/ SCRA /-, O t. ,?, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 "2$. Cnder rticle &onstitution, H3 4ll !IF, Section +, paragraph * of revenues and assets of non,stocB, the "#$% non,profit

66

educational institutions used actually, directly, and e-clusively for educational purposes shall be e-empt from ta-es and duties.H G?& alleged that it His a non,profit educational institution whose revenues and assets are used actually, directly and e-clusively for educational purposes so it is e-empt from ta-es on its properties and income.H Held: We rei era e ha 'riva e re$'onden i$ e"em' %rom he 'a!men o% 'ro'er ! a"+ BUT NOT INCO:E TA? ON THE RENTALS 9RO: ITS PROPERT;* The -are allega ion alone ha i i$ a non,$ o#6+ non,'ro%i ed&#a ional in$ i & ion i$ in$&%%i#ien o .&$ i%! i $ e"em' ion %rom he 'a!men o% in#ome a". DL=a($ allo(ing a" e"em' ion are #on$ r&ed STRICTISSI:I MURIS. <en e, for the YDCA to &e !ranted the e>e#%tion it 'ai#s $nder the a&o"e ited %ro"ision, it #$st %ro"e with s$&stantia' e"iden e that /01 i %all$ &nder he #la$$i%i#a ion nonFstocA nonFprofit e$ucational institutionO and /51 he in#ome i $ee6$ o -e e"em' ed %rom a"a ion i$ use$ actually $irectly an$ eIclusively for e$ucational purposes. <owe"er, the Co$rt notes that not a s inti''a of e"iden e was s$&#itted &y %ri"ate res%ondent to %ro"e that it #et the said re:$isites. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. C!, 17/ SCRA /-, O t. ,?, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 "2#. Is the G?& an educational institution, within the purview of rticle !IF, Section +, par. * of the &onstitution? Held: We r&le ha i i$ NOT. The ter# M7DC& ;I9: @ I:S;I;C;I9:M or MI:S;I;C;I9: 90 @7 8:I:5M has a :$ired a we'';9nown te hni a' #eanin!, of whi h the #e#&ers of the Constit$tiona' Co##ission are dee#ed o!niJant. =nder the Ed$ ation A t of ,7/1, $&#h erm re%er$ o $#hool$. The s hoo' syste# is $!non!mo&$ (i h %ormal ed&#a ion, whi h Mre%er$ o he hierar#hi#all! $ r&# &red and #hronologi#all! graded learning$ organi8ed and 'rovided -! he %ormal $#hool $!$ em and %or (hi#h #er i%i#a ion i$ re)&ired in order %or he learner o 'rogre$$ hro&gh he grade$ or move o he higher level$ .M The Co$rt has e>a#ined the MA#ended Arti 'es of In or%orationM and M3y; LawsM of the YDCA, &$t fo$nd nothin! in the# that e"en hints that it is a s hoo' or an ed$ ationa' instit$tion. 4$rther#ore, $nder the Ed$ ation A t of ,7/1, e"en non;for#a' ed$ ation is $nderstood to &e s hoo';&ased and M%ri"ate a$s%i es s$ h as fo$ndations and i"i ;s%irited or!aniJationsM are r$'ed o$t. It is sett'ed that the ter# Med$ ationa' instit$tion,M when $sed in 'aws !rantin! ta> e>e#%tions, re%er$ o a O" " " $#hool $eminar!+ #ollege or ed&#a ional e$ a-li$hmen " " ".M <$+ &JS .))> Therefore, the %ri"ate res%ondent annot &e dee#ed one of the ed$ ationa' instit$tions o"ered &y the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision $nder onsideration. ( Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. C!, 17/ SCRA /-, O t. ,?, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 ""2. ?ay the (&55 validly commit to e-empt from all forms of ta-es the properties to be retained by the ?arcos heirs in a &ompromise greement between the former and the latter? Held: The 'o(er o a" and o gran e"em' ion$ i$ ve$ ed in he Congre$$ and+ o a #er ain e" en + in he lo#al legi$la ive -odie$. Se tion 1/(?5, Arti 'e VI of the Constit$tion, s%e ifi a''y %ro"idesI ENo la( gran ing an! a" e"em' ion $hall -e 'a$$ed (i ho& he #on#&rren#e o% a ma.ori ! o% all he mem-er$ o% he Congre$$.F The PC>> ha$ a-$ol& el! no 'o(er o gran a" e"em' ion$+ even &nder he #over o% i $ a& hori ! o #om'romi$e ill,go en (eal h #a$e$. Even gran ing ha Congre$$ ena# $ a la( e"em' ing he :ar#o$e$ %rom 'a!ing a"e$ on heir 'ro'er ie$+ $&#h la( (ill de%ini el! no 'a$$ he e$ o% he e)&al 'ro e# ion #la&$e &nder he Bill o% Righ $* An! $'e#ial gran o% a" e"em' ion in %avor onl! o% he :ar#o$ heir$ (ill #on$ i & e #la$$ legi$la ion. It wi'' a'so "io'ate the

67

onstit$tiona' r$'e that Eta>ation sha'' &e $nifor# and e:$ita&'e.M (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 """. Discuss the purpose of ta- treaties?

Held: The RP;=S Ta> Treaty is B$st one of a n$#&er of &i'atera' treaties whi h the Phi'i%%ines has entered into for the a"oidan e of do$&'e ta>ation. The %$r%ose of these internationa' a!ree#ents is o re#on#ile he na ional %i$#al legi$la ion$ o% he #on ra# ing 'ar ie$ in order o hel' he a"'a!er avoid $im&l aneo&$ a"a ion in (o di%%eren .&ri$di# ion$. Dore %re ise'y, the ta> on"entions are drafted with a "iew towards the e'i#ination of international juridical double ta-ation > > >. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,2,;,21, *$ne 1., ,777, -rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 ""2. What is Hinternational juridical double ta-ationH?

Held: It is defined as he im'o$i ion o% #om'ara-le a"e$ in (o or more $ a e$ on he $ame a"'a!er in re$'e# o% he $ame $&-.e# ma er and %or iden i#al 'eriod$. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,21, *$ne 1., ,7775 ""*. What is the rationale for doing away with international juridical double ta-ation? What are the methods resorted to by ta- treaties to eliminate double ta-ation? Held: The a%%arent rationa'e for doin! away with do$&'e ta>ation is o en#o&rage he %ree %lo( o% good$ and $ervi#e$ and he movemen o% #a'i al+ e#hnolog! and 'er$on$ -e (een #o&n rie$+ #ondi ion$ deemed vi al in #rea ing ro-&$ and d!nami# e#onomie$. 4orei!n in"est#ents wi'' on'y thri"e in a fair'y %redi ta&'e and reasona&'e internationa' in"est#ent 'i#ate and the %rote tion a!ainst do$&'e ta>ation is r$ ia' in reatin! s$ h a 'i#ate. Do$&'e ta>ation $s$a''y ta9es %'a e when a 'er$on i$ re$iden o% a #on ra# ing $ a e and derive$ in#ome %rom+ or o(n$ #a'i al in he o her #on ra# ing $ a e and -o h $ a e$ im'o$e a" on ha in#ome or #a'i al. In order to e'i#inate do$&'e ta>ation, a ta> treaty resorts to se"era' #ethods. 4irst, i $e $ o& he re$'e# ive righ $ o a" o% he $ a e o% $o&r#e or $i &$ and o% he $ a e o% re$iden#e (i h regard o #er ain #la$$e$ o% in#ome or #a'i al. In so#e ases, an e> '$si"e ri!ht to ta> is onferred on one of the ontra tin! statesG howe"er, for other ite#s of in o#e or a%ita', &oth states are !i"en the ri!ht to ta>, a'tho$!h the a#o$nt of ta> that #ay &e i#%osed &y the state of so$r e is 'i#ited. The se ond #ethod for the e'i#ination of do$&'e ta>ation a%%'ies whene"er he $ a e o% $o&r#e i$ given a %&ll or limi ed righ o a" oge her (i h he $ a e o% re$iden#e. In this ase, he rea ie$ ma6e i in#&m-en &'on he $ a e o% re$iden#e o allo( relie% in order o avoid do&-le a"a ion. There are (o me hod$ o% relie% ; the E?E:PTION :ETHOD and the CREDIT :ETHOD. In the e>e#%tion #ethod, the in#ome or #a'i al (hi#h i$ a"a-le in he $ a e o% $o&r#e or $i &$ i$ e"em' ed in he $ a e o% re$iden#e+ al ho&gh in $ome in$ an#e$ i ma! -e a6en in o a##o&n in de ermining he ra e o% a" a''li#a-le o he a"'a!erK$ remaining in#ome or #a'i al. On the other hand, in the redit #ethod, al ho&gh he in#ome or #a'i al (hi#h i$ a"ed in he $ a e o% $o&r#e i$ $ ill a"a-le in he $ a e o% re$iden#e+ he a" 'aid in he %ormer i$ #redi ed again$ he a" levied in he la er. The &asi differen e &etween the two #ethods is that in the e>e#%tion #ethod, the fo $s is on the in o#e or a%ita' itse'f, whereas the redit #ethod fo $ses $%on the ta>. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,21;,2-, *$ne 1., ,7775

68

""+. What is the rationale for reducing the ta- rate in negotiating ta- treaties? Held: In ne!otiatin! ta> treaties, the $nder'yin! rationa'e for red$ in! the ta> rate is that he Phili''ine$ (ill give &' a 'ar o% he a" in he e"'e# a ion ha he a" given &' %or hi$ 'ar i#&lar inve$ men i$ no a"ed -! he o her #o&n r!. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,2-, *$ne 1., ,7775

3.

T<E 3ILL O4 RI+<TS

THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE "".. Discuss the Due (rocess &lause. process from procedural due process. Distinguish substantive due

Held: Se tion , of the 3i'' of Ri!hts 'ays down what is 9nown as the Md$e %ro ess 'a$seM of the Constit$tion. In order to fa'' within the ae!is of this %ro"ision, two conditions must concur, na#e'y, that here i$ a de'riva ion and that $&#h de'riva ion i$ done (i ho& 'ro'er o-$ervan#e o% d&e 'ro#e$$. When one s%ea9s of d$e %ro ess of 'aw, howe"er, a distin tion #$st &e #ade &etween #atters of %ro ed$re and #atters of s$&stan e. In essen e, (89&7DC8 @ DC7 (89&7SS Mre%er$ o he :ETHOD or :ANNER -! (hi#h he la( i$ en%or#ed,M whi'e SCES; :;IF7 DC7 (89&7SS Mre)&ire$ ha he LAW i $el%+ no merel! he 'ro#ed&re$ -! (hi#h he la( (o&ld -e en%or#ed+ i$ 9AIR+ REASONABLE+ and MUST.M (Corona v. /nite$ Har#or Pilots !ssociation of t)e P)ils., 1/- SCRA -,, De . ,1, ,778 @Ro#eroA5 ""). 8espondents Cnited 6arbor (ilots ssociation of the (hilippines argue that due process was not observed in the adoption of (( , 9 :o. 2+,#2 which provides thatN /<a>ll e-isting regular appointments which have been previously issued by the Eureau of &ustoms or the (( shall remain valid up to *" December "##2 only,1 and /<a>ll appointments to harbor pilot positions in all pilotage districts shall, henceforth, be only for a term of one <"> year from date of effectivity subject to renewal or cancellation by the (hilippine (orts uthority after conduct of a rigid evaluation of performance,1 allegedly because no hearing was conducted whereby /relevant government agencies1 and the harbor pilots themselves could ventilate their views. ;hey also contended that the sole and e-clusive right to the e-ercise of harbor pilotage by pilots has become vested and can only be /withdrawn or shortened1 by observing the constitutional mandate of due process of law. Held: They are o&"io$s'y referrin! to the (89&7DC8 @ S(7&; of the ena t#ent. 4ort$nate'y, the Co$rt has #aintained a 'ear %osition in this re!ard, a stan e it has stressed in the re ent ase of 'umiHue$ v. Hon. EIevea (+.R. No. ,,8.0., No"e#&er ,/, ,7785, where it de 'ared that E/a1$ long a$ a 'ar ! (a$ given he o''or &ni ! o de%end hi$ in ere$ $ in d&e #o&r$e+ he #anno -e $aid o have -een denied d&e 'ro#e$$ o% la(+ %or hi$ OPPORTUNIT; TO BE HEARD i$ he ver! ESSENCE o% d&e 'ro#e$$* :oreover+ hi$ #on$ i & ional manda e i$ deemed $a i$%ied i% a 'er$on i$ gran ed an o''or &ni ! o $ee6 re#on$idera ion o% he a# ion or r&ling #om'lained o%.F In the ase at &ar, res%ondents :$estioned PPA;AO No. 2?;71 no 'ess than fo$r ti#es &efore the #atter was fina''y e'e"ated to this Tri&$na'. Their ar!$#ents on this s ore, howe"er, fai'ed to %ers$ade. 6 > > Neither does the fa t that the %i'ots the#se'"es were not ons$'ted in any way taint the "a'idity of the ad#inistrati"e order. A$ a general r&le+ no i#e and hearing+ a$ he %&ndamen al re)&iremen $ o% 'ro#ed&ral d&e 'ro#e$$+ are e$$en ial onl! (hen an admini$ ra ive

69

-od! e"er#i$e$ i $ QUASI,MUDICIAL 9UNCTION* In he 'er%orman#e o% i $ e"e#& ive or legi$la ive %&n# ion$+ $&#h a$ i$$&ing r&le$ and reg&la ion$+ an admini$ ra ive -od! need no #om'l! (i h he re)&iremen $ o% no i#e and hearing. =%on the other hand, it is a'so ontended that the so'e and e> '$si"e ri!ht to the e>er ise of har&or %i'ota!e &y %i'ots is a sett'ed iss$e. Res%ondents a"er that said ri!ht has &e o#e "ested and an on'y &e Ewithdrawn or shortenedF &y o&ser"in! the onstit$tiona' #andate of d$e %ro ess of 'aw. Their ar!$#ent has th$s shifted fro# the %ro ed$ra' to one of S=3STANCE. It is here where PPA;AO No. 2?;71 fai's to #eet the ondition set &y the or!ani 'aw. Pi'ota!e, B$st 'i9e other %rofessions, #ay &e %ra ti ed on'y &y d$'y 'i ensed indi"id$a's. Li ens$re is Ethe !rantin! of 'i ense es%e ia''y to %ra ti e a %rofession.F It is a'so Ethe syste# of !rantin! 'i enses (as for %rofessiona' %ra ti e5 in a ordan e with esta&'ished standards.F A 'i ense is a ri!ht or %er#ission !ranted &y so#e o#%etent a$thority to arry on a &$siness or do an a t whi h, witho$t s$ h 'i ense, wo$'d &e i''e!a'. 3efore har&or %i'ots an earn a 'i ense to %ra ti e their %rofession, they 'itera''y ha"e to %ass thro$!h the %ro"er&ia' eye of a need'e &y ta9in!, not one &$t five e>a#inations, ea h fo''owed &y a t$a' trainin! and %ra ti e. 6 > > Their 'i ense is !ranted in the for# of an a%%oint#ent whi h a''ows the# to en!a!e in %i'ota!e $nti' they retire at the a!e of 82 years. This is a "ested ri!ht. =nder the ter#s of PPA;AO No. 2?;71, E@aA'' e>istin! re!$'ar a%%oint#ents whi h ha"e &een %re"io$s'y iss$ed &y the 3$rea$ of C$sto#s or the PPA sha'' re#ain "a'id $% to -, De e#&er ,771 on'y,F and E(a5'' a%%oint#ents to har&or %i'ot %ositions in a'' %i'ota!e distri ts sha'', hen eforth, &e on'y for a ter# of one (,5 year fro# date of effe ti"ity s$&Be t to renewa' or an e''ation &y the A$thority after ond$ t of a ri!id e"a'$ation of %erfor#an e.F I i$ readil! a''aren ha PPA,AO No* JE,C5 &nd&l! re$ ri# $ he righ o% har-or 'ilo $ o en.o! heir 'ro%e$$ion -e%ore heir #om'&l$or! re iremen . In the %ast, they enBoyed a #eas$re of se $rity 9nowin! that after %assin! fi"e e>a#inations and $nder!oin! years of on;the;Bo& trainin!, they wo$'d ha"e a 'i ense whi h they o$'d $se $nti' their retire#ent, $n'ess sooner re"o9ed &y the PPA for #enta' or %hysi a' $nfitness. =nder the new iss$an e, they ha"e to ontend with an ann$a' an e''ation of their 'i ense whi h an &e te#%orary or %er#anent de%endin! on the o$t o#e of their %erfor#an e e"a'$ation. Veteran %i'ots and neo%hytes a'i9e are s$dden'y onfronted with one; year ter#s whi h ipso facto e>%ire at the end of that %eriod. Renewa' of their 'i ense is now de%endent on a Eri!id e"a'$ation of %erfor#an eF whi h is ond$ ted on'y after the 'i ense has a'ready &een an e''ed. <en e, the $se of the ter# Erenewa'.F I i$ hi$ 're, eval&a ion #an#ella ion (hi#h 'rimaril! ma6e$ PPA,AO No* JE,C5 &nrea$ona-le and #on$ i & ionall! in%irm* In a real $en$e+ i i$ a de'riva ion o% 'ro'er ! (i ho& d&e 'ro#e$$ o% la(. (Corona v. /nite$ Har#or Pilots !ssociation of t)e P)ils., 1/- SCRA -,, De e#&er ,1, ,778 @Ro#eroA5 ""%. Does the due process clause encompass the right to be assisted by counsel during an administrative in'uiry? Held: The righ o #o&n$el+ (hi#h #anno -e (aived &nle$$ he (aiver i$ in (ri ing and in he 're$en#e o% #o&n$el+ i$ a righ a%%orded a $&$'e# or an a##&$ed d&ring #&$ odial inve$ iga ion* I i$ no an a-$ol& e righ and ma!+ h&$+ -e invo6ed or re.e# ed in a #riminal 'ro#eeding and+ (i h more rea$on+ in an admini$ ra ive in)&ir!. In the case at bar, petitioners invoBe the right of an accused in criminal proceedings to have competent and independent counsel of his own choice. @umi'ued, however, was not accused of any crime in the proceedings below. ;he investigation conducted by the committee - - -

70

was for the sole purpose of determining if he could be held D?I:IS;8 ;IF7@G @I E@7 under the law for the complaints filed against him. - - s such, the hearing conducted by the investigating committee was not part of a criminal prosecution. 6 > > While inve$ iga ion$ #ond&# ed -! an admini$ ra ive -od! ma! a ime$ -e a6in o a #riminal 'ro#eeding+ he %a# remain$ ha &nder e"i$ ing la($+ a 'ar ! in an admini$ ra ive in)&ir! :A; or :A; NOT BE ASSISTED B; COUNSEL+ irre$'e# ive o% he na &re o% he #harge$ and o% he re$'onden K$ #a'a#i ! o re're$en him$el%+ and no d& ! re$ $ on $&#h a -od! o %&rni$h he 'er$on -eing inve$ iga ed (i h #o&n$el. In an ad#inistrati"e %ro eedin! > > > a res%ondent > > > has the 9(;I9: of en!a!in! the ser"i es of o$nse' or not. > > > Th&$+ he righ o #o&n$el i$ no im'era ive in admini$ ra ive inve$ iga ion$ -e#a&$e $&#h in)&irie$ are #ond&# ed merel! o de ermine (he her here are %a# $ ha meri di$#i'linar! mea$&re$ again$ erring '&-li# o%%i#er$ and em'lo!ee$+ (i h he '&r'o$e o% main aining he digni ! o% governmen $ervi#e. The righ o #o&n$el i$ no indi$'en$a-le re)&ired -! he Con$ i & ion or he la(. 6 > >. v. EIevea, 1/1 SCRA ,1., No". ,/, ,778 @Ro#eroA5 o d&e 'ro#e$$ &nle$$ ('umiHue$

""$. Does an e-traditee have the right to notice and hearing during the evaluation stage of an e-tradition proceeding? Held: Con$idering 'ro#eeding i$ onl! a i $ -eing #laimed -! he 'riva 're.&di#e he (ill allegedl! he in ere$ $ e$'o&$ed -! o% M&$ i#e. 6 > > ha in he #a$e a -ar+ he e" radi ion eval&a ion $ age+ he na &re o% he righ e re$'onden i$ ne-&lo&$ and he degree o% $&%%er i$ (ea6+ (e a##ord grea er (eigh o he governmen hr& he 'e i ioner Se#re ar!

In il ing he -alan#e in %avor o% he in ere$ $ o% he S a e+ he Co&r $ re$$e$ ha i i$ no r&ling ha he 'riva e re$'onden ha$ no righ o d&e 'ro#e$$ a all hro&gho& he leng h and -read h o% he e" radi ion 'ro#eeding$. Pro ed$ra' d$e %ro ess re:$ires a deter#ination of what %ro ess is d$e, when it is d$e, and the de!ree of what is d$e. Stated otherwise, a 'rior de ermina ion $ho&ld -e made a$ o (he her 'ro#ed&ral 'ro e# ion$ are a all d&e and (hen he! are d&e+ (hi#h in &rn de'end$ on he e" en o (hi#h an individ&al (ill -e O#ondemned o $&%%er grievo&$ lo$$.H We ha"e e>%'ained why an e>traditee has no ri!ht to noti e and hearin! d$rin! the e"a'$ation sta!e of the e>tradition %ro ess. As aforesaid, P*D* No* 0JIC whi h i#%'e#ents the RP;=S E>tradition Treaty a%%ord$ an e" radi ee sufficient opportunity o mee he eviden#e again$ him once t)e petition is file$ in court. The time %or he e" radi ee o 6no( he -a$i$ o% he re)&e$ %or hi$ e" radi ion is merely move$ o he %iling in #o&r o% he %ormal 'e i ion %or e" radi ion* The e" radi eeK$ righ o 6no( i$ momentarily (it))el$ $uring t)e evaluation stage o% he e" radi ion 'ro#e$$ o a##ommoda e he more #om'elling in ere$ o% he S a e o 'reven e$#a'e o% 'o en ial e" radi ee$ (hi#h #an -e 're#i'i a ed -! 'rema &re in%orma ion o% he -a$i$ o% he re)&e$ %or hi$ e" radi ion* No le$$ #om'elling at t)at stage o% he e" radi ion 'ro#eeding$ i$ he need o -e more de%eren ial o he .&dgmen o% a #o, e)&al -ran#h o% he governmen + he E"e#& ive+ (hi#h ha$ -een endo(ed -! o&r Con$ i & ion (i h grea er 'o(er over ma er$ involving o&r %oreign rela ion$. Need'ess to state, this &a'an e of interests is not a static but a moving balance whi h an &e adB$sted as the e>tradition %ro ess #o"es fro# the ad#inistrati"e sta!e to the B$di ia' sta!e and to the e>e $tion sta!e de%endin! on fa tors that wi'' o#e into %'ay. In s$#, (e r&le ha he temporary )ol$ on 'riva e re$'onden K$ 'rivilege o% no i#e and hearing i$ a soft restraint on hi$ righ o d&e 'ro#e$$ (hi#h (ill no de'rive him o% fun$amental fairness $ho&ld he de#ide o re$i$ he re)&e$ %or hi$ e" radi ion o he Uni ed S a e$* &)ere is no $enial of $ue process as long as fun$amental fairness is assure$ a party. (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., O t. ,8, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5

71

THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE ""#. 7-plain and discuss the e'ual protection of the law clause.

Held: ,. The e:$a' %rote tion of the 'aw is e#&ra ed in the on e%t of d$e %ro ess, as ever! &n%air di$#rimina ion o%%end$ he re)&iremen $ o% .&$ i#e and %air 'la!. It has nonethe'ess &een e#&odied in a se%arate 'a$se in Ar i#le III, Se#* 0, of the Constitution to 'rovide %or a more $'e#i%i# g&aran ! again$ an! %orm o% &nd&e %avori i$m or ho$ ili ! %rom he governmen . ARBITRARINESS in general #ay &e ha''en!ed on the &asis of the d&e 'ro#e$$ #la&$e. 3$t if the %arti $'ar a t assai'ed %arta9es of an UNWARRANTED PARTIALIT; or PREMUDICE, the shar%er wea%on to $t it down is the e)&al 'ro e# ion #la&$e. A ordin! to a 'on! 'ine of de isions, 7AC @ (89;7&;I9: $im'l! re)&ire$ ha all 'er$on$ or hing$ SI:ILARL; SITUATED $ho&ld -e rea ed ali6e+ -o h a$ o righ $ #on%erred and re$'on$i-ili ie$ im'o$ed. Si#i'ar s$&Be ts, in other words, sho$'d not &e treated different'y, so as to !i"e $nd$e fa"or to so#e and $nB$st'y dis ri#inate a!ainst others. The e:$a' %rote tion 'a$se does not re:$ire the $ni"ersa' a%%'i ation of the 'aws on a'' %ersons or thin!s witho$t distin tion. This #i!ht in fa t so#eti#es res$'t in $ne:$a' %rote tion, as where, for e>a#%'e, a 'aw %rohi&itin! #at$re &oo9s to a'' %ersons, re!ard'ess of a!e, wo$'d &enefit the #ora's of the yo$th &$t "io'ate the 'i&erty of ad$'ts. Wha he #la&$e re)&ire$ i$ e)&ali ! among e)&al$ a$ de ermined a##ording o a valid #la$$i%i#a ion* B! #la$$i%i#a ion i$ mean he gro&'ing o% 'er$on$ or hing$ $imilar o ea#h o her in #er ain 'ar i#&lar$ and di%%eren %rom all o her$ in he$e $ame 'ar i#&lar$. (P)ilippine 1u$ges !ssociation v. Pra$o, 118 SCRA 82-, 8,,;8,1, No". ,,, ,77-, En 3an @Cr$JA5 1. The e:$a' %rote tion 'a$se e>ists o 'reven &nd&e %avor or 'rivilege. It is in ended o elimina e di$#rimina ion and o''re$$ion -a$ed on ine)&ali !. Re o!niJin! the e>isten e of rea' differen e a#on! #en, the e:$a' %rote tion 'a$se doe$ no demand a-$ol& e e)&ali !. It #ere'y re:$ires that all 'er$on$ $hall -e rea ed ali6e+ &nder li6e #ir#&m$ an#e$ and #ondi ion$ -o h a$ o he 'rivilege$ #on%erred and lia-ili ie$ en%or#ed* Th&$+ he e)&al 'ro e# ion #la&$e doe$ no a-$ol& el! %or-id #la$$i%i#a ion$ " " "* I% he #la$$i%i#a ion i$ /01 -a$ed on REAL and SUBSTANTIAL DI99ERENCES4 /51 i$ >ER:ANE TO THE PURPOSE O9 THE LAW4 /71 APPLIES TO ALL :E:BERS O9 THE SA:E CLASS4 and /E1 APPLIES TO CURRENT AS WELL AS 9UTURE CONDITIONS+ he #la$$i%i#a ion ma! no -e im'&gned a$ viola ing he Con$ i & ionK$ e)&al 'ro e# ion g&aran ee. A distin tion &ased on rea' and reasona&'e onsiderations re'ated to a %ro%er 'e!is'ati"e %$r%ose > > > is neither $nreasona&'e, a%ri io$s nor $nfo$nded. (Himagan v. People, 1-8 SCRA .-/, O t. 8, ,77?, En 3an @)a%$nanA5 "22. &ongress enacted 8. . :o. $"$# which provides, in Section ++ thereof, that H:o 7lection 9fficer shall hold office in a particular city or municipality for more than four <+> years. ny election officer who, either at the time of the approval of this ct or subse'uent thereto, has served for at least four <+> years in a particular city or municipality shall automatically be reassigned by the &ommission to a new station outside the original congressional district.H (etitioners, who are &ity and ?unicipal 7lection 9fficers, theori=e that Section ++ of 8 $"$# is violative of the He'ual protection clauseH of the "#$% &onstitution because it singles out the &ity and ?unicipal 7lection 9fficers of the &9?7@7& as prohibited from holding office in the same city or municipality for more than four <+> years. ;hey maintain that there is no substantial distinction between them and other &9?7@7& officials, and therefore, there is no valid

72

classification to justify the objective of the provision of law under attacB. 8esolve. Held: The Co$rt is not %ers$aded &y %etitionersH ar!$#ents. The M7AC @ (89;7&;I9: &@ CS7M of the 7:., Constitution permits a vali$ classification $nder the fo''owin! onditionsI 1) The 'assifi 2) The 'assifi 3) The 'assifi onl!G and 4) The 'assifi $ame #la$$. ation #$st rest on $&-$ an ial di$ in# ionG ation #$st &e germane o he '&r'o$e o% he la(G ation #$st no -e limi ed o e"i$ ing #ondi ion$ ation #$st a''l! e)&all! o all mem-er$ o% he

After a aref$' st$dy, the ine'$ ta&'e on '$sion is that the 'assifi ation $nder Se tion ?? of RA /,/7 satisfies the aforestated re:$ire#ents. The $ingling o& o% ele# ion o%%i#er$ in order o Oen$&re he im'ar iali ! o% ele# ion o%%i#ial$ -! 'reven ing hem %rom develo'ing %amiliari ! (i h he 'eo'le o% heir 'la#e o% a$$ignmen O doe$ no viola e he e)&al 'ro e# ion #la&$e o% he Con$ i & ion. In 'utz v. !raneta (7/ Phi'. ,?/, ,.- @,7..A5, it was he'd that M he legi$la &re i$ no re)&ired -! he Con$ i & ion o adhere o a 'oli#! o% Kall or noneKM. This is so for $nderin '$si"eness is not an ar!$#ent a!ainst a "a'id 'assifi ation. It #ay &e tr$e that a'' other offi ers of CODELEC referred to &y %etitioners are e>%osed to the sa#e e"i's so$!ht to &e addressed &y the stat$te. <owe"er, in this ase, it an &e dis erned that the 'e!is'at$re tho$!ht the no&'e %$r%ose of the 'aw wo$'d &e s$ffi ient'y ser"ed &y &rea9in! an i#%ortant 'in9 in the hain of orr$%tion than &y &rea9in! $% ea h and e"ery 'in9 thereof. Heril!+ &nder Se# ion 7/n1 o% RA B0BC+ ele# ion o%%i#er$ are he highe$ o%%i#ial$ or a& hori8ed re're$en a ive$ o% he CO:ELEC in a #i ! or m&ni#i'ali !* I i$ $a%e o $a! ha (i ho& he #om'li#i ! o% $&#h o%%i#ial$+ large,$#ale anomalie$ in he regi$ ra ion o% vo er$ #an hardl! -e #arried o& . (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, en 3an @P$risi#aA5 "2". re there substantial distinctions between print media and broadcast media to justify the re'uirement for the latter to give free airtime to be used by the &omelec to inform the public of 'ualifications and program of government of candidates and political parties during the campaign period? Discuss. Held: There are i#%ortant differen es in the hara teristi s of the two #edia whi h B$stify their differentia' treat#ent for free s%ee h %$r%oses. Be#a&$e o% he 'h!$i#al limi a ion$ o% he -road#a$ $'e# r&m+ he governmen m&$ + o% ne#e$$i !+ allo#a e -road#a$ %re)&en#ie$ o ho$e (i$hing o &$e hem* There i$ no $imilar .&$ i%i#a ion %or governmen allo#a ion and reg&la ion o% he 'rin media. In he allo#a ion o% limi ed re$o&r#e$+ relevan #ondi ion$ ma! validl! -e im'o$ed on he gran ee$ or li#en$ee$* The rea$on %or hi$ i$ ha he governmen $'end$ '&-li# %&nd$ %or he allo#a ion and reg&la ion o% he -road#a$ ind&$ r!+ (hi#h i doe$ no do in he #a$e o% 'rin media* To re)&ire radio and elevi$ion -road#a$ ind&$ r! o 'rovide %ree air ime %or he Comele# Time i$ a %air e"#hange %or (ha he ind&$ r! ge $. 4ro# another %oint of "iew, the SC has a'so he'd that -e#a&$e o% he &ni)&e and 'erva$ive in%l&en#e o% he -road#a$ media+ 2<n=e#e$$aril! " " " he %reedom o% elevi$ion and radio -road#a$ ing i$ $ome(ha le$$er in $#o'e han he %reedom a##orded o ne($'a'er and 'rin media.F (&E'E6!P Inc. v. C3ME'EC, 1/7 SCRA --8, A%ri' 1,, ,77/ @DendoJaA5

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"22. Does the death penalty law <8. . :o. %).#> violate the e'ual protection clause considering that, in effect, it punishes only people who are poor, uneducated, and jobless? Held: R.!. No. ,;5: s%e ifi a''y %ro"ides that E@TAhe death %ena'ty sha'' &e i#%osed if the ri#e of ra%e is o##itted > > > when the "i ti# is a re'i!io$s or a hi'd &e'ow se"en (85 years o'd.F A''aren l!+ he dea h 'enal ! la( ma6e$ no di$ in# ion* I a''lie$ o all 'er$on$ and o all #la$$e$ o% 'er$on$ N ri#h or 'oor+ ed&#a ed or &ned&#a ed+ religio&$ or non,religio&$* No 'ar i#&lar 'er$on or #la$$e$ o% 'er$on$ are iden i%ied -! he la( again$ (hom he dea h 'enal ! $hall -e e"#l&$ivel! im'o$ed. The 'aw %$nishes with death a %erson who sha'' o##it ra%e a!ainst a hi'd &e'ow se"en years of a!e. Th$s, the %er%etration of ra%e a!ainst a .;year o'd !ir' does not a&so'"e or e>e#%t an a $sed fro# the i#%osition of the death %ena'ty &y the fa t that he is %oor, $ned$ ated, Bo&'ess, and 'a 9s ate heti a' instr$ tion. To ho'd otherwise wi'' not e'i#inate &$t %ro#ote ine:$a'ities. In Cecilleville Realty an$ Service Corporation v. C!, (18/ SCRA /,7 @,778A5, the SC 'arified that #om'a$$ion %or he 'oor i$ an im'era ive o% ever! h&mane $o#ie ! -& onl! (hen he re#i'ien i$ no a ra$#al #laiming an &nde$erved 'rivilege. (People v. 1immy Mi0ano y &amora, +.R. No. ,17,,1, *$'y 1-, ,777, En 3an @Per C$ria#A5 "2*. ;he International School lliance of 7ducators <IS 7> 'uestioned the point,of,hire classification employed by International School, Inc. to justify distinction in salary rates between foreign,hires and local, hires, i.e., salary rates of foreign,hires are higher by 2.S than their local counterparts, as discriminatory and, therefore, violates the e'ual protection clause. ;he International School contended that this is necessary in order to entice foreign,hires to leave their domicile and worB here. 8esolve. Held: That %$&'i %o'i y a&hors ine:$a'ity and dis ri#ination is &eyond ontention. O$r Constit$tion and 'aws ref'e t the %o'i y a!ainst these e"i's. 6 > > Internationa' 'aw, whi h s%rin!s fro# !enera' %rin i%'es of 'aw, 'i9ewise %ros ri&es dis ri#ination > > >. The =ni"ersa' De 'aration of <$#an Ri!hts, the Internationa' Co"enant on E ono#i , So ia' and C$'t$ra' Ri!hts, the Internationa' Con"ention on the E'i#ination of A'' 4or#s of Ra ia' Dis ri#ination, the Con"ention a!ainst Dis ri#ination in Ed$ ation, the Con"ention (No. ,,,5 Con ernin! Dis ri#ination in Res%e t of E#%'oy#ent and O $%ation ; a'' e#&ody the !enera' %rin i%'e a!ainst dis ri#ination, the "ery antithesis of fairness and B$sti e. The Phi'i%%ines, thro$!h its Constit$tion, has in or%orated this %rin i%'e as %art of its nationa' 'aws. <I= (o&ld -e an a%%ron o -o h he $'iri and le er o% he$e 'rovi$ion$ i% he S a e+ in $'i e o% i $ 'rimordial o-liga ion o 'romo e and en$&re e)&al em'lo!men o''or &ni ie$+ #lo$e$ i $ e!e$ o &ne)&al and di$#rimina or! erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% em'lo!men " " "* Di$#rimina ion+ 'ar i#&larl! in erm$ o% (age$+ i$ %ro(ned &'on -! he La-or Code* Ar i#le 07G+ %or e"am'le+ 'rohi-i $ and 'enali8e$ he 'a!men o% le$$er #om'en$a ion o a %emale em'lo!ee a$ again$ a male em'lo!ee %or (or6 o% e)&al val&e* Ar i#le 5EB de#lare$ i an &n%air la-or 'ra# i#e %or an em'lo!er o di$#rimina e in regard$ o (age$ in order o en#o&rage or di$#o&rage mem-er$hi' in an! la-or organi8a ion. 6 > > The %oregoing 'rovi$ion$ im'regna-l! in$ .&ri$di# ion he long honored legal r&i$m o% (or6*O Per$on$ (ho (or6 (i h $&-$ an iall! $6ill+ e%%or and re$'on$i-ili !+ &nder $imilar i & ionali8e in hi$ OE)&al 'a! %or e)&al e)&al )&ali%i#a ion$+ #ondi ion$+ $ho&ld -e

74

'aid $imilar $alarie$* Thi$ r&le a''lie$ o he S#hool /In erna ional S#hool+ In#*1+ i $ Oin erna ional #hara# erO no (i h$ anding. The S hoo' ontends that %etitioner has not add$ ed e"iden e that 'o a';hires %erfor# wor9 e:$a' to that of forei!n;hires. The Co$rt finds this ar!$#ent a 'itt'e a"a'ier. I% an em'lo!er a##ord$ em'lo!ee$ he $ame 'o$i ion and ran6+ he 're$&m' ion i$ ha he$e em'lo!ee$ 'er%orm e)&al (or6* Thi$ 're$&m' ion i$ -orne -! logi# and h&man e"'erien#e* I% he em'lo!er 'a!$ one em'lo!ee le$$ han he re$ + i i$ no %or ha em'lo!ee o e"'lain (h! he re#eive$ le$$ or (h! he o her$ re#eive more* Tha (o&ld -e adding in$&l o in.&r!* The em'lo!er ha$ di$#rimina ed again$ ha em'lo!ee4 i i$ %or he em'lo!er o e"'lain (h! he em'lo!ee i$ rea ed &n%airl!. The em'lo!er in hi$ #a$e %ailed o di$#harge hi$ -&rden* There i$ no eviden#e here ha %oreign,hire$ 'er%orm 5GP more e%%i#ien l! or e%%e# ivel! han he lo#al,hire$* Bo h gro&'$ have $imilar %&n# ion$ and re$'on$i-ili ie$+ (hi#h he! 'er%orm &nder $imilar (or6ing #ondi ion$. The S hoo' annot in"o9e the need to enti e forei!n;hires to 'ea"e their do#i i'e to rationa'iJe the distin tion in sa'ary rates witho$t "io'atin! the %rin i%'e of e:$a' wor9 for e:$a' %ay. 6 > > While (e re#ogni8e he need o% he S#hool o a ra# %oreign, hire$+ $alarie$ $ho&ld no -e &$ed a$ an en i#emen o he 're.&di#e o% lo#al,hire$* The lo#al,hire$ 'er%orm he $ame $ervi#e$ a$ %oreign, hire$ and he! o&gh o -e 'aid he $ame $alarie$ a$ he la er* 9or he $ame rea$on+ he Odi$lo#a ion %a# orO and he %oreign,hire$K limi ed en&re al$o #anno $erve a$ valid -a$e$ %or he di$ in# ion in $alar! ra e$* The di$lo#a ion %a# or and limi ed en&re a%%e# ing %oreign,hire$ are ade)&a el! #om'en$a ed -! #er ain -ene%i $ a##orded hem (hi#h are no en.o!ed -! lo#al,hire$+ $&#h a$ ho&$ing+ ran$'or a ion+ $hi''ing #o$ $+ a"e$ and home leave ravel allo(an#e$. The Constit$tion enBoins the State to M%rote t the ri!hts of wor9ers and %ro#ote their we'fareM, Mto afford 'a&or f$'' %rote tion.M The State, therefore, has the ri!ht and d$ty to re!$'ate the re'ations &etween 'a&or and a%ita'. These re'ations are not #ere'y ontra t$a' &$t are so i#%ressed with %$&'i interest that 'a&or ontra ts, o''e ti"e &ar!ainin! a!ree#ents in '$ded, #$st yie'd to the o##on !ood. Sho$'d s$ h ontra ts ontain sti%$'ations that are ontrary to %$&'i %o'i y, o$rts wi'' not hesitate to stri9e down these sti%$'ations. In hi$ #a$e+ (e %ind he 'oin ,o%,hire #la$$i%i#a ion em'lo!ed -! re$'onden S#hool o .&$ i%! he di$ in# ion in he $alar! ra e$ o% %oreign,hire$ and lo#al,hire$ o -e an invalid #la$$i%i#a ion* There i$ no rea$ona-le di$ in# ion -e (een he $ervi#e$ rendered -! %oreign, hire$ and lo#al,hire$. The %ra ti e of the S hoo' of a ordin! hi!her sa'aries to forei!n;hires ontra"enes %$&'i %o'i y and, ertain'y, does not deser"e the sy#%athy of this Co$rt. (International Sc)ool !lliance of E$ucators 8IS!E9 v. Hon. 'eonar$o !. Nuisum#ing, +.R. No. ,1//?., *$ne ,, 1222, ,st Di". @)a%$nanA5 "2+. ccused,appellant 8omeo 5. Jalosjos filed a motion before the &ourt asBing that he be allowed to fully discharge the duties of a &ongressman, including attendance at legislative sessions and committee meetings despite his having been convicted in the first instance of a non,bailable offense. Does being an elective official result in a substantial distinction that allows different treatment? Is being a &ongressman a substantial differentiation which removes the accused, appellant as a prisoner from the same class as all persons validly confined under law?

75

Held: In the $'ti#ate ana'ysis, the iss$e &efore $s &oi's down to a :$estion of onstit$tiona' e:$a' %rote tion. 6 > > The 'er%orman#e o% legi ima e and even e$$en ial d& ie$ -! '&-li# o%%i#er$ ha$ never -een an e"#&$e o %ree a 'er$on validl! in 'ri$on. The d$ties i#%osed &y the E#andate of the %eo%'eF are #$'tifario$s. The a $sed;a%%e''ant asserts that the d$ty to 'e!is'ate ran9s hi!hest in the hierar hy of !o"ern#ent. The a##&$ed,a''ellan i$ onl! one o% 5GJ mem-er$ o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$+ no o men ion he 5E mem-er$ o% he Sena e+ #harged (i h he d& ie$ o% legi$la ion* Congre$$ #on in&e$ o %&n# ion (ell in he 'h!$i#al a-$en#e o% one or a %e( o% i $ mem-er$. De%endin! on the e>i!en y of +o"ern#ent that has to &e addressed, the President or the S$%re#e Co$rt an a'so &e dee#ed the hi!hest for that %arti $'ar d$ty. The i#%ortan e of a f$n tion de%ends on the need for its e>er ise. The d$ty of a #other to n$rse her infant is #ost o#%e''in! $nder the 'aw of nat$re. A do tor with $ni:$e s9i''s has the d$ty to sa"e the 'i"es of those with a %arti $'ar aff'i tion. An e'e ti"e !o"ernor has to ser"e %ro"in ia' onstit$ents. A %o'i e offi er #$st #aintain %ea e and order. Ne"er had the a'' of a %arti $'ar d$ty 'ifted a %risoner into a different 'assifi ation fro# those others who are "a'id'y restrained &y 'aw. A stri t s r$tiny of 'assifi ations is essentia' 'est wittin!'y or otherwise, insidio$s dis ri#inations are #ade in fa"or of or a!ainst !ro$%s or ty%es of indi"id$a's. The Co$rt annot "a'idate &ad!es of ine:$a'ity. The ne essities i#%osed &y %$&'i we'fare #ay B$stify e>er ise of !o"ern#ent a$thority to re!$'ate e"en if there&y ertain !ro$%s #ay %'a$si&'y assert that their interests are disre!arded. We+ here%ore+ %ind ha ele# ion o he 'o$i ion o% Congre$$man i$ no a rea$ona-le #la$$i%i#a ion in #riminal la( en%or#emen * The %&n# ion$ and d& ie$ o% he o%%i#e are no $&-$ an ial di$ in# ion$ (hi#h li% him %rom he #la$$ o% 'ri$oner$ in err&' ed in heir %reedom and re$ ri# ed in li-er ! o% movemen * La(%&l arre$ and #on%inemen are germane o he '&r'o$e$ o% he la( and a''l! o all ho$e -elonging o he $ame #la$$. 6 > > I #an -e $een %rom he %oregoing ha in#ar#era ion+ -! i $ na &re+ #hange$ an individ&alD$ $ a &$ in $o#ie !* Pri$on o%%i#ial$ have he di%%i#&l and o% en han6le$$ .o- o% 're$erving he $e#&ri ! in a 'o en iall! e"'lo$ive $e ing+ a$ (ell a$ o% a em' ing o 'rovide reha-ili a ion ha 're'are$ inma e$ %or re,en r! in o he $o#ial main$ ream* Ne#e$$aril!+ -o h he$e demand$ re)&ire he #&r ailmen and elimina ion o% #er ain righ $. Pre#ises onsidered, we are onstrained to r$'e a!ainst the a $sed;a%%e''antLs 'ai# that re;e'e tion to %$&'i offi e !i"es %riority to any other ri!ht or interest, in '$din! the %o'i e %ower of the State. (People v. 1alos0os, -1? SCRA 0/7, 4e&. -, 1222, En 3an @Ynares;Santia!oA5 THE RI>HT A>AINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEI@URES "2.. Discuss the constitutional re'uirement that a judge, in issuing a warrant of arrest, must determine probable cause /personally.1 Distinguish determination of probable cause by the prosecutor and determination of probable cause by the judge. Held: It #$st &e stressed that the ,7/8 Constit$tion re:$ires the B$d!e to deter#ine %ro&a&'e a$se E%ersona''yF, a re:$ire#ent whi h does not a%%ear in the orres%ondin! %ro"isions of o$r %re"io$s onstit$tions. This e#%hasis e"in es the intent of the fra#ers to

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%'a e a !reater de!ree of res%onsi&i'ity $%on tria' B$d!es than that i#%osed $nder %re"io$s Constit$tions. In Soliven v. MaAasiar, this Co$rt %rono$n edI EWhat the Constit$tion $nders ores is the e"#l&$ive and 'er$onal re$'on$i-ili ! o% he i$$&ing .&dge o $a i$%! him$el% o% he e"i$ en#e o% 'ro-a-le #a&$e. In satisfyin! hi#se'f of the e>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se for the iss$an e of a warrant of arrest, he .&dge i$ no re)&ired o 'er$onall! e"amine he #om'lainan and hi$ (i ne$$e$. 4o''owin! esta&'ished do trine and %ro ed$re, he sha''I /01 'er$onall! eval&a e he re'or and he $&''or ing do#&men $ $&-mi ed -! he %i$#al regarding he e"i$ en#e o% 'ro-a-le #a&$e and+ on he -a$i$ hereo%+ i$$&e a (arran o% arre$ G or /51 if in the &asis thereof he finds no %ro&a&'e a$se, he ma! di$regard he %i$#alD$ re'or and re)&ire he $&-mi$$ion o% $&''or ing a%%idavi $ o% (i ne$$e$ o aid him in arriving a a #on#l&$ion a$ o he e"i$ en#e o% 'ro-a-le #a&$e.F Ho v. People <Ibid.> s$##ariJes e>istin! B$ris%r$den e on the #atter as fo''owsI ELest we &e too re%etiti"e, we on'y wish to e#%hasiJe three "ita' #atters on e #oreI 0I8S;, as he'd in Inting, he de ermina ion o% 'ro-a-le #a&$e -! he 'ro$e#& or i$ %or a '&r'o$e di%%eren %rom ha (hi#h i$ o -e made -! he .&dge* Whe her here i$ rea$ona-le gro&nd o -elieve ha he a##&$ed i$ g&il ! o% he o%%en$e #harged and $ho&ld -e held %or rial i$ (ha he 'ro$e#& or 'a$$e$ &'on* The .&dge+ on he o her hand+ de ermine$ (he her a (arran o% arre$ $ho&ld -e i$$&ed again$ he a##&$ed+ i*e*+ (he her here i$ a ne#e$$i ! %or 'la#ing him &nder immedia e #&$ od! in order no o %r&$ ra e he end$ o% .&$ i#e* Th&$+ even i% -o h $ho&ld -a$e heir %inding$ on one and he $ame 'ro#eeding or eviden#e+ here $ho&ld -e no #on%&$ion a$ o heir di$ in# o-.e# ive$. S7&9:D, sin e their o&Be ti"es are different, he .&dge #anno rel! $olel! on he re'or o% he 'ro$e#& or in %inding 'ro-a-le #a&$e o .&$ i%! he i$$&an#e o% a (arran o% arre$ . O&"io$s'y and $nderstanda&'y, the ontents of the %rose $torLs re%ort wi'' s$%%ort his own on '$sion that there is reason to har!e the a $sed for an offense and ho'd hi# for tria'. Ho(ever+ he .&dge m&$ de#ide INDEPENDENTL;. <en e, he m&$ have $&''or ing eviden#e+ o her han he 'ro$e#& orD$ -are re'or + &'on (hi#h o legall! $&$ ain hi$ o(n %inding$ on he e"i$ en#e /or none"i$ en#e1 o% 'ro-a-le #a&$e o i$$&e an arre$ order. This res%onsi&i'ity of deter#inin! %ersona''y and inde%endent'y the e>isten e or none>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se is 'od!ed in hi# &y no 'ess than the #ost &asi 'aw of the 'and. Parentheti a''y, the %rose $tor o$'d ease the &$rden of the B$d!e and s%eed $% the 'iti!ation %ro ess &y forwardin! to the 'atter not on'y the infor#ation and his &are reso'$tion findin! %ro&a&'e a$se, &$t a'so so #$ h of the re ords and the e"iden e on hand as to ena&'e the <is <onor to #a9e his %ersona' and se%arate B$di ia' findin! on whether to iss$e a warrant of arrest. @ S;@G, it is no re)&ired ha he #om'le e or en ire re#ord$ o% he #a$e d&ring he 'reliminar! inve$ iga ion -e $&-mi ed o and e"amined -! he .&dge* We do no in end o &nd&l! -&rden rial #o&r $ -! o-liging hem o e"amine he #om'le e re#ord$ o% ever! #a$e all he ime $im'l! %or he '&r'o$e o% ordering he arre$ o% an a##&$ed* Wha i$ re)&ired+ ra her+ i$ ha he .&dge m&$ have $&%%i#ien $&''or ing do#&men $ (s$ h as the o#%'aint, affida"its, o$nter;affida"its, sworn state#ents of witnesses or trans ri%t of steno!ra%hi notes, if any5 &'on (hi#h o ma6e hi$ inde'enden .&dgmen or+ a he ver! lea$ + &'on (hi#h o veri%! he %inding$ o% he 'ro$e#& or a$ o he e"i$ en#e o% 'ro-a-le #a&$e* The 'oin i$:

77

he #anno rel! $olel! and en irel! on he 'ro$e#& orD$ re#ommenda ion, as Res%ondent Co$rt did in this ase. A'tho$!h the %rose $tor enBoys the 'e!a' %res$#%tion of re!$'arity in the %erfor#an e of his offi ia' d$ties and f$n tions, whi h in t$rn !i"es his re%ort the %res$#%tion of a $ra y, the Constit$tion, we re%eat, o##ands the B$d!e to personally deter#ine %ro&a&'e a$se in the iss$an e of warrants of arrest. This Co$rt has onsistent'y he'd that a B$d!e fai's in his &o$nden d$ty if he re'ies #ere'y on the ertifi ation or the re%ort of the in"esti!atin! offi er.F <&itations omitted> In the ase at &en h, res%ondent ad#its that he iss$ed the :$estioned warrant as there was Eno reason for (hi#5 to do$&t the "a'idity of the ertifi ation #ade &y the Assistant Prose $tor that a %re'i#inary in"esti!ation was ond$ ted and that %ro&a&'e a$se was fo$nd to e>ist as a!ainst those har!ed in the infor#ation fi'ed.F The state#ent is an ad#ission that res%ondent re'ied so'e'y and o#%'ete'y on the ertifi ation #ade &y the fis a' that %ro&a&'e a$se e>ists as a!ainst those har!ed in the infor#ation and iss$ed the ha''en!ed warrant of arrest on the so'e &asis of the %rose $torLs findin!s and re o##endations. <e ado%ted the B$d!#ent of the %rose $tor re!ardin! the e>isten e of %ro&a&'e a$se as his own. (!#$ula v. Guiani, -10 SCRA ,, 4e&. ,/, 1222, -rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 "2). In an application for search warrant, the application was accompanied by a sBetch of the compound at .") San Jose de la ?ontana St., ?abolo, &ebu &ity, indicating the 2,storey residential house of private respondent with a large /!1 enclosed in a s'uare. Within the same compound are residences of other people, worBshops, offices, factories and warehouse. ;he search warrant issued, however, merely indicated the address of the compound which is .") San Jose de la ?ontana St., ?abolo, &ebu &ity. Did this satisfy the constitutional re'uirement under Section 2, rticle III that the place to be searched must be particularly described? Held: This Co$rt has he'd that he a''li#an $ho&ld 'ar i#&larl! de$#ri-e he 'la#e o -e $ear#hed and he 'er$on or hing$ o -e $ei8ed+ WHEREHER and WHENEHER i i$ %ea$i-le. In the %resent ase, it #$st &e noted that the a%%'i ation for a sear h warrant was a o#%anied &y a s9et h of the o#%o$nd at .,0 San *ose de 'a Dontana St., Da&o'o, Ce&$ City. The s9et h indi ated the 1;storey residentia' ho$se of %ri"ate res%ondent with a 'ar!e M6M en 'osed in a s:$are. Within the sa#e o#%o$nd are residen es of other %eo%'e, wor9sho%s, offi es, fa tories and wareho$se. Wi h hi$ $6e #h a$ he g&ide+ i #o&ld have -een ver! ea$! o de$#ri-e he re$iden ial ho&$e o% 'riva e re$'onden (it) sufficient particularity so as to segregate it from t)e ot)er #uil$ings or structures insi$e t)e same compoun$. 3$t the sear h warrant #ere'y indi ated the address of the o#%o$nd whi h is .,0 San *ose de 'a Dontana St., Da&o'o, Ce&$ City. &)is $escription of t)e place to #e searc)e$ is too general an$ $oes not pinpoint t)e specific )ouse of private respon$ent. &)us t)e ina$eHuacy of t)e $escription of t)e resi$ence of private respon$ent soug)t to #e searc)e$ )as c)aracterize$ t)e Huestione$ searc) (arrant as a general (arrant ()ic) is violative of t)e constitutional reHuirement. (People v. Estra$a, 170 SCRA -/-, ?22, @DartineJA5 "2%. &an the place to be searched, as set out in the warrant, be amplified or modified by the officersP own personal Bnowledge of the premises, or the evidence they adduce in support of their application for the warrant? Held: S&#h a #hange i$ PROSCRIBED -! he Con$ i & ion (hi#h re)&ire$ in er alia he $ear#h (arran o 'ar i#&larl! de$#ri-e he 'la#e o -e $ear#hed a$ (ell a$ he 'er$on$ or hing$ o -e $ei8ed. It wo$'d on ede to %o'i e offi ers the %ower of hoosin! the %'a e to &e sear hed, e"en if it not &e that de'ineated in the warrant. I (o&ld o'en (ide he door o a-&$e o% he $ear#h 'ro#e$$+ and gran o

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o%%i#er$ e"e#& ing a $ear#h (arran ha di$#re ion (hi#h he Con$ i & ion ha$ 're#i$el! removed %rom hem* The 'ar i#&lari8a ion o% he de$#ri' ion o% he 'la#e o -e $ear#hed ma! 'ro'erl! -e done onl! -! he M&dge+ and onl! in he (arran i $el%4 i #anno -e le% o he di$#re ion o% he 'oli#e o%%i#er$ #ond&# ing he $ear#h. I i$ nei her %air nor li#i o allo( 'oli#e o%%i#er$ o $ear#h a 'la#e di%%eren %rom ha $ a ed in he (arran on he #laim ha he 'la#e a# &all! $ear#hed N al ho&gh no ha $'e#i%ied in he (arran N i$ e"a# l! (ha he! had in vie( (hen he! a''lied %or he (arran and had demar#a ed in heir $&''or ing eviden#e* Wha i$ ma erial in de ermining he validi ! o% a $ear#h i$ he 'la#e $ a ed in he (arran i $el%+ no (ha a''li#an $ had in heir ho&gh $+ or had re're$en ed in he 'roo%$ he! $&-mi ed o he #o&r i$$&ing he (arran . (People v. Court of !ppeals, 17, SCRA ?22, *$ne 10, ,77/ @Nar"asaA5 "2$. What is /search incidental to a lawful arrest1? Discuss.

Held: While a #on em'oraneo&$ $ear#h o% a 'er$on arre$ ed ma! -e e%%e# ed o di$#over dangero&$ (ea'on$ or 'roo%$ or im'lemen $ &$ed in he #ommi$$ion o% he #rime and (hi#h $ear#h ma! e" end o he area (i hin hi$ immedia e #on rol (here he migh gain 'o$$e$$ion o% a (ea'on or eviden#e he #an de$ ro!+ A HALID ARREST :UST PRECEDE THE SEARCH* The 'ro#e$$ #anno -e rever$ed. In a $ear#h in#iden al o a la(%&l arre$ + a$ he 're#eden arre$ de ermine$ he validi ! o% he in#iden al $ear#h+ he legali ! o% he arre$ i$ )&e$ ioned in a large ma.ori ! o% he$e #a$e$+ e*g*+ (he her an arre$ (a$ merel! &$ed a$ a 're e" %or #ond&# ing a $ear#h* In hi$ in$ an#e+ he la( re)&ire$ ha here -e %ir$ a la(%&l arre$ -e%ore a $ear#h #an -e made N he 'ro#e$$ #anno -e rever$ed . (?alacat v. &ourt of ppeals, 1/- SCRA ,.7, ,8. @,778A5 (People v. C)ua Ho San, -2/ SCRA ?-1, *$ne ,8, ,777, En 3an @Da"ide, *r., C.*.A5 "2#. What is the /plain view1 doctrine? Discuss. What are its re'uisites?

Held: ,. O-.e# $ %alling in 'lain vie( o% an o%%i#er (ho ha$ a righ o -e in he 'o$i ion o have ha vie( are $&-.e# o $ei8&re even (i ho& a $ear#h (arran and ma! -e in rod&#ed in eviden#e. The E%'ain "iewF do trine a%%'ies when the fo''owin! re)&i$i e$ #on#&rI (a5 he la( en%or#emen o%%i#er in $ear#h o% he eviden#e ha$ a PRIOR MUSTI9ICATION 9OR AN INTRUSION or i$ in a 'o$i ion %rom (hi#h he #an vie( a 'ar i#&lar areaG (&5 he di$#over! o% he eviden#e in 'lain vie( i$ INADHERTENTG ( 5 i i$ I::EDIATEL; APPARENT o he o%%i#er ha he i em he o-$erve$ ma! -e eviden#e o% a #rime+ #on ra-and or o her(i$e $&-.e# o $ei8&re. The 'aw enfor e#ent offi er #$st 'awf$''y #a9e an initia' intr$sion or %ro%er'y &e in a %osition fro# whi h he an %arti $'ar'y "iew the area. In the o$rse of s$ h 'awf$' intr$sion, he a#e inad"ertent'y a ross a %ie e of e"iden e in ri#inatin! the a $sed. The o&Be t #$st &e o%en to eye and hand and its dis o"ery inad"ertent. It is 'ear that an o&Be t is in %'ain "iew if the o-.e# i $el% i$ 'lainl! e"'o$ed o $igh . The diffi $'ty arises when the o&Be t is inside a 'osed ontainer. Where the o&Be t seiJed was inside a 'osed %a 9a!e, the o&Be t itse'f is not in %'ain "iew and therefore annot &e seiJed witho$t a warrant. Ho(ever+ i% he 'a#6age 'ro#laim$ i $ #on en $+ (he her -! i $ di$ in# ive #on%ig&ra ion+ i $ ran$'aren#!+ or i% i $ #on en $ are o-vio&$ o an o-$erver+ hen he #on en $ are in 'lain vie( and ma! -e $ei8ed* In o her (ord$+ i% he 'a#6age i$ $&#h ha an e"'erien#ed o-$erver #o&ld in%er %rom i $ a''earan#e ha i #on ain$ he 'rohi-i ed ar i#le+ hen he ar i#le i$ deemed in 'lain vie(. It #$st &e i##ediate'y a%%arent to the %o'i e that the ite#s that they o&ser"e #ay &e e"iden e of a ri#e, ontra&and or otherwise

79

s$&Be t to seiJ$re. En 3an @P$no, *.A5 1. %resentI a)

(People v. Doria, -2, SCRA 00/, *an. 11, ,777,

4or the do trine to a%%'y, the fo''owin! elemen $ #$st &e

a 'rior valid in r&$ion -a$ed on he valid (arran le$$ arre$ in whi h the %o'i e are 'e!a''y %resent in the %$rs$it of their offi ia' d$tiesG b) the eviden#e (a$ inadver en l! di$#overed &y the %o'i e who ha"e the ri!ht to &e where they areG and c) the eviden#e m&$ -e immedia el! a''aren G and d) %'ain "iew B$stified #ere seiJ$re of e"iden e (i ho& %&r her $ear#h. In the instant ase, re a'' that PO1 3a'$t testified that they first 'o ated the #ariB$ana %'ants &efore a%%e''ant was arrested witho$t a warrant. <en e, there was no "a'id warrant'ess arrest whi h %re eded the sear h of a%%e''antLs %re#ises. Note f$rther that the %o'i e tea# was dis%at hed to a%%e''antLs Baingin %re ise'y to sear h for and $%root the %rohi&ited f'ora. The $ei8&re o% eviden#e in 2'lain vie(3 a''lie$ onl! (here he 'oli#e o%%i#er i$ NOT $ear#hing %or eviden#e again$ he a##&$ed+ -& inadver en l! #ome$ a#ro$$ an in#rimina ing o-.e# . C'ear'y, their dis o"ery of the anna&is %'ants was not inad"ertent. We a'so note the testi#ony of SPO1 Ti%ay that $%on arri"in! at the area, they first had to E'oo9 aro$nd the areaF &efore they o$'d s%ot the i''e!a' %'ants. Patent'y, the seiJed #ariB$ana %'ants were not Ei##ediate'y a%%arentF and Ef$rther sear hF was needed. In s$#, the #ariB$ana %'ants in :$estion were not in E%'ain "iewF or Eo%en to eye and hand.F The E%'ain "iewF do trine, th$s, annot &e #ade to a%%'y. Nor an we s$stain the tria' o$rtLs on '$sion that B$st &e a$se the #ariB$ana %'ants were fo$nd in an $nfen ed 'ot, a%%e''ant o$'d not in"o9e the %rote tion afforded &y the Charter a!ainst $nreasona&'e sear hes &y a!ents of the State. The ri!ht a!ainst $nreasona&'e sear hes and seiJ$res is the i##$nity of oneLs %erson, whi h in '$des his residen e, his %a%ers, and other %ossessions. The !$arantee refers to Ethe ri!ht of %ersona' se $rityF of the indi"id$a'. 6 > >, (ha i$ $o&gh o -e 'ro e# ed again$ he S a eD$ &nla(%&l in r&$ion are 'er$on$+ no 'la#e$* To #on#l&de o her(i$e (o&ld no onl! mean $(imming again$ he $ ream+ i (o&ld al$o lead o he a-$&rd logi# ha %or a 'er$on o -e imm&ne again$ &nrea$ona-le $ear#he$ and $ei8&re$+ he m&$ -e in hi$ home or o%%i#e+ (i hin a %en#ed !ard or a 'riva e 'la#e. ;he Eill of 8ights belongs as much to the person in the street as to the individual in the sanctuary of his bedroom. (People v. !#e 2al$ez, +.R. No. ,17170, Se%t. 1., 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 -. Considerin! its fa t$a' #i'ie$, $nder the plain view doctrine. 6 > >. this ase fa''s s:$are'y

When S%en er wren hed hi#se'f free fro# the !ras% of PO1 +a"io'a, he instin ti"e'y ran towards the ho$se of a%%e''ant. The #e#&ers of the &$y;&$st tea# were B$stified in r$nnin! after hi# and enterin! the ho$se witho$t a sear h warrant for they were hot in the hee's of a f'eein! ri#ina'. On e inside the ho$se, the %o'i e offi ers ornered S%en er and re o"ered the &$y;&$st #oney fro# hi#. They a'so a$!ht a%%e''ant in flagrante delicto re%a 9in! the #ariB$ana &ri 9s whi h were in f$'' "iew on to% of a ta&'e. 6 > >. <en e, a%%e''antLs s$&se:$ent arrest was 'i9ewise 'awf$', o#in! as it is within the %$r"iew of Se tion .(a5 of R$'e ,,- of the ,7/. R$'es on Cri#ina' Pro ed$re > > >. Se tion .(a5 is o##on'y referred to as the r$'e on in %lagran e deli# o arre$ $. <ere two e'e#ents #$st on $rI (,5 he 'er$on o -e arre$ ed m&$ e"e#& e an over a# indi#a ing ha he ha$ .&$ #ommi ed+ i$ a# &all! #ommi ing+ or i$ a em' ing o #ommi a #rimeG

80

and (15 $&#h over a# i$ done IN THE PRESENCE or WITHIN THE HIEW o% he arre$ ing o%%i#er. Th$s, when a%%e''ant was seen re%a 9in! the #ariB$ana, the %o'i e offi ers were not on'y a$thoriJed &$t a'so d$ty; &o$nd to arrest hi# e"en witho$t a warrant. (People v. Elamparo, -17 SCRA ?2?, ?,?;?,., Dar h -,, 1222, 1nd Di". @P$is$#&in!A5 "*2. What is a /stop,and,frisB1 search?

Held: ,. In the 'and#ar9 ase of &erry v. 3)io (12 L Ed 1d //7G // S Ct ,/0/, -71 =S ,, 722, *$ne ,2, ,70/5, a sto%;and;fris9 was defined as he verna#&lar de$igna ion o% he righ o% a 'oli#e o%%i#er o $ o' a #i i8en on he $ ree + in erroga e him+ and 'a him %or (ea'on/$1I E> > > /W1here a 'oli#e o%%i#er o-$erve$ an UNUSUAL CONDUCT (hi#h lead$ him REASONABL; TO CONCLUDE IN LI>HT O9 HIS E?PERIENCE ha #riminal a# ivi ! ma! -e a%oo and ha he 'er$on$ (i h (hom he i$ dealing ma! -e armed and 're$en l! dangero&$+ (here in he #o&r$e o% inve$ iga ing hi$ -ehavior he IDENTI9IED HI:SEL9 AS A POLICE:AN and ma6e rea$ona-le in)&irie$+ and (here no hing in he ini ial $ age$ o% he en#o&n er $erve$ o di$'el hi$ rea$ona-le %ear %or hi$ o(n or o her$D $a%e !+ he i$ en i led %or he 'ro e# ion o% him$el% or o her$ in he area o #ond&# a CARE9ULL; LI:ITED SEARCH O9 THE OUTER CLOTHIN> O9 SUCH PERSONS in an a em' o di$#over (ea'on$ (hi#h migh -e &$ed o a$$a&l him. S$ h a sear h is a reasona&'e sear h $nder the 4o$rth A#end#ent, and any wea%on seiJed #ay %ro%er'y &e introd$ ed in e"iden e a!ainst the %erson fro# who# they were ta9en.F <6errera, 6andbooB on rrest, Search and Sei=ure and &ustodial Investigation, "##. ed., p. "$.O and ;erry v. 9hio, supra, p. #""> In a''owin! s$ h a sear h, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt he'd that he in ere$ o% e%%e# ive #rime 'reven ion and de e# ion allo($ a 'oli#e o%%i#er o a''roa#h a 'er$on+ in a''ro'ria e #ir#&m$ an#e$ and manner+ %or '&r'o$e$ o% inve$ iga ing 'o$$i-le #riminal -ehavior even ho&gh here i$ in$&%%i#ien 'ro-a-le #a&$e o ma6e an a# &al arre$ . In ad#ittin! in e"iden e two !$ns seiJed d$rin! the sto%;and; fris9, the =S S$%re#e Co$rt he'd that (ha .&$ i%ied he limi ed $ear#h (a$ he more immedia e in ere$ o% he 'oli#e o%%i#er in a6ing $ e'$ o a$$&re him$el% ha he 'er$on (i h (hom he (a$ dealing (a$ no armed (i h a (ea'on ha #o&ld &ne"'e# edl! and %a all! -e &$ed again$ him. It did not, however, abandon the rule that the police must, whenever practicable, obtain advance judicial approval of searches and sei=ures through the warrant procedure, e-cused only by e-igent circumstances. (Manalili v. C!, 1/2 SCRA ?22, O t. 7, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 1. We now %ro eed to the .&$ i%i#a ion for and allo(a-le $#o'e of a Esto%;and;fris9F as a Elimi ed 'ro e# ive $ear#h o% o& er #lo hing %or (ea'on$,F as 'aid down in ;erry, th$sI We #ere'y ho'd today that where a %o'i e offi er o&ser"es $n$s$a' ond$ t whi h 'eads hi# reasona&'y to on '$de in 'i!ht of his e>%erien e that ri#ina' a ti"ity #ay &e afoot and that the %ersons with who# he is dea'in! #ay &e ar#ed and %resent'y dan!ero$s, where in the o$rse of in"esti!atin! this &eha"ior he identifies hi#se'f as a %o'i e#an and #a9es reasona&'e in:$iries, and where nothin! in the initia' sta!es of the en o$nter ser"es to dis%e' his reasona&'e fear for his own or othersL safety, he is entit'ed for the %rote tion of hi#se'f and others in the area to ond$ t a aref$''y 'i#ited sear h of the o$ter 'othin! of s$ h %ersons in an atte#%t to dis o"er wea%ons whi h #i!ht &e $sed to assa$'t hi#. S$ h a sear h is a reasona&'e sear h $nder

81

the 4o$rth A#end#ent <;erry, at #"". In fact, the &ourt noted that the Osole 0ustification> for a stopFan$FfrisA (as t)e Oprotection of t)e police officer an$ ot)ers near#y>O while the scope of t)e searc) con$ucte$ in t)e case (as limite$ to patting $o(n t)e outer clot)ing of petitioner an$ )is companions t)e police officer $i$ not place )is )an$s in t)eir pocAets nor un$er t)e outer surface of t)eir garments until )e )a$ felt (eapons an$ t)en )e merely reac)e$ for an$ remove$ t)e guns. &)is $i$ not constitute a general eIploratory searc). Id.> Other nota&'e %oints of ;erry are that (hile 'ro-a-le #a&$e i$ no re)&ired o #ond&# a 2$ o',and,%ri$6+3 i never hele$$ hold$ ha mere $&$'i#ion or a h&n#h (ill no valida e a 2$ o',and,%ri$6*3 A gen&ine rea$on m&$ e"i$ + in ligh o% he 'oli#e o%%i#erD$ e"'erien#e and $&rro&nding #ondi ion$+ o (arran he -elie% ha he 'er$on de ained ha$ (ea'on$ #on#ealed a-o& him. 4ina''y, a Esto%;and;fris9F ser"es a two;fo'd interestI (,5 he general in ere$ o% e%%e# ive #rime 'reven ion and de e# ion, whi h $nder'ies the re o!nition that a %o'i e offi er #ay, $nder a%%ro%riate ir $#stan es and in an a%%ro%riate #anner, a%%roa h a %erson for %$r%oses of in"esti!atin! %ossi&'e ri#ina' &eha"ior e"en witho$t %ro&a&'e a$seG and (15 he more 're$$ing in ere$ o% $a%e ! and $el%,'re$erva ion (hi#h 'ermi he 'oli#e o%%i#er o a6e $ e'$ o a$$&re him$el% ha he 'er$on (i h (hom he deal$ i$ no armed (i h a deadl! (ea'on ha #o&ld &ne"'e# edl! and %a all! -e &$ed again$ he 'oli#e o%%i#er. (Malacat v. Court of !ppeals, 1/- SCRA ,.7, De . ,1, ,778 @Da"ideA5 "*". re searches at checBpoints valid? Discuss.

Held: A $sed;a%%e''ants assai' the #anner &y whi h the he 9%oint in :$estion was ond$ ted. They ontend that the he 9%oint #anned &y e'e#ents of the Da9ati Po'i e sho$'d ha"e &een anno$n ed. They a'so o#%'ain of its ha"in! &een ond$ ted in an ar&itrary and dis ri#inatory #anner. We ta9e B$di ia' noti e of the e>isten e of the CODELEC reso'$tion i#%osin! a !$n &an d$rin! the e'e tion %eriod iss$ed %$rs$ant to Se tion .1( 5 in re'ation to Se tion 10(:5 of the O#ni&$s E'e tion Code (3atas Pa#&ansa 3'!. //,5. The nationa' and 'o a' e'e tions in ,77. were he'd on / Day, the se ond Donday of the #onth. The in ident, whi h ha%%ened on . A%ri' ,77., was we'' within the e'e tion %eriod. This Co$rt has r$'ed that no all #he#6'oin $ are illegal* Tho$e (hi#h are (arran ed -! he e"igen#ie$ o% '&-li# order and are #ond&# ed in a (a! lea$ in r&$ive o mo ori$ $ are allo(ed* 9or+ admi edl!+ ro& ine #he#6'oin $ do in r&de+ o a #er ain e" en + on mo ori$ $D righ o 2%ree 'a$$age (i ho& in err&' ion+3 -& i #anno -e denied ha + a$ a r&le+ i involve$ onl! a -rie% de en ion o% raveler$ d&ring (hi#h he vehi#leD$ o##&'an $ are re)&ired o an$(er a -rie% )&e$ ion or (o* 9or a$ long a$ he vehi#le i$ nei her $ear#hed nor i $ o##&'an $ $&-.e# ed o a -od! $ear#h+ and he in$'e# ion o% he vehi#le i$ limi ed o a vi$&al $ear#h+ $aid ro& ine #he#6$ #anno -e regarded a$ viola ive o% an individ&alD$ righ again$ &nrea$ona-le $ear#h* In %a# + he$e ro& ine #he#6$+ (hen #ond&# ed in a %i"ed area+ are even le$$ in r&$ive. The #he#6'oin herein #ond&# ed (a$ in '&r$&an#e o% he g&n -an en%or#ed -! he CO:ELEC* The CO:ELEC (o&ld -e hard '& o im'lemen he -an i% i $ de'& i8ed agen $ (ere limi ed o a HISUAL SEARCH o% 'ede$ rian$* I (o&ld al$o de%ea he '&r'o$e %or (hi#h $&#h -an (a$ in$ i & ed* Tho$e (ho in end o -ring a g&n d&ring $aid 'eriod (o&ld 6no( ha he! onl! need a #ar o -e a-le o ea$il! 'er'e ra e heir mali#io&$ de$ign$. The fa ts add$ ed do not onstit$te a !ro$nd for a "io'ation of the onstit$tiona' ri!hts of the a $sed a!ainst i''e!a' sear h and seiJ$re. PO- S$&a ad#itted that they were #ere'y sto%%in! ars they

82

dee#ed s$s%i io$s, s$ h as those whose windows are hea"i'y tinted B$st to see if the %assen!ers thereof were arryin! !$ns. A -e$ he! (o&ld merel! dire# heir %la$hligh $ in$ide he #ar$ he! (o&ld $ o'+ (i ho& o'ening he #arD$ door$ or $&-.e# ing i $ 'a$$enger$ o a -od! $ear#h* There i$ no hing di$#rimina or! in hi$ a$ hi$ i$ (ha he $i &a ion demand$. We (o&ld i viola e $ ill -e in (hi#h 1222, ,st $ee no need %or #he#6'oin $ o -e anno&n#ed " " "* No onl! -e im'ra# i#al+ i (o&ld al$o %ore(arn ho$e (ho in end o he -an* Even $o+ -adge$ o% legi ima#! o% #he#6'oin $ ma! in%erred %rom heir 9I?ED LOCATION and he reg&lari8ed manner he! are o'era ed. (People v. /sana, -1- SCRA 8.?, *an. 1/, Di". @Da"ide, C*A5

"*2. Do the ordinary rights against unreasonable searches and sei=ures apply to searches conducted at the airport pursuant to routine airport security procedures? Held: Per$on$ ma! lo$e he 'ro e# ion o% he $ear#h and $ei8&re #la&$e -! e"'o$&re o% heir 'er$on$ or 'ro'er ! o he '&-li# in a manner re%le# ing a la#6 o% $&-.e# ive e"'e# a ion o% 'riva#!+ (hi#h e"'e# a ion $o#ie ! i$ 're'ared o re#ogni8e a$ rea$ona-le* S&#h re#ogni ion i$ im'li#i in air'or $e#&ri ! 'ro#ed&re$. With in reased on ern o"er air%'ane hiBa 9in! and terroris# has o#e in reased se $rity at the nationLs air%orts. Passen!ers atte#%tin! to &oard an air raft ro$tine'y %ass thro$!h #eta' dete torsG their arry;on &a!!a!es as we'' as he 9ed '$!!a!e are ro$tine'y s$&Be ted to >;ray s ans. Sho$'d these %ro ed$res s$!!est the %resen e of s$s%i io$s o&Be ts, %hysi a' sear hes are ond$ ted to deter#ine what the o&Be ts are. There i$ li le )&e$ ion ha $&#h $ear#he$ are rea$ona-le+ given heir minimal in r&$ivene$$+ he gravi ! o% he $a%e ! in ere$ $ involved+ and he red&#ed 'riva#! e"'e# a ion$ a$$o#ia ed (i h airline ravel* Indeed+ raveler$ are o% en no i%ied hro&gh air'or '&-li# addre$$ $!$ em$+ $ign$+ and no i#e$ in heir airline i#6e $ ha he! are $&-.e# o $ear#h and+ i% an! 'rohi-i ed ma erial$ or $&-$ an#e$ are %o&nd+ $&#h (o&ld -e $&-.e# o $ei8&re* The$e anno&n#emen $ 'la#e 'a$$enger$ on no i#e ha ordinar! #on$ i & ional 'ro e# ion$ again$ (arran le$$ $ear#he$ and $ei8&re$ do no a''l! o ro& ine air'or 'ro#ed&re$. The %a 9s of #etha#%heta#ine hydro h'oride ha"in! th$s &een o&tained thro$!h a "a'id warrant'ess sear h, they are ad#issi&'e in e"iden e a!ainst the a $sed;a%%e''ant herein. Coro''ari'y, her s$&se:$ent arrest, a'tho$!h 'i9ewise witho$t warrant, was B$stified sin e it was effe ted $%on the dis o"ery and re o"ery of Esha&$F in her %erson I: 0@ 58 :;7 D7@I&;9. (People v. 'eila 1o)nson, +.R. No. ,-///,, De . ,/, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 "**. ?ay the constitutional protection against unreasonable searches and sei=ures be e-tended to acts committed by private individuals? Held: As he'd in People v. Marti (,7- SCRA .8 @,77,A5, he #on$ i & ional 'ro e# ion again$ &nrea$ona-le $ear#he$ and $ei8&re$ re%er$ o he imm&ni ! o% oneK$ 'er$on %rom in er%eren#e -! governmen and i #anno -e e" ended o a# $ #ommi ed -! 'riva e individ&al$ $o a$ o -ring i (i hin he am-i o% alleged &nla(%&l in r&$ion. (People v. Men$oza, -2, SCRA 00, *an. ,/, ,777, ,st Di". @De'oA5 "*+. Should the sei=ed drugs which are pharmaceutically correct but not properly documented subject of an illegal search because the applicant /failed to allege in the application for search warrant that the subject drugs for which she was applying for search warrant were either faBe, misbranded, adulterated, or unregistered,1 be returned to the owner?

83

Held: With the StateHs o&'i!ation to %rote t and %ro#ote the ri!ht to hea'th of the %eo%'e and insti'' hea'th ons io$sness a#on! the# < rticle II, Section "., "#$% &onstitution>, in order to de"e'o% a hea'thy and a'ert itiJenry < rticle !IF, Section "#3"4>, it &e a#e #andatory for the !o"ern#ent to s$%er"ise and ontro' the %ro'iferation of dr$!s in the #ar9et. The onstit$tiona' #andate that Mthe State sha'' ado%t an inte!rated and o#%rehensi"e a%%roa h to hea'th de"e'o%#ent whi h sha'' endea"or to #a9e essentia' !oods, hea'th and other so ia' ser"i es a"ai'a&'e to a'' %eo%'e at afforda&'e ostM < rticle !III, Section ""> annot &e ne!'e ted. This is why Mthe State sha'' esta&'ish and #aintain an effe ti"e food and dr$! re!$'atory syste#.M < rticle !III, Section "2> The 34AD is the !o"ern#ent a!en y "ested &y 'aw to #a9e a #andatory and a$thoritati"e deter#ination of the tr$e thera%e$ti effe t of dr$!s &e a$se it in"o'"es te hni a' s9i'' whi h is within its s%e ia' o#%eten e. The hea'th of the itiJenry sho$'d ne"er &e o#%ro#ised. To the 'ay#an, #edi ine is a $re that #ay 'ead to &etter hea'th. I% he $ei8ed G5 -o"e$ o% dr&g$ are 'harma#e& i#all! #orre# -& no 'ro'erl! do#&men ed+ he! $ho&ld -e 'rom' l! di$'o$ed o% in he manner 'rovided -! la( in order o en$&re ha he $ame do no %all in o he (rong hand$ (ho migh &$e he dr&g$ &ndergro&nd. Pri"ate res%ondent annot re'y on the state#ent of the tria' o$rt that the a%%'i ant Mfai'ed to a''e!e in the a%%'i ation for sear h warrant that the s$&Be t dr$!s for whi h she was a%%'yin! for sear h warrant were either fa9e, #is&randed, ad$'terated, or $nre!isteredM in order to o&tain the ret$rn of the dr$!s. The %o'i y of the 'aw en$n iated in R.A. No. /12- is to %rote t the ons$#ers as we'' as the 'i ensed &$siness#en. 4ore#ost a#on! these ons$#ers is the !o"ern#ent itse'f whi h %ro $res #edi ines and distri&$tes the# to the 'o a' o##$nities thro$!h dire t assistan e to the 'o a' hea'th enters or thro$!h o$trea h and harity %ro!ra#s. On'y with the %ro%er !o"ern#ent san tions an #edi ines and dr$!s ir $'ate the #ar9et. We annot afford to ta9e any ris9, for the 'ife and hea'th of the itiJenry are as %re io$s as the e>isten e of the State. (People v. 1u$ge Estrella &. Estra$a, +.R No. ,1??0,, *$ne 10, 1222, S% '. 1nd Di". @Ynares;Santia!oA5 "*.. Do 8egional ;rial &ourts have competence to pass upon the validity or regularity of sei=ure and forfeiture proceedings conducted by the Eureau of &ustoms and to enjoin or otherwise interfere with these proceedings? Held: In 1ao v. Court of !ppeals (1?7 SCRA -., ?1;?- @,77.A5, this Co$rt, reiteratin! its r$'in!s > > > saidI There i$ no )&e$ ion ha Regional Trial Co&r $ are devoid o% an! #om'e en#e o 'a$$ &'on he validi ! or reg&lari ! o% $ei8&re and %or%ei &re 'ro#eeding$ #ond&# ed -! he B&rea& o% C&$ om$ and o en.oin or o her(i$e in er%ere (i h he$e 'ro#eeding$* The Colle# or o% C&$ om$ $i ing in $ei8&re and %or%ei &re 'ro#eeding$ ha$ E?CLUSIHE MURISDICTION o hear and de ermine all )&e$ ion$ o&#hing on he $ei8&re and %or%ei &re o% d& ia-le good$* The Regional Trial Co&r $ are 're#l&ded %rom a$$&ming #ogni8an#e over $&#h ma er$ even hro&gh 'e i ion$ o% #er iorari+ 'rohi-i ion or mandam&$. It is 'i9ewise we'';sett'ed that the %ro"isions of the Tari%% and C&$ om$ Code and that of Re'&-li# A# No* 005G, as a#ended, otherwise 9nown as EAn A# Crea ing he Co&r o% Ta" A''eal$,F s%e ify the %ro%er fora and %ro ed$re for the "enti'ation of any 'e!a' o&Be tions or iss$es raised on ernin! these %ro eedin!s. Th$s, a# ion$ o% he Colle# or o% C&$ om$ are a''eala-le o he Commi$$ioner o% C&$ om$+ (ho$e de#i$ion+ in &rn+ i$ $&-.e# o he e"#l&$ive a''ella e .&ri$di# ion o% he Co&r o% Ta" A''eal$ and %rom here o he Co&r o% A''eal$.

84

The r&le ha Regional Trial Co&r $ have no revie( 'o(er$ over $&#h 'ro#eeding$ i$ an#hored &'on he 'oli#! o% 'la#ing no &nne#e$$ar! hindran#e on he governmen D$ drive+ no onl! o 'reven $m&ggling and o her %ra&d$ &'on C&$ om$+ -& more im'or an l!+ o render e%%e# ive and e%%i#ien he #olle# ion o% im'or and e"'or d& ie$ d&e he S a e+ (hi#h ena-le$ he governmen o #arr! o& he %&n# ion$ i ha$ -een in$ i & ed o 'er%orm. Even i% he $ei8&re -! he Colle# or o% C&$ om$ (ere illegal+ " " " (e have $aid ha $&#h a# doe$ no de'rive he B&rea& o% C&$ om$ o% .&ri$di# ion hereon. Res%ondents ite the state#ent of the Co$rt of A%%ea's that re!$'ar o$rts sti'' retain B$risdi tion Ewhere, as in this ase, for 'a 9 of %ro&a&'e a$se, there is serio$s do$&t as to the %ro%riety of %'a in! the arti 'es $nder C$sto#s B$risdi tion thro$!h seiJ$reKforfeit$re %ro eedin!s.F They o"er'oo9 the fa t, howe"er, that $nder the 'aw, the :$estion of whether %ro&a&'e a$se e>ists for the seiJ$re of the s$&Be t sa 9s of ri e is not for the Re!iona' Tria' Co$rt to deter#ine. The #&$ om$ a& hori ie$ do no have o 'rove o he $a i$%a# ion o% he #o&r ha he ar i#le$ on -oard a ve$$el (ere im'or ed %rom a-road or are in ended o -e $hi''ed a-road -e%ore he! ma! e"er#i$e he 'o(er o e%%e# #&$ om$D $ear#he$+ $ei8&re$+ or arre$ $ 'rovided -! la( and #on in&e (i h he admini$ ra ive hearing$ . As the Co$rt he'd in Ponce Enrile v. 2inuya (-8 SCRA -/,, -//;-/7 @,78,A, reiterated in 1ao v. Court of !ppeals, supra and Mison v. Nativi$a$, 1,- SCRA 8-? @,771A5I The !o"ern#enta' a!en y on erned, the 3$rea$ of C$sto#s, is "ested with e> '$si"e a$thority. E"en if it &e ass$#ed that in the e>er ise of s$ h e> '$si"e o#%eten e a taint of i''e!a'ity #ay &e orre t'y i#%$ted, the #ost that an &e said is that $nder ertain ir $#stan es the !ra"e a&$se of dis retion onferred #ay o$st it of s$ h B$risdi tion. It does not #ean howe"er that orres%ondin!'y a o$rt of first instan e is "ested with o#%eten e when 'ear'y in the 'i!ht of the a&o"e de isions the 'aw has not seen fit to do so. The %ro eedin! &efore the Co''e tor of C$sto#s is not fina'. An a%%ea' 'ies to the Co##issioner of C$sto#s and thereafter to the Co$rt of Ta> A%%ea's. It #ay e"en rea h this Co$rt thro$!h the a%%ro%riate %etition for re"iew. ;he proper ventilation of the legal issues raised is thus indicated. &ertainly a court of first instance is not therein included. It is devoid of jurisdiction. (6ureau of Customs v. 3gario, -17 SCRA 1/7, 170;17/, Dar h -2, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 THE PRIHAC; O9 CO::UNICATIONS AND CORRESPONDENCE "*). (rivate respondent 8afael S. 9rtane= filed with the 8egional ;rial &ourt of Aue=on &ity a complaint for annulment of marriage with damages against petitioner ;eresita Salcedo,9rtane=, on grounds of lacB of marriage license andIor psychological incapacity of the petitioner. mong the e-hibits offered by private respondent were three <*> cassette tapes of alleged telephone conversations between petitioner and unidentified persons. ;he trial court issued the assailed order admitting all of the evidence offered by private respondent, including tape recordings of telephone conversations of petitioner with unidentified persons. ;hese tape recordings were made and obtained when private respondent allowed his friends from the military to wire tap his home telephone. Did the trial court act properly when it admitted in evidence said tape recordings? Held: Repu#lic !ct No. 4+-- entit'ed M!n !ct to Pro)i#it an$ Penalize Bire &apping an$ 3t)er Relate$ 2iolations of t)e Privacy of Communication an$ =or 3t)er PurposesM e"'re$$l! ma6e$ $&#h a'e re#ording$ inadmi$$i-le in eviden#e. > > >.

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C'ear'y, res%ondent tria' o$rt and Co$rt of A%%ea's fai'ed to onsider the afore;:$oted %ro"isions of the 'aw in ad#ittin! in e"iden e the assette ta%es in :$estion. A-$en a #lear $ho(ing ha -o h 'ar ie$ o he ele'hone #onver$a ion$ allo(ed he re#ording o% he $ame+ he inadmi$$i-ili ! o% he $&-.e# a'e$ i$ manda or! &nder Rep. !ct No. 4+--. Additiona''y, it sho$'d &e #entioned that the a&o"e;#entioned Re%$&'i A t in Se tion 1 thereof i#%oses a %ena'ty of i#%rison#ent of not 'ess than si> (05 #onths and $% to si> (05 years for "io'ation of said A t. (Salce$oF3rtanez v. Court of !ppeals, 1-. SCRA ,,,, A$!. ?, ,77? @Padi''aA5 THE RI>HT TO PRIHAC; "*%. Is there a constitutional right to privacy?

Held: The ESSENCE of %ri"a y is the Erigh o -e le alone.F In the ,70. ase of Gris(ol$ v. Connecticut (-/, =.S. ?87, ,? '. ed. 1D .,2 @,70.A5, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt !a"e #ore s$&stan e to the ri!ht of %ri"a y when it r$'ed that he righ ha$ a #on$ i & ional %o&nda ion. It he'd that there is a ri!ht of %ri"a y whi h an &e fo$nd within the %en$#&ras of the 4irst, Third, 4o$rth, 4ifth and Ninth A#end#ents. In the ,70/ ase of Morfe v. Mutuc (11 SCRA ?1?, ???;??.5, (e ado' ed he Gris(ol$ r&ling ha here i$ a #on$ i & ional righ o 'riva#!. The SC 'arified that the ri!ht of %ri"a y is re o!niJed and enshrined in se"era' %ro"isions of o$r Constit$tion. It is e>%ress'y re o!niJed in Section *879 of the 6ill of Rig)ts. Other fa ets of the ri!ht to %ri"a y are %rote ted in "ario$s %ro"isions of the 3i'' of Ri!hts, i.e., Secs. 7 + ; . and 7,. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 "*$. Identify the D9:7S 90 (8IF &G recogni=ed and protected in our laws. Held: The Civil Co$e %ro"ides that E<e=ver! 'er$on $hall re$'e# he digni !+ 'er$onali !+ 'riva#! and 'ea#e o% mind o% hi$ neigh-or$ and o her 'er$on$F and %$nishes as a tiona&'e torts se"era' a ts &y a %erson of #edd'in! and %ryin! into the %ri"a y of another. It a'so ho'ds a %$&'i offi er or e#%'oyee or any %ri"ate indi"id$a' 'ia&'e for da#a!es for any "io'ation of the ri!hts and 'i&erties of another %erson, and re o!niJes the %ri"a y of 'etters and other %ri"ate o##$ni ations. The Revise$ Penal Co$e #a9es a ri#e the viola ion o% $e#re $ -! an o%%i#er+ he revela ion o% rade and ind&$ rial $e#re $+ and re$'a$$ o d(elling. Inva$ion o% 'riva#! i$ an o%%en$e in $'e#ial la($ li6e he !ntiFBiretapping 'a( /R*A* E5JJ1+ he Secrecy of 6anA Deposits /R*A* 0EJG1 and the Intellectual Property Co$e /R*A* B5C71. The Rules of Court on %ri"i'e!ed o##$ni ation 'i9ewise re o!niJe the 'riva#! o% #er ain in%orma ion <Section 2+, 8ule "*23c4, 8evised 8ules on 7vidence>. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 "*#. Discuss why dministrative 9rder :o. *2$ <issued by the (resident prescribing for a :ational ID system for all citi=ens to facilitate business transactions with government agencies engaged in the delivery of basic services and social security provisions> should be declared unconstitutional. Held: We %res ind fro# the %re#ise that the ri!ht to %ri"a y is a f$nda#enta' ri!ht !$aranteed &y the Constit$tion, hen e, it is the &$rden of !o"ern#ent to show that A.O. No. -2/ is B$stified &y so#e o#%e''in! state interest and that it is narrow'y drawn. A.O. No. -2/ is %redi ated on two onsiderationsI /01 he need o 'rovide o&r #i i8en$ and %oreigner$ (i h he %a#ili ! o #onvenien l! ran$a# -&$ine$$ (i h -a$i# $ervi#e and $o#ial $e#&ri ! 'rovider$ and o her

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governmen in$ r&men ali ie$ and /51 he need o red&#e+ i% no o all! eradi#a e+ %ra&d&len ran$a# ion$ and mi$re're$en a ion$ -! 'er$on$ $ee6ing -a$i# $ervi#e$. It is de&ata&'e whether these interests are o#%e''in! eno$!h to warrant the iss$an e of A.O. No. -2/. B& (ha i$ no arg&a-le i$ he BROADNESS+ he HA>UENESS+ he OHERBREADTH o% A*O* No* 7JB (hi#h i% im'lemen ed (ill '& o&r 'eo'leD$ righ o 'riva#! in #lear and 're$en danger. The heart of .9. :o. *2$ 'ies in its Se tion ? whi h %ro"ides for a Po%$'ation Referen e N$#&er (PRN5 as a E o##on referen e n$#&er to esta&'ish a 'in9a!e a#on! on erned a!en iesF thro$!h the $se of E3io#etri s Te hno'o!yF and E o#%$ter a%%'i ation desi!ns.F I i$ no e(or h! ha A*O* No* 7JB doe$ no $ a e (ha $'e#i%i# -iologi#al #hara# eri$ i#$ and (ha 'ar i#&lar -iome ri#$ e#hnolog! $hall -e &$ed o iden i%! 'eo'le (ho (ill $ee6 i $ #overage* Con$idering he -an)&e o% o' ion$ availa-le o he im'lemen or$ o% A*O* No* 7JB+ he %ear ha i hrea en$ he righ o 'riva#! o% o&r 'eo'le i$ no gro&ndle$$. A*O* No* 7JB $ho&ld al$o rai$e o&r an enna$ %or a %&r her loo6 (ill $ho( ha i doe$ no $ a e (he her en#oding o% da a i$ limi ed o -iologi#al in%orma ion alone %or iden i%i#a ion '&r'o$e$* ? " "* Clearl!+ he inde%ini ene$$ o% A*O* No* 7JB #an give he governmen he roving a& hori ! o $ ore and re rieve in%orma ion %or a '&r'o$e o her han he iden i%i#a ion o% he individ&al hro&gh hi$ PRN. ;he potential for misuse of the data to be gathered under .9. :o. *2$ cannot be underplayed - - -. ;he more fre'uent the use of the (8:, the better the chance of building a huge and formidable information base through the electronic linBage of the files. The da a ma! -e ga hered %or gain%&l and &$e%&l governmen '&r'o$e$4 -& he e"i$ en#e o% hi$ va$ re$ervoir o% 'er$onal in%orma ion #on$ i & e$ a #over invi a ion o mi$&$e+ a em' a ion ha ma! -e oo grea %or $ome o% o&r a& hori ie$ o re$i$ . It is %'ain and we ho'd that A.O. No. -2/ fa''s short of ass$rin! that %ersona' infor#ation whi h wi'' &e !athered a&o$t o$r %eo%'e wi'' on'y &e %ro essed for $ne:$i"o a''y s%e ified %$r%oses. The 'a 9 of %ro%er safe!$ards in this re!ard, of A.O. No. -2/ #ay interfere with the indi"id$a'Ls 'i&erty of a&ode and tra"e' &y ena&'in! a$thorities to tra 9 down his #o"e#entG it #ay a'so ena&'e $ns r$%$'o$s %ersons to a ess onfidentia' infor#ation and ir $#"ent the ri!ht a!ainst se'f; in ri#inationG it #ay %a"e the way for Efishin! e>%editionsF &y !o"ern#ent a$thorities and e"ade the ri!ht a!ainst $nreasona&'e sear hes and seiJ$res. The 'o$$i-ili ie$ o% a-&$e and mi$&$e o% he PRN+ -iome ri#$ and #om'& er e#hnolog! are a##en &a ed (hen (e #on$ider ha he individ&al la#6$ #on rol over (ha #an -e read or 'la#ed on hi$ ID+ m&#h le$$ veri%! he #orre# ne$$ o% he da a en#oded* The! hrea en he ver! a-&$e$ ha he Bill o% Righ $ $ee6$ o 'reven . The a&i'ity of a so%histi ated data enter to !enerate a o#%rehensi"e cradle,to,grave dossier on an indi"id$a' and trans#it it o"er a nationa' networ9 is one of the #ost !ra%hi threats of the o#%$ter re"o'$tion. The o#%$ter is a%a&'e of %rod$ in! a o#%rehensi"e dossier on indi"id$a's o$t of infor#ation !i"en at different ti#es and for "aried %$r%oses. 6 > >. Retrie"a' of stored data is si#%'e. When infor#ation of a %ri"i'e!ed hara ter finds its way into the o#%$ter, it an &e e>tra ted to!ether with other data on the s$&Be t. On e e>tra ted, the infor#ation is %$tty in the hands of any %erson. The end of %ri"a y &e!ins. <T=he Co&r (ill no -e r&e o i $ role a$ he &l ima e g&ardian o% he 'eo'leD$ li-er ! i% i (o&ld no immedia el! $mo her he $'ar6$ ha endanger heir righ $ -& (o&ld ra her (ai %or he %ire ha #o&ld #on$&me hem. i$ a <A=nd (e no( hold $ a6e+ hi$ Co&r ha (hen he in egri ! o% a %&ndamen al righ (ill give he #hallenged la(+ admini$ ra ive

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order+ r&le or reg&la ion a $ ri# er $#r& in!* I (ill no do %or he a& hori ie$ o invo6e he 're$&m' ion o% reg&lari ! in he 'er%orman#e o% o%%i#ial d& ie$* Nor i$ i eno&gh %or he a& hori ie$ o 'rove ha heir a# i$ no irra ional %or a -a$i# righ #an -e dimini$hed+ i% no de%ea ed+ even (hen he governmen doe$ no a# irra ionall!* The! m&$ $a i$%a# oril! $ho( he 're$en#e o% CO:PELLIN> STATE INTEREST and ha he la(+ r&le+ or reg&la ion i$ narro(l! dra(n o 're#l&de a-&$e$. This a%%roa h is de#anded &y the ,7/8 Constit$tion whose entire #atri> is desi!ned to %rote t h$#an ri!hts and to %re"ent a$thoritarianis#. In ase of do$&t, the 'east we an do is to 'ean towards the stan e that wi'' not %$t in dan!er the ri!hts %rote ted &y the Constit$tion. The ri!ht to %ri"a y is one of the #ost threatened ri!hts of #an 'i"in! in a #ass so iety. The threats e#anate fro# "ario$s so$r es C !o"ern#ents, Bo$rna'ists, e#%'oyers, so ia' s ientists, et . In the ase at &ar, the threat o#es fro# the e>e $ti"e &ran h of !o"ern#ent whi h &y iss$in! A.O. No. -2/ %ress$res the %eo%'e to s$rrender their %ri"a y &y !i"in! infor#ation a&o$t the#se'"es on the %rete>t that it wi'' fa i'itate de'i"ery of &asi ser"i es. +i"en the re ord;9ee%in! %ower of the o#%$ter, on'y the indifferent wi'' fai' to %er ei"e the dan!er that A.O. No. -2/ !i"es the !o"ern#ent the %ower to o#%i'e a de"astatin! dossier a!ainst $ns$s%e tin! itiJens. 6 > > <W=e #lo$e (i h he $ a emen ha he righ o 'riva#! (a$ no engraved in o&r Con$ i & ion %or %la er!. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 "+2. Should in camera inspection of banB accounts be allowed? the affirmative, under what circumstances should it be allowed? If in

Held: The iss$e is whether %etitioner #ay &e ited for indire t onte#%t for her fai'$re to %rod$ e the do $#ents re:$ested &y the O#&$ds#an. And whether the order of the O#&$ds#an to ha"e an in camera ins%e tion of the :$estioned a o$nt is a''owed as an e> e%tion to the 'aw on se re y of &an9 de%osits (R.A. No. ,?2.5. An e>a#ination of the se re y of &an9 de%osits 'aw (R.A. No. ,?2.5 wo$'d re"ea' the fo''owin! e> e%tionsI 1) Where the de'o$i or #on$en $ in (ri ingG 2) Im'ea#hmen #a$e$G 3) B! #o&r order in -ri-er! or dereli# ion o% d& ! #a$e$ again$ '&-li# o%%i#ial$G 4) De'o$i i$ $&-.e# o% li iga ionG 5) Se . /, R.A. No. -2,7, in #a$e$ o% &ne"'lained (eal h a$ held in he #a$e o% PNB v* >an#a!#o (,11 Phi'. .2-, .2/ @,70.A5. The order of the O#&$ds#an to %rod$ e for in camera ins%e tion the s$&Be t a o$nts with the =nion 3an9 of the Phi'i%%ines, *$'ia Var!as 3ran h, is &ased on a %endin! in"esti!ation at the Offi e of the O#&$ds#an a!ainst A#ado La!da#eo, et. al. for "io'ation of R.!. No. *-7:, Se#* 7 /e1 and /g1 re'ati"e to the *oint Vent$re A!ree#ent &etween the P$&'i Estates A$thority and ADARI. We r&le ha -e%ore an in #amera in$'e# ion ma! -e allo(ed+ /01 here m&$ -e a 'ending #a$e -e%ore a #o&r o% #om'e en .&ri$di# ion* 9&r her+ /51 he a##o&n m&$ -e #learl! iden i%ied+ /71 he in$'e# ion limi ed o he $&-.e# ma er o% he 'ending #a$e -e%ore he #o&r o% #om'e en .&ri$di# ion* /E1 The -an6 'er$onnel and he a##o&n holder m&$ -e no i%ied o -e 're$en d&ring he in$'e# ion+ and /G1 $&#h in$'e# ion ma! #over onl! he a##o&n iden i%ied in he 'ending #a$e. In Union Ban6 o% he Phili''ine$ v* Co&r o% A''eal$, we he'd that ESe# ion 5 of the La( on Se#re#! o% Ban6 De'o$i $, as a#ended, de 'ares -an6 de'o$i $ o -e Qa-$ol& el! #on%iden ialD e"#e' I 1) In an e"amina ion made in he #o&r$e o% a $'e#ial or general e"amina ion of a &an9 that is s%e ifi a''y a$thoriJed &y the Donetary 3oard after &ein! satisfied that there is rea$ona-le

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2)

3) 4) 5) 6)

gro&nd o -elieve ha a -an6 %ra&d or $erio&$ irreg&lari ! has &een or is &ein! o##itted and that it is ne#e$$ar! o loo6 in o he de'o$i o e$ a-li$h $&#h %ra&d or irreg&lari !, In an e"amina ion made -! an inde'enden a&di or hired &y the &an9 to ond$ t its reg&lar a&di %ro"ided that the e"amina ion i$ %or a&di '&r'o$e$ onl! and the re$&l $ thereof sha'' &e for the e"#l&$ive &$e o% he -an6, =%on (ri en 'ermi$$ion o% he de'o$i or, In ases of im'ea#hmen , =%on order o% a #om'e en #o&r in #a$e$ o% -ri-er! or dereli# ion o% d& ! o% '&-li# o%%i#ial$, or In ases where the mone! de'o$i ed or inve$ ed i$ he $&-.e# ma er o% he li iga ionF.

In he #a$e a -ar+ here i$ !e no 'ending li iga ion -e%ore an! #o&r o% #om'e en a& hori !* Wha i$ e"i$ ing i$ an inve$ iga ion -! he O%%i#e o% he Om-&d$man* In $hor + (ha he O%%i#e o% he Om-&d$man (o&ld (i$h o do i$ o %i$h %or addi ional eviden#e o %ormall! #harge Amado Lagdameo+ e * al*+ (i h he Sandigan-a!an* Clearl!+ here (a$ no 'ending #a$e in #o&r (hi#h (o&ld (arran he o'ening o% he -an6 a##o&n %or in$'e# ion. Nones of %ri"a y are re o!niJed and %rote ted in o$r 'aws. The Ci"i' Code %ro"ides that E@eA"ery %erson sha'' res%e t the di!nity, %ersona'ity, %ri"a y and %ea e of #ind of his nei!h&ors and other %ersonsF and %$nishes as a tiona&'e torts se"era' a ts for #edd'in! and %ryin! into the %ri"a y of another. It a'so ho'ds %$&'i offi er or e#%'oyee or any %ri"ate indi"id$a' 'ia&'e for da#a!es for any "io'ation of the ri!hts and 'i&erties of another %erson, and re o!niJes the %ri"a y of 'etters and other %ri"ate o##$ni ations. The Re"ised Pena' Code #a9es a ri#e of the "io'ation of se rets &y an offi er, re"e'ation of trade and ind$stria' se rets, and tres%ass to dwe''in!. In"asion of %ri"a y is an offense in s%e ia' 'aws 'i9e the anti; Wireta%%in! Law, the Secrecy of EanB Deposits ct, and the Inte''e t$a' Pro%erty Code. ('our$es &. MarHuez v. Hon. !niano !. Desierto, +.R. No. ,-.//1, *$ne 18, 122,, En 3an @PardoA5 9REEDO: O9 E?PRESSION "+". Distinguish /&9:;7:;,E S7D 87S;8I&;I9:S1 on free /&9:;7:;,:7C;8 @ 87S;8I&;I9:S,1 and give e-ample of each. speech from

Held: Con en ,-a$ed re$ ri# ion$ are im'o$ed -e#a&$e o% he #on en o% he $'ee#h and are+ here%ore+ $&-.e# o he #lear,and, 're$en danger e$ . 4or e>a#%'e, a r$'e s$ h as that in"o'"ed in Sanidad v* Comele# (,/, SCRA .17 @,772A5, 'rohi-i ing #ol&mni$ $+ #ommen a or$+ and anno&n#er$ %rom #am'aigning ei her %or or again$ an i$$&e in a 'le-i$#i e m&$ have #om'elling rea$on o $&''or i + or i (ill no 'a$$ m&$ er &nder $ ri# $#r& in!* The$e re$ ri# ion$ are #en$orial and here%ore he! -ear a heav! 're$&m' ion o% #on$ i & ional invalidi !* In addi ion+ he! (ill -e e$ ed %or 'o$$i-le over-read h and vag&ene$$. Con en ,ne& ral re$ ri# ion$, on the other hand, 'i9e Se#* 00/-1 of R*A* No* IIEI, whi h 'rohi-i $ he $ale or dona ion o% 'rin $'a#e and air ime o 'oli i#al #andida e$ d&ring he #am'aign 'eriod+ are no #on#erned (i h he #on en o% he $'ee#h* The$e reg&la ion$ need onl! a $&-$ an ial governmen al in ere$ o $&''or hem* A de%eren ial $ andard o% revie( (ill $&%%i#e o e$ heir validi !* The #lear,and,'re$en danger r&le i$ ina''ro'ria e a$ a e$ %or de ermining he #on$ i & ional validi ! o% la($+ li6e Se#* 00/-1 o% R*A* No* IIEI+ (hi#h are no #on#erned (i h he #on en o% 'oli i#al ad$ -& onl! (i h heir in#iden $. To a%%'y the 'ear;and;%resent dan!er test to s$ h re!$'atory #eas$res wo$'d &e 'i9e $sin! a s'ed!eha##er to dri"e a nai' when a re!$'ar ha##er is a'' that is needed.

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The TEST for this differen e in the 'e"e' of B$stifi ation for the restri tion of s%ee h is that #on en ,-a$ed re$ ri# ion$ di$ or '&-li# de-a e+ have im'ro'er mo iva ion+ and are &$&all! im'o$ed -e#a&$e o% %ear o% ho( 'eo'le (ill rea# o a 'ar i#&lar $'ee#h* No $&#h rea$on$ &nderlie #on en ,ne& ral reg&la ion$+ li6e reg&la ion o% ime+ 'la#e and manner o% holding '&-li# a$$em-lie$ &nder B*P* Blg* BBJ+ he P&-li# A$$em-l! A# o% 0CBG. (3smena v. C3ME'EC, 1// SCRA ??8, Dar h -,, ,77/ @DendoJaA5 "+2. Does the conduct of e-it poll by ES &E: present a clear and present danger of destroying the credibility and integrity of the electoral process as it has the tendency to sow confusion considering the randomness of selecting interviewees, which further maBes the e-it poll highly unreliable, to justify the promulgation of a &omelec resolution prohibiting the same? Held: S$ h ar!$#ents are %$re'y $'e#&la ive and 'ear'y &n ena-le. 0I8S;, -! he ver! na &re o% a $&rve!+ he in ervie(ee$ or 'ar i#i'an $ are $ele# ed a RANDO:+ $o ha he re$&l $ (ill a$ m&#h a$ 'o$$i-le -e re're$en a ive or re%le# ive o% he general $en imen or vie( o% he #omm&ni ! or gro&' 'olled. S7&9:D, he $&rve! re$&l i$ no mean o re'la#e or -e a 'ar (i h he o%%i#ial Comele# #o&n * I #on$i$ $ merel! o% he o'inion o% he 'olling gro&' a$ o (ho he ele# ora e in general ha$ 'ro-a-l! vo ed %or, &ased on the 'i#ited data !athered fro# %o''ed indi"id$a's. 0I: @@G, no a $ a6e are he #redi-ili ! and he in egri ! o% he ele# ion$+ (hi#h are e"er#i$e$ ha are $e'ara e and inde'enden %rom he e"i 'oll$* The holding and he re'or ing o% he re$&l $ o% e"i 'oll$ #anno &ndermine ho$e o% he ele# ion$+ $in#e he %ormer i$ onl! 'ar o% he la er* I% a all+ he o& #ome o% one #an onl! -e indi#a ive o% he o her. The CO:ELECD$ #on#ern (i h he 'o$$i-le non#omm&ni#a ive e%%e# o% e"i 'oll$ N di$order and #on%&$ion in he vo ing #en er$ N doe$ no .&$ i%! a o al -an on hem* Undo&- edl!+ he a$$ailed Comele# Re$ol& ion i$ oo -road+ $in#e i $ a''li#a ion i$ (i ho& )&ali%i#a ion a$ o (he her he 'olling i$ di$r&' ive or no * There i$ no $ho(ing+ ho(ever+ ha e"i 'oll$ or he mean$ o in ervie( vo er$ #a&$e #hao$ in vo ing #en er$. Neither has any e"iden e &een %resented %ro"in! that the %resen e of e>it %o'' re%orters near an e'e tion %re in t tends to reate disorder or onf$se the "oters. :oreover+ he 'rohi-i ion in#iden all! 'reven $ he #olle# ion o% e"i 'oll da a and heir &$e %or an! '&r'o$e* The val&a-le in%orma ion and idea$ ha #o&ld -e derived %rom hem+ -a$ed on he vo er$D an$(er$ o he $&rve! )&e$ ion$ (ill %orever remain &n6no(n and &ne"'lored . =n'ess the &an is restrained, andidates, resear hers, so ia' s ientists and the e'e torate in !enera' wo$'d &e de%ri"ed of st$dies on the i#%a t of $rrent e"ents and of e'e tion;day and other fa tors on "otersL hoi es. The a-$ol& e -an im'o$ed -! he Comele# #anno + here%ore+ -e .&$ i%ied* I doe$ no leave o'en an! al erna ive #hannel o% #omm&ni#a ion o ga her he !'e o% in%orma ion o- ained hro&gh e"i 'olling* On he o her hand+ here are o her valid and rea$ona-le (a!$ and mean$ o a#hieve he Comele# end o% avoiding or minimi8ing di$order and #on%&$ion ha ma! -e -ro&gh a-o& -! e"i $&rve!$. With fore!oin! %re#ises, it is on '$ded that the interest of the state in red$ in! disr$%tion is o$twei!hed &y the drasti a&rid!#ent of the onstit$tiona''y !$aranteed ri!hts of the #edia and the e'e torate. P$ite the ontrary, instead of disr$%tin! e'e tions, e>it %o''s C %ro%er'y ond$ ted and %$&'i iJed C an &e "ita' too's for the ho'din! of honest, order'y, %ea ef$' and redi&'e e'e tionsG and for the e'i#ination of e'e tion;fi>in!, fra$d and other e'e tora' i''s. (!6SFC6N 6roa$casting Corporation v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--?/0, *an. 1/, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5

90

"+*. Section 5.4 of R.!. No. :--; <=air Election !ct> which providesN /Surveys affecting national candidates shall not be published fifteen <".> days before an election and surveys affecting local candidates shall not be published seven <%> days before an election.1 ;he Social Weather Stations, Inc. <SWS>, a private non,stocB, non,profit social research institution conducting surveys in various fieldsO and Kamahalan (ublishing &orporation, publisher of the ?anila Standard, a newspaper of general circulation, which features newsworthy items of information including election surveys, challenged the constitutionality of aforesaid provision as it constitutes a prior restraint on the e-ercise of freedom of speech without any clear and present danger to justify such restraint. Should the challenge be sustained? Held: 4or reason here$nder !i"en, we ho'd that Se# ion G*E of R.!. No. :--; onstit$tes an &n#on$ i & ional a-ridgmen o% %reedom o% $'ee#h+ e"'re$$ion+ and he 're$$. To &e s$re, Se tion ..? 'ays a 'rior re$ rain on %reedom o% $'ee#h+ e"'re$$ion+ and he 're$$ -! 'rohi-i ing he '&-li#a ion o% ele# ion $&rve! re$&l $ a%%e# ing #andida e$ (i hin he 're$#ri-ed 'eriod$ o% %i% een /0G1 da!$ immedia el! 're#eding a na ional ele# ion and $even /F1 da!$ -e%ore a lo#al ele# ion* Be#a&$e o% he 're%erred $ a &$ o% he #on$ i & ional righ $ o% $'ee#h+ e"'re$$ion+ and he 're$$+ $&#h a mea$&re i$ vi ia ed -! a (eigh ! 're$&m' ion o% invalidi !* Indeed+ 2an! $!$ em o% 'rior re$ rain $ o% e"'re$$ion #ome$ o hi$ Co&r -earing a heav! 're$&m' ion again$ i $ #on$ i & ional validi ! " " "* The >overnmen Q h&$ #arrie$ a heav! -&rden o% $ho(ing .&$ i%i#a ion %or he en%or#emen o% $&#h re$ rain .LF There is th$s a re"ersa' of the nor#a' %res$#%tion of "a'idity that inheres in e"ery 'e!is'ation. Nor #ay it &e ar!$ed that &e a$se of !rt. I%FC, Se#* E of the Constitution, whi h !i"es the Co#e'e s$%er"isory %ower to re!$'ate the enBoy#ent or $ti'iJation of fran hise for the o%eration of #edia of o##$ni ation, no %res$#%tion of in"a'idity atta hes to a #eas$re 'i9e Se . ..?. 9or a$ (e have 'oin ed o& in $&$ aining he -an on media 'oli i#al adver i$emen $+ he gran o% 'o(er o he Comele# &nder Ar * I?,C+ Se#* E i$ limi ed o en$&ring 2EQUAL OPPORTUNIT;+ TI:E+ SPACE+ and he RI>HT TO REPL;3 a$ (ell a$ UNI9OR: and REASONABLE RATES O9 CHAR>ES %or he &$e o% $&#h media %a#ili ie$ %or 2'&-li# in%orma ion #am'aign$ and %or&m$ among #andida e$.F 6 > > Nor an the &an on e'e tion s$r"eys &e B$stified on the !ro$nd that there are other o$ntries > > > whi h si#i'ar'y i#%ose restri tions on the %$&'i ation of e'e tion s$r"eys. At &est this s$r"ey is in on '$si"e. It is noteworthy that in the =nited States no restri tion on the %$&'i ation of e'e tion s$r"ey res$'ts e>ists. It annot &e ar!$ed that this is &e a$se the =nited States is a #at$re de#o ra y. Neither are there 'aws i#%osin! an e#&ar!o on s$r"ey res$'ts, e"en for a 'i#ited %eriod, in other o$ntries. 6 > >. What ;7S; sho$'d then &e e#%'oyed o de ermine he #on$ i & ional validi ! of Se tion ..?Q The =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt > > > he'd in /nite$ States v. 3> 6rienN @AA !o"ern#ent re!$'ation is s$ffi ient'y B$stified /01 if it is (i hin he #on$ i & ional 'o(er o% he governmen G /51 if it %&r her$ an im'or an or $&-$ an ial governmen al in ere$ G /71 if he governmen al in ere$ i$ &nrela ed o he $&''re$$ion o% %ree e"'re$$ionG and /E1 if he in#iden al re$ ri# ion on alleged 9ir$ Amendmen %reedom$ (of s%ee h, e>%ression and %ress5 i$ no grea er han i$ e$$en ial o he %&r heran#e o% ha in ere$ (-7, =.S. -08, 12 L. Ed. 1d 071, 0/2 @,70/A @&ra 9eted n$#&ers addedA5.

91

Thi$ i$ $o %ar he mo$ in%l&en ial e$ %or di$ ing&i$hing #on en ,-a$ed %rom #on en ,ne& ral reg&la ion$ and i$ $aid o have 2-e#ome #anoni#al in he revie( o% $&#h la($.F It is noteworthy that the 9P Erien test has &een a%%'ied &y this Co$rt in at 'east two ases (!$iong v. Comelec, 128 SCRA 8,1 @,771AG 3smena v. Comelec, s$%ra.5. Under hi$ e$ + even i% a la( %&r her$ an im'or an or $&-$ an ial governmen al in ere$ + i $ho&ld -e invalida ed i% $&#h governmen al in ere$ i$ 2no &nrela ed o he $&''re$$ion o% %ree e"'re$$ion*3 :oreover+ even i% he '&r'o$e i$ &nrela ed o he $&''re$$ion o% %ree $'ee#h+ he la( $ho&ld never hele$$ -e invalida ed i% he re$ ri# ion on %reedom o% e"'re$$ion i$ grea er han i$ ne#e$$ar! o a#hieve he governmen al '&r'o$e in )&e$ ion. O$r in:$iry sho$'d a as a%%'ied to Se . ..?. ordin!'y fo $s on these two onsiderations

0I8S;. Se#* G*E %ail$ o mee #ri erion /71 o% he OD Brien e$ -e#a&$e he #a&$al #onne# ion o% e"'re$$ion o he a$$er ed governmen al in ere$ ma6e$ $&#h in ere$ 2no &nrela ed o he $&''re$$ion o% %ree e"'re$$ion.F Ey prohibiting the publication of election survey results because of the possibility that such publication might undermine the integrity of the election, Sec. ..+ actually suppresses a whole class of e-pression, while allowing the e-pression of opinion concerning the same subject matter by newspaper columnists, radio and ;F commentators, armchair theorists, and other opinion maBers. In effect, Sec. ..+ shows a bias for a particular subject matter, if not viewpoint, by preferring personal opinion to statistical results. The onstit$tiona' !$arantee of freedo# of e>%ression #eans that E he governmen ha$ no 'o(er o re$ ri# e"'re$$ion -e#a&$e o% i $ me$$age+ i $ idea$+ i $ $&-.e# ma er+ or i $ #on en $.F The inhi&ition of s%ee h sho$'d &e $%he'd on'y if the e>%ression fa''s within one of the few $n%rote ted ate!ories dea't with in C)aplinsAy v. Ne( Hamps)ire (-,. =.S. .0/, .8,;.81, /0 L. Ed. ,2-,, ,2-. @,7?1A5, th$sI There are ertain we'';defined and narrow'y 'i#ited 'asses of s%ee h, the %re"ention and %$nish#ent of whi h ha"e ne"er &een tho$!ht to raise any Constit$tiona' %ro&'e#. These in '$de the le(d and o-$#ene, the 'ro%ane, the li-elo&$, and the in$&l ing or Q%igh ingD (ord$ C ho$e (hi#h -! heir ver! & eran#e in%li# in.&r! or end o in#i e an immedia e -rea#h o% he 'ea#e. @SA$ h $tteran es are no essentia' %art of any e>%osition of ideas, and are of s$ h s'i!ht so ia' "a'$e as a ste% to tr$th that any &enefit that #ay &e deri"ed fro# the# is 'ear'y o$twei!hed &y the so ia' interest in order and #ora'ity. Nor is there B$stifi ation for the %rior restraint whi h Se . ..? 'ays on %rote ted s%ee h. In Near v. Minnesota (1/- =.S. 078, 8,.;8,0, 8. '. Ed. ,-.8, ,-08 @,7-,A5, it was he'dI <T=he 'ro e# ion even a$ o 'revio&$ re$ rain i$ no a-$ol& el! &nlimi ed* B& he limi a ion ha$ -een re#ogni8ed onl! in e"#e' ional #a$e$ " " ". No one wo$'d :$estion &$t that a !o"ern#ent #i!ht %re"ent a t$a' o&str$ tion to its re r$itin! ser"i e or the %$&'i ation of the sai'in! dates of trans%orts or the n$#&er and 'o ation of troo%s. On $imilar gro&nd$+ he 'rimar! re)&iremen $ o% de#en#! ma! -e en%or#ed again$ o-$#ene '&-li#a ion$* The $e#&ri ! o% he #omm&ni ! li%e ma! -e 'ro e# ed again$ in#i emen $ o a# $ o% violen#e and he over hro( -! %or#e o% orderl! governmen " " ". Th&$+ " " .&$ i%ied on he onl! in#iden al* #&r ailmen o% $&-$ an ial* I $'ee#h and i$ no " he 'rohi-i ion im'o$ed -! Se#* G*E #anno -e gro&nd ha i i$ onl! %or a limi ed 'eriod and i$ The 'rohi-i ion ma! -e %or a limi ed ime+ -& he he righ o% e"'re$$ion i$ dire# + a-$ol& e+ and #on$ i & e$ a o al $&''re$$ion o% a #a egor! o% made le$$ $o -e#a&$e i i$ onl! %or a 'eriod o%

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%i% een /0G1 da!$ immedia el! -e%ore a na ional ele# ion and $even /F1 da!$ immedia el! -e%ore a lo#al ele# ion. This s$ffi ient'y distin!$ishes Se . ..? fro# R.A. No. 00?0, Se . ,,(&5, whi h this Co$rt fo$nd to &e "a'id in :ational (ress &lub v. &omelec <supra.>, and 9smena v. &omelec <supra.>. 4or the &an i#%osed &y R.A. No. 00?0, Se . ,,(&5 is not on'y a$thoriJed &y a s%e ifi onstit$tiona' %ro"ision < rt. I!,&, Sec. +>, &$t it a'so %ro"ided an a'ternati"e so that, as this Co$rt %ointed o$t in 9smena, there was a t$a''y no &an &$t on'y a s$&stit$tion of #edia ad"ertise#ents &y the Co#e'e s%a e, and Co#e'e ho$r. S7&9:D. Even i% he governmen al in ere$ $o&gh o -e 'romo ed i$ &nrela ed o he $&''re$$ion o% $'ee#h and he re$&l ing re$ ri# ion o% %ree e"'re$$ion i$ onl! in#iden al+ Se#* G*E none hele$$ %ail$ o mee #ri erion /E1 o% he OD Brien e$ + namel!+ ha he re$ ri# ion -e no grea er han i$ ne#e$$ar! o %&r her he governmen al in ere$ * A$ alread! $ a ed+ Se#* G*E aim$ a he 'reven ion o% la$ ,min& e 're$$&re on vo er$+ he #rea ion o% -and(agon e%%e# + 2.&n6ing3 o% (ea6 or 2lo$ing3 #andida e$+ and re$or o he %orm o% ele# ion #hea ing #alled 2dagdag,-a(a$*3 Prai$e(or h! a$ he$e aim$ o% he reg&la ion migh -e+ he! #anno -e a ained a he $a#ri%i#e o% he %&ndamen al righ o% e"'re$$ion+ (hen $&#h aim #an -e more narro(l! '&r$&ed -! PUNISHIN> UNLAW9UL ACTS+ RATHER THAN SPEECH -e#a&$e o% a''rehen$ion ha $&#h $'ee#h #rea e$ he danger o% $&#h evil$. Th$s, $nder the !$ministrative Co$e of 7:., (39. V, Tit. I, S$&tit. C, Ch ,, Se . -@,A5, he Comele# i$ given he 'o(erI To sto% any i''e!a' a ti"ity, or onfis ate, tear down, and $ o' an! &nla(%&l+ li-elo&$+ mi$leading or %al$e ele# ion 'ro'aganda, after d$e noti e and hearin!. This is s$re'y a 'ess restri ti"e #eans than the %rohi&ition ontained in Se . ..?. P$rs$ant to this %ower of the Co#e'e , it an onfis ate &o!$s s$r"ey res$'ts a' $'ated to #is'ead "oters. Candidates an ha"e their own s$r"eys ond$ ted. No ri!ht of re%'y an &e in"o9ed &y others. No %rin i%'e of e:$a'ity is in"o'"ed. It is a free #ar9et to whi h ea h andidate &rin!s his ideas. As for the %$r%ose of the 'aw to %re"ent &andwa!on effe ts, it is do$&tf$' whether the +o"ern#ent an dea' with this nat$ra';eno$!h tenden y of so#e "oters. So#e "oters want to &e identified with the Ewinners.F So#e are s$s e%ti&'e to the herd #enta'ity. Can these &e 'e!iti#ate'y %rohi&ited &y s$%%ressin! the %$&'i ation of s$r"ey res$'ts whi h are a for# of e>%ressionQ It has &een he'd that E@#ereA 'e!is'ati"e %referen es or &e'iefs res%e tin! #atters of %$&'i on"enien e #ay we'' s$%%ort re!$'ation dire ted at other %ersona' a ti"ities, &$t &e ins$ffi ient to B$stify s$ h as di#inishes the e>er ise of ri!hts so "ita' to the #aintenan e of de#o rati instit$tions.F To s$##ariJe then, (e hold ha Se#* G*E i$ invalid -e#a&$e /01 i im'o$e$ a 'rior re$ rain on he %reedom o% e"'re$$ion, /51 i i$ a dire# and o al $&''re$$ion o% a #a egor! o% e"'re$$ion even ho&gh $&#h $&''re$$ion i$ onl! %or a limi ed 'eriod, and /71 he governmen al in ere$ $o&gh o -e 'romo ed #an -e a#hieved -! mean$ o her han he $&''re$$ion o% %reedom o% e"'re$$ion. (Social Beat)er Stations Inc. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?8.8,, Day ., 122,, En 3an @DendoJaA5 "++. Discuss the HD9&;8I:7 90 0 I8 &9??7:;H as a valid defense in an action for libel or slander. Held: 9air #ommen arie$ on ma er$ o% '&-li# in ere$ are 'rivileged and #on$ i & e a valid de%en$e in an a# ion %or li-el or $lander. The do trine of fair o##ent #eans that whi'e in !enera' e"ery dis redita&'e i#%$tation %$&'i 'y #ade is dee#ed fa'se, &e a$se e"ery #an is %res$#ed inno ent $nti' his !$i't is B$di ia''y %ro"ed, and e"ery fa'se i#%$tation is dee#ed #a'i io$s, ne"erthe'ess, (hen he di$#redi a-le im'& a ion i$ dire# ed again$ a '&-li# 'er$on in hi$

93

'&-li# #a'a#i !+ i i$ no ne#e$$aril! a# iona-le* In order ha $&#h di$#redi a-le im'& a ion o a '&-li# o%%i#ial ma! -e a# iona-le+ i m&$ ei her -e a %al$e allega ion o% %a# or a #ommen -a$ed on a %al$e $&''o$i ion* I% he #ommen i$ an e"'re$$ion o% o'inion+ -a$ed on e$ a-li$hed %a# $+ hen i i$ imma erial ha he o'inion ha''en$ o -e mi$ a6en+ a$ long a$ i migh rea$ona-l! -e in%erred %rom he %a# $. (6or0al v. C!, -2, SCRA ,, *an. ,?, ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 "+.. What is the /raison dPetre1 for the :ew GorB ;imes v. Sullivan (-80 =S 1.?5 holding that honest criticisms on the conduct of public officials and public figures are insulated from libel judgments? Held: The g&aran ee$ o% %reedom o% $'ee#h and 're$$ 'rohi-i a '&-li# o%%i#ial or '&-li# %ig&re %rom re#overing damage$ %or a de%ama or! %al$ehood rela ing o hi$ o%%i#ial #ond&# &nle$$ he 'rove$ ha he $ a emen (a$ made (i h a# &al mali#e+ i*e*+ (i h 6no(ledge ha i (a$ %al$e or (i h re#6le$$ di$regard o% (he her i (a$ %al$e or no . The raison dLetre for the New Yor9 Ti#es do trine was that o re)&ire #ri i#$ o% o%%i#ial #ond&# o g&aran ee he r& h o% all heir %a# &al a$$er ion$ on 'ain o% li-el .&dgmen $ (o&ld lead o $el%, #en$or$hi'+ $in#e (o&ld,-e #ri i#$ (o&ld -e de erred %rom voi#ing o& heir #ri i#i$m$ even i% $&#h (ere -elieved o -e r&e+ or (ere in %a# r&e+ -e#a&$e o% do&- (he her i #o&ld -e 'roved or -e#a&$e o% %ear o% he e"'en$e o% having o 'rove i . (6or0al v. C!, -2, SCRA ,, *an. ,?, ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 "+). Who comment? is a /public figure,1 and therefore subject to public

Held: @WAe dee# %ri"ate res%ondent a %$r"iew of the :ew GorB ;imes r$'in!. At defined E%$&'i fi!$reF in !yers Pro$uction (+.R. Nos. /1-/2 and /1-7/, 17 A%ri' ,7//, ,02

%$&'i fi!$re within the any rate, we ha"e a'so Pty. 't$. v. Capulong SCRA /0,5 as C

6 > > a 'er$on (ho+ -! hi$ a##om'li$hmen $+ %ame+ mode o% living+ or -! ado' ing a 'ro%e$$ion or #alling (hi#h give$ he '&-li# a legi ima e in ere$ in hi$ doing$+ hi$ a%%air$ and hi$ #hara# er+ ha$ -e#ome a Q'&-li# 'er$onageD. <e is, in other words, a #ele-ri !. O&"io$s'y, to &e in '$ded in this ate!ory are those who ha"e a hie"ed so#e de!ree of re%$tation &y a%%earin! &efore the %$&'i , as in the ase of an a tor, a %rofessiona' &ase&a'' %'ayer, a %$!i'ist, or any other entertainer. The 'ist is, howe"er, &roader than this. It in '$des %$&'i offi ers, fa#o$s in"entors and e>%'orers, war heroes and e"en ordinary so'diers, infant %rodi!y, and no 'ess a %ersona!e than the +reat E>a'ted R$'er of the 'od!e. I in#l&de$+ in $hor + an!one (ho ha$ arrived a a 'o$i ion (here he '&-li# a en ion i$ %o#&$ed &'on him a$ a 'er$on. ;he 0:&@; <0irst :ational &onference on @and ;ransportation> was an undertaBing infused with public interest. It was promoted as a joint project of the government and the private sector, and organi=ed by top government officials and prominent businessmen. 0or this reason, it attracted media mileage and drew public attention not only to the conference itself but to the personalities behind as well. s its 7-ecutive Director and spoBesman, private respondent conse'uently assumed the status of a public figure. B& even a$$&ming e",gra ia arg&men i ha 'riva e re$'onden + de$'i e he 'o$i ion he o##&'ied in he 9NCLT+ (o&ld no )&ali%! a$ a '&-li# %ig&re+ i doe$ no ne#e$$aril! %ollo( ha he #o&ld no validl! -e he $&-.e# o% a '&-li# #ommen even i% he (a$ no a '&-li# o%%i#ial or a lea$ a '&-li# %ig&re+ %or he #o&ld -e+ a$ long a$ he (a$ involved in a '&-li# i$$&e* I% a ma er i$ a $&-.e# o% '&-li# or general in ere$ + i #anno $&ddenl! -e#ome le$$ $o merel! -e#a&$e a

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'riva e individ&al i$ involved or -e#a&$e in $ome $en$e he individ&al did no vol&n aril! #hoo$e o -e#ome involved* The '&-li#D$ 'rimar! in ere$ i$ in he even 4 he '&-li# %o#&$ i$ on he #ond&# o% he 'ar i#i'an and he #on en + e%%e# and $igni%i#an#e o% he #ond&# + no he 'ar i#i'an D$ 'rior anon!mi ! or no orie !. (6or0al v. C!, -2, SCRA ,, *an. ,?, ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 "+%. ;he 9ffice of the ?ayor of @as (inas refused to issue permit to petitioners to hold rally a rally in front of the Justice 6all of @as (inas on the ground that it was prohibited under Supreme &ourt 7n Eanc 8esolution dated July %,"##$ in .?. :o. #$,%,22,S&, entitled, H8eN 5uidelines on the &onduct of Demonstrations, (icBets, 8allies and 9ther Similar 5atherings in the Ficinity of the Supreme &ourt and ll 9ther &ourts.H (etitioners thus initiated the instant proceedings. ;hey submit that the Supreme &ourt gravely abused its discretion andIor acted without or in e-cess of jurisdiction in promulgating those guidelines. Held: We sha'' first dwe'' on the riti a' ar!$#ent #ade &y %etitioners that the r$'es onstit$te an a&rid!#ent of the %eo%'eHs a!!re!ate ri!hts of free s%ee h, free e>%ression, %ea ef$' asse#&'y and %etitionin! !o"ern#ent for redress of !rie"an es itin! Se . ?, Arti 'e III of the ,7/8 Constit$tion that Mno 'aw sha'' &e %assed a&rid!in!M the#. It is tr$e that the safe!$ardin! of the %eo%'eHs freedo# of e>%ression to the end that indi"id$a's #ay s%ea9 as they thin9 on #atters "ita' to the# and that fa'sehoods #ay &e e>%osed thro$!h the %ro esses of ed$ ation and dis $ssion is essentia' to free !o"ern#ent . B& %reedom o% $'ee#h and e"'re$$ion de$'i e i $ indi$'en$a-ili ! ha$ i $ limi a ion$* I ha$ never -een &nder$ ood a$ he a-$ol& e righ o $'ea6 (henever+ ho(ever+ and (herever one 'lea$e$+ %or he manner+ 'la#e+ and ime o% '&-li# di$#&$$ion #an -e #on$ i & ionall! #on rolled* <T=he -e er 'oli#! i$ no li-er ! &n amed -& li-er ! reg&la ed -! la( (here ever! %reedom i$ e"er#i$ed in a##ordan#e (i h la( and (i h d&e regard %or he righ $ o% o her$. Con"entiona' wisdo# te''s $s that the rea'ities of 'ife in a o#%'e> so iety 're#l&de an a-$ol& i$ in er're a ion o% %reedom o% e"'re$$ion (here i doe$ no involve '&re $'ee#h -& $'ee#h 'l&$ 'h!$i#al a# ion$ li6e 'i#6e ing* There are o her $igni%i#an $o#ie al val&e$ ha m&$ -e a##ommoda ed and (hen he! #la$h+ he! m&$ all -e (eighed (i h he 'romo ion o% he general (el%are o% he 'eo'le a$ he &l ima e o-.e# ive* In -alan#ing he$e val&e$+ hi$ Co&r ha$ a##orded %reedom o% e"'re$$ion a 're%erred 'o$i ion in ligh o% i $ more #om'ara ive im'or an#e. <en e, o$r r$'in!s now #$sty in years ho'd that on'y the narrowest ti#e, %'a e and #anner re!$'ations that are s%e ifi a''y tai'ored to ser"e an i#%ortant !o"ern#enta' interest #ay B$stify the a%%'i ation of the &a'an in! of interests test in dero!ation of the %eo%'eHs ri!ht of free s%ee h and e>%ression. Where $aid reg&la ion$ do no aim 'ar i#&larl! a he evil$ (i hin he allo(a-le area$ o% $ a e #on rol -& + on he #on rar!+ $(ee' (i hin heir am-i o her a# ivi ie$ a$ o o'era e a$ an overhanging hrea o %ree di$#&$$ion+ or (here &'on heir %a#e he! are $o vag&e+ inde%ini e+ or ine"a# a$ o 'ermi '&ni$hmen o% he %air &$e o% he righ o% %ree $'ee#h+ $&#h reg&la ion$ are void. Pre$#inding %rom hi$ 'remi$e+ he Co&r rei era e$ ha .&di#ial inde'enden#e and he %air and orderl! admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e #on$ i & e 'aramo&n governmen al in ere$ $ ha #an .&$ i%! he reg&la ion o% he '&-li#K$ righ o% %ree $'ee#h and 'ea#e%&l a$$em-l! in he vi#ini ! o% #o&r ho&$e$. In the ase of In Re< Emil P. 1ura$o, the Co$rt %rono$n ed in no $n ertain ter#s thatI M> > > %reedom o% e"'re$$ion need$ on o##a$ion o -e ad.&$ ed o and a##ommoda ed (i h he re)&iremen $ o% e)&all! im'or an '&-li# in ere$ $* One o% he$e %&ndamen al '&-li# in ere$ $ i$ he main enan#e o% he in egri ! and orderl!

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%&n# ioning o% he admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e* There i$ no an inom! -e (een %ree e"'re$$ion and he in egri ! o% he $!$ em o% admini$ ering .&$ i#e* 9or he 'ro e# ion and main enan#e o% %reedom o% e"'re$$ion i $el% #an -e $e#&red onl! (i hin he #on e" o% a %&n# ioning and orderl! $!$ em o% di$'en$ing .&$ i#e+ (i hin he #on e" + in o her (ord$+ o% via-le inde'enden in$ i & ion$ %or deliver! o% .&$ i#e (hi#h are a##e' ed -! he general #omm&ni !. > > >M (In Re< Emil P. 1ura$o, 1?- SCRA 177, -1-;-1? @,77.A5 I i$ $adl! o-$erved ha .&di#ial inde'enden#e and he orderl! admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e have -een hrea ened no onl! -! #on em' &o&$ a# $ in$ide+ -& al$o -! ira$#i-le demon$ ra ion$ o& $ide+ he #o&r ho&$e$* The! (i ingl! or &n(i ingl!+ $'oil he ideal o% $o-er+ non,'ar i$an 'ro#eeding$ -e%ore a #old and ne& ral .&dge. E"en in the =nited States, a %rohi&ition a!ainst %i 9etin! and de#onstratin! in or near o$rtho$ses has &een r$'ed as "a'id and onstit$tiona' notwithstandin! its 'i#itin! effe t on the e>er ise &y the %$&'i of their 'i&erties. 6 > > The admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e m&$ no onl! -e %air -& m&$ al$o APPEAR o -e %air and i i$ he d& ! o% hi$ Co&r o elimina e ever! hing ha (ill dimini$h i% no de$ ro! hi$ .&di#ial de$idera &m. To &e s$re, there wi'' &e !rie"an es a!ainst o$r B$sti e syste# for there an &e no %erfe t syste# of B$sti e &$t these !rie"an es #$st &e "enti'ated thro$!h a%%ro%riate %etitions, #otions or other %'eadin!s. S&#h a mode i$ in 6ee'ing (i h he re$'e# d&e o he #o&r $ a$ ve$$el$ o% .&$ i#e and i$ ne#e$$ar! i% .&dge$ are o di$'o$e heir -&$ine$$ in a %air %a$hion* I i$ he radi ional #onvi# ion o% ever! #ivili8ed $o#ie ! ha #o&r $ m&$ -e in$&la ed %rom ever! e" raneo&$ in%l&en#e in heir de#i$ion$* The %a# $ o% a #a$e $ho&ld -e de ermined &'on eviden#e 'rod&#ed in #o&r + and $ho&ld -e &nin%l&en#ed -! -ia$+ 're.&di#e or $!m'a hie$. (In Re< Petition to !nnul En 6anc Resolution !.M. :.F,F-+FSC F Ricar$o C. 2almonte an$ /nion of 'a(yers an$ !$vocates for &ransparency in Government D/'!&E, +.R. No. ,-?01,, Se%t. 17, ,77/5 "+$. Did the Supreme &ourt commit an act of judicial legislation in promulgating 7n Eanc 8esolution .?. #$,%,22,S&, entitled, H8eN 5uidelines on the &onduct of Demonstrations, (icBets, 8allies and 9ther Similar 5atherings in the Ficinity of the Supreme &ourt and ll 9ther &ourts?H Held: Petitioners a'so 'ai# that this Co$rt o##itted an a t of B$di ia' 'e!is'ation in %ro#$'!atin! the assai'ed reso'$tion. They har!e that this Co$rt a#ended %ro"isions of 3atas Pa#&ansa (3.P.5 3'!. //2, otherwise 9nown as Mthe P$&'i Asse#&'y A t,M &y on"ertin! the sidewa'9s and streets within a radi$s of two h$ndred (1225 #eters fro# e"ery o$rtho$se fro# a %$&'i for$# %'a e into a Mno ra''yM Jone. Th$s, they a $se this Co$rt of > > > "io'atin! the %rin i%'e of se%aration of %owers. We reBe t these 'ow watts ar!$#ents. P$&'i %'a es historically associated with the free e>er ise of e>%ressi"e a ti"ities, s$ h as streets, sidewa'9s, and %ar9s, are onsidered, without more, to &e %$&'i fora. In o her (ord$+ i i$ no an! la( ha #an im-&e $&#h 'la#e$ (i h he '&-li# na &re inheren in hem* B& even in $&#h '&-li# %ora+ i i$ $e led .&ri$'r&den#e ha he governmen ma! re$ ri# $'ee#h 'l&$ a# ivi ie$ and en%or#e rea$ona-le ime+ 'la#e+ and manner reg&la ion$ a$ long a$ he re$ ri# ion$ are /01 #on en ,ne& ral+ /51 are narro(l! ailored o $erve a $igni%i#an governmen al in ere$ + and /71 leave o'en am'le al erna ive #hannel$ o% #omm&ni#a ion. Con rar! here%ore o 'e i ioner$D im're$$ion+ B*P* Blg* BBJ did no e$ a-li$h $ ree $ and $ide(al6$+ among o her 'la#e$+ a$ '&-li# %ora* A #lo$e loo6 a he la( (ill reveal ha i in %a# 're$#ri-e$ rea$ona-le ime+ 'la#e+ and manner reg&la ion$. Th$s, it re:$ires a written %er#it for the ho'din! of %$&'i asse#&'ies in %$&'i %'a es

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s$&Be t, e"en, to the ri!ht of the #ayor to #odify the %'a e and ti#e of the %$&'i asse#&'y, to i#%ose a rero$tin! of the %arade or street #ar h, to 'i#it the "o'$#e of 'o$d s%ea9ers or so$nd syste# and to %res ri&e other a%%ro%riate restri tions on the ond$ t of the %$&'i asse#&'y. The e"i$ en#e o% B*P* Blg* BBJ+ ho(ever+ doe$ no 're#l&de hi$ Co&r %rom 'rom&lga ing r&le$ reg&la ing #ond&# o% demon$ ra ion$ in he vi#ini ! o% #o&r $ o a$$&re o&r 'eo'le o% an im'ar ial and orderl! admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e a$ manda ed -! he Con$ i & ion* To in$&la e he .&di#iar! %rom mo- 're$$&re+ %riendl! or o her(i$e+ and i$ola e i %rom '&-li# h!$ eria+ hi$ Co&r merel! moved a(a! he $i &$ o% ma$$ a# ion$ (i hin a 5JJ,me er radi&$ %rom ever! #o&r ho&$e* In %ine+ B*P* Blg* BBJ im'o$e$ general re$ ri# ion$ o he ime+ 'la#e and manner o% #ond&# ing #on#er ed a# ion$* On he o her hand+ he re$ol& ion o% hi$ Co&r reg&la ing demon$ ra ion$ add$ $'e#i%i# re$ ri# ion$ a$ he! involve .&di#ial inde'enden#e and he orderl! admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e. There is th$s no dis re%an y &etween the two sets of re!$'atory #eas$res. Si#%'y %$t, B*P* Blg* BBJ and he a$$ailed re$ol& ion #om'lemen ea#h o her. We so ho'd fo''owin! the r$'e in 'e!a' her#ene$ti s that an a%%arent onf'i t &etween a o$rt r$'e and a stat$tory %ro"ision sho$'d &e har#oniJed and &oth sho$'d &e !i"en effe t if %ossi&'e. (In Re< Petition to !nnul En 6anc Resolution !.M. :.F,F-+FSC F Ricar$o C. 2almonte an$ /nion of 'a(yers an$ !$vocates for &ransparency in Government D/'!&E, +.R. No. ,-?01,, Se%t. 17, ,77/5 "+#. Should live media coverage of court proceedings be allowed?

Held: The %ro%riety of !rantin! or denyin! %er#ission to the #edia to &road ast, re ord, or %hoto!ra%h o$rt %ro eedin!s in"o'"es wei!hin! the onstit$tiona' !$arantees of freedo# of the %ress, the ri!ht of the %$&'i to infor#ation and the ri!ht to %$&'i tria', on the one hand, and on the other hand, the d$e %ro ess ri!hts of the defendant and the inherent and onstit$tiona' %ower of the o$rts to ontro' their %ro eedin!s in order to %er#it the fair and i#%artia' ad#inistration of B$sti e. Co''atera''y, it a'so raises iss$es on the nat$re of the #edia, %arti $'ar'y te'e"ision and its ro'e in so iety, and of the i#%a t of new te hno'o!ies on 'aw. The re ords of dis $ssion re!ardin! Si#i'ar'y, Phi'i%%ine the :$estion s:$are'y. the Constit$tiona' Co##ission are &ereft of the s$&Be t of a#eras in the o$rtroo#. o$rts ha"e not had the o%%ort$nity to r$'e on

Whi'e we ta9e noti e of the Se%te#&er ,772 re%ort of the =nited States *$di ia' Conferen e Ad <o Co##ittee on Ca#eras in the Co$rtroo#, sti'' the $rrent r$'e o&tainin! in the 4edera' Co$rts of the =nited States %rohi&its the %resen e of te'e"ision a#eras in ri#ina' tria's. R&le G7 o% he 9ederal R&le$ o% Criminal Pro#ed&re %or-id$ he a6ing o% 'ho ogra'h$ d&ring he 'rogre$$ o% .&di#ial 'ro#eeding$ or radio -road#a$ ing o% $&#h 'ro#eeding$ %rom he #o&r room* A rial o% an! 6ind or in an! #o&r i$ a ma er o% $erio&$ im'or an#e o all #on#erned and $ho&ld no -e rea ed a$ a mean$ o% en er ainmen * To $o rea i de'rive$ he #o&r o% he digni ! (hi#h 'er ain$ o i and de'ar $ %rom he orderl! and $erio&$ )&e$ %or r& h %or (hi#h o&r .&di#ial 'ro#eeding$ are %orm&la ed. Co$rts do not dis ri#inate a!ainst radio and te'e"ision #edia &y for&iddin! the &road astin! or te'e"isin! of a tria' whi'e %er#ittin! the news%a%er re%orter a ess to the o$rtroo#, sin e a te'e"ision or news re%orter has the sa#e %ri"i'e!e, as the news re%orter is not %er#itted to &rin! his ty%ewriter or %rintin! %ress into the o$rtroo#. In Estes v. &eIas (-/, =.S. .-15, the =nited States S$%re#e Co$rt he'd that elevi$ion #overage o% .&di#ial 'ro#eeding$ involve$ an inheren denial o% d&e 'ro#e$$ righ $ o% a #riminal de%endan . Votin! .;?, the Co$rt thro$!h Dr. *$sti e C'ar9, identified %o&r /E1 area$ o%

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'o en ial 're.&di#e (hi#h migh ari$e %rom he im'a# o% he #amera$ on he .&r!+ (i ne$$e$+ he rial .&dge and he de%endan . The de ision in %art %ertinent'y statedI ME>%erien e 'i9ewise has esta&'ished the %reB$di ia' effe t of te'e astin! on witnesses. /01 Wi ne$$e$ migh -e %righ ened+ 'la! o he #amera+ or -e#ome nervo&$* The! are $&-.e# o e" raordinar! o& ,o%,#o&r in%l&en#e$ (hi#h migh a%%e# heir e$ imon!. A'so, /51 ele#a$ ing no onl! in#rea$e$ he rial .&dgeK$ re$'on$i-ili ! o avoid a# &al 're.&di#e o he de%endan 4 i ma! a$ (ell a%%e# hi$ o(n 'er%orman#e* M&dge$ are h&man -eing$ al$o and are $&-.e# o he $ame '$!#hologi#al rea# ion$ a$ la!men. /71 9or he de%endan + ele#a$ ing i$ a %orm o% men al hara$$men and $&-.e# $ him o e"#e$$ive '&-li# e"'o$&re and di$ ra# $ him %rom he e%%e# ive 're$en a ion o% hi$ de%en$e. MThe elevi$ion #amera i$ a 'o(er%&l (ea'on (hi#h in en ionall! or inadver en l! #an de$ ro! an a##&$ed and hi$ #a$e in he e!e$ o% he '&-li#.M Re%resentati"es of the %ress ha"e no s%e ia' standin! to a%%'y for a writ of #andate to o#%e' a o$rt to %er#it the# to attend a tria', sin e within the o$rtroo# a re%orterHs onstit$tiona' ri!hts are no !reater than those of any other #e#&er of the %$&'i . :a$$ive in r&$ion o% re're$en a ive$ o% he ne($ media in o he rial i $el% #an $o al er or de$ ro! he #on$ i & ionall! ne#e$$ar! .&di#ial a mo$'here and de#or&m ha he re)&iremen $ o% im'ar iali ! im'o$ed -! d&e 'ro#e$$ o% la( are denied he de%endan and a defendant in a ri#ina' %ro eedin! sho$'d not &e for ed to r$n a !a$nt'et of re%orters and %hoto!ra%hers ea h ti#e he enters or 'ea"es the o$rtroo#. Con$idering he 're.&di#e i 'o$e$ o he de%endan K$ righ o d&e 'ro#e$$ a$ (ell a$ o he %air and orderl! admini$ ra ion o% .&$ i#e+ and #on$idering %&r her ha he %reedom o% he 're$$ and he righ o% he 'eo'le o in%orma ion ma! -e $erved and $a i$%ied -! le$$ di$ ra# ing+ degrading and 're.&di#ial mean$+ live radio and elevi$ion #overage o% #o&r 'ro#eeding$ $hall no -e allo(ed . Video foota!es of o$rt hearin!s for news %$r%oses sha'' &e restri ted and 'i#ited to shots of the o$rtroo#, the B$di ia' offi ers, the %arties and their o$nse' ta9en %rior to the o##en e#ent of offi ia' %ro eedin!s. No "ideo shots or %hoto!ra%hs sha'' &e %er#itted d$rin! the tria' %ro%er. (Supreme Court En 6anc Resolution Re< 'ive &2 an$ Ra$io Coverage of t)e Hearing of Presi$ent Corazon C. !HuinoPs 'i#el Case, dated O t. 11, ,77,5 ".2. Should the &ourt allow live media coverage of the anticipated trial of the plunder and other criminal cases filed against former (resident Joseph 7. 7strada before the Sandiganbayan in order /to assure the public of full transparency in the proceedings of an unprecedented case in our history1 as re'uested by the Kapisanan ng mga ErodBaster ng (ilipinas? Held: The 'ro'rie ! o% gran ing or den!ing he in$ an 'e i ion involve he (eighing o& o% he #on$ i & ional g&aran ee$ o% %reedom o% he 're$$ and he righ o '&-li# in%orma ion+ on he one hand+ and he %&ndamen al righ $ o% he a##&$ed+ on he o her hand+ along (i h he #on$ i & ional 'o(er o% a #o&r o #on rol i $ 'ro#eeding$ in en$&ring a %air and im'ar ial rial* &$ ha When he$e righ $ ra#e again$ one ano her+ .&ri$'r&den#e he righ o% he a##&$ed m&$ -e 're%erred o (in. ell$

Wi h he 'o$$i-ili ! o% lo$ing no onl! he 're#io&$ li-er ! -& al$o he ver! li%e o% an a##&$ed+ i -ehoove$ all o ma6e a-$ol& el! #er ain ha an a##&$ed re#eive$ a verdi# $olel! on he -a$i$ o% a .&$ and di$'a$$iona e .&dgmen + a verdi# ha (o&ld #ome onl! a% er he 're$en a ion o% #redi-le eviden#e e$ i%ied o -! &n-ia$ed

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(i ne$$e$ &n$(a!ed -! an! 6ind o% 're$$&re+ (he her o'en or $&- le+ in 'ro#eeding$ ha are devoid o% hi$ rioni#$ ha migh de ra# %rom i $ -a$i# aim o %erre veri a-le %a# $ %ree %rom im'ro'er in%l&en#e+ and de#reed -! a .&dge (i h an &n're.&di#ed mind+ &n-ridled -! r&nning emo ion$ or 'a$$ion$. D$e %ro ess !$arantees the a $sed a %res$#%tion of inno en e $nti' the ontrary is %ro"ed in a tria' that is not 'ifted a&o"e its indi"id$a' settin!s nor #ade an o&Be t of %$&'i Ls attention and where the on '$sions rea hed are ind$ ed not &y any o$tside for e or inf'$en e &$t on'y &y e"iden e and ar!$#ent !i"en in o%en o$rt, where fittin! di!nity and a'# a#&ian e is de#anded. Witnesses and B$d!es #ay "ery we'' &e #en and wo#en of fortit$de, a&'e to thri"e in hardy 'i#ate, with e"ery reason to %res$#e fir#ness of #ind and reso'$te end$ran e, &$t it #$st a'so &e on eded that Ete'e"ision an wor9 %rofo$nd han!es in the &eha"ior of the %eo%'e it fo $ses on.F Even (hile i ma! -e di%%i#&l o )&an i%! he in%l&en#e+ or 're$$&re ha media #an -ring o -ear on hem dire# l! and hro&gh he $ha'ing o% '&-li# o'inion+ i i$ a %a# + none hele$$+ ha + indeed+ i doe$ $o in $o man! (a!$ and in var!ing degree$* The #on$#io&$ or &n#on$#io&$ e%%e# ha $&#h #overage ma! have on he e$ imon! o% (i ne$$e$ and he de#i$ion o% .&dge$ #anno -e eval&a ed -& + i #an li6e(i$e -e $aid+ i i$ no a all &nli6el! %or a vo e o% g&il or inno#en#e o !ield o i * I migh -e %ar#i#al o -&ild aro&nd hem an im'regna-le armor again$ he in%l&en#e o% he mo$ 'o(er%&l media o% '&-li# o'inion. To say that a t$a' %reB$di e sho$'d first &e %resent wo$'d 'ea"e to near nir"ana the s$&t'e threats to B$sti e that a dist$r&an e of the #ind so indis%ensa&'e to the a'# and de'i&erate dis%ensation of B$sti e an reate. The effe t of te'e"ision #ay es a%e the ordinary #eans of %roof, &$t it is not far;fet hed for it to !rad$a''y erode o$r &asa' on e%tion of a tria' s$ h as we 9now it now. An a##&$ed ha$ a righ o a '&-li# rial -& i i$ a righ ha -elong$ o him+ more han an!one el$e+ (here hi$ li%e or li-er ! #an -e held #ri i#all! in -alan#e* A '&-li# rial aim$ o en$&re ha he i$ %airl! deal (i h and (o&ld no -e &n.&$ l! #ondemned and ha hi$ righ $ are no #om'romi$ed in $e#re #on#lave$ o% long ago* A '&-li# rial i$ no $!non!mo&$ (i h '&-li#i8ed rial4 i onl! im'lie$ ha he #o&r door$ m&$ -e o'en o ho$e (ho (i$h o #ome+ $i in he availa-le $ea $+ #ond&# hem$elve$ (i h de#or&m and o-$erve he rial 'ro#e$$. In the onstit$tiona' sense, a #o&r room $ho&ld have eno&gh %a#ili ie$ %or a rea$ona-le n&m-er o% he '&-li# o o-$erve he 'ro#eeding$+ no oo $mall a$ o render he o'enne$$ negligi-le and no oo large a$ o di$ ra# he rial 'ar i#i'an $ %rom heir 'ro'er %&n# ion$+ (ho $hall hen -e o all! %ree o re'or (ha he! have o-$erved d&ring he 'ro#eeding$. The #o&r $ re#ogni8e he #on$ i & ionall! em-odied %reedom o% he 're$$ and he righ o '&-li# in%orma ion* I al$o a''rove$ o% mediaD$ e"al ed 'o(er o 'rovide he mo$ a##&ra e and #om'rehen$ive mean$ o% #onve!ing he 'ro#eeding$ o he '&-li# and in a#)&ain ing he '&-li# (i h he .&di#ial 'ro#e$$ in a# ion4 never hele$$+ (i hin he #o&r ho&$e+ he overriding #on$idera ion i$ $ ill he 'aramo&n righ o% he a##&$ed o d&e 'ro#e$$ (hi#h m&$ never -e allo(ed o $&%%er dimin& ion in i $ #on$ i & ional 'ro'or ion$* M&$ i#e Clar6 h&$l! 'rono&n#ed+ 2(hile a ma"im&m %reedom m&$ -e allo(ed he 're$$ in #arr!ing o& he im'or an %&n# ion o% in%orming he '&-li# in a demo#ra i# $o#ie !+ i $ e"er#i$e m&$ ne#e$$aril! -e $&-.e# o he main enan#e o% ABSOLUTE %airne$$ in he .&di#ial 'ro#e$$.F 6 > > The Inte!rated 3ar of the Phi'i%%ines > > > e>%ressed its own on ern on the 'i"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e of the ri#ina' tria's of Dr. EstradaG to %ara%hraseI Li"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e an ne!ate the r$'e on e> '$sion of witnesses d$rin! the

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hearin!s intended to ass$re a fair tria'G at sta9e in the ri#ina' tria' is not on'y the 'ife and 'i&erty of the a $sed &$t the "ery redi&i'ity of the Phi'i%%ine ri#ina' B$sti e syste#, and 'i"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e of the tria' o$'d a''ow the Ehootin! thron!F to arro!ate $nto the#se'"es the tas9 of B$d!in! the !$i't of the a $sed, s$ h that the "erdi t of the o$rt wi'' &e a e%ta&'e on'y if %o%$'arG and 'i"e te'e"ision and radio o"era!e of the tria' wi'' not s$&ser"e the ends of B$sti e &$t wi'' on'y %ander to the desire for %$&'i ity of a few !randstandin! 'awyers. 6 > > =n'i9e other !o"ern#ent offi es, o$rts do not e>%ress the %o%$'ar wi'' of the %eo%'e in any sense whi h, instead, are tas9ed to on'y adB$di ate ontro"ersies on the &asis of what a'one is s$&#itted &efore the#. A tria' is not a free trade of ideas. Nor is a o#%etin! #ar9et of tho$!hts the 9nown test of tr$th in a o$rtroo#. (Re< ReHuest Ra$ioF&2 coverage of t)e &rial in t)e San$igan#ayan of t)e Plun$er Cases against t)e former Presi$ent 1osep) E. Estra$a, A.D. No. 2,;?;2-;SC, *$ne 17, 122,, En 3an @Vit$!A5 9REEDO: O9 RELI>ION ".". Discuss why the Gerona ruling (justifying the e-pulsion from public schools of children of JehovahPs Witnesses who refuse to salute the flag and sing the national anthem during flag ceremony as prescribed by the 0lag Salute @aw5 should be abandoned. Held: O$r tas9 here is e>tre#e'y diffi $'t, for the -2;year o'd de ision of this o$rt in 5erona $%ho'din! the f'a! sa'$te 'aw and a%%ro"in! the e>%$'sion of st$dents who ref$se to o&ey it, is not 'i!ht'y to &e trif'ed with. It is so#ewhat ironi howe"er, that after the 5erona r$'in! had re ei"ed 'e!is'ati"e a het &y its in or%oration in the Ad#inistrati"e Code of ,7/8, the %resent Co$rt &e'ie"es that the ti#e has o#e to ree>a#ine it. The idea ha one ma! -e #om'elled o $al& e he %lag+ $ing he na ional an hem+ and re#i e he 'a rio i# 'ledge+ d&ring a %lag #eremon! on 'ain o% -eing di$mi$$ed %rom oneD$ .o- or o% -eing e"'elled %rom $#hool+ i$ alien o he #on$#ien#e o% he 're$en genera ion o% 9ili'ino$ (ho #& heir ee h on he Bill o% Righ $ (hi#h g&aran ee$ heir righ $ o %ree $'ee#h <;he flag salute, singing the national anthem and reciting the patriotic pledge are all forms of utterances.> and he %ree e"er#i$e o% religio&$ 'ro%e$$ion and (or$hi'. Religio&$ %reedom i$ a %&ndamen al righ (hi#h i$ en i led o he highe$ 'riori ! and he am'le$ 'ro e# ion among h&man righ $+ %or i involve$ he rela ion$hi' o% man o hi$ Crea or (Chief *$sti e Enri:$e D. 4ernandoLs se%arate o%inion in German v. 6arangan, ,-. SCRA .,?, .-2;.-,5. EThe righ o religio&$ 'ro%e$$ion and (or$hi' ha$ a (o, %old a$'e# + vi8*+ %reedom o -elieve and %reedom o a# on oneD$ -elie%* The %ir$ i$ a-$ol& e a$ long a$ he -elie% i$ #on%ined (i hin he realm o% ho&gh * The $e#ond i$ $&-.e# o reg&la ion (here he -elie% i$ ran$la ed in o e" ernal a# $ ha a%%e# he '&-li# (el%areF <J. &ru=, &onstitutional @aw, "##" 7d., pp. "%), "%%>. Petitioners stress > > > that whi'e they do not ta9e %art in the o#%$'sory f'a! ere#ony, they do not en!a!e in Ee>terna' a tsF or &eha"ior that wo$'d offend their o$ntry#en who &e'ie"e in e>%ressin! their 'o"e of o$ntry thro$!h the o&ser"an e of the f'a! ere#ony. They :$iet'y stand at attention d$rin! the f'a! ere#ony to show their res%e t for the ri!hts of those who hoose to %arti i%ate in the so'e#n %ro eedin!s. Sin e they do not en!a!e in disr$%ti"e &eha"ior, there is no warrant for their e>%$'sion.

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EThe $ole .&$ i%i#a ion %or a 'rior re$ rain or limi a ion on he e"er#i$e o% religio&$ %reedom (according to the late &hief Justice &laudio ;eehanBee in his dissenting opinion in German v. 6arangan, ,-. SCRA .,?, .,85 i$ he e"i$ en#e o% a grave and 're$en danger o% a #hara# er -o h grave and imminen + o% a $erio&$ evil o '&-li# $a%e !+ '&-li# moral$+ '&-li# heal h or an! o her legi ima e '&-li# in ere$ + ha he S a e ha$ a righ /and d& !1 o 'reven *3 A-$en $&#h a hrea o '&-li# $a%e !+ he e"'&l$ion o% he 'e i ioner$ %rom he $#hool$ i$ no .&$ i%ied. The sit$ation that the Co$rt dire t'y %redi ted in 5erona thatI E@TAhe f'a! ere#ony wi'' &e o#e a thin! of the %ast or %erha%s ond$ ted with "ery few %arti i%ants, and the ti#e wi'' o#e when we wo$'d ha"e itiJens $nta$!ht and $nin $' ated in and not i#&$ed with re"eren e for the f'a! and 'o"e of o$ntry, ad#iration for nationa' heroes, and %atriotis# C a %atheti , e"en tra!i sit$ation, and a'' &e a$se a s#a'' %ortion of the s hoo' %o%$'ation i#%osed its wi'', de#anded and was !ranted an e>e#%tion.F has not o#e to %ass. We are no 'er$&aded ha -! e"em' ing he MehovahD$ Wi ne$$e$ %rom $al& ing he %lag+ $inging he na ional an hem and re#i ing he 'a rio i# 'ledge+ hi$ religio&$ gro&' (hi#h admi edl! #om'ri$e$ a 2$mall 'or ion o% he $#hool 'o'&la ion3 (ill $ha6e &' o&r 'ar o% he glo-e and $&ddenl! 'rod&#e a na ion 2&n a&gh and &nin#&l#a ed in and &nim-&ed (i h reveren#e %or he %lag+ 'a rio i$m+ love o% #o&n r! and admira ion %or na ional heroe$* A% er all+ (ha he 'e i ioner$ $ee6 onl! i$ e"em' ion %rom he %lag #eremon!+ no e"#l&$ion %rom he '&-li# $#hool$ (here he! ma! $ &d! he Con$ i & ion+ he demo#ra i# (a! o% li%e and %orm o% governmen + and learn no onl! he ar $+ $#ien#e$+ Phili''ine hi$ or! and #&l &re -& al$o re#eive raining %or a vo#a ion or 'ro%e$$ion and -e a&gh he vir &e$ o% 2'a rio i$m+ re$'e# %or h&man righ $+ a''re#ia ion %or na ional heroe$+ he righ $ and d& ie$ o% #i i8en$hi'+ and moral and $'iri &al val&e$ <Sec. *324, rt. !IF, "#$% &onstitution.> as %art of the $rri $'a. E>%e''in! or &annin! the %etitioners fro# Phi'i%%ine s hoo's wi'' &rin! a&o$t the "ery sit$ation that this Co$rt had feared in 5erona. 4or in! a s#a'' re'i!io$s !ro$%, thro$!h the iron hand of the 'aw, to %arti i%ate in a ere#ony that "io'ates their re'i!io$s &e'iefs, wi'' hard'y &e ond$ i"e to 'o"e of o$ntry or res%e t for d$'y onstit$ted a$thorities. As Dr. *$sti e *a 9son re#ar9ed in Best 2irginia v. 6arnette, -,7 =.S. 01? (,7?-5I E> > > To -elieve ha 'a rio i$m (ill no %lo&ri$h i% 'a rio i# #eremonie$ are vol&n ar! and $'on aneo&$ in$ ead o% a #om'&l$or! ro& ine i$ o ma6e an &n%la ering $ a emen o% he a''eal o% o&r in$ i & ion$ o %ree mind$* " " " When he! /diver$i !1 are $o harmle$$ o o her$ or o he S a e a$ ho$e (e deal (i h here+ he 'ri#e i$ no oo grea * B& %reedom o di%%er i$ no limi ed o hing$ ha do no ma er m&#h* Tha (o&ld -e a mere $hado( o% %reedom* The e$ o% i $ $&-$ an#e i$ he righ o di%%er a$ o hing$ ha o&#h he hear o% he e"i$ ing order.F E9&r hermore+ le i -e no ed ha #oer#ed &ni ! and lo!al ! even o he #o&n r!+ " " " N a$$&ming ha $&#h &ni ! and lo!al ! #an -e a ained hro&gh #oer#ion N i$ no a goal ha i$ #on$ i & ionall! o- aina-le a he e"'en$e o% religio&$ li-er !* A de$ira-le end #anno -e 'romo ed -! 'rohi-i ed mean$.F (Meyer v. Ne#rasAa, 101 =.S. -72, 08 L. ed. ,2?1, ,2?05 Doreo"er, the e>%$'sion the s hoo's where they are Phili''ine #i i8en$+ &nder ed&#a ion, for it is the d$ty of #e#&ers of enro''ed wi'' he 0CBF Con$ i of the State to *eho"ahLs Witnesses fro# viola e heir righ a$ & ion+ o re#eive %ree E%rote t and %ro#ote the

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ri!ht of a'' itiJens to :$a'ity ed$ ation > > > and to #a9e s$ h ed$ ation a essi&'e to a''F <Sec. ", rt. !IF>. In 2ictoriano v. Elizal$e Rope BorAers> /nion, .7 SCRA .?, we $%he'd the e>e#%tion of #e#&ers of the I!'esia Ni Cristo, fro# the o"era!e of a 'osed sho% a!ree#ent &etween their e#%'oyer and a $nion &e a$se it wo$'d "io'ate the tea hin! of their h$r h not to Boin any 'a&or !ro$%I E> > > I i$ #er ain ha no ever! #on$#ien#e #an -e a##ommoda ed -! all he la($ o% he land4 -& (hen general la($ #on%li# (i h $#r&'le$ o% #on$#ien#e+ e"em' ion$ o&gh o -e gran ed &nle$$ $ome Q#om'elling $ a e in ere$ $D in ervene$. (S)er#ert v. 6erner, -8? =.S. -7/, ,2 L. Ed. 1d 70., 782, /- S. Ct. ,8725.F We ho'd that a si#i'ar e>e#%tion #ay &e a orded to the *eho"ahLs Witnesses with re!ard to the o&ser"an e of the f'a! ere#ony o$t of res%e t for their re'i!io$s &e'iefs, howe"er E&iJarreF those &e'iefs #ay see# to others. Ne"erthe'ess, their ri!ht not to %arti i%ate in the f'a! ere#ony does not !i"e the# a ri!ht to disr$%t s$ h %atrioti e>er ises. Para%hrasin! the warnin! ited &y this Co$rt in Non v. Dames II, ,/. SCRA .1-, (hile he highe$ regard m&$ -e a%%orded heir righ o he %ree e"er#i$e o% heir religion+ 2 hi$ $ho&ld no -e a6en o mean ha $#hool a& hori ie$ are 'o(erle$$ o di$#i'line hem3 i% he! $ho&ld #ommi -rea#he$ o% he 'ea#e -! a# ion$ ha o%%end he $en$i-ili ie$+ -o h religio&$ and 'a rio i#+ o% o her 'er$on$. If they :$iet'y stand at attention d$rin! the f'a! ere#ony whi'e their 'ass#ates and tea hers sa'$te the f'a!, sin! the nationa' anthe# and re ite the %atrioti %'ed!e, we do not see how s$ h ond$ t #ay %ossi&'y dist$r& the %ea e, or %ose Ea !ra"e and %resent dan!er of a serio$s e"i' to %$&'i safety, %$&'i #ora's, %$&'i hea'th or any other 'e!iti#ate %$&'i interest that the State has a ri!ht (and d$ty5 to %re"ent.1 (E#ralinag v. &)e Division Superinten$ent of Sc)ools of Ce#u, 1,7 SCRA 1.0, 107;18-, Dar h ,, ,77-, En 3an @+rino; A:$inoA5 ".2. preFtape$ ;F program of the Iglesia :i &risto <I:&> was submitted to the ?;8&E for review. ;he latter classified it as /rated !1 because it was shown to be attacBing another religion. ;he I:& protested by claiming that its religious freedom is per se beyond review by the ?;8&E. Should this contention be upheld? Held: The righ o religio&$ 'ro%e$$ion and (or$hi' ha$ a (o, %old a$'e# + viz. %reedom o -elieve and %reedom o a# on oneK$ -elie%* The %ir$ i$ a-$ol& e a$ long a$ he -elie% i$ #on%ined (i hin he realm o% ho&gh * The $e#ond i$ $&-.e# o reg&la ion (here he -elie% i$ ran$la ed in o e" ernal a# $ ha a%%e# he '&-li# (el%are. The Igle$ia Ni Cri$ oK$ 'o$ &la e ha i $ religio&$ %reedom i$ per se -e!ond revie( -! he :TRCB $ho&ld -e re.e# ed* I $ '&-li# -road#a$ on TH o% i $ religio&$ 'rogram$ -ring$ i o& o% he -o$om o% in ernal -elie%* Televi$ion i$ a medi&m ha rea#he$ even he e!e$ and ear$ o% #hildren* The e"er#i$e o% religio&$ %reedom #an -e reg&la ed -! he S a e (hen i (ill -ring a-o& he #lear and 're$en danger o% a $&-$ an ive evil (hi#h he S a e i$ d& !,-o&nd o 'reven + i.e. $erio&$ de rimen o he more overriding in ere$ o% '&-li# heal h+ '&-li# moral$+ or '&-li# (el%are* A laissez faire 'oli#! on he e"er#i$e o% religion #an -e $ed&# ive o he li-eral mind -& hi$ or! #o&n$el$ he Co&r again$ i $ -lind ado' ion a$ religion i$ and #on in&e$ o -e a vola ile area o% #on#ern in o&r $o#ie ! oda! . M4or s$re, we sha'' ontin$e to s$&Be t any a t %in hin! the s%a e for the free e>er ise of re'i!ion to a hei!htened s r$tiny &$t we sha'' not 'ea"e its rationa' e>er ise to the irrationa'ity of #an. 4or when re'i!ion di"ides and its e>er ise destroys, the State sho$'d not stand sti''.M (Iglesia Ni Cristo v. C!, 1.7 SCRA .17, *$'y 10, ,770 @P$noA5

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".*. Did the ?;8&E act correctly when it rated /!1 the Iglesia :i &ristoMs pre,taped ;F program simply because it was found to be HattacBingH another religion? Held: The :TRCB ma! di$agree (i h he #ri i#i$m$ o% o her religion$ -! he Igle$ia Ni Cri$ o -& ha give$ i no e"#&$e o in erdi# $&#h #ri i#i$m$+ ho(ever &n#lean he! ma! -e* Under o&r #on$ i & ional $#heme+ i i$ no he a$6 o% he S a e o %avor an! religion -! 'ro e# ing i again$ an a a#6 -! ano her religion . Re'i!io$s do!#a and &e'iefs are often at war and to %reser"e %ea e a#on! their fo''owers, es%e ia''y the fanati s, the esta&'ish#ent 'a$se of freedo# of re'i!ion %rohi&its the State fro# 'eanin! towards any re'i!ion. 2isFQFvis religio&$ di%%eren#e$+ he S a e en.o!$ no -an)&e o% o' ion$* Ne& rali ! alone i$ i $ %i"ed and immova-le $ an#e* In %ine+ he :TRCB #anno $)&el#h he $'ee#h o% he INC $im'l! -e#a&$e i a a#6$ ano her religion. In a State where there o$!ht to &e no differen e &etween the a%%earan e and the rea'ity of freedo# of re'i!ion, the re#edy a!ainst &ad theo'o!y is &etter theo'o!y. The &edro 9 of freedo# of re'i!ion is freedo# of tho$!ht and it is &est ser"ed &y en o$ra!in! the #ar9et%'a e of d$e'in! ideas. When the '$>$ry of ti#e %er#its, the #ar9et%'a e of ideas de#ands that s%ee h sho$'d &e #et &y #ore s%ee h for it is the s%ar9 of o%%osite s%ee h, the heat of o''idin! ideas, that an fan the e#&ers of tr$th. (Iglesia Ni Cristo v. C!, 1.7 SCRA .17, *$'y 10, ,770 @P$noA5 ".+. Is solicitation for the construction of a church covered by (.D. :o. ".)+ and, therefore, punishable if done without the necessary permit for solicitation from the DSWD? Held: 0I8S;. Soli#i a ion o% #on ri-& ion$ %or he #on$ r&# ion o% a #h&r#h i$ no $oli#i a ion %or O#hari a-le or '&-li# (el%are '&r'o$eO -& %or a religio&$ '&r'o$e+ and a religio&$ '&r'o$e i$ no ne#e$$aril! a #hari a-le or '&-li# (el%are '&r'o$e. A f$nd a#%ai!n for the onstr$ tion or re%air of a h$r h is not 'i9e f$nd dri"es for needy fa#i'ies or "i ti#s of a'a#ity or for the onstr$ tion of a i"i enter and the 'i9e. Li6e $oli#i a ion o% $&-$#ri' ion o religio&$ maga8ine$+ i i$ 'ar o% he 'ro'aga ion o% religio&$ %ai h or evangeli8a ion* S&#h $oli#i a ion #all$ &'on he vir &e o% %ai h+ no o% #hari !+ $ave a$ ho$e $oli#i ed %or mone! or aid ma! no -elong o he $ame religion a$ he $oli#i or* S&#h $oli#i a ion doe$ no engage he 'hilan hro'i# a$ m&#h a$ he religio&$ %ervor o% he 'er$on (ho i$ $oli#i ed %or #on ri-& ion. S7&9:D. The '&r'o$e o% he De#ree i$ o 'ro e# he '&-li# again$ %ra&d in vie( o% he 'roli%era ion o% %&nd #am'aign$ %or #hari ! and o her #ivi# 'ro.e# $* On he o her hand+ $in#e religio&$ %&nd drive$ are &$&all! #ond&# ed among ho$e -elonging o he $ame religion+ he need %or '&-li# 'ro e# ion again$ %ra&d&len $oli#i a ion$ doe$ no e"i$ in a$ grea a degree a$ doe$ he need %or 'ro e# ion (i h re$'e# o $oli#i a ion$ %or #hari ! or #ivi# 'ro.e# $ a$ o .&$ i%! $ a e reg&la ion. ;6I8D. To re)&ire a governmen 'ermi -e%ore $oli#i a ion %or religio&$ '&r'o$e ma! -e allo(ed i$ o la! a 'rior re$ rain on he %ree e"er#i$e o% religion* S&#h re$ rain + i% allo(ed+ ma! (ell .&$ i%! re)&iring a 'ermi -e%ore a #h&r#h #an ma6e S&nda! #olle# ion$ or en%or#e i hing. 3$t in !merican 6i#le Society v. City of Manila (,2, Phi'. -/0 @,7.8A5, we %re ise'y he'd that an ordinan#e re)&iring 'a!men o% a li#en$e %ee -e%ore one ma! engage in -&$ine$$ #o&ld no -e a''lied o he a''ellan K$ $ale o% -i-le$ -e#a&$e ha (o&ld im'o$e a #ondi ion on he e"er#i$e o% a #on$ i & ional righ * I i$ %or he $ame rea$on ha religio&$ rallie$ are e"em' ed %rom he re)&iremen o% 'rior 'ermi %or '&-li# a$$em-lie$ and o her &$e$ o% '&-li# 'ar6$ and $ ree $ (3.P. 3'!. //2, Se . -@aA5. To read the De ree, therefore, as in '$din! within its rea h so'i itations for re'i!io$s %$r%oses wo$'d &e to onstr$e it in a #anner that it "io'ates the 4ree E>er ise of Re'i!ion C'a$se of the Constit$tion > > >. (Con $rrin! O%inion,

103

DendoJa, V.V., Se%t. ,, ,77?5

*.,

in

Centeno

v.

2illalonFPornillos,

1-0

SCRA

,78,

"... What is a purely ecclesiastical affair to which the State can not meddle? Held: An 7&&@7SI S;I& @ 00 I8 is Eone ha #on#ern$ do# rine+ #reed+ or %orm o% (or$hi' o% he #h&r#h+ or he ado' ion and en%or#emen (i hin a religio&$ a$$o#ia ion o% need%&l la($ and reg&la ion$ %or he governmen o% he mem-er$hi'+ and he 'o(er o% e"#l&ding %rom $&#h a$$o#ia ion$ ho$e deemed no (or h! o% mem-er$hi'.F 3ased on this definition, an e 'esiasti a' affair involve$ he rela ion$hi' -e (een he #h&r#h and i $ mem-er$ and rela e o ma er$ o% %ai h+ religio&$ do# rine$+ (or$hi' and governan#e o% he #ongrega ion. To &e on rete, e>a#%'es of this so; a''ed e 'esiasti a' affairs to whi h the State annot #edd'e are %ro eedin!s for e> o##$ni ation, ordinations of re'i!io$s #inisters, ad#inistration of sa ra#ents and other a ti"ities with atta hed re'i!io$s si!nifi an e. (Pastor Dionisio 2. !ustria v. N'RC, +.R. No. ,1?-/1, A$!. ,0, ,777, ,st Di". @)a%$nanA5 ".). (etitioner is a religious minister of the Seventh Day dventist <SD >. 6e was dismissed because of alleged misappropriation of denominational funds, willful breach of trust, serious misconduct, gross and habitual neglect of duties and commission of an offense against the person of his employerPs duly authori=ed representative. 6e filed an illegal termination case against the SD before the labor arbiter. ;he SD filed a motion to dismiss invoBing the doctrine of separation of &hurch and State. Should the motion be granted? Held: Where (ha i$ involved i$ he rela ion$hi' o% he #h&r#h a$ an em'lo!er and he mini$ er a$ an em'lo!ee and ha$ no rela ion (ha $oever (i h he 'ra# i#e o% %ai h+ (or$hi' or do# rine$ o% he #h&r#h, i.e., the #inister was not e> o##$ni ated or e>%e''ed fro# the #e#&ershi% of the on!re!ation &$t was ter#inated fro# e#%'oy#ent, i i$ a '&rel! $e#&lar a%%air* Con$e)&en l!+ he $&i ma! no -e di$mi$$ed invo6ing he do# rine o% $e'ara ion o% #h&r#h and he $ a e. (Pastor Dionisio 2. !ustria v. N'RC, +.R. No. ,1?-/1, A$!. ,0, ,777, ,st Di". @)a%$nanA5 THE RI>HT O9 THE PEOPLE TO IN9OR:ATION ON :ATTERS O9 PUBLIC CONCERN ".%. Discuss the public concern. scope of the right to information on matters of

Held: In 2almonte v. 6elmonte 1r., the Co$rt e#%hasiJed that he in%orma ion $o&gh m&$ -e 2ma er$ o% '&-li# #on#ern+3 a##e$$ o (hi#h ma! -e limi ed -! la(* Similarl!+ he $ a e 'oli#! o% %&ll '&-li# di$#lo$&re e" end$ onl! o 2 ran$a# ion$ involving '&-li# in ere$ 3 and ma! al$o -e 2$&-.e# o rea$ona-le #ondi ion$ 're$#ri-ed -! la(.F As to the #eanin!s of the ter#s E'&-li# in ere$ F and E'&-li# #on#ern,F the Co$rt, in 'egaspi v. Civil Service Commission, e'$ idatedI EIn deter#inin! whether or not a %arti $'ar infor#ation is of %$&'i on ern there is no ri!id test whi h an &e a%%'ied. OP&-li# #on#ernL 'i9e O'&-li# in ere$ L is a ter# that e'$des e>a t definition. Bo h erm$ em-ra#e a -road $'e# r&m o% $&-.e# $ (hi#h he '&-li# ma! (an o 6no(+ ei her -e#a&$e he$e dire# l! a%%e# heir live$+ or $im'l! -e#a&$e $&#h ma er$ na &rall! aro&$e he in ere$ o% an ordinar! #i i8en* In he %inal anal!$i$+ i i$ %or he #o&r $ o de ermine on a #a$e -! #a$e -a$i$ (he her he ma er a i$$&e i$ o% in ere$ or im'or an#e+ a$ i rela e$ o or a%%e# $ he '&-li#.F Considered a %$&'i on ern in the a&o"e;#entioned ase was the E'e!iti#ate on ern of itiJens to ens$re that !o"ern#ent %ositions

104

re:$irin! i"i' ser"i e e'i!i&i'ity are o $%ied on'y &y %ersons who are e'i!i&'es.F So was the need to !i"e the !enera' %$&'i ade:$ate notifi ation of "ario$s 'aws that re!$'ate and affe t the a tions and ond$ t of itiJens, as he'd in ;anada. Li9ewise did the E%$&'i nat$re of the 'oana&'e f$nds of the +SIS and the %$&'i offi e he'd &y the a''e!ed &orrowers (#e#&ers of the def$n t 3atasan! Pa#&ansa5F :$a'ify the infor#ation so$!ht in Falmonte as #atters of %$&'i interest and on ern. In !HuinoFSarmiento v. Morato (12- SCRA .,., .11;1-, No"e#&er ,-, ,77,5, the Co$rt a'so he'd that o%%i#ial a# $ o% '&-li# o%%i#er$ done in '&r$&i o% heir o%%i#ial %&n# ion$ are '&-li# in #hara# er4 hen#e+ he re#ord$ 'er aining o $&#h o%%i#ial a# $ and de#i$ion$ are (i hin he am-i o% he #on$ i & ional righ o% access to pu#lic recor$s. =nder Repu#lic !ct No. ;,7*, '&-li# o%%i#ial$ and em'lo!ee$ are manda ed o 2'rovide in%orma ion on heir 'oli#ie$ and 'ro#ed&re$ in #lear and &nder$ anda-le lang&age+ <and= en$&re o'enne$$ o% in%orma ion+ '&-li# #on$&l a ion$ and hearing (henever a''ro'ria e " " "+3 e"#e' (hen 2o her(i$e 'rovided -! la( or (hen re)&ired -! he '&-li# in ere$ *3 In 'ar i#&lar+ he la( manda e$ %ree '&-li# a##e$$+ a rea$ona-le ho&r$+ o he ann&al 'er%orman#e re'or $ o% o%%i#e$ and agen#ie$ o% governmen and governmen ,o(ned or #on rolled #or'ora ion$4 and he $ a emen $ o% a$$e $+ lia-ili ie$ and %inan#ial di$#lo$&re$ o% all '&-li# o%%i#ial$ and em'lo!ee$. In general+ (ri ing$ #oming in o he hand$ o% '&-li# o%%i#er$ in #onne# ion (i h heir o%%i#ial %&n# ion$ m&$ -e a##e$$i-le o he '&-li#+ #on$i$ en (i h he 'oli#! o% ran$'aren#! o% governmen al a%%air$* Thi$ 'rin#i'le i$ aimed a a%%ording he 'eo'le an o''or &ni ! o de ermine (he her ho$e o (hom he! have en r&$ ed he a%%air$ o% he governmen are hone$ l!+ %ai h%&ll! and #om'e en l! 'er%orming heir %&n# ion$ a$ '&-li# $ervan $. =ndenia&'y, the essen e of de#o ra y 'ies in the free;f'ow of tho$!htG &$t tho$!hts and ideas #$st &e we'';infor#ed so that the %$&'i wo$'d !ain a &etter %ers%e ti"e of "ita' iss$es onfrontin! the# and, th$s, &e a&'e to riti iJe as we'' as %arti i%ate in the affairs of the !o"ern#ent in a res%onsi&'e, reasona&'e and effe ti"e #anner. Certain'y, it is &y ens$rin! an $nfettered and $ninhi&ited e> han!e of ideas a#on! a we''; infor#ed %$&'i that a !o"ern#ent re#ains res%onsi"e to the han!es desired &y the %eo%'e. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/, @Pan!ani&anA5 ".$. What are some of the recogni=ed 87S;8I&;I9:S to the right of the people to information on matters of public concern? Held: 1) Na ional $e#&ri ! ma er$ and in elligen#e in%orma ion. This B$risdi tion re o!niJes the o##on 'aw ho'din! that there is a !o"ern#enta' %ri"i'e!e a!ainst %$&'i dis 'os$re with res%e t to state se rets re!ardin! #i'itary, di%'o#ati and other nationa' se $rity #atters. Li6e(i$e+ in%orma ion on in er, governmen e"#hange$ 'rior o he #on#l&$ion o% rea ie$ and e"e#& ive agreemen $ ma! -e $&-.e# o rea$ona-le $a%eg&ard$ %or he $a6e o% na ional in ere$ G 2) Trade or ind&$ rial $e#re $ (%$rs$ant to the Intellectual Property Co$e @R.!. No. .+:*, a%%ro"ed on *$ne 0, ,778A and other re'ated 'aws5 and -an6ing ran$a# ion$ (%$rs$ant to the Secrecy of 6anA Deposits !ct @R.!. No. 74-5, as a#endedA5G 3) Criminal ma er$, s$ h as those re'atin! to the a%%rehension, the %rose $tion and the detention of ri#ina's, (hi#h #o&r $ ma! no in)&ire in o prior o $&#h arre$ + de en ion and 'ro$e#& ionG 4) O her #on%iden ial in%orma ion. The Et)ical Stan$ar$s !ct (R.!. No. ;,7*, ena ted on 4e&r$ary 12, ,7/75 f$rther 'rohi-i $ '&-li# o%%i#ial$ and em'lo!ee$ %rom &$ing or div&lging 2#on%iden ial or #la$$i%ied in%orma ion o%%i#iall! 6no(n o hem -! rea$on o% heir o%%i#e and no made availa-le

105

o he '&-li#.F (Se . 8@ A, i&id.5 Other a 9now'ed!ed 'i#itations to infor#ation a ess in '$de di'loma i# #orre$'onden#e+ #lo$ed door Ca-ine mee ing$ and e"e#& ive $e$$ion$ o% ei her ho&$e o% Congre$$+ a$ (ell a$ he in ernal deli-era ion$ o% he S&'reme Co&r . (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 ".#. Is the alleged ill,gotten wealth of the ?arcoses a matter of public concern subject to this right? Held: With s$ h %rono$n e#ents of o$r !o"ern#ent, whose a$thority e#anates fro# the %eo%'e, there is no do$&t that the re o"ery of the Dar osesH a''e!ed i'';!otten wea'th is a #atter of %$&'i on ern and i#&$ed with %$&'i interest. We #ay a'so add that Ei''; !otten wea'thF refers to a$$e $ and 'ro'er ie$ '&r'or edl! a#)&ired+ dire# l! or indire# l!+ -! %ormer Pre$iden :ar#o$+ hi$ immedia e %amil!+ rela ive$ and #lo$e a$$o#ia e$ hro&gh or a$ a re$&l o% heir im'ro'er or illegal &$e o% governmen %&nd$ or 'ro'er ie$4 or heir having a6en &nd&e advan age o% heir '&-li# o%%i#e4 or heir &$e o% 'o(er$+ in%l&en#e$ or rela ion$hi'$+ 2re$&l ing in heir &n.&$ enri#hmen and #a&$ing grave damage and 're.&di#e o he 9ili'ino 'eo'le and he Re'&-li# o% he Phili''ine$*3 Clearl!+ he a$$e $ and 'ro'er ie$ re%erred o $&''o$edl! origina ed %rom he governmen i $el%* To all in en $ and '&r'o$e$+ here%ore+ he! -elong o he 'eo'le* A$ $&#h+ &'on re#onve!an#e he! (ill -e re &rned o he '&-li# rea$&r!+ $&-.e# onl! o he $a i$%a# ion o% 'o$i ive #laim$ o% #er ain 'er$on$ a$ ma! -e ad.&dged -! #om'e en #o&r $* Ano her de#lared overriding #on$idera ion %or he e"'edi io&$ re#over! o% ill, go en (eal h i$ ha i ma! -e &$ed %or na ional e#onomi# re#over!. We &e'ie"e the fore!oin! dis:$isition sett'es the :$estion of whether %etitioner has a ri!ht to res%ondentsH dis 'os$re of any a!ree#ent that #ay &e arri"ed at on ernin! the Dar osesL %$r%orted i'';!otten wea'th. (C)avez v. PCGG, 177 SCRA 8??, De . 7, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 9REEDO: O9 ASSOCIATION ")2. Does the right of civil servants to organi=e include their right to striBe? &larify. Held: S%e ifi a''y, the ri!ht of i"i' ser"ants to or!aniJe the#se'"es was %ositi"e'y re o!niJed in !ssociation of Court of !ppeals Employees 8!C!E9 v. =errerFCalle0a (12- SCRA .70, No"e#&er ,., ,77,5. 3$t, as in the e>er ise of the ri!hts of free e>%ression and of asse#&'y, there are standards for a''owa&'e 'i#itations s$ h as the 'e!iti#a y of the %$r%oses of the asso iation, the o"erridin! onsiderations of nationa' se $rity and the %reser"ation of de#o rati instit$tions <(eople v. 0errer, +$ S&8 *$2, December 2%, "#%2, per &astro, J., where the &ourt, while upholding the validity of the nti, Subversion ct which outlawed the &ommunist (arty of the (hilippines and other HsubversiveH organi=ations, clarified, HWhatever interest in freedom of speech and freedom of association is infringed by the prohibition against Bnowing membership in the &ommunist (arty of the (hilippines, is so indirect and so insubstantial as to be clearly and heavily outweighed by the overriding considerations of national security and the preservation of democratic institutions in this country.H It cautioned, though, that Hthe need for prudence and circumspection 3cannot be overemphasi=ed4 in 3the lawMs4 enforcement, operating as it does in the sensitive area of freedom of e-pression and belief.H> A$ regard$ he righ o $ ri6e+ he Con$ i & ion i $el% )&ali%ie$ i $ e"er#i$e (i h he 'rovi$o Oin a##ordan#e (i h la(*O Thi$ i$ a #lear mani%e$ a ion ha he $ a e ma!+ -! la(+ reg&la e he &$e o% hi$ righ + or even den! #er ain $e# or$ $&#h righ . EIecutive 3r$er No. 7.- <Issued by former (resident &ora=on &. 'uino on June ", "#$%>

106

whi h %ro"ides !$ide'ines for the e>er ise of the ri!ht of !o"ern#ent wor9ers to or!aniJe, for instan e, im'li#i l! endor$ed an earlier CSC #ir#&lar (hi#h Oen.oin$ &nder 'ain o% admini$ ra ive $an# ion$+ all governmen o%%i#er$ and em'lo!ee$ %rom $ aging $ ri6e$+ demon$ ra ion$+ ma$$ leave$+ (al6o& $ and o her %orm$ o% ma$$ a# ion (hi#h (ill re$&l in em'orar! $ o''age or di$r&' ion o% '&-li# $ervi#eM (CSC Memoran$um Circular No. ; s. 7:.,, dated A%ri' 1,, ,7/85 -! $ a ing ha he Civil Servi#e la( and r&le$ governing #on#er ed a# ivi ie$ and $ ri6e$ in he governmen $ervi#e $hall -e o-$erved. It is a'so sett'ed in B$ris%r$den e that, in general+ (or6er$ in he '&-li# $e# or do no en.o! he righ o $ ri6e . !lliance of Concerne$ Government BorAers v. Minister of 'a#or an$ Employment (,1? SCRA ,, A$!$st -, ,7/-, a'so %er +$tierreJ, *r., *.5 rationa'iJed the %ros ri%tion th$sI MThe general r&le in he 'a$ and &' o he 're$en i$ ha he K erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% em'lo!men in he >overnmen + in#l&ding an! 'oli i#al $&-divi$ion or in$ r&men ali ! hereo% are governed -! la(*K ? " "* Sin#e he erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% governmen em'lo!men are fiIe$ #y la(+ governmen (or6er$ #anno &$e he $ame (ea'on$ em'lo!ed -! he (or6er$ in he 'riva e $e# or o $e#&re #on#e$$ion$ %rom heir em'lo!er$* The 'rin#i'le -ehind la-or &nioni$m in 'riva e ind&$ r! i$ ha ind&$ rial 'ea#e #anno -e $e#&red hro&gh #om'&l$ion -! la(* Rela ion$ -e (een 'riva e em'lo!er$ and heir em'lo!ee$ re$ on an e$$en iall! vol&n ar! -a$i$* S&-.e# o he minim&m re)&iremen $ o% (age la($ and o her la-or and (el%are legi$la ion+ he erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% em'lo!men in he &nioni8ed 'riva e $e# or are $e led hro&gh he 'ro#e$$ o% #olle# ive -argaining* In governmen em'lo!men + ho(ever+ i i$ he legi$la &re and+ (here 'ro'erl! given delega ed 'o(er+ he admini$ ra ive head$ o% governmen (hi#h %i" he erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% em'lo!men * And hi$ i$ e%%e# ed hro&gh $ a & e$ or admini$ ra ive #ir#&lar$+ r&le$+ and reg&la ion$+ no hro&gh #olle# ive -argaining agreemen $.M <Ibid., p. "*> After de'"in! into the intent of the fra#ers of the Constit$tion, the Co$rt affir#ed the a&o"e r$'e in Social Security System Employees !ssociation 8SSSE!9 v. Court of !ppeals (,8. SCRA 0/0, *$'y 1/, ,7/75 and e>%'ainedI M+o"ern#ent e#%'oyees #ay, therefore, thro$!h their $nions or asso iations, either %etition the Con!ress for the &etter#ent of the ter#s and onditions of e#%'oy#ent whi h are within the a#&it of 'e!is'ation or ne!otiate with the a%%ro%riate !o"ern#ent a!en ies for the i#%ro"e#ent of those whi h are not fi>ed &y 'aw. If there &e any $nreso'"ed !rie"an es, the dis%$te #ay &e referred to the P$&'i Se tor La&or;Dana!e#ent Co$n i' for a%%ro%riate a tion. B& em'lo!ee$ in he #ivil $ervi#e ma! no re$or o $ ri6e$+ (al6o& $ and o her em'orar! (or6 $ o''age$+ li6e (or6er$ in he 'riva e $e# or+ o 're$$&re he >overnmen o a##ede o heir demand$. As now %ro"ided $nder Se . ?, R$'e III of the R$'es and Re!$'ations to +o"ern the E>er ise of the Ri!ht of +o"ern#ent E#%'oyees to Se'f;Or!aniJation, whi h too9 effe t after the instant dis%$te arose, H< =he erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% em'lo!men in he governmen + in#l&ding an! 'oli i#al $&-divi$ion or in$ r&men ali ! hereo% and governmen ,o(ned and #on rolled #or'ora ion$ (i h original #har er$ are governed -! la( and em'lo!ee$ herein $hall no $ ri6e %or he '&r'o$e o% $e#&ring #hange$ < here o=*HH <Ibid., p. )#$> (1acinto v. Court of !ppeals, 1/, SCRA 0.8, No". ,?, ,778, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 ")". (etitioners public school teachers walBed out of their classes and engaged in mass actions during certain dates in September "##2 protesting the alleged unlawful withholding of their salaries and other economic benefits. ;hey also raised national issues, such as the

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removal of CS bases and the repudiation of foreign debts, in their mass actions. ;hey refused to return to worB despite orders to do so and subse'uently were found guilty of conduct prejudicial to the best interests of the service for having absented themselves without proper authority, from their schools during regular school days, and penali=ed. ;hey denied that they engaged in /striBe1 but claimed that they merely e-ercised a constitutionally guaranteed right L the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances , and, therefore, should not have been penali=ed. Should their contention be upheld? Held: Petitioners, who are %$&'i s hoo'tea hers and th$s !o"ern#ent e#%'oyees, do not see9 to esta&'ish that they ha"e a ri!ht to stri9e. Rather, they tena io$s'y insist that their a&sen es d$rin! ertain dates in Se%te#&er ,772 were a "a'id e>er ise of their onstit$tiona' ri!ht to en!a!e in %ea ef$' asse#&'y to %etition the !o"ern#ent for a redress of !rie"an es. They 'ai# that their !atherin! was not a stri9e, therefore, their %arti i%ation therein did not onstit$te any offense. MPS&! v. 'aguio <Supra, per :arvasa, J., now &J.> and !C& v. Carino <Ibid.>, in whi h this Co$rt de 'ared that Mthese H#ass a tionsH were to a'' intents and %$r%oses a stri9eG they onstit$ted a on erted and $na$thoriJed sto%%a!e of, or a&sen e fro#, wor9 whi h it was the tea hersH d$ty to %erfor#, $nderta9en for essentia''y e ono#i reasons,M sho$'d not %rin i%a''y reso'"e the %resent ase, as the $nder'yin! fa ts are a''e!ed'y not identi a'. S;8IK7, as defined &y 'aw, #eans any em'orar! $ o''age o% (or6 done -! he #on#er ed a# ion o% em'lo!ee$ a$ a re$&l o% an ind&$ rial or la-or di$'& e. A la-or di$'& e in#l&de$ an! #on rover$! or ma er #on#erning erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% em'lo!men 4 or he a$$o#ia ion or re're$en a ion o% 'er$on$ in nego ia ing+ %i"ing+ main aining+ #hanging or arranging he erm$ and #ondi ion$ o% em'lo!men + regardle$$ o% (he her he di$'& an $ $ and in he 'ro"ima e rela ion o% em'lo!er$ and em'lo!ee$. With these %re#ises, we now e"a'$ate the ir $#stan es of the instant %etition. I #anno -e denied ha he ma$$ a# ion or a$$em-l! $ aged -! he 'e i ioner$ re$&l ed in he non,holding o% #la$$e$ in $everal '&-li# $#hool$ d&ring he #orre$'onding 'eriod* Pe i ioner$ do no di$'& e ha he grievan#e$ %or (hi#h he! $o&gh redre$$ #on#erned he alleged %ail&re o% '&-li# a& hori ie$ , e$$en iall!+ heir Oem'lo!er$O , o %&ll! and .&$ l! im'lemen #er ain la($ and mea$&re$ in ended o -ene%i hem ma eriall! " " "* And 'ro-a-l! o #lo he heir a# ion (i h 'ermi$$i-le #hara# er <In justifying their mass actions, petitioners liBen their activity to the pro,bases rally led by former (resident &ora=on &. 'uino on September "2, "##", participated in, as well, by public school teachers who conse'uently absented themselves from their classes. :o administrative charges were allegedly instituted against any of the participants.>, they a'so raised nationa' iss$es s$ h as the re#o"a' of the =.S. &ases and the re%$diation of forei!n de&t. In 6alingasan v. Court of !ppeals <5.8. :o. "2+)%$, July *", "##%, per 8egalado, J.>, ho(ever+ hi$ Co&r $aid ha he %a# ha he #onven ional erm O$ ri6eO (a$ no &$ed -! he 'ar i#i'an $ o de$#ri-e heir #ommon #o&r$e o% a# ion (a$ in$igni%i#an + $in#e he $&-$ an#e o% he $i &a ion+ and no i $ a''earan#e+ (a$ deemed #on rolling. Moreover t)e petitioners )ere I I I (ere not penalize$ for t)e eIercise of t)eir rig)t to assem#le peacefully an$ to petition t)e government for a re$ress of grievances. Rat)er t)e Civil Service Commission foun$ t)em guilty of con$uct pre0u$icial to t)e #est interest of t)e service for )aving a#sente$ t)emselves (it)out proper aut)ority from t)eir sc)ools $uring regular sc)ool $ays in or$er to participate in t)e mass protest t)eir a#sence inelucta#ly resulting in t)e nonF)ol$ing of classes an$ in t)e $eprivation of stu$ents of e$ucation for ()ic) t)ey (ere responsi#le. Ha$ petitioners availe$ t)emselves of t)eir free time F recess after classes (eeAen$s or )oli$ays F to $ramatize t)eir grievances an$ to $ialogue (it) t)e proper aut)orities (it)in t)e #oun$s of la( no one F not t)e DECS t)e

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CSC or even t)is Court F coul$ )ave )el$ t)em lia#le for t)e vali$ eIercise of t)eir constitutionally guarantee$ rig)ts. !s it (as t)e temporary stoppage of classes resulting from t)eir activity necessarily $isrupte$ pu#lic services t)e very evil soug)t to #e forestalle$ #y t)e pro)i#ition against striAes #y government (orAers. ;heir act by their nature was enjoined by the &ivil Service law, rules and regulations, for which they must, therefore, be made answerable. (1acinto v. C!, 1/, SCRA 0.8, No". ,?, ,778, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 THE NON,I:PAIR:ENT CLAUSE ")2. Is the constitutional prohibition against impairing contractual obligations absolute? Held: ,. Nor is there #erit in the 'ai# that the reso'$tion and #e#orand$# ir $'ar "io'ate the ontra t 'a$se of the 3i'' of Ri!hts. The e>e $ti"e order reatin! the POEA was ena ted to f$rther i#%'e#ent the so ia' B$sti e %ro"isions of the ,78- Constit$tion, whi h ha"e &een !reat'y enhan ed and e>%anded in the ,7/8 Constit$tion &y %'a in! the# $nder a se%arate Arti 'e < rticle !III>. The Arti 'e on So ia' *$sti e was a%t'y des ri&ed as the Mheart of the new CharterM &y the President of the ,7/0 Constit$tiona' Co##ission, retired *$sti e Ce i'ia D$noJ Pa'#a. So ia' B$sti e is identified with the &road s o%e of the %o'i e %ower of the state and re:$ires the e>tensi"e $se of s$ h %ower. 6 > >. The #on$ i & ional 'rohi-i ion again$ im'airing #on ra# &al o-liga ion$ i$ no a-$ol& e and i$ no o -e read (i h li eral e"a# ne$$* I i$ re$ ri# ed o #on ra# $ (i h re$'e# o 'ro'er ! or $ome o-.e# o% val&e and (hi#h #on%er righ $ ha ma! -e a$$er ed in a #o&r o% .&$ i#e4 i ha$ no a''li#a ion o $ a & e$ rela ing o '&-li# $&-.e# $ (i hin he domain o% he general legi$la ive 'o(er$ o% he S a e and involving he '&-li# righ $ and '&-li# (el%are o% he en ire #omm&ni ! a%%e# ed -! i * I doe$ no 'reven a 'ro'er e"er#i$e -! he S a e o% i $ 'oli#e 'o(er -! ena# ing reg&la ion$ rea$ona-l! ne#e$$ar! o $e#&re he heal h+ $a%e !+ moral$+ #om%or + or general (el%are o% he #omm&ni !+ even ho&gh #on ra# $ ma! here-! -e a%%e# ed+ %or $&#h ma er$ #anno -e 'la#ed -! #on ra# -e!ond he 'o(er o% he S a e o reg&la e and #on rol hem. Veri'y, he %reedom o #on ra# i$ no a-$ol& e4 all #on ra# $ and all righ $ are $&-.e# o he 'oli#e 'o(er o% he S a e and no onl! ma! reg&la ion$ (hi#h a%%e# hem -e e$ a-li$hed -! he S a e+ -& all $&#h reg&la ion$ m&$ -e $&-.e# o #hange %rom ime o ime+ a$ he general (ell,-eing o% he #omm&ni ! ma! re)&ire+ or a$ he #ir#&m$ an#e$ ma! #hange+ or a$ e"'erien#e ma! demon$ ra e he ne#e$$i !* And &nder he Civil Code+ #on ra# $ o% la-or are e"'li#i l! $&-.e# o he 'oli#e 'o(er o% he S a e -e#a&$e he! are no ordinar! #on ra# $ -& are im're$$ed (i h '&-li# in ere$ . Ar i#le 0FJJ thereof e>%ress'y %ro"idesI Ar * 0FJJ. The rela ion$ -e (een #a'i al and la-or are no merel! #on ra# &al* The! are $o im're$$ed (i h '&-li# in ere$ ha la-or #on ra# $ m&$ !ield o he #ommon good* There%ore+ $&#h #on ra# $ are $&-.e# o he $'e#ial la($ on la-or &nion$+ #olle# ive -argaining+ $ ri6e$ and lo#6o& $+ #lo$ed $ho'+ (age$+ (or6ing #ondi ion$+ ho&r$ o% la-or and $imilar $&-.e# $. The ha''en!ed reso'$tion and #e#orand$# ir $'ar &ein! "a'id i#%'e#entations of E.O. No. 878 (Creatin! the POEA5, whi h was ena ted $nder the %o'i e %ower of the State, they annot &e str$ 9 down on the !ro$nd that they "io'ate the ontra t 'a$se. To ho'd otherwise is to a'ter 'on!;esta&'ished onstit$tiona' do trine and to s$&ordinate the %o'i e %ower to the ontra t 'a$se. (&)e Conference of Maritime Manning !gencies Inc. v. P3E!, 1?- SCRA 000, A%ri' 1,, ,77. @Da"ide, *r.A5

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1. Petitioners %ray that the %resent a tion sho$'d &e &arred, &e a$se %ri"ate res%ondents ha"e "o'$ntari'y e>e $ted :$it 'ai#s and re'eases and re ei"ed their se%aration %ay. Petitioners 'ai# that the %resent s$it is a M!ra"e dero!ation of the f$nda#enta' %rin i%'e that o&'i!ations arisin! fro# a "a'id ontra t ha"e the for e of 'aw &etween the %arties and #$st &e o#%'ied with in !ood faith.M The Co&r di$agree$* M&ri$'r&den#e hold$ ha he #on$ i & ional g&aran ee o% non,im'airmen o% #on ra# i$ $&-.e# o he 'oli#e 'o(er o% he $ a e and o rea$ona-le legi$la ive reg&la ion$ 'romo ing heal h+ moral$+ $a%e ! and (el%are* No all )&i #laim$ are 'er $e invalid or again$ '&-li# 'oli#!+ e"#e' /01 where there is #lear 'roo% ha he (aiver (a$ (angled %rom an &n$&$'e# ing or g&lli-le 'er$on, or /51 where the erm$ o% $e lemen are &n#on$#iona-le on heir %a#e* In he$e #a$e$+ he la( (ill $ e' in o ann&l he )&e$ iona-le ran$a# ion$. S&#h )&i #laim and relea$e agreemen $ are regarded a$ ine%%e# ive o -ar he (or6er$ %rom #laiming he %&ll mea$&re o% heir legal righ $. In the ase at &ar, the %ri"ate res%ondents a!reed to the :$it 'ai# and re'ease in onsideration of their se%aration %ay. Sin e they were dis#issed a''e!ed'y for &$siness 'osses, they are entit'ed to se%aration %ay $nder Arti 'e 1/- of the La&or Code. And sin e there was th$s no e>tra onsideration for the %ri"ate res%ondents to !i"e $% their e#%'oy#ent, s$ h $nderta9in!s annot &e a''owed to &ar the a tion for i''e!a' dis#issa'. (6ogoFMe$ellin Sugarcane Planters !ssociation Inc. v. N'RC, 170 SCRA ,2/, ,1?, @Pan!ani&anA5 -. On'y s'i!ht'y 'ess a&stra t &$t nonethe'ess hy%otheti a' is the ontention of CRE3A that the i#%osition of the VAT on the sa'es and 'eases of rea' estate &y "irt$e of ontra ts entered %rior to the effe ti"ity of the 'aw wo$'d "io'ate the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision that MNo 'aw i#%airin! the o&'i!ation of ontra ts sha'' &e %assed.M I i$ eno&gh o $a! ha he 'ar ie$ o a #on ra# #anno + hro&gh he e"er#i$e o% 'ro'he i# di$#ernmen + %e er he e"er#i$e o% he a"ing 'o(er o% he S a e* 9or no onl! are e"i$ ing la($ read in o #on ra# $ in order o %i" o-liga ion$ a$ -e (een 'ar ie$+ -& he re$erva ion o% e$$en ial a ri-& e$ o% $overeign 'o(er i$ al$o read in o #on ra# $ a$ a -a$i# 'o$ &la e o% he legal order* The 'oli#! o% 'ro e# ing #on ra# $ again$ im'airmen 're$&''o$e$ he main enan#e o% a governmen (hi#h re ain$ ade)&a e a& hori ! o $e#&re he 'ea#e and good order o% $o#ie !. In r& h+ he Con ra# Cla&$e ha$ never -een ho&gh a$ a limi a ion on he e"er#i$e o% he S a eK$ 'o(er o% a"a ion $ave onl! (here a a" e"em' ion ha$ -een gran ed %or a valid #on$idera ion . 6 > >. (&olentino v. Secretary of =inance, 1-. SCRA 0-2, 0/.;0/0, A$!. 1., ,77?, En 3an @DendoJaA5 ?. Sin#e im-er li#en$e$ are no #la&$e " " " #anno -e invo6ed. #on ra# $+ he non,im'airmen

6 > >, even i% i i$ o -e a$$&med ha he $ame are #on ra# $+ he in$ an #a$e doe$ no involve a la( or even an e"e#& ive i$$&an#e de#laring he #an#ella ion or modi%i#a ion o% e"i$ ing im-er li#en$e$* Hen#e+ he non,im'airmen #la&$e #anno a$ !e -e invo6ed* Never hele$$+ gran ing %&r her ha a la( ha$ a# &all! -een 'a$$ed manda ing #an#ella ion$ or modi%i#a ion$+ he $ame #anno $ ill -e $ igma i8ed a$ a viola ion o% he non,im'airmen #la&$e* Thi$ i$ -e#a&$e -! i $ ver! na &re and '&r'o$e+ $&#h a la( #o&ld have onl! -een 'a$$ed in he e"er#i$e o% he 'oli#e 'o(er o% he $ a e %or he '&r'o$e o% advan#ing he righ o% he 'eo'le o a -alan#ed and heal h%&l e#olog!+ 'romo ing heir heal h and enhan#ing heir general (el%are . 6 > >. In short, he non,im'airmen 'o(er o% he $ a e. #la&$e m&$ !ield o he 'oli#e

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9inall!+ i i$ di%%i#&l o imagine " " " ho( he non,im'airmen #la&$e #o&ld a''l! (i h re$'e# o he 'ra!er o en.oin he re$'onden Se#re ar! %rom re#eiving+ a##e' ing+ 'ro#e$$ing+ rene(ing or a''roving ne( im-er li#en$e %or+ $ave in #a$e$ o% rene(al+ no #on ra# (o&ld have a$ !e e"i$ ed in he o her in$ an#e$* :oreover+ (i h re$'e# o rene(al+ he holder i$ no en i led o i a$ a ma er o% righ . (3posa v. =actoran, *r., 11? SCRA 871 @,77-A5 .. Anent %etitionersH ontention that the for i&'e ref$nd of in enti"e &enefits is an $n onstit$tiona' i#%air#ent of a ontra t$a' o&'i!ation, s$ffi e it to state that M<n=o all #on ra# $ en ered in o -! he governmen (ill o'era e a$ a (aiver o% i $ non,$&a-ili !4 di$ in# ion m&$ -e made -e (een i $ $overeign and 'ro'rie ar! a# $* The a# $ involved in hi$ #a$e are governmen al* Be$ide$+ he Co&r i$ in agreemen (i h he Soli#i or >eneral ha he in#en ive 'a! or -ene%i i$ in he na &re o% a -on&$ (hi#h i$ no a demanda-le or en%or#ea-le o-liga ion. (6laHuera v. !lcala, 17. SCRA -00, ??0, Se%t. ,,, ,77/, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 THE IN,CUSTODIAL INHESTI>ATION RI>HTS O9 AN ACCUSED PERSON ")*. State the procedure, guidelines and duties which the arresting, detaining, inviting, or investigating officer or his companions must do and observe at the time of maBing an arrest and again at and during the time of the custodial interrogation. Held: Last'y, onsiderin! the hea"y %ena'ty of death and in order to ens$re that the e"iden e a!ainst an a $sed were o&tained thro$!h 'awf$' #eans, he Co&r + as guar$ian of t)e rig)ts of t)e people la!$ do(n he 'ro#ed&re+ g&ideline$ and d& ie$ (hi#h he arre$ ing+ de aining+ invi ing+ or inve$ iga ing o%%i#er or hi$ #om'anion$ m&$ do and o-$erve a he ime o% ma6ing an arre$ and again a and d&ring he ime o% he #&$ odial in erroga ion in a##ordan#e (i h he Constitution+ .&ri$'r&den#e and Repu#lic !ct No. ,4*. ( n ct Defining &ertain 8ights of (erson rrested, Detained or Cnder &ustodial Investigation as well as the Duties of the rresting, Detaining, and Investigating 9fficers and (roviding (enalties for Fiolations ;hereof5. It is hi!h;ti#e to ed$ ate o$r 'aw;enfor e#ent a!en ies who ne!'e t either &y i!noran e or indifferen e the so; a''ed Diranda ri!hts whi h had &e o#e ins$ffi ient and whi h the Co$rt #$st $%date in the 'i!ht of new 'e!a' de"e'o%#entsI 1) The %erson arrested, detained, in"ited or $nder $stodia' in"esti!ation m&$ -e IN9OR:ED in a lang&age 6no(n o and &nder$ ood -! him o% he rea$on %or he arre$ and he m&$ -e $ho(n he (arran o% arre$ + i% an!* Ever! o her (arning$+ in%orma ion or #omm&ni#a ion m&$ -e in a lang&age 6no(n o and &nder$ ood -! $aid 'er$onG <e #$st &e warned that he has a righ o remain $ilen and ha an! $ a emen he ma6e$ ma! -e &$ed a$ eviden#e again$ himG <e #$st &e infor#ed that he has the righ o -e a$$i$ ed a all ime$ and have he 're$en#e o% an inde'enden and #om'e en la(!er+ 're%era-l! o% hi$ o(n #hoi#eG <e #$st &e infor#ed that i% he ha$ no la(!er or #anno a%%ord he $ervi#e$ o% a la(!er+ one (ill -e 'rovided %or him4 and ha a la(!er ma! al$o -e engaged -! an! 'er$on in hi$ -ehal%+ or ma! -e a''oin ed -! he #o&r &'on 'e i ion o% he 'er$on arre$ ed or one a# ing on hi$ -ehal%G That whether or not the %erson arrested has a 'awyer, he #$st &e infor#ed that no #&$ odial inve$ iga ion in an! %orm $hall -e #ond&# ed e"#e' in he 're$en#e o% hi$ #o&n$el o% a% er a valid (aiver ha$ -een madeG The %erson arrested #$st &e infor#ed that, a an! ime+ he ha$ he righ o #omm&ni#a e or #on%er -! he mo$ e"'edien mean$ , ele'hone+ radio+ le er or me$$enger , (i h hi$ la(!er /ei her re ained or a''oin ed1+ an! mem-er o% hi$ immedia e %amil!+ or an! medi#al do# or+ 'rie$ or mini$ er #ho$en -!

2) 3) 4)

5)

6)

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him or -! an! one %rom hi$ immedia e %amil! or -! hi$ #o&n$el+ or -e vi$i ed -!A#on%er (i h d&l! a##redi ed na ional or in erna ional non,governmen organi8a ion* I $hall -e he re$'on$i-ili ! o% he o%%i#er o en$&re ha hi$ i$ a##om'li$hedG 7) <e #$st &e infor#ed that he has the righ o (aive an! o% $aid righ $ 'rovided i i$ made vol&n aril!+ 6no(ingl! and in elligen l! and en$&re ha he &nder$ ood he $ameG 8) In addition, if the %erson arrested (aive$ hi$ righ o a la(!er+ he m&$ -e in%ormed ha i m&$ -e done in (ri ing and in he 're$en#e o% #o&n$el+ o her(i$e+ he m&$ -e (arned ha he (aiver i$ void even i% he in$i$ on hi$ (aiver and #hoo$e$ o $'ea6G 9) That the %erson arrested #$st &e infor#ed that he ma! indi#a e in an! manner a an! ime or $ age o% he 'ro#e$$ ha he doe$ no (i$h o -e )&e$ ioned (i h (arning ha on#e he ma6e$ $&#h indi#a ion+ he 'oli#e ma! no in erroga e him i% he $ame had no !e #ommen#ed+ or he in erroga ion m&$ #ea$e i% i ha$ alread! -eg&nG 10) The %erson arrested #$st &e infor#ed that his ini ial (aiver o% hi$ righ o remain $ilen + he righ o #o&n$el or an! o% hi$ righ $ doe$ no -ar him %rom invo6ing i a an! ime d&ring he 'ro#e$$+ regardle$$ o% (he her he ma! have an$(ered $ome )&e$ ion$ or vol&n eered $ome $ a emen $G 11) <e #$st a'so &e infor#ed that an! $ a emen or eviden#e+ a$ he #a$e ma! -e+ o- ained in viola ion o% an! o% he %oregoing+ (he her in#&l'a or! or e"#&l'a or!+ in (hole or in 'ar + $hall -e inadmi$$i-le in eviden#e. (People v. Ma)inay, -21 SCRA ?.., 4e&. ,, ,777, En 3an @Per C$ria#A5 ")+. 7-plain the Bind of information that is re'uired to be given by law enforcement officers to suspect during custodial investigation. Held: @IAt is sett'ed that oneLs ri!ht to &e infor#ed of the ri!ht to re#ain si'ent and to o$nse' onte#%'ates the trans#ission of #eanin!f$' infor#ation rather B$st the ere#onia' and %erf$n tory re itation of an a&stra t onstit$tiona' %rin i%'e. It is not eno$!h for the interro!ator to #ere'y re%eat to the %erson $nder in"esti!ation the %ro"isions of Se tion ,1, Arti 'e III of the ,7/8 Constit$tionG he %ormer m&$ al$o e"'lain he e%%e# $ o% $&#h 'rovi$ion in 'ra# i#al erm$ N e.g.+ (ha he 'er$on &nder inve$ iga ion ma! or ma! no do N and in a lang&age he $&-.e# %airl! &nder$ and$* The righ o -e in%ormed #arrie$ (i h i a #orrela ive o-liga ion on he 'ar o% he 'oli#e inve$ iga or o e"'lain+ and #on em'la e$ e%%e# ive #omm&ni#a ion (hi#h re$&l $ in he $&-.e# D$ &nder$ anding o% (ha i$ #onve!ed* Sin#e i i$ #om'rehen$ion ha i$ $o&gh o -e a ained+ he degree o% e"'lana ion re)&ired (ill ne#e$$aril! var! and de'end on he ed&#a ion+ in elligen#e+ and o her relevan 'er$onal #ir#&m$ an#e$ o% he 'er$on &ndergoing inve$ iga ion* In %&r her en$&ring he righ o #o&n$el+ i i$ no eno&gh ha he $&-.e# i$ in%ormed o% $&#h righ 4 he $ho&ld al$o -e a$6ed i% he (an $ o avail o% he $ame and $ho&ld -e old ha he #o&ld a$6 %or #o&n$el i% he $o de$ired or ha one #o&ld -e 'rovided him a hi$ re)&e$ * I% he de#ide$ no o re ain a #o&n$el o% hi$ #hoi#e or avail o% one o -e 'rovided %or him and+ here%ore+ #hoo$e$ o (aive hi$ righ o #o&n$el+ $&#h (aiver+ o -e valid and e%%e# ive+ m&$ $ ill -e made (i h he a$$i$ an#e o% #o&n$el+ (ho+ &nder 'revailing .&ri$'r&den#e+ m&$ -e a la(!er. (People v. Canoy, -1/ SCRA -/., Dar h ,8, 1222, ,st Di". @Da"ide, C*A5 ").. What is the meaning of /competent counsel1 under Section "2 of the Eill of 8ights? Held: The #eanin! of E&9?(7;7:; &9C:S7@F was e>%'ained in People v. Deniega (1., SCRA 010, 0-85 as fo''owsI E> > > <T=he la(!er #alled o -e 're$en d&ring $&#h inve$ iga ion $ho&ld -e a$ %ar a$ rea$ona-l! 'o$$i-le+ he #hoi#e

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o% he individ&al &ndergoing )&e$ ioning* I% he la(!er (ere one %&rni$hed in he a##&$edD$ -ehal%+ i i$ im'or an ha he $ho&ld -e #om'e en and inde'enden + i.e. t)at )e is (illing to fully safeguar$ t)e constitutional rig)ts of t)e accuse$ as $istinguis)e$ from one ()o (oul$ merely #e giving a routine peremptory an$ meaningless recital of t)e in$ivi$ual>s rig)ts. In People v. 6asay (1,7 SCRA ?2?, ?,/5, this Co$rt stressed that an a $sedLs ri!ht to &e infor#ed of the ri!ht to re#ain si'ent and to o$nse' O onte#%'ates the trans#ission of #eanin!f$' infor#ation rather than B$st the ere#onia' and %erf$n tory re itation of an a&stra t onstit$tiona' %rin i%'e.L EIdea''y therefore, a 'awyer en!a!ed for an indi"id$a' fa in! $stodia' in"esti!ation (if the 'atter o$'d not afford one5 Osho$'d &e en!a!ed &y the a $sed (hi#se'f5, or &y the 'atterLs re'ati"e or %erson a$thoriJed &y hi# to en!a!e an attorney or &y the o$rt, $%on %ro%er %etition of the a $sed or %erson a$thoriJed &y the a $sed to fi'e s$ h %etition.L Lawyers en!a!ed &y the %o'i e, whate"er testi#onia's are !i"en as %roof of their %ro&ity and s$%%osed inde%enden e, are !enera''y s$s%e t, as in #any areas, the re'ationshi% &etween 'awyers and 'aw enfor e#ent a$thorities an &e sy#&ioti . E> > > The #om'e en or inde'enden la(!er $o engaged $ho&ld -e 're$en %rom he -eginning o end+ i.e. a all $ age$ o% he in ervie(+ #o&n$eling or advi$ing #a& ion rea$ona-l! a ever! &rn o% he inve$ iga ion+ and $ o''ing he in erroga ion on#e in a (hile ei her o give advi#e o he a##&$ed ha he ma! ei her #on in&e+ #hoo$e o remain $ilen or ermina e he in ervie(.F (People v. Espiritu, -21 SCRA .--, 4e&. 1, ,777, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 ")). &an a ( 9 lawyer be considered an independent counsel within the contemplation of Section "2, rticle III, "#$% &onstitution? Held: In People v. 3racoy, 11? SCRA 8.7 @,77-AG People v. 6an$ula, 1-1 SCRA .00 @,77?A, the SC has he'd that a PAO la(!er #an -e #on$idered an inde'enden #o&n$el (i hin he #on em'la ion o% he Con$ i & ion #on$idering ha he i$ no a $'e#ial #o&n$el+ '&-li# or 'riva e 'ro$e#& or+ #o&n$el o% he 'oli#e+ or a m&ni#i'al a orne! (ho$e in ere$ i$ admi edl! adver$e o ha o% he a##&$ed,a''ellan . Th$s, the assistan e of a PAO 'awyer satisfies the onstit$tiona' re:$ire#ent of a o#%etent and inde%endent o$nse' for the a $sed. (People v. 6acor, -20 SCRA .11, A%ri' -2, ,777, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 ")%. Is the confession of an accused given spontaneously, freely and voluntarily to the ?ayor admissible in evidence, considering that the ?ayor has /operational supervision and control1 over the local police and may arguably be deemed a law enforcement officer? Held: Whi'e it is tr$e that a #$ni i%a' #ayor has Eo%erationa' s$%er"ision and ontro'F o"er the 'o a' %o'i e and #ay ar!$a&'y &e dee#ed a 'aw enfor e#ent offi er for %$r%oses of a%%'yin! Se tion ,1(,5 and (-5 of Arti 'e III of the Constit$tion, howe"er, a''ellan D$ #on%e$$ion o he ma!or (a$ no made in re$'on$e o an! in erroga ion -! he la er* In %a# + he ma!or did no )&e$ ion he a''ellan a all* No 'oli#e a& hori ! ordered a''ellan o al6 o he ma!or* I (a$ a''ellan him$el% (ho $'on aneo&$l!+ %reel! and vol&n aril! $o&gh he ma!or %or a 'riva e mee ing* The ma!or did no 6no( ha a''ellan (a$ going o #on%e$$ hi$ g&il o him* B)en appellant talAe$ (it) t)e mayor as a confi$ant an$ not as a la( enforcement officer )is uncounselle$ confession to )im $i$ not violate )is constitutional rig)ts. Th$s, it has &een he'd that he #on$ i & ional 'ro#ed&re$ on #&$ odial inve$ iga ion do no a''l! o a $'on aneo&$ $ a emen + no eli#i ed hro&gh )&e$ ioning -! he a& hori ie$+ -& given in an ordinar! manner (here-! a''ellan orall! admi ed having #ommi ed he #rime* Wha he Con$ i & ion -ar$ i$ he #om'&l$or! di$#lo$&re o%

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in#rimina ing %a# $ or #on%e$$ion$* The righ $ &nder Se# ion 05 are g&aran eed o 're#l&de he $ligh e$ &$e o% #oer#ion -! he S a e a$ (o&ld lead he a##&$ed o admi $ome hing %al$e+ no o 'reven him %rom %reel! and vol&n aril! elling he r& h. (People v. !n$an, 107 SCRA 7., Dar h -, ,7785 ")$. re confessions made in response to 'uestions by news reporters admissible in evidence? An$(er: ;ES. Con%e$$ion$ made in re$'on$e o )&e$ ion$ -! ne($ re'or er$+ no -! he 'oli#e or an! o her inve$ iga ing o%%i#er+ are admi$$i-le. In People v. 2izcarra, ,,. SCRA 8?-, 8.1 @,7/1A, (here he a##&$ed+ &nder #&$ od!+ gave $'on aneo&$ an$(er$ o a elevi$ed in ervie( -! $everal 're$$ re'or er$ in he o%%i#e o% he #hie% o% he CIS+ i (a$ held ha $ a emen $ $'on aneo&$l! made -! a $&$'e# o ne($ re'or er$ on a elevi$ed in ervie( are deemed vol&n ar! and are admi$$i-le in eviden#e. In People v. !n$an, 107 SCRA 7., Dar h -, ,778, it was he'd that a''ellan D$ #on%e$$ion$ o he ne($ re'or er$ (ere given %ree %rom an! &nd&e in%l&en#e %rom he 'oli#e a& hori ie$* The ne($ re'or er$ a# ed a$ ne($ re'or er$ (hen he! in ervie(ed a''ellan * The! (ere no a# ing &nder he dire# ion and #on rol o% he 'oli#e* The! did no %or#e a''ellan o gran hem an in ervie( and reena# he #ommi$$ion o% he #rime* In %a# + he! a$6ed hi$ 'ermi$$ion -e%ore in ervie(ing him* The S&'reme Co&r %&r her r&led ha a''ellan D$ ver-al #on%e$$ion$ o he ne($men are no #overed -! Se# ion 05/01 and /71 o% Ar i#le III o% he Con$ i & ion and+ here%ore+ admi$$i-le in eviden#e. ")#. Discuss the two Binds of involuntary or coerced confessions under Section "2, rticle III of the "#$% &onstitution. Illustrate how the &ourt should appreciate said involuntary or coerced confessions. Held: There are two 9inds of in"o'$ntary or oer ed onfessions treated in this onstit$tiona' %ro"isionI /01 those whi h are the 'rod&# o% hird degree me hod$ $&#h a$ or &re+ %or#e+ violen#e+ hrea + in imida ion+ (hi#h are deal (i h in 'aragra'h 5 o% Se# ion 05, and /51 those whi h are given (i ho& he -ene%i o% :iranda (arning$+ (hi#h are he $&-.e# o% 'aragra'h 0 o% he $ame Se# ion 05. A $sed;a%%e''ant 'ai#s that his onfession was o&tained &y for e and threat. Aside fro# this &are assertion, he has shown no %roof of the $se of for e and "io'en e on hi#. <e did not see9 #edi a' treat#ent nor e"en a %hysi a' e>a#ination. <is a''e!ation that the fa t that he was #ade to si!n the onfession fi"e ti#es is %roof that he ref$sed to si!n it. 6 > > We dis ern no si!n that the onfession was in"o'$ntari'y e>e $ted fro# the fa t that it was si!ned &y a $sed;a%%e''ant fi"e ti#es. 6 > > E" ra.&di#ial #on%e$$ion$ are 're$&med vol&n ar!+ and+ in he a-$en#e o% #on#l&$ive eviden#e $ho(ing he de#laran D$ #on$en in e"e#& ing he $ame ha$ -een vi ia ed+ $&#h #on%e$$ion (ill -e $&$ ained. :oreover+ he #on%e$$ion #on ain$ de ail$ ha onl! he 'er'e ra or o% he #rime #o&ld have given* ? " "* I ha$ -een held ha vol&n arine$$ o% a #on%e$$ion ma! -e in%erred %rom i $ -eing re'le e (i h de ail$ (hi#h #o&ld 'o$$i-l! -e $&''lied onl! -! he a##&$ed+ re%le# ing $'on anei ! and #oheren#e (hi#h #anno -e $aid o% a mind on (hi#h violen#e and or &re have -een a''lied. When the detai's narrated in an e>traB$di ia' onfession are s$ h that they o$'d not ha"e &een on o ted &y one who did not ta9e %art in the a ts narrated, where the 'ai# of #a'treat#ent in the e>tra tion of the onfession is $ns$&stantiated and where a&$ndant e"iden e e>ists showin! that the

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state#ent was "o'$ntari'y e>e $ted, the onfession is ad#issi&'e a!ainst the de 'arant. There i$ grea er rea$on %or %inding a #on%e$$ion o -e vol&n ar! (here i i$ #orro-ora ed -! eviden#e aliun$e (hi#h dove ail$ (i h he e$$en ial %a# $ #on ained in $&#h #on%e$$ion. B& (ha render$ he #on%e$$ion o% a##&$ed,a''ellan inadmi$$i-le i$ he %a# ha a##&$ed,a''ellan (a$ no given he :iranda (arning$ e%%e# ivel!* Under he Con$ i & ion+ an &n#o&n$eled $ a emen + $&#h a$ i i$ #alled in he Uni ed S a e$ %rom (hi#h Ar i#le III+ Se# ion 05/01 (a$ derived+ i$ 're$&med o -e '$!#hologi#all! #oer#ed* S(e' in o an &n%amiliar environmen and $&rro&nded -! in imida ing %ig&re$ !'i#al o% he a mo$'here o% 'oli#e in erroga ion+ he $&$'e# reall! need$ he g&iding hand o% #o&n$el. No(+ &nder he %ir$ 'aragra'h o% hi$ 'rovi$ion+ i i$ re)&ired ha he $&$'e# in #&$ odial in erroga ion m&$ -e given he %ollo(ing (arning$I /01 he m&$ -e in%ormed o% hi$ righ o remain $ilen G /51 he m&$ -e (arned ha an! hing he $a!$ #an and (ill -e &$ed again$ him G and /71 he m&$ -e old ha he ha$ a righ o #o&n$el+ and ha i% he i$ indigen + a la(!er (ill -e a''oin ed o re're$en him. 6 > > There (a$ h&$ onl! a 'er%&n# or! reading o% he :iranda righ $ o a##&$ed,a''ellan (i ho& an! e%%or o %ind o& %rom him (he her he (an ed o have #o&n$el and+ i% $o+ (he her he had hi$ o(n #o&n$el or he (an ed he 'oli#e o a''oin one %or him* Thi$ 6ind o% giving o% (arning$+ in $everal de#i$ion$ o% hi$ Co&r + ha$ -een %o&nd o -e merel! #eremonial and inade)&a e o ran$mi meaning%&l in%orma ion o he $&$'e# . Es%e ia''y in this ase, are sho$'d ha"e &een s r$%$'o$s'y o&ser"ed &y the %o'i e in"esti!ator that a $sed;a%%e''ant was s%e ifi a''y as9ed these :$estions onsiderin! that he on'y finished the fo$rth !rade of the e'e#entary s hoo'. 6 > > :oreover+ Ar i#le III+ Se# ion 05/01 re)&ire$ ha #o&n$el a$$i$ ing $&$'e# $ in #&$ odial in erroga ion$ -e #om'e en and inde'enden * Here+ a##&$ed,a''ellan (a$ a$$i$ ed -! A !* De lo$ Re!e$+ (ho+ ho&gh 're$&ma-l! #om'e en + #anno -e #on$idered an 2inde'enden #o&n$el3 a$ #on em'la ed -! he la( %or he rea$on ha he (a$ $ a ion #ommander o% he WPD a he ime he a$$i$ ed a##&$ed, a''ellan . 6 > >. This is error. As o&ser"ed in People v. 6an$ula (1-1 SCRA .00 @,77?A5, he inde'enden #o&n$el re)&ired -! Ar i#le III+ Se# ion 05/01 #anno -e $'e#ial #o&n$el+ '&-li# or 'riva e 'ro$e#& or+ m&ni#i'al a orne!+ or #o&n$el o% he 'oli#e (ho$e in ere$ i$ admi edl! adver$e o he a##&$ed* In hi$ #a$e+ A !* De lo$ Re!e$+ a$ PC Ca' ain and S a ion Commander o% he WPD+ (a$ 'ar o% he 'oli#e %or#e (ho #o&ld no -e e"'e# ed o have e%%e# ivel! and $#r&'&lo&$l! a$$i$ ed a##&$ed, a''ellan in he inve$ iga ion. To a''ow s$ h a ha%%enstan e wo$'d render i''$sory the %rote tion !i"en to the s$s%e t d$rin! $stodia' in"esti!ation. (People v. 3#rero, --1 SCRA ,72, 112 C 12/, Day ,8, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 "%2. What are the re'uirements for an e-tra,judicial confession of an accused to be admissible in evidence? Held: ,. In B$ris%r$den e, no #on%e$$ion #an -e admi eviden#e &nle$$ it is !i"enI ed in

1) 9reel! and vol&n aril!+ (i ho& #om'&l$ion+ ind&#emen or ri#6er!G 2) Lno(ingl! -a$ed on an e%%e# ive #omm&ni#a ion o he individ&al &nder #&$ odial inve$ iga ion o% hi$ #on$ i & ional righ $G and 3) In elligen l! (i h %&ll a''re#ia ion o% i $ im'or an#e and #om'rehen$ion o% i $ #on$e)&en#e$.

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On e ad#itted, the onfession #$st ins%ire redi&i'ity or &e one whi h the nor#a' e>%erien e of #an9ind an a e%t as &ein! within the rea'# of %ro&a&i'ity. A #on%e$$ion mee ing all he %oregoing re)&i$i e$ #on$ i & e$ eviden#e o% a high order $in#e i i$ $&''or ed -! he $ rong 're$&m' ion ha no 'er$on o% normal mind (ill 6no(ingl!+ %reel! and deli-era el! #on%e$$ ha he i$ he 'er'e ra or o% a #rime &nle$$ 'rom' ed -! r& h and #on$#ien#e* When all he$e re)&iremen $ are me and he #on%e$$ion i$ admi ed in eviden#e+ he -&rden o% 'roo% ha i (a$ o- ained -! &nd&e 're$$&re+ hrea or in imida ion re$ $ &'on he a##&$ed. (People v. =a#ro, 188 SCRA ,7, A$!. ,,, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 1. N$#ero$s de isions of this Co$rt r$'e that for an e>traB$di ia' onfession to &e ad#issi&'e, it #$st &eI ,5 vol&n ar!G 15 made (i h he a$$i$ an#e o% #om'e en and inde'enden #o&n$elG -5 e"'re$$G and ?5 in (ri ing. The man le o% 'ro e# ion a%%orded -! he a-ove,)&o ed #on$ i & ional 'rovi$ion #over$ he 'eriod %rom he ime a 'er$on i$ a6en in o #&$ od! %or he inve$ iga ion o% hi$ 'o$$i-le 'ar i#i'a ion in he #ommi$$ion o% a #rime or %rom he ime he i$ $ingled o& a$ a $&$'e# in he #ommi$$ion o% he o%%en$e al ho&gh no !e in #&$ od!. The e"#l&$ionar! r&le i$ 'remi$ed on he 're$&m' ion ha he de%endan i$ hr&$ in o an &n%amiliar a mo$'here r&nning hro&gh mena#ing 'oli#e in erroga ion 'ro#ed&re$ (here he 'o en iali ! %or #om'&l$ion+ 'h!$i#al or '$!#hologi#al i$ %or#e%&ll! a''aren . <owe"er, the r$'e is not intended as a deterrent to the a $sed fro# onfessin! !$i't if he "o'$ntari'y and inte''i!ent'y so desires &$t to %rote t the a $sed fro# ad#ittin! what he is oer ed to ad#it a'tho$!h $ntr$e. (People v. 6ase, -17 SCRA ,./, ,07;,8,, Dar h -2, 1222, ,st Di". @Ynares;Santia!oA5 "%". Is the choice of a lawyer by a person under custodial investigation who cannot afford the services of a counsel e-clusive as to preclude other e'ually competent and independent attorneys from handling his defense? Held: I m&$ -e remem-ered in hi$ regard ha (hile he righ o #o&n$el i$ imm& a-le+ he o' ion o $e#&re he $ervi#e$ o% #o&n$el $e parte i$ no a-$ol& e. Indeed C The %hrase E o#%etent and inde%endentF and E%refera&'y of his own hoi eF were e>%'i it detai's whi h were added $%on the %ersisten e of h$#an ri!hts 'awyers in the ,7/0 Constit$tiona' Co##ission who %ointed o$t ases where, d$rin! the #artia' 'aw %eriod, the 'awyers #ade a"ai'a&'e to the detainee wo$'d &e one a%%ointed &y the #i'itary and therefore &eho'den to the #i'itary. <&iting I 8ecord of the &onstitutional &ommission %*",%*+O I Eernas, ;he &onstitution of the 8epublic of the (hilippines, "#$% "st ed., p. *+%> 6 > > > > > > > > Wi hal+ he (ord 2're%era-l!3 &nder Se# ion 05/01+ Ar i#le 7 o% he 0CBF Con$ i & ion doe$ no #onve! he me$$age ha he #hoi#e o% a la(!er -! a 'er$on &nder inve$ iga ion i$ e"#l&$ive a$ o 're#l&de o her e)&all! #om'e en and inde'enden a orne!$ %rom handling hi$ de%en$e* I% he r&le (ere o her(i$e+ hen+ he em'o o% a #&$ odial inve$ iga ion (ill -e $olel! in he hand$ o% he a##&$ed (ho #an im'ede+ na!+ o-$ r&# he 'rogre$$ o% he in erroga ion -! $im'l! $ele# ing a la(!er (ho %or one rea$on or ano her+ i$ no availa-le o 'ro e# hi$ in ere$ * Thi$ a-$&rd $#enario #o&ld no have -een #on em'la ed -! he %ramer$ o% he #har er.

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Whi'e the initia' hoi e in ases where a %erson $nder $stodia' in"esti!ation annot afford the ser"i es of a 'awyer is nat$ra''y 'od!ed in the %o'i e in"esti!ators, the a $sed rea''y has the final hoi e as he #ay reBe t the o$nse' hosen for hi# and as9 for another one. A 'awyer %ro"ided &y the in"esti!ators is dee#ed en!a!ed &y the a $sed where he ne"er raised any o&Be tion a!ainst the for#erLs a%%oint#ent d$rin! the o$rse of the in"esti!ation and the a $sed thereafter s$&s ri&es to the "era ity of his state#ent &efore the swearin! offi er. Veri'y, to &e an effe ti"e o$nse' E@aA 'awyer need not ha''en!e a'' the :$estions &ein! %ro%o$nded to his 'ient. The 're$en#e o% a la(!er i$ no in ended o $ o' an a##&$ed %rom $a!ing an! hing (hi#h migh in#rimina e him -& + ra her+ i (a$ ado' ed in o&r Con$ i & ion o 're#l&de he $ligh e$ #oer#ion a$ (o&ld lead he a##&$ed o admi $ome hing %al$e (People v. 'ayuso, ,8. SCRA ?8 @,7/7A5. The #o&n$el+ ho(ever+ s)oul$ never prevent an accuse$ from freely an$ voluntarily telling t)e trut).1 (People v. 6ase, -17 SCRA ,./, ,07;,8,, Dar h -2, 1222, ,st Di". @Ynares;Santia!oA5 "%2. Should courts be allowed to distinguish between preliminary 'uestioning and custodial investigation proper when applying the e-clusionary rule? Held: The e> '$sionary r$'e s%ran! fro# a re o!nition that %o'i e interro!atory %ro ed$res 'ay ferti'e !ro$nds for oer ion, %hysi a' and %sy ho'o!i a', of the s$s%e t to ad#it res%onsi&i'ity for the ri#e $nder in"esti!ation. It was not intended as a deterrent to the a $sed fro# onfessin! !$i't, if he "o'$ntari'y and inte''i!ent'y so desires &$t to %rote t the a $sed fro# ad#ittin! what he is oer ed to ad#it a'tho$!h $ntr$e. Law enfor e#ent a!en ies are re:$ired to effe ti"e'y o##$ni ate the ri!hts of a %erson $nder in"esti!ation and to ins$re that it is f$''y $nderstood. Any #eas$re short of this re:$ire#ent is onsidered a denia' of s$ h ri!ht. Co&r $ are no allo(ed o di$ ing&i$h -e (een 'reliminar! )&e$ ioning and #&$ odial inve$ iga ion 'ro'er (hen a''l!ing he e"#l&$ionar! r&le* An! in%orma ion or admi$$ion given -! a 'er$on (hile in #&$ od! (hi#h ma! a''ear harmle$$ or inno#&o&$ a he ime (i ho& he #om'e en a$$i$ an#e o% an inde'enden #o&n$el $ho&ld -e $ r&#6 do(n a$ inadmi$$i-le. I ha$ -een held+ ho(ever+ ha an admi$$ion made o ne($ re'or er$ or o a #on%idan o% he a##&$ed i$ no #overed -! he e"#l&$ionar! r&le. The admi$$ion allegedl! made -! he a''ellan i$ no in he %orm o% a (ri en e" ra,.&di#ial #on%e$$ion4 he admi$$ion (a$ allegedl! made o he arre$ ing o%%i#er d&ring an 2in%ormal al63 a he 'oli#e $ a ion a% er hi$ arre$ a$ a 'rime $&$'e# in he ra'e and 6illing o% " " "* The arre$ ing 'oli#eman e$ i%ied ha he a''ellan admi ed ha he (a$ (i h he vi# im on he evening o% Man&ar! 05+ 0CCE+ he 'ro-a-le ime o% he #ommi$$ion o% he #rime and ha he #arried her on hi$ $ho&lder -& ha he (a$ oo dr&n6 o remem-er (ha $&-$e)&en l! ha''ened* The arre$ ing 'oli#eman admi ed ha he did no in%orm he a''ellan o% hi$ #on$ i & ional righ $ o remain $ilen and o #o&n$el* We no e ha he alleged admi$$ion i$ in#rimina ing -e#a&$e i 'la#e$ he a##&$ed in he #om'an! o% he vi# im a he ime he #rime (a$ 'ro-a-l! #ommi ed. The e"#l&$ionar! r&le a''lie$. The a##&$ed (a$ &nder arre$ %or he ra'e and 6illing o% " " " and an! $ a emen allegedl! made -! him 'er aining o hi$ 'o$$i-le #om'li#i ! in he #rime (i ho& 'rior no i%i#a ion o% hi$ #on$ i & ional righ $ i$ inadmi$$i-le in eviden#e. The %o'i e#anLs a%%arent atte#%t to ir $#"ent the r$'e &y insistin! that the ad#ission was #ade d$rin! an Einfor#a' ta'9F %rior to $stodia' in"esti!ation %rior is not tena&'e. The a%%e''ant was not in"ited to the %o'i e station as %art of a !enera' in:$iry for any %ossi&'e 'ead to the

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%er%etrators of the ri#e $nder in"esti!ation. At the ti#e the a''e!ed ad#ission was #ade the a%%e''ant was in $stody and had &een arrested as the %ri#e s$s%e t in the ra%e and 9i''in! of > > >. The e"#l&$ionar! r&le 're$&me$ ha he alleged admi$$ion (a$ #oer#ed+ he ver! evil he r&le $ and$ o avoid* S&''or ive o% $&#h 're$&m' ion i$ he a-$en#e o% a (ri en e" ra,.&di#ial #on%e$$ion o ha e%%e# and he a''ellan D$ denial in #o&r o% he alleged oral admi$$ion . The a''e!ed ad#ission sho$'d &e str$ 9 down as inad#issi&'e. (People v. 6ravo, -,/ SCRA /,1, No". 11, ,777, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 "%*. 7-plain the procedure for out,of,court identification of suspects and the test to determine the admissibility of such identification. Held: ,. In People v. &ee)anAee 1r. (1?7 SCRA .?, O to&er 0, ,77., the Co$rt > > > e>%'ained the %ro ed$re for o$t;of; o$rt identifi ation and the test to deter#ine the ad#issi&i'ity of s$ h identifi ation. It 'isted the fo''owin! ways of identifyin! the s$s%e ts d$rin! $stodia' in"esti!ationI $ho(,&', m&g $ho $ and line, &'$. The Co$rt there r$'edI E> > >. O$t;of; o$rt identifi ation is ond$ ted &y the %o'i e in "ario$s ways. It is done thr$ s)o(Fups where the $&$'e# alone i$ -ro&gh %a#e o %a#e (i h he (i ne$$ %or iden i%i#a ion. It is done thr$ mug s)ots where 'ho ogra'h$ are $ho(n o he (i ne$$ o iden i%! he $&$'e# . It is a'so done thr$ line ups where a (i ne$$ iden i%ie$ he $&$'e# %rom a gro&' o% 'er$on$ lined &' %or he '&r'o$e. Sin e orr$%tion of out,of, court identifi ation onta#inates the inte!rity of in court identifi ation d$rin! the tria' of the ase, o$rts ha"e fashioned o$t r$'es to ass$re its fairness and its o#%'ian e with the re:$ire#ents of onstit$tiona' d$e %ro ess. In reso'"in! the ad#issi&i'ity of and re'yin! on o$t;of; o$rt identifi ation of s$s%e ts, o$rts ha"e ado%ted the &3&!'I&? 3= CIRC/MS&!NCES &ES& where they onsider the fo''owin! fa tors, vi=N /01 he (i ne$$D o''or &ni ! o vie( he #riminal a he ime o% he #rimeG /51 he (i ne$$D degree o% a en ion a ha imeG /71 he a##&ra#! o% an! 'rior de$#ri' ion given -! he (i ne$$G /E1 he level o% #er ain ! demon$ ra ed -! he (i ne$$ a he iden i%i#a ionG /G1 he leng h o% ime -e (een he #rime and he iden i%i#a ionG and /I1 he $&gge$ ivene$$ o% he iden i%i#a ion 'ro#ed&re.F <Ibid., p. #.> (People v. &imon, 1/, SCRA .88, No". ,1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 1. > > >. The tota'ity test has &een fashioned %re ise'y o a$$&re %airne$$ a$ (ell a$ #om'lian#e (i h #on$ i & ional re)&iremen $ o% d&e 'ro#e$$ in regard o o& ,o%,#o&r iden i%i#a ion. These ited fa tors #$st &e onsidered to %re"ent onta#ination of the inte!rity of in; o$rt identifi ations &etter. (People v. Gamer, -10 SCRA 002, 4e&. 17, 1222, 1nd Di". @P$is$#&in!A5 "%+. Does the prohibition for custodial investigation conducted without the assistance of counsel e-tend to a person in a police line, up? &onse'uently, is the identification by private complainant of accused who was not assisted by counsel during police line,up admissible in evidence? Held: The 'rohi-i ion " " " doe$ no e" end o a 'er$on in a 'oli#e line,&' -e#a&$e ha $ age o% an inve$ iga ion i$ no !e a 'ar o% #&$ odial inve$ iga ion. I ha$ -een re'ea edl! held ha #&$ odial inve$ iga ion #ommen#e$ (hen a 'er$on i$ a6en in o #&$ od! and i$ $ingled o& a$ a $&$'e# in he #ommi$$ion o% he #rime &nder inve$ iga ion and he 'oli#e o%%i#er$ -egin o a$6 )&e$ ion$ on he $&$'e# D$ 'ar i#i'a ion herein and (hi#h end o eli#i an admi$$ion . The $ age o% an inve$ iga ion (herein a 'er$on i$ a$6ed o $ and in a 'oli#e line,&' ha$ -een held o -e o& $ide he man le o% 'ro e# ion o% he righ o #o&n$el -e#a&$e i involve$ a general in)&ir! in o an &n$olved #rime and i$ '&rel! inve$ iga or! in na &re* I ha$ al$o -een held ha an &n#o&n$eled iden i%i#a ion a he 'oli#e line,&' doe$ no

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're#l&de he admi$$i-ili ! o% an in,#o&r iden i%i#a ion. The identifi ation #ade &y the %ri"ate o#%'ainant in the %o'i e 'ine;$% %ointin! to Pa"i''are as one of his a&d$ tors is ad#issi&'e in e"iden e a'tho$!h the a $sed;a%%e''ant was not assisted &y o$nse'. 6 > > (People v. Pavillare, -17 SCRA 0/?, 07?;07., A%ri' ., 1222, En 3an @Per C$ria#A5 "%.. (etitioner in a case /- - - posits the theory that since he had no counsel during the custodial investigation when his urine sample was taBen and chemically e-amined, 7-hibits /@1 and /?,1 - - - are also inadmissible in evidence since his urine sample was derived in effect from an uncounselled e-tra,judicial confession. (etitioner claims that the taBing of his urine sample allegedly violates rticle III, Section 2 of the &onstitution - - -.1 Should his contentions be upheld? Held: We are no 'er$&aded* The righ o #o&n$el -egin$ %rom he ime a 'er$on i$ a6en in o #&$ od! and 'la#ed &nder inve$ iga ion %or he #ommi$$ion o% a #rime+ i.e. (hen he inve$ iga ing o%%i#er $ ar $ o a$6 )&e$ ion$ o eli#i in%orma ion andAor #on%e$$ion or admi$$ion$ %rom he a##&$ed* S&#h righ i$ g&aran eed -! he Con$ i & ion and #anno -e (aived e"#e' in (ri ing and in he 're$en#e o% #o&n$el* Ho(ever+ (ha he Con$ i & ion 'rohi-i $ i$ he &$e o% 'h!$i#al or moral #om'&l$ion o e" or #omm&ni#a ion %rom he a##&$ed+ -& no an in#l&$ion o% hi$ -od! in eviden#e+ (hen i ma! -e ma erial* In %a# + an a##&$ed ma! validl! -e #om'elled o -e 'ho ogra'hed or mea$&red+ or hi$ garmen $ or $hoe$ removed or re'la#ed+ or o move hi$ -od! o ena-le he %oregoing hing$ o -e done+ (i ho& r&nning a%o&l o% he 'ro$#ri' ion again$ e$ imonial #om'&l$ion. The $i &a ion in he #a$e a -ar %all$ (i hin he e"em' ion &nder he %reedom %rom e$ imonial #om'&l$ion $in#e (ha (a$ $o&gh o -e e"amined #ame %rom he -od! o% he a##&$ed* Thi$ (a$ a me#hani#al a# he a##&$ed (a$ made o &ndergo (hi#h (a$ no mean o &near h &ndi$#lo$ed %a# $ -& o a$#er ain 'h!$i#al a ri-& e$ de ermina-le -! $im'le o-$erva ion. In fa t, the re ord shows that %etitioner and his o;a $sed were not o#%e''ed to !i"e sa#%'es of their $rine &$t they in fa t "o'$ntari'y !a"e the sa#e when they were re:$ested to $nder!o a dr$! test. ( Gutang v. People, --. SCRA ?87, *$'y ,,, 1222, 1nd Di". @De LeonA5 THE RI>HT TO BAIL "%). In bail application where the accused is charged with a capital offense, will it be proper for the judge to grant bail without conducting hearing if the prosecutor interposes no objection to such application? Why? Held: *$ris%r$den e is re%'ete with de isions o#%e''in! B$d!es to ond$ t the re:$ired hearin!s in &ai' a%%'i ations, in whi h the a $sed stands har!ed with a a%ita' offense. The a-$en#e o% o-.e# ion %rom he 'ro$e#& ion i$ never a -a$i$ %or he gran o% -ail in $&#h #a$e$+ %or he .&dge ha$ no righ o 're$&me ha he 'ro$e#& or 6no($ (ha he i$ doing on a##o&n o% %amiliari ! (i h he #a$e* OSaid rea$oning i$ an amo&n o #eding o he 'ro$e#& or he d& ! o% e"er#i$ing .&di#ial di$#re ion o de ermine (he her he g&il o% he a##&$ed i$ $ rong* M&di#ial di$#re ion i$ he domain o% he .&dge -e%ore (hom he 'e i ion %or 'rovi$ional li-er ! (ill -e de#ided* The manda ed d& ! o e"er#i$e di$#re ion ha$ never -een re'o$ed &'on he 'ro$e#& or.M I#%osed in 6aylon v. Sison (1?- SCRA 1/?, A%ri' 0, ,77.5 was this manda or! d& ! o #ond&# a hearing de$'i e he 'ro$e#& ionK$ re%&$al o add&#e eviden#e in o''o$i ion o he a''li#a ion o gran and %i" -ail. (1oselito 2. Narciso v. =lor Marie Sta. RomanaFCruz, +.R. No. ,-?.2?, Dar h ,8, 1222, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 "%%. What are the duties of the judge in cases of bail applications where the accused is charged with capital offense?

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Held: 6asco v. Rapatalo (107 SCRA 112, Dar h ., ,7785 en$n iated the fo''owin! d$ties of the tria' B$d!e in s$ h %etition for &ai'I 1) No i%! he 'ro$e#& or o% he hearing o% he a''li#a ion %or -ail or re)&ire him o $&-mi hi$ re#ommenda ionG 2) Cond&# a hearing o% he a''li#a ion %or -ail regardle$$ o% (he her or no he 'ro$e#& ion re%&$e$ o 're$en eviden#e o $ho( ha he g&il o% he a##&$ed i$ $ rong %or he '&r'o$e o% ena-ling he #o&r o e"er#i$e i $ $o&nd di$#re ionG 3) De#ide (he her he eviden#e o% g&il o% he a##&$ed i$ $ rong &ased on the s$##ary of e"iden e of the %rose $tionG 4) I% he g&il o% he a##&$ed i$ no $ rong+ di$#harge he a##&$ed &'on he a''roval o% he -ail-ond. Otherwise, %etition sho$'d &e denied. The Co$rt addedI MThe a-ove,en&mera ed 'ro#ed&re $ho&ld no( leave no room %or do&- a$ o he d& ie$ o% he rial .&dge in #a$e$ o% -ail a''li#a ion$* So -a$i# and %&ndamen al i$ i o #ond&# a hearing in #onne# ion (i h he gran o% -ail in he 'ro'er #a$e$ ha i (o&ld amo&n o .&di#ial a'o$ a$! %or an! mem-er o% he .&di#iar! o di$#laim 6no(ledge or a(arene$$ hereo%.M Additiona''y, the o$rtHs !rant or ref$sa' of &ai' m&$ #on ain a $&mmar! o% he eviden#e %or he 'ro$e#& ion+ on he -a$i$ o% (hi#h $ho&ld -e %orm&la ed he .&dgeK$ o(n #on#l&$ion on (he her $&#h eviden#e i$ $ rong eno&gh o indi#a e he g&il o% he a##&$ed. The s$##ary thereof is onsidered an a$'e# o% 'ro#ed&ral d&e 'ro#e$$ for &oth the %rose $tion and the defenseG i $ a-$en#e (ill invalida e he gran or he denial o% he a''li#a ion %or -ail. (1oselito 2. Narciso v. =lor Marie Sta. RomanaFCruz, +.R. No. ,-?.2?, Dar h ,8, 1222, -rd Di". @Pan!ani&anA5 "%$. Should the accused who remained at large after their conviction be allowed provisional liberty? &an the bail bond that the accused previously posted be used during the entire period of appeal? Held: Des%ite an order of arrest fro# the tria' o$rt and two warnin!s fro# the Co$rt of A%%ea's, %etitioners had re#ained at 'ar!e. I i$ a"ioma i# ha %or one o -e en i led o -ail+ he $ho&ld -e in he #&$ od! o% he la(+ or o her(i$e+ de'rived o% li-er !* The '&r'o$e o% -ail i$ o $e#&re oneD$ relea$e and i (o&ld -e in#ongr&o&$ o gran -ail o one (ho i$ %ree. Pe i ioner$D Com'lian#e and :o ion " " " #ame $hor o% an &n#ondi ional $&-mi$$ion o re$'onden #o&r D$ la(%&l order and o i $ .&ri$di# ion. The tria' o$rt orre t'y denied %etitionersL #otion that they &e a''owed %ro"isiona' 'i&erty after their on"i tion, under their respective bail bonds. A%art fro# the fa t that they were at 'ar!e, Se# ion G+ R&le 00E of the Rules of Court, as a#ended &y S$%re#e Co$rt Ad#inistrati"e Cir $'ar ,1;7?, %ro"ides thatI 6 > > The Co&r + in i $ di$#re ion+ ma! allo( he a##&$ed o #on in&e on 'rovi$ional li-er ! &nder he $ame -ail -ond d&ring he PERI3D &3 !PPE!' $&-.e# o he #on$en o% he -ond$man. The -ail -ond ha he a##&$ed 'revio&$l! 'o$ ed #an onl! -e &$ed d&ring he 0G,da! PERI3D &3 !PPE!' /R&le 0551 and NOT d&ring he en ire PERI3D 3= !PPE!'. Thi$ i$ #on$i$ en (i h Se# ion 5/a1 o% R&le 00E (hi#h 'rovide$ ha he -ail 2$hall -e e%%e# ive &'on a''roval and remain in %or#e a all $ age$ o% he #a$e+ &nle$$ $ooner #an#elled+ /N&I' &HE PR3M/'G!&I3N 3= &HE 1/DGMEN& 3= &HE REGI3N!' &RI!' C3/R& irre$'e# ive o% (he her he #a$e (a$ originall! %iled in or a''ealed o i .F This a#end#ent, introd$ ed &y SC Ad#inistrati"e Cir $'ar ,1;7? is a de%art$re fro# the o'd r$'es whi h then %ro"ided that &ai' sha'' &e effe ti"e and re#ain in for e at a'' sta!es of the ase $nti' its f$''

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deter#ination, and th$s e"en d$rin! the %eriod of a%%ea'. :oreover+ &nder he 're$en r&le+ %or he a##&$ed o #on in&e hi$ 'rovi$ional li-er ! on he $ame -ail -ond d&ring he 'eriod o a''eal+ #on$en o% he -ond$man i$ ne#e$$ar!. 4ro# the re ord, it a%%ears that the &onds#an > > > fi'ed a #otion in the tria' o$rt > > > for the an e''ation of %etitionersL &ai' &ond for the 'atterLs fai'$re to renew the sa#e $%on its e>%iration. O&tainin! the onsent of the &onds#an was, th$s, fore 'osed. (Magu$$atu v. Court of !ppeals, -10 SCRA -01, 4e&. 1-, 1222, ,st Di". @)a%$nanA5 "%#. Is a condition in an application for bail that accused be first arraigned before he could be granted bail valid? Held: In re:$irin! that %etitioner &e first arrai!ned &efore he o$'d &e !ranted &ai', the tria' o$rt a%%rehended that if %etitioner were re'eased on &ai' he o$'d, &y &ein! a&sent, %re"ent his ear'y arrai!n#ent and there&y de'ay his tria' $nti' the o#%'ainants !ot tired and 'ost interest in their ases. <en e, to ens$re his %resen e at the arrai!n#ent, a%%ro"a' of %etitionerLs &ai' &onds sho$'d &e deferred $nti' he o$'d &e arrai!ned. After that, e"en if %etitioner does not a%%ear, tria' an %ro eed as 'on! as he is notified of the date of the hearin! and his fai'$re to a%%ear is $nB$stified, sin e $nder Art. III, Se . ,?(15 of the Constit$tion, tria' in absencia is a$thoriJed. This see#s to &e the theory of the tria' o$rt in its > > > order onditionin! the !rant of &ai' to %etitioner on his arrai!n#ent. Thi$ heor! i$ mi$ a6en. /01 In he %ir$ 'la#e " " " in #a$e$ (here i i$ a& hori8ed+ -ail $ho&ld -e gran ed -e%ore arraignmen + o her(i$e he a##&$ed ma! -e 're#l&ded %rom %iling a mo ion o )&a$h* 9or i% he in%orma ion i$ )&a$hed and he #a$e i$ di$mi$$ed+ here (o&ld hen -e no need %or he arraignmen o% he a##&$ed . /51 In he $e#ond 'la#e+ he rial #o&r #o&ld en$&re he 're$en#e o% 'e i ioner a he arraignmen 're#i$el! -! gran ing -ail and ordering hi$ 're$en#e a an! $ age o% he 'ro#eeding$+ $&#h a$ arraignmen * Under R&le 00E+ Se#* 5/-1 o% he R&le$ on Criminal Pro#ed&re+ one o% he #ondi ion$ o% -ail i$ ha 2 he a##&$ed $hall a''ear -e%ore he 'ro'er #o&r (henever $o re)&ired -! he #o&r or he$e R&le$+3 (hile &nder R&le 00I+ Se#* 0/-1 he 're$en#e o% he a##&$ed a he arraignmen i$ re)&ired. On the other hand, to ondition the !rant of &ai' to an a $sed on his arrai!n#ent wo$'d &e to %'a e hi# in a %osition where he has to hoose &etween /01 filing a motion to 'uash and thus delay his release on bail because until his motion to 'uash can be resolved, his arraignment cannot be held, and /51 foregoing the filing of a motion to 'uash so that he can be arraigned at once and thereafter be released on bail. The$e $#enario$ #er ainl! &ndermine he a##&$edD$ #on$ i & ional righ no o -e '& on rial e"#e' &'on valid #om'lain or in%orma ion $&%%i#ien o #harge him (i h a #rime and hi$ righ o -ail. ('avi$es v. C!, -1? SCRA -1,, 4e&. ,, 1222, 1nd Di". @DendoJaA5 THE RI>HT TO BE IN9OR:ED O9 THE NATURE AND CAUSE O9 ACCUSATION A>AINST THE ACCUSED "$2. What are the objectives of the right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusations against the accused? Held: Instr$ ti"e in this re!ard is Se# ion I+ R&le 00J of the Rules of Court > > >. The '&r'o$e o% he a-ove,)&o ed r&le i$ o in%orm he a##&$ed o% he na &re and #a&$e o% he a##&$a ion again$ him+ a righ g&aran eed -! no le$$ han he %&ndamen al la( o% he land (Ar i#le III+ Se# ion 0E<5=, 7:., Constitution5. E'a&oratin! on the defendantLs ri!ht to &e infor#ed, the Co$rt he'd in Pec)o v. People (101 SCRA .,/5 that the o&Be ti"es of this ri!ht areI

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1) To %&rni$h he a##&$ed (i h $&#h a de$#ri' ion o% he #harge again$ him a$ (ill ena-le him o ma6e he de%en$eG 2) To avail him$el% o% hi$ #onvi# ion or a#)&i al %or 'ro e# ion again$ a %&r her 'ro$e#& ion %or he $ame #a&$eG and 3) To in%orm he #o&r o% he %a# $ alleged+ $o ha i ma! de#ide (he her he! are $&%%i#ien in la( o $&''or a #onvi# ion+ i% one $ho&ld -e had. I i$ h&$ im'era ive ha he In%orma ion #o&r -e #om'le e N o he end ha he a##&$ed %or hi$ de%en$e* Corollar! o hi$+ an indi# men elemen $ o% he $'e#i%i# o%%en$e alleged o have i$ he re#i al o% he e$$en ial$ o% a #rime (hi#h and #a&$e o% a##&$a ion again$ he a##&$ed. 6 > > In the ase $nder s r$tiny, the infor#ation does not allege the minority of the victim > > > a'tho$!h the sa#e was %ro"en d$rin! the tria' > > >. The o#ission is not #ere'y for#a' in nat$re sin e do trina''y, an a $sed annot &e he'd 'ia&'e for #ore than what he is indi ted for. It #atters not how on '$si"e and on"in in! the e"iden e of !$i't #ay &e, &$t an a $sed annot &e on"i ted of any offense, not har!ed in the Co#%'aint or Infor#ation on whi h he is tried or therein ne essari'y in '$ded. <e has a ri!ht to &e infor#ed of the nat$re of the offense with whi h he is har!ed &efore he is %$t on tria'. To on"i t an a $sed of an offense hi!her than that har!ed in the Co#%'aint or Infor#ation on whi h he is tried wo$'d onstit$te $na$thoriJed denia' of that ri!ht. (People v. 6ayya *+, SCR! ,,7, Dar h ,2, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 THE RI>HT TO A 9AIR TRIAL "$". What is the purpose of the rule barring trial or sentence of an insane person? What are the reasons underlying it? Held: The r$'e &arrin! tria' or senten e of an insane %erson is for the %rote tion of the a $sed, rather than of the %$&'i . It has &een he'd that it is inh$#an to re:$ire an a $sed disa&'ed &y +od to #a9e a B$st defense for his 'ife or 'i&erty. To '& a legall! in#om'e en 'er$on on rial or o #onvi# and $en en#e him i$ a viola ion o% he #on$ i & ional righ $ o a %air rial4 and hi$ ha$ $everal rea$on$ &nderl!ing i . /01 9or one+ he ACCURAC; o% he 'ro#eeding$ ma! no -e a$$&red+ a$ an in#om'e en de%endan (ho #anno #om'rehend he 'ro#eeding$ ma! no a''re#ia e (ha in%orma ion i$ relevan o he 'roo% o% hi$ inno#en#e* :oreover+ he i$ no in a 'o$i ion o e"er#i$e man! o% he righ $ a%%orded a de%endan in a #riminal #a$e+ e.g. he righ o e%%e# ivel! #on$&l (i h #o&n$el+ he righ o e$ i%! in hi$ o(n -ehal%+ and he righ o #on%ron o''o$ing (i ne$$e$+ (hi#h righ $ are $a%eg&ard$ %or he a##&ra#! o% he rial re$&l . /51 Secon$ he 9AIRNESS o% he 'ro#eeding$ ma! -e )&e$ ioned+ a$ here are #er ain -a$i# de#i$ion$ in he #o&r$e o% a #riminal 'ro#eeding (hi#h a de%endan i$ e"'e# ed o ma6e %or him$el%+ and one o% he$e i$ hi$ PLEA. /71 &)ir$ he DI>NIT; o% he 'ro#eeding$ ma! -e di$r&' ed+ %or an in#om'e en de%endan i$ li6el! o #ond&# him$el% in he #o&r room in a manner (hi#h ma! de$ ro! he DECORU: o% he #o&r * Even i% he de%endan remain$ 'a$$ive+ hi$ la#6 o% #om'rehen$ion %&ndamen all! im'air$ he %&n# ioning o% he rial 'ro#e$$* A #riminal 'ro#eeding i$ e$$en iall! an adver$arial 'ro#eeding* I% he de%endan i$ no a #on$#io&$ and in elligen 'ar i#i'an + he ad.&di#a ion lo$e$ i $ #hara# er a$ a rea$oned in era# ion -e (een an individ&al and hi$ #omm&ni ! and -e#ome$ and inve# ive again$ an in$en$i-le o-.e# . /E1 =ourt)+ i i$ im'or an ha he de%endan 6no($ (h! he i$ -eing '&ni$hed+ a #om'rehen$ion (hi#h i$ grea l! de'enden &'on hi$ &nder$ anding o% (ha o##&r$ a rial* An in#om'e en de%endan ma! no reali8e he moral re'rehen$i-ili ! o% hi$ #ond&# * The $o#ie al goal o% in$ i & ionali8ed re ri-& ion ma! -e %r&$ ra ed (hen he %or#e %iled (i h he rial ma! $&i a-l! 're'are m&$ %&ll! $ a e he -een #ommi ed a$ i delinea e$ he na &re

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o% he $ a e i$ -ro&gh o -ear again$ one (ho #anno #om'rehend i $ $igni%i#an#e. (People v. Estra$a, --- SCRA 077, 8,/;8,7, *$ne ,7, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 THE RI>HT TO AN I:PARTIAL TRIAL "$2. What are the two principal legal and philosophical schools of thought on how to deal with the rain of unrestrained publicity during the investigation and trial of high profile cases? Held: There are two (15 %rin i%a' 'e!a' and %hi'oso%hi a' s hoo's of tho$!ht on how to dea' with the rain of $nrestrained %$&'i ity d$rin! the in"esti!ation and tria' of hi!h %rofi'e ases . The 6ritis) approac) the %ro&'e# with the presumption ha '&-li#i ! (ill 're.&di#e a .&r!. Th$s, En!'ish o$rts readi'y stay and sto% ri#ina' tria's when the ri!ht of an a $sed to fair tria' s$ffers a threat. The !merican approac) is different. =S o$rts ass$#e a sAeptical a''roa#h a-o& he 'o en ial e%%e# o% 'erva$ive '&-li#i ! on he righ o% an a##&$ed o a %air rial. They ha"e de"e'o%ed different strains of TESTS to reso'"e this iss$e, i.e., $&-$ an ial 'ro-a-ili ! o% irre'ara-le harm, $ rong li6elihood, #lear and 're$en danger, et . (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, En 3an @P$noA5 "$*. Should the 9mbudsman be stopped from conducting the investigation of the cases filed against petitioner <former (resident> 7strada due to the barrage of prejudicial publicity on his guilt? Held: Petitioner > > > ontends that the res%ondent O#&$ds#an sho$'d &e sto%%ed fro# ond$ tin! the in"esti!ation of the ases fi'ed a!ainst hi# d$e to the &arra!e of %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity on his !$i't. <e s$&#its that the res%ondent O#&$ds#an has de"e'o%ed &ias and is a'' set to fi'e the ri#ina' ases in "io'ation of his ri!ht to d$e %ro ess. 6 > > This is not the first time the iss$e of tria' &y %$&'i ity has &een raised in this Co$rt to sto% the tria's or ann$' on"i tions in hi!h %rofi'e ri#ina' ases. In People v. &ee)anAee 1r. (1?7 SCRA .? @,77.A5, 'ater reiterated in the ase of 'arranaga v. Court of !ppeals et al. (1/8 SCRA ./, at %%. .70;.78 @,77/A5, we 'aid down the do trine thatI EWe annot s$stain a%%e''antLs 'ai# that he was denied the ri!ht to i#%artia' tria' d$e to %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity. It is tr$e that the %rint and &road ast #edia !a"e the ase at &ar %er"asi"e %$&'i ity, B$st 'i9e a'' hi!h %rofi'e and hi!h sta9e ri#ina' tria's. &)en an$ no( (e rule t)at t)e rig)t of an accuse$ to a fair trial is not incompati#le to a free press. To -e $&re+ re$'on$i-le re'or ing enhan#e$ an a##&$edD$ righ o a %air rial %or+ a$ (ell 'oin ed o& + a re$'on$i-le 're$$ ha$ al(a!$ -een regarded a$ he handmaiden o% e%%e# ive .&di#ial admini$ ra ion+ e$'e#iall! in he #riminal %ield " " "* The 're$$ doe$ no $im'l! '&-li$h in%orma ion a-o& rial$ -& g&ard$ again$ he mi$#arriage o% .&$ i#e -! $&-.e# ing he 'oli#e+ 'ro$e#& or$+ and .&di#ial 'ro#e$$e$ o e" en$ive '&-li# $#r& in! and #ri i#i$m* Perva$ive '&-li#i ! i$ no per se 're.&di#ial o he righ o% an a##&$ed o %air rial* The mere %a# ha he rial o% a''ellan (a$ given a da!, o,da!+ gavel, o,gavel #overage doe$ no #y itself 'rove ha he '&-li#i ! $o 'ermea ed he mind o% he rial .&dge and im'aired hi$ im'ar iali !. 4or one, it is i#%ossi&'e to sea' the #inds of #e#&ers of the &en h fro# %re; tria' and other off; o$rt %$&'i ity of sensationa' ri#ina' ases. The state of the art of o$r o##$ni ation syste# &rin!s

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news as they ha%%en strai!ht to o$r &rea9fast ta&'es and ri!ht to o$r &edroo#s. These news for# %art of o$r e"eryday #en$ of the fa ts and fi tions of 'ife. 4or another, o$r idea of a fair and i#%artia' B$d!e is not that of a her#it who is o$t of to$ h with the wor'd. We ha"e not insta''ed the B$ry syste# whose #e#&ers are o"er'y %rote ted fro# %$&'i ity 'est they 'ose their i#%artia'ity. > > >. O&r .&dge$ are learned in he la( and rained o di$regard o%%,#o&r eviden#e and on,#amera 'er%orman#e$ o% 'ar ie$ o a li iga ion* Their mere e"'o$&re o '&-li#a ion$ and '&-li#i ! $ &n $ doe$ no per se %a all! in%e# heir im'ar iali !. A -e$ + a''ellan #an onl! #on.&re P3SSI6I'I&? 3= PRE1/DICE on he 'ar o% he rial .&dge d&e o he -arrage o% '&-li#i ! ha #hara# eri8ed he inve$ iga ion and rial o% he #a$e* In Martelino et al. v. !le0an$ro et al. (e re.e# ed hi$ $ andard o% 'o$$i-ili ! o% 're.&di#e and ado' ed he e$ o% !C&/!' PRE1/DICE a$ (e r&led ha o (arran a %inding o% 're.&di#ial '&-li#i !+ here m&$ -e allega ion and 'roo% ha he .&dge$ have -een &nd&l! in%l&en#ed+ no $im'l! ha he! migh -e+ -! he -arrage o% '&-li#i !. In the ase at &ar, the re ords do not show that the tria' B$d!e de"e'o%ed actual bias a!ainst a%%e''ant as a onse:$en e of the e>tensi"e #edia o"era!e of the %re;tria' and tria' of his ase. The totality of circumstances of t)e case doe$ no 'rove ha he rial .&dge a#)&ired a fiIe$ o'inion a$ a re$&l o% 're.&di#ial '&-li#i ! whi h is in a%a&'e of han!e e"en &y e"iden e %resented d$rin! the tria'. A%%e''ant has the &$rden to %ro"e this a t$a' &ias and he has not dis har!ed the &$rden.F We e>%o$nded f$rther on this do trine in the s$&se:$ent ase of Be## v. Hon. Raul $e 'eon etc. (1?8 SCRA 0.1 @,77.A5 and its o#%anion ases, vi=.N EA!ain, %etitioners raise the effe t of %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity on their ri!ht to d$e %ro ess whi'e $nder!oin! %re'i#inary in"esti!ation. We find no %ro ed$ra' i#%edi#ent to its ear'y in"o ation onsiderin! the s$&stantia' ris9 to their 'i&erty who'e $nder!oin! a %re'i#inary in"esti!ation. 6 > > The demo#ra i# $e ing$+ media #overage o% rial$ o% $en$a ional #a$e$ #anno -e avoided and o% en ime$+ i $ e"#e$$ivene$$ ha$ -een aggrava ed -! 6ine i# develo'men $ in he ele#omm&ni#a ion$ ind&$ r!. 4or s$re, few ases an #at h the hi!h "o'$#e and hi!h "e'o ity of %$&'i ity that attended the %re'i#inary in"esti!ation of the ase at &ar. O$r dai'y diet of fa ts and fi tion a&o$t the ase ontin$es $na&ated e"en today. Co##entators sti'' &o#&ard the %$&'i with "iews not too #any of whi h are so&er and s$&'i#e. Indeed, e"en the %rin i%a' a tors in the ase C the N3I, the res%ondents, their 'awyers and their sy#%athiJers C ha"e %arti i%ated in this #edia &'itJ. The 'o$$i-ili ! o% media a-&$e$ and heir hrea o a %air rial no (i h$ anding+ #riminal rial$ #anno -e #om'le el! #lo$ed o he 're$$ and '&-li#. In the se#ina' ase of Ric)mon$ Ne(spapers Inc. v. 2irginia, it was wise'y he'dI O> > > (a5 The histori a' e"iden e of the e"o'$tion of the ri#ina' tria' in An!'o;A#eri an B$sti e de#onstrates on '$si"e'y that at the ti#e this NationLs or!ani 'aws were ado%ted, ri#ina' tria's &oth here and in En!'and had 'on! &een %res$#%ti"e'y o%en, th$s !i"in! ass$ran e that the %ro eedin!s were ond$ ted fair'y to a'' on erned and dis o$ra!in! %erB$ry, the #is ond$ t of %arti i%ants, or de isions &ased on se ret &ias or %artia'ity. In addition, the si!nifi ant o##$nity thera%e$ti "a'$e of %$&'i

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tria's was re o!niJedI when a sho 9in! ri#e o $rs, a o##$nity rea tion of o$tra!e and %$&'i %rotest often fo''ows, and thereafter the o%en %ro esses of B$sti e ser"e an i#%ortant %ro%hy'a ti %$r%ose, %ro"idin! an o$t'et for o##$nity on ern, hosti'ity, and e#otion. To wor9 effe ti"e'y, it is i#%ortant that so ietyLs ri#ina' %ro ess Osatisfy the a%%earan e of B$sti e,L Off$tt ". =nited States, -?/ =S ,,, ,?, 77 L Ed ,,, 8. S Ct ,,, whi h an &est &e %ro"ided &y a''owin! %eo%'e to o&ser"e s$ h %ro ess. 4ro# this $n&ro9en, $n ontradi ted history, s$%%orted &y reasons as "a'id today as in ent$ries %ast, it #$st &e on '$ded that a %res$#%tion of o%enness inheres in the "ery nat$re of a ri#ina' tria' $nder this NationLs syste# of B$sti e, Cf., e.!., Le"ine ". =nited States, -01 =S 0,2, ? L Ed 1d 7/7, /2 S Ct ,2-/. (&5 The %reedom$ o% $'ee#h+ 're$$+ and a$$em-l!+ e"'re$$l! g&aran eed -! he 9ir$ Amendmen + $hare a #ommon #ore '&r'o$e o% a$$&ring %reedom o% #omm&ni#a ion on ma er$ rela ing o he %&n# ioning o% governmen * In g&aran eeing %reedom$ $&#h a$ ho$e o% $'ee#h and 're$$+ he 9ir$ Amendmen #an -e read a$ 'ro e# ing he righ o% ever!one o a end rial$ $o a$ give meaning o ho$e e"'li#i g&aran ee$4 he 9ir$ Amendmen righ o re#eive in%orma ion and idea$ mean$+ in he #on e" o% rial$+ ha he g&aran ee$ o% $'ee#h and 're$$+ $ anding alone+ 'rohi-i governmen %rom $&mmaril! #lo$ing #o&r room door$ (hi#h had long -een o'en o he '&-li# a he ime he 9ir$ Amendmen (a$ ado' ed. Doreo"er, the ri!ht of asse#&'y is a'so re'e"ant, ha"in! &een re!arded not on'y as an inde%endent ri!ht &$t a'so as a ata'yst to a$!#ent the free e>er ise of the other 4irst A#end#ent ri!hts with whi h it was de'i&erate'y 'in9ed &y the drafts#en. A tria' o$rtroo# is a %$&'i %'a e where the %eo%'e !enera''y C and re%resentati"es of the #edia C ha"e a ri!ht to &e %resent, and where their %resen e histori a''y has &een tho$!ht to enhan e the inte!rity and :$a'ity of what ta9es %'a e. ( 5 Even ho&gh he Con$ i & ion #on ain$ no 'rovi$ion (hi#h -! i $ erm$ g&aran ee$ o he '&-li# he righ o a end #riminal rial$+ vario&$ %&ndamen al righ $+ no e"'re$$l! g&aran eed+ have -een re#ogni8ed a$ indi$'en$a-le o he en.o!men o% en&mera ed righ $* The righ o a end #riminal rial i$ im'li#i in he g&aran ee$ o% he 9ir$ Amendmen : (i ho& he %reedom o a end $&#h rial$+ (hi#h 'eo'le have e"er#i$ed %or #en &rie$+ im'or an a$'e# $ o% %reedom o% $'ee#h and o% he 're$$ #o&ld -e evi$#era ed.L 3e that as it #ay, we re o!niJe that %er"asi"e and %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity $nder ertain ir $#stan es an de%ri"e an a $sed of his d$e %ro ess ri!ht to fair tria'. Th$s, in Martelino et al. v. !le0an$ro et al. we he'd that o (arran a %inding o% 're.&di#ial '&-li#i ! here m&$ -e allegation an$ proof ha he .&dge$ have -een &nd&l! in%l&en#ed+ no $im'l! ha he! migh -e+ -! he -arrage o% '&-li#i !. In the ase at &ar, we find nothin! in the re ords that wi'' %ro"e that the tone and ontent of the %$&'i ity that attended the in"esti!ation of %etitioners fata''y infe ted the fairness and i#%artia'ity of the DO* Pane'. Pe i ioner$ #anno .&$ rel! on he $&-liminal e%%e# $ o% '&-li#i ! on he $en$e o% %airne$$ o% he DOM Panel+ %or he$e are -a$i#all! &n-e6no(n and -e!ond 6no(ing. To &e s$re, the DO* Pane' is o#%osed of an Assistant Chief State Prose $tor and Senior State Prose $tors. Their 'on! e>%erien e in ri#ina' in"esti!ation is a fa tor to onsider in deter#inin! whether they an easi'y &e &'inded &y the 9'ie! 'i!hts of %$&'i ity. Indeed, their 10;%a!e Reso'$tion arries no ind$&ita&'e indi ia of &ias for it does not a%%ear that they

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onsidered any e>tra;re ord e"iden e e> e%t e"iden e %ro%er'y add$ ed &y the %arties. The 'en!th of ti#e the in"esti!ation was ond$ ted des%ite it s$##ary nat$re and the !enerosity with whi h they a o##odated the dis o"ery #otions of %etitioners s%ea9 we'' of their fairness. At no instan e, we note, did %etitioners see9 the dis:$a'ifi ation of any #e#&er of the DO* Pane' on the !ro$nd of &ias res$'tin! fro# their &o#&ard#ent of %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity.F A''l!ing he a-ove r&ling+ (e hold ha t)ere is not enoug) evi$ence to (arrant t)is Court to en0oin t)e preliminary investigation of t)e petitioner #y t)e respon$ent 3m#u$sman. Pe i ioner need$ o o%%er more han ho$ ile headline$ o di$#harge hi$ -&rden o% 'roo%. He need$ o $ho( more han (eigh ! $o#ial $#ien#e eviden#e o $&##e$$%&ll! 'rove he im'aired #a'a#i ! o% a .&dge o render a -ia$,%ree de#i$ion. We'' to note, the ases a!ainst the %etitioner are still undergoing %re'i#inary in"esti!ation &y a s%e ia' %ane' of %rose $tors in the offi e of the res%ondent O#&$ds#an. No a''e!ation whatsoe"er has &een #ade &y the %etitioner that the #inds of the #e#&ers of this s%e ia' %ane' ha"e a'ready &een infe ted &y &ias &e a$se of the %er"asi"e %reB$di ia' %$&'i ity a!ainst hi#. Indeed, the s%e ia' %ane' has yet to o#e o$t with its findin!s and the Co$rt annot se ond !$ess whether its re o##endation wi'' &e $nfa"ora&'e to the %etitioner. (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, En 3an @P$noA5 THE RI>HT A>AINST SEL9,INCRI:INATION "$+. Discuss the types of immunity statutes. of protection? Which has broader scope

Held: O&r imm&ni ! $ a & e$ are o% Ameri#an origin. In the =nited States, there are two ty%es of stat$tory i##$nity !ranted to a witness. They are the ran$a# ional imm&ni ! and the &$e,and, deriva ive,&$e imm&ni !. Tran$a# ional imm&ni ! i$ -roader in he $#o'e o% i $ 'ro e# ion* B! i $ gran + a (i ne$$ #an no longer -e 'ro$e#& ed %or an! o%%en$e (ha $oever ari$ing o& o% he a# or ran$a# ion. In ontrast, &y the !rant of &$e,and,deriva ive,&$e imm&ni !+ a (i ne$$ i$ onl! a$$&red ha hi$ or her 'ar i#&lar e$ imon! and eviden#e derived %rom i (ill no -e &$ed again$ him or her in a $&-$e)&en 'ro$e#& ion. (Mapa 1r. v. San$igan#ayan, 1-, SCRA 8/-, 878;87/, A%ri' 10, ,77?, En 3an @P$noA5 "$.. Is the grant of immunity to an accused willing to testify for the government a special privilege and therefore must be strictly construed against the accused? Held: @WAe reBe t res%ondent o$rtLs r$'in! that the !rant of se tion . i##$nity #$st &e stri t'y onstr$ed a!ainst the %etitioners. It si#%'isti a''y hara teriJed the !rant as a s%e ia' %ri"i'e!e, as if it was !ifted &y the !o"ern#ent, e- gratia. In a6ing hi$ 'o$ &re+ i mi$read he raison $> etre and he long 'edigree o% he righ again$ $el%,in#rimina ion visFQFvis imm&ni ! $ a & e$. The days of in:$isition &ro$!ht a&o$t the #ost des%i a&'e a&$ses a!ainst h$#an ri!hts. Not the 'east of these a&$ses is the e>%ert $se of oer ed onfessions to send to the !$i''otine e"en the !$i't'ess. To !$ard a!ainst the re $rren e of this tota'itarian #ethod, the ri!ht a!ainst se'f;in ri#ination was ens on ed in the f$nda#enta' 'aws of a'' i"i'iJed o$ntries. Over he !ear$+ ho(ever+ #ame he need o a$$i$ governmen in i $ a$6 o% #on aining #rime %or 'ea#e and order i$ a ne#e$$ar! ma ri" o% '&-li# (el%are* To a##ommoda e he need+ he righ again$ $el%,in#rimina ion (a$ $ ri''ed o% i $ a-$ol& ene$$* Imm&ni ! $ a & e$ in var!ing $ha'e$ (ere ena# ed (hi#h (o&ld allo( governmen o #om'el a (i ne$$ o e$ i%! de$'i e hi$ 'lea o% he righ again$ $el%, in#rimina ion* To in$&la e he$e $ a & e$ %rom he vir&$ o% &n#on$ i & ionali !+ a (i ne$$ i$ given (ha ha$ #ome o -e 6no(n a$ ran$a# ional or a &$e,deriva ive,&$e imm&ni ! " " "* Q&i e #learl!+

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he$e imm&ni ! $ a & e$ are no a -onan8a %rom governmen * Tho$e given he 'rivilege o% imm&ni ! 'aid a high 'ri#e %or i N he $&rrender o% heir 're#io&$ righ o -e $ilen . O$r hierar hy of "a'$es de#ands that the ri!ht a!ainst se'f;in ri#ination and the ri!ht to &e si'ent sho$'d &e a orded !reater res%e t and %rote tion. Laws that tend to erode the for e of these %ree#inent ri!hts #$st ne essari'y &e !i"en a 'i&era' inter%retation in fa"or of the indi"id$a'. The !o"ern#ent has a ri!ht to so'"e ri#es &$t it #$st do it, ri!ht'y. (Mapa 1r. v. San$igan#ayan, 1-, SCRA 8/-, /2.;/20, A%ri' 10, ,77?, En 3an @P$noA5 THE RI>HT A>AINST DOUBLE MEOPARD; "$). Discuss the two Binds of double jeopardy. Held: O$r 3i'' of Ri!hts dea's with (o /51 6ind$ o% do&-le .eo'ard!. The first senten e of C'a$se 12, Se tion ,, Arti 'e III of the Constit$tion ordains that Eno 'er$on $hall -e (i#e '& in .eo'ard! o% '&ni$hmen %or he $ame o%%en$e.F The se ond senten e of said 'a$se %ro"ides that Ei% an a# i$ '&ni$ha-le -! a la( and an ordinan#e+ #onvi# ion or a#)&i al &nder ei her $hall #on$ i & e a -ar o ano her 'ro$e#& ion %or he $ame a# .F Th&$+ he %ir$ $en en#e 'rohi-i $ do&-le .eo'ard! o% '&ni$hmen %or he SA:E O99ENSE (herea$4 he $e#ond #on em'la e$ do&-le .eo'ard! o% '&ni$hmen %or he SA:E ACT. Under he %ir$ $en en#e+ one ma! -e (i#e '& in .eo'ard! o% '&ni$hmen o% he $ame a# + 'rovided ha he i$ #harged (i h di%%eren o%%en$e$+ or he o%%en$e #harged in one #a$e i$ no in#l&ded in+ or doe$ no in#l&de+ he #rime #harged in he o her #a$e* The $e#ond $en en#e a''lie$+ even i% he o%%en$e #harged are no he $ame+ o(ing o he %a# ha one #on$ i & e$ a viola ion o% an ordinan#e and he o her a viola ion o% $ a & e* I% he (o #harge$ are -a$ed on one and he $ame a# + #onvi# ion or a#)&i al &nder ei her he la( or he ordinan#e $hall -ar a 'ro$e#& ion &nder he o her* In#iden all!+ $&#h #onvi# ion or a#)&i al i$ no indi$'en$a-le o $&$ ain he 'lea o% do&-le .eo'ard! o% '&ni$hmen or he $ame o%%en$e* So long a$ .eo'ard! ha$ -een a a#hed &nder one o% he in%orma ion$ #harging $aid o%%en$e+ he de%en$e ma! -e availed o% in he o her #a$e involving he $ame o%%en$e+ even i% here ha$ -een nei her #onvi# ion nor a#)&i al in ei her #a$e. E'sewhere stated, where the offense har!ed are %ena'iJed either &y different se tions of the sa#e stat$te or &y different stat$tes, the i#%ortant in:$iry re'ates to the identity of offenses har!ed. The onstit$tiona' %rote tion a!ainst do$&'e Beo%ardy is a"ai'a&'e on'y where an identity is shown to e>ist &etween the ear'ier and the s$&se:$ent offenses har!ed. The :$estion of identity or 'a 9 of identity of offenses is addressed &y e>a#inin! the essentia' e'e#ents of ea h of the two offenses har!ed, as s$ h e'e#ents are set o$t in the res%e ti"e 'e!is'ati"e definitions of the offenses in"o'"ed. (People v. Nui0a$a, 1.7 SCRA ,7,, *$'y 1?, ,7705 "$%. What must be proved to substantiate a claim of double jeopardy? When may legal jeopardy attach? Held: To s$&stantiate a #$st &e %ro"enI 'ai# of do$&'e Beo%ardy, the fo''owin!

/01 A %ir$ .eo'ard! m&$ have a a#hed 'rior o he $e#ond G /51 he %ir$ .eo'ard! m&$ have -een validl! ermina edG /71 he $e#ond .eo'ard! m&$ -e %or he $ame o%%en$e+ or he $e#ond o%%en$e in#l&de$ or i$ ne#e$$aril! in#l&ded in he o%%en$e #harged in he %ir$ in%orma ion+ or i$ an a em' o #ommi he $ame or i$ a %r&$ ra ion hereo%. Legal .eo'ard! a a#he$ onl!I /01 &'on a valid indi# men G /-1 -e%ore a #om'e en #o&r G /#1 a% er arraignmen G /d1 (hen a valid 'lea ha$ -een en eredG and /e1 he #a$e (a$ di$mi$$ed or o her(i$e ermina ed (i ho& he e"'re$$ #on$en o% he a##&$ed.

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(Cuison v. C!, 1/7 SCRA ,.7, A%ri' ,., ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 "$$. In its decision in a criminal case, the Judge promulgated only the civil aspect of the case, but not the criminal. Will the promulgation of the criminal aspect later constitute double jeopardy? Held: Petitioner ontends that Mthe %ro#$'!ation &y *$d!e Ra#os on A%ri' ?, ,77. of the Res%ondent Co$rtHs de ision of *$ne -2, ,77, &y readin! its dis%ositi"e %ortion has effectively terminated the criminal cases against the petitioner - - -.H In other words, %etitioner 'ai#s that the first Beo%ardy atta hed at that %oint. The Co$rt is not %ers$aded. A$ a r&le+ a #riminal 'ro$e#& ion in#l&de$ a #ivil a# ion %or he re#over! o% indemni !* Hen#e+ a de#i$ion in $&#h #a$e di$'o$e$ o% -o h he #riminal a$ (ell a$ he #ivil lia-ili ie$ o% an a##&$ed. <ere, tria' o$rt %ro#$'!ated on'y the i"i' as%e t of the ase, &$t not the ri#ina'. @TAhe %ro#$'!ation of the CA De ision was not o#%'ete. In %a# and in r& h+ he 'rom&lga ion (a$ no merel! in#om'le e4 i (a$ al$o void* In e"#e$$ o% i $ .&ri$di# ion+ he rial .&dge rendered a $&-$ an iall! in#om'le e 'rom&lga ion on A'ril E+ 0CCG+ and he re'ea ed hi$ mi$ a6e in hi$ A'ril 05+ 0CCI Order* We em'ha$i8e ha grave a-&$e o% di$#re ion rendered he a%oremen ioned a# o% he rial #o&r void* Sin#e he #riminal #a$e$ have no !e -een ermina ed+ he %ir$ .eo'ard! ha$ no !e a a#hed* Hen#e+ do&-le .eo'ard! #anno 'ro$'er a$ a de%en$e. We #$st stress that Res%ondent Co$rtHs :$estioned De ision did not #odify or a#end its *$'y -2, ,77, De ision. It #ere'y ordered the %ro#$'!ation of the B$d!#ent of on"i tion and the f$'' e>e $tion of the %ena'ty it had ear'ier i#%osed on %etitioner. (Cuison v. C!, 1/7 SCRA ,.7, A%ri' ,., ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 THE RI>HT A>AINST E? POST 9ACTO LAWS AND BILLS O9 ATTAINDER "$#. What is a bill of attainder? Is (.D. "$)) a bill of attainder?

Held: @TAhe Co$rt, in People v. =errer (+.R. Nos. L;-10,-;,?, De e#&er 18, ,781, ?/ SCRA -/15, defined a &i'' of attainder as a legi$la ive a# (hi#h in%li# $ '&ni$hmen on individ&al$ or mem-er$ o% a 'ar i#&lar gro&' (i ho& a .&di#ial rial* E$$en ial o a -ill o% a ainder are a $'e#i%i#a ion o% #er ain individ&al$ or a gro&' o% individ&al$+ he im'o$i ion o% a '&ni$hmen + 'enal or o her(i$e+ and he la#6 o% .&di#ial rial* Thi$ la$ elemen + he o al la#6 o% #o&r in erven ion in he %inding o% g&il and he de ermina ion o% he a# &al 'enal ! o -e im'o$ed+ i$ he mo$ e$$en ial. P.D. No. ,/00 does not %ossess the e'e#ents of a &i'' of attainder. It does not see9 to inf'i t %$nish#ent witho$t a B$di ia' tria'. Nowhere in the #eas$re is there a findin! of !$i't and an i#%osition of a orres%ondin! %$nish#ent. What the de ree does is to define the offense and %ro"ide for the %ena'ty that #ay &e i#%osed, s%e ifyin! the :$a'ifyin! ir $#stan es that wo$'d a!!ra"ate the offense. There is no en roa h#ent on the %ower of the o$rt to deter#ine after d$e hearin! whether the %rose $tion has %ro"ed &eyond reasona&'e do$&t that the offense of i''e!a' %ossession of firear#s has &een o##itted and that the :$a'ifyin! ir $#stan es atta hed to it has &een esta&'ished a'so &eyond reasona&'e do$&t as the Constit$tion and B$di ia' %re edents re:$ire. (Misolas v. Panga, ,/, SCRA 0?/, 0.7;002, *an. -2, ,772, En 3an @CortesA5 "#2. law? What is an e- post facto law? Is 8. . :o. $2+# an e- post facto

Held: 'enal la($*

EI post facto la(+ generall!+ 'rohi-i $ re ro$'e# ivi ! o% R.!. .+4: i$ not a penal la(* I i$ a $&-$ an ive la( on

128

.&ri$di# ion (hi#h i$ no 'enal in #hara# er* Penal la($ are ho$e a# $ o% he Legi$la &re (hi#h 'rohi-i #er ain a# $ and e$ a-li$h 'enal ie$ %or heir viola ion$4 or ho$e ha de%ine #rime$+ rea o% heir na &re+ and 'rovide %or heir '&ni$hmen * R.!. ,:,5+ (hi#h amended P*D* 0IJI a$ regard$ he Sandigan-a!anD$ .&ri$di# ion+ i $ mode o% a''eal and o her 'ro#ed&ral ma er$+ ha$ -een de#lared -! he Co&r a$ no a 'enal la(+ -& #learl! a 'ro#ed&ral $ a & e+ i.e. one (hi#h 're$#ri-e$ r&le$ o% 'ro#ed&re -! (hi#h #o&r $ a''l!ing la($ o% all 6ind$ #an 'ro'erl! admini$ er .&$ i#e* No -eing a 'enal la(+ he re roa# ive a''li#a ion o% R.!. .+4: #anno -e #hallenged a$ &n#on$ i & ional. Pe i ionerD$ and in ervenor$D #on en ion ha heir righ o a (o, iered a''eal (hi#h he! a#)&ired &nder R*A* FCFG ha$ -een dil& ed -! he ena# men o% R*A* B5EC+ i$ in#orre# * The $ame #on en ion ha$ alread! -een re.e# ed -! he #o&r $everal ime$ #on$idering ha he righ o a''eal i$ not a natural rig)t -& $ a & or! in na &re ha #an -e reg&la ed -! la(* The mode o% 'ro#ed&re 'rovided %or in he $ a & or! righ o% a''eal i$ no in#l&ded in he 'rohi-i ion again$ eI post facto la($* R*A* B5EC 'er ain$ onl! o ma er$ o% 'ro#ed&re+ and -eing merel! an amenda or! $ a & e i doe$ no 'ar a6e he na &re o% an eI post facto la(. It does not #ete o$t a %ena'ty and, therefore, does not o#e within the %rohi&ition. Doreo"er, the 'aw did not a'ter the r$'es of e"iden e or the #ode of tria'. It has &een r$'ed that adBe ti"e stat$tes #ay &e #ade a%%'i a&'e to a tions %endin! and $nreso'"ed at the ti#e of their %assa!e. At any rate, R.A. /1?7 has %reser"ed the a $sedLs ri!ht to a%%ea' to the S$%re#e Co$rt to re"iew :$estions of 'aw. On the re#o"a' of the inter#ediate re"iew of fa ts, the S$%re#e Co$rt sti'' has the %ower of re"iew to deter#ine if the %res$#%tion of inno en e has &een on"in in!'y o"er o#e. (Panfilo M. 'acson v. &)e EIecutive Secretary, et. a'., +.R. No. ,1/270, *an. 12, ,777 @DartineJA5 AD:INISTRATIHE LAW "#". Describe the dministrative &ode of "#$%

Held: The Code is a general la( and Ein#or'ora e$ in a &ni%ied do#&men he ma.or $ r&# &ral+ %&n# ional and 'ro#ed&ral 'rin#i'le$ o% governan#e (;hird Whereas &lause, dministrative &ode of "#$%5 and Eem-odie$ #hange$ in admini$ ra ive $ r&# &re$ and 'ro#ed&re$ de$igned o $erve he 'eo'le.F (0ourth Whereas &lause, dministrative &ode of "#$%5 The Code is di"ided into se"en (85 &oo9s. These &oo9s ontain %ro"isions on the (,5 organi8a ion+ 'o(er$ and general admini$ ra ion o% de'ar men $+ -&rea&$ and o%%i#e$ &nder he e"e#& ive -ran#h, (15 he organi8a ion and %&n# ion$ o% he Con$ i & ional Commi$$ion$ and o her #on$ i & ional -odie$, (-5 he r&le$ on he na ional governmen -&dge + a$ (ell a$ g&ideline$ %or he e"er#i$e -! admini$ ra ive agen#ie$ o% )&a$i,legi$la ive and )&a$i,.&di#ial 'o(er$. The Code o"ers &oth the interna' ad#inistration, i.e., interna' or!aniJation, %ersonne' and re r$it#ent, s$%er"ision and dis i%'ine, and the effe ts of the f$n tions %erfor#ed &y ad#inistrati"e offi ia's on %ri"ate indi"id$a's or %arties o$tside !o"ern#ent. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 "#2. What is administrative power?

Held: !$ministrative po(er is #on#erned (i h he (or6 o% a''l!ing 'oli#ie$ and en%or#ing order$ a$ de ermined -! 'ro'er governmen al organ$* I ena-le$ he Pre$iden o %i" a &ni%orm $ andard o% admini$ ra ive e%%i#ien#! and #he#6 he o%%i#ial #ond&# o% hi$ agen $. To this end, he an iss$e ad#inistrati"e orders, r$'es and re!$'ations. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 "#*. What is an administrative order?

129

Held: An a$ministrative or$er is an ordinan#e i$$&ed -! he Pre$iden (hi#h rela e$ o $'e#i%i# a$'e# $ in he admini$ ra ive o'era ion o% governmen . It must be in harmony with the law and should be for the sole purpose of implementing the law and carrying out the legislative policy. (3ple v. &orres, +.R. No. ,180/., *$'y 1-, ,77/ @P$noA5 "#+. What is the 5overnment of the 8epublic of the (hilippines?

An$(er: The Government of t)e Repu#lic of t)e P)ilippines re%er$ o he #or'ora e governmen al en i ! hro&gh (hi#h he %&n# ion$ o% he governmen are e"er#i$ed hro&gho& he Phili''ine$+ in#l&ding+ $ave a$ he #on rar! a''ear$ %rom he #on e" + he vario&$ arm$ hro&gh (hi#h 'oli i#al a& hori ! i$ made e%%e# ive in he Phili''ine$+ (he her 'er aining o he a& onomo&$ region$+ he 'rovin#ial+ #i !+ m&ni#i'al or -aranga! $&-divi$ion$ or o her %orm$ o% lo#al governmen . (Se#* 5<0=+ In rod&# or! Provi$ion$+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 "#.. What is a government instrumentality? term government instrumentality? What are included in the

An$(er: A government instrumentality refers to an! agen#! o% he na ional governmen + no in egra ed (i hin he de'ar men %rame(or6+ ve$ ed (i h $'e#ial %&n# ion$ or .&ri$di# ion -! la(+ endo(ed (i h $ome i% no all #or'ora e 'o(er$+ admini$ ering $'e#ial %&nd$+ en.o!ing o'era ional a& onom!+ &$&all! hro&gh a #har er* The erm in#l&de$ reg&la or! agen#ie$+ #har ered in$ i & ion$ and governmen ,o(ned or #on rolled #or'ora ion$. (Se#* 5<0J=+ In rod&# or! Provi$ion$+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 "#). What is a regulatory agency?

An$(er: A regulatory agency refers to an! agen#! e"'re$$l! ve$ ed (i h .&ri$di# ion o reg&la e+ admini$ er or ad.&di#a e ma er$ a%%e# ing $&-$ an ial righ $ and in ere$ o% 'riva e 'er$on$+ he 'rin#i'al 'o(er$ o% (hi#h are e"er#i$ed -! a #olle# ive -od!+ $&#h a$ a #ommi$$ion+ -oard or #o&n#il. (Se#* 5<00=+ In rod&# or! Provi$ion$+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 "#%. What is a chartered institution?

An$(er: A c)artere$ institution refers to an! agen#! organi8ed or o'era ing &nder a $'e#ial #har er+ and ve$ ed -! la( (i h %&n# ion$ rela ing o $'e#i%i# #on$ i & ional 'oli#ie$ or o-.e# ive$. This ter# includes state universities and colleges and the monetary authority of the State. (Se# ion 5<05=+ In rod&# or! Provi$ion$+ EIecutive 3r$er No. +:+5 "#$. When is a government,owned or controlled corporation deemed to be performing proprietary function? When is it deemed to be performing governmental function? Held: +o"ern#ent;owned or ontro''ed or%orations #ay %erfor# !o"ern#enta' or %ro%rietary f$n tions or &oth, de%endin! on the %$r%ose for whi h they ha"e &een reated. I% he '&r'o$e i$ o o- ain $'e#ial #or'ora e -ene%i $ or earn 'e#&niar! 'ro%i + he %&n# ion i$ 'ro'rie ar!* I% i i$ in he in ere$ o% heal h+ $a%e ! and %or he advan#emen o% '&-li# good and (el%are+ a%%e# ing he '&-li# in general+ he %&n# ion i$ governmen al. Powers 'assified as E'ro'rie ar!F are those intended for private advantage and benefit. (6laHuera v. !lcala, 17. SCRA -00, ?1., Se%t. ,,, ,77/, En 3an @P$risi#aA5

130

"##. Does the petition for annulment of proclamation of a candidate merely involve the e-ercise by the &9?7@7& of its administrative power to review, revise and reverse the actions of the board of canvassers and, therefore, justifies non,observance of procedural due process, or does it involve the e-ercise of the &9?7@7&Ps 'uasi,judicial function? Held: Ta6ing #ogni8an#e o% 'riva e re$'onden D$ 'e i ion$ %or ann&lmen o% 'e i ionerD$ 'ro#lama ion+ CO:ELEC (a$ no merel! 'er%orming an admini$ ra ive %&n# ion. The ad#inistrati"e %owers of the CODELEC in '$de the power to determine the number and location of polling places, appoint election officials and inspectors, conduct registration of voters, deputi=e law enforcement agencies and governmental instrumentalities to ensure free, orderly, honest, peaceful and credible elections, register political parties, organi=ations or coalition, accredit citi=enPs arms of the &ommission, prosecute election offenses, and recommend to the (resident the removal of or imposition of any other disciplinary action upon any officer or employee it has de%$tiJed for "io'ation or disre!ard of its dire ti"e, order or de ision. In addition, the Co##ission a'so has direct control and supervision over all personnel involved in the conduct of election. <owe"er, he re$ol& ion o% he adver$e #laim$ o% 'riva e re$'onden and 'e i ioner a$ regard$ he e"i$ en#e o% a mani%e$ error in he )&e$ ioned #er i%i#a e o% #anva$$ re)&ire$ he CO:ELEC o a# a$ an ar-i er* I -ehoove$ he Commi$$ion o hear -o h 'ar ie$ o de ermine he vera#i ! o% heir allega ion$ and o de#ide (he her he alleged error i$ a mani%e$ error* Hen#e+ he re$ol& ion o% hi$ i$$&e #all$ %or he e"er#i$e -! he CO:ELEC o% i $ )&a$i,.&di#ial 'o(er . It has been said that where a power rests in judgment or discretion, so that it is of judicial nature or character, but does not involve the e-ercise of functions of a judge, or is conferred upon an officer other than a judicial officer, it is deemed 'uasi,judicial. The CO:ELEC here%ore+ a# ing a$ )&a$i,.&di#ial ri-&nal+ #anno ignore he re)&iremen $ o% 'ro#ed&ral d&e 'ro#e$$ in re$olving he 'e i ion$ %iled -! 'riva e re$'onden . (=e$erico S. San$oval v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--/?1, *an. 10, 1222 @P$noA5 222. a Discuss the Doctrine of (rimary Jurisdiction <or (rior 8esort>.

Held: Co&r $ #anno and (ill no re$olve a #on rover$! involving )&e$ ion (hi#h i$ (i hin he .&ri$di# ion o% an admini$ ra ive ri-&nal+ e$'e#iall! (here he )&e$ ion demand$ he e"er#i$e o% $o&nd admini$ ra ive di$#re ion re)&iring he $'e#ial 6no(ledge+ e"'erien#e and $ervi#e$ o% he admini$ ra ive ri-&nal o de ermine e#hni#al and in ri#a e ma er$ o% %a# . In re ent years, it has &een the B$ris%r$dentia' trend to a%%'y this do trine to ases in"o'"in! #atters that de#and the s%e ia' o#%eten e of ad#inistrati"e a!en ies e"en if the :$estion in"o'"ed is a'so B$di ia' in hara ter. I a''lie$ 2(here a #laim i$ originall! #ogni8a-le in he #o&r $+ and #ome$ in o 'la! (henever en%or#emen o% he #laim re)&ire$ he re$ol& ion o% i$$&e$ (hi#h+ &nder a reg&la or! $#heme+ have -een 'la#ed (i hin he $'e#ial #om'e en#e o% an admini$ ra ive -od!4 in $&#h #a$e+ he .&di#ial 'ro#e$$ i$ $&$'ended 'ending re%erral o% $&#h i$$&e$ o he admini$ ra ive -od! %or i $ vie(.F In #a$e$ (here he do# rine o% 'rimar! .&ri$di# ion i$ #learl! a''li#a-le+ he #o&r #anno arroga e &n o i $el% he a& hori ! o re$olve a #on rover$!+ he .&ri$di# ion over (hi#h i$ lodged (i h an admini$ ra ive -od! o% $'e#ial #om'e en#e. (2illaflor v. C!, 1/2 SCRA 1/85 22". Discuss the Doctrine of 7-haustion of 7numerate e-ceptions thereto. dministrative 8emedies.

131

Held: ,. Be%ore a 'ar ! i$ allo(ed o $ee6 he in erven ion o% he #o&r + i i$ a 're,#ondi ion ha he $ho&ld have availed o% all he mean$ o% admini$ ra ive 'ro#e$$e$ a%%orded him* Hen#e+ i% a remed! (i hin he admini$ ra ive ma#hiner! #an $ ill -e re$or ed o -! giving he admini$ ra ive o%%i#er #on#erned ever! o''or &ni ! o de#ide on a ma er ha #ome$ (i hin hi$ .&ri$di# ion hen $&#h remed! $ho&ld -e e"ha&$ ed %ir$ -e%ore he #o&r D$ .&di#ial 'o(er #an -e $o&gh * The 'rema &re invo#a ion o% #o&r D$ .&ri$di# ion i$ %a al o oneD$ #a&$e o% a# ion* A##ordingl!+ a-$en an! %inding o% (aiver or e$ o''el he #a$e i$ $&$#e' i-le o% di$mi$$al %or la#6 o% #a&$e o% a# ion. This do trine of e>ha$stion of ad#inistrati"e re#edies was not witho$t its %ra ti a' and 'e!a' reasons, for one thin!, a"ai'#ent of ad#inistrati"e re#edy entai's 'esser e>%enses and %ro"ides for a s%eedier dis%osition of ontro"ersies. It is no 'ess tr$e to state that the o$rts of B$sti e for reasons of o#ity and on"enien e wi'' shy away fro# a dis%$te $nti' the syste# of ad#inistrati"e redress has &een o#%'eted and o#%'ied with so as to !i"e the ad#inistrati"e a!en y on erned e"ery o%%ort$nity to orre t its error and to dis%ose of the ase. Thi$ do# rine i$ di$regardedI 1) when there is a viola ion o% d&e 'ro#e$$G 2) when the i$$&e involved i$ '&rel! a legal )&e$ ionG 3) when the admini$ ra ive a# ion i$ 'a en l! illegal amo&n ing o la#6 or e"#e$$ o% .&ri$di# ionG 4) when there is e$ o''el on he 'ar o% he admini$ ra ive agen#! #on#ernedG 5) when there is irre'ara-le in.&r!G 6) when the re$'onden i$ a de'ar men $e#re ar! (ho$e a# $ a$ an alter ego o% he Pre$iden -ear$ he im'lied and a$$&med a''roval o% he la erG 7) when to re:$ire e"ha&$ ion o% admini$ ra ive remedie$ (o&ld -e &nrea$ona-leG 8) when it wo$'d amo&n o a n&lli%i#a ion o% a #laimG 9) when the $&-.e# ma er i$ a 'riva e land in land #a$e 'ro#eedingG 10) when the r$'e does no 'rovide a 'lain+ $'eed! and ade)&a e remed!, and 11) when there are #ir#&m$ an#e$ indi#a ing he &rgen#! o% .&di#ial in erven ion. (Paat v. C!, 100 SCRA ,08 @,778A5 Non,e"ha&$ ion o% admini$ ra ive remedie$ i$ no .&ri$di# ional* I onl! render$ he a# ion 'rema &re+ i.e. #laimed #a&$e o% a# ion i$ no ri'e %or .&di#ial de ermina ion and %or ha rea$on a 'ar ! ha$ no #a&$e o% a# ion o ven ila e in #o&r . (Carale v. !#arintos, 107 SCRA ,-15 THE LAW O9 PUBLIC O99ICERS 222. Define ppointment. Discuss its nature.

Held: An E ((9I:;?7:;F to a %$&'i offi e is the &ne)&ivo#al a# o% de$igna ing or $ele# ing -! one having he a& hori ! here%or o% an individ&al o di$#harge and 'er%orm he d& ie$ and %&n# ion$ o% an o%%i#e or r&$ . The a%%oint#ent is deemed #om'le e on#e he la$ a# re)&ired o% he a''oin ing a& hori ! ha$ -een #om'lied (i h and i $ a##e' an#e herea% er -! he a''oin ee in order o render i e%%e# ive. A%%oint#ent ne essari'y a''s for an eIercise of $iscretion on the %art of the a%%ointin! a$thority. In Pamantasan ng 'ungso$ ng Maynila v. Interme$iate !ppellate Court (,?2 SCRA 115, reiterated in =lores v. Drilon (11- SCRA .0/5, this Co$rt has he'dI EThe 'o(er o a''oin i$+ in e$$en#e+ di$#re ionar!* The a''oin ing 'o(er ha$ he righ o% #hoi#e (hi#h he ma! e"er#i$e %reel! a##ording o hi$ .&dgmen + de#iding %or him$el% (ho i$ -e$ )&ali%ied among ho$e (ho have he ne#e$$ar! )&ali%i#a ion$

132

and eligi-ili ie$* > >.F < t p. .%#>

i$ a 'reroga ive o%

he a''oin ing 'o(er >

Indeed, it #ay ri!ht'y &e said that the ri!ht of hoi e is the heart of the %ower to a%%oint. In the e>er ise of the %ower of a%%oint#ent, dis retion is an inte!ra' thereof. ( 6ermu$ez v. &orres, -,, SCRA 8--, A$!. ?, ,777, -rd Di". @Vit$!A5 22*. ?ay the &ivil Service &ommission, or the Supreme &ourt, validly nullify an appointment on the ground that somebody else is better 'ualified? Held: The head o% an agen#! (ho i$ he a''oin ing 'o(er i$ he one mo$ 6no(ledgea-le o de#ide (ho #an -e$ 'er%orm he %&n# ion$ o% he o%%i#e* A''oin men i$ an e$$en iall! di$#re ionar! 'o(er and m&$ -e 'er%ormed -! he o%%i#er ve$ ed (i h $&#h 'o(er a##ording o hi$ -e$ ligh $+ he onl! #ondi ion -eing ha he a''oin ee $ho&ld 'o$$e$$ he )&ali%i#a ion$ re)&ired -! la(* I% he doe$+ hen he a''oin men #anno -e %a&l ed on he gro&nd ha here are o her$ -e er )&ali%ied (ho $ho&ld have -een 're%erred. Indeed, this is a %rero!ati"e of the a%%ointin! a$thority whi h he a'one an de ide. The hoi e of an a%%ointee fro# a#on! those who %ossess the re:$ired :$a'ifi ations is a %o'iti a' and ad#inistrati"e de ision a''in! for onsiderations of wisdo#, on"enien e, $ti'ity and the interests of the ser"i e whi h an &est &e #ade &y the head of the offi e on erned, the %erson #ost fa#i'iar with the or!aniJationa' str$ t$re and en"iron#enta' ir $#stan es within whi h the a%%ointee #$st f$n tion. A$ long a$ he a''oin ee i$ )&ali%ied he Civil Servi#e Commi$$ion ha$ no #hoi#e -& o a e$ o and re$'e# he a''oin men even i% i -e 'roved ha here are o her$ (i h $&'erior #reden ial$* The la( limi $ he Commi$$ionD$ a& hori ! onl! o (he her or no he a''oin ee$ 'o$$e$$ he legal )&ali%i#a ion$ and he a''ro'ria e #ivil $ervi#e eligi-ili !+ no hing el$e. If they do then the a%%oint#ents are a%%ro"ed &e a$se the Co##ission annot e> eed its %ower &y s$&stit$tin! its wi'' for that of the a%%ointin! a$thority. Neither an we. (Rimonte v. CSC, 1?? SCRA .2?;.2., Day 17, ,77., En 3an @3e''osi''o, *.A5 22+. Does the /ne-t,in,ranB1 rule import any mandatory or peremptory re'uirement that the person ne-t,in,ranB must be appointed to the vacancy? Held: The Ene" ,in,ran6 r&le i$ no a-$ol& e4 i onl! a''lie$ in #a$e$ o% 'romo ion+ a 'ro#e$$ (hi#h deno e$ a $#alar a$#en o% an o%%i#er o ano her 'o$i ion higher ei her in ran6 or $alar!* And even in 'romo ion$+ i #an -e di$regarded %or $o&nd rea$on$ made 6no(n o he ne" ,in,ran6+ a$ he #on#e' doe$ no im'or an! manda or! or 'erem' or! re)&iremen ha he 'er$on ne" ,in,ran6 m&$ -e a''oin ed o he va#an#!* The a''oin ing a& hori !+ &nder he Civil Servi#e La(+ i$ allo(ed o %ill va#an#ie$ -! 'romo ion+ ran$%er o% 're$en em'lo!ee$+ rein$ a emen + reem'lo!men + and a''oin men o% o& $ider$ (ho have a''ro'ria e #ivil $ervi#e eligi-ili !+ no ne#e$$aril! in ha order* There i$ no legal %ia ha a va#an#! m&$ -e %illed onl! -! 'romo ion4 he a''oin ing a& hori ! i$ given (ide di$#re ion o %ill a va#an#! %rom among he $everal al erna ive$ 'rovided -! la(. Wha he Civil Servi#e La( 'rovide$ i$ ha i% a va#an#! i$ %illed -! 'romo ion+ he 'er$on holding he 'o$i ion ne" in ran6 here o 2$hall -e #on$idered %or 'romo ion.F In &a$uran v. Civil Service Commission (,-, SCRA 00 @,7/?A5, the Co$rt onstr$ed that %hrase to #ean that he 'er$on ne" ,in,ran6 2(o&ld -e among he %ir$ o -e #on$idered %or he va#an#!+ i% )&ali%ied.F In Santiago 1r. v. Civil Service Commission (,8/ SCRA 8-- @,7/7A5, the Co$rt e'a&orated the i#%ort of the r$'e in the fo''owin! #annerI

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EOne (ho i$ ne" ,in,ran6 i$ en i led o 're%eren ial #on$idera ion %or 'romo ion o he higher va#an#! -& i doe$ no ne#e$$aril! %ollo( ha he and no one el$e #an -e a''oin ed* The r&le nei her gran $ a ve$ ed righ o he holder nor im'o$e$ a mini$ erial d& ! on he a''oin ing a& hori ! o 'romo e $&#h 'er$on o he ne" higher 'o$i ion > > >F (!#ila v. CSC, ,7/ SCRA ,21, *$ne -, ,77,, En 3an @4e'i ianoA5 22.. ;he (hilippine :ational 8ed &ross <(:8&> is a government,owned and controlled corporation with an original charter under 8. . :o. #., as amended. Its charter, however, was amended to vest in it the authority to secure loans, be e-empted from payment of all duties, ta-es, fees and other charges, etc. With the amendment of its charter, has it been /impliedly converted to a private corporation1? Held: The ;7S; to deter#ine whether a or%oration is !o"ern#ent owned or ontro''ed, or %ri"ate in nat$re is si#%'e. I$ i #rea ed -! i $ o(n #har er %or he e"er#i$e o% a '&-li# %&n# ion+ or -! in#or'ora ion &nder he general #or'ora ion la(R Tho$e (i h $'e#ial #har er$ are governmen #or'ora ion$ $&-.e# o i $ 'rovi$ion$+ and i $ em'lo!ee$ are &nder he .&ri$di# ion o% he Civil Servi#e Commi$$ion. ;he (:8& was not /impliedly converted to a private corporation1 simply because its charter was amended to vest in it the authority to secure loans, be e-empted from payment of all duties, ta-es, fees and other charges, etc. (Campore$on$o v. N'RC, +.R. No. ,172?7, A$!. 0, ,777, ,st Di". @PardoA5 22). What is a primarily confidential position? What is the test to determine whether a position is primarily confidential or not? Held: A (8I? 8I@G &9:0ID7:;I @ (9SI;I9: is one (hi#h deno e$ no onl! CON9IDENCE in he a' i &de o% he a''oin ee %or he d& ie$ o% he o%%i#e -& 'rimaril! CLOSE INTI:AC; (hi#h en$&re$ %reedom %rom in er#o&r$e (i ho& em-arra$$men or %reedom %rom mi$giving$ or -e ra!al$ o% 'er$onal r&$ or #on%iden ial ma er$ o% $ a e. (De los Santos v. Mallare, /8 Phi'. 1/7 @,7.2A5 =nder the (89!I?I;G 8C@7, he o##&'an o% a 'ar i#&lar 'o$i ion #o&ld -e #on$idered a #on%iden ial em'lo!ee i% he 'redominan rea$on (h! he (a$ #ho$en -! he a''oin ing a& hori ! (a$ he la erD$ -elie% ha he #an $hare a #lo$e in ima e rela ion$hi' (i h he o##&'an (hi#h en$&re$ %reedom o% di$#&$$ion (i ho& %ear or em-arra$$men or mi$giving$ o% 'o$$i-le -e ra!al o% 'er$onal r&$ or #on%iden ial ma er$ o% $ a e. Withal, where the position occupied is more remote from that of the appointing authority, the element of trust between them is no longer predominant. (CSC v. Salas, 18? SCRA ?,?, *$ne ,7, ,7785 22%. Does the &ivil Service @aw contemplate a review of decisions e-onerating officers or employees from administrative charges? Held: B! hi$ r&ling+ (e no( e"'re$$l! a-andon and overr&le e" an .&ri$'r&den#e ha 2 he 'hra$e Q'ar ! adver$el! a%%e# ed -! he de#i$ionD re%er$ o he governmen em'lo!ee again$ (hom he admini$ ra ive #a$e i$ %iled %or he '&r'o$e o% di$#i'linar! a# ion (hi#h ma! a6e he %orm o% $&$'en$ion+ demo ion in ran6 or $alar!+ ran$%er+ removal or di$mi$$al %rom o%%i#e3 and no in#l&ded are 2#a$e$ (here he 'enal ! im'o$ed i$ $&$'en$ion %or no more han hir ! /7J1 da!$ or %ine in an amo&n no e"#eeding hir ! da!$ $alar! F <(aredes v. &ivil Service &ommission, "#2 S&8 $+, $.> or E(hen re$'onden i$ e"onera ed o% he #harge$+ here i$ no o##a$ion %or a''eal.F <?ende= v. &ivil Service &ommission, 22+ S&8 #)., #)$> In other words, (e overr&le 'rior de#i$ion$ holding ha he Civil Servi#e La( 2doe$ no #on em'la e a revie( o% de#i$ion$ e"onera ing o%%i#er$ or em'lo!ee$ %rom admini$ ra ive #harge$F en$n iated in (aredes v. &ivil Service &ommission <"#2 S&8 $+>O ?ende= v. &ivil Service &ommission <22+ S&8

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#).>O ?agpale v. &ivil Service &ommission <2". S&8 *#$>O :avarro v. &ivil Service &ommission and 7-port (rocessing Done uthority <22) S&8 22%> and #ore re ent'y Del &astillo v. &ivil Service &ommission <2*% S&8 "$+>. (CSC v. Pe$ro 3. Dacoycoy, +.R. No. ,-./2., A%ri' 17, ,777, En 3an @PardoA5 22$. What is preventive suspension? Discuss its nature.

Held: Im'o$ed d&ring he 'enden#! o% an admini$ ra ive inve$ iga ion+ 'reven ive $&$'en$ion i$ no a 'enal ! in i $el%* I i$ merel! a mea$&re o% 're#a& ion $o ha he em'lo!ee (ho i$ #harged ma! -e $e'ara ed+ %or o-vio&$ rea$on$+ %rom he $#ene o% hi$ alleged mi$%ea$an#e (hile he $ame i$ -eing inve$ iga ed. Th$s %re"enti"e s$s%ension is distin t fro# the ad#inistrati"e %ena'ty of re#o"a' fro# offi e s$ h as the one #entioned in Se . /(d5 of P.D. No. /28. While he %ormer ma! -e im'o$ed on a re$'onden d&ring he inve$ iga ion o% he #harge$ again$ him+ he la er i$ he 'enal ! (hi#h ma! onl! -e me ed &'on him a he ermina ion o% he inve$ iga ion or he %inal di$'o$i ion o% he #a$e. (6e0a Sr. v. C!, 128 SCRA 0/7, Dar h -,, ,771 @Ro#eroA5 22#. Discuss the Binds of preventive suspension under the &ivil Service @aw. When may a civil service employee placed under preventive suspension be entitled to compensation? Held: There are ;W9 KI:DS 90 (87F7:;IF7 SCS(7:SI9: of i"i' ser"i e e#%'oyees who are har!ed with offenses %$nisha&'e &y re#o"a' or s$s%ensionI (,5 'reven ive $&$'en$ion pen$ing investigation (Se#* G0+ Civil Service 'a( E3 No. +:+5 and (15 'reven ive $&$'en$ion pen$ing appeal i% he 'enal ! im'o$ed -! he di$#i'lining a& hori ! i$ $&$'en$ion or di$mi$$al and+ a% er revie(+ he re$'onden i$ e"onera ed (Se# ion EF+ 'ar* E, Civil Service 'a( E3 No. +:+5. Preven ive $&$'en$ion pen$ing investigation i$ no a 'enal !* I i$ a mea$&re in ended o ena-le he di$#i'lining a& hori ! o inve$ iga e #harge$ again$ re$'onden -! 'reven ing he la er %rom in imida ing or in an! (a! in%l&en#ing (i ne$$e$ again$ him. If the investigation is not finished and a decision is not rendered within that period, the suspension will be lifted and the respondent will automatically be reinstated. If after investigation respondent is found innocent of the charges and is e-onerated, he should be reinstated. 6owever, no compensation was due for the period of preventive suspension pending investigation. The Ci"i' Ser"i e A t of ,7.7 (R.A. No. 11025 %ro"idin! for o#%ensation in s$ h a ase on e the res%ondent was e>onerated was re"ised in ,78. and the %ro"ision on the %ay#ent of sa'aries d$rin! s$s%ension was de'eted. B& al ho&gh i i$ held ha em'lo!ee$ (ho are 'reven ivel! $&$'ended pen$ing investigation are no en i led o he 'a!men o% heir $alarie$ even i% he! are e"onera ed+ he! are en i led o #om'en$a ion %or he 'eriod o% heir $&$'en$ion pen$ing appeal i% even &all! he! are %o&nd inno#en . Preven ive $&$'en$ion pen$ing investigation " " " i$ no a 'enal ! -& onl! a mean$ o% ena-ling he di$#i'lining a& hori ! o #ond&# an &nham'ered inve$ iga ion* On he o her hand+ 'reven ive $&$'en$ion pen$ing appeal i$ a# &all! '&ni ive al ho&gh i i$ in e%%e# $&-$e)&en l! #on$idered illegal i% re$'onden i$ e"onera ed and he admini$ ra ive de#i$ion %inding him g&il ! i$ rever$ed* Hen#e+ he $ho&ld -e rein$ a ed (i h %&ll 'a! %or he 'eriod o% he $&$'en$ion. (Gloria v. C!, +.R. No. ,-,2,1, A%ri' 1,, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2"2. What is the doctrine of forgiveness or condonation? apply to pending criminal cases? Does it

135

Held: ,. A '&-li# o%%i#ial #anno -e removed %or admini$ ra ive mi$#ond&# #ommi ed d&ring a PRI3R &ERM+ $in#e hi$ REF E'EC&I3N o o%%i#e o'era e$ a$ a C3ND3N!&I3N o% he o%%i#erD$ 'revio&$ mi$#ond&# o he e" en o% #& ing o%% he righ o remove him here%or* The %oregoing r&le+ ho(ever+ %ind$ N3 !PP'IC!&I3N &3 CRIMIN!' C!SES 'ending again$ 'e i ioner. (!guinal$o v. Santos, 1,1 SCRA 80/, 88- @,771A5 1. A reele# ed lo#al o%%i#ial ma! no -e held admini$ ra ivel! a##o&n a-le %or mi$#ond&# #ommi ed d&ring hi$ 'rior erm o% o%%i#e* The ra ionale %or hi$ holding i$ ha (hen he ele# ora e '& him -a#6 in o o%%i#e+ i i$ 're$&med ha i did $o (i h %&ll 6no(ledge o% hi$ li%e and #hara# er+ in#l&ding hi$ 'a$ mi$#ond&# * I%+ armed (i h $&#h 6no(ledge+ i $ ill reele# $ him+ hen $&#h reele# ion i$ #on$idered a #ondona ion o% hi$ 'a$ mi$deed$. (Mayor !lvin 6. Garcia v. Hon. !rturo C. Mo0ica et al., +.R. No. ,-72?-, Se%t. ,2, ,777 @P$is$#&in!A5 2"". What are the situations covered by the law on nepotism?

Held: =nder the definition of ne%otis#, one i$ g&il ! o% ne'o i$m i% an a''oin men i$ i$$&ed in %avor o% a rela ive (i hin he hird #ivil degree o% #on$ang&ini ! or a%%ini ! o% an! o% he %ollo(ingI a) b) c) d) a''oin ing a& hori !G re#ommending a& hori !G #hie% o% he -&rea& or o%%i#eG and 'er$on e"er#i$ing immedia e $&'ervi$ion over

he a''oin ee.

C'ear'y, there are fo$r sit$ations o"ered. In he la$ (o men ioned $i &a ion$+ i i$ imma erial (ho he a''oin ing or re#ommending a& hori ! i$* To #on$ i & e a viola ion o% he la(+ i $&%%i#e$ ha an a''oin men i$ e" ended or i$$&ed in %avor o% a rela ive (i hin he hird #ivil degree o% #on$ang&ini ! or a%%ini ! o% he #hie% o% he -&rea& or o%%i#e+ or he 'er$on e"er#i$ing immedia e $&'ervi$ion over he a''oin ee. (CSC v. Pe$ro 3. Dacoycoy, +.R. No. ,-./2., A%ri' 17, ,777, En 3an @PardoA5 2"2. Distinguish /term1 of office from /tenure1 of the incumbent.

Held: In the 'aw of %$&'i offi ers, there is a sett'ed distin tion &etween Eter#F and Eten$re.F E@TAhe ter# of an offi e #$st &e distin!$ished fro# the ten$re of the in $#&ent. The ;78? #eans he ime d&ring (hi#h he o%%i#er M!? C'!IM &3 H3'D 3==ICE !S 3= RIGH&+ and %i"e$ he in erval a% er (hi#h he $everal in#&m-en $ $hall $&##eed one ano her. The ;7:C87 re%resents the erm d&ring (hi#h he in#&m-en !C&/!''? hold$ he o%%i#e. The ter# of offi e is not affe ted &y the ho'd;o"er. The ten$re #ay &e shorter than the ter# for reasons within or &eyond the %ower of the in $#&ent.F (&)elma P. Gamin$e v. C3!, +.R. No. ,?2--., De . ,-, 1222, En 3an @PardoA5 2"*. Discuss the operation of the rotational plan insofar as the term of office of the &hairman and ?embers of the &onstitutional &ommissions is concerned. Held: In Repu#lic v. Imperial (70 Phi'. 882 @,7..A5, we said that Ethe o%eration of the rotationa' %'an re:$ires t(o con$itions #ot) in$ispensa#le to its wor9a&i'ityI (,5 ha he erm$ o% he %ir$ hree /71 Commi$$ioner$ $ho&ld start on a common $ate, and (15 that an! va#an#! d&e o dea h+ re$igna ion or di$a-ili ! -e%ore he e"'ira ion o% he erm $ho&ld onl! -e %illed onl! for t)e uneIpire$ #alance of t)e term.F o% Con$e)&en l!+ he erm$ o% he %ir$ he Con$ i & ional Commi$$ion$ &nder Chairmen and Commi$$ioner$ he 0CBF Con$ i & ion m&$

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start on a common $ate irrespective of t)e variations in t)e $ates of appointments an$ Hualifications of t)e appointees in order ha he e"'ira ion o% he %ir$ erm$ o% $even+ %ive and hree !ear$ $ho&ld lead o he regular recurrence of t)e t(oFyear interval -e (een he e"'ira ion o% he erm$. A''l!ing he %oregoing #ondi ion$ " " "+ (e r&le ha he a''ro'ria e starting point of t)e terms of office of t)e first appointees to t)e Constitutional Commissions un$er t)e 7:., Constitution must #e on =e#ruary + 7:., t)e $ate of t)e a$option o% he 0CBF Con$ i & ion* In #a$e o% a -ela ed a''oin men or )&ali%i#a ion+ he in erval -e (een he $ ar o% he erm and he a# &al )&ali%i#a ion o% he a''oin ee m&$ -e counte$ against t)e latter. (&)elma P. Gamin$e v. C3!, +.R. No. ,?2--., De . ,-, 1222, En 3an @PardoA5 2"+. What is the hold,over doctrine? What is its purpose?

Held: ,. The on e%t of ho'do"er when a%%'ied to a %$&'i offi er im'lie$ ha he o%%i#e ha$ a %i"ed erm and he in#&m-en i$ holding on o he $&##eeding erm* I i$ &$&all! 'rovided -! la( ha o%%i#er$ ele# ed or a''oin ed %or a %i"ed erm $hall remain in o%%i#e no onl! %or ha erm -& &n il heir $&##e$$or$ have -een ele# ed and )&ali%ied* Where hi$ 'rovi$ion i$ %o&nd+ he o%%i#e doe$ no -e#ome va#an &'on he e"'ira ion o% he erm i% here i$ no $&##e$$or ele# ed and )&ali%ied o a$$&me i + -& he 're$en in#&m-en (ill #arr! over &n il hi$ $&##e$$or i$ ele# ed and )&ali%ied+ even ho&gh i -e -e!ond he erm %i"ed -! la(. A&sent an e>%ress or i#%'ied onstit$tiona' or stat$tory %ro"ision to the ontrary, an offi er is entit'ed to stay in offi e $nti' his s$ essor is a%%ointed or hosen and has :$a'ified. The 'e!is'ati"e intent of not a''owin! ho'do"er #$st &e 'ear'y e>%ressed or at 'east i#%'ied in the 'e!is'ati"e ena t#ent, otherwise it is reasona&'e to ass$#e that the 'aw;#a9in! &ody fa"ors the sa#e. Indeed, he la( a-hor$ a va#&&m in '&-li# o%%i#e$+ and #o&r $ generall! ind&lge in he $ rong 're$&m' ion again$ a legi$la ive in en o #rea e+ -! $ a & e+ a #ondi ion (hi#h ma! re$&l in an e"e#& ive or admini$ ra ive o%%i#e -e#oming+ %or an! 'eriod o% ime+ (holl! va#an or &no##&'ied -! one la(%&ll! a& hori8ed o e"er#i$e i $ %&n# ion$* Thi$ i$ %o&nded on o-vio&$ #on$idera ion$ o% '&-li# 'oli#!+ %or he 'rin#i'le o% holdover i$ $'e#i%i#all! in ended o 'reven '&-li# #onvenien#e %rom $&%%ering -e#a&$e o% a va#an#! and o avoid a hia &$ in he 'er%orman#e o% governmen %&n# ion$. ('ecaroz v. San$igan#ayan, -2. SCRA -78, Dar h 1., ,777, 1nd Di". @3e''osi''oA5 1. The r$'e is sett'ed that &nle$$ 2holding over -e e"'re$$l! or im'liedl! 'rohi-i ed+ he in#&m-en ma! #on in&e o hold over &n il $omeone el$e i$ ele# ed and )&ali%ied o a$$&me he o%%i#e*3 Thi$ r&le i$ demanded -! he 2mo$ o-vio&$ re)&iremen $ o% '&-li# 'oli#!+ %or (i ho& i here m&$ %re)&en l! -e #a$e$ (here+ %rom a %ail&re o ele# or a re%&$al or negle# o )&ali%!+ he o%%i#e (o&ld -e va#an and he '&-li# $ervi#e en irel! $&$'ended.F Otherwise stated, the %$r%ose is to %re"ent a hiat$s in the !o"ern#ent %endin! the ti#e when the s$ essor #ay &e hosen and ind$ ted into offi e. (Galarosa v. 2alencia, 118 SCRA 81/, No". ,,, ,77-, En 3an @Da"ide, *r.A5 2".. What is resignation? 87SI5: ;I9:? What are the re'uisites of a valid

Held: ,. It is he a# o% giving &' or he a# o% an o%%i#er -! (hi#h he de#line$ hi$ o%%i#e and reno&n#e$ he %&r her righ o &$e i * I i$ an e"'re$$ion o% he in#&m-en in $ome %orm+ e"'re$$ or im'lied+ o% he in en ion o $&rrender+ reno&n#e+ and relin)&i$h he o%%i#e and he a##e' an#e -! #om'e en and la(%&l a& hori !. To

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onstit$te a o#%'ete and o%erati"e resi!nation fro# %$&'i offi e, there #$st &eI (a5 an in en ion o relin)&i$h a 'ar o% he ermG (&5 an a# o% relin)&i$hmen G and ( 5 an a##e' an#e -! he 'ro'er a& hori !. The la$ one i$ re)&ired -! rea$on o% Ar i#le 57B o% he Revise$ Penal Co$e. (Sangguniang 6ayan of San !n$res Catan$uanes v. C!, 1/? SCRA 180, *an. ,0, ,77/5 1. Resi!nation > > > is a fa t$a' :$estion and its elements are &eyond :$i&&'eI t)ere must #e an intent to resign an$ t)e intent must #e couple$ #y acts of relinHuis)ment (Gonzales v. Hernan$ez, 1 SCRA 11/ @,70,A5. The "a'idity of a resi!nation is not !o"erned &y any for#a' re:$ire#ent as to for#. I #an -e oral* I #an -e (ri en* I #an -e e"'re$$* I #an -e im'lied* A$ long a$ he re$igna ion i$ #lear+ i m&$ -e given legal e%%e# . (Estra$a v. Desierto, +.R. Nos. ,?08,2;,., Dar h 1, 122,, en 3an @P$noA5 2"). What is abandonment of an office? is it distinguished from resignation? What are its re'uisites? 6ow

Held: !#an$onment of an office has &een defined as he vol&n ar! relin)&i$hmen o% an o%%i#e -! he holder+ (i h he in en ion o% ermina ing hi$ 'o$$e$$ion and #on rol hereo%. Indeed, a&andon#ent of offi e is a $'e#ie$ o% re$igna ionG (hile re$igna ion in general i$ a %ormal relin)&i$hmen + a-andonmen i$ a vol&n ar! relin)&i$hmen hro&gh non&$er. A-andonmen $'ring$ %rom and i$ a##om'anied -! DELIBERATION and 9REEDO: o% CHOICE* I $ #on#omi an e%%e# i$ ha he %ormer holder o% an o%%i#e #an no longer legall! re'o$$e$$ i even -! %or#i-le reo##&'an#!. C'ear intention to a&andon sho$'d &e #anifested &y the offi er on erned. S$ h intention #ay &e e>%ress or inferred fro# his own ond$ t. Th&$+ he %ail&re o 'er%orm he d& ie$ 'er aining o he o%%i#e m&$ -e (i h he o%%i#erD$ a# &al or im'& ed in en ion o a-andon and relin)&i$h he o%%i#e* A-andonmen o% an o%%i#e i$ no (holl! a ma er o% in en ion4 i re$&l $ %rom a #om'le e a-andonmen o% d& ie$ o% $&#h #on in&an#e ha he la( (ill in%er a relin)&i$hmen * There%ore+ here are (o e$$en ial elemen $ o% a-andonmen 4 first an in en ion o a-andon and+ secon$ an over or 2e" ernal3 a# -! (hi#h he in en ion i$ #arried in o e%%e# . (Sangguniang 6ayan of San !n$res Catan$uanes v. C!, 1/? SCRA 180, *an. ,0, ,77/5 2"%. When may unconsented transfers be considered anathema to security of tenure? Held: As he'd in Sta. Maria v. 'opez (-, SCRA 0-8, 0.- itin! I#anez v. Commission on Elections, L;10../, A%ri' 18, ,708, ,7 SCRA ,221, ,2,1 and Se tion ,1 of the &aI Co$e5. E> > > he r&le ha o& la($ &n#on$en ed ran$%er$ a$ ana hema o $e#&ri ! o% en&re a''lie$ onl! o an o%%i#er (ho i$ APPOINTED N no merel! a$$igned N o a 'ar i#&lar $ a ion* S&#h a r&le doe$ no 'r<o=$#ri-e a ran$%er #arried o& &nder a $'e#i%i# $ a & e ha em'o(er$ he head o% an agen#! o 'eriodi#all! rea$$ign he em'lo!ee$ and o%%i#er$ in order o im'rove he $ervi#e o% he agen#!. 6 > >F The g&aran ee o% $e#&ri ! o% en&re &nder he Con$ i & ion i$ no a g&aran ee o% 'er'e &al em'lo!men * I onl! mean$ ha an em'lo!ee #anno -e di$mi$$ed /or ran$%erred1 %rom he $ervi#e %or #a&$e$ o her han ho$e 'rovided -! la( and a% er d&e 'ro#e$$ i$ a##orded he em'lo!ee* Wha i $ee6$ o 'reven i$ #a'ri#io&$ e"er#i$e o% he 'o(er o di$mi$$* B& (here i i$ he la(,ma6ing a& hori ! i $el% (hi#h %&rni$he$ he gro&nd %or he ran$%er o% a #la$$ o% em'lo!ee$+ no $&#h

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#a'ri#io&$ne$$ #an -e rai$ed %or $o long a$ he remed! 'ro'o$ed o #&re a 'er#eived evil i$ germane o he '&r'o$e$ o% he la(. (!gripino !. De Guzman 1r. et al. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,17,,/, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 2"$. Discuss bolition of 9ffice?

Held: The #rea ion and a-oli ion o% '&-li# o%%i#e$ i$ 'rimaril! a legi$la ive %&n# ion. I i$ a#6no(ledged ha Congre$$ ma! a-oli$h an! o%%i#e i #rea e$ (i ho& im'airing he o%%i#erD$ righ o #on in&e in he 'o$i ion held and ha $&#h 'o(er ma! -e e"er#i$ed %or vario&$ rea$on$+ $&#h a$ he la#6 o% %&nd$ or in he in ere$ o% e#onom!. Ho(ever+ in order %or he a-oli ion o -e valid+ i m&$ -e made in good %ai h+ no %or 'oli i#al or 'er$onal rea$on$+ or in order o #ir#&mven he #on$ i & ional $e#&ri ! o% en&re o% #ivil $ervi#e em'lo!ee$. An a&o'ition of offi e onnotes an intention to do away with s$ h offi e who''y and %er#anent'y, as the word Ea&o'ishedF denotes. Where one o%%i#e i$ a-oli$hed and re'la#ed (i h ano her o%%i#e ve$ ed (i h $imilar %&n# ion$+ he a-oli ion i$ a legal n&lli !. Th$s, in /.P. 6oar$ of Regents v. Rasul (122 SCRA 0/. @,77,A5 we saidI It is tr$e that a "a'id and bona fide a&o'ition of an offi e denies to the in $#&ent the ri!ht to se $rity of ten$re <De la @lana v. lba, ""2 S&8 2#+ 3"#$24>. Ho(ever+ in hi$ #a$e+ he renaming and re$ r&# &ring o% he P>H and i $ #om'onen &ni $ #anno give ri$e o a valid and #ona fi$e a-oli ion o% he 'o$i ion o% P>H Dire# or* Thi$ i$ -e#a&$e (here he a-oli$hed o%%i#e and he o%%i#e$ #rea ed in i $ 'la#e have $imilar %&n# ion$+ he a-oli ion la#6$ good %ai h (1ose '. Guerrero v. Hon. !ntonio 2. !riza#al, +.R. No. /,71/, *$ne ?, ,772, ,/0 SCRA ,2/ @,772A5. We here&y a%%'y the %rin i%'e en$n iated in Cezar @. Dario v. Hon. Salva$or M. Mison (,80 SCRA /? @,7/7A5 that a-oli ion (hi#h merel! #hange$ he nomen#la &re o% 'o$i ion$ i$ invalid and doe$ no re$&l in he removal o% he in#&m-en . The a-ove no (i h$ anding+ and a$$&ming ha he a-oli ion o% he 'o$i ion o% he P>H Dire# or and he #rea ion o% a UP,P>H :edi#al Cen er Dire# or are valid+ he removal o% he in#&m-en i$ $ ill no .&$ i%ied %or he rea$on ha he d& ie$ and %&n# ion$ o% he (o 'o$i ion$ are -a$i#all! he $ame. This was a'so o$r r$'in! in 5uerrero v. ri=abal <"$) S&8 "2$ 3"##24>, wherein we de 'ared that the $&-$ an ial iden i ! in he %&n# ion$ -e (een he (o o%%i#e$ (a$ in$icia o% -ad %ai h in he removal o% 'e i ioner '&r$&an o a reorgani8a ion . (!leIis C. Canoniza$o et al. v. Hon. !leIan$er P. !guirre et al., +.R. No. ,--,-1, *an. 1., 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 2"#. What is reorgani=ation? When is it valid? When is it invalid?

Held: ,. 87985 :ID ;I9: ta9es %'a e when there is an al era ion o% he e"i$ ing $ r&# &re o% governmen o%%i#e$ or &ni $ herein+ in#l&ding he line$ o% #on rol+ a& hori ! and re$'on$i-ili ! -e (een hem. I involve$ a red&# ion o% 'er$onnel+ #on$olida ion o% o%%i#e$+ or a-oli ion hereo% -! rea$on o% e#onom! or red&ndan#! o% %&n# ion$. Nat$ra''y, it #ay res$'t in the 'oss of oneLs %osition thro$!h re#o"a' or a&o'ition of an offi e. <owe"er, %or a reorgani8a ion o -e valid+ i m&$ al$o 'a$$ he e$ o% good %ai h, 'aid down in Dario v. Mison (,80 SCRA /? @,7/7A5I > > > A$ a general r&le+ a reorgani8a ion i$ #arried o& in 2good %ai h3 i% i i$ %or he '&r'o$e o% e#onom! or o ma6e -&rea&#ra#! more e%%i#ien * In ha even + no di$mi$$al /in #a$e o% di$mi$$al1 or $e'ara ion a# &all! o##&r$ -e#a&$e he 'o$i ion i $el% #ea$e$ o e"i$ * And in ha #a$e+ $e#&ri ! o% en&re

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(o&ld no -e a Chine$e (all. 3e that as it #ay, if the Ea&o'itionF whi h is nothin! e'se &$t a se%aration or re#o"a', is done for %o'iti a' reasons or %$r%ose'y to defeat se $rity of ten$re, or otherwise not in !ood faith, no "a'id Ea&o'itionF ta9es %'a e and whate"er Ea&o'itionF is done, is "oid ab initio. There i$ an invalid 2a-oli ion3 a$ (here here i$ merel! a #hange o% nomen#la &re o% 'o$i ion$+ or (here #laim$ o% e#onom! are -elied -! he e"i$ en#e o% am'le %&nd$. (!leIis C. Canoniza$o et al. v. Hon. !leIan$er P. !guirre et al. , +.R. No. ,--,-1, *an. 1., 1222, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 While he Pre$iden D$ 'o(er o reorgani8e #an no -e denied+ hi$ doe$ no mean ho(ever ha he reorgani8a ion i $el% i$ 'ro'erl! made in a##ordan#e (i h la(* Well,$e led i$ he r&le ha reorgani8a ion i$ regarded a$ valid 'rovided i i$ '&r$&ed in good %ai h. Th$s, in Dario v. Mison, this Co$rt has had the o asion to 'arify thatI EAs a !enera' r$'e, a reor!aniJation is arried o$t in O!ood faithL if it is for the %$r%ose of e ono#y or to #a9e the &$rea$ ra y #ore effi ient. In that e"ent no dis#issa' or se%aration a t$a''y o $rs &e a$se the %osition itse'f eases to e>ist. And in that ase the se $rity of ten$re wo$'d not &e a Chinese wa''. 3e that as it #ay, if the a&o'ition whi h is nothin! e'se &$t a se%aration or re#o"a', is done for %o'iti a' reasons or %$r%ose'y to defeat se $rity of ten$re, or otherwise not in !ood faith, no "a'id a&o'ition ta9es %'a e and whate"er a&o'ition done is "oid ab initio. There is an in"a'id a&o'ition as where there is #ere'y a han!e of no#en 'at$re of %ositions or where 'ai#s of e ono#y are &e'ied &y the e>isten e of a#%'e f$nds.F <"%) S&8 $+> ('arin v. EIecutive Secretary, 1/2 SCRA 8,-, O t. ,0, ,7785 222. What are the circumstances evidencing bad faith in the removal of employees as a result of reorgani=ation and which may give rise to a claim for reinstatement or reappointment>? Held: 1) Where there is a $igni%i#an in#rea$e in he n&m-er o% 'o$i ion$ in he ne( $ a%%ing 'a ern o% he de'ar men or agen#! #on#ernedG 2) Where an o%%i#e i$ a-oli$hed and ano her 'er%orming $&-$ an iall! he $ame %&n# ion$ i$ #rea edG 3) Where in#&m-en $ are re'la#ed -! ho$e le$$ )&ali%ied in erm$ o% $ a &$ o% a''oin men + 'er%orman#e and meri G 4) Where there is a re#la$$i%i#a ion o% o%%i#e$ in he de'ar men or agen#! #on#erned and he re#la$$i%ied o%%i#e$ 'er%orm $&-$ an iall! he $ame %&n# ion$ a$ he original o%%i#e$G 5) Where the removal viola e$ he order o% $e'ara ion 'rovided in Se# ion 7 hereo%. (Se#* 5, R.!. No. ;;5;J 'arin v. EIecutive Secretary, 1/2 SCRA 8,-, O t. ,0, ,7785 ELECTION LAWS 22". Discuss the reason behind the principle of ballot secrecy. ?ay the conduct of e-it polls transgress the sanctity and the secrecy of the ballot to justify its prohibition? Held: The reason &ehind the %rin i%'e of &a''ot se re y is o avoid vo e -&!ing hro&gh vo er iden i%i#a ion. Th$s, "oters are %rohi&ited fro# e>hi&itin! the ontents of their offi ia' &a''ots to other %ersons, fro# #a9in! o%ies thereof, or fro# %$ttin! distin!$ishin! #ar9s thereon so as to &e identified. A'so %ros ri&ed is findin! o$t the ontents of the &a''ots ast &y %arti $'ar "oters or dis 'osin! those of disa&'ed or i''iterate "oters who ha"e &een

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assisted. C'ear'y, (ha i$ heir re$'e# ive vo e$+ %or -een #a$ in a##ordan#e (i res$'t annot, howe"er, &e and onfidentia' dis 'os$re

%or-idden i$ he a$$o#ia ion o% vo er$ (i h he '&r'o$e o% a$$&ring ha he vo e$ have h he in$ r&# ion$ o% a hird 'ar !. This a hie"ed #ere'y thro$!h the "otersL "er&a' to a %o''ster of who# they ha"e "oted for.

In e"i 'oll$+ he #on en $ o% he o%%i#ial -allo are no a# &all! e"'o$ed* 9&r hermore+ he revela ion o% (hom an ele# or ha$ vo ed %or i$ no #om'&l$or!+ -& vol&n ar!* Ho er$ ma! al$o #hoo$e no o reveal heir iden i ie$. Indeed, narrow'y tai'ored o$nter#eas$res #ay &e %res ri&ed &y the Co#e'e , so as to #ini#iJe or s$%%ress in identa' %ro&'e#s in the ond$ t of e>it %o''s, witho$t trans!ressin! the f$nda#enta' ri!hts of o$r %eo%'e. ( !6SFC6N 6roa$casting Corporation v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--?/0, *an. 1/, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 222. Discuss 7lection @aw. the meaning and purpose of residency re'uirement in

Held: ,. The #eanin! and %$r%ose of the residen y re:$ire#ent were e>%'ained re ent'y in o$r de ision in !Huino v. Comelec (1?/ SCRA ?22, ?12;?1, @,77.A5, as fo''owsI 6 > > <T=he 'la#e 2(here a 'ar ! a# &all! or #on$ r&# ivel! ha$ hi$ 'ermanen home+3 (here he+ no ma er (here he ma! -e %o&nd a an! given ime+ even &all! in end$ o re &rn and remain+ i.e. hi$ domi#ile+ i$ ha o (hi#h he Con$ i & ion re%er$ (hen i $'ea6$ o% re$iden#e %or he '&r'o$e$ o% ele# ion la( . The #anifest purpose of this de"iation fro# the $s$a' on e%tions of residen y in 'aw as e>%'ained in 5allego v. Fera is E o e"#l&de $ ranger$ or ne(#omer$ &n%amiliar (i h he #ondi ion$ and need$ o% he #omm&ni !3 %rom a6ing advan age o% %avora-le #ir#&m$ an#e$ e"i$ ing in ha #omm&ni ! %or ele# oral gain. Whi'e there is nothin! wron! with the %ra ti e of esta&'ishin! residen e in a !i"en area for #eetin! e'e tion 'aw re:$ire#ents, this nonethe'ess defeats the essen e of re%resentation, whi h is to %'a e thro$!h the assent of "oters those #ost o!niJant and sensiti"e to the needs of a %arti $'ar distri t, if a andidate fa''s short of the %eriod of residen y #andated &y 'aw for hi# to :$a'ify. Tha '&r'o$e #o&ld -e o-vio&$l! -e$ me -! individ&al$ (ho have ei her had a# &al re$iden#e in he area %or a given 'eriod or (ho have -een domi#iled in he $ame area ei her -! origin or -! #hoi#e. (Marcita Mam#a Perez v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--7??, O t. 1/, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 1. The Con$ i & ion and he la( re)&ire$ re$iden#e a$ a )&ali%i#a ion %or $ee6ing and holding ele# ive '&-li# o%%i#e+ in order o give #andida e$ he o''or &ni ! o -e %amiliar (i h he need$+ di%%i#&l ie$+ a$'ira ion$+ 'o en ial$ %or gro( h and all ma er$ vi al o he (el%are o% heir #on$ i &en#ie$4 li6e(i$e+ i ena-le$ he ele# ora e o eval&a e he o%%i#e $ee6er$D )&ali%i#a ion$ and %i ne$$ %or he .o- he! a$'ire %or. Inas#$ h as Vi ente Y. E#ano has %ro"en that he, to!ether with his fa#i'y, (,5 had a t$a''y resided in a ho$se he &o$!ht in ,78- in Ca!ayan de Oro CityG (15 had a t$a''y he'd offi e there d$rin! his three ter#s as %ro"in ia' !o"ernor of Disa#is Orienta', the %ro"in ia' a%ito' &ein! 'o ated thereinG and (-5 has re!istered as "oter in the ity d$rin! the %eriod re:$ired &y 'aw, he o$'d not &e dee#ed Ea stran!er or new o#erF when he ran for and was o"erwhe'#in!'y "oted as ity #ayor. E'e tion 'aws #$st &e 'i&era''y onstr$ed to !i"e effe t to the %o%$'ar #andate. ( &orayno Sr. v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .8?, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 -. +enera''y, in re:$irin! andidates to ha"e a #ini#$# %eriod of residen e in the area in whi h they see9 to &e e'e ted, he Con$ i & ion or he la( in end$ o 'reven he 'o$$i-ili ! o% a 2$ ranger or ne(#omer &na#)&ain ed (i h he #ondi ion$ and need$ o% a #omm&ni ! and no iden i%ied (i h he la er %rom <$ee6ing= an ele# ive

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o%%i#e o $erve ha #omm&ni !*3 S&#h 'rovi$ion i$ aimed a e"#l&ding o& $ider$ 2%rom a6ing advan age o% %avora-le #ir#&m$ an#e$ e"i$ ing in ha #omm&ni ! %or ele# oral gain*3 E$ a-li$hing re$iden#e in a #omm&ni ! merel! o mee an ele# ion la( re)&iremen de%ea $ he '&r'o$e o% re're$en a ion: o ele# hro&gh he a$$en o% vo er$ ho$e mo$ #ogni8an and $en$i ive o he need$ o% he #omm&ni !* Thi$ '&r'o$e i$ 2-e$ me -! individ&al$ (ho have ei her had a# &al re$iden#e in he area %or a given 'eriod or (ho have -een domi#iled in he $ame area ei her -! origin or -! #hoi#e.F (&orayno Sr. v. C3ME'EC, --8 SCRA .8?, A$!. 7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 22*. Does the fact that a person is registered as a voter in one district prove that he is not domiciled in another district? Held: The %a# ha a 'er$on i$ regi$ ered a$ a vo er in one di$ ri# i$ no 'roo% ha he i$ no domi#iled in ano her di$ ri# . Th$s, in =aypon v. Nuirino (70 Phi'. 17? @,7.?A5, this Co$rt he'd that he regi$ ra ion o% a vo er in a 'la#e o her han hi$ re$iden#e o% origin i$ no $&%%i#ien o #on$ider him o have a-andoned or lo$ hi$ re$iden#e. (Marcita Mam#a Perez v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--7??, O t. 1/, ,777, En 3an @DendoJaA5 22+. What is the @one &andidate @aw? What are its salient provisions?

An$(er: The Lone Candidate Law is Repu#lic !ct No. .+:5, enacted on June ), "##%. Se# ion 5 thereof %ro"ides that EU'on he e"'ira ion o% he deadline %or he %iling o% he #er i%i#a e o% #andida#! in a $'e#ial ele# ion #alled o %ill a va#an#! in an ele# ive 'o$i ion o her han %or Pre$iden and Hi#e,Pre$iden + (hen here i$ onl! one /01 )&ali%ied #andida e %or $&#h 'o$i ion+ he lone #andida e $hall -e 'ro#laimed ele# ed o he 'o$i ion -! 'ro'er 'ro#laiming -od! o% he Commi$$ion on Ele# ion$ (i ho& holding he $'e#ial ele# ion &'on #er i%i#a ion -! he Commi$$ion on Ele# ion$ ha he i$ he onl! #andida e %or he o%%i#e and i$ here-! deemed ele# ed.F Se# ion 7 thereof %ro"ides that $hall a$$&me o%%i#e no earlier han a-$en#e o% an! la(%&l gro&nd o #er i%i#a e o% #andida#! in order 'rovided %or &nder Se# ion$ IC and FB 6no(n a$ he Omni-&$ Ele# ion Code.F E he lone #andida e $o 'ro#laimed he $#hed&led ele# ion da!+ in he den! d&e #o&r$e or #an#el he o 'reven $&#h 'ro#lama ion+ a$ o% Ba a$ Pam-an$a Bilang BB0 al$o

22.. Who are dis'ualified to run in a special election under the @one &andidate @aw? An$(er: Se# ion E of the Lone Candidate Law %ro"ides that EIn addi ion o he di$)&ali%i#a ion$ men ioned in Se# ion$ 05 and IB o% he Omni-&$ Ele# ion Code and Se# ion EJ o% Re'&-li# A# No* F0IJ+ o her(i$e 6no(n a$ he Lo#al >overnmen Code+ (henever he eviden#e o% g&il i$ $ rong, the fo''owin! %ersons are dis:$a'ified to r$n in a s%e ia' e'e tion a''ed to fi'' the "a an y in an e'e ti"e offi e, to witI a) Any e'e ti"e offi ia' who has re$igned %rom hi$ o%%i#e -! a##e' ing an a''oin ive o%%i#e or %or (ha ever rea$on (hi#h he 'revio&$l! o##&'ied -& ha$ #a&$ed o -e#ome va#an d&e o hi$ re$igna ionG and Any %erson who, dire# l! or indire# l!+ #oer#e$+ -ri-e$+ hrea en$+ hara$$e$+ in imida e$ or a# &all! #a&$e$+ in%li# $ or 'rod&#e$ an! violen#e+ in.&r!+ '&ni$hmen + or &re+ damage+ lo$$ or di$advan age o an! 'er$on or 'er$on$ a$'iring o -e#ome a #andida e or ha o% he immedia e mem-er o% hi$ %amil!+ hi$ honor or 'ro'er ! ha i$ mean o elimina e all o her 'o en ial #andida e.F

b)

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22). What is the purpose of the law in re'uiring the filing certificate of candidacy and in fi-ing the time limit therefor?

of

Held: The e"ident %$r%ose of the 'aw in re:$irin! the fi'in! of ertifi ate of andida y and in fi>in! the ti#e 'i#it therefor areI (a5 o ena-le he vo er$ o 6no(+ a lea$ $i" ! da!$ -e%ore he reg&lar ele# ion+ he #andida e$ among (hom he! are o ma6e he #hoi#e , and (&5 o avoid #on%&$ion and in#onvenien#e in he a-&la ion o% he vo e$ #a$ . 4or if the 'aw did not onfine the hoi e or e'e tion &y the "oters to the d$'y re!istered andidates, there #i!ht &e as #any %ersons "oted for as there are "oters, and "otes #i!ht &e ast e"en for $n9nown or fi titio$s %ersons as a #ar9 to identify the "otes in fa"or of a andidate for another offi e in the sa#e e'e tion. (Miran$a v. !#aya, +.R. No. ,-0-.,, *$'y 1/, ,7775 22%. ?ay a dis'ualified candidate and whose certificate of candidacy was denied due course andIor canceled by the &omelec be validly substituted? Held: E"en on the #ost &asi and f$nda#enta' %rin i%'es, it is readi'y $nderstood that he #on#e' o% a $&-$ i & e 're$&''o$e$ he e"i$ en#e o% he 'er$on o -e $&-$ i & ed+ %or ho( #an a 'er$on a6e he 'la#e o% $ome-od! (ho doe$ no e"i$ or (ho never (a$ . The Co$rt has no other hoi e &$t to r$'e that in all in$ an#e$ en&mera ed in Se# ion FF o% he Omni-&$ Ele# ion Code+ he e"i$ en#e o% a valid #er i%i#a e o% #andida#! $ea$ona-l! %iled i$ a re)&i$i e sine Hua non. All old+ a di$)&ali%ied #andida e ma! onl! -e $&-$ i & ed i% he had a valid #er i%i#a e o% #andida#! in he %ir$ 'la#e -e#a&$e+ i% he di$)&ali%ied #andida e did no have a valid and $ea$ona-l! %iled #er i%i#a e o% #andida#!+ he i$ and (a$ no a #andida e a all* I% a 'er$on (a$ no a #andida e+ he #anno -e $&-$ i & ed &nder Se# ion FF o% he Code. (Miran$a v. !#aya, +.R. No. ,-0-.,, *$'y 1/, ,777, en 3an @De'oA5 22$. Should the votes cast for the substituted candidate be considered votes for the substitute candidate? An$(er: Repu#lic !ct No. :--; otherwise 9nown as the =air Election !ct, %ro"ides in Se# ion 05 thereofI EIn #a$e o% valid $&-$ i & ion$ a% er he o%%i#ial -allo $ have -een 'rin ed+ he vo e$ #a$ %or he $&-$ i & ed #andida e$ $hall -e #on$idered a$ $ ra! vo e$ -& $hall no invalida e he (hole -allo * 9or hi$ '&r'o$e+ he o%%i#ial -allo $ $hall 'rovide $'a#e$ (here he vo er$ ma! (ri e he name o% he $&-$ i & e #andida e$ i% he! are vo ing %or he la er: Provided+ ho(ever+ ha i% he $&-$ i & e #andida e i$ o% he $ame %amil! name+ hi$ 'rovi$ion $hall no a''l!.F 22#. What is the effect of the filing of certificate of candidacy by elective officials? An$(er: C3ME'EC Resolution No. *;*;, %ro#$'!ated Dar h ,, 122,, i#%'e#entin! the =air Election !ct (R.A. No. 72205 %ro"ides in Se# ion 5I thereofI Ean! ele# ive o%%i#ial+ (he her na ional or lo#al+ (ho ha$ %iled a #er i%i#a e o% #andida#! %or he $ame or an! o her o%%i#e $hall no -e #on$idered re$igned %rom hi$ o%%i#e.F N3&E that Se# ion IF of the 3mni#us Election Co$e and the first %ro"iso in the third %ara!ra%h of Se# ion 00 of Re'&-li# A# No* BE7I whi h #odified said Se tion 08, were e"'re$$l! re'ealed and rendered ine%%e# ive+ re$'e# ivel!+ -! Se# ion 0E (Re%ea'in! C'a$se5 of &)e =air Election !ct /R*A* No* CJJI1.

143

2*2. What Bind of /? ;78I @ ?IS87(87S7:; ;I9:1 is contemplated by Section %$ of the 9mnibus 7lection &ode as a ground for dis'ualification of a candidate? Does it include the use of surname? Held: Therefore, it #ay &e on '$ded that he ma erial mi$re're$en a ion #on em'la ed -! Se# ion FB o% he 3mni#us Election Co$e re%er$ o )&ali%i#a ion$ %or ele# ive o%%i#e. This on '$sion is stren!thened &y the fa t that the onse:$en es i#%osed $%on a andidate !$i'ty of ha"in! #ade a fa'se re%resentation in his ertifi ate of andida y are !ra"e C to %re"ent the andidate fro# r$nnin! or, if e'e ted, fro# ser"in!, or to %rose $te hi# for "io'ation of the e'e tion 'aws. It o$'d not ha"e &een the intention of the 'aw to de%ri"e a %erson of s$ h a &asi and s$&stantia' %o'iti a' ri!ht to &e "oted for a %$&'i offi e $%on B$st any inno $o$s #ista9e. <A=$ide %rom he re)&iremen o% ma eriali !+ a %al$e re're$en a ion &nder Se# ion FB m&$ #on$i$ o% a 2deli-era e a em' o mi$lead+ mi$in%orm+ or hide a %a# (hi#h (o&ld o her(i$e render a #andida e ineligi-le*3 In o her (ord$+ i m&$ -e made (i h an in en ion o de#eive he ele# ora e a$ o oneD$ )&ali%i#a ion$ %or '&-li# o%%i#e* The &$e o% a $&rname+ (hen no in ended o mi$lead or de#eive he '&-li# a$ o oneD$ iden i !+ i$ no (i hin he $#o'e o% he 'rovi$ion. (2ictorino Salce$o II v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,-.//0, A$!. ,0, ,777, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 2*". Who has authority to declare failure of elections and the calling of special election? What are the three instances where a failure of election may be declared? Held: The CO:ELECD$ a& hori ! o de#lare %ail&re o% ele# ion$ i$ 'rovided in o&r ele# ion la($. Se# ion E of RA F0II %ro"ides that he Comele# $i ing en #anc -! a ma.ori ! vo e o% i $ mem-er$ ma! de#ide+ among o her$+ he de#lara ion o% %ail&re o% ele# ion and he #alling o% $'e#ial ele# ion a$ 'rovided in Se# ion I o% he Omni-&$ Ele# ion Code. 6 > > There are three instan es where a fai'$re of e'e tion #ay &e de 'ared, na#e'y, (a5 the e'e tion in any %o''in! %'a e has no -een held on he da e %i"ed on a##o&n o% force ma0eure violen#e+ errori$m+ %ra&d or o her analogo&$ #a&$e$G (&5 the e'e tion in any %o''in! %'a e has &een $&$'ended -e%ore he ho&r %i"ed -! la( %or he #lo$ing o% he vo ing on a##o&n o% force ma0eure violen#e+ errori$m+ %ra&d or o her analogo&$ #a&$e$G or ( 5 a% er he vo ing and d&ring he 're'ara ion and ran$mi$$ion o% he ele# ion re &rn$ or in he #&$ od! or #anva$$ hereo%+ $&#h ele# ion re$&l $ in a %ail&re o ele# on a##o&n o% force ma0eure violen#e+ errori$m+ %ra&d or o her analogo&$ #a&$e$. In these instan es, there is a res$'tin! fai'$re to e'e t. This is o&"io$s in the first two s enarios, where the e'e tion was not he'd and where the e'e tion was s$s%ended. !s to t)e t)ir$ scenario ()ere t)e preparation an$ t)e transmission of t)e election returns give rise to t)e conseHuence of failure to elect it must > > >, -e in er're ed o mean ha no-od! emerged a$ a (inner. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*2. What are the two conditions that must concur before the &9?7@7& can act on a verified petition seeBing to declare a failure of election? Held: 3efore the CODELEC an a t on a "erified %etition see9in! to de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tion two onditions #$st on $r, na#e'yI (,5 no vo ing oo6 'la#e in he 're#in# or 're#in# $ on he da e %i"ed -! la(+ or even i% here (a$ vo ing+ he ele# ion re$&l ed in a %ail&re o ele# G and (15 he vo e$ no #a$ (o&ld have a%%e# ed he re$&l o% he ele# ion* No e ha he #a&$e o% $&#h %ail&re o% ele# ion #o&ld onl! -e an! o% he %ollo(ing: force ma0eure violen#e+ errori$m+ %ra&d or o her analogo&$ #a&$e$.

144

3an

Th$s, in 6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC (--0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En @P$is$#&in!A5, the SC he'dI EWe have 'ain$ a6ingl! e"amined he 'e i ion %iled -! 'e i ioner Banaga -e%ore he Comele#* B& (e %o&nd ha 'e i ioner did no allege a all ha ele# ion$ (ere ei her no held or $&$'ended* Nei her did he aver ha al ho&gh here (a$ vo ing+ no-od! (a$ ele# ed. On the ontrary, he on eded that an e'e tion too9 %'a e for the offi e of "i e;#ayor of Parana:$e City, and that %ri"ate res%ondent was, in fa t, %ro 'ai#ed e'e ted to that %ost. Whi'e %etitioner ontends that the e'e tion was tainted with wides%read ano#a'ies, it #$st &e noted that o (arran a de#lara ion o% %ail&re o% ele# ion he #ommi$$ion o% %ra&d m&$ -e $&#h ha i 'reven ed or $&$'ended he holding o% an ele# ion+ or marred %a all! he 're'ara ion and ran$mi$$ion+ #&$ od! and #anva$$ o% he ele# ion re &rn$* The$e e$$en ial %a# $ o&gh o have -een alleged #learl! -! he 'e i ioner -elo(+ -& he did no .F

2**. &ite instances failure of elections.

when

&omelec

may

or

may

not

validly

declare

Held: In Mitmug v. C3ME'EC (1-2 SCRA .? @,77?A5, %etitioner instit$ted with the CODELEC an action to declare failure of election in forty;nine %re in ts where 'ess than a :$arter of the e'e torate were a&'e to ast their "otes. <e a'so 'od!ed an e'e tion %rotest with the Re!iona' Tria' Co$rt dis%$tin! the res$'t of the e'e tion in a'' %re in ts in his #$ni i%a'ity. The Co#e'e denied motu proprio and witho$t d$e noti e and hearin! the %etition to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tion des%ite %etitionerLs ar!$#ent that he has #eritorio$s !ro$nds in s$%%ort thereto, that is #assi"e disenfran hise#ent of "oters d$e to terroris#. On revie(+ (e r&led ha he Comele# did no gravel! a-&$e i $ di$#re ion in den!ing he 'e i ion* I (a$ no 'roven ha no a# &al vo ing oo6 'la#e* Nei her (a$ i $ho(n ha even i% here (a$ vo ing+ he re$&l $ hereon (o&ld -e an amo&n o %ail&re o ele# * Con$idering ha here i$ no #on#&rren#e o% he #ondi ion$ $ee6ing o de#lare %ail&re o% ele# ion+ here i$ no longer need o re#eive eviden#e on alleged ele# ion irreg&lari ie$. In Sar$ea v. C3ME'EC (11. SCRA -8? @,77-A5, a'' e'e tion #ateria's and %ara%herna'ia with the #$ni i%a' &oard of an"assers were destroyed &y the sy#%athiJers of the 'osin! #ayora'ty andidate. The &oard then de ided to $se the o%ies of e'e tion ret$rns f$rnished to the #$ni i%a' tria' o$rt. Petitioner therein fi'ed a %etition to sto% the %ro eedin!s of the &oard of an"assers on the !ro$nd that it had no a$thority to $se said e'e tion ret$rns o&tained fro# the #$ni i%a' tria' o$rt. The %etition was denied. Ne>t, he fi'ed a %etition assai'in! the o#%osition of the &oard of an"assers. Des%ite that %etition, the &oard of an"assers %ro 'ai#ed the winnin! andidates. Later on, %etitioner fi'ed a petition to declare a failure of election a''e!in! that the attendant fa ts wo$'d B$stify de 'aration of s$ h fai'$re. On revie(+ (e r&led ha 'e i ionerD$ %ir$ (o a# ion$ involved 're,'ro#lama ion #on rover$ie$ (hi#h #an no longer -e en er ained a% er he (inning #andida e$ have -een 'ro#laimed* Regarding he 'e i ion o de#lare a %ail&re o% ele# ion+ (e held ha he de$ r&# ion and lo$$ o% #o'ie$ o% ele# ion re &rn$ in ended %or he m&ni#i'al -oard o% #anva$$er$ on a##o&n o% violen#e i$ no one o% he #a&$e$ ha (o&ld (arran he de#lara ion o% %ail&re o% ele# ion* The rea$on i$ ha vo ing a# &all! oo6 'la#e a$ $#hed&led and o her valid ele# ion re &rn$ $ ill e"i$ ed* :oreover+ he de$ r&# ion or lo$$ did no a%%e# he re$&l o% he ele# ion* We al$o de#lared ha here i$ %ail&re o% ele# ion$ onl! (hen he (ill o% he ele# ora e ha$ -een m& ed and #anno -e a$#er ained* I% he (ill o% he 'eo'le i$ de ermina-le+ he $ame m&$ a$ %ar a$ 'o$$i-le -e re$'e# ed. 6 > >

145

In 'oong v. C3ME'EC (1.8 SCRA , @,770A5, the %etition for ann$'#ent of e'e tion res$'ts or to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions in Paran!, S$'$, on the !ro$nd of statisti a' i#%ro&a&i'ity and #assi"e fra$d was !ranted &y the CODELEC. E"en &efore the te hni a' e>a#ination of e'e tion do $#ents was ond$ ted, the Co#e'e a'ready o&ser"ed &ad!es of fra$d B$st &y 'oo9in! at the e'e tion res$'ts in Paran!. Ne"erthe'ess, the Co#e'e dis#issed the %etition for ann$'#ent of e'e tion res$'ts or to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions in the #$ni i%a'ities of Ta%$', Pan!'i#a Estino, Pata, Siasi and )a'in!!a'an! Ca'a$a!. The CO:ELEC di$mi$$ed he la er a# ion on gro&nd o% &n imeline$$ o% he 'e i ion+ de$'i e a %inding ha he $ame -adge$ o% %ra&d eviden %rom he re$&l $ o% he ele# ion -a$ed on he #er i%i#a e$ o% #anva$$ o% vo e$ in Parang are al$o eviden in he ele# ion re$&l $ o% he %ive men ioned m&ni#i'ali ie$* We r&led ha Comele# #ommi ed grave a-&$e o% di$#re ion in di$mi$$ing he 'e i ion a$ here i$ no la( (hi#h 'rovide$ %or a reglemen ar! 'eriod o %ile ann&lmen o% ele# ion$ (hen here i$ !e no 'ro#lama ion* &)e election resulte$ in a failure to elect on account of frau$. A##ordingl!+ (e ordered he Comele# o rein$ a e he a%ore$aid 'e i ion. Those ir $#stan es, howe"er, are not %resent in this ase, so that re'ian e on @oong &y %etitioner 3ana!a is #is%'a ed. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*+. Is a petition to declare failure of election different from a petition to annul the election results? Held: A %rayer to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions and a %rayer to ann$' the e'e tion res$'ts > > > are a t$a''y o% he $ame na &re. Whe her an a# ion i$ %or de#lara ion o% %ail&re o% ele# ion$ or %or ann&lmen o% ele# ion re$&l $+ -a$ed on allega ion$ o% %ra&d+ errori$m+ violen#e or analogo&$+ he Omni-&$ Ele# ion Code denomina e$ hem $imilarl!. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*.. What conditions must concur before the &omelec can act on a verified petition seeBing to declare a failure of election? Is low turn,out of voters enough basis to grant the petition? Held: 3efore CODELEC an a t on a "erified %etition see9in! to de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tion, two (15 onditions #$st on $rI 0I8S;, no vo ing ha$ a6en 'la#e in he 're#in# or 're#in# $ on he da e %i"ed -! la( or+ even i% here (a$ vo ing+ he ele# ion never hele$$ re$&l $ in %ail&re o ele# G and, S7&9:D, he vo e$ no #a$ (o&ld a%%e# he re$&l o% he ele# ion. There #an -e %ail&re o% ele# ion in a 'oli i#al &ni onl! i% he (ill o% he ma.ori ! ha$ -een de%iled and #anno -e a$#er ained* B& + i% i #an -e de ermined+ i m&$ -e a##orded re$'e# * A% er all+ here i$ no 'rovi$ion+ in o&r ele# ion la($+ (hi#h re)&ire$ ha a ma.ori ! o% regi$ ered vo er$ m&$ #a$ heir vo e$* All he la( re)&ire$ i$ ha a (inning #andida e m&$ -e ele# ed -! a 'l&rali ! o% valid vo e$+ regardle$$ o% he a# &al n&m-er o% -allo $ #a$ * Th&$+ even i% le$$ han 5GP o% he ele# ora e in he )&e$ ioned 're#in# $ #a$ heir vo e$+ he $ame m&$ $ ill -e re$'e# ed. (Mitmug v. C3ME'EC, 1-2 SCRA .?, 4e&. ,2, ,77?, En 3an @3e''osi''oA5 2*) Distinguish a petition to declare failure of elections from an election protest. Held: Whi'e %etitioner #ay ha"e intended to instit$te e'e tion %rotest &y %rayin! that said a tion #ay a'so &e onsidered e'e tion %rotest, in o$r "iew, %etitionerLs a tion is a %etition de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tions or ann$' e'e tion res$'ts. It is not e'e tion %rotest. an an to an

146

4irst, his %etition &efore the Co#e'e was in$ i & ed '&r$&an o Se# ion E o% Re'&-li# A# No* F0II in rela ion o Se# ion I o% he 3mni#us Election Co$e. Se# ion E of RA F0II refers to /postponement failure of election an$ special elections1 whi'e Se# ion I of the 3mni#us Election Co$e re'ates to /failure of election.1 It is si#%'y a%tioned as /(etition to Declare 0ailure of 7lections andIor 0or nnulment of 7lections.1 Se#ond+ an ele# ion 'ro e$ i$ an ordinar! a# ion (hile a 'e i ion o de#lare a %ail&re o% ele# ion$ i$ a $'e#ial a# ion &nder he 0CC7 Comele# R&le$ o% Pro#ed&re a$ amended* An ele# ion 'ro e$ i$ governed -! R&le 5J on ordinar! a# ion$+ (hile a 'e i ion o de#lare %ail&re o% ele# ion$ i$ #overed -! R&le 5I &nder $'e#ial a# ion$. In this ase, %etitioner fi'ed his %etition as a s%e ia' a tion and %aid the orres%ondin! fee therefor. Th$s, the %etition was do 9eted as SPA;7/;-/-. This onfor#s to %etitionerLs ate!oriJation of his %etition as one to de 'are a fai'$re of e'e tions or ann$' e'e tion res$'ts. In ontrast, an e'e tion %rotest is assi!ned a do 9et n$#&er startin! with EEPC,F #eanin! e'e tion %rotest ase. Third+ 'e i ioner did no #om'l! (i h he re)&iremen $ %or %iling an ele# ion 'ro e$ * He %ailed o 'a! he re)&ired %iling %ee and #a$h de'o$i $ %or an ele# ion 'ro e$ * 9ail&re o 'a! %iling %ee$ (ill no ve$ he ele# ion ri-&nal .&ri$di# ion over he #a$e* S&#h 'ro#ed&ral la'$e on he 'ar o% a 'e i ioner (o&ld #learl! (arran he o& righ di$mi$$al o% hi$ a# ion. 9o&r h+ an en #anc de#i$ion o% Comele# in an ordinar! a# ion -e#ome$ %inal and e"e#& or! a% er hir ! /7J1 da!$ %rom i $ 'rom&lga ion+ (hile an en #anc de#i$ion in a $'e#ial a# ion -e#ome$ %inal and e"e#& or! a% er %ive /G1 da!$ %rom 'rom&lga ion+ &nle$$ re$ rained -! he S&'reme Co&r <&omelec 8ules of (rocedure, 8ule "$, Section "* 3a4, 3b4>. 9or ha rea$on+ a 'e i ion #anno -e rea ed a$ -o h an ele# ion 'ro e$ and a 'e i ion o de#lare %ail&re o% ele# ion$. 9i% h+ he allega ion$ in he 'e i ion de#i$ivel! de ermine i $ na &re* Pe i ioner alleged ha he lo#al ele# ion$ %or he o%%i#e o% vi#e,ma!or in Parana)&e Ci ! held on :a! 00+ 0CCB+ denigra e$ he r&e (ill o% he 'eo'le a$ i (a$ marred (i h (ide$'read anomalie$ on a##o&n o% vo e -&!ing+ %l!ing vo er$ and glaring di$#re'an#ie$ in he ele# ion re &rn$* He averred ha ho$e in#iden $ (arran he de#lara ion o% a %ail&re o% ele# ion$. +i"en these ir $#stan es, %$&'i res%ondent annot &e said to ha"e !ra"e'y erred in treatin! %etitionerLs a tion as a %etition to de 'are fai'$re of e'e tions or to ann$' e'e tion res$'ts. (6anaga 1r. v. C3ME'EC, --0 SCRA 82,, *$'y -,, 1222, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2*%. What are pre,proclamation cases, and e-ceptions thereto? &ourt has jurisdiction over pre,proclamation cases? What

Held: As a 57:78 @ 8C@7, #andida e$ and regi$ ered 'oli i#al 'ar ie$ involved in an ele# ion are allo(ed o %ile 're, 'ro#lama ion #a$e$ -e%ore he Comele#* Pre,'ro#lama ion #a$e$ re%er o an! )&e$ ion 'er aining o or a%%e# ing he PROCEEDIN>S o% he BOARD o% CANHASSERS (hi#h ma! -e rai$ed -! an! #andida e or -! an! regi$ ered 'oli i#al 'ar ! or #oali ion o% 'oli i#al 'ar ie$ -e%ore he -oard or dire# l! (i h he Commi$$ion+ or an! ma er rai$ed &nder Se# ion$ 577+ 57E+ 57G and 57I in rela ion o he PREPARATION+ TRANS:ISSION+ RECEIPT+ CUSTOD; and APPRECIATION o% ele# ion re &rn$ (Se tion 1?,, 3mni#us Election Co$e5. The Comele# ha$ E?CLUSIHE MURISDICTION over ALL 're, 'ro#lama ion #on rover$ie$ (Se tion 1?1, supra5. As an 7!&7(;I9:, howe"er, to the !enera' r$'e, Se# ion 0G of Re'&-li# A# F0II 'rohi-i $ #andida e$ in he 're$iden ial+ vi#e,'re$iden ial+ $ena orial and #ongre$$ional ele# ion$ %rom %iling 're,'ro#lama ion #a$e$. It statesI

147

ESe#* 0G. (re,(roclamation &ases :ot llowed in 7lections for (resident, Fice,(resident, Senator, and ?embers of the 6ouse of 8epresentatives. ; 9or '&r'o$e$ o% he ele# ion$ %or Pre$iden + Hi#e,Pre$iden + Sena or and :em-er o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$+ no 're,'ro#lama ion #a$e$ $hall -e allo(ed on ma er$ rela ing o he 're'ara ion+ ran$mi$$ion+ re#ei' + #&$ od! and a''re#ia ion o% ele# ion re &rn$ or he #er i%i#a e$ o% #anva$$+ a$ he #a$e ma! -e. Ho(ever+ hi$ doe$ no 're#l&de he a& hori ! o% he a''ro'ria e #anva$$ing -od! motu proprio or &'on (ri en #om'lain o% an in ere$ ed 'er$on o #orre# mani%e$ error$ in he #er i%i#a e o% #anva$$ or ele# ion re &rn$ -e%ore i .F The %rohi&ition aim$ o avoid dela! in he 'ro#lama ion o% he (inner in he ele# ion+ (hi#h dela! migh re$&l in a va#&&m in he$e $en$i ive 'o$ $. The 'aw, nonethe'ess, %ro"ides an 7!&7(;I9: ;9 ;67 7!&7(;I9:* The $e#ond $en en#e o% Se# ion 0G allo($ he %iling o% 'e i ion$ %or #orre# ion o% M!NI=ES& ERR3RS in he #er i%i#a e o% #anva$$ or ele# ion re &rn$ even in ele# ion$ %or 're$iden + vi#e, 're$iden and mem-er$ o% he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ %or he simple reason ha he #orre# ion o% mani%e$ error (ill no 'rolong he 'ro#e$$ o% #anva$$ing nor dela! he 'ro#lama ion o% he (inner in he ele# ion. The r$'e is onsistent with and o#%'e#ents the a$thority of the Co#e'e $nder the Constit$tion to Eenfor e and ad#inister a'' 'aws and re!$'ations re'ati"e to the ond$ t of an e'e tion, %'e&is ite, initiati"e, referend$# and re a''F <Section 23"4, rticle I!,&, "#$% &onstitution> and its %ower to Ede ide, e> e%t those in"o'"in! the ri!ht to "ote, a'' :$estions affe tin! e'e tions.F <Section 23*4, rticle I!,&, supra> (=e$erico S. San$oval v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--/?1, *an. 10, 1222 @P$noA5 2*$. Who has authority to rule on petitions for correction of manifest error in the certificate of canvass or election returns? Held: The a& hori ! o r&le on 'e i ion$ %or #orre# ion o% mani%e$ error i$ ve$ ed in he Comelec en #anc. Se# ion F of R&le 5F of the 7::* C3ME'EC Rules of Proce$ure (too9 effe t on 4e&r$ary ,., ,77-5 %ro"ides that i% he error i$ di$#overed -e%ore 'ro#lama ion+ he -oard o% #anva$$er$ ma! motu proprio+ or &'on veri%ied 'e i ion -! an! #andida e+ 'oli i#al 'ar !+ organi8a ion or #oali ion o% 'oli i#al 'ar ie$+ a% er d&e no i#e and hearing+ #orre# he error$ #ommi ed* The aggrieved 'ar ! ma! a''eal he de#i$ion o% he -oard o he Commi$$ion and $aid a''eal $hall -e heard and de#ided -! he Commi$$ion en #anc* Se# ion G+ ho(ever+ o% he $ame r&le $ a e$ ha a 'e i ion %or #orre# ion o% mani%e$ error ma! -e %iled dire# l! (i h he Commi$$ion en #anc 'rovided ha $&#h error$ #o&ld no have -een di$#overed d&ring he #anva$$ing de$'i e he e"er#i$e o% d&e diligen#e and 'ro#lama ion o% he (inning #andida e had alread! -een made. (=e$erico S. San$oval v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,--/?1, *an. 10, 1222 @P$noA5 2*#. Distinguish 7lection (rotest from (etition for Auo Warranto.

Held: In Sama$ v. C3ME'EC, we e>%'ained that a PETITION 9OR N/3 B!RR!N&3 &nder he 3mni#us Election Co$e rai$e$ in i$$&e he di$lo!al ! or ineligi-ili ! o% he (inning #andida e* I i$ a 'ro#eeding o &n$ea he re$'onden %rom o%%i#e -& no ne#e$$aril! o in$ all he 'e i ioner in hi$ 'la#e. An E'EC&I3N PR3&ES& i$ a #on e$ -e (een he de%ea ed and (inning #andida e$ on he gro&nd o% %ra&d$ or irreg&lari ie$ in he #a$ ing and #o&n ing o% he -allo $+ or in he 're'ara ion o% he re &rn$* I rai$e$ he )&e$ ion o% (ho a# &all! o- ained he 'l&rali ! o% he legal vo e$ and here%ore i$ en i led o hold he o%%i#e. (Dumayas 1r. v. C3ME'EC, +.R. Nos. ,?,7.1;.-, A%ri' 12, 122,, En 3an @P$is$#&in!A5 2+2. What is a counter,protest? When should it be filed?

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Held: =nder the Comelec Rules of Proce$ure, the 'ro e$ ee ma! in#or'ora e in hi$ an$(er a #o&n er,'ro e$ * I ha$ -een $aid ha a #o&n er,'ro e$ i$ an amo&n o a #o&n er#laim in a #ivil a# ion and ma! -e 're$en ed a$ a 'ar o% he an$(er (i hin he ime he i$ re)&ired o an$(er he 'ro e$ + i.e. (i hin %ive /G1 da!$ &'on re#ei' o% he 'ro e$ + &nle$$ a mo ion %or e" en$ion i$ gran ed+ in (hi#h #a$e i m&$ -e %iled -e%ore he e"'ira ion o% he e" ended ime. As ear'y as in the ase of !rrieta v. Ro$riguez (.8 Phi'. 8,85, the SC had fir#'y sett'ed the r$'e that he #o&n er,'ro e$ m&$ -e %iled (i hin he 'eriod 'rovided -! la(+ o her(i$e+ he %or&m lo$e$ i $ .&ri$di# ion o en er ain he -ela edl! %iled #o&n er,'ro e$ . (")o v. C3ME'EC, 187 SCRA ?0-, Se%t. 1., ,778, En 3an @TorresA5 2+". What is the effect of death of a party in an election protest? Should it warrant the dismissal of the protest? Held: An ele# ion 'ro e$ involve$ -o h he 'riva e in ere$ $ o% he rival #andida e$ and he '&-li# in ere$ in he %inal de ermina ion o% he real #hoi#e o% he ele# ora e+ and %or hi$ rea$on+ an ele# ion #on e$ ne#e$$aril! $&rvive$ he dea h o% he 'ro e$ an or he 'ro e$ ee. It is tr$e that a %$&'i offi e is %ersona' to the %$&'i offi er and is not a %ro%erty trans#issi&'e to his heirs $%on death, th$s, $%on the death of the in $#&ent, no heir of his #ay &e a''owed to ontin$e ho'din! his offi e in his %'a e. B& (hile he righ o a '&-li# o%%i#e i$ 'er$onal and e"#l&$ive o he '&-li# o%%i#er+ an ele# ion 'ro e$ i$ no '&rel! 'er$onal and e"#l&$ive o he 'ro e$ an or o he 'ro e$ ee $&#h ha a% er he dea h o% ei her (o&ld o&$ he #o&r o% all a& hori ! o #on in&e he 'ro e$ 'ro#eeding$* An ele# ion #on e$ + a% er all+ involve$ no merel! #on%li# ing 'riva e a$'ira ion$ -& i$ im-&ed (i h 'aramo&n '&-li# in ere$ $* The dea h o% he 'ro e$ an nei her #on$ i & e$ a gro&nd %or he di$mi$$al o% he #on e$ nor o&$ $ he rial #o&r o% i $ .&ri$di# ion o de#ide he ele# ion #on e$ . (De Castro v. C3ME'EC, 108 SCRA /20, 4e&. 8, ,7785 2+2. Does the fact that one or a few candidates in an election got =ero votes in one or a few precincts ade'uately support a finding that the election returns are statistically improbable? Held: 9rom e"'erien#e$ in 'a$ ele# ion$+ i i$ 'o$$i-le %or one #andida e or even a %e( #andida e$ o ge 8ero vo e$ in one or a %e( 're#in# $* S anding alone and (i ho& more+ he -are %a# ha a #andida e %or '&-li# o%%i#e re#eived 8ero vo e$ in one or (o 're#in# $ #an no ade)&a el! $&''or a %inding ha he $&-.e# ele# ion re &rn$ are $ a i$ i#all! im'ro-a-le* A no,vo e %or a 'ar i#&lar #andida e in ele# ion re &rn$ i$ -& one $ rand in he (e- o% #ir#&m$ an ial eviden#e ha ho$e ele# ion re &rn$ (ere 're'ared &nder 2d&re$$+ %or#e and in imida ion.F In the ase o% /na "i#a$ v. Comelec (1- SCRA .// @,70/A5, he SC (arned ha he do# rine o% $ a i$ i#al im'ro-a-ili ! m&$ -e vie(ed re$ ri# ivel!+ he & mo$ #are -eing a6en le$ in 'enali8ing he %ra&d&len and #orr&' 'ra# i#e$+ inno#en vo er$ -e#ome di$en%ran#hi$ed, a res$'t whi h hard'y o##ends itse'f. Doreo"er, the do trine of statisti a' i#%ro&a&i'ity in"o'"es a :$estion of fa t and a #ore %r$dentia' a%%roa h %rohi&its its deter#ination e- parte. (!rt)ur 2. 2elayo v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,-.0,-, Dar h 7, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 2+*. What &ourt has jurisdiction over election protests and warranto proceedings involving Sangguniang Kabataan <SK> elections? 'uo

Held: An! #on e$ rela ing o he ele# ion o% mem-er$ o% he Sangg&niang La-a aan /in#l&ding he #hairman1 N (he her 'er aining o heir eligi-ili ! or he manner o% heir ele# ion N i$ #ogni8a-le -!

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:TC$+ :CTC$+ and :eTC$. Se# ion I of Comelec Resolution No. +.+4 whi h %ro"ides that #a$e$ involving he eligi-ili ! or )&ali%i#a ion o% SL #andida e$ $hall -e de#ided -! he Ci !A:&ni#i'al Ele# ion O%%i#er (ho$e de#i$ion $hall -e %inal+ a''lie$ onl! o 'ro#eeding$ -e%ore he ele# ion* Be%ore 'ro#lama ion+ #a$e$ #on#erning eligi-ili ! o% SL o%%i#er$ and mem-er$ are #ogni8a-le -! he Ele# ion O%%i#er* B& a% er he ele# ion and 'ro#lama ion+ he $ame #a$e$ -e#ome Huo (arranto #a$e$ #ogni8a-le -! :TC$+ :CTC$+ and :eTC$* The di$ in# ion i$ -a$ed on he 'rin#i'le ha i i$ he 'ro#lama ion (hi#h mar6$ o%% he .&ri$di# ion o% he #o&r $ %rom he .&ri$di# ion o% ele# ion o%%i#ial$. The ase of 1ose M. Merca$o v. 6oar$ of Election Supervisors (1?SCRA ?1-, +.R. No. ,278,-, A%ri' 0, ,77.5, in whi h this Co$rt r$'ed that e'e tion %rotests in"o'"in! S) e'e tions are to &e deter#ined &y the 3oard of E'e tion S$%er"isors was de ided $nder the ae!is of Co#e'e Reso'$tion No. 1?77, whi h too9 effe t on A$!$st 18, ,771. Ho(ever+ Comele# Re$ol& ion No* 5B5E+ (hi#h oo6 e%%e# on 9e-r&ar! I+ 0CCI and (a$ 'a$$ed '&r$&an o R*A* FBJB+ in rela ion o Ar $* 5G5,5G7 o% he Omni-&$ Ele# ion Code+ ha$ $in#e ran$%erred he #ogni8an#e o% $&#h #a$e$ %rom he Board o% Ele# ion S&'ervi$or$ o he :TC$+ :CTC$ and :eTC$. Th$s, the do trine of ?ercado is no 'on!er ontro''in!. (=rancis "ing '. MarHuez v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,18-,/, A$!. 1., ,777, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 THE LAW O9 PUBLIC CORPORATIONS 2++. What is an autonomous region?

An$(er: An C;9:9?9CS 875I9: #on$i$ $ o% 'rovin#e$+ #i ie$+ m&ni#i'ali ie$+ and geogra'hi#al area$ $haring #ommon and di$ in# ive hi$ ori#al and #&l &ral heri age+ e#onomi# and $o#ial $ r&# &re$+ and o her relevan #hara# eri$ i#$ (i hin he %rame(or6 o% he Con$ i & ion and he na ional $overeign ! a$ (ell a$ he erri orial in egri ! o% he Re'&-li# o% he Phili''ine$. (Se#* 0G+ Ar * ?+ 7:., Constitution5 2+.. What are administrative regions? re they considered territorial and political subdivisions of the State? Who has the power to create administrative regions? Held: D?I:IS;8 ;IF7 875I9:S are mere gro&'ing$ o% #on ig&o&$ 'rovin#e$ %or admini$ ra ive '&r'o$e$* The! are no erri orial and 'oli i#al $&-divi$ion$ li6e 'rovin#e$+ #i ie$+ m&ni#i'ali ie$ and -aranga!$. While he 'o(er o merge admini$ ra ive region$ i$ no e"'re$$l! 'rovided %or in he Con$ i & ion+ i i$ a 'o(er (hi#h ha$ radi ionall! -een lodged (i h he Pre$iden o %a#ili a e he e"er#i$e o% he 'o(er o% general $&'ervi$ion over lo#al governmen $. (!##as v. C3ME'EC, ,87 SCRA 1/8, No". ,2, ,7/7, En 3an @CortesA5 2+). Is there a conflict between the power of the (resident to merge administrative regions with the constitutional provision re'uiring a plebiscite in the merger of local government units? Held: There i$ no #on%li# -e (een he 'o(er o% he Pre$iden o merge admini$ ra ive region$ (i h he #on$ i & ional 'rovi$ion re)&iring a 'le-i$#i e in he merger o% lo#al governmen &ni $ -e#a&$e he re)&iremen o% a 'le-i$#i e in a merger e"'re$$l! a''lie$ onl! o 'rovin#e$+ #i ie$+ m&ni#i'ali ie$ or -aranga!$+ no o admini$ ra ive region$. (!##as v. C3ME'EC, ,87 SCRA 1/8, No". ,2, ,7/7, En 3an @CortesA5 2+%. What is the ?etropolitan ?anila Development uthority <??D >? Is it a local government unit or public corporation endowed with legislative power? ?ay it validly e-ercise police power? 6ow is it distinguished from the former ?etro ?anila &ouncil <??&> created under (D :o. $2+?

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Held: ?7;89(9@I; : or ?7;89 ? :I@ is a #o$y compose$ of several local government units G i.e. (elve /051 #i ie$ and %ive /G1 m&ni#i'ali ie$ " " "* Bit) t)e passage of Repu#lic !ct No. ,:+4 in 7::5 Metropolitan Manila (as $eclare$ as a Cspecial $evelopment an$ a$ministrative regionM an$ t)e !$ministration of Cmetro(i$eM #asic services affecting t)e region place$ un$er Ca $evelopment aut)orityM referre$ to as t)e MMD!. The governing #oar$ of t)e MMD! is t)e Metro Manila Council. The Co&n#il i$ #om'o$ed o% he ma!or$ o% he #om'onen 05 #i ie$ and G m&ni#i'ali ie$+ he 're$iden o% he :e ro :anila Hi#e,:a!or$D Leag&e and he 're$iden o% he :e ro :anila Co&n#ilor$D Leag&e* The Co&n#il i$ headed -! a Chairman (ho i$ a''oin ed -! he Pre$iden and ve$ ed (i h he ran6 o% #a-ine mem-er* A$ he 'oli#!,ma6ing -od! o% he ::DA+ he :e ro :anila Co&n#il a''rove$ me ro,(ide 'lan$+ 'rogram$ and 'ro.e# $+ and i$$&e$ he ne#e$$ar! r&le$ and reg&la ion$ %or he im'lemen a ion o% $aid 'lan$4 i a''rove$ he ann&al -&dge o% he ::DA and 'rom&lga e$ he r&le$ and reg&la ion$ %or he deliver! o% -a$i# $ervi#e$+ #olle# ion o% $ervi#e and reg&la or! %ee$+ %ine$ and 'enal ie$. 6 > > C'ear'y, the s o%e of the DDDALs f$n tion is 'i#ited to the de'i"ery of the se"en (85 &asi ser"i es. One of these is trans%ort and traffi #ana!e#ent > > >. It wi'' &e noted that the %owers of the DDDA are 'i#ited to the fo''owin! a tsI %orm&la ion+ #oordina ion+ reg&la ion+ im'lemen a ion+ 're'ara ion+ managemen + moni oring+ $e ing o% 'oli#ie$+ in$ alla ion o% a $!$ em and admini$ ra ion* &)ere is no sylla#le in R.!. No. ,:+4 t)at grants t)e MMD! police po(er let alone legislative po(er. Even he :e ro :anila Co&n#il ha$ no -een delega ed an! legi$la ive 'o(er* Unli6e he legi$la ive -odie$ o% he lo#al governmen &ni $+ here i$ no 'rovi$ion in R*A* No* FC5E ha em'o(er$ he ::DA or i $ Co&n#il 2 o ena# ordinan#e$+ a''rove re$ol& ion$ and a''ro'ria e %&nd$ %or he general (el%are3 o% he inha-i an $ o% :e ro :anila* The ::DA i$ " " " a 2develo'men a& hori !*3 I i$ an agen#! #rea ed %or he '&r'o$e o% la!ing do(n 'oli#ie$ and #oordina ing (i h he vario&$ na ional governmen agen#ie$+ 'eo'leD$ organi8a ion$+ non,governmen al organi8a ion$ and he 'riva e $e# or %or he e%%i#ien and e"'edi io&$ deliver! o% -a$i# $ervi#e$ in he va$ me ro'oli an area* !ll its functions are a$ministrative in nature and he$e are a# &all! $&mmed &' in he #har er i $el% > > >. Secondly, the ??D is not the same entity as the ??& in Sangalang. lthough the ??& is the forerunner of the present ??D , an e-amination of (residential Decree :o. $2+, the charter of the ??&, shows that the latter possessed greater powers which were not bestowed on the present ??D . Detro%o'itan Dani'a was first reated in ,78. &y Presidentia' De ree No. /1?. It o#%rised the +reater Dani'a Area o#%osed of the onti!$o$s fo$r (?5 ities of Dani'a, P$eJon, Pasay and Ca'oo an, and the thirteen (,-5 #$ni i%a'ities > > >. Detro%o'itan Dani'a was reated as a res%onse to the findin! that the ra%id !rowth of %o%$'ation and the in rease of so ia' and e ono#i re:$ire#ents in these areas de#and a a'' for si#$'taneo$s and $nified de"e'o%#entG that the %$&'i ser"i es rendered &y the res%e ti"e 'o a' !o"ern#ents o$'d &e ad#inistered #ore effi ient'y and e ono#i a''y if inte!rated $nder a syste# of entra' %'annin!G and this oordination, Ees%e ia''y in the #aintenan e of %ea e and order and the eradi ation of so ia' and e ono#i i''s that fanned the f'a#es of re&e''ion and dis ontent @wereA %art of the refor# #eas$res $nder Dartia' Law essentia' to the safety and se $rity of the State.F ?etropolitan ?anila was established as a /pu#lic corporation1 > > >.

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&)e a$ministration of Metropolitan Manila (as place$ un$er t)e Metro Manila Commission 8MMC9 - - -. ;he ??& was the /central government1 of ?etro ?anila for the %$r%ose of esta&'ishin! and ad#inisterin! %ro!ra#s %ro"idin! ser"i es o##on to the area. As a E entra' !o"ern#entF it had the %ower to 'e"y and o''e t ta>es and s%e ia' assess#ents, the %ower to har!e and o''e t feesG the %ower to a%%ro%riate #oney for its o%eration, and at the sa#e ti#e, re"iew a%%ro%riations for the ity and #$ni i%a' $nits within its B$risdi tion. It was &estowed the %ower to ena t or a%%ro"e ordinan es, reso'$tions and fi> %ena'ties for "io'ation of s$ h ordinan es and reso'$tions. It a'so had the %ower to re"iew, a#end, re"ise or re%ea' a'' ordinan es, reso'$tions and a ts of any of the > > > ities and > > > #$ni i%a'ities o#%risin! Detro Dani'a. 6 > > &)e creation of t)e MMC also carrie$ (it) it t)e creation of t)e Sangguniang 6ayan. Thi$ (a$ #om'o$ed o% he mem-er$ o% he #om'onen #i ! and m&ni#i'al #o&n#il$+ -aranga! #a' ain$ #ho$en -! he ::C and $e# oral re're$en a ive$ a''oin ed -! he Pre$iden * The Sangguniang 6ayan had he 'o(er o re#ommend o he ::C he ado' ion o% ordinan#e$+ re$ol& ion$ or mea$&re$* It (as t)e MMC itself )o(ever t)at possesse$ legislative po(ers. All ordinan#e$+ re$ol& ion$ and mea$&re$ re#ommended -! he Sangguniang 6ayan (ere $&-.e# o he ::CD$ a''roval* :oreover+ he 'o(er o im'o$e a"e$ and o her levie$+ he 'o(er o a''ro'ria e mone!+ and he 'o(er o 'a$$ ordinan#e$ or re$ol& ion$ (i h 'enal $an# ion$ (ere ve$ ed e"#l&$ivel! in he ::C. &)us Metropolitan Manila )a$ a Ccentral government M i.e. t)e MMC ()ic) fully possesse$ legislative an$ police po(ers. B)atever legislative po(ers t)e component cities an$ municipalities )a$ (ere all su#0ect to revie( an$ approval #y t)e MMC. fter (resident &ora=on 'uino assumed power, there was a 'a#or to restore the a$tono#y of the 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits in Detro Dani'a. <en e, Se tions , and 1 of Arti 'e 6 of the ,7/8 Constit$tion > > >. The Constit$tion, howe"er, re o!niJed the ne essity of reatin! #etro%o'itan re!ions not on'y in the e>istin! Nationa' Ca%ita' Re!ion &$t a'so in %otentia' e:$i"a'ents in the Visayas and Dindanao. 6 > > The Constit$tion itse'f e>%ress'y %ro"ides that Con!ress #ay, &y 'aw, reate Es%e ia' #etro%o'itan %o'iti a' s$&di"isionsF whi h sha'' &e s$&Be t to a%%ro"a' &y a #aBority of the "otes ast in a %'e&is ite in the %o'iti a' $nits dire t'y affe tedG the B$risdi tion of this s$&di"ision sha'' &e 'i#ited to &asi ser"i es re:$irin! oordinationG and the ities and #$ni i%a'ities o#%risin! this s$&di"ision sha'' retain their &asi a$tono#y and their own 'o a' e>e $ti"e and 'e!is'ati"e asse#&'ies <Section "", rticle !, "#$% &onstitution>. Pendin! ena t#ent of this 'aw, the Transitory Pro"isions of the Constit$tion !a"e the President of the Phi'i%%ines the %ower to onstit$te the Detro%o'itan A$thority > > >. In ,772, President A:$ino iss$ed E>e $ti"e Order No. -71 and onstit$ted the Detro%o'itan Dani'a A$thority (DDA5. The %owers and f$n tions of the DDC were de"o'"ed to the DDA. It o$!ht to &e stressed, howe"er, that not a'' %owers and f$n tions of the DDC were %assed to the DDA. The ::AD$ 'o(er (a$ limi ed o he 2deliver! o% -a$i# &r-an $ervi#e$ re)&iring #oordina ion in :e ro'oli an :anila*3 The ::AD$ governing -od!+ he :e ro'oli an :anila Co&n#il+ al ho&gh #om'o$ed o% he ma!or$ o% he #om'onen #i ie$ and m&ni#i'ali ie$+ (a$ merel! given he 'o(er o%: (,5 %orm&la ion o% 'oli#ie$ on he deliver! o% -a$i# $ervi#e$ re)&iring #oordina ion and #on$olida ionG and (15 'rom&lga ion o% re$ol& ion$ and o her i$$&an#e$+ a''roval o% a #ode o% -a$i# $ervi#e$ and he e"er#i$e o% i $ r&le,ma6ing 'o(er.F Cnder the "#$% &onstitution, the 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits &e a#e %ri#ari'y res%onsi&'e for the !o"ernan e of their res%e ti"e %o'iti a' s$&di"isions. The MM!>s 0uris$iction (as limite$ o addre$$ing #ommon

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'ro-lem$ involving -a$i# $ervi#e$ ha ran$#ended lo#al -o&ndarie$* It $i$ not )ave legislative po(er. I $ 'o(er (a$ merel! o 'rovide he lo#al governmen &ni $ e#hni#al a$$i$ an#e in he 're'ara ion o% lo#al develo'men 'lan$* An! $em-lan#e o% legi$la ive 'o(er i had (a$ #on%ined o a 2revie( <o%= legi$la ion 'ro'o$ed -! he lo#al legi$la ive a$$em-lie$ o en$&re #on$i$ en#! among lo#al governmen $ and (i h he #om'rehen$ive develo'men 'lan o% :e ro :anila+3 and o 2advi$e he lo#al governmen $ a##ordingl!.F B)en R.!. No. ,:+4 tooA effect Metropolitan Manila #ecame a Cspecial $evelopment an$ a$ministrative regionM an$ t)e MMD! a Cspecial $evelopment aut)orityM ()ose functions (ere C(it)out pre0u$ice to t)e autonomy of t)e affecte$ local government units.M &)e c)aracter of t)e MMD! (as clearly $efine$ in t)e legislative $e#ates enacting its c)arter. 6 > > Clearly t)e MMD! is not a political unit of government. The 'o(er delega ed o he ::DA i$ ha given o he :e ro :anila Co&n#il o 'rom&lga e admini$ ra ive r&le$ and reg&la ion$ in he im'lemen a ion o% he ::DAD$ %&n# ion$* &)ere is no grant of aut)ority to enact or$inances an$ regulations for t)e general (elfare of t)e in)a#itants of t)e metropolis. Thi$ (a$ e"'li#i l! $ a ed in he la$ Commi ee deli-era ion$ 'rior o he -illD$ 're$en a ion o Congre$$. 6 > > It is t)us #eyon$ $ou#t t)at t)e MMD! is not a local government unit or a pu#lic corporation en$o(e$ (it) legislative po(er. I i$ no even a 2$'e#ial me ro'oli an 'oli i#al $&-divi$ion3 a$ #on em'la ed in Se# ion 00+ Ar i#le ? o% he Con$ i & ion* The #rea ion o% a 2$'e#ial me ro'oli an 'oli i#al $&-divi$ion3 re)&ire$ he a''roval -! a ma.ori ! o% he vo e$ #a$ in a 'le-i$#i e in he 'oli i#al &ni $ dire# l! a%%e# ed* R*A* No* FC5E (a$ no $&-mi ed o he inha-i an $ o% :e ro :anila in a 'le-i$#i e* The Chairman o% he ::DA i$ no an o%%i#ial ele# ed -! he 'eo'le+ -& a''oin ed -! he Pre$iden (i h he ran6 and 'rivilege$ o% a #a-ine mem-er* In %a# + 'ar o% hi$ %&n# ion i$ o 'er%orm $&#h o her d& ie$ a$ ma! -e a$$igned o him -! he Pre$iden (herea$ in lo#al governmen &ni $+ he Pre$iden merel! e"er#i$e$ $&'ervi$or! a& hori !* Thi$ em'ha$i8e$ he a$ministrative c)aracter o% he ::DA. Clearly t)en t)e MMC un$er P.D. No. .+4 is not t)e same entity as t)e MMD! un$er R.!. No. ,:+4. /nliAe t)e MMC t)e MMD! )as no po(er to enact or$inances for t)e (elfare of t)e community. It is the 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits, a tin! thro$!h their res%e ti"e 'e!is'ati"e o$n i's that %ossess 'e!is'ati"e %ower and %o'i e %ower. In the ase at &ar, the San!!$nian! Pan'$n!sod of Da9ati City did not %ass any ordinan e or reso'$tion orderin! the o%enin! of Ne%t$ne Street, hen e, its %ro%osed o%enin! &y %etitioner DDDA is i''e!a' > > >. (MMD! v. 6elF!ir 2illage !ssociation Inc., -1/ SCRA /-0, Dar h 18, 1222, ,st Di". @P$noA5 2+$. Discuss the concept of local autonomy.

Held: C;9:9?G is ei her $ecentralization of a$ministration or $ecentralization of po(er. There is $ecentralization of a$ministration when he #en ral governmen delega e$ admini$ ra ive 'o(er$ o 'oli i#al $&-divi$ion$ in order o -roaden he -a$e o% governmen and in he 'ro#e$$ o ma6e lo#al governmen $ more re$'on$ive and a##o&n a-le+ and en$&re heir %&lle$ develo'men a$ $el%,relian #omm&ni ie$ and ma6e hem more e%%e# ive 'ar ner$ in he '&r$&i o% na ional develo'men and $o#ial 'rogre$$. At the sa#e ti#e, it re'ie"es the entra' !o"ern#ent of the &$rden of #ana!in! 'o a' affairs and ena&'es it to on entrate on nationa' on erns. The Pre$iden e"er#i$e$ general $&'ervi$ion over hem+ -& onl! o en$&re ha lo#al a%%air$ are admini$ ered a##ording o la(* He ha$ no #on rol over heir a# $ in he $en$e ha he #an $&-$ i & e heir .&dgmen $ (i h hi$ o(n.

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Decentralization of po(er, on the other hand, involve$ an a-di#a ion o% 'oli i#al 'o(er in %avor o% lo#al governmen &ni $ de#lared a& onomo&$* In ha #a$e+ he a& onomo&$ governmen i$ %ree o #har i $ o(n de$ in! and $ha'e i $ o(n %& &re (i h minim&m in erven ion %rom #en ral a& hori ie$. ccording to a constitutional author, decentrali=ation of power amounts to /self,immolation,1 since in that event, the autonomous government becomes accountable not to the central authorities but to its constituency. ('im#ona v. Mangelin, ,82 SCRA 8/0, 4e&. 1/, ,7/7, En 3an @Sar#ientoA5 2+#. What Bind of local autonomy is contemplated by the &onstitution? What about the Bind of autonomy contemplated insofar as the autonomous regions are concerned? Held: ,. The %rin i%'e of 'o a' a$tono#y $nder the ,7/8 Constit$tion si#%'y #eans Ede#en rali8a ion.F I doe$ no ma6e lo#al governmen $ $overeign (i hin he $ a e or an 2im'eri&m in im'erio*3 Remaining o -e an in ra $overeign $&-divi$ion o% one $overeign na ion+ -& no in ended+ ho(ever+ o -e an imperium in imperio M he lo#al governmen &ni i$ a& onomo&$ in he $en$e ha i i$ given more 'o(er$+ a& hori !+ re$'on$i-ili ie$ and re$o&r#e$. Power whi h $sed to &e hi!h'y entra'iJed in Dani'a, is there&y de on entrated, ena&'in! es%e ia''y the %eri%hera' 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits to de"e'o% not on'y at their own %a e and dis retion &$t a'so with their own reso$r es and assets. (!lvarez v. Guingona 1r., 1.1 SCRA 07., *an. -,, ,770, En 3an @<er#osisi#aA5 1. The #on$ i & ional g&aran ee o% lo#al a& onom! in he Con$ i & ion re%er$ o he !DMINIS&R!&I2E AUTONO:; o% lo#al governmen &ni $ or+ #a$ in more e#hni#al lang&age+ he de#en rali8a ion o% governmen a& hori !. On he o her hand+ he #rea ion o% a& onomo&$ region$ in :&$lim :indanao and he Cordillera$+ (hi#h i$ 'e#&liar o he 0CBF Con$ i & ion+ #on em'la e$ he gran o% P3'I&IC!' a& onom! and no .&$ admini$ ra ive a& onom! o he$e region$. Th$s, the %ro"ision in the Constit$tion for an a$tono#o$s re!iona' !o"ern#ent with a &asi str$ t$re onsistin! of an e>e $ti"e de%art#ent and a 'e!is'ati"e asse#&'y and s%e ia' o$rts with %ersona', fa#i'y and %ro%erty 'aw B$risdi tion in ea h of the a$tono#o$s re!ions. (Cor$illera 6roa$ Coalition v. C3!, ,/, SCRA ?7., *an. 17, ,772, En 3an @CortesA5 2.2. Whether or not the Internal 8evenue allotments <I8 s> are to be included in the computation of the average annual income of a municipality for purposes of its conversion into an independent component city? Held: ;ES. The IRA$ are i em$ o% in#ome -e#a&$e he! %orm 'ar o% he gro$$ a##re ion o% he %&nd$ o% he lo#al governmen &ni * The IRA$ reg&larl! and a& oma i#all! a##r&e o he lo#al rea$&r! (i ho& need o% an! %&r her a# ion on he 'ar o% he lo#al governmen &ni . The! h&$ #on$ i & e in#ome (hi#h he lo#al governmen #an invaria-l! rel! &'on a$ he $o&r#e o% m&#h needed %&nd$. 6 > > @TAo reiterate, IRAs are a re!$'ar, re $rrin! ite# of in o#eG ni' is there a &asis, too, to 'assify the sa#e as a s%e ia' f$nd or transfer, sin e IRAs ha"e a te hni a' definition and #eanin! a'' its own as $sed in the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code that $ne:$i"o a''y #a9es it distin t fro# s%e ia' f$nds or transfers referred to when the Code s%ea9s of Ef$ndin! s$%%ort fro# the nationa' !o"ern#ent, its instr$#enta'ities and !o"ern#ent;owned or ontro''ed or%orations.F

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Th$s, De%art#ent of 4inan e Order No. -.;7orre t'y en a%s$'iJes the f$'' i#%ort of the a&o"e dis:$isition when it defined ANN=AL INCODE to &e Ere"en$es and re ei%ts rea'iJed &y %ro"in es, ities and #$ni i%a'ities fro# re!$'ar so$r es of the Lo a' +enera' 4$nd including the internal revenue allotment and other shares %ro"ided for in Se tions 1/?, 172 and 17, of the Code, &$t e> '$si"e of non; re $rrin! re ei%ts, s$ h as other nationa' aids, !rants, finan ia' assistan e, 'oan %ro eeds, sa'es of fi>ed assets, and si#i'ar othersF. S$ h order, onstit$tin! e>e $ti"e or onte#%oraneo$s onstr$ tion of a stat$te &y an ad#inistrati"e a!en y har!ed with the tas9 of inter%retin! and a%%'yin! the sa#e, is entit'ed to f$'' res%e t and sho$'d &e a orded !reat wei!ht &y the o$rts, $n'ess s$ h onstr$ tion is 'ear'y shown to &e in shar% onf'i t with the Constit$tion, the !o"ernin! stat$te, or other 'aws. (!lvarez v. Guingona 1r., 1.1 SCRA 07., *an. -,, ,770, En 3an @<er#osisi#a, *r., *.A5 2.". State the importance of drawing with precise territorial boundaries of a local government unit. stroBes the

Held: The i#%ortan e of drawin! with %re ise stro9es the territoria' &o$ndaries of a 'o a' $nit of !o"ern#ent annot &e o"ere#%hasiJed. The -o&ndarie$ m&$ -e #lear %or he! de%ine he limi $ o% he erri orial .&ri$di# ion o% a lo#al governmen &ni * I #an legi ima el! e"er#i$e 'o(er$ o% governmen onl! (i hin he limi $ o% i $ erri orial .&ri$di# ion* Be!ond he$e limi $+ i $ a# $ are ultra vires. Needle$$ o $ a e+ an! &n#er ain ! in he -o&ndarie$ o% lo#al governmen &ni $ (ill $o( #o$ l! #on%li# $ in he e"er#i$e o% governmen al 'o(er$ (hi#h &l ima el! (ill 're.&di#e he 'eo'leD$ (el%are. This is the e"i' so$!ht to &e a"oided &y the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code in re:$irin! that the 'and area of a 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nit #$st &e s%e''ed o$t in #etes and &o$nds, with te hni a' des ri%tions. (Mariano 1r. v. C3ME'EC, 1?1 SCRA 1,,, 1,8;1,7, Dar. 8, ,77., En 3an @P$noA5 2.2. 8. . %$.+ was enacted converting the ?unicipality of ?aBati into a highly urbani=ed city. Section 2 thereof did not provide for a cadastral type of description of its boundary but merely provided that the boundary of the new city of ?aBati shall be the boundary of the present municipality of ?aBati. (etitioners contended in a petition brought the S& that 8. . %$.+ was defective because it did not comply with the re'uirement in the @ocal 5overnment &ode that /the territorial jurisdiction of newly created or converted cities should be described by metes and bounds, with technical descriptions.1 :ote that at the time the law was enacted, there was a pending boundary dispute between ?aBati and one of its neighbors, ;aguig, before the regular court. Should the contention be upheld? Held: +i"en the fa ts of the ases at &en h, we annot %er ei"e how this e"i' ($n ertainty in the &o$ndaries of 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits wi'' sow ost'y onf'i ts in the e>er ise of !o"ern#ent %owers whi h $'ti#ate'y wi'' %reB$di e the %eo%'eLs we'fare5 an &e &ro$!ht a&o$t &y the des ri%tion #ade in Se tion 1 of R.A. No. 8/.?. Pe i ioner$ have no demon$ ra ed ha he delinea ion o% he land area o% he 'ro'o$ed Ci ! o% :a6a i (ill #a&$e #on%&$ion a$ o i $ -o&ndarie$* We no e ha $aid delinea ion did no #hange even -! an in#h he land area 'revio&$l! #overed -! :a6a i a$ a m&ni#i'ali !* Se# ion 5 did no add+ $&- ra# + divide+ or m&l i'l! he e$ a-li$hed land area o% :a6a i* In lang&age ha #anno -e an! #learer+ Se# ion 5 $ a ed ha he #i !D$ land area 2$hall #om'ri$e he present erri or! o% he m&ni#i'ali !.F The deli-era ion$ o% Congre$$ (ill reveal ha here i$ a legi ima e rea$on (h! he land area o% he 'ro'o$ed Ci ! o% :a6a i (a$ no de%ined -! me e$ and -o&nd$+ (i h e#hni#al de$#ri' ion$* A he ime o% he #on$idera ion o% R*A* No* FBGE+ he erri orial di$'& e -e (een he m&ni#i'ali ie$ o% :a6a i and Tag&ig over 9or Boni%a#io (a$ &nder #o&r li iga ion* O& o% a -e#oming $en$e o% re$'e# o a #o, e)&al de'ar men o% governmen + he legi$la or$ %el ha he di$'& e

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$ho&ld -e le% o he #o&r $ o de#ide* The! did no (an o %ore#lo$e he di$'& e -! ma6ing a legi$la ive %inding o% %a# (hi#h #o&ld de#ide he i$$&e* Thi$ (o&ld have en$&ed i% he! de%ined he land area o% he 'ro'o$ed #i ! -! i $ e"a# me e$ and -o&nd$+ (i h e#hni#al de$#ri' ion$. We a6e .&di#ial no i#e o% he %a# ha Congre$$ ha$ al$o re%rained %rom &$ing he me e$ and -o&nd$ de$#ri' ion o% he land area o% o her lo#al governmen &ni $ (i h &n$e led -o&ndar! di$'& e$. We hold ha he e"i$ en#e o% a -o&ndar! di$'& e doe$ no per se 're$en an in$&rmo&n a-le di%%i#&l ! (hi#h (ill 'reven Congre$$ %rom de%ining (i h rea$ona-le #er i &de he erri orial .&ri$di# ion o% a lo#al governmen &ni * In he #a$e$ a -en#h+ Congre$$ main ained he e"i$ ing -o&ndarie$ o% he 'ro'o$ed Ci ! o% :a6a i -& a$ an a# o% %airne$$+ made hem $&-.e# o he &l ima e re$ol& ion -! he #o&r $. Considerin! these %e $'iar ir $#stan es, we are not %re%ared to ho'd that Se tion 1 of R.A. No. 8/.? is $n onstit$tiona'. We s$stain the s$&#ission of the So'i itor +enera' in this re!ard, vi=N E+oin! now to Se tions 8 and ?.2 of the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code, it is &eyond a"i' that the re:$ire#ent started therein, vi=N Othe territoria' B$risdi tion of new'y reated or on"erted ities sho$'d &e des ri&ed &y #etes and &o$nds, with te hni a' des ri%tionsF C was #ade in order to %ro"ide a #eans &y whi h the area of said ities #ay &e reasona&'y as ertained. In other words, he re)&iremen on me e$ and -o&nd$ (a$ mean merel! a$ a ool in he e$ a-li$hmen o% lo#al governmen &ni $* I i$ no an end in i $el%* Ergo $o long a$ he erri orial .&ri$di# ion o% a #i ! ma! -e rea$ona-l! a$#er ained+ i*e*+ -! re%erring o #ommon -o&ndarie$ (i h neigh-oring m&ni#i'ali ie$+ a$ in hi$ #a$e+ hen+ i ma! -e #on#l&ded ha he legi$la ive in en -ehind he la( ha$ -een $&%%i#ien l! $erved. Certain'y, Con!ress did not intend that 'aws reatin! new ities #$st ontain therein detai'ed te hni a' des ri%tions si#i'ar to those a%%earin! in Torrens tit'es, as %etitioners see# to i#%'y. To re:$ire s$ h des ri%tion in the 'aw as a ondition sine 'ua non for its "a'idity wo$'d &e to defeat the "ery %$r%ose whi h the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code see9s to ser"e. The #anifest intent of the Code is to e#%ower 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits and to !i"e the# their ri!htf$' d$e. It see9s to #a9e 'o a' !o"ern#ents #ore res%onsi"e to the needs of their onstit$ents whi'e at the sa#e ti#e ser"in! as a "ita' o! in nationa' de"e'o%#ent. To in"a'idate R.A. No. 8/.? on the #ere !ro$nd that no adastra' ty%e of des ri%tion was $sed in the 'aw wo$'d ser"e the 'etter &$t defeat the s%irit of the Code. It then &e o#es a ase of the #aster ser"in! the s'a"e, instead of the other way aro$nd. This o$'d not &e the intend#ent of the 'aw.F 6 > > (Mariano 1r. v. C3ME'EC, 1?1 SCRA 1,,, 1,8;1,7, Dar. 8, ,77., En 3an @P$noA5 2.*. What is the meaning of /D7F9@C;I9:1?

An$(er: The ter# ED7F9@C;I9:F refers to the a# -! (hi#h he Na ional governmen #on%er$ 'o(er and a& hori ! &'on he vario&$ lo#al governmen &ni $ o 'er%orm $'e#i%i# %&n# ion$ and re$'on$i-ili ie$ . (Se#* 0F<e=+ 5nd 'ar*+ 'ocal Government Co$e5 2.+. 6ave the powers of the @and ;ransportation 9ffice <@;9> to register, tricycles in particular, as well as to issue licenses for the driving thereof, been devolved liBewise to local government units? Held: Onl! he 'o(er$ o% he Land Tran$'or a ion 9ran#hi$ing Reg&la or! Board /LT9RB1 o reg&la e he o'era ion o% ri#!#le$,%or, hire and o gran %ran#hi$e$ %or he o'era ion hereo% have -een devolved o lo#al governmen $ &nder he Lo#al >overnmen Code. C'ear'y $naffe ted &y the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code are the %owers of the LTO $nder R.A. No. ?,-0 re:$irin! the re!istration of a'' 9inds of #otor "ehi 'es

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E$sed or o%erated on or $%on any %$&'i hi!hwayF in the o$ntry. This an &e !'eaned fro# the e>%'i it 'an!$a!e of the stat$te itse'f, as we'' as the orres%ondin! !$ide'ines iss$ed &y the DOTC. In fa t, e"en the %ower of L+=s to re!$'ate the o%eration of tri y 'es and to !rant fran hises for the o%eration thereof is sti'' s$&Be t to the !$ide'ines %res ri&ed &y the DOTC. ('&3 v. City of 6utuan, +.R. No. ,-,.,1, *an. 12, 1222, -rd Di". @Vit$!A5 2... Distinguish the power to grant a license or permit to do business and the power to issue a license to engage in the practice of a particular profession. Held: Distin tion #$st &e #ade &etween the gran o% a li#en$e or 'ermi o do -&$ine$$ and the i$$&an#e o% a li#en$e o engage in he 'ra# i#e o% a 'ar i#&lar 'ro%e$$ion. (,5 The %ir$ i$ &$&all! gran ed -! he lo#al a& hori ie$ and he $e#ond i$ i$$&ed -! he Board or Commi$$ion a$6ed o reg&la e he 'ar i#&lar 'ro%e$$ion. (15 A -&$ine$$ 'ermi a& hori8e$ he 'er$on+ na &ral or o her(i$e+ o engage in -&$ine$$ or $ome %orm o% #ommer#ial a# ivi !* A 'ro%e$$ional li#en$e+ on he o her hand+ i$ he gran o% a& hori ! o a na &ral 'er$on o engage in he 'ra# i#e or e"er#i$e o% hi$ or her 'ro%e$$ion. In the ase at &ar, what is so$!ht &y %etitioner (A e&edo O%ti a' Co#%any, In .5 fro# res%ondent City Dayor is a %er#it to en!a!e in the &$siness of r$nnin! an o%ti a' sho%. It does not %$r%ort to see9 a 'i ense to en!a!e in the %ra ti e of o%to#etry as a or%orate &ody or entity, a'tho$!h it does ha"e in its e#%'oy, %ersons who are d$'y 'i ensed to %ra ti e o%to#etry &y the 3oard of E>a#iners in O%to#etry. 6 > > In the %resent ase, the o&Be ti"e of the i#%osition of s$&Be t onditions on %etitionerLs &$siness %er#it o$'d &e attained &y re:$irin! the o%to#etrists in %etitionerLs e#%'oy to %rod$ e a "a'id ertifi ate of re!istration as o%to#etrists, fro# the 3oard of E>a#iners in O%to#etry. A -&$ine$$ 'ermi i$ i$$&ed 'rimaril! o reg&la e he #ond&# o% -&$ine$$ and he Ci ! :a!or #anno + hro&gh he i$$&an#e o% $&#h 'ermi + reg&la e he 'ra# i#e o% a 'ro%e$$ion+ li6e ha o% o' ome r!* S&#h a %&n# ion i$ (i hin he e"#l&$ive domain o% he admini$ ra ive agen#! $'e#i%i#all! em'o(ered -! la( o $&'ervi$e he 'ro%e$$ion+ in hi$ #a$e he Pro%e$$ional Reg&la ion$ Commi$$ion and he Board o% E"aminer$ in O' ome r!. (!ce#e$o 3ptical Company Inc. v. C!, -17 SCRA -,?, Dar h -,, 1222, En 3an @P$risi#aA5 2.). ?ay a local government unit validly authori=e an e-propriation of private property through a mere resolution of its lawmaBing body? Held: The Lo#al >overnmen Code e"'re$$l! and #learl! re)&ire$ an ORDINANCE or a LOCAL LAW %or ha '&r'o$e* A re$ol& ion ha merel! e"'re$$e$ he $en imen or o'inion o% he :&ni#i'al Co&n#il (ill no $&%%i#e. The ase of Province of Camarines Sur v. Court of !ppeals whi h he'd that a #ere reso'$tion #ay s$ffi e to s$%%ort the e>er ise of e#inent do#ain &y a 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nit is no in 'oin -e#a&$e he a''li#a-le la( a ha ime (a$ B*P* 77F+ he 'revio&$ Lo#al >overnmen Code+ (hi#h had 'rovided ha a mere re$ol& ion (o&ld ena-le an L>U o e"er#i$e eminen domain* In #on ra$ + R*A* F0IJ+ he 're$en Lo#al >overnmen Code+ e"'li#i l! re)&ired an ordinan#e %or hi$ '&r'o$e. (Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corp., 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 2.%. What are the re'uisites before a @ocal validly e-ercise the power of eminent domain? Held: 5overnment Cnit can

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1) An 3RDIN!NCE is ena ted &y the 'o a' 'e!is'ati"e o$n i' a& hori8ing he lo#al #hie% e"e#& ive, in &eha'f of the L+=, o e"er#i$e he 'o(er o% eminen domain or '&r$&e e"'ro'ria ion 'ro#eeding$ over a 'ar i#&lar 'riva e 'ro'er !G 2) The %ower of e#inent do#ain is e"er#i$ed %or '&-li# &$e+ '&r'o$e or (el%are+ or %or he -ene%i o% he 'oor and he landle$$G 3) There is 'a!men o% .&$ #om'en$a ion, as re:$ired $nder Se tion 7, Arti 'e III of the Constit$tion, and other %ertinent 'awsG 4) A valid and de%ini e o%%er ha$ -een 'revio&$l! made o he o(ner o% he 'ro'er ! $o&gh o -e e"'ro'ria ed+ -& $aid o%%er (a$ no a##e' ed. (Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corp., 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 2.$. ?ay the Sangguniang (anlalawigan validly disapprove a resolution or ordinance of a municipality calling for the e-propriation of private property to be made site of a 0armers &enter and 9ther 5overnment Sports 0acilities on the ground that said /e-propriation is unnecessary considering that there are still available lots of the municipality for the establishment of a government center1? Held: =nder the Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code, the San!!$nian! Pan'a'awi!an is !ranted the %ower to de 'are a #$ni i%a' reso'$tion in"a'id on the so'e !ro$nd that it is &eyond the %ower of the San!!$nian! 3ayan or Dayor to iss$e. As he'd in 2elazco v. 6las (+.R. No. L;-2?.0, *$'y -2, ,7/1, ,,. SCRA .?2, .??;.?.5, EThe onl! gro&nd &'on (hi#h a 'rovin#ial -oard ma! de#lare an! m&ni#i'al re$ol& ion+ ordinan#e or order invalid i$ (hen $&#h re$ol& ion+ ordinan#e+ or order i$ Q-e!ond he 'o(er$ #on%erred &'on he #o&n#il or 're$iden ma6ing he $ame.L A stri t'y 'e!a' :$estion is &efore the %ro"in ia' &oard in its onsideration of a #$ni i%a' reso'$tion, ordinan e, or order. The 'rovin#ial -oardD$ di$a''roval o% an! re$ol& ion+ ordinan#e+ or order m&$ -e 'remi$ed $'e#i%i#all! &'on he %a# ha $&#h re$ol& ion+ ordinan#e+ or order i$ o& $ide he $#o'e o% he legal 'o(er$ #on%erred -! la(* I% a 'rovin#ial -oard 'a$$e$ he$e limi $+ i &$&r'$ he legi$la ive %&n# ion$ o% he m&ni#i'al #o&n#il or 're$iden . S$ h has &een the onsistent o$rse of e>e $ti"e a$thority.F ( Mo$ay v. C!, 10/ SCRA ./0, 4e&. 12, ,7785 2.#. Cnder Section $, rticle ! of the &onstitution, /3;4he term of office of elective local officials - - - shall be three years and no such official shall serve for more than three consecutive terms.1 6ow is this term limit for elective local officials to be interpreted? Held: The ter# 'i#it for e'e ti"e 'o a' offi ia's #$st &e ta9en to refer to the rig)t to #e electe$ as (ell as t)e rig)t to serve in t)e same elective position. Conse:$ent'y, i i$ no eno&gh ha an individ&al ha$ $erved hree #on$e#& ive erm$ in an ele# ive lo#al o%%i#e+ he m&$ al$o have -een E'EC&ED o he $ame 'o$i ion %or he $ame n&m-er o% ime$ -e%ore he di$)&ali%i#a ion #an a''l!. (6or0a 1r. v. C3ME'EC an$ Capco 1r. , +.R. No. ,--?7., Se%t. -, ,77/, 17. SCRA ,.8, En 3an @DendoJaA5 Case No. 7. Suppose is a vice,mayor who becomes mayor by reason of the death of the incumbent. Si- months before the ne-t election, he resigns and is twice elected thereafter. &an he run again for mayor in the ne-t election? !ns(er< ;e$+ -e#a&$e al ho&gh he ha$ alread! %ir$ $erved a$ ma!or -! $&##e$$ion and $&-$e)&en l! re$igned %rom o%%i#e -e%ore he %&ll erm e"'ired+ he ha$ no a# &all! $erved hree %&ll erm$ in all %or he '&r'o$e o% a''l!ing he erm limi * Under Ar * ?+ Se#* B+ vol&n ar! ren&n#ia ion o% he o%%i#e i$ no #on$idered a$ an in err&' ion in he #on in&i ! o% hi$ $ervi#e %or he %&ll erm onl! i% he erm i$ one 2%or (hi#h he (a$ ele# ed .F Sin e A is on'y o#%'etin!

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the ser"i e of the ter# for whi h the de eased and not he was e'e ted, A annot &e onsidered to ha"e o#%'eted one ter#. <is resi!nation onstit$tes an interr$%tion of the f$'' ter#. Case No. +. Suppose E is elected ?ayor and, during his first term, he is twice suspended for misconduct for a total of " year. If he is twice reelected after that, can he run for one more term in the ne-t election? !ns(er< $&##e$$ivel!* ;e$+ -e#a&$e he ha$ $erved onl! (o %&ll erm$

In -o h #a$e$+ he ma!or i$ en i led o r&n %or reele# ion -e#a&$e he (o #ondi ion$ %or he a''li#a ion o% he di$)&ali%i#a ion 'rovi$ion$ have no #on#&rred+ namel!+ ha he lo#al o%%i#ial #on#erned ha$ -een ele# ed hree #on$e#& ive ime$ and ha he ha$ %&ll! $erved hree #on$e#& ive erm$* In he %ir$ #a$e+ even i% he lo#al o%%i#ial i$ #on$idered o have $erved hree %&ll erm$ no (i h$ anding hi$ re$igna ion -e%ore he end o% he %ir$ erm+ he %a# remain$ ha he ha$ no -een ele# ed hree ime$* In he $e#ond #a$e+ he lo#al o%%i#ial ha$ -een ele# ed hree #on$e#& ive ime$+ -& he ha$ no %&ll! serve$ hree #on$e#& ive erm$. Case No. *. ;he case of vice,mayor & who becomes mayor by succession involves a total failure of the two conditions to concur for the purpose of applying rt. !, Sec. $. Suppose he is twice elected after that term, is he 'ualified to run again in the ne-t election? !ns(er< Yes, &e a$se he was not e'e ted to the offi e of #ayor in the first ter# &$t si#%'y fo$nd hi#se'f thr$st into it &y o%eration of 'aw. Neither had he ser"ed the f$'' ter# &e a$se he on'y ontin$ed the ser"i e, interr$%ted &y the death, of the de eased #ayor. (6or0a 1r. v. C3ME'EC an$ Capco 1r., +.R. No. ,--?7., Se%t. -, ,77/, 17. SCRA ,.8, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2)2. What are the policies embodied in the constitutional provision barring elective local officials, with the e-ception of barangay officials, from serving more than three consecutive terms? Held: To %re"ent the esta&'ish#ent of %o'iti a' dynasties is not the on'y %o'i y e#&odied in the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision in :$estion (&arrin! e'e ti"e 'o a' offi ia's, with the e> e%tion of &aran!ay offi ia's, fro# ser"in! #ore than three onse $ti"e ter#s5. The other %o'i y is that of enhan in! the freedo# of hoi e of the %eo%'e. To onsider, therefore, on'y stay in offi e re!ard'ess of how the offi ia' on erned a#e to that offi e C whether &y e'e tion or &y s$ ession &y o%eration of 'aw C wo$'d &e to disre!ard one of the %$r%oses of the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision in :$estion. (6or0a 1r. v. C3ME'EC an$ Capco 1r., +.R. No. ,--?7., Se%t. -, ,77/, 17. SCRA ,.8, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2)". @on=anida was previously elected and served two consecutive terms as mayor of San ntonio, Dambales prior to the ?ay "##. mayoral elections. In the ?ay "##. elections he again ran for mayor of San ntonio, Dambales and was proclaimed winner. 6e assumed office and discharged the rights and duties of mayor until ?arch "##$ when he was ordered to vacate the post by reason of the &9?7@7& decision on the election protest against him which declared his opponent Juan lve= the duly elected mayor. lve= served the remaining portion of the "##., "##$ mayoral term. Is @on=anida still 'ualified to run for mayor of San ntonio, Dambales in the ?ay "##$ local elections? Held: The two re:$isites for the a%%'i ation of the three ter# r$'e were a&sent. =irst, Lon8anida #anno -e #on$idered a$ having -een d&l! ele# ed o he 'o$ in he :a! 0CCG ele# ion$, and se ond, he did no %&ll! $erve he 0CCG,0CCB ma!oral erm -! rea$on o% invol&n ar! relin)&i$hmen o% o%%i#e. A% er a re,a''re#ia ion and revi$ion o% he #on e$ ed -allo $ he CO:ELEC i $el% de#lared -! %inal .&dgmen ha

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Lon8anida lo$ in he :a! 0CCG ma!oral ele# ion$ and hi$ 'revio&$ 'ro#lama ion a$ (inner (a$ de#lared n&ll and void* Hi$ a$$&m' ion o% o%%i#e a$ ma!or #anno -e deemed o have -een -! rea$on o% a valid ele# ion -& -! rea$on o% a void 'ro#lama ion* I ha$ -een re'ea edl! held -! he SC ha a 'ro#lama ion $&-$e)&en l! de#lared void i$ no 'ro#lama ion a all and (hile a 'ro#laimed #andida e ma! a$$&me o%%i#e on he $ reng h o% he 'ro#lama ion o% he Board o% Canva$$er$ he i$ onl! a 're$&m' ive (inner (ho a$$&me$ o%%i#e $&-.e# o he %inal o& #ome o% he ele# ion 'ro e$ * Lon8anida did no $erve a erm a$ ma!or o% San An onio+ @am-ale$ %rom :a! 0CCG o :ar#h 0CCB -e#a&$e he (a$ no d&l! ele# ed o he 'o$ G he #ere'y ass$#ed offi e as %res$#%ti"e winner, whi h %res$#%tion was 'ater o"ert$rned &y the CODELEC when it de ided with fina'ity that LonJanida 'ost in the Day ,77. #ayora' e'e tions. Secon$, Lon8anida #anno -e deemed o have $erved he :a! 0CCG o 0CCB erm -e#a&$e he (a$ ordered o va#a e hi$ 'o$ -e%ore he e"'ira ion o% he erm* Hi$ o''onen $D #on en ion ha Lon8anida $ho&ld -e deemed o have $erved one %&ll erm %rom :a! 0CCG,0CCB -e#a&$e he $erved he grea er 'or ion o% ha erm ha$ no legal -a$i$ o $&''or i 4 i di$regard$ he $e#ond re)&i$i e %or he a''li#a ion o% he di$)&ali%i#a ion+ i.e. ha he ha$ %&ll! $erved hree #on$e#& ive erm$. The se ond senten e of the onstit$tiona' %ro"ision $nder s r$tiny states, EHol&n ar! ren&n#ia ion o% o%%i#e for any lengt) of time $hall no -e #on$idered a$ an in err&' ion in he #on in&i ! o% $ervi#e %or he %&ll erm %or (hi#h he (a$ ele# ed.F The 'ear intent of the fra#ers of the Constit$tion to &ar any atte#%t to ir $#"ent the three;ter# 'i#it &y a "o'$ntary ren$n iation of offi e and at the sa#e ti#e res%e t the %eo%'eLs hoi e and !rant their e'e ted offi ia' f$'' ser"i e of a ter# is e"ident in this %ro"ision. Vo'$ntary ren$n iation of a ter# does not an e' the reno$n ed ter# in the o#%$tation of the three ter# 'i#itG on"erse'y, in"o'$ntary se"eran e fro# offi e for any 'en!th of ti#e short of the f$'' ter# %ro"ided &y 'aw a#o$nts to an interr$%tion of ontin$ity of ser"i e. LonJanida "a ated his %ost a few #onths &efore the ne>t #ayora' e'e tions, not &y "o'$ntary ren$n iation &$t in o#%'ian e with the 'e!a' %ro ess of writ of e>e $tion iss$ed &y the CODELEC to that effe t. S&#h invol&n ar! $everan#e %rom o%%i#e i$ an in err&' ion o% #on in&i ! o% $ervi#e and h&$+ Lon8anida did no %&ll! $erve he 0CCG,0CCB ma!oral erm. In s$#, Lon8anida (a$ not he d&l! ele# ed ma!or and ha he did not hold o%%i#e %or he %&ll erm4 hen#e+ hi$ a$$&m' ion o% o%%i#e %rom :a! 0CCG o :ar#h 0CCB #anno -e #o&n ed a$ a erm %or '&r'o$e$ o% #om'& ing he hree erm limi . ('onzani$a v. C3ME'EC, -,, SCRA 021, *$'y 1/, ,777, En 3an @+onJa!a;ReyesA5 2)2. ?ay the (resident validly withhold a portion of the internal revenue allotments of @ocal 5overnment Cnits legally due them by administrative fiat? Held: The Con$ i & ion ve$ $ he Pre$iden (i h he 'o(er o% $&'ervi$ion+ no #on rol+ over lo#al governmen &ni $ /L>U$1 . S$ h %ower ena&'es hi# to see to it that L+=s and their offi ia's e>e $te their tas9s in a ordan e with 'aw. While he ma! i$$&e advi$orie$ and $ee6 heir #oo'era ion in $olving e#onomi# di%%i#&l ie$+ he #anno 'reven hem %rom 'er%orming heir a$6$ and &$ing availa-le re$o&r#e$ o a#hieve heir goal$* He ma! no (i hhold or al er an! a& hori ! or 'o(er given hem -! he la(* Th&$+ he (i hholding o% a 'or ion o% in ernal reven&e allo men $ legall! d&e hem #anno -e dire# ed -! admini$ ra ive %ia . 6 > > Se# ion E of !3 *,+ #anno > > > -e &'held. A -a$i# %ea &re o% lo#al %i$#al a& onom! i$ he automatic relea$e o% he $hare$ o% L>U$ in he Na ional in ernal reven&e* Thi$ i$ manda ed -! no le$$ han he Con$ i & ion. The Lo#al >overnmen Code 8Sec. +.;DaE9 $'e#i%ie$ %&r her ha he relea$e $hall -e made dire# l! o he L>U #on#erned

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(i hin %ive /G1 da!$ a% su#0ect to any lien or government for ()atever (ord o% #ommand ha 'rovi$ion i$+ here%ore+

er ever! )&ar er o% he !ear and Cs)all not #e )ol$#acA t)at may #e impose$ #y t)e national purpose.M A$ a r&le+ he erm 2$hall3 i$ a m&$ -e given a #om'&l$or! meaning*3 The im'era ive.

Se tion ? of AO -81, howe"er, orders the withho'din!, effe ti"e *an$ary ,, ,77/, of ,2 %er ent of the L+=sL IRA E%endin! the assess#ent and e"a'$ation &y the De"e'o%#ent 3$d!et Coordinatin! Co##ittee of the e#er!in! fis a' sit$ationF in the o$ntry. S&#h (i hholding #learl! #on ravene$ he Con$ i & ion and he la(* Al ho&gh+ em'orar!+ i i$ e)&ivalen o a hold-a#6+ (hi#h mean$ 2$ome hing held -a#6 or (i hheld. Often te#%orari'y.F Hen#e+ he 2 em'orar!3 na &re o% he re en ion -! he na ional governmen doe$ no ma er* An! re en ion i$ 'rohi-i ed. In $&m+ (hile Se# ion 0 o% AO 7F5 ma! -e &'held a$ an advi$or! e%%e# ed in ime$ o% na ional #ri$i$+ Se# ion E hereo% ha$ no #olor o% validi ! a all* The la er 'rovi$ion e%%e# ivel! en#roa#he$ on he %i$#al a& onom! o% lo#al governmen $. Con eded'y, the President was we'';intentioned in iss$in! his Order to withho'd the L+=sL IRA, &$t the r$'e of 'aw re:$ires that e"en the &est intentions #$st &e arried o$t within the %ara#eters of the Constit$tion and the 'aw. Veri'y, 'a$da&'e %$r%oses #$st &e arried o$t &y 'e!a' #ethods. (Pimentel 1r. v. !guirre, +.R. No. ,-17//, --0 SCRA 12,, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 2)*. What is meant by fiscal autonomy of @ocal 5overnments? Does it rule out in any manner national government intervention by way of supervision in order to ensure that local programs are consistent with national goals? Held: Under e"i$ ing la(+ lo#al governmen &ni $+ in addi ion o having admini$ ra ive a& onom! in he e"er#i$e o% heir %&n# ion$+ en.o! %i$#al a& onom! a$ (ell* 9i$#al a& onom! mean$ ha lo#al governmen $ have he 'o(er o #rea e heir o(n $o&r#e$ o% reven&e in addi ion o heir e)&i a-le $hare in he na ional a"e$ relea$ed -! he na ional governmen + a$ (ell a$ he 'o(er o allo#a e heir re$o&r#e$ in a##ordan#e (i h heir o(n 'riori ie$* I e" end$ o he 're'ara ion o% heir -&dge $+ and lo#al o%%i#ial$ in &rn have o (or6 (i hin he #on$ rain $ hereo%* The! are no %orm&la ed a he na ional level and im'o$ed on lo#al governmen $+ (he her he! are relevan o lo#al need$ and re$o&r#e$ or no . <en e, the ne essity of a &a'an in! of "iew%oints and the har#oniJation of %ro%osa's fro# &oth 'o a' and nationa' offi ia's, who in any ase are %artners in the attain#ent of nationa' !oa's. Lo#al %i$#al a& onom! doe$ no + ho(ever+ r&le o& an! manner o% na ional governmen in erven ion -! (a! o% $&'ervi$ion+ in order o en$&re ha lo#al 'rogram$+ %i$#al and o her(i$e+ are #on$i$ en (i h na ional goal$. Si!nifi ant'y, the President, &y onstit$tiona' fiat, is the head of the e ono#i and %'annin! a!en y of the !o"ern#ent <Section #, rticle !II of the &onstitution>, %ri#ari'y res%onsi&'e for for#$'atin! and i#%'e#entin! ontin$in!, oordinated and inte!rated so ia' and e ono#i %o'i ies, %'ans and %ro!ra#s <Section *, &hapter ", Subtitle &, ;itle II, EooB F, 79 2#2 3 dministrative &ode of "#$%4> for the entire o$ntry. Ho(ever+ &nder he Con$ i & ion+ he %orm&la ion and he im'lemen a ion o% $&#h 'oli#ie$ and 'rogram$ are $&-.e# o 2#on$&l a ion$ (i h he a''ro'ria e '&-li# agen#ie$+ vario&$ 'riva e $e# or$+ and lo#al governmen &ni $*3 The Pre$iden #anno do $o &nila erall!. (Pimentel 1r. v. !guirre, --0 SCRA 12,, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 2)+. What are the re'uisites before the (resident may interfere in local fiscal matters?

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Held: > > > @TAhe 'ocal Government Co$e %ro"ides (Se . 1/?. See a'so Art. -87 of the 8ules and 8egulations Implementing the @ocal 5overnment &ode of "##"5I E> > > <I=n he even he na ional governmen in#&r$ an &nmanaged '&-li# $e# or de%i#i , the President of the Phi'i%%ines is here&y a$thoriJed, &'on he re#ommenda ion o% < he= Se#re ar! o% 9inan#e+ Se#re ar! o% he In erior and Lo#al >overnmen and Se#re ar! o% B&dge and :anagemen + and $&-.e# o #on$&l a ion (i h he 're$iding o%%i#er$ o% -o h Ho&$e$ o% Congre$$ and he 're$iden $ o% he liga, to #a9e the ne essary adB$st#ents in the interna' re"en$e a''ot#ent of 'o a' !o"ern#ent $nits -& in no #a$e $hall he allo men -e le$$ han hir ! 'er#en /7JP1 o% he #olle# ion o% na ional in ernal reven&e a"e$ o% he hird %i$#al !ear 're#eding he #&rren %i$#al !ear > > >F There are therefore se"era' re:$isites &efore the President #ay interfere in 'o a' fis a' #attersI (,5 an &nmanaged '&-li# $e# or de%i#i o% he na ional governmen G (15 #on$&l a ion$ (i h he 're$iding o%%i#er$ o% he Sena e and he Ho&$e o% Re're$en a ive$ an$ t)e presi$ents of t)e various local leaguesO and (-5 he #orre$'onding re#ommenda ion o% he $e#re arie$ o% he De'ar men o% 9inan#e+ In erior and Lo#al >overnmen + and B&dge and :anagemen . 4$rther#ore, an! ad.&$ men in he allo men $hall in no #a$e -e le$$ han hir ! 'er#en /7JP1 o% he #olle# ion o% na ional in ernal reven&e a"e$ o% he hird %i$#al !ear 're#eding he #&rren one. (Pimentel 1r. v. !guirre, --0 SCRA 12,, *$'y ,7, 1222, En 3an @Pan!ani&anA5 2).. Distinguish an ordinance from a mere resolution. Held: A #$ni i%a' ordinan e is different fro# a reso'$tion. An 98DI: :&7 is a la(, &$t a 87S9@C;I9: is merel! a de#lara ion o% he $en imen or o'inion o% a la(ma6ing -od! on a $'e#i%i# ma er. An 98DI: :&7 %ossesses a general and 'ermanen #hara# er, &$t a 87S9@C;I9: is em'orar! in na &re. Additiona''y, the two are ena ted different'y C a hird reading i$ ne#e$$ar! %or an ordinan#e+ -& no %or a re$ol& ion+ &nle$$ de#ided o her(i$e -! a ma.ori ! o% all he Sangg&nian mem-er$. (Municipality of ParanaHue v. 2.M. Realty Corporation, 171 SCRA 08/, *$'y 12, ,77/ @Pan!ani&anA5 2)). 9n its first regular session, may the Sanggunian transact business other than the matter of adopting or updating its e-isting rules or procedure? Held: We annot infer the #andate of the (Lo a' +o"ern#ent5 Code that no other &$siness #ay &e transa ted on the first re!$'ar session e> e%t to ta9e $% the #atter of ado%tin! or $%datin! r$'es. A'' that the 'aw re:$ires is that Eon he %ir$ reg&lar $e$$ion > > > he sanggunian #on#erned $hall ado' or &'da e i $ e"i$ ing r&le$ or 'ro#ed&re$.F There i$ no hing in he lang&age hereo% ha re$ ri# $ he ma er$ o -e a6en &' d&ring he %ir$ reg&lar $e$$ion merel! o he ado' ion or &'da ing o% he ho&$e r&le$* I% i (ere he in en o% Congre$$ o limi he -&$ine$$ o% he lo#al #o&n#il o $&#h ma er$+ hen i (o&ld have done $o in #lear and &ne)&ivo#al erm$* B& a$ i i$+ here i$ no $&#h in en . Doreo"er, ado%tin! or $%datin! of ho$se r$'es wo$'d ne essari'y entai' wor9 &eyond the day of the first re!$'ar session. Does this #ean that %rior thereto, the 'o a' o$n i'Ls hands were tied and o$'d not a t on any other #atterQ That wo$'d ertain'y &e a&s$rd for it wo$'d res$'t in a hiat$s and a %ara'ysis in the 'o a' 'e!is'at$reLs wor9 whi h o$'d not ha"e &een intended &y the 'aw. (Malonzo v. @amora, -,, SCRA 11?, *$'y 18, ,777, En 3an @Ro#eroA5

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2)%. ?ay an incumbent Fice,5overnor, while concurrently the cting 5overnor, continue to preside over the sessions of the Sangguniang (anlalawigan <S(>? If no, who may preside in the meantime? Held: Being he a# ing governor+ he Hi#e,governor #anno #on in&e o $im&l aneo&$l! e"er#i$e he d& ie$ o% he la er o%%i#e+ $in#e he na &re o% he d& ie$ o% he Provin#ial >overnor #all$ %or a %&ll, ime o##&'an o di$#harge hem. S$ h is not on'y onsistent with &$t a'so a%%ears to &e the 'ear rationa'e of the new (Lo a' +o"ern#ent5 Code wherein the %o'i y of %erfor#in! d$a' f$n tions in &oth offi es has a'ready &een a&andoned. To re'ea + he #rea ion o% a em'orar! va#an#! in he o%%i#e o% he >overnor #rea e$ a #orre$'onding va#an#! in he o%%i#e o% he Hi#e,>overnor (henever he la er a# $ a$ >overnor -! vir &e o% $&#h em'orar! va#an#!* Thi$ even #on$ i & e$ an 2ina-ili !3 on he 'ar o% he reg&lar 're$iding o%%i#er /Hi#e, >overnor1 o 're$ide d&ring he SP $e$$ion$+ (hi#h h&$ #all$ %or he o'era ion o% he remed! $e in Ar i#le EC/-1 o% he Lo#al >overnmen Code N #on#erning he ele# ion o% a em'orar! 're$iding o%%i#er . The ontin$ity of the A tin! +o"ernorLs (Vi e;+o"ernor5 %owers as %residin! offi er of the SP is s$s%ended so 'on! as he is in s$ h a%a ity. =nder Se# ion EC/-1, Ein he even o% he ina-ili ! o% he reg&lar 're$iding o%%i#er o 're$ide a he $angg&nian $e$$ion+ he mem-er$ 're$en and #on$ i & ing a )&or&m $hall ele# %rom among hem$elve$ a em'orar! 're$iding o%%i#er.F (Gam#oa 1r. v. !guirre 1r., +.R. No. ,-?1,-, *$'y 12, ,777, En 3an @Ynares;Santia!oA5 2)$. What is recall?

Held: 87& @@ is a mode o% removal o% a '&-li# o%%i#er -! he 'eo'le -e%ore he end o% hi$ erm o% o%%i#e* The 'eo'leD$ 'reroga ive o remove a '&-li# o%%i#er i$ an in#iden o% heir $overeign 'o(er and in he a-$en#e o% #on$ i & ional re$ rain + he 'o(er i$ im'lied in all governmen al o'era ion$* S&#h 'o(er ha$ -een held o -e indi$'en$a-le %or he 'ro'er admini$ ra ion o% '&-li# a%%air$. Not $ndeser"ed'y, it is fre:$ent'y des ri&ed as a f$nda#enta' ri!ht of the %eo%'e in a re%resentati"e de#o ra y. (Garcia v. C3ME'EC, 118 SCRA ,2/, O t. ., ,77-, En 3an @P$noA5 2)#. What is the ground for recall? in'uiry? Is this subject to judicial

Held: 4or#er Senator A:$i'ino Pi#ente', *r., a #aBor a$thor of the s$&Be t 'aw in his &oo9 ;he @ocal 5overnment &ode of "##"N ;he Key to :ational Development, stressed the sa#e reason why the s$&stanti"e ontent of a "ote of 'a 9 of onfiden e is &eyond any in:$iry, th$sI EThere i$ onl! one gro&nd %or re#all o% lo#al governmen o%%i#ial$: lo$$ o% #on%iden#e* Thi$ mean$ ha he 'eo'le ma! 'e i ion or he Pre'ara or! Re#all A$$em-l! ma! re$olve o re#all an! lo#al ele# ive o%%i#ial (i ho& $'e#i%!ing an! 'ar i#&lar gro&nd e"#e' lo$$ o% #on%iden#e* There i$ no need %or hem o -ring &' an! #harge o% a-&$e or #orr&' ion again$ he lo#al ele# ive o%%i#ial$ (ho are $&-.e# o% an! re#all 'e i ion. In the ase of Evar$one v. Commission on Elections et al., 12? SCRA ?0?, ?81 (,77,5, the Co$rt r$'ed that Olo$$ o% #on%iden#eL a$ a gro&nd %or re#all i$ a 'oli i#al )&e$ ion* In he (ord$ o% he Co&r + Q(he her or no he ele# ora e o% he m&ni#i'ali ! o% S&la ha$ lo$ #on%iden#e in he in#&m-en ma!or i$ a 'oli i#al )&e$ ion.LF (Garcia v. C3ME'EC, 118 SCRA ,2/, O t. ., ,77-, En 3an @P$noA5 2%2. ;he members of the (reparatory 8ecall ssembly <(8 > of the province of Eataan adopted a resolution calling for the recall of 5overnor 5arcia. It was admitted, however, by the proponents of the recall resolution that only those members of the assembly inclined to

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agree were notified of the meeting where said resolution was adopted /as a matter of strategy and security.1 ;hey justified these selective notices on the ground that the law <@ocal 5overnment &ode> does not specifically mandate the giving of notice. Should this submission be sustained? Held: We re.e# hi$ $&-mi$$ion o% he re$'onden $* The d&e 'ro#e$$ #la&$e o% he Con$ i & ion re)&iring no i#e a$ an elemen o% %airne$$ i$ inviola-le and $ho&ld al(a!$ -e #on$idered 'ar and 'ar#el o% ever! la( in #a$e o% i $ $ilen#e* The need %or no i#e o all he mem-er$ o% he a$$em-l! i$ al$o im'era ive %or he$e mem-er$ re're$en he di%%eren $e# or$ o% he ele# ora e o% Ba aan* To he e" en ha he! are no no i%ied o% he mee ing o% he a$$em-l!+ o ha e" en i$ he $overeign voi#e o% he 'eo'le he! re're$en n&lli%ied* The re$ol& ion o re#all $ho&ld ar i#&la e he ma.ori ! (ill o% he mem-er$ o% he a$$em-l! -& he ma.ori ! (ill #an -e gen&inel! de ermined onl! a% er all he mem-er$ o% he a$$em-l! have -een given a %air o''or &ni ! o e"'re$$ he (ill o% heir #on$ i &en $. Need'ess to stress, he re)&iremen o% no i#e i$ manda or! %or i i$ indi$'en$a-le in de ermining he #olle# ive (i$dom o% he mem-er$ o% he Pre'ara or! Re#all A$$em-l!* I $ non,o-$ervan#e i$ %a al o he validi ! o% he re$ol& ion o re#all 'e i ioner >ar#ia a$ >overnor o% he 'rovin#e o% Ba aan. (Garcia v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,,,.,,, Se%t. 1,, ,77-G 118 SCRA ,22, O t. ., ,77-, En 3an @P$noA5 2%". Will it be proper for the &ommission on 7lections to act on a petition for recall signed by just one person? Held: A 'e i ion %or re#all $igned -! .&$ one 'er$on i$ in viola ion o% he $ a & or! 5GP minim&m re)&iremen a$ o he n&m-er o% $igna &re$ $&''or ing an! 'e i ion %or re#all. Se#* IC/d1 of the 'ocal Government Co$e of ,77, e>%ress'y %ro"ides that Ore#all o% an! ele# ive " " " m&ni#i'al " " " o%%i#ial ma! al$o -e validl! ini ia ed &'on 'e i ion o% a lea$ (en !,%ive 'er#en /5GP1 o% he o al n&m-er o% regi$ ered vo er$ in he lo#al governmen &ni #on#erned d&ring he ele# ion in (hi#h he lo#al o%%i#ial $o&gh o -e re#alled (a$ ele# ed.L The 'aw is %'ain and $ne:$i"o a' as to what onstit$tes re a'' %ro eedin!sI on'y a %etition of at 'east 1.R of the tota' n$#&er of re!istered "oters #ay "a'id'y initiate re a'' %ro eedin!s. (!ngo#ung v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,10.80, Dar h ., ,7785 2%2. Section %+ of the @ocal 5overnment &ode provides that /no recall shall taBe place within one year - - - immediately preceding a regular local election.1 What does the term /regular local election,1 as used in this section, mean? Held: The ter# Ereg&lar lo#al ele# ionF $nder Se#* FE of the 'ocal Government Co$e of ,77, whi h %ro"ides that Eno re#all $hall a6e 'la#e (i hin one /01 !ear " " " immedia el! 're#eding a reg&lar lo#al ele# ion3 re%er$ o one (here he 'o$i ion o% he o%%i#ial $o&gh o -e re#alled i$ o -e a# &all! #on e$ ed and %illed -! he ele# ora e (Paras v. Comelec, +.R. No. ,1-,07, No". ?, ,7705. The one,!ear ime -ar (ill no a''l! (here he lo#al o%%i#ial $o&gh o -e re#alled i$ a :a!or and he a''roa#hing ele# ion i$ a -aranga! ele# ion. (!ngo#ung v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,10.80, Dar h ., ,7785 2%*. Does the word /8ecall1 in paragraph <b> of Section %+ of the @ocal 5overnment &ode include the convening of the (reparatory 8ecall ssembly and the filing by it of a recall resolution? Discuss. Held: Petitioner ontends that the ter# E87& @@F in Se . 8? (&5 refers to a %ro ess, in ontrast to the ter# Ere a'' e'e tionF fo$nd in Se . 8? (a5, whi h o&"io$s'y refers to an e'e tion. <e 'ai#s that Ewhen se"era' &aran!ay hair#en #et and on"ened on Day ,7, ,777 and $nani#o$s'y reso'"ed to initiate the re a'', fo''owed &y the ta9in! of "otes &y the PRA on Day 17, ,777 for the %$r%ose of ado%tin! a

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reso'$tion Oto initiate the re a'' of *o"ito C'a$dio as Dayor of Pasay City for 'oss of onfiden e,L the %ro ess of re a'' &e!anF and, sin e Day 17, ,777 was 'ess than a year after he had ass$#ed offi e, the PRA was i''e!a''y on"ened and a'' %ro eedin!s he'd thereafter, in '$din! the fi'in! of the re a'' %etition on *$'y 1, ,777, were n$'' and "oid. The CODELEC, on the other hand, #aintains that the %ro ess of re a'' starts with the fi'in! of the %etition for re a'' and ends with the ond$ t of the re a'' e'e tion, and that, sin e the %etition for re a'' in this ase was fi'ed on *$'y 1, ,777, e>a t'y one year and a day after %etitionerLs ass$#%tion of offi e, the re a'' was "a'id'y initiated o$tside the one;year %rohi&ited %eriod. 3oth %etitioner C'a$dio and the CODELEC th$s a!ree that the ter# Ere a''F as $sed in Se . 8? refers to a %ro ess. They disa!ree on'y as to when the %ro ess starts for %$r%ose of the one;year 'i#itation in %ara!ra%h (&5 of Se . 8?. We #an agree ha re#all i$ a 'ro#e$$ (hi#h -egin$ (i h he #onvening o% he 're'ara or! re#all a$$em-l! or he ga hering o% he $igna &re$ a lea$ 5GP o% he regi$ ered vo er$ o% a lo#al governmen &ni + and hen 'ro#eed$ o he %iling o% a re#all re$ol& ion or 'e i ion (i h he CO:ELEC+ he veri%i#a ion o% $&#h re$ol& ion or 'e i ion+ he %i"ing o% he da e o% he re#all ele# ion+ and he holding o% he ele# ion on he $#hed&led da e* Ho(ever+ a$ &$ed in 'aragra'h /-1 o% Se#* FE+ 2re#all3 re%er$ o he ele# ion i $el% -! mean$ o% (hi#h vo er$ de#ide (he her he! $ho&ld re ain heir lo#al o%%i#ial or ele# hi$ re'la#emen . 6 > > To s$# $%, the ter# E87& @@F in 'aragra'h /-1 re%er$ o he re#all ele# ion and no o he 'reliminar! 'ro#eeding$ o ini ia e re#all C 1) Be#a&$e Se#* FE $'ea6$ o% limi a ion$ on 2re#all3 (hi#h+ a##ording o Se#* IC+ i$ a 'o(er (hi#h $hall -e e"er#i$ed -! he regi$ ered vo er$ o% a lo#al governmen &ni . Sin e the "oters do not e>er ise s$ h ri!ht e> e%t in an e'e tion, it is 'ear that the initiation of re a'' %ro eedin!s is not %rohi&ited within the one;year %eriod %ro"ided in %ara!ra%h (&5G 2) Be#a&$e he '&r'o$e o% he %ir$ limi a ion in 'aragra'h /-1 i$ o 'rovide vo er$ a $&%%i#ien -a$i$ %or .&dging an ele# ive lo#al o%%i#ial+ and %inal .&dging i$ no done &n il he da! o% he ele# ionG and 3) Be#a&$e o #on$ r&e he limi a ion in 'aragra'h /-1 a$ in#l&ding he ini ia ion o% re#all 'ro#eeding$ (o&ld &nd&l! #&r ail %reedom o% $'ee#h and o% a$$em-l! g&aran eed in he Con$ i & ion. (1ovito 3. Clau$io v. C3ME'EC, +.R. No. ,?2.02, Day ?, 1222, En 3an @DendoJaA5 2%+. Who lawsuits? has the legal authority to represent a municipality in

Held: Onl! he 'rovin#ial %i$#al+ 'rovin#ial a orne!+ and m&ni#i'al a orne! $ho&ld re're$en a m&ni#i'ali ! in i $ la($&i $* Onl! in E%CEP&I3N!' INS&!NCES ma! a 'riva e a orne! -e hired -! a m&ni#i'ali ! o re're$en i in la($&i $. (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%.. What are the 7!&7(;I9: @ I:S; :&7S when a private attorney may be validly hired by a municipality in its lawsuits? Held: In !linsug v. R&C 6r. 5. San Carlos City Negros 3cci$ental (11. SCRA ..-, A$!. 1-, ,77-5, it was he'd that E he la(

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allo($ a 'riva e #o&n$el o -e hired -! a m&ni#i'ali ! onl! (hen he m&ni#i'ali ! i$ an adver$e 'ar ! in a #a$e involving he 'rovin#ial governmen or ano her m&ni#i'ali ! or #i ! (i hin he 'rovin#e. This %ro"ision has its a%%arent ori!in in De Guia v. &)e !u$itor General (?? SCRA ,07, Dar h 17, ,7875 where the Co$rt he'd that he m&ni#i'ali !D$ a& hori ! o em'lo! a 'riva e a orne! i$ e"'re$$l! limi ed onl! o $i &a ion$ (here he 'rovin#ial %i$#al (o&ld -e di$)&ali%ied o $erve and re're$en i .F (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%). &ite instances when the provincial fiscal may be dis'ualified to represent in court a particular municipality. Held: As he'd in EnriHuez Sr. v. Gimenez (,28 Phi'. 7-1 @,702A5, the %ro"in ia' fis a' #ay &e dis:$a'ified to re%resent in o$rt a %arti $'ar #$ni i%a'ity in the fo''owin! instan esI 1) I% and (hen original .&ri$di# ion o% #a$e involving he m&ni#i'ali ! i$ ve$ ed in he S&'reme Co&r G 2) When he m&ni#i'ali ! i$ a 'ar ! adver$e o he 'rovin#ial governmen or o $ome o her m&ni#i'ali ! in he $ame 'rovin#eG and 3) When+ in a #a$e involving he m&ni#i'ali !+ he+ or hi$ (i%e+ or #hild+ i$ 'e#&niaril! involved+ a$ heir+ lega ee+ #redi or or o her(i$e. (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%%. ?ay a municipality be represented by a private law firm which had volunteered its services gratis, in collaboration with the municipal attorney and the fiscal? Held: N3. S$ h re%resentation wi'' &e viola ive o% Se# ion 0CB7 o% he old Admini$ ra ive Code* Thi$ $ ri# #oheren#e o he le er o% he la( a''ear$ o have -een di# a ed -! he %a# ha 2 he m&ni#i'ali ! $ho&ld no -e -&rdened (i h e"'en$e$ o% hiring a 'riva e la(!er3 and ha 2 he in ere$ $ o% he m&ni#i'ali ! (o&ld -e -e$ 'ro e# ed i% a governmen la(!er handle$ i $ li iga ion$.F Priva e la(!er$ ma! no re're$en m&ni#i'ali ie$ on heir o(n* Nei her ma! he! do $o even in #olla-ora ion (i h a& hori8ed governmen la(!er$* Thi$ i$ an#hored on he 'rin#i'le ha onl! a##o&n a-le '&-li# o%%i#er$ ma! a# %or and in -ehal% o% '&-li# en i ie$ and ha '&-li# %&nd$ $ho&ld no -e e"'ended o hire 'riva e la(!er$. (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%$. ?ay a municipality adopt the worB already performed in good faith by a private lawyer, which worB proved beneficial to it? Held: A'tho$!h a #$ni i%a'ity #ay not hire a %ri"ate 'awyer to re%resent it in 'iti!ations, in the interest of s$&stantia' B$sti e, howe"er, it was he'd that a m&ni#i'ali ! ma! ado' he (or6 alread! 'er%ormed in good %ai h -! $&#h 'riva e la(!er+ (hi#h (or6 i$ -ene%i#ial o i (,5 'rovided ha no in.&$ i#e i$ here-! hea'ed on he adver$e 'ar ! and (15 'rovided %&r her ha no #om'en$a ion in an! g&i$e i$ 'aid here%or -! $aid m&ni#i'ali ! o he 'riva e la(!er* Unle$$ $o e"'re$$l! ado' ed+ he 'riva e la(!erD$ (or6 #anno -ind he m&ni#i'ali !. (Ramos v. C!, 107 SCRA -?, Dar h -, ,7785 2%#. ?ay the (unong Earangay validly appoint or remove the barangay treasurer, the barangay secretary, and other appointive barangay officials without the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Sangguniang Earangay? Held: The Lo a' +o"ern#ent Code e>%'i it'y "ests on the punong barangay, &'on a''roval -! a ma.ori ! o% all he mem-er$ o% he sangguniang #arangay+ he 'o(er o a''oin or re'la#e he #arangay

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rea$&rer+ he #arangay $e#re ar!+ and o her a''oin ive #arangay o%%i#ial$. Veri'y, he 'o(er o% a''oin men i$ o -e e"er#i$ed #on.oin l! -! he punong #arangay and a ma.ori ! o% all he mem-er$ o% he sangguniang #arangay* Wi ho& $&#h #on.oin a# ion+ nei her an a''oin men nor a re'la#emen #an -e e%%e# &al. A''l!ing he r&le ha he 'o(er o a''oin in#l&de$ he 'o(er o remove+ he )&e$ ioned di$mi$$al %rom o%%i#e o% he #arangay o%%i#ial$ -! he punong #arangay (i ho& he #on#&rren#e o% he ma.ori ! o% all he mem-er$ o% he Sangguniang 6arangay #anno -e legall! .&$ i%ied. To r$'e otherwise o$'d a'so reate an a&s$rd sit$ation of the Sangguniang Earangay #e#&ers ref$sin! to !i"e their a%%ro"a' to the re%'a e#ents se'e ted &y the punong barangay who has $ni'atera''y ter#inated the ser"i es of the in $#&ents. It is 'i9e'y that the 'e!is'at$re did not intend this a&s$rdity to fo''ow fro# its ena t#ent of the 'aw. (Ramon !lHuizola Sr. v. Gallar$o 3col, +.R. No. ,-1?,-, A$!. 18, ,777, -rd Di". @Vit$!A5 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 2$2. What is the doctrine of incorporation? local courts? 6ow is it applied by

Held: =nder the D9&;8I:7 90 I:&98(98 ;I9:, r&le$ o% in erna ional la( %orm 'ar o% he la( o% he land and no %&r her legi$la ive a# ion i$ needed o ma6e $&#h r&le$ a''li#a-le in he dome$ i# $'here. The do trine of in or%oration is a''lied (henever m&ni#i'al ri-&nal$ /or lo#al #o&r $1 are #on%ron ed (i h $i &a ion$ in (hi#h here a''ear$ o -e a #on%li# -e (een a r&le o% in erna ional la( and he 'rovi$ion$ o% he Con$ i & ion or $ a & e o% he lo#al $ a e* E%%or $ $ho&ld %ir$ -e e"er ed o harmoni8e hem+ $o a$ o give e%%e# o -o h $in#e i i$ o -e 're$&med ha m&ni#i'al la( (a$ ena# ed (i h 'ro'er regard %or he generall! a##e' ed 'rin#i'le$ o% in erna ional la( in o-$ervan#e o% he In#or'ora ion Cla&$e in Se# ion 5+ Ar i#le II o% he Con$ i & ion* In a $i &a ion ho(ever+ (here he #on%li# i$ irre#on#ila-le and a #hoi#e ha$ o -e made -e (een a r&le o% in erna ional la( and m&ni#i'al la(+ .&ri$'r&den#e di# a e$ ha m&ni#i'al la( $ho&ld -e &'held -! he m&ni#i'al #o&r $ %or he rea$on ha $&#h #o&r $ are organ$ o% m&ni#i'al la( and are a##ordingl! -o&nd -! i in all #ir#&m$ an#e$. The fa t that internationa' 'aw has &een #ade %art of the 'aw of the 'and does not %ertain to or i#%'y the %ri#a y of internationa' 'aw o"er nationa' or #$ni i%a' 'aw in the #$ni i%a' s%here. The D9&;8I:7 90 I:&98(98 ;I9:, as a%%'ied in #ost o$ntries, de rees that r&le$ o% in erna ional la( are given e)&al $ anding (i h+ -& are no $&'erior o+ na ional legi$la ive ena# men $. A ordin!'y, the 'rin#i'le o% 'E% P3S&ERI3R DER3G!&E PRI3RI a6e$ e%%e# N a rea ! ma! re'eal a $ a & e and a $ a & e ma! re'eal a rea !. In states where the Constit$tion is the hi!hest 'aw of the 'and, s$ h as the Re%$&'i of the Phi'i%%ines, -o h $ a & e$ and rea ie$ ma! -e invalida ed i% he! are in #on%li# (i h he Con$ i & ion. (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., *an. ,/, 1222, En 3an @De'oA5 2$". Is sovereignty really absolute and all,encompassing? what are its restrictions and limitations? If not,

Held: While $overeign ! ha$ radi ionall! -een deemed a-$ol& e and all,en#om'a$$ing on he dome$ i# level+ i i$ ho(ever $&-.e# o re$ ri# ion$ and limi a ion$ vol&n aril! agreed o -! he Phili''ine$+ e"'re$$l! or im'liedl!+ a$ a mem-er o% he %amil! o% na ion$* B! he do# rine o% in#or'ora ion+ he #o&n r! i$ -o&nd -! generall! a##e' ed 'rin#i'le$ o% in erna ional la(+ (hi#h are #on$idered o -e a& oma i#all! 'ar o% o&r o(n la($* One o% he olde$ and mo$ %&ndamen al r&le$ in in erna ional la( i$ pacta sunt servan$a N

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in erna ional agreemen $ m&$ -e 'er%ormed in good %ai h* A $ a e (hi#h ha$ #on ra# ed valid in erna ional o-liga ion$ i$ -o&nd o ma6e in i $ legi$la ion$ $&#h modi%i#a ion$ a$ ma! -e ne#e$$ar! o en$&re he %&l%illmen o% he o-liga ion$. B! heir inheren na &re+ rea ie$ reall! limi or re$ ri# he a-$ol& ene$$ o% $overeign !* B! heir vol&n ar! a# + na ion$ ma! $&rrender $ome a$'e# $ o% heir $ a e 'o(er in e"#hange %or grea er -ene%i $ gran ed -! or derived %rom a #onven ion or 'a# . After a'', states, 'i9e indi"id$a's, 'i"e with oe:$a's, and in %$rs$it of #$t$a''y o"enanted o&Be ti"es and &enefits, they a'so o##on'y a!ree to 'i#it the e>er ise of their otherwise a&so'$te ri!hts. Th$s, treaties ha"e &een $sed to re ord a!ree#ents &etween States on ernin! s$ h wide'y di"erse #atters as, for e>a#%'e, the 'ease of na"a' &ases, the sa'e or ession of territory, the ter#ination of war, the re!$'ation of ond$ t of hosti'ities, the for#ation of a''ian es, the re!$'ation of o##er ia' re'ations, the sett'in! of 'ai#s, the 'ayin! down of r$'es !o"ernin! ond$ t in %ea e and the esta&'ish#ent of internationa' or!aniJations. The $overeign ! o% a $ a e here%ore #anno in %a# and in reali ! -e #on$idered a-$ol& e* Cer ain re$ ri# ion$ en er in o he 'i# &reI (,5 limi a ion$ im'o$ed -! he ver! na &re o% mem-er$hi' in he %amil! o% na ion$ and (15 limi a ion$ im'o$ed -! rea ! $ i'&la ion$. (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/, Day 1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 2$2. What must a person who feels aggrieved by the acts of a foreign sovereign do to espouse his cause? Held: =nder &oth P$&'i Internationa' Law and Transnationa' Law, a %erson who fee's a!!rie"ed &y the a ts of a forei!n so"erei!n an a$6 hi$ o(n governmen o e$'o&$e hi$ #a&$e hro&gh di'loma i# #hannel$. Priva e re$'onden #an a$6 he Phili''ine governmen + hro&gh he 9oreign O%%i#e+ o e$'o&$e i $ #laim$ again$ he Hol! See* I $ %ir$ a$6 i$ o 'er$&ade he Phili''ine governmen o a6e &' (i h he Hol! See he validi ! o% i $ #laim$* O% #o&r$e+ he 9oreign O%%i#e $hall %ir$ ma6e a de ermina ion o% he im'a# o% i $ e$'o&$al on he rela ion$ -e (een he Phili''ine governmen and he Hol! See. On#e he Phili''ine governmen de#ide$ o e$'o&$e he #laim+ he la er #ea$e$ o -e a 'riva e #a&$e. A ordin! to the Per#anent Co$rt of Internationa' *$sti e, the forer$nner of the Internationa' Co$rt of *$sti eI EB! a6ing &' he #a$e o% one o% i $ $&-.e# $ and -! re$or ing o di'loma i# a# ion or in erna ional .&di#ial 'ro#eeding$ on hi$ -ehal%+ a S a e i$ in reali ! a$$er ing i $ o(n righ $ N i $ righ o en$&re+ in he 'er$on o% i $ $&-.e# $+ re$'e# %or he r&le$ o% in erna ional la(.F <;he ?avrommatis (alestine &oncessions, " 6udson, World &ourt 8eports 2#*, *22 3"#2+4> (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, .--;.-?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$*. Discuss the International @aw. Status of the Fatican and the 6oly See in

Held: 3efore the anne>ation of the Pa%a' States &y Ita'y in ,/82, the Po%e was the #onar h and he, as the <o'y See, was onsidered a s$&Be t of Internationa' Law. With the 'oss of the Pa%a' States and the 'i#itation of the territory $nder the <o'y See to an area of ,2/.8 a res, the %osition of the <o'y See in Internationa' Law &e a#e ontro"ersia'. In ,717, Ita'y and the <o'y See entered into the La eran Trea !, where I al! re#ogni8ed he e"#l&$ive dominion and $overeign .&ri$di# ion o% he Hol! See over he Ha i#an Ci !. It a'so re#ogni8ed

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he righ o% he Hol! See o re#eive %oreign di'loma $+ o $end i $ o(n di'loma $ o %oreign #o&n rie$+ and o en er in o rea ie$ a##ording o In erna ional La(. The La eran Trea ! e$ a-li$hed he $ a ehood o% he Ha i#an Ci ! 2%or he '&r'o$e o% a$$&ring o he Hol! See a-$ol& e and vi$i-le inde'enden#e and o% g&aran eeing o i indi$'& a-le $overeign ! al$o in he %ield o% in erna ional rela ion$.F In "iew of the wordin!s of the Lateran Treaty, it is diffi $'t to deter#ine whether the statehood is "ested in the <o'y See or in the Vati an City. So#e writers e"en s$!!ested that the treaty reated two internationa' %ersons C the <o'y See and Vati an City. The Ha i#an Ci ! %i $ in o none o% he e$ a-li$hed #a egorie$ o% $ a e$+ and he a ri-& ion o i o% 2$overeign !3 m&$ -e made in a $en$e di%%eren %rom ha in (hi#h i i$ a''lied o o her $ a e$ . In a #omm&ni ! o% na ional $ a e$+ he Ha i#an Ci ! re're$en $ an en i ! organi8ed no %or 'oli i#al -& %or e##le$ia$ i#al '&r'o$e$ and in erna ional o-.e# $* De$'i e i $ $i8e and o-.e# + he Ha i#an Ci ! ha$ an inde'enden governmen o% i $ o(n+ (i h he Po'e+ (ho i$ al$o head o% he Roman Ca holi# Ch&r#h+ a$ he Hol! See or Head o% S a e+ in #on%ormi ! (i h i $ radi ion$+ and he demand$ o% i $ mi$$ion in he (orld* Indeed+ he (orld,(ide in ere$ $ and a# ivi ie$ o% he Ha i#an Ci ! are $&#h a$ o ma6e i in a $en$e an 2in erna ional $ a e.F One a$thority wrote that the re o!nition of the Vati an City as a state has si!nifi ant i#%'i ation C that it is %ossi&'e for any entity %$rs$in! o&Be ts essentia''y different fro# those %$rs$ed &y states to &e in"ested with internationa' %ersona'ity. Inas#$ h as the Po%e %refers to ond$ t forei!n re'ations and enter into transa tions as the <o'y See and not in the na#e of the Vati an City, one an on '$de that in the Po%eLs own "iew, it is the <o'y See that is the internationa' %erson. The Re'&-li# o% he Phili''ine$ ha$ a##orded he Hol! See he $ a &$ o% a %oreign $overeign* The Hol! See+ hro&gh i $ Am-a$$ador+ he Pa'al N&n#io+ ha$ had di'loma i# re're$en a ion$ (i h he Phili''ine governmen $in#e 0CGF. This a%%ears to &e the $ni"ersa' %ra ti e in internationa' re'ations. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, .--;.-?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$+. What are international organi=ations? Discuss their nature.

Held: I:;78: ;I9: @ 985 :ID ;I9:S are in$ i & ion$ #on$ i & ed -! in erna ional agreemen -e (een (o or more S a e$ o a##om'li$h #ommon goal$* The legal 'er$onali ! o% he$e in erna ional organi8a ion$ ha$ -een re#ogni8ed no onl! in m&ni#i'al la(+ -& in in erna ional la( a$ (ell. Per#anent internationa' o##issions and ad#inistrati"e &odies ha"e &een reated &y the a!ree#ent of a onsidera&'e n$#&er of States for a "ariety of internationa' %$r%oses, e ono#i or so ia' and #ain'y non;%o'iti a'. In $o %ar a$ he! are a& onomo&$ and -e!ond he #on rol o% an! one S a e+ he! have di$ in# .&ridi#al 'er$onali ! inde'enden o% he m&ni#i'al la( o% he S a e (here he! are $i &a ed* A$ $&#h+ he! are deemed o 'o$$e$$ a $'e#ie$ o% in erna ional 'er$onali ! o% heir o(n. (SE!=DECF!ND v. N'RC, 120 SCRA 1/-, 4e&. ,?, ,7715 2$.. Discuss the E SI& I??C:I;I7S 90 I:;78: ;I9: @ 985 :ID ;I9:S and the reason for affording them such immunities. Held: One of the &asi i##$nities of an internationa' or!aniJation is imm&ni ! %rom lo#al .&ri$di# ion+ i.e. ha i i$ imm&ne %rom legal (ri $ and 'ro#e$$e$ i$$&ed -! he ri-&nal$ o% he

169

#o&n r! (here i i$ %o&nd. The o&"io$s reason for this is that he $&-.e# ion o% $&#h an organi8a ion o he a& hori ! o% he lo#al #o&r $ (o&ld a%%ord a #onvenien medi&m hro&gh (hi#h he ho$ governmen ma! in er%ere in heir o'era ion$ or even in%l&en#e or #on rol i $ 'oli#ie$ and de#i$ion$4 -e$ide$+ $&#h $&-.e# ion o lo#al .&ri$di# ion (o&ld im'air he #a'a#i ! o% $&#h -od! o di$#harge i $ re$'on$i-ili ie$ im'ar iall! on -ehal% o% i $ mem-er,$ a e$. (SE!=DECF!ND v. N'RC, 120 SCRA 1/-, 4e&. ?, ,7715 2$). Discuss the two conflicting concepts of sovereign immunity from suit. Held: There are two onf'i tin! on e%ts of so"erei!n i##$nity, ea h wide'y he'd and fir#'y esta&'ished. A ordin! to the &@ SSI& @ 98 ES9@C;7 ;6798G, a $overeign #anno + (i ho& i $ #on$en + -e made a re$'onden in he #o&r $ o% ano her $overeign . A ordin! to the newer or 87S;8I&;IF7 ;6798G, he imm&ni ! o% he $overeign i$ re#ogni8ed onl! (i h regard o '&-li# a# $ or a# $ 0ure imperii o% a $ a e+ -& no (i h regard o 'riva e a# $ or a# $ 0ure gestionis. So#e states %assed 'e!is'ation to ser"e as !$ide'ines for the e>e $ti"e or B$di ia' deter#ination when an a t #ay &e onsidered as jure gestionis. The =nited States %assed the 4orei!n So"erei!n I##$nities A t of ,780, whi h defines a o##er ia' a ti"ity as Eeither a re!$'ar o$rse of o##er ia' ond$ t or a %arti $'ar o##er ia' transa tion or a t.F 4$rther#ore, the 'aw de 'ared that the E o##er ia' hara ter of the a ti"ity sha'' &e deter#ined &y referen e to the nat$re of the o$rse of ond$ t or %arti $'ar transa tion or a t, rather than &y referen e to its %$r%ose.F The Canadian Par'ia#ent ena ted in ,7/1 an A t to Pro"ide 4or State I##$nity in Canadian Co$rts. The A t defines a E o##er ia' a ti"ityF as any %arti $'ar transa tion, a t or ond$ t or any re!$'ar o$rse of ond$ t that &y reason of its nat$re, is of a E o##er ia' hara ter.F The restri ti"e theory, whi h is intended to &e a so'$tion to the host of %ro&'e#s in"o'"in! the iss$e of so"erei!n i##$nity, has reated %ro&'e#s of its own. Le!a' treatises and the de isions in o$ntries whi h fo''ow the restri ti"e theory ha"e diffi $'ty in hara teriJin! whether a ontra t of a so"erei!n state with a %ri"ate %arty is an a t jure gestionis or an a t jure imperii. The restri ti"e theory a#e a&o$t &e a$se of the entry of so"erei!n states into %$re'y o##er ia' a ti"ities re#ote'y onne ted with the dis har!e of !o"ern#enta' f$n tions. This is %arti $'ar'y tr$e with res%e t to the Co##$nist states whi h too9 ontro' of nationa'iJed &$siness a ti"ities and internationa' tradin!. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$%. &ite some transactions by a foreign state with private parties that were considered by the Supreme &ourt as acts /jure imperii1 and acts /jure gestionis.1 Held: This Co$rt has onsidered the fo''owin! transa tions &y a forei!n state with %ri"ate %arties as a ts 0ure imperiiI (,5 he lea$e -! a %oreign governmen o% a'ar men -&ilding$ %or &$e o% i $ mili ar! o%%i#er$ (SyHuia v. 'opez, /? Phi'. -,1 @,7?7A5G (15 he #ond&# o% '&-li# -idding %or he re'air o% a (har% a a Uni ed S a e$ Naval S a ion (/nite$ States of !merica v. Ruiz, supra.5G and (-5 he #hange o% em'lo!men $ a &$ o% -a$e em'lo!ee$ (San$ers v. 2eri$iano, ,01 SCRA // @,7//A5. On the other hand, this Co$rt has onsidered the fo''owin! transa tions &y a forei!n state with %ri"ate %arties as a ts 0ure gestionisI (,5 he hiring o% a #oo6 in he re#rea ion #en er+ #on$i$ ing o% hree re$ a&ran $+ a #a%e eria+ a -a6er!+ a $ ore+ and a #o%%ee and 'a$ r! $ho' a he Mohn Ha! Air S a ion in Bag&io Ci !+ o #a er o Ameri#an $ervi#emen and he general '&-li# (/nite$ States of

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!merica v. Ro$rigo, ,/1 SCRA 0?? @,772AG and (15 he -idding %or he o'era ion o% -ar-er $ho'$ in Clar6 Air Ba$e in Angele$ Ci ! (/nite$ States of !merica v. Guinto, ,/1 SCRA 0?? @,772A5. The o%eration of the resta$rants and other fa i'ities o%en to the !enera' %$&'i is $ndo$&ted'y for %rofit as a o##er ia' and not a !o"ern#enta' a ti"ity. 3y enterin! into the e#%'oy#ent ontra t with the oo9 in the dis har!e of its %ro%rietary f$n tion, the =nited States !o"ern#ent i#%'ied'y di"ested itse'f of it so"erei!n i##$nity fro# s$it. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$$. What should be the guidelines to determine what activities and transactions shall be considered /commercial1 and as constituting acts /jure gestionis1 by a foreign state? Held: In the a&sen e of 'e!is'ation definin! what a ti"ities and transa tions sha'' &e onsidered E o##er ia'F and as onstit$tin! a ts jure gestionis, we ha"e to o#e o$t with o$r own !$ide'ines, tentati"e they #ay &e. Certain'y, the #ere enterin! into a ontra t &y a forei!n state with a %ri"ate %arty annot &e the $'ti#ate test. S$ h an a t an on'y &e the start of the in:$iry. The 'o!i a' :$estion is whether the forei!n state is en!a!ed in the a ti"ity in the re!$'ar o$rse of &$siness. If the forei!n state is not en!a!ed re!$'ar'y in a &$siness or trade, the %arti $'ar a t or transa tion #$st then &e tested &y its nat$re. If the a t is in %$rs$it of a so"erei!n a ti"ity, or an in ident thereof, then it is an a t jure imperii, es%e ia''y when it is not $nderta9en for !ain or %rofit. As he'd in /nite$ States of !merica v. Guinto <supra.>I EThere is no :$estion that the =nited States of A#eri a, 'i9e any other state, wi'' &e dee#ed to ha"e i#%'ied'y wai"ed its non;s$a&i'ity if it has entered into a ontra t in its %ro%rietary or %ri"ate a%a ity. It is on'y when the ontra t in"o'"es its so"erei!n or !o"ern#enta' a%a ity that no s$ h wai"er #ay &e i#%'ied.F (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2$#. ?ay the 6oly See be sued for selling the land it ac'uired by donation from the rchdiocese of ?anila to be made site of its mission or the postolic :unciature in the (hilippines but which purpose cannot be accomplished as the land was occupied by s'uatters who refused to vacate the area? Held: In he #a$e a -en#h+ i% 'e i ioner /Hol! See1 ha$ -o&gh and $old land$ in he ordinar! #o&r$e o% a real e$ a e -&$ine$$+ $&rel! he $aid ran$a# ion #an -e #a egori8ed a$ an a# 0ure gestionis. <owe"er, %etitioner has denied that the a :$isition and s$&se:$ent dis%osa' of Lot .;A were #ade for %rofit &$t 'ai#ed that it a :$ired said %ro%erty for the site of its #ission or the A%osto'i N$n iat$re in the Phi'i%%ines. 6 > > Lo G,A (a$ a#)&ired -! 'e i ioner a$ a dona ion %rom he Ar#hdio#e$e o% :anila* The dona ion (a$ made no %or #ommer#ial '&r'o$e+ -& %or he &$e o% 'e i ioner o #on$ r&# hereon he o%%i#ial 'la#e o% re$iden#e o% he Pa'al N&n#io* The righ o% a %oreign $overeign o a#)&ire 'ro'er !+ real or 'er$onal+ in a re#eiving $ a e+ ne#e$$ar! %or he #rea ion and main enan#e o% i $ di'loma i# mi$$ion+ i$ re#ogni8ed in he 0CI0 Hienna Conven ion on Di'loma i# Rela ion$. Thi$ rea ! (a$ #on#&rred in -! he Phili''ine Sena e and en ered in o %or#e in he Phili''ine$ on Novem-er 0G+ 0CIG. In Ar i#le 70/a1 of the Con"ention, a di'loma i# envo! i$ gran ed imm&ni ! %rom he #ivil and admini$ ra ive .&ri$di# ion o% he re#eiving $ a e over an! real a# ion rela ing o 'riva e immova-le

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'ro'er ! $i &a ed in he erri or! o% he re#eiving $ a e (hi#h he envo! hold$ on -ehal% o% he $ending $ a e %or he '&r'o$e$ o% he mi$$ion* I% hi$ imm&ni ! i$ 'rovided %or a di'loma i# envo!+ (i h all he more rea$on $ho&ld imm&ni ! -e re#ogni8ed a$ regard$ he $overeign i $el%+ (hi#h in hi$ #a$e i$ he Hol! See. The de#i$ion o ran$%er he 'ro'er ! and he $&-$e)&en di$'o$al hereo% are li6e(i$e #lo hed (i h a governmen al #hara# er* Pe i ioner did no $ell Lo G,A %or 'ro%i or gain* I merel! (an ed o di$'o$e o%% he $ame -e#a&$e he $)&a er$ living hereon made i almo$ im'o$$i-le %or 'e i ioner o &$e i %or he '&r'o$e o% he dona ion. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2#2. 6ow is sovereign or diplomatic immunity pleaded in a foreign court? Held: In P$&'i Internationa' Law, when a state or internationa' a!en y wishes to %'ead so"erei!n or di%'o#ati i##$nity in a forei!n o$rt, i re)&e$ $ he 9oreign O%%i#e o% he $ a e (here i i$ $&ed o #onve! o he #o&r ha $aid de%endan i$ en i led o imm&ni !. In the =nited States, the %ro ed$re fo''owed is the 'ro#e$$ o% 2$&gge$ ion+3 where the %oreign $ a e or he in erna ional organi8a ion $&ed in an Ameri#an #o&r re)&e$ $ he Se#re ar! o% S a e o ma6e a de ermina ion a$ o (he her i i$ en i led o imm&ni !* I% he Se#re ar! o% S a e %ind$ ha he de%endan i$ imm&ne %rom $&i + he+ in &rn+ a$6$ he A orne! >eneral o $&-mi o he #o&r a 2$&gge$ ion3 ha he de%endan i$ en i led o imm&ni !. In En!'and, a si#i'ar %ro ed$re is fo''owed, on'y the 4orei!n Offi e iss$es a ertifi ation to that effe t instead of s$&#ittin! a Es$!!estionF. In he Phili''ine$+ he 'ra# i#e i$ %or he %oreign governmen or he in erna ional organi8a ion o %ir$ $e#&re an e"e#& ive endor$emen o% i $ #laim o% $overeign or di'loma i# imm&ni !. 3$t how the Phi'i%%ine 4orei!n Offi e on"eys its endorse#ent to the o$rts "aries. In International Cat)olic Migration Commission v. Calle0a, ,72 SCRA ,-2 (,7725, the Se retary of 4orei!n Affairs B$st sent a le er dire t'y to the Se retary of La&or and E#%'oy#ent, infor#in! the 'atter that the res%ondent;e#%'oyer o$'d not &e s$ed &e a$se it enBoyed di%'o#ati i##$nity. In Borl$ Healt) 3rganization v. !Huino, ?/ SCRA 1?1 (,7815, the Se retary of 4orei!n Affairs sent the tria' o$rt a elegram to that effe t. In 6aer v. &izon, .8 SCRA , (,78?5, the =.S. E#&assy a$6ed the Se retary of 4orei!n Affairs to re:$est the So'i itor +enera' to #a9e, in &eha'f of the o##ander of the =nited States Na"a' 3ase at O'on!a%o City, Na#&a'es, a E$&gge$ ionF to res%ondent *$d!e. The So'i itor +enera' e#&odied the Es$!!estionF in a :ani%e$ a ion and :emorand&m as amicus curiae. In the ase at &en h, the De%art#ent of the Offi e of Le!a' Affairs #o"ed with this inter"ene on the side of %etitioner. The De%art#ent to fi'e its #e#orand$# in s$%%ort so"erei!n i##$nity. 4orei!n Affairs, thro$!h Co$rt to &e a''owed to Co$rt a''owed the said of %etitionerLs 'ai# of

In so#e ases, the defense of so"erei!n i##$nity was s$&#itted dire t'y to the 'o a' o$rts &y the res%ondents thro$!h their %ri"ate o$nse's. In ases where the forei!n states &y%ass the 4orei!n Offi e, the o$rts an in:$ire into the fa ts and #a9e their own deter#ination as to the nat$re of the a ts and transa tions in"o'"ed. ( Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2#". Is the determination of the e-ecutive branch of the government that a state or instrumentality is entitled to sovereign or diplomatic immunity subject to judicial review, or is it a political 'uestion and therefore, conclusive upon the courts?

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Held: The i$$&e o% 'e i ionerD$ /The Hol! See1 non,$&a-ili ! #an -e de ermined -! he rial #o&r (i ho& going o rial in ligh o% he 'leading$ > > >. 3esides, the %ri"i'e!e of so"erei!n i##$nity in this ase was s$ffi ient'y esta&'ished &y the De#orand$# and Certifi ation of the De%art#ent of 4orei!n Affairs. As the de%art#ent tas9ed with the ond$ t of the Phi'i%%inesL forei!n re'ations, the De%art#ent of 4orei!n Affairs has for#a''y inter"ened in this ase and offi ia''y ertified that the E#&assy of the <o'y See is a d$'y a redited di%'o#ati #ission to the Re%$&'i of the Phi'i%%ines e>e#%t fro# 'o a' B$risdi tion and entit'ed to a'' the ri!hts, %ri"i'e!es and i##$nities of a di%'o#ati #ission or e#&assy in this o$ntry. The de ermina ion o% he e"e#& ive arm o% governmen ha a $ a e or in$ r&men ali ! i$ en i led o $overeign or di'loma i# imm&ni ! i$ a 'oli i#al )&e$ ion ha i$ #on#l&$ive &'on he #o&r $. Where he 'lea o% imm&ni ! i$ re#ogni8ed and a%%irmed -! he e"e#& ive -ran#h+ i i$ he d& ! o% he #o&r $ o a##e' hi$ #laim $o a$ no o em-arra$$ he e"e#& ive arm o% he governmen in #ond&# ing he #o&n r!D$ %oreign rela ion$. As in International &atholic ?igration &ommission and in World 6ealth 9rgani=ation, we a&ide &y the ertifi ation of the De%art#ent of 4orei!n Affairs. (Holy See &)e v. Rosario 1r., 1-/ SCRA .1?, De . ,, ,77?, En 3an @P$iasonA5 2#2. What is 7!;8 DI;I9:? ;o whom does it apply?

Held: It is the E'ro#e$$ -! (hi#h 'er$on$ #harged (i h or #onvi# ed o% #rime again$ he la( o% a S a e and %o&nd in a %oreign S a e are re &rned -! he la er o he %ormer %or rial or '&ni$hmen * I applies o ho$e (ho are merel! #harged (i h an o%%en$e -& have no -een -ro&gh o rial4 o ho$e (ho have -een ried and #onvi# ed and have $&-$e)&en l! e$#a'ed %rom #&$ od!4 and ho$e (ho have -een #onvi# ed in a-$en ia* I $oes not apply o 'er$on$ merel! $&$'e# ed o% having #ommi ed an o%%en$e -& again$ (hom no #harge ha$ -een laid or o a 'er$on (ho$e 're$en#e i$ de$ired a$ a (i ne$$ or %or o- aining or en%or#ing a #ivil .&dgmen .F (Weston, 0alB, DP mato, International 'a( an$ 3r$er, 1nd ed., %. 0-2 @,772A, ited in Dissenting 9pinion, Puno 1. in Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., *an. ,/, 1222, En 3an 5 2#*. Discuss the basis for allowing e-tradition.

Held: E>tradition was first %ra ti ed &y the E!y%tians, Chinese, Cha'deans and Assyro;3a&y'onians &$t their &asis for a''owin! e>tradition was $n 'ear. So#eti#es, it was !ranted d$e to %a tsG at other ti#es, d$e to %'ain !ood wi''. The classical commentators on internationa' 'aw th$s fo $sed their ear'y "iews on the nature of the duty to s$rrender an e>tradite ;;; whether the d$ty is 'e!a' or #ora' in hara ter. +roti$s and Vatte' 'ed the s hoo' of tho$!ht that internationa' 'aw i#%osed a legal duty a''ed civitas ma-ima to e>tradite ri#ina's. In shar% ontrast, P$ffendorf and 3i''ot 'ed the s hoo' of tho$!ht that the so; a''ed d$ty was &$t an /imperfect obligation whi h o$'d &e o#e enforceable only &y a ontra t or a!ree#ent &etween states. :odern na ion$ il ed o(ard$ he vie( o% P&%%endor% and Billo ha &nder in erna ional la( here i$ no d& ! o e" radi e in he a-$en#e o% rea !+ (he her -ila eral or m&l ila eral. Th$s, the =S S$%re#e Co$rt in /S v. Rausc)er (,,7 =S ?28, ?,,, 8 S Ct. 1-?, 1-0, -2 L. ed. ?1. @,//0A5, he'dI E> > > i i$ only in mo$ern times ha he na ion$ o% he ear h have im'o$ed &'on hem$elve$ he o-liga ion o% delivering &' he$e %&gi ive$ %rom .&$ i#e o he $ a e$ (here heir #rime$ (ere #ommi ed+ %or rial and '&ni$hmen * Thi$ ha$ -een done generall! -! rea ie$ > > >. Prior to these treaties, and a%art fro# the# there was no we'';defined o&'i!ation on one o$ntry to de'i"er $% s$ h f$!iti"es to anotherG and tho$!h s$ h de'i"ery was often #ade it was $%on the %rin i%'e of o#ity > > >.F ( Dissenting 3pinion Puno 1., in Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., *an. ,/, 1222, En 3an 5

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2#+. What is the nature of an e-tradition proceeding? criminal proceeding?

Is it aBin to a

Held: <A=n e" radi ion 'ro#eeding i$ sui eItra$i. I i$ not a criminal procee$ing (hi#h (ill #all in o o'era ion all he righ $ o% an a##&$ed a$ g&aran eed -! he Bill o% Righ $* To -egin (i h+ t)e process of eItra$ition $oes not involve t)e $etermination of t)e guilt or innocence of an accuse$. Hi$ g&il or inno#en#e (ill -e ad.&dged in he #o&r o% he $ a e (here he (ill -e e" radi ed* Hen#e+ a$ a r&le+ #on$ i & ional righ $ ha are onl! relevan o de ermine he g&il or inno#en#e o% an a##&$ed #anno -e invo6ed -! an e" radi ee e$'e#iall! -! one (ho$e e" radi ion 'a'er$ are $ ill &ndergoing eval&a ion. As he'd &y the =S S$%re#e Co$rt in /nite$ States v. GalanisN EAn e" radi ion 'ro#eeding i$ no a #riminal 'ro$e#& ion+ and he #on$ i & ional $a%eg&ard$ ha a##om'an! a #riminal rial in hi$ #o&n r! do no $hield an a##&$ed %rom e" radi ion '&r$&an o a valid rea !.F <Wiehl, 7-tradition @aw at the &rossroadsN ;he ;rend ;oward 7-tending 5reater &onstitutional (rocedural (rotections ;o 0ugitives 0ighting 7-tradition from the Cnited States, "# ?ichigan Journal of International @aw %2#, %+" 3"##$4, citing Cnited States v. 5alanis, +2# 0. Supp. "2". 3D. &onn. "#%%4> There are other differences &etween an e>tradition %ro eedin! and a ri#ina' %ro eedin!. An e" radi ion 'ro#eeding i$ $&mmar! in na &ral (hile #riminal 'ro#eeding$ involve a %&ll,-lo(n rial. In #on radi$ in# ion o a #riminal 'ro#eeding+ he r&le$ o% eviden#e in an e" radi ion 'ro#eeding allo( admi$$ion o% eviden#e &nder le$$ $ ringen $ andard$. In erm$ o% he )&an &m o% eviden#e o -e $a i$%ied+ a #riminal #a$e re)&ire$ 'roo% -e!ond rea$ona-le do&%or #onvi# ion (hile a %&gi ive ma! -e ordered e" radi ed 2&'on $ho(ing o% he e"i$ en#e o% a 'rima %a#ie #a$e*3 9inall!+ &nli6e in a #riminal #a$e (here .&dgmen -e#ome$ e"e#& or! &'on -eing rendered %inal+ in an e" radi ion 'ro#eeding+ o&r #o&r $ ma! ad.&dge an individ&al e" radi a-le -& he Pre$iden ha$ he %inal di$#re ion o e" radi e him. The =nited States adheres to a si#i'ar %ra ti e where&y the Se retary of State e>er ises wide dis retion in &a'an in! the e:$ities of the ase and the de#ands of the nationLs forei!n re'ations &efore #a9in! the $'ti#ate de ision to e>tradite. !s an eItra$ition procee$ing is not criminal in c)aracter an$ t)e evaluation stage in an eItra$ition procee$ing is not aAin to a preliminary investigation t)e $ue process safeguar$s in t)e latter $o not necessarily apply to t)e former. Thi$ (e hold %or he 'ro#ed&ral d&e 'ro#e$$ re)&ired -! a given $e o% #ir#&m$ an#e$ 2m&$ -egin (i h a de ermina ion o% he precise nature of t)e government function involve$ as (ell as t)e private interest t)at )as #een affecte$ #y governmental action.1 The on e%t of d$e %ro ess is fle-ible for Enot a'' sit$ations a''in! for %ro ed$ra' safe!$ards a'' for the sa#e 9ind of %ro ed$re.F (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., O t. ,8, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 2#.. Will the retroactive application of an e-tradition treaty violate the constitutional prohibition against He- post factoH laws? Held: The 'rohi-i ion again$ eI post facto la( a''lie$ onl! o #riminal legi$la ion (hi#h a%%e# $ he $&-$ an ial righ $ o% he a##&$ed* Thi$ -eing $o+ here i$ no meri in he #on en ion ha he r&ling $&$ aining an e" radi ion rea !D$ re roa# ive a''li#a ion viola e$ he #on$ i & ional 'rohi-i ion again$ eI post facto la($* The rea ! i$ nei her a 'ie#e o% #riminal legi$la ion nor a #riminal 'ro#ed&ral $ a & e. (Brig)t v. C!, 1-. SCRA -?,, A$!. ,., ,77? @)a%$nanA5

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2#).

Discuss the rules in the interpretation of e-tradition treaties.

Held: <A=ll rea ie$+ in#l&ding he RP,US E" radi ion Trea !+ $ho&ld -e interprete$ in lig)t of t)eir intent. Nothin! 'ess than the Fienna &onvention on the @aw of ;reaties to whi h the Phi'i%%ines is a si!natory %ro"ides that Ea rea ! $hall -e in er're ed in good %ai h in a##ordan#e (i h he ordinar! meaning o -e given o he erm$ o% he rea ! in heir #on e" and in lig)t of its o#0ect an$ purpose.F 6 > >. It annot &e !ainsaid that today, o$ntries 'i9e the Phi'i%%ines for!e e>tradition treaties to arrest the dra#ati rise of internationa' and transnationa' ri#es 'i9e terroris# and dr$! traffi 9in!. E>tradition treaties %ro"ide the ass$ran e that the %$nish#ent of these ri#es wi'' not &e fr$strated &y the frontiers of territoria' so"erei!nty. I#%'i it in the treaties sho$'d &e the $n&endin! o##it#ent that the %er%etrators of these ri#es wi'' not &e odd'ed &y any si!natory state. It o$!ht to fo''ow that the RP;=S E>tradition Treaty a''s for an inter%retation that wi'' #ini#iJe if not %re"ent the es a%e of e>tradites fro# the 'on! ar# of the 'aw and e>%edite their tria'. 6 > > @AAn e:$a''y o#%e''in! fa tor to onsider is the understanding of the parties the#se'"es to the RP;=S E>tradition Treaty as we'' as the general interpretation of the issue in 'uestion by other countries with similar treaties with the (hilippines. The r$'e is re o!niJed that whi'e o$rts ha"e the %ower to inter%ret treaties, the #eanin! !i"en the# &y the de%art#ents of !o"ern#ent %arti $'ar'y har!ed with their ne!otiation and enfor e#ent is a orded !reat wei!ht. The reason for the r$'e is 'aid down in Santos III v. Nort)(est 3rient !irlines et al. (1,2 SCRA 1.0, 10, @,771A5, where we stressed that a treaty is a Boint e>e $ti"e;'e!is'ati"e a t whi h enBoys the %res$#%tion that Eit was first aref$''y st$died and deter#ined to &e onstit$tiona' &efore it was ado%ted and !i"en the for e of 'aw in the o$ntry.F (Secretary of 1ustice v. Hon. Ralp) C. 'antion, +.R. No. ,-7?0., O t. ,8, 1222, En 3an @P$noA5 2#%. What is a ;reaty? Discuss.

Held: A ;87 ;G, as defined &y the 2ienna Convention on t)e 'a( of &reaties, is Ean in erna ional in$ r&men #on#l&ded -e (een S a e$ in (ri en %orm and governed -! in erna ional la(+ (he her em-odied in a $ingle in$ r&men or in (o or more rela ed in$ r&men $+ and (ha ever i $ 'ar i#&lar de$igna ion.F There are #any other ter#s $sed for a treaty or internationa' a!ree#ent, so#e of whi h areI a t, %roto o', a!ree#ent, compromise dP arbitrage, on ordat, on"ention, de 'aration, e> han!e of notes, %a t, stat$te, harter and modus vivendi. A'' writers, fro# <$!o +roti$s onward, ha"e %ointed o$t that the na#es or tit'es of internationa' a!ree#ents in '$ded $nder the !enera' ter# treaty ha"e 'itt'e or no si!nifi an e. Certain ter#s are $sef$', &$t they f$rnish 'itt'e #ore than #ere des ri%tion Ar i#le 5/51 of the 2ienna Convention %ro"ides that E he 'rovi$ion$ o% 'aragra'h 0 regarding he &$e o% erm$ in he 're$en Conven ion are (i ho& 're.&di#e o he &$e o% ho$e erm$+ or o he meaning$ (hi#h ma! -e given o hem in he in ernal la( o% he S a e.F (6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 2#$. Discuss the binding effect of treaties and e-ecutive agreements in international law. Held: <I=n in erna ional la(+ here i$ no di%%eren#e -e (een rea ie$ and e"e#& ive agreemen $ in heir -inding e%%e# &'on $ a e$ #on#erned+ a$ long a$ he %&n# ionarie$ have remained (i hin heir 'o(er$. Internationa' 'aw ontin$es to #a9e no distin tion &etween treaties and e>e $ti"e a!ree#entsI they are e:$a''y &indin! o&'i!ations $%on nations.

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(6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5

Ronal$o

2##. Does the (hilippines recogni=e the binding effect of e-ecutive agreements even without the concurrence of the Senate or &ongress? Held: In o&r .&ri$di# ion+ (e have re#ogni8ed he -inding e%%e# o% e"e#& ive agreemen $ even (i ho& he #on#&rren#e o% he Sena e or Congre$$. In Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea &ra$ing (- SCRA -.,, -.0;-.8 @,70,A5, we had o asion to %rono$n eI E> > > he righ o% he E"e#& ive o en er in o -inding agreemen $ (it)out he ne#e$$i ! o% $&-$e)&en Congre$$ional a''roval ha$ -een confirme$ #y long usage. 9rom he earlie$ da!$ o% o&r hi$ or! (e have en ered in o e"e#& ive agreemen $ #overing $&#h $&-.e# $ a$ #ommer#ial and #on$&lar rela ion$+ mo$ ,%avored,na ion righ $+ 'a en righ $+ rademar6 and #o'!righ 'ro e# ion+ 'o$ al and naviga ion arrangemen $ and he $e lemen o% #laim$* &)e vali$ity of t)ese )as never #een seriously Huestione$ #y our courts. / (6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 *22. What is a /(89;9&9@ D7 &@9;C871? the Senate? Will it re'uire concurrence by

Held: A final act, so#eti#es a''ed protocol $e cloture, is an in$ r&men (hi#h re#ord$ he (inding &' o% he 'ro#eeding$ o% a di'loma i# #on%eren#e and &$&all! in#l&de$ a re'rod&# ion o% he e" $ o% rea ie$+ #onven ion$+ re#ommenda ion$ and o her a# $ agreed &'on and $igned -! he 'leni'o en iarie$ a ending he #on%eren#e* I i$ no he rea ! i $el%* I i$ ra her a $&mmar! o% he 'ro#eeding$ o% a 'ro ra# ed #on%eren#e (hi#h ma! have a6en 'la#e over $everal !ear$* I (ill no re)&ire he #on#&rren#e o% he Sena e* The do#&men $ #on ained herein are deemed ado' ed (i ho& need %or ra i%i#a ion. (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/, Day 1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 *2". What is the /most,favored,nation1 clause? What is its purpose?

An$(er: ,. The ?9S;,0 F987D,: ;I9: &@ CS7 #ay &e defined, in !enera', as a 'ledge -! a #on ra# ing 'ar ! o a rea ! o gran o he o her 'ar ! rea men no le$$ %avora-le han ha (hi#h ha$ -een or ma! -e gran ed o he 2mo$ %avored3 among o her #o&n rie$. The 'a$se has &een o##on'y in '$ded in treaties of o##er ia' nat$re. There are !enera''y (o !'e$ of #ost;fa"ored;nation 'a$se, na#e'y, &9:DI;I9: @ and C:&9:DI;I9: @. A ordin! to the 'a$se in its unconditional for#, an! advan age o% (ha ever 6ind (hi#h ha$ -een or ma! in %& &re -e gran ed -! ei her o% he #on ra# ing 'ar ie$ o a hird S a e $hall $im&l aneo&$l! and &n#ondi ionall! -e e" ended o he o her &nder he $ame or e)&ivalen #ondi ion$ a$ ho$e &nder (hi#h i ha$ -een gran ed o he hird S a e. (Salonga L ?ap Pu#lic International 'a(, .th 7dition, "##2, pp. "+","+25 1. The '&r'o$e o% a mo$ %avored na ion #la&$e i$ o gran o he #on ra# ing 'ar ! rea men no le$$ %avora-le han ha (hi#h ha$ -een or ma! -e gran ed o he 2mo$ %avored3 among o her #o&n rie$* The mo$ %avored na ion #la&$e i$ in ended o e$ a-li$h he 'rin#i'le o% e)&ali ! o% in erna ional rea men -! 'roviding ha he #i i8en$ or $&-.e# $ o% he #on ra# ing na ion$ ma! en.o! he 'rivilege$ a##orded -! ei her 'ar ! o ho$e o% he mo$ %avored na ion. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, ,28;,2/, *$ne 1., ,777, -rd Di". @+onJa!a;ReyesA5

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*22. What is the essence of the principle behind the /most,favored, nation1 clause, as applied to ta- treaties? Held: The e$$en#e o% he 'rin#i'le i$ o allo( he a"'a!er in one $ a e o avail o% more li-eral 'rovi$ion$ gran ed in ano her a" rea ! o (hi#h he #o&n r! o% re$iden#e o% $&#h a"'a!er i$ al$o a 'ar ! 'rovided ha he $&-.e# ma er o% a"a ion " " " i$ he $ame a$ ha in he a" rea ! &nder (hi#h he a"'a!er i$ lia-le. In Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. S.C. 1o)nson an$ Son Inc., -27 SCRA /8, *$ne 1., ,777, the SC did not !rant the 'ai# fi'ed &y S.C. *ohnson and Son, In ., a non;resident forei!n or%oration &ased in the =SA, with the 3IR for ref$nd of o"er%aid withho'din! ta> on roya'ties %$rs$ant to the #ost;fa"ored;nation 'a$se of the RP;=S Ta> Treaty in re'ation to the RP;West +er#any Ta> Treaty. It he'dI >iven he '&r'o$e &nderl!ing a" rea ie$ and he ra ionale %or he mo$ %avored na ion #la&$e+ he #on#e$$ional a" ra e o% 0J 'er#en 'rovided %or in he RP,>erman! Ta" Trea ! $ho&ld a''l! onl! i% he a"e$ im'o$ed &'on ro!al ie$ in he RP,US Ta" Trea ! and in he RP,>erman! Ta" Trea ! are 'aid &nder $imilar #ir#&m$ an#e$. This wo$'d #ean that %ri"ate res%ondent (S.C. *ohnson and Son, In .5 #$st %ro"e that the RP;=S Ta> Treaty !rants si#i'ar ta> re'iefs to residents of the =nited States in res%e t of the ta>es i#%osa&'e $%on roya'ties earned fro# so$r es within the Phi'i%%ines as those a''owed to their +er#an o$nter%arts $nder the RP;+er#any Ta> Treaty. The RP,US and he RP,We$ >erman! Ta" Trea ie$ do no #on ain $imilar 'rovi$ion$ on a" #redi ing* Ar i#le 5E o% he RP,>erman! Ta" Trea ! " " " e"'re$$l! allo($ #redi ing again$ >erman in#ome and #or'ora ion a" o% 5JP o% he gro$$ amo&n o% ro!al ie$ 'aid &nder he la( o% he Phili''ine$* On he o her hand+ Ar i#le 57 o% he RP,US Ta" Trea !+ (hi#h i$ he #o&n er'ar 'rovi$ion (i h re$'e# o relie% %or do&-le a"a ion+ doe$ no 'rovide %or $imilar #redi ing o% 5JP o% he gro$$ amo&n o% ro!al ie$ 'aid. 6 > > 6 > > The entit'e#ent of the ,2R rate &y =.S. fir#s des%ite the a&sen e of #at hin! redit (12R for roya'ties5 wo$'d dero!ate fro# the desi!n &ehind the #ost fa"ored nation 'a$se to !rant e:$a'ity of internationa' treat#ent sin e the ta> &$rden 'aid $%on the in o#e of the in"estor is not the sa#e in the two o$ntries. The si#i'arity in the ir $#stan es of %ay#ent of ta>es is a ondition for the enBoy#ent of #ost fa"ored nation treat#ent %re ise'y to $nders ore the need for e:$a'ity of treat#ent. *2*. What is ratification? process. Discuss its function in the treaty,maBing

Held: 8 ;I0I& ;I9: is !enera''y he'd to &e an e"e#& ive a# + &nder a6en -! he head o% $ a e or o% he governmen + a$ he #a$e ma! -e+ hro&gh (hi#h he %ormal a##e' an#e o% he rea ! i$ 'ro#laimed. A State #ay %ro"ide in its do#esti 'e!is'ation the %ro ess of ratifi ation of a treaty. The onsent of the State to &e &o$nd &y a treaty is e>%ressed &y ratifi ation whenI (a5 he rea ! 'rovide$ %or $&#h ra i%i#a ion, (&5 i i$ o her(i$e e$ a-li$hed ha he nego ia ing S a e$ agreed ha ra i%i#a ion $ho&ld -e re)&ired, ( 5 he re're$en a ive o% he S a e ha$ $igned he rea ! $&-.e# o ra i%i#a ion, or (d5 he in en ion o% he S a e o $ign he rea ! $&-.e# o ra i%i#a ion a''ear$ %rom he %&ll 'o(er$ o% i $ re're$en a ive+ or (a$ e"'re$$ed d&ring he nego ia ion. (6!?!N D6agong !lyansang MaAa#ayanE v. EIecutive Secretary Ronal$o @amora, +.R. No. ,-/.82, O t. ,2, 1222, En 3an @3$enaA5 *2+. 7-plain the /( &; SC:; S78F :D 1 rule.

177

Held: One of the o'dest and #ost f$nda#enta' r$'es in internationa' 'aw is pacta sunt servanda L in erna ional agreemen $ m&$ -e 'er%ormed in good %ai h. EA rea ! engagemen i$ no a mere moral o-liga ion -& #rea e$ a legall! -inding o-liga ion on he 'ar ie$ " " "* A $ a e (hi#h ha$ #on ra# ed valid in erna ional o-liga ion$ i$ -o&nd o ma6e in i $ legi$la ion$ $&#h modi%i#a ion$ a$ ma! -e ne#e$$ar! o en$&re he %&l%illmen o% he o-liga ion$ &nder a6en.F (&ana$a v. !ngara, 181 SCRA ,/, Day 1, ,778 @Pan!ani&anA5 *2.. 7-plain the /87ECS SI& S; :;IECS1 rule <i.e., things remaining as they are>. Does it operate automatically to render a treaty inoperative? Held: A ordin! to Jessup, the do trine onstit$tes an a em' o %orm&la e a legal 'rin#i'le (hi#h (o&ld .&$ i%! non,'er%orman#e o% a rea ! o-liga ion i% he #ondi ion$ (i h rela ion o (hi#h he 'ar ie$ #on ra# ed have #hanged $o ma eriall! and $o &ne"'e# edl! a$ o #rea e a $i &a ion in (hi#h he e"a# ion o% 'er%orman#e (o&ld -e &nrea$ona-le* The 6e! elemen o% hi$ do# rine i$ he vi al #hange in he #ondi ion o% he #on ra# ing 'ar ie$ ha he! #o&ld no have %ore$een a he ime he rea ! (a$ #on#l&ded. The do trine of rebus sic stantibus doe$ a& oma i#all! o render he rea ! ino'era ive* There %or a %ormal a# o% re.e# ion+ &$&all! made -! he head a $ a emen o% he rea$on$ (h! #om'lian#e (i h he rea re)&ired. (Santos III v. Nort)(est 3rient !irlines, *$ne 1-, ,7715 no i$ a o% $ ! i$ 1,2 o'era e ne#e$$i ! a e+ (i h no longer SCRA 1.0,

*2). What is the /D9&;8I:7 90 7007&;IF7 : ;I9: @I;G1 <genuine linB doctrine>? Held: This %rin i%'e is e>%ressed in Ar i#le G of the Hague Convention of 7:*- on the Conflict of Nationality 'a(s as fo''owsI Art. .. Wi hin a hird S a e a 'er$on having more han one na ionali ! $hall -e rea ed a$ i% he had onl! one* Wi ho& 're.&di#e o he a''li#a ion o% i $ la( in ma er$ o% 'er$onal $ a &$ and o% an! #onven ion in %or#e+ a hird S a e $hall+ o% he na ionali ie$ (hi#h an! $&#h 'er$on 'o$$e$$e$+ re#ogni8e e"#l&$ivel! in i $ erri or! ei her he na ionali ! o% he #o&n r! in (hi#h he i$ ha-i &all! and 'rin#i'all! re$iden or he na ionali ! o% he #o&n r! (i h (hi#h in he #ir#&m$ an#e$ he a''ear$ o -e in %a# mo$ #lo$el! #onne# ed. (=rival$o v. C3ME'EC, ,8? SCRA 1?., *$ne 1-, ,7/75

Sigma RhoAard

178