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CONTENTS
DOWTHERM J
HEAT TRANSFER FLUID
FLUID SELECTION
CRITERIA
When evaluating thermal fluids
for specific applications, a variety
of physical properties should be
considered. Four of the most
important properties are thermal
stability, vapor pressure, freeze
point, and viscosity.
Thermal Stability
DOWTHERM J fluid offers excellent
thermal stability at temperatures
between -110F and 600F (-80C
to 315C). The maximum recommended film temperature is 650F
(345C).
Vapor Pressure
DOWTHERM J fluid can be used
in liquid phase applications from
-110F to 600F (-80C to 315C)
and in vapor phase applications
from 358F to 600F (181C to
315C). For operation at liquid temperatures which approach or exceed
the boiling point, 358F (181C),
a positive pressure at least 15 to
25 psi (1 to 1.7 bar) above the vapor
pressure of the system should be
maintained in the expansion tank.
This back pressure maintains
adequate NPSH for the pump and
prevents film boiling. To create and
maintain this back pressure, apply
inert gas pressure on the expansion
tank, or elevate the tank.
Freeze Point
DOWTHERM J fluid remains liquid
and is easily pumped at temperatures as low as -110F (-80C).
This eliminates many of the
problems associated with cold
weather start-ups and shutdowns.
Steam tracing, which is costly to
install and operate, is not needed.
Viscosity
The excellent viscosity characteristics of DOWTHERM J fluid at low
temperatures make it an efficient
choice for very low temperature
applications. In addition, high heat
transfer coefficients can be obtained
over the entire temperature range.
This can reduce refrigeration
equipment energy consumption
and cut process heat exchanger
surface area requirements.
Thermal Stability
The thermal stability of a heat
transfer fluid is dependent not
only on its chemical structure, but
also on the design and operating
temperature profile of the system
in which it is used. Maximum life
for a fluid can be obtained by following sound engineering practices
in the design of the heat transfer
system. Three key areas of focus
are: designing and operating the
heater, vaporizer and/or energy
recovery unit; preventing chemical
contamination; and eliminating
contact of the fluid with air.
Chemical Contamination
A primary concern regarding
chemical contaminants in a heat
transfer system is their relatively
poor thermal stability at elevated
temperatures. The thermal degradation of chemical contaminants
may be very rapid which may lead
to fouling of heat transfer surfaces
and corrosion of system components.
The severity and nature of the
corrosion will depend upon the
amount and type of contaminant
introduced into the system.
Air Oxidation
Organic heat transfer fluids operated at elevated temperatures are
susceptible to air oxidation. The
degree of oxidation and the rate of
reaction are dependent upon the
temperature and the amount of air
mixing. Undesirable by-products of
this reaction may include carboxylic
acids which will likely result in
system operating problems.
Preventive measures should be
taken to ensure that air is eliminated from the system prior to
bringing the heat transfer fluid
up to operating temperatures. A
positive pressure inert gas blanket
should be maintained at all times
on the expansion tank during
system operation.
Units can be designed to operate
at higher temperatures than those
presently recommended in cases
where the greater replacement costs
of DOWTHERM J fluidresulting
from its increased decomposition
rate can be economically justified.
Corrosivity
DOWTHERM J heat transfer fluid
is noncorrosive toward common
metals and alloys. Even at the high
temperatures involved, equipment
usually exhibits excellent service
life.
Steel is used predominantly,
although low alloy steels, stainless
steels, Monel alloy, etc., are also
used in miscellaneous pieces of
equipment and instruments.
Most corrosion problems are
caused by chemicals introduced
into the system during cleaning or
from process leaks. The severity
and nature of the attack will
depend upon the amounts and
type of contamination involved.
When special materials of construction are used, extra precaution
should be taken to avoid contaminating materials containing the
following:
Construction Material
Contaminant
Chloride
Sulfur
Ammonia
Flammability
DOWTHERM J heat transfer fluid is
a combustible material with a flash
point of 136F (57C) (closed cup),
a fire point of 140F (60C) (C.O.C.),
and an autoignition temperature of
788F (420C) (A.S.T.M. Method
E659-78). The autoignition
Europe
Dow Benelux NV
Testing Laboratory for SYLTHERM
and DOWTHERM Fluids
Oude Maasweg 4
The continuous method consists
3197 KJ Rotterdam Botlek
of controlling the fluid at a very
The Netherlands
low rate through a steel or stainless
steel cooling coil so as to maintain
Latin America
it at 100F (40C) or lower as it
Dow Quimica S.A.
comes out of the end of the cooler
Fluid Analysis Service
into the sample collector. Before a
1671, Alexandre Dumas
sample is taken, the sampler should
Santo Amaro Sao Paulo
be thoroughly flushed. This initial
Brazil 04717-903
fluid should be returned to the
system or disposed of in a safe
manner in compliance with all
laws and regulations.
English Units
SI Units
Freeze Point
........................................ <-100F
.........................................<-81C
Boiling Point
............................................ 358F
........................................... 181C
............................................ 136F
............................................. 57C
............................................ 140F
............................................. 60C
............................................ 788F
........................................... 420C
Flash Point
Fire Point2
Autoignition Temperature
Density @ 60F
............................................ 721F
........................................... 383C
PC
......................................... 28 Atm
VC
................................................ 134
Heat of Combustion
Specific Heat
Btu/lb F
Density
lb/ft3
Thermal Cond.
Btu/hr ft2(F/ft)
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0.379
0.385
0.391
0.397
0.404
58.07
57.59
57.11
56.63
56.14
0.0856
0.0843
0.0829
0.0816
0.0802
7.96
5.50
3.91
2.88
2.19
0
20
40
60
80
0.411
0.418
0.426
0.434
0.442
55.64
55.14
54.64
54.13
53.61
0.0788
0.0775
0.0761
0.0747
0.0734
1.72
1.39
1.15
0.96
0.83
0.01
0.02
100
120
140
160
180
0.450
0.459
0.467
0.476
0.485
53.09
52.56
52.02
51.47
50.92
0.0720
0.0707
0.0693
0.0679
0.0666
0.72
0.63
0.56
0.51
0.46
0.05
0.10
0.18
0.31
0.52
200
220
240
260
280
0.495
0.504
0.514
0.523
0.533
50.36
49.79
49.21
48.62
48.01
0.0652
0.0638
0.0625
0.0611
0.0598
0.42
0.39
0.36
0.34
0.31
0.85
1.33
2.02
2.99
4.31
300
320
340
358.4
360
0.543
0.553
0.564
0.573
0.574
47.40
46.77
46.13
45.53
45.48
0.0584
0.0570
0.0557
0.0544
0.0543
0.30
0.28
0.27
0.25
0.25
6.06
8.36
11.30
14.69
15.02
380
400
420
440
460
0.584
0.595
0.606
0.617
0.628
44.80
44.11
43.40
42.67
41.91
0.0529
0.0516
0.0502
0.0488
0.0475
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
19.63
25.27
32.10
40.25
49.90
480
500
520
540
560
0.639
0.651
0.663
0.676
0.689
41.12
40.30
39.44
38.53
37.58
0.0461
0.0448
0.0434
0.0420
0.0407
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
61.20
74.34
89.50
106.87
126.67
580
600
620
640
650
0.704
0.720
0.738
0.761
0.776
36.56
35.46
34.25
32.90
32.16
0.0393
0.0379
0.0366
0.0352
0.0345
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
149.14
174.52
203.12
235.24
252.74
10
Specific Heat
kJ/kg K
Density
kg/m3
Vapor Pressure
bar
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
1.584
1.594
1.616
1.639
1.663
931.3
927.9
921.0
914.1
907.1
0.1485
0.1475
0.1453
0.1432
0.1411
8.43
7.11
5.12
3.78
2.88
-30
-20
-10
0
10
1.688
1.714
1.741
1.769
1.798
900.0
892.9
885.7
878.5
871.1
0.1390
0.1368
0.1347
0.1326
0.1305
2.25
1.80
1.48
1.23
1.05
20
30
40
50
60
1.828
1.859
1.890
1.923
1.955
863.7
856.2
848.7
841.0
833.2
0.1284
0.1262
0.1241
0.1220
0.1199
0.91
0.79
0.70
0.63
0.56
0.01
0.01
70
80
90
100
110
1.989
2.023
2.058
2.093
2.129
825.4
817.4
809.4
801.2
792.9
0.1177
0.1156
0.1135
0.1114
0.1093
0.51
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.37
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.11
120
130
140
150
160
2.165
2.202
2.239
2.277
2.315
784.4
775.9
767.1
758.3
749.2
0.1071
0.1050
0.1029
0.1008
0.0987
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.16
0.23
0.32
0.43
0.58
170
180
181.3
190
200
2.353
2.392
2.397
2.432
2.472
740.0
730.6
729.3
720.9
711.0
0.0965
0.0944
0.0941
0.0923
0.0902
0.27
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.76
0.98
1.01
1.25
1.58
210
220
230
240
250
2.512
2.553
2.594
2.636
2.680
700.9
690.5
679.8
668.8
657.3
0.0880
0.0859
0.0838
0.0817
0.0796
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.20
1.97
2.43
2.96
3.59
4.30
260
270
280
290
300
2.724
2.769
2.816
2.866
2.919
645.5
633.1
620.2
606.6
592.2
0.0774
0.0753
0.0732
0.0711
0.0690
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
5.13
6.06
7.12
8.31
9.64
310
320
330
340
345
2.976
3.040
3.115
3.208
3.265
576.9
560.4
542.4
522.4
511.4
0.0668
0.0647
0.0626
0.0605
0.0594
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
11.13
12.79
14.64
16.69
17.80
11
Ratio of
Specific
Heats
cP /cV
Temp
Vapor
Pressure
Liquid
Enthalpy
Latent
Heat
Vapor
Enthalpy
Vapor
Density
psia
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
Btu/lb
lb/ft3
100
120
140
160
180
0.05
0.10
0.18
0.31
0.52
9.7
18.4
27.3
36.6
46.0
161.8
159.7
157.6
155.5
153.4
171.4
178.1
185.0
192.1
199.4
0.0011
0.0020
0.0037
0.0063
0.0103
0.9994
0.9989
0.9982
0.9972
0.9958
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.007
0.0063
0.0067
0.0072
0.0077
0.0081
0.329
0.340
0.351
0.362
0.373
1.047
1.046
1.044
1.043
1.042
200
220
240
260
280
0.85
1.33
2.02
2.99
4.31
55.7
65.7
75.8
86.2
96.8
151.1
148.9
146.6
144.2
141.7
206.9
214.5
222.4
230.4
238.5
0.0163
0.0249
0.0369
0.0532
0.0749
0.9939
0.9913
0.9881
0.9841
0.9791
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.0086
0.0091
0.0096
0.0102
0.0107
0.384
0.395
0.405
0.416
0.426
1.042
1.041
1.040
1.040
1.040
300
320
340
358.4
360
6.06
8.36
11.30
14.69
15.02
107.6
118.6
129.9
140.3
141.3
139.2
136.6
133.9
131.4
131.2
246.8
255.2
263.8
271.7
272.4
0.1031
0.1392
0.1847
0.2363
0.2413
0.9732
0.9662
0.9580
0.9494
0.9486
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.0112
0.0118
0.0123
0.0128
0.0129
0.436
0.446
0.457
0.466
0.467
1.041
1.041
1.042
1.043
1.043
380
400
420
440
460
19.63
25.27
32.10
40.25
49.90
152.9
164.7
176.6
188.8
201.1
128.3
125.4
122.3
119.1
115.7
281.2
290.0
298.9
307.9
316.9
0.3109
0.3955
0.4976
0.6199
0.7656
0.9380
0.9260
0.9125
0.8976
0.8811
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.0134
0.0140
0.0146
0.0152
0.0158
0.477
0.488
0.498
0.509
0.520
1.045
1.046
1.049
1.052
1.055
480
500
520
540
560
61.20
74.34
89.50
106.87
126.67
213.7
226.4
239.4
252.5
265.9
112.2
108.5
104.7
100.5
96.1
325.9
335.0
344.0
353.0
362.0
0.9383
1.143
1.384
1.669
2.007
0.8630
0.8432
0.8214
0.7977
0.7716
0.010
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.0164
0.0171
0.0177
0.0184
0.0191
0.532
0.544
0.556
0.570
0.585
1.060
1.065
1.072
1.081
1.092
580
600
620
640
650
149.14
174.52
203.12
235.24
252.74
279.5
293.4
307.6
322.2
329.7
91.3
86.1
80.4
73.9
70.3
370.8
379.5
388.0
396.1
400.0
2.409
2.892
3.480
4.210
4.648
0.7430
0.7114
0.6761
0.6361
0.6139
0.012
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.014
0.0198
0.0205
0.0213
0.0221
0.0225
0.603
0.623
0.649
0.684
0.707
1.106
1.126
1.155
1.199
1.231
12
Zvapor
Vapor
Viscosity
cP
mPa sec
Vapor
Thermal
Cond.
W/mK
kJ/kg K
Ratio of
Specific
Heats
cP /cV
0.999
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.011
0.012
0.012
0.013
1.385
1.428
1.470
1.512
1.047
1.046
1.044
1.043
0.15
0.23
0.34
0.49
0.996
0.995
0.992
0.990
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.014
0.015
0.015
0.016
1.553
1.593
1.633
1.673
1.042
1.042
1.041
1.041
524.3
541.2
558.3
575.7
0.69
0.95
1.28
1.70
0.987
0.983
0.978
0.973
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.017
0.018
0.019
0.019
1.713
1.752
1.791
1.829
1.040
1.040
1.040
1.041
317.5
312.0
306.2
305.4
593.3
611.2
629.2
631.6
2.23
2.88
3.67
3.78
0.966
0.959
0.951
0.949
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.020
0.021
0.022
0.022
1.868
1.906
1.945
1.950
1.041
1.042
1.043
1.043
347.2
371.7
396.6
421.8
300.3
294.2
287.8
281.3
647.5
665.9
684.4
703.1
4.62
5.76
7.12
8.71
0.941
0.931
0.919
0.907
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.023
0.024
0.025
0.026
1.984
2.023
2.063
2.103
1.044
1.046
1.048
1.050
2.963
3.587
4.304
5.126
447.4
473.3
499.6
526.3
274.5
267.4
260.0
252.3
721.9
740.8
759.7
778.6
10.59
12.78
15.33
18.30
0.893
0.878
0.861
0.843
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.011
0.027
0.028
0.029
0.030
2.144
2.186
2.229
2.275
1.053
1.056
1.060
1.065
270
280
290
300
6.059
7.116
8.306
9.640
553.3
580.8
608.6
637.0
244.2
235.6
226.5
216.8
797.5
816.4
835.2
853.8
21.75
25.76
30.42
35.87
0.824
0.803
0.780
0.755
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034
2.323
2.374
2.429
2.491
1.071
1.079
1.088
1.100
310
320
330
340
345
11.131
12.794
14.642
16.693
17.801
665.8
695.1
725.1
755.9
771.6
206.4
195.0
182.5
168.5
160.7
872.1
890.1
907.6
924.4
932.4
42.28
49.87
58.98
70.14
76.74
0.728
0.698
0.665
0.627
0.607
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.014
0.014
0.035
0.036
0.037
0.039
0.039
2.562
2.647
2.753
2.898
2.995
1.115
1.136
1.166
1.211
1.242
Temp
Vapor
Pressure
Liquid
Enthalpy
Latent
Heat
Vapor
Enthalpy
Vapor
Density
bar
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kg/m3
40
50
60
70
0.004
0.007
0.012
0.020
26.5
44.8
63.6
82.8
375.1
370.8
366.4
362.0
401.6
415.6
430.0
444.8
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.10
80
90
100
110
0.033
0.051
0.077
0.113
102.5
122.7
143.3
164.4
357.5
352.9
348.2
343.4
460.0
475.6
491.5
507.8
120
130
140
150
0.163
0.230
0.318
0.432
185.9
207.7
230.0
252.7
338.5
333.4
328.3
323.0
160
170
180
181.3
0.576
0.757
0.980
1.012
275.8
299.2
323.0
326.1
190
200
210
220
1.251
1.578
1.967
2.426
230
240
250
260
Zvapor
Vapor
Viscosity
Specific
Heat (cp)
13
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
-100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Temperature, F
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
-100
14
-50
50
100
150
Temperature, C
200
250
300
350
1,000
100
10
0.1
100
200
300
400
Temperature, F
500
600
700
10
0.1
100
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature, C
15
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
-100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Temperature, F
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
-100
-50
50
100
150
Temperature, C
16
200
250
300
350
Density, lb/ft3
50
40
30
-100
100
200
300
Temperature, F
400
500
600
700
900
Density, kg/m3
800
700
600
500
-100
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature, C
17
Viscosity, cP
10
0.1
-100
100
300
200
400
500
600
700
Temperature, F
10
0.1
-100
-50
50
100
150
Temperature, C
18
200
250
300
350
Figure 11Liquid Film Coefficient for DOWTHERM J Fluid Inside Pipes and Tubes
(Turbulent Flow Only) (English Units)
40 PI
PE
3"
4"
VE
6"
LO
CI
TY
DULE
2"
1 1/2
"
SCHE
(ft
/se
c
1"
3
/4"
3 ,
/4"
1
/2
1 ",
/2"
10
E SIZ
14
, 16 BW
BW G
G
1
, 186 BW
BW G
G
TUB
1",
1", 14 B
16 WG
BW
G
1,000
W/(m2)(K)=[Btu/(hr)(ft2)(F)](5.678)
100
1
100
10
1,000
Temperature Correction
Multiplier Factor
~!
1.1
m
Nu = 0.027 Re0.8PR13 m
w
Multiplication Factor
0.9
0.14
Chart based on
~!
m 0.14
=1
mw
Note: The values in this graph are based on the viscosity of fluid as supplied.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
-1
Temperature, F x 100
19
Figure 12 Liquid Film Coefficient for DOWTHERM J Fluid Inside Pipes and Tubes
(Turbulent Flow Only) (SI Units)
10,000
16
18 BW
BW G,
G, 12 m
12 m
mm
14
16 BW
BW G,
G, 19 m
19 m
14
mm
16 BW
BWG,
G, 25
25 mm
mm
TUBE S
IZE
(m
/se
c)
1,000
15
0m
m
SCHED
ULE 40
PIPE
10
0m
m
75
mm
50
mm
38
mm
VE
LO
CI
TY
1.5
25
mm
2.5
0.5
W/(m2)(K)=[Btu/(hr)(ft2)(F)](5.678)
100
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Temperature Correction
Multiplier Factor
~!
1.1
m
Nu = 0.027 Re0.8PR13 m
w
Multiplication Factor
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
-0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Temperature, C x 100
20
Chart based on
~!
m 0.14
=1
mw
Note: The values in this graph are based on the viscosity of fluid as supplied.
0.8
-1.0
0.14
2.5
3.0
3.5
)
ec
t/s
1"
IT
C
11/2
"
EL
BE
SIZ
E
G G
W
W
B
4 B
G G
, 1 , 16
"
BWBW
3 /4 3 /4"
4
, 1 16
1" 1",
(f
TU
G G
BWBW
6
1 8
", , 1
10 1 /2 1 /2"
10
EDU
LE 4
0 PI
PE
"
4"
3"
2"
SCH
0.1
0.01
10
100
1,000
Temperature Correction
Multiplier Factor
Multiplication Factor
1.5
0.5
-1
Temperature, F x 100
21
25
m
1,000
DU
mm
HE
LE
40
PI
PE
mm
50
38
mm
SC
150
mm
0.5
1
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
Flow Rate, m3/sec
Temperature Correction
Multiplier Factor
Multiplication Factor
1.5
0.5
-1.0 -0.5
/sec
Y, m
CIT
1
LO
1.5
VE
SIZ
14
16 BWG
BW , 2
G, 5 m
25 m
mm
BE
2.5
14
16 BWG
BW , 1
G, 9 mm
19
mm
10
TU
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Temperature, C x 100
22
100
mm
75
16
18 BWG
BW , 1
G, 2 mm
12
mm
100
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.01
0.1
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
-100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Temperature, F
1.6
Expanded Volume, m3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
-100
-50
50
100
150
Temperature, C
200
250
300
350
23
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
-100
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Temperature, F
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
-100
-50
50
Temperature, C
24
100
150
200
Cond.
TIC
7
Heating Loop
Circulating Pump
Spare Pump
Heater for
DOWTHERM Fluid
TSH
FRC
PRV
LSL
LA / L
PCV
Expansion
Tank
LI
PRV
TIC
Vent Header
FI
Jacket Loop
Circulating Pump
TIC
Process Tank
Vent
LC
PIC
Steam Generator
PI
Cooling Loop
Circulating Pump
FI
Steam Condensate
Pump
TIC
Heating or
Cooling Process
Steam
PRV
Stm. Hdr.
Heat Exchanger
#2
PRV
Process Fluid
Vent
Loading
Pump
Snuffing Stm.
Fuel Gas
PSH
BE
TIC
PI
To Pilot Light
Storage Tank
and Panel Coil
LI
PCV
PI
FSL
PSL
Atm.
Vent
BC
BA
1
Process Fluid
Vent
TRC
(380F) (193C)
(375F) (191C)
Heat Exchanger
#1
Vent
BA Burner Alarm
BC Burner Control
BE Burner Element (Fire-Eye)
FI Flow Indicator (Orifice)
FRC Flow Recording Controller
FSL Flow Switch Low
LAH/L Level AlarmHigh/Low
LI Level Indicator
LC Level Controller
LSL Level Switch Low
PCV Pressure Control Valve
PI Pressure Indicator
PIC Pressure Indicating Controller
PRV Pressure Relief Valve
PSH Pressure Switch High
Heating
Media
PSL
TIC
TRC
TSH
Instrument Legend
Steam
Condensate
LC
25
26
BA Burner Alarm
BC Burner Control
BE Burner Element (Fire-Eye)
FI Flow Indicator (Orifice)
FRC Flow Recording Controller
FSL Flow Switch Low
LAH/L Level AlarmHigh/Low
LI Level Indicator
LC Level Controller
LSL Level Switch Low
PCV Pressure Control Valve
PI Pressure Indicator
PIC Pressure Indicating Controller
PRV Pressure Relief Valve
PSH Pressure Switch High
Instrument Legend
Vaporizers for DOWTHERM J fluid utilize both natural and forced circulation.
A pump is required where there is insufficient elevation between vaporizer
and heat user to return condensate by gravity.
Hand-throttled bypass required to prevent pump heat-up.
A
B
PSL
TIC
TRC
TSH
27
DOWTHERM* J
Heat Transfer Fluid
Product Technical Data
NOTE: SYLTHERM heat transfer fluids are manufactured by Dow Corning Corporation and distributed by The Dow Chemical Company under an exclusive
agreement.
28
Printed in U.S.A.