Diplomo in Computer Application

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COMPUTER
A Computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (19401945). These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into small pocket devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a netbook to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.
PERSONAL COMPUTER
A Personal Computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator. This is in contrast to the batch processing or time-sharing models which allowed large expensive mainframe systems to be used by many people, usually at the same time, or large data processing systems which required a full-time staff to operate efficiently. A Personal Computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop, tablet PC or a handheld PC (also called palmtop). The most common microprocessors in personal computers are x86-compatible CPUs. Software applications for personal computers include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail clients, games, and myriad personal productivity and special-purpose software. Modern personal computers often have high-speed or dial-up connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources. A PC may be used at home, or may be found in an office. Personal computers can be connected to a local area network (LAN) either by a cable or wirelessly. While early PC owners usually had to write their own programs to do anything useful with the machines, today's users have access to a wide range of commercial and non-
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OFFICE OFFLINE commercial software which is provided in ready-to-run form. Since the 1980s, Microsoft and Intel have dominated much of the personal computer market with the Wintel platform.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An Embedded System is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that is typically either a microcontroller or a digital signal processor (DSP). The key characteristic is however being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. For example, air traffic control systems may usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe computers and dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites. Each Radar probably includes one or more embedded systems of its own. Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.
SUPER COMPUTER
A Super Computer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), which led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for five years (19851990). In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the market, in parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many of these disappeared in the mid-1990s "supercomputer market crash". Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by "traditional" companies such as Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience. As of July 2009, the Cray Jaguar is the fastest supercomputer in the world.
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MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Mainframes are powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing. The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units. Most large-scale computer system architectures were firmly established in the 1960s and most large computers were based on architecture established during that era up until the advent of Web servers in the 1990s. Interestingly, the first Web server running anywhere outside Switzerland ran on an IBM mainframe at Stanford University as early as 1990. There were several minicomputer operating systems and architectures that arose in the 1970s and 1980s, but minicomputers are generally not considered mainframes.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine. Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed. Alan Turing is widely regarded to be the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalization of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation.
STORED PROGRAM ARCHITECTURE

The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that a list of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer and it will store them and carry them out at some time in the future.
PROGRAMS
A 1970s punched card containing one line from a FORTRAN program.The card reads: "Z(1) = Y + W(1)" and is labeled "PROJ039" for identification purposes.
OFFICE OFFLINE In practical terms, a computer program may run from just a few instructions to many millions of instructions, as in a program for a word processor or a web browser. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigahertz or GHz) and rarely make a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors. Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". Bugs may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases they may cause the program to "hang"become unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, or to completely fail or "crash". Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes may be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an "exploit"code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a program's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design. Example A traffic light showing red Suppose a computer is being employed to operate a traffic light at an intersection between two streets. The computer has the following three basic instructions. 1. ON(Streetname, Color) Turns the light on Streetname with a specified Color on. 2. OFF(Streetname, Color) Turns the light on Streetname with a specified Color off. 3. WAIT(Seconds) Waits a specifed number of seconds. 4. START Starts the program 5. REPEAT Tells the computer to repeat a specified part of the program in a loop.
FUNCTION
A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires. Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.
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Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.
Control unit
The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into a series of control signals which activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance. A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.
Memory
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components, devices, and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic computer model.
Input/output (I/O)
Hard disk drives are common storage devices used with computers. I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O. Often, I/O devices are complex computers in their own right with their own CPU and memory. A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics. Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I/O.
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MULTITASKING
In computing, Multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task. Multitasking solves the problem by scheduling which task may be the one running at any given time, and when another waiting task gets a turn. The act of reassigning a CPU from one task to another one is called a context switch. When context switches occur frequently enough the illusion of parallelism is achieved. Even on computers with more than one CPU (called multiprocessor machines), multitasking allows many more tasks to be run than there are CPUs.
MULTIPROCESSING
Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor and/or the ability to allocate tasks between them. There are many variations on this basic theme, and the definition of multiprocessing can vary with context, mostly as a function of how CPUs are defined. Multiprocessing sometimes refers to the execution of multiple concurrent software processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant. However, the terms multitasking or multiprogramming are more appropriate to describe this concept, which is implemented mostly in software, whereas multiprocessing is more appropriate to describe the use of multiple hardware CPUs. A system can be both multiprocessing and multiprogramming, only one of the two, or neither of the two.
COMPUTER NETWORKING
Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with the communication between computer systems or devices. A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each other with the ability to exchange data. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering since it relies heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines. The three types of networks are: the Internet, the intranet, and the extranet. Examples of different network methods are: Local area network (LAN), which is usually a small network constrained to a small geographic area. An example of a LAN would be a computer network within a building. Metropolitan area network (MAN), which is used for medium size area.
OFFICE OFFLINE Examples for a city or a state. Wide area network (WAN) that is usually a larger network that covers a large geographic area. Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN) are the wireless equivalent of the LAN and WAN.
HARDWARE
A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware, upon which can be installed an operating system and a multitude of software to perform the operator's desired functions. Though a PC comes in many different forms, a typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
1. Monitor 2.Motherboard 3.CPU 4.RAMMemory 5.Expansion Card 6. Power Supply 7. Optical disc drives 8. Hard Disk 9. Keyboard 10. Mouse
MONITOR
A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD), while older monitors use a cathode ray tube (CRT). The size of a display is usually given as the distance between two opposite screen corners. One problem with this method is that it does not distinguish between the aspect ratios of monitors with identical diagonal sizes, despite the fact that the area of a given diagonal span decreases as it becomes less square. For example, a 4:3 21-inch (53.3 cm) monitor has an area of about 211 sq in (1,361 cm2), while a 16:9 21-inch widescreen has about 188 sq in (1,213 cm2).
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MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Computer Hardware course is very important for the future because they are now essential in business.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.
RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY
Random-access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). The word random thus refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.
EXPANSION CARD
The Expansion Card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add additional functionality to a computer system.
POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
OPTICAL DISC DRIVE

An Optical Disc Drive is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from
OFFICE OFFLINE optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders. Recorders are sometimes called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, HD DVDs and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.
HARD DISK DRIVE

A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating rigid (i.e. hard) platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to the motorized mechanical aspect that is distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air pressure) with fixed media.
KEYBOARD
A Keyboard is an input device, partially modeled after the typewriter keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. Most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs, other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions.
MOUSE
A Mouse (plural mice, mouses, or mouse devices.) is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a cursor on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface.
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OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware, but will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computerfrom cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Examples of popular modern operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and GNU/Linux.
Examples of operating systems Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems most commonly used on personal computers. It is the most common family of operating systems for the personal computer, with about 90% of the market share. Currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP, released on October 25, 2001. The newest version is Windows 7 for personal computers and Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers. Microsoft Windows originated in 1981 as an add-on to the older MS-DOS operating system for the IBM PC. First publicly released in 1985, Windows came to dominate the business world of personal computers, and went on to set a number of industry standards and commonplace applications. Beginning with Windows XP, all modern versions are based on the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run on IA-32 and x86-64 processors, although older versions sometimes supported other architectures. Windows is also used on servers, supporting applications such as web servers and database servers. In recent years, Microsoft has spent significant marketing and research & development money to demonstrate that Windows is capable of running any enterprise application, which has resulted in consistent price/performance records (see the TPC) and significant acceptance in the enterprise market. However, its usage in servers is not as widespread as personal computers, and here Windows actively competes against Linux and BSD for market share, while still capturing a steady majority by some accounts.
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Unix and Unix-like operating systems

Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, which he used to write Unix, based on his experience in the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and Unix developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating system (see History). The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories including System V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is a trademark of The Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original Unix. Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of machine architectures. They are used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free Unix variants, such as GNU/Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas. Some Unix variants like HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are designed to run only on that vendor's hardware. Others, such as Solaris, can run on multiple types of hardware, including x86 servers and PCs. Apple's Mac OS X, a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and FreeBSD, has replaced Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS. Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants.
BSD and its descendants

A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software Distribution family, which includes FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. These operating systems are most commonly found on webservers, although they can also function as a personal computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used by computers to connect, send and receive data over a network were widely implemented and refined in BSD. The world wide web was also first demonstrated on a number of computers running an OS based on BSD called NextStep. BSD has its roots in Unix. In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as text editors. When Berkely received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix installed, the school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take advantage of the
OFFICE OFFLINE computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest, and decided to fund the project. Many schools, corporations, and government organizations took notice and started to use Berkeley's version of Unix instead of the official one distributed by AT&T. Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that manufactured high-end computers running on a variation of BSD called NeXTSTEP. One of these computers was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first webserver to create the World Wide Web. Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued. Eventually, after two years of legal disputes, the BSD project came out ahead and spawned a number of free derivatives, such as FreeBSD and NetBSD. In this two year wait, GNU and Linux appeared.
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Mac OS X
Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997. The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0) following in March 2001. Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the most recent being Mac OS X v10.6, which was first made available on August 28, 2009. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats; the current version of Mac OS X is "Snow Leopard". The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others.
Plan 9
Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy at Bell Labs designed and developed the C programming language to build the operating system Unix. Programmers at Bell Labs went on to develop Plan 9 and Inferno, which were
OFFICE OFFLINE engineered for modern distributed environments. Plan 9 was designed from the start to be a networked operating system, and had graphics built-in, unlike Unix, which added these features to the design later. It is currently released under the Lucent Public License. Inferno was sold to Vita Nuova Holdings and has been released under a GPL/MIT license.
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Linux and GNU

Linux is the generic name for a UNIX-like operating system that can be used on a wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches. The Linux kernel is released under an open source license, so anyone can read and modify its code. It has been modified to run on a large variety of electronics. Although estimates suggest it is used on only 0.5-2% of all personal computers, it has been widely adopted for use in servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded Unix in most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world. The GNU project is a mass collaboration of programmers who seek to create a completely free and open operating system that was similar to Unix but with completely original code. It was started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, and is responsible for many of the parts of most Linux variants. For this reason, Linux is often called GNU/Linux. Thousands of pieces of software for virtually every operating system are licensed under the GNU General Public License. Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a side project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He received a wave of support and volunteers who ended up creating a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts into the linux kernel in order to create a full-fledged operating system.
Google Chrome OS
Chrome is an operating system based on the Linux kernel and designed by Google. Chrome targets computer users who spend most of their time on the Internet it is technically only a web browser with no other applications, and relies on Internet applications used in the web browser to accomplish tasks such as word processing and media viewing.
Other
Older operating systems which are still used in niche markets include OS/2 from IBM and Microsoft; Mac OS, the non-Unix precursor to Apple's Mac OS X; BeOS; XTS-300. Some, most notably Haiku, RISC OS, MorphOS, AmigaOS 4 and
OFFICE OFFLINE FreeMint continue to be developed as minority platforms for enthusiast communities and specialist applications. OpenVMS formerly from DEC, is still under active development by Hewlett-Packard. Yet other operating systems are used almost exclusively in academia, for operating systems education or to do research on operating system concepts. A typical example of a system that fulfills both roles is MINIX, while for example Singularity is used purely for research.
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Components
The components of an operating system all exist in order to make the different parts of a computer work together. All softwarefrom financial databases to film editorsneeds to go through the operating system in order to use any of the hardware, whether it be as simple as a mouse or keyboard or complex as an Internet connection.
The user interface

An example of the command line. Each command is typed out after the 'prompt', and then its output appears below, working its way down the screen. The current command prompt is at the bottom. An example of a graphical user interface. Programs take the form of images on the screen, and the files, folders, and applications take the form of icons and symbols. A mouse is used to navigate the computer. Every computer that receives some sort of human input needs a user interface, which allows a person to interact with the computer. While devices like keyboards, mice and touchscreens make up the hardware end of this task, the user interface makes up the software for it. The two most common forms of a user interface have historically been the Command-line interface, where computer commands are typed out line-by-line, and the Graphical user interface, where a visual environment (most commonly with windows, buttons, and icons) is present.
Graphical user interfaces

Most of the modern computer systems support graphical user interfaces (GUI), and often include them. In some computer systems, such as the original implementations of Microsoft Windows and the Mac OS, the GUI is integrated into the kernel. While technically a graphical user interface is not an operating system service, incorporating support for one into the operating system kernel can allow the GUI to be more responsive by reducing the number of context switches required for the GUI to perform its output functions. Other operating systems are modular, separating the graphics subsystem from the kernel and the Operating System. In the 1980s UNIX, VMS and many others had operating systems that were built this way. GNU/Linux and Mac OS X are also built this way. Modern releases of Microsoft Windows such
OFFICE OFFLINE as Windows Vista implement a graphics subsystem that is mostly in user-space; however the graphics drawing routines of versions between Windows NT 4.0 and Windows Server 2003 exist mostly in kernel space. Windows 9x had very little distinction between the interface and the kernel. Many computer operating systems allow the user to install or create any user interface they desire. The X Window System in conjunction with GNOME or KDE is a commonly found setup on most Unix and Unix-like (BSD, GNU/Linux, Solaris) systems. A number of Windows shell replacements have been released for Microsoft Windows, which offer alternatives to the included Windows shell, but the shell itself cannot be separated from Windows. Numerous Unix-based GUIs have existed over time, most derived from X11. Competition among the various vendors of Unix (HP, IBM, Sun) led to much fragmentation, though an effort to standardize in the 1990s to COSE and CDE failed for various reasons, and were eventually eclipsed by the widespread adoption of GNOME and KDE. Prior to free software-based toolkits and desktop environments, Motif was the prevalent toolkit/desktop combination (and was the basis upon which CDE was developed). Graphical user interfaces evolve over time. For example, Windows has modified its user interface almost every time a new major version of Windows is released, and the Mac OS GUI changed dramatically with the introduction of Mac OS X in 1999.[14]
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The kernel
With the aid of the firmware and device drivers, the operating system provides the most basic level of control over all of the computer's hardware devices. It manages memory access for programs in the RAM, it determines which programs get access to which hardware resources, it sets up or resets the CPU's operating states for optimal operation at all times, and it organizes the data for long-term non-volatile storage with file systems on such media as disks, tapes, flash memory, etc.
Program execution
The operating system acts as an interface between an application and the hardware. The user interacts with the hardware from "the other side". The operating system is a set of services which simplifies development of applications. Executing a program involves the creation of a process by the operating system. The kernel creates a process by assigning memory and other resources, establishing a priority for the process (in multi-tasking systems), loading program code into memory, and executing the program. The program then interacts with the user and/or other devices and performs its intended function.
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Interrupts
Interrupts are central to operating systems, as they provide an efficient way for the operating system to interact with and react to its environment. The alternative having the operating system "watch" the various sources of input for events (polling) that require actioncan be found in older systems with very small stacks (50 or 60 bytes) but fairly, unusual in modern systems with fairly large stacks. Interrupt-based programming is directly supported by most modern CPUs. Interrupts provide a computer with a way of automatically saving local register contexts, and running specific code in response to events. Even very basic computers support hardware interrupts, and allow the programmer to specify code which may be run when that event takes place. When an interrupt is received, the computer's hardware automatically suspends whatever program is currently running, saves its status, and runs computer code previously associated with the interrupt; this is analogous to placing a bookmark in a book in response to a phone call. In modern operating systems, interrupts are handled by the operating system's kernel. Interrupts may come from either the computer's hardware or from the running program. When a hardware device triggers an interrupt, the operating system's kernel decides how to deal with this event, generally by running some processing code. The amount of code being run depends on the priority of the interrupt (for example: a person usually responds to a smoke detector alarm before answering the phone). The processing of hardware interrupts is a task that is usually delegated to software called device driver, which may be either part of the operating system's kernel, part of another program, or both. Device drivers may then relay information to a running program by various means. A program may also trigger an interrupt to the operating system. If a program wishes to access hardware for example, it may interrupt the operating system's kernel, which causes control to be passed back to the kernel. The kernel will then process the request. If a program wishes additional resources (or wishes to shed resources) such as memory, it will trigger an interrupt to get the kernel's attention.
Modes
Modern CPUs support multiple modes of operation. CPUs with this capability use at least two modes: protected mode and supervisor mode. The supervisor mode is used by the operating system's kernel for low level tasks that need unrestricted access to hardware, such as controlling how memory is written and erased, and communication with devices like graphics cards. Protected mode, in contrast, is used for almost everything else. Applications operate within protected mode, and can only use
OFFICE OFFLINE hardware by communicating with the kernel, which controls everything in supervisor mode. CPUs might have other modes similar to protected mode as well, such as the virtual modes in order to emulate older processor types, such as 16-bit processors on a 32-bit one, or 32-bit processors on a 64-bit one. When a computer first starts up, it is automatically running in supervisor mode. The first few programs to run on the computer, being the BIOS, bootloader and the operating system have unlimited access to hardware - and this is required because, by definition, initializing a protected environment can only be done outside of one. However, when the operating system passes control to another program, it can place the CPU into protected mode. In protected mode, programs may have access to a more limited set of the CPU's instructions. A user program may leave protected mode only by triggering an interrupt, causing control to be passed back to the kernel. In this way the operating system can maintain exclusive control over things like access to hardware and memory. The term "protected mode resource" generally refers to one or more CPU registers, which contain information that the running program isn't allowed to alter. Attempts to alter these resources generally causes a switch to supervisor mode, where the operating system can deal with the illegal operation the program was attempting (for example, by killing the program).
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Memory management
Among other things, a multiprogramming operating system kernel must be responsible for managing all system memory which is currently in use by programs. This ensures that a program does not interfere with memory already used by another program. Since programs time share, each program must have independent access to memory. Cooperative memory management, used by many early operating systems, assumes that all programs make voluntary use of the kernel's memory manager, and do not exceed their allocated memory. This system of memory management is almost never seen any more, since programs often contain bugs which can cause them to exceed their allocated memory. If a program fails, it may cause memory used by one or more other programs to be affected or overwritten. Malicious programs or viruses may purposefully alter another program's memory, or may affect the operation of the operating system itself. With cooperative memory management, it takes only one misbehaved program to crash the system.
OFFICE OFFLINE Memory protection enables the kernel to limit a process' access to the computer's memory. Various methods of memory protection exist, including memory segmentation and paging. All methods require some level of hardware support (such as the 80286 MMU), which doesn't exist in all computers. In both segmentation and paging, certain protected mode registers specify to the CPU what memory address it should allow a running program to access. Attempts to access other addresses will trigger an interrupt which will cause the CPU to re-enter supervisor mode, placing the kernel in charge. This is called a segmentation violation or Seg-V for short, and since it is both difficult to assign a meaningful result to such an operation, and because it is usually a sign of a misbehaving program, the kernel will generally resort to terminating the offending program, and will report the error. Windows 3.1-Me had some level of memory protection, but programs could easily circumvent the need to use it. A general protection fault would be produced indicating a segmentation violation had occurred, however the system would often crash anyway.
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Virtual memory
Many operating systems can "trick" programs into using memory scattered around the hard disk and RAM as if it is one continuous chunk of memory called virtual memory. The use of virtual memory addressing (such as paging or segmentation) means that the kernel can choose what memory each program may use at any given time, allowing the operating system to use the same memory locations for multiple tasks. If a program tries to access memory that isn't in its current range of accessible memory, but nonetheless has been allocated to it, the kernel will be interrupted in the same way as it would if the program were to exceed its allocated memory. (See section on memory management.) Under UNIX this kind of interrupt is referred to as a page fault. When the kernel detects a page fault it will generally adjust the virtual memory range of the program which triggered it, granting it access to the memory requested. This gives the kernel discretionary power over where a particular application's memory is stored, or even whether or not it has actually been allocated yet. In modern operating systems, memory which is accessed less frequently can be temporarily stored on disk or other media to make that space available for use by other programs. This is called swapping, as an area of memory can be used by
OFFICE OFFLINE multiple programs, and what that memory area contains can be swapped or exchanged on demand.
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Multitasking
Multitasking refers to the running of multiple independent computer programs on the same computer; giving the appearance that it is performing the tasks at the same time. Since most computers can do at most one or two things at one time, this is generally done via time-sharing, which means that each program uses a share of the computer's time to execute. An operating system kernel contains a piece of software called a scheduler which determines how much time each program will spend executing, and in which order execution control should be passed to programs. Control is passed to a process by the kernel, which allows the program access to the CPU and memory. Later, control is returned to the kernel through some mechanism, so that another program may be allowed to use the CPU. This so-called passing of control between the kernel and applications is called a context switch. An early model which governed the allocation of time to programs was called cooperative multitasking. In this model, when control is passed to a program by the kernel, it may execute for as long as it wants before explicitly returning control to the kernel. This means that a malicious or malfunctioning program may not only prevent any other programs from using the CPU, but it can hang the entire system if it enters an infinite loop. Modern operating systems extend the concepts of application preemption to device drivers and kernel code, so that the operating system has preemptive control over internal run-times as well. The philosophy governing preemptive multitasking is that of ensuring that all programs are given regular time on the CPU. This implies that all programs must be limited in how much time they are allowed to spend on the CPU without being interrupted. To accomplish this, modern operating system kernels make use of a timed interrupt. A protected mode timer is set by the kernel which triggers a return to supervisor mode after the specified time has elapsed. On many single user operating systems cooperative multitasking is perfectly adequate, as home computers generally run a small number of well tested programs. Windows NT was the first version of Microsoft Windows which enforced preemptive multitasking, but it didn't reach the home user market until Windows XP.
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Disk access and file systems

Filesystems allow users and programs to organize and sort files on a computer, often through the use of directories (or "folders") Access to data stored on disks is a central feature of all operating systems. Computers store data on disks using files, which are structured in specific ways in order to allow for faster access, higher reliability, and to make better use out of the drive's available space. The specific way in which files are stored on a disk is called a file system, and enables files to have names and attributes. It also allows them to be stored in a hierarchy of directories or folders arranged in a directory tree. Early operating systems generally supported a single type of disk drive and only one kind of file system. Early file systems were limited in their capacity, speed, and in the kinds of file names and directory structures they could use. These limitations often reflected limitations in the operating systems they were designed for, making it very difficult for an operating system to support more than one file system. While many simpler operating systems support a limited range of options for accessing storage systems, operating systems like UNIX and GNU/Linux support a technology known as a virtual file system or VFS. An operating system such as UNIX supports a wide array of storage devices, regardless of their design or file systems, allowing them to be accessed through a common application programming interface (API). This makes it unnecessary for programs to have any knowledge about the device they are accessing. A VFS allows the operating system to provide programs with access to an unlimited number of devices with an infinite variety of file systems installed on them, through the use of specific device drivers and file system drivers. A connected storage device, such as a hard drive, is accessed through a device driver. The device driver understands the specific language of the drive and is able to translate that language into a standard language used by the operating system to access all disk drives. On UNIX, this is the language of block devices. When the kernel has an appropriate device driver in place, it can then access the contents of the disk drive in raw format, which may contain one or more file systems. A file system driver is used to translate the commands used to access each specific file system into a standard set of commands that the operating system can use to talk to all file systems. Programs can then deal with these file systems on the basis of filenames, and directories/folders, contained within a hierarchical structure. They can create, delete, open, and close files, as well as gather various information about them, including access permissions, size, free space, and creation and modification dates.
OFFICE OFFLINE Various differences between file systems make supporting all file systems difficult. Allowed characters in file names, case sensitivity, and the presence of various kinds of file attributes makes the implementation of a single interface for every file system a daunting task. Operating systems tend to recommend using (and so support natively) file systems specifically designed for them; for example, NTFS in Windows and ext3 and ReiserFS in GNU/Linux. However, in practice, third party drives are usually available to give support for the most widely used file systems in most general-purpose operating systems (for example, NTFS is available in GNU/Linux through NTFS-3g, and ext2/3 and ReiserFS are available in Windows through FSdriver and rfstool). Support for file systems is highly varied among modern operating systems, although there are several common file systems which almost all operating systems include support and drivers for. Operating systems vary on file system support and on the disk formats they may be installed on. Under Windows, each file system is usually limited in application to certain media; for example, CDs must use ISO 9660 or UDF, and as of Windows Vista, NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on. It is possible to install GNU/Linux onto many types of file systems. Unlike other operating systems, GNU/Linux and UNIX allow any file system to be used regardless of the media it is stored in, whether it is a hard drive, a disc (CD,DVD...), an USB key, or even contained within a file located on another file system.
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Device drivers
A device driver is a specific type of computer software developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. Typically this constitutes an interface for communicating with the device, through the specific computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to, providing commands to and/or receiving data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite interfaces to the operating system and software applications. It is a specialized hardwaredependent computer program which is also operating system specific that enables another program, typically an operating system or applications software package or computer program running under the operating system kernel, to interact transparently with a hardware device, and usually provides the requisite interrupt handling necessary for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interfacing needs. The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently. Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to control every device, both now and in the future.
OFFICE OFFLINE To solve this problem, operative systems essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The function of the device driver is then to translate these operative system mandated function calls into device specific calls. In theory a new device, which is controlled in a new manner, should function correctly if a suitable driver is available. This new driver will ensure that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating system's point of view. Under versions of Windows before Vista and versions of Linux before 2.6, all driver execution was co-operative, meaning that if a driver entered an infinite loop it would freeze the system. More recent revisions of these operating systems incorporate kernel preemption, where the kernel interrupts the driver to give it tasks, and then separates itself from the process until it receives a response from the device driver, or gives it more tasks to do.
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Networking
Currently most operating systems support a variety of networking protocols, hardware, and applications for using them. This means that computers running dissimilar operating systems can participate in a common network for sharing resources such as computing, files, printers, and scanners using either wired or wireless connections. Networks can essentially allow a computer's operating system to access the resources of a remote computer to support the same functions as it could if those resources were connected directly to the local computer. This includes everything from simple communication, to using networked file systems or even sharing another computer's graphics or sound hardware. Some network services allow the resources of a computer to be accessed transparently, such as SSH which allows networked users direct access to a computer's command line interface. Client/server networking involves a program on a computer somewhere which connects via a network to another computer, called a server. Servers offer (or host) various services to other network computers and users. These services are usually provided through ports or numbered access points beyond the server's network address. Each port number is usually associated with a maximum of one running program, which is responsible for handling requests to that port. A daemon, being a user program, can in turn access the local hardware resources of that computer by passing requests to the operating system kernel. Many operating systems support one or more vendor-specific or open networking protocols as well, for example, SNA on IBM systems, DECnet on systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, and Microsoft-specific protocols (SMB) on Windows. Specific protocols for specific tasks may also be supported such as NFS for file access. Protocols like ESound, or esd can be easily extended over the network to provide sound from local applications, on a remote system's sound hardware.
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Security
A computer being secure depends on a number of technologies working properly. A modern operating system provides access to a number of resources, which are available to software running on the system, and to external devices like networks via the kernel. The operating system must be capable of distinguishing between requests which should be allowed to be processed, and others which should not be processed. While some systems may simply distinguish between "privileged" and "non-privileged", systems commonly have a form of requester identity, such as a user name. To establish identity there may be a process of authentication. Often a username must be quoted, and each username may have a password. Other methods of authentication, such as magnetic cards or biometric data, might be used instead. In some cases, especially connections from the network, resources may be accessed with no authentication at all (such as reading files over a network share). Also covered by the concept of requester identity is authorization; the particular services and resources accessible by the requester once logged into a system are tied to either the requester's user account or to the variously configured groups of users to which the requester belongs. In addition to the allow/disallow model of security, a system with a high level of security will also offer auditing options. These would allow tracking of requests for access to resources (such as, "who has been reading this file?"). Internal security, or security from an already running program is only possible if all possibly harmful requests must be carried out through interrupts to the operating system kernel. If programs can directly access hardware and resources, they cannot be secured. External security involves a request from outside the computer, such as a login at a connected console or some kind of network connection. External requests are often passed through device drivers to the operating system's kernel, where they can be passed onto applications, or carried out directly. Security of operating systems has long been a concern because of highly sensitive data held on computers, both of a commercial and military nature. The United States Government Department of Defense (DoD) created the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) which is a standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of security. This became of vital importance to operating system makers, because the TCSEC was used to evaluate, classify and select computer systems being considered for the processing, storage and retrieval of sensitive or classified information. Network services include offerings such as file sharing, print services, email, web sites, and file transfer protocols (FTP), most of which can have compromised security. At the front line of security are hardware devices known as firewalls or
OFFICE OFFLINE intrusion detection/prevention systems. At the operating system level, there are a number of software firewalls available, as well as intrusion detection/prevention systems. Most modern operating systems include a software firewall, which is enabled by default. A software firewall can be configured to allow or deny network traffic to or from a service or application running on the operating system. Therefore, one can install and be running an insecure service, such as Telnet or FTP, and not have to be threatened by a security breach because the firewall would deny all traffic trying to connect to the service on that port. An alternative strategy, and the only sandbox strategy available in systems that do not meet the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements, is the operating system not running user programs as native code, but instead either emulates a processor or provides a host for a p-code based system such as Java. Internal security is especially relevant for multi-user systems; it allows each user of the system to have private files that the other users cannot tamper with or read. Internal security is also vital if auditing is to be of any use, since a program can potentially bypass the operating system, inclusive of bypassing auditing. In modern operating systems, there're many in-built security modules to prevent these malicious threats. As an example, with Microsoft Windows 7 OS, there is a program called Microsoft security essentials to prevent all these security holes.
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OPERATING SYSTEM
WINDOWS
Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile OS version is Windows Phone 7.
WINDOWS XP
Windows XP is an operating system that was produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, and media
centers. It was first released in August 2001, and is the most popular version of Windows, based on installed user base. The name "XP" is short for "eXPerience." Windows XP was the successor to both Windows 2000 and Windows Me, and was the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was released for retail sale on
OFFICE OFFLINE October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006, according to an estimate in that month by an IDC analyst. It was succeeded by Windows Vista, which was released to volume license customers on November 8, 2006, and worldwide to the general public on January 30, 2007. Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell Windows XP through their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled computers) program until January 31, 2009. XP may continue to be available as these sources run through their inventory or by purchasing Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 7 Pro, Windows Vista Ultimate or Windows Vista Business, and then downgrading to Windows XP. The most common editions of the operating system were Windows XP Home Edition, which was targeted at home users, and Windows XP Professional, which offered additional features such as support for Windows Server domains and two physical processors, and was targeted at power users, business and enterprise clients. Windows XP Media Center Edition has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music. Windows XP Tablet PC Edition was designed to run stylus applications built using the Tablet PC platform. Windows XP was eventually released for two additional architectures, Windows XP 64-bit Edition for IA-64 (Itanium) processors and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for x86-64. There is also Windows XP Embedded, a component version of the Windows XP Professional, and editions for specific markets such as Windows XP Starter Edition. By mid 2009, a manufacturer revealed the first Windows XP powered cellular telephone. The NT-based versions of Windows, which are programmed in C, C++, and assembly, are known for their improved stability and efficiency over the 9x versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows XP presented a significantly redesigned graphical user interface, a change Microsoft promoted as more user-friendly than previous versions of Windows. A new software management facility called Side-by-Side Assembly was introduced to ameliorate the "DLL hell" that plagues 9x versions of Windows. It is also the first version of Windows to use product activation to combat illegal copying. Windows XP had also been criticized by some users for security vulnerabilities, tight integration of applications such as Internet Explorer 6 and Windows Media Player, and for aspects of its default user interface. Later versions with Service Pack 2, Service Pack 3, and Internet Explorer 8 addressed some of these concerns. During development, the project was codenamed "Whistler", after Whistler, British Columbia, as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort. According to web analytics data generated by W3Schools, as of October 2010, Windows XP is the most widely used operating system for accessing the Internet in the world with a 48.9% market share, having peaked at 76.1% in January 2007.
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WINDOWS VISTA
Windows Vista is an operating system released in several variations developed by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs, and media center PCs. Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Windows Vista was known by its codename "Longhorn." Development was completed on November 8, 2006; over the following three months it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers, and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released worldwide, and was made available for purchase and download from Microsoft's website. The release of Windows Vista came more than five years after the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows desktop operating systems. It was succeeded by Windows 7 which was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and for the general public on October 22, 2009.
Windows Vista contains many changes and new features, including an updated graphical user interface and visual style dubbed Aero, a redesigned search function, multimedia tools including Windows DVD Maker, and redesigned networking, audio, print, and display sub-systems. Vista aims to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network, using peer-to-peer technology to simplify sharing files and media between computers and devices. Windows Vista includes version 3.0 of the .NET Framework, allowing software developers to write applications without traditional Windows APIs. Microsoft's primary stated objective with Windows Vista has been to improve the state of security in the Windows operating system. One common criticism of
OFFICE OFFLINE Windows XP and its predecessors is their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities and overall susceptibility to malware, viruses and buffer overflows. In light of this, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates announced in early 2002 a companywide "Trustworthy Computing initiative" which aims to incorporate security work into every aspect of software development at the company. Microsoft stated that it prioritized improving the security of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above finishing Windows Vista, thus delaying its completion. While these new features and security improvements have garnered positive reviews, Vista has also been the target of much criticism and negative press. Criticism of Windows Vista has targeted its high system requirements, its more restrictive licensing terms, the inclusion of a number of new digital rights management technologies aimed at restricting the copying of protected digital media, lack of compatibility with some pre-Vista hardware and software, and the number of authorization prompts for User Account Control. As a result of these and other issues, Windows Vista had seen initial adoption and satisfaction rates lower than Windows XP. However, with an estimated 330 million Internet users as of January 2009, it had been announced that Vista usage had surpassed Microsofts pre -launch two-year-out expectations of achieving 200 million users. At the release of Windows 7 (October 2009), Windows Vista (with approximately 400 million Internet users) was the second most widely used operating system on the Internet with an approximately 18.6% market share, the most widely used being Windows XP with an approximately 63.3% market share. As of May 2010, Windows Vista's market share estimates range from 15.26% to 26.04%.
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WINDOWS 7
Windows 7 is the latest release of Microsoft Windows, a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablet PCs, and media center PCs. Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and reached general retail availability on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows
OFFICE OFFLINE Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware which Windows Vista was not at the time. Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with a new taskbar, referred to as the Superbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. Some standard applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are not included in Windows 7; most are instead offered separately at no charge as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.
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WINDOWS 8
A roadmap timeline slide shown by Microsoft at the 2009 Professional Developers Conference shows that a product code-named Windows 8 is scheduled to be released sometime between 2011 (Beta) and 2012. Development and other aspects of Windows 8 have not been detailed in public, although job listings have mentioned improved functionality for file access in branch offices. A Microsoft KB article confirmed that Windows 8 is the next version of Windows. The article has now been changed to remove references to Windows 8. A leaked document from Microsoft indicates that Windows 8 might feature faster startup, an App Store, integrated web applications, improved digital media support (including AVC HD and 3D video), faster resumes from low-power states, and USB 3.0 and Bluetooth 3.0 support. Windows 8 is likely to include facial recognition (due to the increase of webcams that are integrated into computers and its latest add-on to its Xbox 360 console, Kinect). A Dutch representative posted on the company's blog that Microsoft is working on the next edition of Windows and that "it will take about two years before Windows 8 will be on the market". Steve Ballmer hinted at UK Tech Days that Windows 8 will feature major improvements for touch usage. On October 22, 2010, Ballmer stated that "the next generation of Windows, would be the riskiest product Microsoft ever made" but he did not add any details on why Windows 8 will be the "riskiest product".
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LINUX
Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world. Use of Linux for desktop computers has increased in recent years, partly owing to the popular Ubuntu, Fedora, and openSUSE distributions and the emergence of netbooks with pre-installed Linux systems and smartphones running embedded Linux. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel and all of the supporting software required to run a complete system, such as utilities and libraries, the X Window System, the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, and the Apache HTTP Server. Commonly used applications with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web-browser, the OpenOffice.org office application suite and the GIMP image editor. The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel, originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The main supporting user space system tools and libraries from the GNU Project (announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman) are the basis for the Free Software Foundation's preferred name GNU/Linux.
UNIX
The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. It was first released in 1971 and was initially entirely written in assembly language, a common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, Unix was re-written in the programming language C by Dennis Ritchie (with exceptions to the kernel and I/O). The availability of an operating system written in a high-level language allowed easier portability to different computer platforms. With a legal glitch forcing AT&T to license the operating system's source code. Unix quickly grew and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses.
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GNU
The GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although lowlevel elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own. Uses As well as those designed for general purpose use on desktops and servers, distributions may be specialized for different purposes including: computer architecture support, embedded systems, stability, security, localization to a specific region or language, targeting of specific user groups, support for real-time applications, or commitment to a given desktop environment. Furthermore, some distributions deliberately include only free software. Currently, over three hundred distributions are actively developed, with about a dozen distributions being most popular for general-purpose use. Linux is a widely ported operating system kernel. The Linux kernel runs on a highly diverse range of computer architectures: in the hand-held ARM-based iPAQ and the mainframe IBM System z9, System z10 in devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers. Specialized distributions exist for less mainstream architectures. The ELKS kernel fork can run on Intel 8086 or Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors, while the Clinux kernel fork may run on systems without a memory management unit. The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a manufacturer-created operating system, such as Macintosh computers (with both PowerPC and Intel processors), PDAs, video game consoles, portable music players, and mobile phones. There are several industry associations and hardware conferences devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as FreedomHEC. Desktop The popularity of Linux on standard desktops (and laptops) has been increasing over the years. Currently most distributions include a graphical user environment. The two
OFFICE OFFLINE most popular such environments are GNOME and KDE, both of which are mature and support a wide variety of languages. The performance of Linux on the desktop has been a controversial topic; for example in 2007 Con Kolivas accused the Linux community of favoring performance on servers. He quit Linux kernel development because he was frustrated with this lack of focus on the desktop, and then gave a "tell all" interview on the topic. Since then a significant effort has been expended improving the desktop experience. Projects such as upstart aim for a faster boot time. There are several companies that do port their own or other companies' games to Linux. Many types of applications available for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X are also available for Linux. Commonly, either a free software application will exist which does the functions of an application found on another operating system, or that application will have a version that works on Linux (such as Skype). Furthermore, the Wine project provides a Windows compatibility layer to run unmodified Windows applications on Linux. CrossOver is a proprietary solution based on the open source Wine project that supports running Windows versions of Microsoft Office, Intuit applications such as Quicken and QuickBooks, Adobe Photoshop versions through CS2, and many popular games such as World of Warcraft and Team Fortress 2. In other cases, where there is no Linux port of some software in areas such as desktop publishing and professional audio, there is equivalent software available on Linux. Many popular applications are available for a wide variety of operating systems. For example Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org have downloadable versions for all major operating systems. Furthermore, some applications were initially developed for Linux (such as Pidgin, and GIMP) and, due to their popularity, were ported to other operating systems (including Windows and Mac OS X). A growing number of proprietary desktop applications are also supported on Linux; see List of proprietary software for Linux. In the field of animation and visual effects, most high end software, such as AutoDesk Maya, Softimage XSI and Apple Shake, is available for Linux, Windows and/or Mac OS X. The collaborative nature of free software development allows distributed teams to perform language localization of some Linux distributions for use in locales where localizing proprietary systems would not be cost-effective. For example the Sinhalese language version of the Knoppix distribution was available significantly before Microsoft Windows XP was translated to Sinhalese. In this case the Lanka Linux User Group played a major part in developing the localized system by combining the knowledge of university professors, linguists, and local developers.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Installing new software in Linux is typically done through the use of package managers such as Synaptic Package Manager, PackageKit, and Yum Extender. While major Linux distributions have extensive repositories (tens of thousands of packages), not all the software that can run on Linux is available from the official repositories. Alternatively, users can install packages from unofficial repositories, download pre-compiled packages directly from websites, or compile the source code by themselves. All these methods come with different degrees of difficulty, compiling the source code is in general considered a challenging process for new Linux users, but it's hardly needed in modern distributions. Servers, mainframes and supercomputers Linux distributions have long been used as server operating systems, and have risen to prominence in that area; Netcraft reported in September 2006 that eight of the ten most reliable internet hosting companies ran Linux distributions on their web servers. (since June 2008, Linux distributions represented five of the top ten, FreeBSD three of ten, and Microsoft two of ten; since February 2010, Linux distributions represented six of the top ten, FreeBSD two of ten, and Microsoft one of ten.) Linux distributions are the cornerstone of the LAMP server-software combination (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which has achieved popularity among developers, and which is one of the more common platforms for website hosting. Linux distributions have become increasingly popular on mainframes in the last decade due to pricing, compared to other mainframe operating systems. In December 2009, computer giant IBM reported that it would predominantly market and sell mainframe-based Enterprise Linux Server. Linux distributions are also commonly used as operating systems for supercomputers: since June 2010, out of the top 500 systems, 455 (91%) run a Linux distribution. Linux was also selected as the operating system for the world's most powerful supercomputer, IBM's Sequoia which will become operational in 2011.
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UBUNTU
Ubuntu is a computer operating system originally based on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and distributed as free and open source software. It is named after the Southern African philosophy of Ubuntu ("humanity towards others"). Ubuntu is designed primarily for desktop usage, though netbook and server editions exist as well. Web statistics suggest that Ubuntu's share of Linux desktop usage is about 50 percent, and indicate upward trending usage as a web server.
OFFICE OFFLINE Ubuntu is composed of many software packages, of which the vast majority are distributed under a free software license, making an exception only for some proprietary hardware drivers. The main license used is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which, along with the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change, develop and improve the software. On the other hand, there is also proprietary software available that can run on Ubuntu.
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Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK-based company Canonical Ltd., owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical creates revenue by selling technical support and services tied to Ubuntu. Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months and supports Ubuntu for eighteen months by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. LTS (Long Term Support) versions, which are released every two years, are supported for three years on the desktop and five years for servers. The latest version of Ubuntu, 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on October 10, 2010.
FEDORA
Fedora is an RPM-based, general purpose collection of software including an operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. The Fedora Project's mission is to lead the advancement of free and open source software and content as a collaborative community.
OFFICE OFFLINE One of Fedora's main objectives is not only to contain software distributed under a free and open source license, but also to be on the leading edge of such technologies. Fedora developers prefer to make upstream changes instead of applying fixes specifically for Fedorathis ensures that their updates are available to all Linux distributions. Fedora has a comparatively short life cycle: version X is maintained until one month after version X+2 is released. With 6 months between releases, the maintenance period is a very short 13 months for each version. This can lead to trouble should one wish to use a particular version of Fedora for product development (i.e., embedded systems) where long term support is more important than maintaining leading edge revisions of software. In 2008, Linus Torvalds, author of the Linux kernel, stated that he used Fedora because it had fairly good support for the PowerPC processor architecture which he favored at the time.
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According to DistroWatch, Fedora is the second most popular Linux-based operating system as of October 2010, behind Ubuntu.
openSUSE
openSUSE is a general purpose operating system built on top of the Linux kernel, developed by the community-supported openSUSE Project and sponsored by Novell. After acquiring SUSE Linux in January 2004, Novell decided to release the SUSE
OFFICE OFFLINE Linux Professional product as a 100% open source project, involving the community in the development process. The initial release of the community project was a beta version of SUSE Linux 10.0, and as of July, 2010, the current stable release is openSUSE 11.3.
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SOFTWARE
Computer software or just software is a general term primarily used for digitally stored data such as computer programs and other kinds of information read and written by computers. Today, this includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes and records. The term was coined in order to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices); in contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched. Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Examples: Application software, such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users. Firmware, which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board main boards or other types of integrated hardware carriers. Middleware, which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems. System software such as operating systems, which govern computing resources and provide convenience for users. Software testing is a domain dependent of development and programming. Software testing consists of various methods to test and declare a software product fit before it can be launched for use by either an individual or a group. Testware, which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may optionally contribute to operational purposes. Video games (except the hardware part) Websites The term "software" was first used by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungs problem.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.
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System software
System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes : device drivers , operating systems, servers, utilities, windowing systems. The purpose of systems software is to unburden the applications programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner. Examples are- Windows XP, Linux, and Mac OS X.
Programming software
Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include: compilers, debuggers, interpreters, linkers, text editors. An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions.
Application software
Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (not directly computer development related) tasks. Typical applications include: industrial automation business software video games telecommunications (i.e. the Internet) databases educational software medical software military software molecular modeling software image editing spreadsheet simulation software word processing decision making software
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
A Programming Language is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication. Many programming languages have some form of written specification of their syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document. For example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard. Other languages, such as Perl, have a dominant implementation that is used as a reference. The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year. Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description. Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. There are thousands of different programming languagessome intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications. The ten most widely used languages: C C++ C# Java JavaScript Object Pascal Perl PHP Python Visual Basic Lisp
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software, also known as an application, is computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players.
OFFICE OFFLINE Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware, which manage and integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. A simple, if imperfect analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system). The power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user. In computer science, an application is a computer program designed to help people perform a certain type of work. An application thus differs from an operating system (which runs a computer), a utility (which performs maintenance or general-purpose chores), and a programming language (with which computer programs are created). Depending on the work for which it was designed, an application can manipulate text, numbers, graphics, or a combination of these elements. Some application packages offer considerable computing power by focusing on a single task, such as word processing; others, called integrated software, offer somewhat less power but include several applications. User-written software tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software includes spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, and graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. The delineation between system software such as operating systems and application software is not exact, however, and is occasionally the object of controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the United States v. Microsoft antitrust trial was whether Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser was part of its Windows operating system or a separable piece of application software. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the Linux kernel and the operating systems built over this kernel. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or microwave oven. The above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations.
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE CLASSIFICATION

There are many types of application software: Application Suite An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together. They usually have related functions, features and user interfaces, and may be able to interact with
OFFICE OFFLINE each other, e.g. open each other's files. Business applications often come in suites, e.g. Microsoft Office, OpenOffice.org, and iWork, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, etc.; but suites exist for other purposes, e.g. graphics or music. Enterprise software Enterprise software addresses the needs of organization processes and data flow, often in a large distributed environment. (Examples include Financial, Customer Relationship Management, and Supply Chain Management). Note that Departmental Software is a sub-type of Enterprise Software with a focus on smaller organizations or groups within a large organization. (Examples include Travel Expense Management, and IT Helpdesk) Enterprise infrastructure software Enterprise infrastructure software provides common capabilities needed to support enterprise software systems. (Examples include Databases, Email servers, and Network and Security Management) Information worker software Information worker software addresses the needs of individuals to create and manage information, often for individual projects within a department, in contrast to enterprise management. Examples include time management, resource management, documentation tools, analytical, and collaborative. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks. Content access software Content access software is software used primarily to access content without editing, but may include software that allows for content editing. Such software addresses the needs of individuals and groups to consume digital entertainment and published digital content. (Examples include Media Players, Web Browsers, Help browsers, and Games) Educational software Educational software is related to content access software, but has the content and/or features adapted for use in by educators or students. For example, it may deliver evaluations (tests), track progress through material, or include collaborative
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OFFICE OFFLINE capabilities. Simulation software are computer software for simulation of physical or abstract systems for either research, training or entertainment purposes. Media development software Media development software addresses the needs of individuals who generate print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. This includes Graphic Art software, Desktop Publishing software, Multimedia Development software, HTML editors, Digital Animation editors, Digital Audio and Video composition, and many others. Product engineering software is used in developing hardware and software products. This includes computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE), computer language editing and compiling tools, Integrated Development Environments, and Application Programmer Interfaces. Accounting software Accounting software is application software that records and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance. It functions as an accounting information system. It may be developed in-house by the company or organization using it, may be purchased from a third party, or may be a combination of a third-party application software package with local modifications. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost. Contact management system A Contact management system (CMS) is an integrated office solution that allows organizations and individuals to record relationships and interactions with customers and suppliers. This information includes all emails, documents, jobs, faxes, calendar and more. This type of solution is gaining more and more popularity as companies want to be able to control all this information from a single integrated application, instead of having different proprietary applications, each with their own data collection systems. Word Processing A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material.
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OFFICE OFFLINE E-mail Electronic mail, most commonly abbreviated email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages across the Internet or other computer networks. E-mail systems are based on a store-and-forward model in which e-mail server computer systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the e-mail infrastructure, typically an e-mail server, with a network-enabled device for the duration of message submission or retrieval. Originally, e-mail was always transmitted directly from one user's device to another's, but because that required both computers to be online at the same time, this is rarely the case nowadays. Web browser A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Media Players Media player is a term typically used to describe computer software for playing back multimedia files. Most software media players support an array of media formats, including both audio and video files. Personal computer games A personal computer game (also known as a computer game or PC game) is a game played on a personal computer, rather than on a video game console or arcade machine. Computer games have evolved from the simple graphics and gameplay of early titles like Spacewar!, to a wide range of more visually advanced titles. Image Organizer An image organizer application is application software focused on organizing digital images. Image organizers represent one kind of desktop organizer software applications. Examples: ACDSee, Adobe Photoshop Album, XnView, Windows Live Photo Gallery.
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EXAMPLES
Content access software Electronic media software Information software Time and Management worker Web browser Media Players Screen savers Video Games Computer games Mobile games Educational software Classroom Management Entertainment Software Learning/Training Management Software
Simulation software Computer simulators Scientific simulators Social simulators Battlefield simulators Emergency simulators Vehicle simulators Simulation games
Resource
Accounting software Task Scheduling Data Management Contact Management Spreadsheet Documentation Document Assembly Word Processing Desktop publishing Analytical software Computer systems Science software Neural network Collaborative software E-mail
Media development software Image organizer Media content creating/editing Animation software Graphic art software
Enterprise software
infrastructure Image editing software Raster graphics editor Vector graphics editor Video editing software Sound editing software
o Database management system (DBMS) software algebra
Product software
engineering
Music sequencer Web Development Software
Hardware Engineering Software Engineering
Financial Software o Banking systems
Compiler Software Debuggers Program testing tools
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Mobile games
A mobile game is a video game played on a mobile phone, smartphone, PDA, handheld computer or portable media player. This does not include games played on handheld video game systems such as PlayStation Portable or Nintendo DS. Mobile games are played using the technologies present on the device itself. For networked games, there are various technologies in common use. Examples include text message (SMS), multimedia message (MMS) or GPRS location identification.
Database Management System

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users.
Compiler Software
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.
Debuggers
A debugger or debugging tool is a computer program that is used to test and debug other programs (the "target" program). The code to be examined might alternatively be running on an instruction set simulator (ISS), a technique that allows great power in its ability to halt when specific conditions are encountered but which will typically be somewhat slower than executing the code directly on the appropriate (or the same)
OFFICE OFFLINE processor. Some debuggers offer two modes of operation - full or partial simulation, to limit this impact.
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Computer Simulator
In computer science, a simulator is a software program to model a real-life situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system behaves. By changing variables, performance predictions may be made about the behavior of the system. A computer simulator can be either an Instruction Set Simulator or a full system simulator.
Animation software
Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the art of stop motion animation of 3D models and frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations. For 3D animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. For 2D figure animations, separate objects (illustrations) and separate transparent layers are used, with or without a virtual skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are moved by the animator on key frames. The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing. Finally, the animation is rendered. For 3D animations, all frames must be rendered after modeling is complete. For 2D vector animations, the rendering process is the key frame illustration process, while tweened frames are rendered as needed. For pre-recorded presentations, the rendered frames are transferred to a different format or medium such as film or digital video. The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented to the end-user audience. Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet (e.g. 2D Flash, X3D) often use software on the end-users computer to render in real time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations.
Graphic art software

Graphic art software is a subclass of application software used for graphic design, multimedia development, specialized image development, general image editing, or simply to access graphic files. Art software uses either raster or vector graphic reading and editing methods to create, edit, and view art. Many artists and other creative professionals today use personal computers rather than traditional media. Using graphic art software may be more efficient than rendering using traditional media by requiring less handeye coordination, requiring less visualization skill, and utilizing the computer's quicker (sometimes more accurate) automated rendering functions to create images. However, advanced level computer styles, effects and
OFFICE OFFLINE editing methods may require a steeper learning curve of computer technical skills than what was required to learn traditional hand rendering and visualization skills. The potential of the software to enhance or hinder creativity may depend on the intuitiveness of the interface.
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Image editing software

Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they be digital photographs, traditional analog photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs, or editing illustrations with any traditional art medium. Graphic software programs, which can be broadly grouped into vector graphics editors, raster graphics editors, and 3d modelers, are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch.
Raster graphics editor

A raster graphics editor is a computer program that allows users to paint and edit pictures interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many popular bitmap or raster formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF. Usually an image viewer is preferred over a raster graphics editor for viewing images. Some editors specialize in the editing of photographs such as the popular Adobe Photoshop, while others are more geared to artist-created illustrations, like the Adobe Fireworks.
Vector graphics editor

A vector graphics editor is a computer program that allows users to compose and edit vector graphics images interactively on a computer (compare with MetaPost) and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats, such as EPS, PDF, WMF, SVG, or VML. Some vector editors such as CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator, Xara Xtreme, Adobe Fireworks, Inkscape or SK1
VECTOR EDITORS VS RASTER GRAPHICS EDITORS

Vector editors are often contrasted with raster graphics editors, and their capabilities complement each other. Vector editors are better for graphic design, page layout, typography, logos, sharp-edged artistic illustrations (e.g. cartoons, clip art, complex geometric patterns), technical illustrations, diagramming and flowcharting. Raster editors are more suitable for retouching, photo processing, photo-realistic illustrations, collage, and hand drawn illustrations using a pen tablet. Many contemporary illustrators use Corel Photo-Paint and Photoshop to make all kinds of illustrations. The recent versions of bitmap editors, such as GIMP and Photoshop
OFFICE OFFLINE support vector-like tools (e.g. editable paths), and vector editors such as CorelDRAW or Adobe Illustrator are gradually adopting tools and approaches that were once limited to bitmap editors (e.g. blurring).
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Video editing software

Video editing software, also known as Non Linear Editing (NLE), is application software which handles the editing of video sequences on a computer. NLE systems replace traditional flatbed celluloid film editing tools and analogue video tape-to-tape machines. NLE software is typically based on a timeline interface paradigm where sections of moving image video recordings, known as clips, are laid out in sequence and played back. The NLE offers a range of tools for trimming, splicing, cutting and arranging clips across the timeline. As digital NLE systems have advanced their toolset their role has expanded and most consumer and professional NLE systems alike now include a host of features for colour manipulation, titling and visual effects, as well as tools for editing and mixing audio in conjunction with the image. Once a project is complete the NLE system can then be used to export to movie in a variety of formats in context which may range from broadcast TAPE formats to compressed formats for the internet, DVD and mobile devices. Freeware: Pinnacle Videospin, VideoThang TM. Proprietary: Adobe Premiere/Premiere Pro, Pinnacle Studio, Windows Movie Maker, MAGIX Movie Edit Pro.
Sound editing software A computer-based Digital Audio Workstation has three components: a computer, an
ADC-DAC, and digital audio editor software but does not need to include any other form of hardware at all. The computer acts as a host for the sound card and software and provides processing power for audio editing. The sound card acts as an audio interface, typically converting analog audio signals into digital form, and for playback converting digital to analog audio; it may also assist in further processing the audio,. The software controls the two hardware components and provides a user interface to allow for recording, editing, and playback. Most computer-based DAWs have extensive MIDI recording, editing, and playback capabilities and some even have minor video-related features.
Music sequencer
A music sequencer is an application or a device designed to play back musical notation. The original kind of sequencer is now known as a step sequencer to distinguish it from the modern kind, which records a musician playing notes.
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Digital audio editor

A digital audio editor is a computer application for audio editing, i.e. manipulating digital audio. Digital audio editors are the main software component of a digital audio workstation.
Web Development Software

An HTML editor is a software application for creating web pages. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors work not only with HTML, but also with related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript.
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MICROSOFT WINDOWS COMPONENT

COMPONENT
Control Panel
CONTROL PANEL DESCRIPTION

Allows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options, and so on. Allows the user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer, and control what device drivers are used. Centralizes the most relevant information related to mobile computing. Centralizes and reports on the status of anti-virus, Automatic Updates, Windows Firewall, and other security-related components of the operating system.
INTRODUCED
Windows 1.0
Device Manager
Windows 95
Windows Mobility Center Windows Security Center
Windows Vista Windows XP SP2
COMPONENT
Microsoft Management Console Windows System Assessment Tool
ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS DESCRIPTION

Provides system administrators and advanced users with a flexible interface through which they may configure and monitor the system. A built-in benchmarking tool that analyzes the different subsystems (graphics, memory, etc), and uses the results to allow for comparison to other Windows Vista systems, and for software optimizations. It rates the computer's performance using the Windows Experience Index. Allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a system failure. Helps diagnose and recover from serious errors which may be preventing Windows from booting successfully, or restore the computer to a previous state using System Restore or a backup image. Rearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations in order to optimize computer performance. Lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine. Lets administrators view current system reliability and performance trends over time.
INTRODUCED
Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack Windows Vista
System Restore
Windows Me
Windows Recovery Environment
Windows Vista
Windows Disk Defragmenter Event Viewer Reliability and Performance Monitor
Windows 95, Windows 2000 Windows NT 3.1 Windows Vista
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Logical Disk Manager Registry Editor Windows 3.1 Task Scheduler A logical volume manager developed by Microsoft in conjunction with Veritas Software. Edits the Windows registry. Allows users to script tasks for running during scheduled intervals Windows NT 4.0
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Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION AND DEPLOYMENT COMPONENT DESCRIPTION INTRODUCED

Windows Update An online service which provides critical updates, service packs, device drivers, and other updates. A variation called Microsoft Update also provides software updates for several Microsoft products. A packaging format and engine for the installation, maintenance, and removal of software. Includes a GUI framework, automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence and deployment capabilities for corporate networks. Technology for deploying .NET Framework-based software via web pages, with automatic update capabilities. Intended for per-user only applications. Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows Installer
ClickOnce
.NET Framework 2.0
COMPONENT
Aero.msstyles Windows Shell
USER INTERFACE DESCRIPTION

The file that contains the Windows Aero theme for Windows Vista and Windows 7. The most visible and recognizable aspect of Microsoft Windows. The shell is the container inside of which the entire graphical user interface is presented, including the taskbar, the desktop, Windows Explorer, as well as many of the dialog boxes and interface controls. In Windows Vista, a new compositing glass-like user interface called Windows Aero has been shown. Starting with Windows Vista, search is a tightly shellintegrated component of Windows.
INTRODUCED
Windows Vista Windows 1.0
Windows Search
Special Folders
Folders which are presented to the user through an interface as an abstract concept, instead of an absolute path. This makes it possible for an application to locate where certain kinds of files can
A downloadable Windows Desktop Search software is available for Windows XP and older versions. Windows Vista, downloadable for older versions Windows 95
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be found, regardless of what version or language of operating system is being used. See also, Windows Shell namespace. Serves as the central launching point for applications. It provides a customizable, nested list of programs for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and access to the system settings. By default, the Start Button is visible at all times in the lower left-hand corner of the screen. The application desktop bar which is used to launch and monitor applications. A screen to place gadgets anywhere. Used to open a file with the correct program. File associations can be uniquely assigned to specific actions, known as verbs.
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Start menu
Windows 95
Taskbar Desktop Gadget Gallery File associations
Windows 95 Windows 7 Windows 3.0
COMPONENT
Windows Calendar Windows Easy Transfer Windows Contacts Calculator Character Map
APPLICATIONS AND UTILITIES DESCRIPTION

Calendaring and task tracking application. File transferring. Keeps a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple programs. A calculation application. Utility to view and search characters in a font, copy them to the clipboard and view their Windows Alt keycodes and Unicode names A simple graphics painting program. A simple text editor. A screen reader utility that reads dialog boxes and window controls in a number of the more basic applications for Windows. A simple audio recording program that can record from a microphone or headset, and save the results in WAVE format and Windows Media Audio format in some Windows versions. A text-based shell (command line interpreter) that provides a command line interface to the operating system. A simple word processor that is more advanced than Notepad. It has facilities to format and print text, but
INTRODUCED
Windows Vista Windows Vista Windows Vista Windows 1.0 Windows 3.1
Paint Notepad Narrator
Windows 1.0 Windows 1.0 Windows 2000
Sound Recorder
Windows 3.1
Command Prompt
Windows 1.0
WordPad
Windows 95
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lacks intermediate features such as a spell checker and thesaurus. Utility to create private use characters as defined under Unicode and various East Asian encoding schemes. A client implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol; allows a user to securely connect to a computer running Terminal Services (Remote Desktop on Windows XP and Server 2003) and interact with a full desktop environment on that machine, including support for remoting of printers, audio, and drives. Allows a user to temporarily take over a remote computer over a network or the internet to offer help with and resolve issues. A graphical web browser and FTP client. An e-mail and news client.
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Private Character Editor Remote Desktop Connection
Windows 3.1+ East Asian editions Windows XP, downloadable for previous Windows versions
Windows Remote Assistance Internet Explorer Windows Mail
Windows XP
Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 Windows Vista, Outlook Express was introduced in Windows 98 Windows Vista, older faxing and scanning applications were present in previous Windows versions Windows 95
Windows Fax and Scan
An integrated faxing and image scanning application.
Windows Media
Player
Windows Photo Gallery
Windows Movie Maker
A digital media player and media library application that is used for playing audio, playing video and viewing images. In addition to being a media player, Windows Media Player includes the ability to rip music from, and copy music to compact discs, synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile devices, and let users purchase or rent music from a number of online music stores. A photo management application. Lets users organize their digital photo collection in its Gallery view, by adding titles, rating, captions, and custom metadata tags to photos. Photos can be edited for exposure, color correction, resizing, cropping, red-eye reduction, etc. and also allows printing photos via the Photo Printing Wizard. A video editing software that is intended for use in editing home movies. Source footage can be split into
Windows Vista
Windows Me
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clips, and the final movie created by combining multiple clips along with effects such as transitions, titles/credits, separate audio track, timeline narration etc. A DVD movie encoding and authoring software. Windows Vista Windows Journal A notetaking application that allows for the creation of handwritten notes. Designed to serve as a home-entertainment hub, to be viewed from a distance up to 3 meters (~10 feet) and controlled by specially designed remote controls. Lets users browse and view pictures, videos, and music from local hard drives, optical drives, and network locations, along with viewing, recording and deferred-playing live TV. Features an interactive TV guide with scheduled recording capabilities. Can also be used for visualization of other information (like sports scores) within the interface. A peer-to-peer collaboration program which lets multiple users start collaboration sessions. Supports desktop sharing , distribution and collaborative editing of documents, and passing notes to other participants. Provides information about computer performance and displays details about running applications, processes, network activity, logged-in users, and system services. A utility for compacting rarely used files and removing files that are no longer required. A graphical front end for the Shadow Copy service that lets users choose from multiple versions of a file. The shadow copy service creates multiple copies of a file as they are changed over time, so that users can revert to previous versions. A screen-capture tool that allows for taking screen shots (called snips).
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Windows DVD Maker
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, Vista
Windows Media Center
Windows XP Media Center Edition
Windows Meeting Space
Windows Vista
Windows Task Manager
Windows 3.0
Disk Cleanup Shadow Copy
Windows 98 Windows Vista. Windows Server 2003 included Previous Versions support only for client computers. Experience Pack for Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005
Snipping Tool
WINDOWS SERVER COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS
Windows Server domain Active Directory AD
DESCRIPTION
A logical group of computers that share a central directory and user database. A set of technologies introduced with Windows 2000 that allows administrators to assign enterprise-wide policies, deploy programs to many computers, and
INTRODUCED
All Windows NTbased versions Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003
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apply critical updates to an entire organization. Active Directory stores information and settings relating to an organization in a central, organized, accessible database. Networks can vary from a small installation with a few objects, to global-scale directories with millions of objects. A server that responds to security authentication requests (logging in, checking permissions, etc.) within a Windows Server domain. Prior to Windows 2000, a domain controller was a Primary Domain Controller (PDC), of which there could only be one with this role; or a Backup Domain Controller (BDC). In Windows 2000 and later the concept of primary and secondary domain controllers were eliminated, partially to emphasize the multi-master replication technology available in Windows. GP, GPO Provides centralized management of user and computer settings in an Active Directory environment. Group policy can control a target object's registry, NTFS security, audit and security policy, software installation, logon/logoff scripts, folder redirection, and Internet Explorer settings. Policy settings are stored in Group Policy Objects (GPOs), and may be linked to one or more sites, domains or organizational units. Web server
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Domain controller DC, PDC, BDC
All Windows NTbased versions
Group Policy
Windows 2000 and later
Internet Information Services IIS
Windows NT family
FILE SYSTEMS
COMPONENTS
File Allocation Table FAT, FAT12, FAT16 FAT32 FAT32
DESCRIPTION
The original file systems used with MS-DOS. The standard file systems used with Windows 1.0 through Windows 95. Extensions to FAT supporting larger disk sizes. The standard file system for Windows 98 and Me.
INTRODUCED
All versions
NTFS NTFS
Standard file system of Windows NT; supports security via access control lists, as well as file system journaling and file-system metadata. Windows 2000 added support for reparse points (making NTFS junction points and Single instance storage possible), Hard links, file compression, and Sparse files. Encryption of data is provided by Encrypting File
Windows 95 OSR2, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP,Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista
OFFICE OFFLINE
System. Symbolic links and transactioning of file operations via Transactional NTFS are features new to Windows Vista. Windows 95 also supports reading NTFS partitions, over a network. The predominant file system for CD-ROM and DVDROM media. Windows includes support for Joliet extensions and the ISO 9660:1999 standard. ISO 9660:1999 is supported since Windows XP.
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ISO 9660 ISO 9660 ("CDFS")
Universal Disk Format UDF
HPFS HPFS
A file system for storing files on optical media. It is an implementation of the ISO/IEC 13346 standard (also known as ECMA-167). It is considered to be a replacement of ISO 9660. Successive versions of Windows have supported newer versions of UDF. High-Performance File system, used on OS/2 computers. Read and write capability in Windows 95 (where it also listed network computer NTFSformatted drives as "HPFS", even though it had no direct NTFS capabilities). HPFS write support was dropped in Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 98, and dropped altogether shortly before the release of Windows 2000.
MS-DOS and Windows 9x via extensions, such as MSCDEX.EXE (Microsoft CDROM Extension), natively in Windows NT Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista Windows 95 (Read/write), Windows 98, Windows NT (read), 3.1/3.51 (read/write/boot)
CORE COMPONENTS
Windows Kernel (Windows NT)
COMPONENTS
Ntoskrnl.exe
DESCRIPTION
The Windows kernel image. Provides the kernel and executive layers of the kernel architecture, and is responsible for services such as hardware virtualization, process and memory management, etc. HAL Provides and handles the interaction between software and hardware via the Hardware Abstraction Layer.
hal.dll
Core processes (Windows NT)

COMPONENT
System idle process
DESCRIPTION
SIP A counter which measures how much idle capacity the CPU has at any given time. The process runs in the background and monitors processing bandwidth, occupied memory and the Windows virtual paging file. Session Manager Subsystem SMSS Performs several critical boot-time operations, such as the creation of environment variables, starting CSRSS, and performing file-copy operations that were queued up from before the system was booted. During system operation, it handles Windows File Protection and the creation of logon sessions via Winlogon.
OFFICE OFFLINE
Client/Server Runtime Subsystem CSRSS Local Security Authority Subsystem Service LSASS Winlogon User-mode side of the Win32 subsystem. Provides the capability for applications to use the Windows API. Responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. Verifies users logging on to the computer and creates security tokens.
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Svchost.exe
Windows on Windows and WOW64 WoW Virtual DOS machine NTVDM
Responsible for handling the secure attention key, loading the user profile on logon, and optionally locking the computer when a screensaver is running. On Windows NT systems prior to Windows Vista, Winlogon is also responsible for loading GINA libraries which are responsible collecting logon credentials from the user. A generic host process name for services that run from dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). Several Svchost processes are typically present on a Windows machine, each running in a different security context, depending on what privileges the contained services require. An abstraction layer that allows legacy code to operate on more modern versions of Windows; typically this means running 16-bit Windows applications on 32-bit Windows, and 32-bit applications on 64-bit Windows. Allows MS-DOS programs to run on Intel 80386 or higher computers when there is already another operating system running and controlling the hardware. Introduced in Windows 2.1; not available in any 64-bit edition of Windows.
System Startup (Windows NT)

COMPONENT
NTLDR, IA64ldr, Winload
DESCRIPTION
The boot loader; performs basic system initialization options such as loading the hardware abstraction layer and boot-time device drivers, prior to passing control to the Windows kernel. In versions prior to Vista, NTLDR and IA64ldr also display menus to the user if multiple operating systems are defined in boot.ini Provides the means for administrators to perform a limited range of tasks using a command line interface, primarily to aid in recovering from situations where Windows does not boot successfully. Used during the boot process to detect basic hardware components that may be required during the boot process. In Windows Vista and later operating systems, displays boot menus to the user if multiple operating systems are configured in the system's Boot Configuration Data.
Recovery Console
ntdetect.com Windows Boot Manager
Graphical subsystem
COMPONENT
Graphics Device Interface
DESCRIPTION
The kernel graphics component for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices such as monitors and printers.
OFFICE OFFLINE
Desktop Window Manager Introduced in Windows Vista that handles compositing and manages special effects on screen objects in a graphical user interface.
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Services
COMPONENT
Active Directory Service Alerter service Application Layer Gateway service Application Management Background Intelligent Transfer Service
DESCRIPTION
Network Authentication Management Alerter Sends administrative alerts over the network to client computers, administrators and users. Provides support for plugins that allow network protocols to pass through Windows Firewall and work behind Internet Connection Sharing. Processes requests to enumerate, install, and remove applications that are installed on the computer or deployed through an organizations network. Transfers files between machines using idle network bandwidth. Used by Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, and Systems Management Server to deliver software updates to clients, as well as by Windows Messenger. Browser Crawls neighboring computers on the network and locates shared resources. One of the computers acts as the Master Browser and supplies this information to other computers designated as browsers. Used to track links to files on NTFS volumes. Windows uses these services to find linked files if they are renamed or moved (locally or to another machine). Allows transactional components to be configured through COM+ by coordinating transactions that are distributed across multiple computers and/or resource managers, such as databases, message queues, file systems, and other transactionbased resource managers. The DNS client service resolves and caches DNS names. The DNS server performs DNS name resolution.
INTRODUCED
Windows 2000 Server Windows NT Windows 2000
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Computer Browser
Windows for Workgroups
Distributed Link Tracking
Windows 2000
Distributed Transaction Coordinator
Windows 2000 and later NT-based
DNS Client and Server
Event Log Extensible Authentication Protocol
Stores and retrieves events that can be viewed in the event viewer. Part of services.exe. Provides EAP authentication to connecting clients
Client in Windows 2000 and later NTbased, Server in Windows NT 4.0 Windows NT Windows 2000
OFFICE OFFLINE
Indexing Service Indexes contents and properties of files on local and remote computers; provides rapid access to files through flexible querying language. Manages network configurations and information, and notifies applications of changes. Uses the NTLM MS-CHAP protocol to encapsulate and negotiate options in order to provide signed and sealed communication. Deprecated now in favor of Kerberos authentication. Resolves domain names using PNRP. Enables autodetection and configuration of hardware. Spooler Manages printer devices and moves files into memory for printing. Allows users to run programs with a different account than the one they logged in with. Allows nonadministrative accounts to perform administrative tasks. Manages user account security information. Monitors system events, such as network, power, logon, logoff, terminal services session connection and disconnection, and delivers these to applications and other system components. Schedule Lets users setup and schedule automated tasks. Enables support for NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) service and NetBIOS name resolution. Manages audio devices for Windows-based programs. Controls all audio functions. Generates error logs and reports errors. On Windows Vista and later, it notifies of solutions. Handles scanner and camera inputs. Synchronizes the system time with external time servers. From Windows Server 2003 forward, full and compliant NTP support is provided. Provides updates for the operating system and its installed components. Configures and manages 802.11 wireless adapters. Messenger Allows users to send pop-up messages to other computers over the network. Provides Remote Procedure Call (RPC) technique via remotely accessible Named Pipes. Windows 2000 and later NT-based Windows XP Windows NT
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Network Location Awareness NTLM Security Support Provider
PRNP Plug and Play Print Spooler Secondary Logon (Run As...) SecLogon Security Account Manager SamSs System Event Notification SENS
Windows XP Windows 2000 Windows 95, Windows NT
Windows NT family Windows 2000
Task Scheduler TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Windows Audio Windows Error Reporting Windows Image Acquisition Windows Time
Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 Windows NT family Windows XP Windows XP Windows Me Windows 2000
Windows Update Wireless Zero Configuration Messenger service MSRPC
Windows XP Windows XP, Server 2003 Windows NT family Windows NT family
OFFICE OFFLINE
Volume Shadow Copy Service Windows Firewall/ Internet Connection Sharing VSS Create multiple versions of files that change. Gained ability to store persistent snapshots in Windows Server 2003. SharedAccess Internet Connection Sharing (Firewall) Windows XP
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Windows 2000
Games
COMPONENTS
Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts Hold 'Em
DESCRIPTION
A version of Chess. A version of FreeCell. A version of Hearts using Black Lady scoring. A version of Texas hold 'em.
INTRODUCED
Windows Vista Win32s Windows for Workgroups 3.11 Windows Ultimate Extras on Windows Vista Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Windows Vista Windows 3.1
Ultimate InkBall
Mahjong Titans Microsoft Tinker
Purble Place
Spider Solitaire
A game employing the use of a stylus or mouse (in Windows Vista) to draw lines and direct balls into holes of corresponding colors. A version of Mahjong solitaire. A puzzle game in which the player controls a robot through various mazes and obstacle courses. Windows Ultimate Extras on Windows Vista Ultimate Minesweeper A version of Minesweeper. An educational game for children, teaching pattern recognition, shapes, and colors. Windows Vista Solitaire A version of Klondike Solitaire. A version of Spider Solitaire.
Windows 3.0
Microsoft Plus! 98
DirectX
Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and video, on Microsoft platforms. Originally, the names of these APIs all began with Direct, such as Direct3D, DirectDraw, DirectMusic, DirectPlay, DirectSound, and so forth. The name DirectX was coined as shorthand term for all of these APIs (the X standing in for the particular API names) and soon became the name of the collection. When Microsoft later set out to develop a gaming console, the X was used as the basis of the name Xbox to indicate that the console was based on DirectX technology. The X initial has been carried forward in the naming of APIs designed for the Xbox such as
OFFICE OFFLINE XInput and the Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool (XACT), while the DirectX pattern has been continued for Windows APIs such as Direct2D and DirectWrite. Direct3D (the 3D graphics API within DirectX) is widely used in the development of video games for Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Xbox, and Microsoft Xbox 360. Direct3D is also used by other software applications for visualization and graphics tasks such as CAD/CAM engineering. As Direct3D is the most widely publicized component of DirectX, it is common to see the names "DirectX" and "Direct3D" used interchangeably. The DirectX software development kit (SDK) consists of runtime libraries in redistributable binary form, along with accompanying documentation and headers for use in coding. Originally, the runtimes were only installed by games or explicitly by the user. Windows 95 did not launch with DirectX, but DirectX was included with Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2. Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 both shipped with DirectX, as has every version of Windows released since. The SDK is available as a free download. While the runtimes are proprietary, closed-source software, source code is provided for most of the SDK samples. Direct3D 9Ex, Direct3D 10 and Direct3D 11 are only officially available for Windows Vista and Windows 7 because each of these new versions was built to depend upon the new Windows Display Driver Model that was introduced for Windows Vista. The new Vista/WDDM graphics architecture includes a new video memory manager that supports virtualizing graphics hardware to multiple applications and services such as the Desktop Window Manager.
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SECURITY
COMPONENTS
BitLocker Drive Encryption Data Execution Prevention Encrypting File System Security Account Manager SYSKEY
DESCRIPTION
A full disk encryption, designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes. A security feature that is intended to prevent an application or service from executing code from a non-executable memory region. A file system driver that provides filesystem-level encryption. A database stored as a registry file A utility that encrypts the hashed password information in a SAM database using a 128-bit encryption key. A technology and security infrastructure utility aims to improve the security of Microsoft Windows by limiting application software to standard user privileges until an administrator authorizes an increase.
INTRODUCED
Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 Windows XP Service Pack 2 Windows 2000 Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 3 Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008
User Account Control
OFFICE OFFLINE
Windows Firewall A utility designed to block unauthorized access while permitting authorized communications. Earlier edition of Windows Firewall known as Internet Connection Firewall that was disable by default include Windows XP release. A security utility to prevent, remove and quarantine spyware in Microsoft Windows. This utility is superseded by Microsoft Security Essentials, available as a free download. A feature that protects registry keys and folders in addition to critical system files. Windows XP Service Pack 2
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Windows Defender
Windows Resource Protection
Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 download Windows Vista
DEPRECATED COMPONENTS AND PROGRAMS

COMPONENT 3D Pinball DESCRIPTION A pinball video game version from Full Tilt! Pinball. A communication utility on a low end version of HyperACCESS. A media player software. A proprietary format for online help files that can be displayed by the Microsoft Help browser winhelp.exe or winhlp32.exe. A built-in backup command of Microsoft Windows. A e-mail client application. Email A calendar application. TYPE Game INTRODUCED Plus! 95 for Windows 95 LAST OS INCLUDED Windows XP SUPERSEDED No
HyperTerminal
Commu nication
Windows 95
Windows XP
No
Media Player Microsoft WinHelp
Media player Online help
Windows 3.0 Windows 3.0
Windows XP Windows Media Player Windows XP Microsoft Help
NTBackup
Backup
Windows NT 4.0
Windows XP, Windows Server 2003
Outlook Express Windows Calendar
Windows 98
Windows XP
Personal
Windows Vista
informa tion
Windows Vista
Windows Backup and Restore Center, Windows Server Backup Windows Mail or Windows Live Mail Windows Live Mail
OFFICE OFFLINE
A shell exposed a GUI Windows 3.1 Windows XP task-oriented graphical user interface, consisting of icons arranged into program groups. Security System File A utility that Windows 98 Windows Checker allows users to Server 2003 scan for and restore corruptions in Windows system files. Windows A list of contacts Contact Windows 95 Windows XP Address Book. that can be shared manager by multiple programs Windows File A sub-system in Security Windows Me as Windows XP Protection the operating System File system, aims to Protection prevent programs from replacing critical Windows system files. Windows Mail A e-mail and E-mail Windows Vista Windows newsgroup client. Vista Windows A internet Internet Windows XP Windows XP, Messenger messaging client. messagi Windows ng Server 2003 Windows A video creating Video Windows ME Windows Movie Maker and editing Vista software. Windows A video Web Windows 95 Windows XP NetMeeting conferencing confere client. nce Windows A photo Photo Windows Vista Windows Photo Gallery management, Vista tagging, and editing tool client. Windows A image viewer Photo Windows XP Windows XP Picture and Fax application. Viewer Program Manager Windows Explorer
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Windows Resource Protection
Windows Contacts or Windows Live Mail Windows Resource Protection
Windows Live Mail Windows Live Messenger Windows Live Movie Maker Windows Meeting Space Windows Live Photo Gallery
Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Fax and Scan or Windows Live Photo Gallery
OFFICE OFFLINE
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MICROSOFT OFFICE
THE RIBBON
Microsoft Office 2007 provides easy access to commands through the Ribbon, which replaces the menus and toolbars found in previous versions. The purpose of the Ribbon is to keep commands visible while you work instead of hiding them under menus and toolbars.
Command tabs: Appear by default whenever you open a Microsoft Office program. Click on a tab to view its available commands. Contextual tabs: Appear whenever you perform a specific task and offer commands relative to only that task. Dialog Box Launcher: Click to display a dialog box or task pane. Group: To make things easier to find, the commands on each tab are organized into groups of related commands. Gallery: A set of thumbnail graphics that represent the result of applying a series of formatting commands. Help button: Click to display the new Help window.
OFFICE OFFLINE
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MICROSOFT OFFICE BUTTON

The Microsoft Office Button, located in the upper left-hand corner of the program window, replaces the File menu found in previous versions of Microsoft Office. The Microsoft Office Button menu contains basic file management commands, including New, Open, Save, and Close.
Inspect Document Removes comments, tracked changes, metadata (document history such as the author and editors) and other information that you dont want to appear in the finished document. Restrict Permission Uses Information Rights Management (IRM) to specify access permissions. Add a Digital Signature Adding a digital signature prevents inadvertent changes, ensuring that your content cannot be altered. Compatibility Checker Checks for elements in a document that arent supported or will behave differently in previous versions of the program.
OFFICE OFFLINE Mark As Final Prevents changes by making the document read-only.
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QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR

The Quick Access Toolbar provides easy access to the commands you use most frequently. The Save, Undo, Redo/Repeat, and Quick Print buttons appear on the Quick Access Toolbar by default, but you can add and remove commands to meet your needs. To Move the Quick Access Toolbar: Click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar button on the Quick Access Toolbar and, depending on the location of the toolbar, select Place Quick Access Toolbar below the Ribbon or Place Quick Access Toolbar above the Ribbon from the menu. To Add a Command to the Quick Access Toolbar: Click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar button and select More Commands from the menu. Select the command you want to add, click the Add button, and click OK. Or, on the Ribbon, right-click the command you want to add and select Add to Quick Access Toolbar from the contextual menu. To Remove a Command from the Quick Access: Toolbar: Right-click the command you want to remove and select Remove from Quick Access Toolbar from the contextual menu.
MINI TOOLBAR
The Mini Toolbar appears automatically whenever you select text and contains common text formatting commands. To Use the Mini Toolbar: Select the text you want to format and click the desired command on the Mini Toolbar. Click anywhere outside the Mini Toolbar to close it.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Turn Off the Mini Toolbar: Click the Microsoft Office Button and click the Options button. Click the Personalize tab, uncheck the Show Mini Toolbar on selection check box, and click OK. Save as PDF Now you can save a document as a PDF without using third-party software. PDF format allows you to share your presentation with users on any platform To Save a Document as a PDF: Click the Microsoft Office Button point to the Save As list arrow, and select PDF. Give the presentation a name, select PDF in the Save as type list, and click OK. Click Publish.
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THEMES
A theme is a set of unified design elements that you can apply to a document to give it a consistent look and feel. Themes coordinate the look of a document using colors, fonts, and effects. To Apply a Theme: Click the Page Layout tabs on the Ribbon and click the Themes button in the Themes group (Word/Excel) or click the Design tab on the Ribbon and click the more buttons in the Themes group (PowerPoint).
LIVE PREVIEW
Live Preview enables you to preview how a formatting change will look before applying it. Simply point to a selection and Office 2007 shows you a preview of what your document or object would look like if the selected changes were applied. Simply point to a selection to preview how it will look in the document.
OFFICE OFFLINE
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XML COMPATABILITY
The new Microsoft Office Open XML format (.docx, .pptx, .xlsx, etc.) is based on the XML (Extensible Markup Language) programming language. Here are its main benefits: Safer documents: Documents containing unwanted code, macros, or controls are easier to identify and block. Reduced file size: All Office 2007 documents are automatically compressed. Improved information security: Personal and business-sensitive information is easier to remove. Improved damaged-file recovery: A file can still be opened even if part of it is damaged. Easier integration: Document content can be shared with and opened in other programs.
SMART ART DIAGRAMS

SmartArt diagrams are dynamic diagrams that update automatically according to the type of information you want to include. You can create SmartArt diagrams in Excel 2007, Outlook 2007, PowerPoint 2007, and Word 2007. Although you cannot create a SmartArt diagram in other Office 2007 programs, you can copy and paste SmartArt diagrams as images into those programs. Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the SmartArt button in the Illustrations group. Select the SmartArt type you want to use and click OK. Click inside the Text pane and type your text. In the Text pane, position the insertion point where you want to add the shape and press <Enter>. Select the shape you want to remove and press <Delete>.
OFFICE OFFLINE
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MICROSOFT WORD 2007
FUNDAMENTALS
The Office Button, located in the upper left-hand corner of the program window, replaces the File menu found in previous versions of Microsoft Word. The Office Button menu contains basic file management commands, including New, Open, Save, Print and Close. To Create a New Document: Click the Office Button, select New, and click Create, or press <Ctrl> + <N>. To Open a Document: Click the Office Button and select Open, or press <Ctrl> + <O>. To Save a Document: Click the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar, or press <Ctrl> + <S>. To Save a Document with a Different Name: Click the Office Button, select Save As, and enter a new name for the document. To Preview a Document: Click the Office Button, point to the Print list arrow, and select Print Preview.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Print a Document: Click the Office Button and select Print, or press <Ctrl>+ . To Undo: Click the Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar or press <Ctrl>+ <Z>. To Close a Document: Click the Close button or press <Ctrl> <W>. To Get Help: Press <F1> to open the Help window. Type your question and press <Enter>. To Exit Word: Click the Office Button and click Exit Word. To Cut or Copy Text: Select the text you want to cut or copy and click the Cut or Copy button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. To Paste Text: Place the insertion point where you want to paste and click the Paste button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. To Format Selected Text: Use the commands in the Font group on the Home tab, or click the Dialog Box Launcher in the Font group to open the Font dialog box. To Copy Formatting with the Format Painter: Select the text with the formatting you want to copy and click the Format Painter button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. Then, select the text you want to apply the copied formatting to. To Change Paragraph Alignment: Select the paragraph(s) and click the appropriate alignment button (Align Left, Center, Align Right, or Justify) in the Paragraph group on the Home tab. To Indent a Paragraph: Click the Increase Indent button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab.
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To Decrease an Indent: Click the Decrease Indent button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab. To Add a Tab Stop: Click the Tab alignment box on the Ruler until you see the type of tab you want to insert. Then, click on the Ruler where you want to insert the tab stop. To Adjust or Remove a Tab Stop: Click and drag the tab stop to the desired position on the Ruler. Click and drag the tab stop off the Ruler to remove it. To Change Paragraph Line Spacing: Click the Line Spacing button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab and select an option from the list. To Create a Bulleted or Numbered List: Select the paragraphs you want to bullet or number and click the Bullets or Numbering button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab. To Change a Documents Margins: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Margins button in the Page Setup group, and select a setting. To Change Page Orientation: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Orientation button, and select an option from the list. To Insert a Header or Footer: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Header or Footer button in the Header & Footer group. To Insert a Manual Page Break: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Page Break button in the Page Setup group.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Insert a Section Break: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Breaks button in the Page Setup group, and select the type of break you want to insert. To Find Text: Click the Find button in the Editing group on the Home tab. To Correct a Spelling Error: Right-click the error and select a correction from the contextual menu. Or, press <F7> to run the Spell Checker. To Replace Text: Click the Replace button in the Editing group on the Home tab. To Move Text with the Mouse: Select the text you want to move, drag the text to a new location, and release the mouse button.
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TABLES
To Insert a Table: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon, click the Table button in the Tables group, and select Insert Table from the menu. To Insert a Column or Row: Click the Layout tab under Table Tools and use the commands located in the Rows & Columns group. To Delete a Column or Row: Select the column or row you want to delete, click the Layout tab under Table Tools, click the Delete button in the Rows & Columns group, and select an appropriate option from the menu. To Adjust Column Width or Row Height: Select the column or row you want to adjust, click the Layout tab under Table Tools, and use the commands located in the Cell Size group.
OFFICE OFFLINE
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MAIL MERGE
1. Select a document type: Click the Mailings tab on the Ribbon, click the Start Mail Merge button in the Start Mail Merge group, and select the type of document you want to create. 2. Connect the document to a data source: In the Start Mail Merge group on the Mailings tab, click the Select Recipients button. 3. Refine recipients: In the Start Mail Merge group on the Mailings tab, click the Edit Recipient List button. 4. Insert merge fields: Position the insertion point where you want to insert the merge field(s) and use the commands found in the Write & Insert Fields group on the Mailings tab. 5. Preview your letters: In the Preview Results group on the Mailings tab, click the Preview Results button. 6. Complete the merge: In the Finish group on the Mailings tab, click the Finish & Merge button and select an option from the list.
DRAWINGS AND GRAPHICS

To Insert a Clip Art Graphic: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Clip Art button in the Illustrations group. Type name of what youre looking for in the Search for box and click Go. To Insert a Picture: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Picture button in the Illustrations group. Find and select the picture you want to insert and click Insert. To Adjust Text Wrapping: Double-click the object, click the Text Wrapping button in the Arrange group, and select an option from the list. To Draw a Shape: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon, click the Shapes button in the Shapes group, and select the shape you want to insert. Then, click where you want to draw the shape and drag until the shape reaches the desired size. Hold down the <Shift> key while you drag to draw a perfectly proportioned shape or straight line.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Move an Object: Click the object and drag it to a new location. Release the mouse button when youre finished. To Resize an Object: Click the object to select it, click and drag one of its sizing handles ( ), and release the mouse button when the object reaches the desired size. Hold down the <Shift> key while dragging to maintain the objects proportions while resizing it. To Delete an Object: Select the object and press the <Delete> key. To Format an Object: Double-click the object and use the commands located on the Format tab. To Insert a WordArt Object: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon, click the WordArt button in the Text group, and select a design from the WordArt Gallery. Enter the text you want WordArt to format and adjust the font type and size, if necessary. Click OK.
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OFFICE OFFLINE
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SHORTCUTS
Open a Document Create New Save a Document Print a Document Close a Document Help Copy Paste Undo Redo or Repeat Up One Screen Down One Screen Beginning of Line End of Line Beginning of Everything <Ctrl> + <O> <Ctrl> + <N> <Ctrl> + <S> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <W> <F1> <Ctrl> + <C> <Ctrl> + <V> <Ctrl> + <Z> <Ctrl> + <Y> <Page Up> <Page Down> <Home> <End> <Ctrl> + <Home> <Ctrl> + <A> A Line Click in the selection bar Next to the line A Sentence Press and hold <Ctrl> and Click anywhere in the Sentence Open the Go To dialog <F5> box A Word Double-click the word Bold Italics Underline Align Left Center Align Right Justify Cut Document Document End <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <L> <Ctrl> + <E> <Ctrl> + <R> <Ctrl> + <J> <Ctrl> + <X> of <Ctrl> + <End>
A Paragraph
Triple-click paragraph
the
OFFICE OFFLINE
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MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 2007
FUNDAMENTALS
The Office Button, located in the upper left-hand corner of the program window, replaces the File menu found in previous versions of Microsoft PowerPoint. The Office Button menu contains basic file management commands, including New, Open, Save, Print and Close. To Create a New Presentation: Click the Office Button, select New, and click Create, or press <Ctrl> + <N>. To Open a Presentation: Click the Office Button and select Open, or press <Ctrl> + <O>. To Save a Presentation: Click the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar, or press <Ctrl> + <S>. To Save a Presentation with a Different Name: Click the Office Button, select Save As, and enter a new name for the presentation.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Preview a Presentation: Click the Office Button, point to the Print list arrow, and select Print Preview. To Print a Presentation: Click the Office Button and select Print, or press <Ctrl> + . To Undo: Click the Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar or press <Ctrl> + <Z>. To Close a Presentation: Click the Office Button and select Close, or press <Ctrl> + <W>. To Get Help: Press <F1> to open the Help window. Type your question and press <Enter>. To Exit PowerPoint: Click the Office Button and click Exit PowerPoint. To Cut or Copy Text: Select the text you want to cut or copy and click the Cut or Copy button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. To Paste Text: Place the insertion point where you want to paste and click the Paste button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. To Format Selected Text: Use the commands in the Font group on the Home tab, or click the Dialog Box Launcher in the Font group to open the Font dialog box. To Copy Formatting with the Format Painter: Select the text with the formatting you want to copy and click the Format Painter button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. Then, select the text you want to apply the copied formatting to. To Change Paragraph Alignment: Select the paragraph(s) and click the appropriate alignment button (Align Left, Center, Align Right, or Justify) in the Paragraph group on the Home tab. To Create a Bulleted or Numbered List: Select the paragraphs you want to bullet or number and click the Bullets or Numbering button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab.
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To Apply a Document Theme (called design templates in previous versions of PowerPoint): Click the Design tab on the Ribbon, click the More button in the Themes group, and select a theme from the gallery. To Change the Slide Background: Click the Design tab on the Ribbon, click the Background Styles button in the Background group, and select a background. To View the Slide Master: Click the View tab on the Ribbon, click the Slide Master button in the Presentation Views group, and click the Slide Master or the appropriate Layout Master in the Outline pane.
To Change Paragraph Line Spacing: Select the paragraph(s), click the Line Spacing button in the Paragraph group on the Home tab, and select an option from the list. To Insert a Header or Footer: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Header & Footer button in the Text group. Select the option(s) that you want and click Apply or Apply to All. To Correct a Spelling Error: Right-click the error and select a correction from the contextual menu. Or, press <F7> to run the Spell Checker.
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THE OUTLINE PANE

The Slides tab contains a thumbnail image of every slide in the presentation; simply click a thumbnail to jump to that slide. You can also rearrange, add, or delete slides here. The Outline tab focuses on the content of the presentation rather than its appearance. Use this tab when you want to adjust the textual structure of a presentation or add large amounts of text to it.
DELIVERY, TRANSITION AND ANIMATION

To Add a Slide Transition: Navigate to the slide you want to add a transition to. Click the Animations tab on the Ribbon, click the More button in the Transition to This Slide group, and select a transition effect. To Add an Animation Effect to an Object: Select the object that you want to animate, click the Animations tab on the Ribbon, and click the Custom Animation button in the Animations group. Click the Add Effect button, select a category, and select the effect you want to use. To Present a Slide Show: Click the Slide Show button on the status bar. To Use the Pen: In Slide Show view, press <Ctrl> + and then draw on the screen. Press <Ctrl> + <A> to switch back to the arrow pointer. Press <E> to erase your doodles. To Add Slide Timings: Click the Slide Show tab on the Ribbon and click the Rehearse Timings button in the Set Up group. Navigate through the presentation, pausing on each slide for the amount of time you wish to display it during your show. Click Yes to save your timings.
DRAWING AND GRAPHICS

To Insert a Clip Art Graphic: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Clip Art button in the Illustrations group. Type the name of what youre looking for in the Search for box a nd click Go.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Insert a Picture: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Picture button in the Illustrations group. Find the picture you want to insert and click Insert. To Draw a Shape: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon, click the Shapes button in the Shapes group, and select the shape you want to insert. Then, click where you want to draw the shape and drag until the shape reaches the desired size. Hold down the <Shift> key while you drag to draw a perfectly proportioned shape or straight line. To Format an Object: Double-click the object and use the commands located on the Format tab. To Move an Object: Click the object and drag it to a new location. Release the mouse button when youre finished. To Resize an Object: Click the object to select it, click and drag one of its sizing handles ( ), and release the mouse button when the object reaches the desired size. Hold down the <Shift> key while dragging to maintain the objects proportions while resizing it. To Delete an Object: Select the object and press the <Delete> key.
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VIEW BUTTONS
Normal view:
This is the default view in PowerPoint 2007. Normal view includes the Outline pane, Slide pane, and Notes pane.
Slide Sorter view:

Displays all the slides in the presentation as thumbnails. Use Slide Sorter view when you want to rearrange the order of slides or add transition Effects between slides.
Slide Show view:

Displays the presentation as an Electronic slide show. Whenever you deliver a presentation in front of an audience, Slide Show view is definitely the view you want to use.
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SHORTCUTS
Open a Presentation Create New Save a Presentation Print a Presentation Close a Presentation Insert a New Slide Help Align Left Center Justify Cut Copy Paste Undo Redo or Repeat Find Replace Select All Erase Doodles <Ctrl> + <O> <Ctrl> + <N> <Ctrl> + <S> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <W> <Ctrl> + <M> <F1> <Ctrl> + <L> <Ctrl> + <E> <Ctrl> + <J> <Ctrl> + <X> <Ctrl> + <C> <Ctrl> + <V> <Ctrl> + <Z> <Ctrl> + <Y> <Ctrl> + <F> <Ctrl> + <H> <Ctrl> + <A> <E> Bold Italics Align Left Center Justify Bold Italics The Next Slide The Previous Slide The First Slide The Last Slide End Slide Show Jump to Slide Toggle Screen Black Toggle Screen White Pause Show Show/Hide Pointer Change Arrow to Pen Change Pen to Arrow <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <L> <Ctrl> + <E> <Ctrl> + <J> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Spacebar> <Backspace> <Ctrl> + <Home> <Ctrl> + <End> <Esc> <Slide #> + <Enter> <W> <S> <A> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <A>
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MICROSOFT EXCEL 2007
FUNDAMENTALS
The Office Button, located in the upper left-hand corner of the program window, replaces the File menu found in previous versions of Microsoft Excel. The Office Button menu contains basic file management commands, including New, Open, Save, Print and Close. To Create a New Workbook: Click the Office Button, select New, and click Create, or press <Ctrl> + <N>. To Open a Workbook: Click the Office Button and select Open, or press <Ctrl> + <O>. To Save a Workbook: Click the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar, or press <Ctrl> + <S>. To Save a Workbook with a Different Name: Click the Office Button, select Save As, and enter a new name for the presentation. To Preview a Workbook: Click the Office Button, point to Print, and select Print Preview.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Print a Workbook: Click the Office Button and select Print, or press <Ctrl> + . To Quick Print: Click the Office Button, point to Print, and select Quick Print. To Undo: Click the Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar or press <Ctrl> + <Z>. To Close a Workbook: Click the Close button or press <Ctrl> + <W>. To Get Help: Press <F1> to open the Help window. Type your question and press <Enter>. To Exit Excel: Click the Office Button and click Exit Excel. To Edit a Cells Contents: Select the cell, click the Formula Bar, edit the cell contents, and press <Enter> when youre finished. To Clear a Cells Contents: Select the cell(s) and press the <Delete> key. To Paste Data: Select the destination cell(s) and click the Paste button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. To Copy Using Auto Fill: Point to the fill handle at the bottom-right corner of the selected cell(s), then drag to the destination cell(s). To Move or Copy Cells Using Drag and Drop: Select the cell(s) you want to move or copy, position the pointer over any border of the selected cell(s), then drag to the destination cells. To copy, old down <Ctrl> key while dragging.
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OFFICE OFFLINE To Paste Special: Cut or copy the cell(s), select the destination cell(s), click the Paste button list arrow in the Clipboard group on the Home tab, and select Paste Special. Select an option and click OK. To Insert a Column or Row: Right-click the selected row or column heading(s) to the right of the column or below the row you want to insert and select insert from the contextual menu. To Cut or Copy Data: Select cell(s) and click Cut or Copy button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. To Delete a Column or Row: Select the row or column heading(s) and either right-click them and select Delete from contextual menu, or click the Delete button in the Cells group on the Home tab. To Insert a Comment: Select the cell where you want to insert a comment and click the Review tab on the Ribbon. Click the New Comment button in the Comments group. Type a comment, and then click outside the comment text box. Point to the cell to view the comment.
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FORMATTING
To Format Text: Use the commands in the Font group on the Home tab, or click the Dialog Box Launcher in the Font group to open the Font dialog box. To Format Values: Use the commands in the Number group on the Home tab, or click the Dialog Box Launcher in the Number group to open the Format Cells dialog box. To Copy Formatting with the Format Painter: Select the cell(s) with the formatting you want to copy and click the Format Painter button in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. Then, select the cell(s) you want to apply the copied formatting to.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Change Cell Alignment: Select the cell(s) and click the appropriate alignment button (Align Left, Center, Align Right) in the Alignment group on the Home tab. To Adjust Column Width: Drag the right border of the column header. Double-click the border to AutoFit the row according to its contents. To Adjust Row Height: Drag the bottom border of the row header. Double-click the border to AutoFit the row according to its contents. To Add Cell Borders: Select the cell(s), click the Border button list arrow in the Font group on the Home tab, and select a border type. To Add Cell Shading: Select the cell(s), click the Fill Color button list arrow in the Font group on the Home tab, and select a fill color. To Apply a Document Theme: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Themes button in the Themes group, and select a theme from the gallery. To Insert a Header or Footer: Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon and click the Header & Footer button in the Text group. Enter header text.
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FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS

To Total a Cell Range: Click the cell where you want to insert the total and click the Sum button in the Editing group on the Home tab. Verify the selected cell range and click the Sum button again. To Enter a Formula: Select the cell where you want to insert the formula, press <=>, and enter the formula using values, cell references, operators, and functions. Press <Enter> when youre finished. To Use Several Operators or Cell Ranges: Enclose the part of a formula you want to calculate first in parentheses.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Insert a Function: Select the cell where you want to enter the function and click the Insert Function button on the Formula Bar. To Reference a Cell in a Formula: Type the cell reference (for example, B5) in the formula or click the cell you want to reference. To Create an Absolute Cell Reference: Precede the cell references with a $ sign or press <F4> after selecting a cell range to make it absolute.
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WORKBOOK MANAGEMENT
To Add a New Worksheet: Click Insert Worksheet tab next to the sheet tabs at the bottom of the program screen. To Delete a Worksheet: Select the sheet want to delete, click the Delete button in the Cells group on the Home tab, and select Delete Sheet. Or, right-click the sheet tab and select Delete from the contextual menu. To Split a Window: Drag either vertical or horizontal split bar (near scroll bars) onto the worksheet. To Freeze Panes: Place the cell pointer where you want to freeze the window, click the View tab on the Ribbon, click the Freeze Panes button in the Window group, and select an option from the list. To Select a Print Area: Select the cell range you want to print, click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon, click the Print Area button in the Page Setup group, and select Set Print Area. To Adjust Page Margins, Orientation, Size, and Breaks: Click the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon and use the commands in the Page Layout group, or click the Dialog Box Launcher in the Page Setup group to open the Page Setup dialog box. To Protect or Share a Workbook: Click the Review tab on the Ribbon and use the commands in the Changes group.
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CHARTS
To Create a Chart: Select the cell range that contains the data you want to chart and click the Insert tab on the Ribbon. Click a chart type button in the Charts group and select the chart you want to use from the list.
SHORTCUTS
Open a Workbook Create New Save a Workbook Print a Workbook Close a Workbook Help Run Spelling Check Move Between Cells Go One Cell to the Right Go One Cell to the Left Down One Cell Up One Cell Up One Screen Down One Screen To Cell A1 <Ctrl> + <O> <Ctrl> + <N> <Ctrl> + <S> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <W> <F1> <F7> <>, <>, <>, <> <Tab> <Shift> + <Tab> <Enter> <Shift> +<Enter> <Page Up> To Last Cell with Data <Page Down> Open Go To Dialog Box <Ctrl> +<Home> <F5> <Ctrl> + <End> Cut Copy Paste Undo Redo Find Replace Select All Bold Italics Underline Open Format Cells Dialog Box <Ctrl> + <X> <Ctrl> + <C> <Ctrl> + <V> <Ctrl> + <Z> <Ctrl> + <Y> <Ctrl> + <F> <Ctrl> + <H> <Ctrl> + <A> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Shift>+ <F>
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MICROSOFT ACCESS 2007

WORKING WITH DATABASES AND OBJECTS GETTING STARTED WINDOW
To Create a Database:
Click a template category in the list and click the template you want to use. Click Create. Or, click the Blank Database button. To Open an Existing Database: Click a database in the Open Recent Database list or click More and browse for it.
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DATABASE OBJECTS
Tables store related data in rows (records) and columns (fields). Queries view, filter, calculate, change, sort, and examine the data stored in tables. Forms are custom screens that provide an easy way to enter and view data in a table. Reports present data from a table or query in a printed format. Macros automate common tasks and can be run by clicking a button or pressing a shortcut key. Modules are groups of procedures written in Visual Basic and used to automate tasks. Page objects have been replaced by Windows SharePoint Services. Pages in old databases can still be viewedbut not editedin Internet Explorer. To Open an Object: Double-click the object in the Navigation Pane. To Create a New Object: Click the Create tab on the Ribbon and click a button for the object or wizard you want to use on the Objects bar. To Modify an Object: Open the object or click its tab in the window, click the Format tab on the Ribbon, click the View button in the Views group and select Design View or Layout View. To Delete an Object: Select the object and press <Delete>. Click Yes. To Rename an Object: Right-click the object, select Rename from the contextual menu, enter the new name, and press <Enter>. To Repair/Compress a Database: Click the Office Button and select Manage Compact and Repair Database.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Import Data: Click the External Data tab on the Ribbon and click the type of file you want to import from in the Import group. Follow the onscreen instructions. To Export Data: Click the External Data tab on the Ribbon and click the type of file you want to export to in the Export group. Follow the onscreen instructions. WORKING WITH TABLES CREATING TABLE RELATIONSHIPS Linking Tables tells Access how two tables are related to each other. The fields that you use to link two tables must contain the same concept in two different tables. A primary key field from one table is often used when linking two tables. 1. Click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon and click the Relationships button in the Relationships group. 2. If necessary, click the Show Table button in the Relationships group on the Design tab. In the Show Table window, select a table you want to link, click the Add button, and repeat for each table. Click Close . 3. Drag a field from one table and drop it on the related field in the second table. (Optional) Check the Enforce Referential Integrity box. Click Create.
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WORKING WITH TABLE DATA Database information can be directly added and modified from tables and some queries and forms. To Add a Field to a Table: Enter data in the cell below the Add New Field column header. Or, click and drag a field from the Field Templates pane to the table (to display the Field Templates pane, click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon and click the New Field button in the Fields & Columns group). To Add a New Record: Enter data in the bottom row of the table.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Select a Record: Click the Record selector to the left of the record. To Delete a Record: Select the record, click the Home tab on the Ribbon and click the Delete button in the Records group. Click Yes. To Spell Check: Click the Home tab on the Ribbon and click the Spelling button in the Records group. To Find Information: Place the cursor in the field that contains the value you want to search for, click the Home tab on the Ribbon and click the Find button in the Find group or press <Ctrl> + <F>. Type the value you want to search for in the Find What box and click Find Next. To Replace Information: Place the cursor in the field that contains the value you want to replace, click the Home tab on the Ribbon and click the Replace button in the Find group or press <Ctrl> + <H>. Type the value you want to search for in the Find What box and the new value in the Replace With box. Click Find Next until youve found what youre looking for, then click Replace or Replace All to replace every instance of the value. To Sort Information: Place the cursor in the field that you want to sort by, click the Home tab and click either the Ascending or Descending button in the Sort & Filter group. To Filter Information: Place the cursor in the field that contains the values you want to filter by, click the Home tab on the Ribbon and click the Filter button in the Sort & Filter group. Check the boxes for the values you want to filter for. To Remove a Filter: Click the Toggle Filter button in the Sort & Filter group. To Change a Fields Data Type: Select the field you want to change, click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon, and click the Data Type list arrow in the Data Type & Formatting group. Select a data type.
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OFFICE OFFLINE FIELD DATA TYPES

Data Type Description
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Text (Default)
Stores text, numbers, or a combination of both, up to 255 characters long. Stores long text entriesup to 64,000 characters long. Stores numbers that can be used in calculations. Stores dates, times, or both. Stores numbers and symbols that represent money. Automatically fills in a unique number for each record. Stores only one of two values, such as Yes or No. Stores objects created in other programs, such as a graphic, Excel spreadsheet, or Word document. Stores clickable links to Web pages on the Internet or files on a network. A wizard that helps you create a field whose values are selected from another table, query, or list of values. Allows you to attach files and images to your database.
Memo Number Date/Time Currency AutoNumber Yes/No OLE Object
Hyperlink
Lookup Wizard
Attachment
WORKING WITH QUERIES THE DESIGN QUERY WINDOW
OFFICE OFFLINE To Create a Select Query: Click the Create tab on the Ribbon and click the Query Wizard button in the Other group. Click Simple Query Wizard and click OK. Follow the onscreen instructions to select the fields you want to use from the desired tables and create the query. If you want to filter records, view the query in Design view and enter the criteria in the Criteria row. To Switch Views: Click the Home tab on the Ribbon and click the View button in the Views group. To Summarize Values: Open the Query in Datasheet View, click the Home tab on the Ribbon and click the Totals button in the Records group. Click the list arrow in a column in the Total row in the query select a calculation type (Sum, Average, etc.).
Criteria Example London Between 1/1/00 and 12/31/00 Description Displays records where the field equals London. Displays records where the date is between 1/1/00 and 12/31/00.
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NOT "USA" or <> "" Like S* IS NULL IS NOT NULL >100
Displays records where the field does not contain the text "USA" and is not blank. Displays records where the field text starts with an S. Displays records where the field is blank. Displays records where the field is not blank. Displays records whose field value is greater than 100.
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SHORTCUTS
Open a Database Close a Database Print Current View Delete Undo Insert Value from Previous Record Check Spelling Switch Applications Next Field Previous Field Next Screen Previous Screen First Record Save Object Properties <Ctrl> + <O> <Ctrl> + <W> <Ctrl> + <Delete> <Ctrl> + <Z> <Ctrl> + < > <F7> Cut Copy Paste Find Replace SelectAll Help Delete Record <Alt> + <Tab> Cancel Changes <Tab> Insert Date <Shift> + <Tab> Insert Time <Page Down> Same Field in <Page Up> Last Record <Ctrl> + < > Toggle Navigation Pane <Ctrl> + <S> <Alt> + <Enter> Open object in Design <Ctrl> + <Enter> View <F11> <Ctrl> + < > (Apostrophe) <Shift> + <Ctrl> + <:> <Ctrl> + < ; > <Esc> <Ctrl> + <X> <Ctrl> + <C> <Ctrl> + <V> <Ctrl> + <F> <Ctrl> + <H> <Ctrl> + <A> <F1> <Ctrl> + < - >
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MICROSOFT OUTLOOK 2007
FUNDAMENTALS To Access the Inbox: Click the Mail button in the Navigation Pane. To Check for New Messages: Click the Send/Receive button on the Standard toolbar, or press <F9>. Message Indicators: Message has not been read. Message has been read. File is attached to the message. Message has high or low importance. To Open a Message: Open the Inbox. Click a message to preview or double-click to open it.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Reply to the Message Sender: Click the message, click the Reply button, type your reply, and click the Send button. To Reply to All Message Recipients: Click the message, click the Reply to All button, type your reply, and click the Send button. To Forward a Message: Click the message, click the Forward button, enter e-mail addresses in the To box, enter comments in the text box, and click the Send button. To Delete a Message: Select the message and press the <Delete> key. To Create a New Message: 1. Click the New button or press <Ctrl> + <N>. 2. Enter the e-mail addresses in To box, or click To button to use the address book. 3. Click the Cc button and select the e-mail addresses for recipients to whom you want to send a copy of the message. 4. Enter the subject of the message in the Subject box. 5. Enter the text of your message in the text box. 6. Click the Send button. To Attach a File: Create a new message, click the Attach File button in the Include group on the Ribbon in the Message window, select the file you want to send, and click Insert. To Send a Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc): In the message window, click the Options tab on the Ribbon and select Show Bcc in the Fields group. Click the Bcc: button and select the e-mail addresses for recipients to whom you want to send a blind copy of the message. To Open an Attachment: Double-click the attachment at the top of the message window. Contains mail-related folders like your Inbox, Sent Items and Search Folders. Use the Favorite Folders at the top of the pane for easy access to frequently-used mail folders. Enables you to view and schedule appointments, events, and meetings. View shared calendars and compare calendars by viewing them side by side. Use to store and keep track of addresses, numbers, and e-mail addresses. Use to organize to-do lists, track task progress, and delegate tasks.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Notes Use like electronic Post-It Notes to write down information. Folder List Displays a list of all your Outlook folders in the Navigation pane. Shortcuts Add shortcuts to folders and locations in Outlook for quick access. In item windows like the message window, the Office Button and the Ribbon replace the File menu found in previous versions of Outlook.
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To Flag a Message as a To-Do Item: Right-click the message, select Follow Up from the contextual menu, and select a flag. Or, click the flag icon on the message. Or, select the message, click the Follow Up button on the Standard toolbar and select a flag. To Clear a Flagged Message: Right-click the message, select Follow Up from the contextual menu, and select Clear Flag. To Save a Message as a Draft: Click the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar in the message window. The message appears in the Drafts folder. To Categorize a Message by Color: Click the Quick Click icon on the message. Or, right-click the message, select Categorize from the contextual menu, and select a color category. Or, select the message, click the Categorize button on the Standard toolbar, and select a flag. To Recall a Message: Open the Sent Items folder. Double-click the message, click the Other Actions button in the Actions group on the Ribbon, and select Recall This Message. Choose to delete the message or replace the message with a new one in the dialog box and click
OFFICE OFFLINE OK. You can only recall a message if you are using MS Exchange Server and the recipient has not opened it. To Resend a Message: Open the Sent Items folder. Double-click the message, click the Other Actions button in the Actions group on the Ribbon, and select Resend This Message. Enter new recipients in the message window and click Send. To Move an Item to a Different Folder: Select the item, click the Move to Folder button and select the destination folder. Or, click and drag the item to a different folder in the Navigation Pane. To Create a Distribution List: Click the New button arrow on the Standard toolbar and select Distribution List. Click Select Members in the Members group on the Ribbon, select a name in the list, click the Members button and repeat for each name to be added. Click OK, then click Save & Close in the Actions group. To Create a Signature: Select Tools from the menu bar and select Options. Click the Mail Format tab, click the Signatures button, and create the new signature. To Change a Messages Options: In the message window, click the Options tab on the Ribbon and click the More Options Dialog Box Launcher. Here you can specify: the level of importance or sensitivity of the message; if you want to add voting buttons to the message; where replies should be sent to; if you want a read receipt; and if you want to encrypt the message or delay its delivery.
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To Use the Rules Wizard: 1. Make sure that youre in the Inbox. 2. Click Tools on the menu bar, select Rules and Alerts, and click New Rule button. 3. Select the type of rule you want to create and click Next. 4. Click the first piece of underlined text in the Step 2 box, which may be people or distribution lists, specific words, etc. 5. Specify the criteriaa persons name, a keyword, etc.and click OK.
OFFICE OFFLINE 6. Click the next piece of underlined text in the Step 2 box and specify the name of the folder where you want to move the messages or the action you want done to the message. 7. Click Finish to complete the rule and click OK. To View the Calendar: Click the Calendar button in the Navigation Pane. To Change Views: Click View on the menu bar and select the desired view. Or, click one of the Day, Week, or Month view buttons. To Schedule an Appointment: Click the New button or press <Ctrl> + <N>. To Schedule a Recurring Appointment: Click Actions on the menu bar and select New Recurring Appointment from the menu. To Schedule a Meeting Request: Click the New button arrow on the Standard toolbar and select Meeting Request. To Schedule an All Day Event: Click Actions on the menu bar and select New All Day Event from the menu. To Plan a Tentative Meeting: Click Actions on the menu bar and select Plan a Meeting from the menu. To Reschedule an Item: Double-click the meeting, appointment, or event, make your changes and click the Save & Close button in the Actions group on the Ribbon. To View Your Contacts: Click the Contacts button in the Navigation Pane. To Create a New Contact: Click the New button on the Standard toolbar. To Edit a Contact: Double-click the contact. To Find a Contact: Type words to search for in the Search Contacts box.
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OFFICE OFFLINE To Delete a Contact: Select the contact and press the <Delete> key. To Change Views: Select the desired view in the Current View section of the Contacts Navigation pane. To View Your Tasks: Click the Tasks button in the Navigation Pane. To Create a New Task: Click the New button, press <Ctrl> + <N>, or type a new task in the text box at the top of the window or in the Type a new task box in the To-Do Bar. To Complete a Task: In Simple List view, check the tasks check box. To Delete a Task: Select the task and press the <Delete> key. To Create a Recurring Task: Double-click the task and click the Recurrence button in the Options group on the Ribbon. To Assign a Task: Double-click the task, click the Assign Task button in the Manage Task group on the Ribbon, enter the persons name in the To box, and click Send.
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SHORTCUTS
Save Print Undo Cut Save, Close, and Send Reply to All Help New Item <Ctrl> + <S> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Z> <Ctrl> + <X> <Alt> + <S> <Alt> + <L> <F1> <Ctrl> + <N> Copy Paste Check Spelling Check for Mail Reply Address Book Switch Applications <Ctrl> + <C> <Ctrl> + <V> <F7> <F9> <Ctrl> + <R> <Ctrl> + <Shift> + Between <Alt> + <Tab>
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MICROSOFT PUBLISHER 2007
STANDARD TOOLBAR
To Create a New Publication:
If necessary, select File New from the menu to display the Getting Started window. Select the type of publication you want to create and choose a
design. Specify a font/color scheme if desired and click Create. To Create a Blank Publication: If necessary, select File New from the menu to display the Getting Started window. Click Blank Page Sizes and select the desired publication size. Specify a font/color scheme if desired and click Create. To Open a Publication: Select File Open from the menu or click the Open button on the Standard toolbar.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Save a Publication: Select File Save from the menu or click the Save button on the Standard toolbar. To Save a Publication with a Different Name: Select File Save As from the menu, type a new name for the publication, select a new location, and click Save. To Preview a Publication: Click the Print Preview button on the Standard toolbar. To Print a Publication: Select File Print from the menu. Make your specifications and click OK. To Close a Publication: Click the Close button. To Get Help: Press the <F1> key to open the Help window. Type your question and press <Enter>. To Undo/Redo: Click the Undo or Redo buttons on the Standard toolbar. To Change the Color Scheme: Select Format Color Schemes from the menu and select a color scheme. To Change the Font Scheme: Select Format Font Schemes from the menu and select a font scheme. To Change the Background of a Publication: Select Format Background from the menu and select the options you want. To Adjust the Margins of a Publication: Select Arrange Layout Guides from the menu and click the Margin Guides tab. Make your adjustments and click OK. To Show or Hide Layout Guides: Select View Boundaries and Guides from the menu. To Change Page Orientation: Select File Page Setup from the menu. In the Page Setup dialog box, select the page size that has the orientation you want and click OK.
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FORMATTING
To Change Font Style: Click the Bold button, Italic button, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar. To Change Font Type: Click the Font list arrow on the Formatting toolbar and select a font from the list. To Change Font Size: Click the Font Size list arrow on the Formatting toolbar and select a size from list. To Change Font Color: Click the Font Color button list arrow and select a color from the list. To Open the Font Dialog Box: Select Format Font from the menu. To Copy Formatting with the Format Painter: Select the text with the formatting you want to copy. Click the Format Painter button on the Standard toolbar and select the text to which you want to apply the copied formatting with the pointer. To Create a Bulleted List: Select the paragraph(s) you want to bullet and click the Bullets button on the Formatting toolbar. To Create a Numbered List: Select the paragraphs you want to number and click the Numbering button on the Formatting toolbar. To Insert a Tab Stop: Click on the ruler where you want to insert the tab stop.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Adjust or Remove a Tab Stop: Click and drag the tab stop to the desired position on the ruler. Click and drag the tab stop off the ruler to remove it. To Change Paragraph Alignment: Select the paragraph(s) and click the appropriate alignment button (Align Left, Center, Align Right, or Justify) on the Formatting toolbar. To Insert a Drop Cap: Place the insertion point anywhere in the paragraph for which you want to apply a drop cap. Select Format Drop Cap from the menu, select a drop cap style, and click OK. To Create a Style: Click the Styles and Formatting button on the Formatting toolbar and click the Create New Style button in the task pane. Make your specifications for the new style and click OK.
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TEXT BOXES
To Insert a Text Box: Click the Text Box button on the Objects toolbar. Position the mouse pointer where you would like to insert the text box and click and drag until the text box reaches the desired size. Release the mouse button when youre finished and enter the text. To Format a Text Box: Right-click the text box you want to format and select Format Text Box from the shortcut menu. Make your selections in the Format Text Box dialog box and click OK when youre finished. To Link Text Boxes: Click the overflowing text box (marked with an overflow indicator) to select it. Click the Create Text Box Link button on the Connect Text Boxes toolbar. Click inside an empty text box with the pointer. To Unlink Text Boxes: Select the linked text box that comes before the text box(es) you want to unlink, and click the Break Forward Link button on the Connect Text Boxes toolbar.
OFFICE OFFLINE To Move Between Text Boxes: Click the Go to Previous Text Box or Go to Next Text Box buttons, or click the Previous Text Box or Next Text Box buttons on the Connect Text Boxes toolbar. To Add Continued Notices: Select FormatText Box from the menu and click the Text Box tab. Click the Include "Continued on/from page..." check box and click OK. MAIL MERGE 1. To Start a Mail Merge: Select Tools Mailings and Catalogs Mail Merge from the menu. 2. To Select a Data Source: In the Mail Merge task pane, select the appropriate option under Create recipient list and click Next. Perform the necessary tasks and click Next when youre finished. 3. To Insert a Merge Field: In the Mail Merge task pane, click and drag the appropriate merge field to the desired location in the publication. Use the options listed under More items as necessary. Click Next. 4. To Complete the Merge: Select the desired option under Create merged publications and perform the necessary tasks. DRAWING AND GRAPHICS To Insert a Clip Art Graphic: Select Insert Picture Clip Art from the menu, locate an appropriate graphic, and click the graphic to insert it. To Insert a Picture: Select Insert Picture From File from the menu, select the file location and name, and click Insert. Adjust Text Wrapping: Double-click the object, click the Layout tab, select a text wrapping option, and click OK. To Draw an Object: Click the appropriate button (Line, Arrow, Oval, Rectangle, or AutoShapes) on the Objects toolbar, click where you want to draw the object, and drag until the object reaches the desired size. Hold down the <Shift> key while you drag to draw a perfectly proportioned shape or straight line.
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OFFICE OFFLINE To Move an Object: Click the object and drag it to a new location. Release the mouse button when youre finished. To Resize an Object: Click the object to select it, click and drag one of its sizing handles ( ), and release the mouse button when the object reaches the desired size. Hold down the <Shift> key while dragging to maintain the objects proportions while resizing it. To Delete an Object: Select the object and press the <Delete> key. To Format an Object: Double-click the object. To Insert a WordArt Object: Select Insert Picture WordArt from the menu, select a design from the WordArt Gallery dialog box, and click OK. Enter the text you want WordArt to format and adjust the font type and size, if necessary. Click OK. To Group Objects: Select the objects you want to group and click the Group Objects button. To Rotate an Object: Select the object and click and drag its rotation handle ( ). Release the mouse button when youre finished rotating.
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OFFICE OFFLINE SHORTCUTS
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Open a Publication Create New Save a Publication Print a Publication Close a Publication Help Check Spelling Italics Align Left Align Right Increase Font Size Zoom to Full Page
<Ctrl> + <O> <Ctrl> + <N> <Ctrl> + <S> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <W> <F1> <F7> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <L> <Ctrl> + <R> <Ctrl> + < ] > <Ctrl> + <Shift> +<L>
Select All Cut Copy Paste Undo Redo Bold Underline Center Justify Decrease Font Size Go To Page Next Page
<Ctrl> + <A> <Ctrl> + <X> <Ctrl> + <C> <Ctrl> + <V> <Ctrl> + <Z> <Ctrl> + <Y> <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <Ctrl> + <E> <Ctrl> + <J> <Ctrl> + < [ > <F5> <Ctrl> + <Pg Dn>
Toggle Between Current <F9> and Full Page View Previous Page Insert Duplicate Page Switch to Master Page End of Line <Ctrl>+<Pg Up> <Ctrl> + <Shift> + <Ctrl> + <M>
Insert New Page Show/Hide Guides Beginning of Line
<Ctrl> + <Shift> +<N> Layout <Ctrl> + <Shift> +<O>
<Home>
<End>
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OpenOffice.org
OpenOffice.org, commonly known as OOo or OpenOffice, is an open-source application suite whose main components are for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, and databases.[6] It is available for a number of different computer operating systems, is distributed as free software and is written using its own GUI toolkit. It supports the ISO/IEC standard OpenDocument Format (ODF) for data interchange as its default file format, as well as Microsoft Office formats among others. As of November 2009, OpenOffice.org supports over 110 languages. OpenOffice.org originated as StarOffice, an office suite developed by StarDivision and acquired by Sun Microsystems in August 1999. The source code of the suite was released in July 2000 with the aim of reducing the dominant market share of Microsoft Office by providing a free and open alternative; later versions of StarOffice are based upon OpenOffice.org with additional proprietary components. The OpenOffice.org project is primarily sponsored by Oracle Corporation (having acquired Sun Microsystems). Other major corporate contributors include Novell, Red Hat, IBM, Google and others. The project and software are commonly known as OpenOffice, but this term is trademarked both in the Netherlands, by a company co-founded by Wouter Hanegraaff, and also, independently, in the UK by Orange UK. As a result, the project adopted OpenOffice.org as its formal name. Curiously, however, a search for Open Office on the Orange UK website leads to various links related to OpenOffice.org. Although branded as OpenOffice.org, the office suite included in most Linux distributions (including Ubuntu, openSUSE and Mandriva Linux) is actually a fork or an unofficial branch called Go-oo.
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OpenOffice.org Writer
OpenOffice.org Writer Features OpenOffice.org Writer lets you design and produce text documents that can include graphics, tables, or charts. You can then save the documents in a variety of formats, including the standardized Open Document format (ODF), Microsoft Word .doc format, or HTML. And you can easily export your document to the Portable Document Format (PDF). Writing OpenOffice.org Writer lets you create both basic documents, such as memos, faxes, letters , resumes and merge documents, as well as long and complex or multi-part documents, complete with bibliographies, reference tables and indexes. OpenOffice.org Writer also includes such useful features as a spellchecker, a thesaurus, AutoCorrect, and hyphenation as well as a variety of templates for almost every purpose. You can also create your own templates using the wizards. Designing and Structuring OpenOffice.org offers a wide variety of options to design documents. Use the Styles and Formatting window to create, assign and modify styles for paragraphs, individual characters, frames and pages. In addition, the Navigator helps you to quickly move around inside your documents, lets you look at your document in an outline view, and keeps track of the objects that you have inserted into your document.You can also create various indexes and tables in text documents. You can define the structure and appearance of the indexes and tables according to your individual needs. Live hyperlinks and bookmarks let you jump directly to the corresponding items in the text. Desktop Publishing with OpenOffice.org Writer OpenOffice.org Writer contains numerous desktop publishing and drawing tools to assist you in creating professionally styled documents, such as brochures, newsletters and invitations. You can format your documents with multi-column layouts, text frames, graphics, tables, and other objects. Creating Drawings The OpenOffice.org Writer drawing tool lets you create drawings, graphics, legends, and other types of drawings directly in text documents.
OFFICE OFFLINE Calculations Text documents in OpenOffice.org have an integrated calculation function that helps you execute sophisticated calculations or logical links. You can easily create a table in a text document in order to perform calculations. Inserting Graphics You can insert pictures with different formats into a text document, including graphics with a JPG or GIF format. In addition, the Gallery provides a collection of clipart graphics, and the Fontwork Gallery creates stunning font effects. Flexible Application Interface The program interface is designed so that you can configure it according to your preferences, including customizing icons and menus. You can position various program windows, such as the Styles and Formatting window or the Navigator as floating windows anywhere on the screen. You can also dock some windows to the edge of the workspace. Drag&Drop The drag-and-drop feature enables you to work quickly and efficiently with text documents in OpenOffice.org. For example, you can drag-and-drop objects, such as graphics from the Gallery, from one location to another in the same document, or between open OpenOffice.org documents. Help Functions You can use the Help system as a complete reference for OpenOffice.org applications, including instructions for simple and complex tasks.
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OFFICE OFFLINE MENU File These commands apply to the current document, open a new document, or close the application. Edit This menu contains commands for editing the contents of the current document. View This menu contains commands for controlling the on-screen display of the document. Insert The Insert menu contains commands for inserting new elements in your document. This includes sections, footnotes, notes, special characters, graphics, and objects from other applications. Format Contains commands for formatting the layout and the contents of your document. Tools Contains spelling tools, a gallery of object art that you can add to your document, as well as tools for configuring menus, and setting program preferences. Table Shows commands to insert, edit, and delete a table inside a text document. Window Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. Help The Help menu allows you to start and control the OpenOffice.org Help system.
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OFFICE OFFLINE FILE These commands apply to the current document, open a new document, or close the application. New Creates a new OpenOffice.org document. Open Opens or imports a file. Recent Documents Lists the most recently opened files. To open a file in the list, click its name. Wizards Guides you through creating business and personal letters, faxes, agendas, presentations, and more. Close Closes the current document without exiting the program. Save Saves the current document. Save As Saves the current document in a different location, or with a different file name or file type. Save All Saves all open OpenOffice.org documents. This command is only available if two or more files have been modified. Reload Replaces the current document with the last saved version. Versions Saves and organizes multiple versions of the current document in the same file. You can also open, delete, and compare previous versions. Export Saves the current document with a different name and format to a location that you specify. Export as PDF Saves the current file to Portable Document Format (PDF) version 1.4. A PDF file can be viewed and printed on any platform with the original formatting intact, provided that supporting software is installed.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Send Sends a copy of the current document to different applications. Digital Signatures Adds and removes digital signatures to and from your document. You can also use the dialog to view certificates. Properties Displays the properties for the current file, including statistics such as word count and the date the file was created. Templates Lets you organize and edit your templates, as well as save the current file as a template. Preview in Web Browser Creates a temporary copy of the current document in HTML format, opens the system default Web browser, and displays the HTML file in the Web browser. Page Preview Displays a preview of the printed page or closes the preview. Print Prints the current document, selection, or the pages that you specify. You can also set the print options for the current document. Printer Settings Select the default printer for the current document. Exit Closes all OpenOffice.org programs and prompts you to save your changes.
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EDIT This menu contains commands for editing the contents of the current document. Undo Reverses the last command or the last entry you typed. To select the command that you want to reverse, click the arrow next to the Undo icon on the Standard bar. Redo Reverses the action of the last Undo command. To select the Undo step that you want to reverse, click the arrow next to the Redo icon on the Standard bar.
OFFICE OFFLINE Repeat Repeats the last command. This command is available in Writer and Calc. Cut Removes and copies the selection to the clipboard. Copy Copies the selection to the clipboard. Paste Inserts the contents of the clipboard at the location of the cursor, and replaces any selected text or objects. Click the arrow next to the icon to select the format. Paste Special Inserts the contents of clipboard into the current file in a format that you can specify. Select Text You can enable a selection cursor in a read-only text document or in the Help. Choose Edit - Select Text or open the context menu of a read-only document and choose Select Text. The selection cursor does not blink. Selection Mode Choose the selection mode from the submenu: normal selection mode, or block selection mode. Select All Selects the entire content of the current file, frame, or text object. Changes Lists the commands that are available for tracking changes in your file. Compare Document Compares the current document with a document that you select. Find & Replace Searches for or replaces text or formats in the current document. AutoText Creates, edits, or inserts AutoText. You can store formatted text, text with graphics, tables, and fields as AutoText. To quickly insert AutoText, type shortcut for the AutoText in your document, and then press F3. Exchange Database Change the data sources for the current document. To correctly display the contents of inserted fields, the replacement database must contain identical field names.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Fields Opens a dialog where you can edit the properties of a field. Click in front of a field, and then choose this command. In the dialog, you can use the arrow buttons to move to the previous or the next field. Footnotes Edits the selected footnote or endnote anchor. Click in front of the footnote or endnote, and then choose this command. Index Entry Edits the selected index entry. Click in front of or in the index entry, and then choose this command. Bibliography Entry Edits the selected bibliography entry. Hyperlink Opens a dialog that enables you to create and edit hyperlinks. Links Lets you edit the properties of each link in the current document, including the path to the source file. This command is not available if the current document does not contain links to other files. Plug-in Allows you to edit plug-ins in your file. Choose this command to enable or disable this feature. When enabled, a check mark appears beside this command, and you find commands to edit the plug-in in its context menu. When disabled, you find commands to control the plug-in in its context menu. ImageMap Allows you to attach URLs to specific areas, called hotspots, on a graphic or a group of graphics. An image map is a group of one or more hotspots. Object Lets you edit a selected object in your file that you inserted with the Insert - Object command.
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VIEW This menu contains commands for controlling the on-screen display of the document. Print Layout Displays how the document will look when you print it.
OFFICE OFFLINE Web Layout Displays the document as seen in a Web browser. This is useful when you create HTML documents. HTML Source Displays the source text of the current HTML document. To view the HTML source of a new document, you must first save the new document as an HTML document. Status Bar Shows or hides the Status Bar at the bottom edge of the window. Input Method Status Shows or hides the Input Method Engine (IME) status window. Ruler Shows or hides the horizontal ruler, that you can use to adjust page margins, tab stops, indents, borders, table cells, and to arrange objects on the page. To show the vertical ruler, choose Tools - Options - OpenOffice.org Writer - View, and then select the Vertical ruler check box in the Ruler area. Text Boundaries Shows or hides the boundaries of the printable area of a page. The boundary lines are not printed. Field Shadings Shows or hides field shadings in your document, including non-breaking spaces, custom hyphens, indexes, and footnotes. Field Names Switches the field display between field names and field contents. A check mark indicates that the field names are displayed, and no check mark indicates that field contents are displayed. Some field contents cannot be displayed. Nonprinting Characters Shows nonprinting characters in your text, such as paragraph marks, line breaks, tab stops, and spaces. Hidden Paragraphs Shows or hides hidden paragraphs. This option only affects the screen display of hidden paragraphs, and not the printing of hidden paragraphs. Data Sources Lists the databases that are registered in OpenOffice.org and lets you manage the contents of the databases.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Navigator Shows or hides the Navigator, where you can quickly jump to different parts of your document. You can also use the Navigator to insert elements from the current document or other open documents, and to organize master documents. To edit an item in the Navigator, right-click the item, and then choose a command from the context menu. If you want, you can dock the Navigator at the edge of your workspace. Full Screen Shows or hides the menus and toolbars in Writer or Calc. To exit the full screen mode, click the Full Screen On/Off button. Zoom Reduces or enlarges the screen display of OpenOffice.org.
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INSERT The Insert menu contains commands for inserting new elements in your document. This includes sections, footnotes, notes, special characters, graphics, and objects from other applications. Manual Break Inserts a manual line break, column break or a page break at the current cursor position. Fields Inserts a field at the current cursor position. The submenu lists the most common field types. To view all of the available fields, choose Other. Special Character Inserts special characters from the installed fonts. Formatting Mark Opens a submenu to insert special formatting marks. Section Inserts a text section at the cursor position in the document. You can also select a block of text and then choose this command to create a section. You can use sections to insert blocks of text from other documents, to apply custom column layouts, or to protect or to hide blocks of text if a condition is met. Hyperlink Opens a dialog that enables you to create and edit hyperlinks.
OFFICE OFFLINE Header Adds or removes a header from the page style that you select in the submenu. The header is added to all of the pages that use the same page style. In a new document, only the "Default" page style is listed. Other page styles are added to the list after you apply them in the document. Footer Adds or removes a footer from the page style that you select in the submenu. The footer is added to all of the pages that use the same page style. In a new document, only the "Default" page style is listed. Other page styles are added to the list after you apply them in the document. Footnote/Endnote Inserts a footnote or an endnote in the document. The anchor for the note is inserted at the current cursor position. You can choose between automatic numbering or a custom symbol. Caption Adds a numbered caption to a selected graphic, table, frame, text frame, or drawing object. You can also access this command by right-clicking the item that you want to add the caption to. Bookmark Inserts a bookmark at the cursor position. You can then use the Navigator to quickly jump to the marked location at a later time. In an HTML document, bookmarks are converted to anchors that you can jump to from a hyperlink. Cross-reference This is where you insert the references or referenced fields into the current document. References are referenced fields within the same document or within sub-documents of a master document. Note Inserts a note anchored to the current cursor position. Script Inserts a script at the current cursor position in an HTML or text document. Envelope Creates an envelope. On three tab pages, you can specify the addressee and sender, the position and format for both addresses, the size of the envelope, and the envelope orientation. Indexes and Tables Opens a menu to insert index entries and to insert indexes and tables.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Frame Inserts a frame that you can use to create a layout of one or more columns of text and objects. Table Inserts a table into the document. You can also click the arrow, drag to select the number of rows and columns to include in the table, and then click in the last cell. Horizontal Line Inserts a horizontal line at the current cursor position. Picture Select the source for a picture that you want to insert. Object Inserts an object into your document. For movies and sounds, use Insert - Movie and Sound instead. Floating Frame Inserts a floating frame into the current document. Floating frames are used in HTML documents to display the contents of another file. Floating frames are not supported by Netscape Navigator 4.x. Movie and Sound Inserts a video or sound file into your document. File Inserts a text file at the current cursor position.
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FORMAT Contains commands for formatting the layout and the contents of your document. Default Formatting Removes direct formatting and formatting by character styles from the selection. Character Changes the font and the font formatting for the selected characters. Paragraph Modifies the format of the current paragraph, such as indents and alignment. Bullets and Numbering Adds numbering or bullets to the current paragraph, and lets you edit format of the numbering or bullets.
OFFICE OFFLINE Page Specify the formatting styles and the layout for the current page style, including page margins, headers and footers, and the page background. Change Case Changes the case of the selected characters, or if the cursor is in a word, changes the case of all of the characters in the word. Asian Phonetic Guide Allows you to add comments above Asian characters to serve as a pronunciation guide. These commands can only be accessed after you enable support for Asian languages in Tools - Options - Language Settings - Languages. Columns Specifies the number of columns and the column layout for a page style, frame, or section. Sections Changes the properties of sections defined in your document. To insert a section, select text or click in your document, and then choose Insert - Section. Styles and Formatting Use the Styles and Formatting window to apply, create, edit, add, and remove formatting styles. Double-click an entry to apply the style. AutoCorrect Automatically formats the file according to the options that you set under Tools AutoCorrect Options. Anchor Sets the anchoring options for the selected object. Wrap Sets the text wrap options for graphics, objects, and frames. Alignment (Objects) Aligns selected objects with respect to one another. Alignment (Text Objects) Set the alignment options for the current selection. Arrange Changes the stacking order of the selected object(s). Flip Flips the selected object horizontally, or vertically.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Group Groups keep together selected objects, so that they can be moved or formatted as a single object. Object Opens a submenu to edit the properties of the selected object. Frame Inserts a frame that you can use to create a layout of one or more columns of text and objects. Picture Formats the size, position, and other properties of the selected graphic.
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TOOLS Contains spelling tools, a gallery of object art that you can add to your document, as well as tools for configuring menus, and setting program preferences. Spellcheck Checks spelling manually. Language Opens a submenu where you can choose language specific commands. Word Count Counts the words and characters in the current selection and in the whole document. Outline Numbering Specifies the number format and the hierarchy for chapter numbering in the current document. Line Numbering Adds or removes and formats line numbers in the current document. To exclude a paragraph from line numbering, click in the paragraph, choose Format - Paragraph, click the Numbering tab, and then clear the Include this paragraph in line numbering check box. Footnotes Specifies the display settings for footnotes and endnotes. Gallery Opens the Gallery, where you can select graphics and sounds to insert into your document.
OFFICE OFFLINE Bibliography Database Insert, delete, edit, and organize records in the bibliography database. Mail Merge Wizard Starts the Mail Merge Wizard to create form letters or send e-mail messages to many recipients. Sort Sorts the selected paragraphs or table rows alphabetically or numerically. You can define up to three sort keys as well as combine alphanumeric and numeric sort keys. Calculate Calculates the selected formula and copies the result to the clipboard. Macros Lets you record or organize and edit macros. Update Updates items in the current document that have dynamic contents, so as fields and indexes. Media Player Opens the Media Player window where you can preview movie and sound files as well as insert these files into the current document. Extension Manager The Extension Manager OpenOffice.org extensions. adds, removes, disables, enables, and updates
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XML Filter Settings Opens the XML Filter Settings dialog, where you can create, edit, delete, and test filters to import and to export XML files. AutoCorrect Options Sets the options for automatically replacing text as you type. Customize Customizes OpenOffice.org menus, shortcut keys, toolbars, and macro assignments to events. Options This command opens a dialog for a customized program configuration.
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TABLE Shows commands to insert, edit, and delete a table inside a text document. Insert Table Inserts a new table. Columns Inserts columns. Rows Inserts rows. Delete Table Deletes the current table. Columns Deletes the selected columns. Rows Deletes the selected rows. Select Table Selects the current table. Column Selects the current column. Row Selects the current row. Cell Selects the current cell. Merge Cells Combines the contents of the selected table cells into a single cell. Split Cells Splits the cell or group of cells horizontally or vertically into the number of cells that you enter.
OFFICE OFFLINE Merge Tables Combines two consecutive tables into a single table. The tables must be directly next to each other and not separated by an empty paragraph. Split Table Splits the current table into two separate tables at the cursor position. You can also access this command by right-clicking in a table cell. Table AutoFormat Automatically applies formats to the current table, including fonts, shading, and borders. Autofit Column width Opens the Column Width dialog where you can change the width of a column. Optimal Column Width Automatically adjusts column widths to match the contents of the cells. Changing the width of a column does not affect the width of the other columns in the table. The width of the table cannot exceed the page width. Distribute Columns Evenly Adjusts the width of the selected columns to match the width of the widest column in the selection. The total width of the table cannot exceed the width of the page. Row Height Opens the Row Height dialog where you can change the height of a row. Optimal Row Height Automatically adjusts row heights to match the contents of the cells. This is the default setting for new tables. Distribute Rows Evenly Adjusts the height of the selected rows to match the height of the tallest row in the selection. Allow Row to Break Across Pages and Columns Allows a page break within the current row. Heading Rows Repeat Repeats the table headers on subsequent pages if the table spans one or more pages. Convert Text to Table Opens a dialog where you can convert the selected text to a table.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Table to Text Opens a dialog where you can convert the current table to text. Sort Sorts the selected paragraphs or table rows alphabetically or numerically. You can define up to three sort keys as well as combine alphanumeric and numeric sort keys. Formula Opens the Formula bar to enter or edit a formula. Number Format Opens a dialog where you can specifiy the format of numbers in the table. Table Boundaries Shows or hides the boundaries around table cells. The boundaries are only visible on screen and are not printed. Table Properties Specifies the properties of the selected table, for example, name, alignment, spacing, column width, borders, and background. WINDOW Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. New Window Opens a new window that displays the contents of the current window. You can now view different parts of the same document at the same time. Close Closes the current window. Choose Window - Close, or press Ctrl+F4. In the page preview of OpenOffice.org Writer and Calc, you can close the current window by clicking the Close Preview button. Document List Lists the currently open documents. Select the name of a document in the list to switch to that document. HELP The Help menu allows you to start and control the OpenOffice.org Help system. OpenOffice.org Help Opens the main page of the OpenOffice.org Help for the current application. You can scroll through the Help pages and you can search for index terms or any text.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Support Shows information on how to get support. Registration Connects to the OpenOffice.org Web site where you can register your copy of OpenOffice.org. Check for Updates Enable an Internet connection for OpenOffice.org. If you need a Proxy, check the OpenOffice.org Proxy settings in Tools - Options - Internet. Then choose Check for Updates to check for the availability of a newer version of your office suite. About OpenOffice.org Displays general program information such as version number and copyrights.
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OpenOffice.org Calc
OpenOffice.org Math Features This section contains an overview of some of the important functions and capabilities that OpenOffice.org Math offers. OpenOffice.org Math provides numerous operators, functions and formatting assistants to help you create formulas. These are all listed in a selection window, in which you can click the required element with the mouse to insert the object into your work. There is an exhaustive reference list and numerous samples contained in the Help. Creating a Formula As with charts and images, formulas are created as objects within a document. Inserting a formula into a document automatically starts OpenOffice.org Math. You can create, edit and format the formula using a large selection of predefined symbols and functions. Typing a Formula Directly If you are familiar with the OpenOffice.org Math language, you can also type a formula directly into the document. For example, type this formula into a text document: "a sup 2 + b sup 2 = c sup 2". Select this text and choose Insert - Object Formula. The text will be converted into a formatted formula. Formulas cannot be
OFFICE OFFLINE calculated in OpenOffice.org Math because it is a formula editor (for writing and showing formulas) and not a calculation program. Use spreadsheets to calculate formulas, or for simple calculations use the text document calculation function. Creating a Formula in the Commands Window Use the OpenOffice.org Math Commands window to enter and edit formulas. As you make entries in the Commands window, you see the results in the document. To maintain an overview when creating long and complicated formulas, use the Formula Cursor on the Tools bar. When this function is activated, the cursor location within the Commands window is also shown in the text window. Individual Symbols You can create your own symbols and import characters from other fonts. You can add new symbols to the basic catalog of OpenOffice.org Math symbols, or create your own special catalogs. Numerous special characters are also available. Formulas in Context To make working with formulas easier, use the context menus, which can be called up with a right mouse click. This applies especially to the Commands window. This context menu contains all the commands that are found in the Selection window, and also operators, and so on, which can be inserted into your formula by mouse-click without having to key them into the Commands window. MENU File These commands apply to the current document, open a new document, or close the application. Edit This menu contains commands for editing the contents of the current document. View This menu contains commands for controlling the on-screen display of the document. Insert The Insert menu contains commands for inserting new elements, such as cells, rows, sheets and cell names into the current sheet. Format The Format menu contains commands for formatting selected cells, objects, and cell contents in your document.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Tools The Tools menu contains commands to check spelling, to trace sheet references, to find mistakes and to define scenarios. Data Use the Data menu commands to edit the data in the current sheet. You can define ranges, sort and filter the data, calculate results, outline data, and open the DataPilot. Window Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. Help The Help menu allows you to start and control the OpenOffice.org Help system. FILE For More Information, See File in OpenOffice.Org Writer. EDIT For More Information, See Edit in OpenOffice.Org Writer. VIEW This menu contains commands for controlling the on-screen display of the document. Normal Displays the normal view of the sheet. Page Break Preview Display the page breaks and print ranges in the sheet. Choose View - Normal to switch this mode off. Formula Bar Shows or hides the Formula Bar, which is used for entering and editing formulas. The Formula Bar is the most important tool when working with spreadsheets. Status Bar Shows or hides the Status Bar at the bottom edge of the window. Input Method Status Shows or hides the Input Method Engine (IME) status window. Column & Row Headers Shows column headers and row headers.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Value Highlighting Highlights numerical values in your sheet. Data Sources Lists the databases that are registered in OpenOffice.org and lets you manage the contents of the databases. Navigator Activates and deactivates the Navigator. The Navigator is a dockable window. Full Screen Shows or hides the menus and toolbars in Writer or Calc. To exit the full screen mode, click the Full Screen On/Off button. Zoom Reduces or enlarges the screen display of OpenOffice.org. INSERT The Insert menu contains commands for inserting new elements, such as cells, rows, sheets and cell names into the current sheet. Manual Break This command inserts manual row or column breaks to ensure that your data prints properly. You can insert a horizontal page break above, or a vertical page break to the left of, the active cell. Cells Opens the Insert Cells dialog, in which you can insert new cells according to the options that you specify. Rows Inserts a new row above the active cell. The number of rows inserted correspond to the number of rows selected. The existing rows are moved downward. Columns Inserts a new column to the left of the active cell. The number of columns inserted corresponds to the number of columns selected. The existing columns are moved to the right. Sheet Defines the options to be used to insert a new sheet. You can create a new sheet, or insert an existing sheet from a file. Sheet from file Inserts a sheet from a different spreadsheet file.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Link to External Data Inserts data from an HTML, Calc, or Excel file into the current sheet as a link. The data must be located within a named range. Special Character Inserts special characters from the installed fonts. Formatting Mark Opens a submenu to insert special formatting marks. Hyperlink Opens a dialog that enables you to create and edit hyperlinks. Function Opens the Function Wizard, which helps you to interactively create formulas. Function List This command opens the Function List window, which displays all functions that can be inserted into your document. Names Allows you to name the different sections of your spreadsheet document. By naming the different sections, you can easily navigate through the spreadsheet documents and find specific information. Note Inserts a note anchored to the current cursor position. Picture Select the source for a picture that you want to insert. Movie and Sound Inserts a video or sound file into your document. Object Inserts an object into your document. For movies and sounds, use Insert - Movie and Sound instead. Chart Floating Frame Inserts a floating frame into the current document. Floating frames are used in HTML documents to display the contents of another file. Floating frames are not supported by Netscape Navigator 4.x.
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OFFICE OFFLINE FORMAT The Format menu contains commands for formatting selected cells, objects, and cell contents in your document. Default Formatting Removes direct formatting and formatting by character styles from the selection. Cells Allows you to specify a variety of formatting options and to apply attributes to the selected cells. Row Sets the row height and hides or shows selected rows. Column Sets the column width and hides or shows selected columns. Sheet Sets the sheet name and hides or shows selected sheets. Merge Cells Combines the selected cells into a single cell or splits merged cells. Page Opens a dialog where you can define the appearance of all pages in your document. Print Ranges Manages print ranges. Only cells within the print ranges will be printed. Character Changes the font and the font formatting for the selected characters. Paragraph Modifies the format of the current paragraph, such as indents and alignment. Change Case Changes the case of the selected characters, or if the cursor is in a word, changes the case of all of the characters in the word. Styles and Formatting Use the Styles and Formatting window to assign styles to objects and text sections. You can update Styles, modify existing Styles or create new Styles. AutoFormat Use this command to apply an AutoFormat to a selected sheet area or to define your own AutoFormats.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Conditional Formatting Choose Conditional Formatting to define format styles depending on conditions. Anchor Sets the anchoring options for the selected object. Alignment (Objects) Aligns selected objects with respect to one another. Alignment (Text Objects) Set the alignment options for the current selection. Arrange Changes the stacking order of the selected object(s). Flip Flips the selected object horizontally, or vertically. Group Groups keep together selected objects, so that they can be moved or formatted as a single object. Graphic Opens a submenu to edit the properties of the selected object. Control Opens a dialog for editing the properties of a selected control. Form In this dialog you can specify, among others, data source and events for whole form. TOOLS The Tools menu contains commands to check spelling, to trace sheet references, to find mistakes and to define scenarios. You can also create and assign macros and configure the look and feel of toolbars, menus, keyboard, and set the default options for OpenOffice.org applications. Spellcheck Checks spelling manually. Language Opens a submenu where you can choose language specific commands. Detective This command activates the Spreadsheet Detective. With the Detective, you can trace the dependencies from the current formula cell to the cells in the spreadsheet.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Goal Seek Opens a dialog where you can solve an equation with a variable. Solver Opens the Solver dialog. A solver allows to solve equations with multiple unknown variables by goal seeking methods. Scenarios Defines a scenario for the selected sheet area. Protect Document The Protect Document command prevents changes from being made to cells in the sheets or to sheets in a document. As an option, you can define a password. If a password is defined, removal of the protection is only possible if the user enters the correct password. Cell Contents Opens a submenu with commands to calculate tables and activate AutoInput. Gallery Opens the Gallery, where you can select graphics and sounds to insert into your document. Macros Lets you record or organize and edit macros. Media Player Opens the Media Player window where you can preview movie and sound files as well as insert these files into the current document. Extension Manager The Extension Manager OpenOffice.org extensions. adds, removes, disables, enables, and updates
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XML Filter Settings Opens the XML Filter Settings dialog, where you can create, edit, delete, and test filters to import and to export XML files. AutoCorrect Options Sets the options for automatically replacing text as you type. Customize Customizes OpenOffice.org menus, shortcut keys, toolbars, and macro assignments to events. Options This command opens a dialog for a customized program configuration.
OFFICE OFFLINE DATA Use the Data menu commands to edit the data in the current sheet. You can define ranges, sort and filter the data, calculate results, outline data, and open the DataPilot. Define Range Defines a database range based on the selected cells in your sheet. Select Range Selects a database range that you defined under Data - Define Range. Sort Sorts the selected rows according to the conditions that you specify. Filter Shows commands to filter your data. Subtotals Calculates subtotals for the columns that you select. Validity Defines what data is valid for a selected cell or cell range. Multiple Operations Applies the same formula to different cells, but with different parameter values. Text to Columns Opens the Text to Columns dialog, where you enter settings to expand the contents of selected cells to multiple cells. Consolidate Combines data from one or more independent cell ranges and calculates a new range using the function that you specify. Group and Outline You can create an outline of your data and group rows and columns together so that you can collapse and expand the groups with a single click. DataPilot A DataPilot table provides a summary of large amounts of data. You can then rearrange the DataPilot table to view different summaries of the data. Refresh Range Updates a data range that was inserted from an external database. The data in the sheet is updated to match the data in the external database.
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OFFICE OFFLINE WINDOW Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. New Window Opens a new window that displays the contents of the current window. You can now view different parts of the same document at the same time. Close Closes the current window. Choose Window - Close, or press Ctrl+F4. In the page preview of OpenOffice.org Writer and Calc, you can close the current window by clicking the Close Preview button. Split Divides the current window at the top left corner of the active cell. Freeze Divides the sheet at the top left corner of the active cell and the area to the top left is no longer scrollable. Document List Lists the currently open documents. Select the name of a document in the list to switch to that document. HELP See Help in OpenOffice.org Writer Help for More Information.
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OpenOffice.org Impress
OpenOffice.org Impress Features OpenOffice.org Impress lets you create professional slide shows that can include charts, drawing objects, text, multimedia and a variety of other items. If you want, you can even import and modify Microsoft PowerPoint presentations. For on-screen slide shows, animation, slide transitions and multimedia are a few of the techniques you can use to make your presentation more exciting. Creating Vector Graphics Many of the tools for creating vector graphics in OpenOffice.org Draw are available in OpenOffice.org Impress.
OFFICE OFFLINE Creating Slides OpenOffice.org Impress provides you with templates to create professional-looking slides. You can also assign a number of dynamic effects to your slides, including animation and transition effects. Publishing Presentations You can publish your slides on-screen, as handouts, or as HTML documents. Creating Presentations Several views or pages are available when you design a slide show. For example, the Slide Sorter displays an overview of your slides in thumbnail form, while the Handout page contains both the slide and the text you want to distribute to the audience. OpenOffice.org Impress also lets you rehearse the timing of your slide show. Giving Presentations OpenOffice.org Impress gives you the choice of running a slide show automatically or manually. MENU File These commands apply to the current document, open a new document, or close the application. Edit This menu contains commands for editing the contents of the current document. View This menu contains commands for controlling the on-screen display of the document. Insert This menu contains the commands that are used to insert new elements into the document, for example, graphics, objects, special characters and other files. Format Contains commands for formatting the layout and the contents of your document. Tools Contains spelling tools, a gallery of object art that you can add to your document, as well as tools for configuring menus, and setting program preferences. Slide Show Contains commands and options for running a presentation.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Window Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. Help The Help menu allows you to start and control the OpenOffice.org Help system. FILE For More Information, See File in OpenOffice.Org Writer. EDIT For More Information, See Edit in OpenOffice.Org Writer. VIEW This menu contains commands for controlling the on-screen display of the document. Normal Switches to normal view where you can create and edit your slides.. Outline Switches to outline view where you can reorder slides and edit slide titles and headings. Slide Sorter Displays miniature versions of the slides. Slide Show Starts your slide show. Notes Page Switches to notes page view, where you can add notes to your slides. Notes are hidden from the audience when you give your presentation. Handout Page Switches to the handout master page, where you can scale several slides to fit on one printed page. To modify the number of slides you can print on a page, open the Layouts task pane and double-click a layout. Master Switches to one of several master views, where you can add elements that you want to appear on all of the slides in your show. Color/Grayscale Shows slides in color, grayscale, or black and white.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Task Pane Switches the OpenOffice.org Impress task pane on and off. Slide Pane Switches the Slide Pane on and off. Status Bar Shows or hides the Status Bar at the bottom edge of the window. Input Method Status Shows or hides the Input Method Engine (IME) status window. Ruler Displays or hides rulers at the top and at the left edge of the workspace. Grid Sets the display properties of a grid. Guides Specifies the display options for guides. Navigator Opens the Navigator, where you can quickly jump to other slides or move between open files. Header and Footer Adds or changes text in placeholders at the top and the bottom of slides and slide masters. Zoom Reduces or enlarges the screen display of OpenOffice.org. INSERT This menu contains the commands that are used to insert new elements into the document, for example, graphics, objects, special characters and other files. Slide Inserts a slide after the currently selected slide. Duplicate Slide Inserts a copy of the current slide after the current slide. Expand Slide Creates a new slide from every top-level outline point (text one level below the title text in the outline hierarchy) in the selected slide. The outline text becomes the title
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OFFICE OFFLINE of the new slide. Outline points below the top level on the original slide are moved up one level on the new slide. Summary Slide Creates a new slide that contains a bulleted list from the titles of the slides that follow the selected slide. The summary slide is inserted behind the last slide. Page Number Adds the slide number or the page number. Date and Time Adds the date and time as a field. Fields Lists common fields that you can insert into your slide. Special Character Inserts special characters from the installed fonts. Formatting Mark Opens a submenu to insert special formatting marks. Hyperlink Opens a dialog that enables you to create and edit hyperlinks. Animated Image Creates a custom animation on the current slide. You can only use existing objects to create an animation. Table Inserts a new table into the current slide or page. Picture Select the source for a picture that you want to insert. Movie and Sound Inserts a video or sound file into your document. Object Inserts an object into your document. For movies and sounds, use Insert - Movie and Sound instead. Chart Floating Frame Inserts a floating frame into the current document. Floating frames are used in HTML documents to display the contents of another file. Floating frames are not supported by Netscape Navigator 4.x.
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OFFICE OFFLINE File Inserts a file into the active slide. You can insert OpenOffice.org Draw or Impress files, or text from an HTML document or a text file.
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FORMAT Contains commands for formatting the layout and the contents of your document. Default Formatting Removes direct formatting and formatting by character styles from the selection. Character Changes the font and the font formatting for the selected characters. Paragraph Modifies the format of the current paragraph, such as indents and alignment. Bullets and Numbering Adds numbering or bullets to the current paragraph, and lets you edit format of the numbering or bullets. Page Sets page orientation, page margins, background and other layout options. Change Case Changes the case of the selected characters, or if the cursor is in a word, changes the case of all of the characters in the word. Position and Size Resizes, moves, rotates, or slants the selected object. Line Sets the formatting options for the selected line. Area Sets the fill properties of the selected drawing object. Text Sets the layout and anchoring properties for text in the selected drawing or text object. Slide Design Displays the Slide Design dialog, where you can select a layout scheme for the current slide. Any objects in the slide design are inserted behind objects in the current slide.
OFFICE OFFLINE Slide Layout Opens the Slide Layout panel on the Task pane. Styles and Formatting Lists available styles in a floating window. Group Groups keep together selected objects, so that they can be moved or formatted as a single object.
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TOOLS Contains spelling tools, a gallery of object art that you can add to your document, as well as tools for configuring menus, and setting program preferences. Spellcheck Checks spelling manually. Language Opens a submenu where you can choose language specific commands. Gallery Opens the Gallery, where you can select graphics and sounds to insert into your document. Eyedropper Opens the eyedropper dialog, where you can replace colors in bitmap and meta file graphics. Media Player Opens the Media Player window where you can preview movie and sound files as well as insert these files into the current document. Macros Lets you record or organize and edit macros. Extension Manager The Extension Manager OpenOffice.org extensions. adds, removes, disables, enables, and updates
XML Filter Settings Opens the XML Filter Settings dialog, where you can create, edit, delete, and test filters to import and to export XML files.
OFFICE OFFLINE AutoCorrect Options Sets the options for automatically replacing text as you type. Customize Customizes OpenOffice.org menus, shortcut keys, toolbars, and macro assignments to events. Options This command opens a dialog for a customized program configuration.
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SLIDE SHOW Contains commands and options for running a presentation. Slide Show Starts your slide show. Slide Show Settings Defines settings for your slide show, including which slide to start from, the way you advance the slides, the type of presentation, and pointer options. Rehearse Timings Starts a slide show with a timer in the lower left corner. Interaction Defines how the selected object behaves when you click on it during a slide show. Custom Animation Assigns effects to selected objects. Slide Transition Defines the special effect that plays when you display a slide during a slide show. Show/Hide Slide Hides the selected slide so that it is not displayed during a slide show. Custom Slide Show Defines a custom slide show using slides within the current presentation. You can then pick slides to meet the needs of your audience. You can create as many custom slide shows as you want.
OFFICE OFFLINE WINDOW Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. New Window Opens a new window that displays the contents of the current window. You can now view different parts of the same document at the same time. Close Closes the current window. Choose Window - Close, or press Ctrl+F4. In the page preview of OpenOffice.org Writer and Calc, you can close the current window by clicking the Close Preview button. Document List Lists the currently open documents. Select the name of a document in the list to switch to that document.
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HELP For More Information, See Help in OpenOffice.org Writer Help.
OpenOffice.org Draw
OpenOffice.org Draw Features OpenOffice.org Draw lets you create simple and complex drawings and export them in a number of common image formats. You can also insert tables, charts, formulas and other items created in OpenOffice.org programs into your drawings. Vector Graphics OpenOffice.org Draw creates vector graphics using lines and curves defined by mathematical vectors. Vectors describe lines, ellipses, and polygons according to their geometry. Creating 3D Objects You can create simple 3D objects such as cubes, spheres, and cylinders in OpenOffice.org Draw and even modify the light source of the objects.
OFFICE OFFLINE Grids and Guides Grids and guides provide a visual cue to help you align objects in your drawing. You can also choose to snap an object to a grid line, guide or to the edge of another object. Connecting Objects to Show Relationships You can connect objects in OpenOffice.org Draw with special lines called "connectors" to show the relationship between objects. Connectors attach to glue points on drawing objects and remain attached when the connected objects are moved. Connectors are useful for creating organization charts and technical diagrams. Displaying Dimensions Technical diagrams often show the dimensions of objects in the drawing. In OpenOffice.org Draw, you can use dimension lines to calculate and display linear dimensions. Gallery The Gallery contains images, animations, sounds and other items that you can insert and use in your drawings as well as other OpenOffice.org programs. Graphic File Formats OpenOffice.org Draw can export to many common graphic file formats, such as BMP, GIF, JPG, and PNG.
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MENU File This menu contains general commands for working with Draw documents, such as open, close and print. To close OpenOffice.org Draw, click Exit. Edit The commands in this menu are used to edit Draw documents (for example, copying and pasting). View Sets the display properties of Draw documents. Insert This menu allows you to insert elements, such as graphics and guides, into Draw documents.
OFFICE OFFLINE Format Contains commands for formatting the layout and the contents of your document. Tools This menu provides tools for OpenOffice.org Draw as well as access to language and system settings. Modify Contains commands for modifying objects in your document. Window Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. Help The Help menu allows you to start and control the OpenOffice.org Help system. FILE For More Information, See File in OpenOffice.Org Writer. EDIT For More Information, See Edit in OpenOffice.Org Writer.
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VIEW Sets the display properties of Draw documents. Normal Switch to normal view of the page. Master Switch to the master page view. Color/Grayscale Shows slides in color, grayscale, or black and white. Page Pane Switches the Page Pane on and off. Status Bar Shows or hides the Status Bar at the bottom edge of the window. Input Method Status Shows or hides the Input Method Engine (IME) status window.
OFFICE OFFLINE Ruler Displays or hides rulers at the top and at the left edge of the workspace. Grid Sets the display properties of a grid. Guides Specifies the display options for guides. Navigator Opens the Navigator, where you can quickly jump to other slides or move between open files. Zoom Reduces or enlarges the screen display of OpenOffice.org.
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INSERT This menu allows you to insert elements, such as graphics and guides, into Draw documents. Slide Inserts a blank page after the selected page. Duplicate Slide Inserts a copy of the current slide after the current slide. Layer Inserts a new layer in the document. Layers are only available in Draw, not in Impress. Insert Snap Point/Line Inserts a snap point or snap line (also known as guide) that you can use to quickly align objects. Fields Lists common fields that you can insert into your slide. Special Character Inserts special characters from the installed fonts. Formatting Mark Opens a submenu to insert special formatting marks. Hyperlink Opens a dialog that enables you to create and edit hyperlinks.
OFFICE OFFLINE Table Inserts a new table into the current slide or page. Picture Select the source for a picture that you want to insert. Movie and Sound Inserts a video or sound file into your document. Object Inserts an object into your document. For movies and sounds, use Insert - Movie and Sound instead. Chart Floating Frame Inserts a floating frame into the current document. Floating frames are used in HTML documents to display the contents of another file. Floating frames are not supported by Netscape Navigator 4.x. File Inserts a file into the active slide. You can insert OpenOffice.org Draw or Impress files, or text from an HTML document or a text file. FORMAT Contains commands for formatting the layout and the contents of your document. Default Formatting Removes direct formatting and formatting by character styles from the selection. Character Changes the font and the font formatting for the selected characters. Paragraph Modifies the format of the current paragraph, such as indents and alignment. Bullets and Numbering Adds numbering or bullets to the current paragraph, and lets you edit format of the numbering or bullets. Page Sets page orientation, page margins, background and other layout options. Change Case Changes the case of the selected characters, or if the cursor is in a word, changes the case of all of the characters in the word.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Position and Size Resizes, moves, rotates, or slants the selected object. Line Sets the formatting options for the selected line. Area Sets the fill properties of the selected drawing object. Text Sets the layout and anchoring properties for text in the selected drawing or text object. Layer Changes the properties of the selected layer. Styles and Formatting Lists available styles in a floating window. TOOLS This menu provides tools for OpenOffice.org Draw as well as access to language and system settings. Spellcheck Checks spelling manually. Language Opens a submenu where you can choose language specific commands. Gallery From this, you can select graphics and sounds to insert into your document. Eyedropper Opens the eyedropper dialog, where you can replace colors in bitmap and meta file graphics. Media Player Opens the Media Player window where you can preview movie and sound files as well as insert these files into the current document. Macros Lets you record or organize and edit macros. Extension Manager The Extension Manager OpenOffice.org extensions. adds, removes, disables, enables, and updates
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OFFICE OFFLINE XML Filter Settings Opens the XML Filter Settings dialog, where you can create, edit, delete, and test filters to import and to export XML files. AutoCorrect Options Sets the options for automatically replacing text as you type. Customize Customizes OpenOffice.org menus, shortcut keys, toolbars, and macro assignments to events. Options This command opens a dialog for a customized program configuration.
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MODIFY Contains commands for modifying objects in your document. Rotate Rotates the selected object(s). Flip Flips the selected object horizontally, or vertically. Convert Options for converting the selected object. Arrange Changes the stacking order of a selected object. Alignment (Objects) Aligns selected objects with respect to one another. Name Object Assigns a name to the selected object, so that you can quickly find the object in the Navigator. Distribution Distributes three or more selected objects evenly along the horizontal axis or the vertical axis. You can also evenly distribute the spacing between objects. Group Groups the selected objects, so that they can be moved as a single object. Ungroup Breaks apart the selected group into individual objects.
OFFICE OFFLINE Edit Group Opens the selected group, so that you can edit the individual objects. If the selected group contains nested group, you can repeat this command on the subgroups. Exit Group Exits the group, so that you can no longer edit the individual objects in the group. Shapes Creates a shape from two or more selected objects. Combine Combines two or more selected objects into a single shape.Unlike grouping, a combined object takes on the properties of the lowermost object in the stacking order. You can split apart combined objects, but the original object properties are lost. Split Splits a combined object into individual objects. The resulting objects have the same line and fill properties as the combined object. Connect Creates a line or Bzier curve by connecting two or more lines, Bzier curves, or other objects with a line. Closed objects containing a fill are converted to lines and lose their fill. Break Breaks apart lines joined with the Connect command.
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WINDOW Contains commands for manipulating and displaying document windows. New Window Opens a new window that displays the contents of the current window. You can now view different parts of the same document at the same time. Close Closes the current window. Choose Window - Close, or press Ctrl+F4. In the page preview of OpenOffice.org Writer and Calc, you can close the current window by clicking the Close Preview button. Document List Lists the currently open documents. Select the name of a document in the list to switch to that document.
OFFICE OFFLINE HELP For More Information, See File in OpenOffice.Org Writer.
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OpenOffice.Org Base
In OpenOffice.org Base, you can access data that is stored in a wide variety of database file formats. OpenOffice.org Base natively supports some flat file database formats, such as the dBASE format. You can also use OpenOffice.org Base to connect to external relational databases, such as databases from MySQL or Oracle. The following database types are read-only types in OpenOffice.org Base. From within OpenOffice.org Base it is not possible to change the database structure or to edit, insert, and delete database records for these database types: Spreadsheet files Text files Address book data Using a Database in OpenOffice.org To create a new database file, choose File - New - Database. The Database Wizard helps you to create a database file and to register a new database within OpenOffice.org. The database file contains queries, reports, and forms for the database as well as a link to the database where the records are stored. Formatting information is also stored in the database file. To open a database file, choose File - Open. In the File type list box, select to view only "Database documents". Select a database document and click Open. MENU In the database window, you see a new set of menu commands for working on the current database file. File The File menu of a database window. Only entries specific to databases are listed. Save Saves the current database file, query, form or report. For the database file, you see the file save dialog. For the other objects, you see the Save dialog.
OFFICE OFFLINE Save As Saves the current database file with another name. In the file save dialog, select a path and file name to save. Export Exports the selected report or form to a text document. A dynamic report is exported as a copy of the database contents at the time of export. Send Opens a submenu. Document as E-mail Opens the default e-mail application to send a new e-mail. The current database file is appended as an attachment. You can enter the subject, the recipients and a mail body. Report as E-mail Opens the default e-mail application to send a new e-mail. The selected report is appended as an attachment. You can enter the subject, the recipients and a mail body. A dynamic report is exported as a copy of the database contents at the time of export. Report to Text Document Exports the selected report to a text document. A dynamic report is exported as a copy of the database contents at the time of export.
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EDIT The Edit menu of a database window. Copy Copies the selected object to the clipboard. Paste Inserts an item from the clipboard. If you want, you can insert forms and reports, including subfolders, from one database file to another. Paste Special Inserts an item from the clipboard. If you want, you can insert forms and reports, including subfolders, from one database file to another. Edit Opens a window where you can edit the selected table, query, form, or report. Delete Deletes the selected table, query, form, or report.
OFFICE OFFLINE Rename Renames the selected object. Depending on the database, some names, characters, and name length might be invalid. Open Opens the selected object in the last saved state. Create as View Converts the selected query to a view. The original query remains in your database file and an additional view is generated on the database server. You must have write permission to add a view to a database. Most databases use queries to filter or to sort database tables to display records on your computer. Views offer the same functionality as queries, but on the server side. If your database is on a server that supports views, you can use views to filter the records on the server to speed up the display time. Form Wizard Starts the Form Wizard for the selected table, query, or view. Report Wizard Starts the Report Wizard for the selected table, query, or view. Select All Selects all entries, including subfolders, in the lower part of the database window. Database Opens a submenu. Properties Opens the Database Properties dialog. Connection Type Opens the Connection Type Wizard. Advanced Properties Opens the Advanced Properties dialog. VIEW The View menu of a database window. Database Objects Opens a submenu. Forms Selects the forms container and shows all forms in the detail view.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Reports Selects the reports container and shows all reports in the detail view. Queries Selects the queries container and shows all queries in the detail view. Tables Selects the tables container and shows all tables in the detail view. Sort Opens a submenu. Ascending Sorts the entries in the detail view in ascending order. Descending Sorts the entries in the detail view in descending order. Preview Opens a submenu. None Disables the preview in the database window. Document Information The preview window displays the document information of a form or report. Document The preview displays the document of a form or report. Refresh Tables Refreshes the tables. INSERT The Insert menu of a database window. Form Opens a new text document in form mode. Report Starts the Report Builder window for the selected table, view, or query. Query (Design View) Opens a new query in design mode. Query (SQL View) Opens a new query in SQL mode.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Table Design Opens the table design view. View Design Opens a new view in design mode. View (Simple) Opens a new view in SQL mode. Folder Opens a dialog where you can save a new folder in the database file. TOOLS The Tools menu of a database window. Relationships Opens the Relation Design view and checks whether the database connection supports relations. User Administration Opens the User Administration dialog if the database supports this feature. Table Filter Opens the Table Filter dialog where you can specify which tables of the database to show or to hide. Select the tables that you want to filter in the Filter list. If you select the topmost table in a hierarchy, all of the tables in the hierarchy are selected. If you select a table that is at a lower level in the hierarchy, the tables that occur above it in the hierarchy are not selected. SQL Opens the SQL dialog where you can enter SQL statements. Viewing a Database There are two different methods of viewing a database in OpenOffice.org. Choose File - Open to open the database file. The database file gives you full access to tables, queries, reports, and forms. You can edit the structure of your tables and change the contents of the data records. Choose View - Data source to view the registered databases. The data source view can be used to drag-and-drop table fields from registered databases into your documents and to produce mail merges.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Registering and Deleting a Database Data from any database file can be registered to OpenOffice.org. To register means to tell OpenOffice.org where the data is located, how it is organized, how to get that data, and more. Once the database is registered, you can use the menu command View - Data source to access the data records from your text documents and spreadsheets. To register an existing database file: 1. Choose Tools - Options - OpenOffice.org Base - Databases. 2. Click New and select the database file. To remove a registered database from OpenOffice.org 1. Choose Tools - Options - OpenOffice.org Base - Databases. 2. Select the database file and click Delete. Creating a New Database 1. Choose File - New - Database. This opens the Database Wizard, where you create a new database file. 2. In the Database Wizard, select the type of database, and select the option to open the Table Wizard as the next wizard. The Table Wizard helps you to add a table to the new database file. Working with Tables Data is stored in tables. As an example, your system address book that you use for your e-mail addresses is a table of the address book database. Each address is a data record, presented as a row in that table. The data records consist of data fields, for example the first and the last name fields and the e-mail field. Creating a New Table With the Table Wizard In OpenOffice.org you can create a new table using the Table Wizard: 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new table. 2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Tables icon. 3. Click Use Wizard to Create Table. Creating a New Table With the Design View 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new table. 2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Tables icon. 3. Click Create Table in Design View. You see the Table Design window.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Creating a New Table View Some database types support table views. A table view is a query that is stored with the database. For most database operations, a view can be used as you would use a table. 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new table view. 2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Tables icon. 3. Click Create Table View. You see the View Design window, which is almost the same as the Query Design window. Working with Queries If you often want to access only a subset of your data that can be well defined by a filter condition, you can define a query. This is basically a name for the new view at the filtered data. You open the query and see the current data in the table layout that you defined. Creating a New Query With the Query Wizard In OpenOffice.org you can create a new query using the Query Wizard: 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new query. 2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Queries icon. 3. Click Use Wizard to Create Query. Creating a New Query With the Design View 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new query. 2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Queries icon. 3. Click Create Query in Design View. You see the Query Design window. Working with Forms Using forms, you can define how to present the data. Open a text document or a spreadsheet and insert the controls such as push buttons and list boxes. In the properties dialogs of the controls, you can define what data the forms should display. Creating a New Form With the Form Wizard In OpenOffice.org, you can create a new form using the Form Wizard: Open the database file where you want to create the new form. In the left pane of the database window, click the Forms icon. 1. Click Use Wizard to Create Form.
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OFFICE OFFLINE Creating a New Form Manually 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new form. Report Builder Report Wizard
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Started by "Create Report in Design View" Started by "Use Wizard to Create Report" command. command. Full flexibility to use report headers and Uses a Writer template to generate a report footers, page headers and footers, multi- document. column reports. Use drag-and-drop to position the record Select from several given choices to arrange the data fields or other design elements like pictures records. or lines. Generates a one-time snapshot of the data. You can choose to generate a one-time snapshot To see an updated report, execute the same with fixed data, or a "live" report with links to the report again to create a Writer document current data at the time when you open the Base file. with the updated data. Saves the report as a Writer text document. Saves the report and the information how to create Stores the information how to create the the report inside the Base file. report inside the Base file. Choose Open in the context menu or double- Choose Open in the context menu or double-click click the report name to create a new report the report name to either see again the static with the current data. snapshot of the data from first creation time, or to create a new report with the current data. This depends on your choice on the last page of the wizard. Choose Edit in the context menu of a report Choose Edit in the context menu of a report name to name to open the Report Builder window, edit the Writer template file that was used to create with the report's information loaded. the report.
2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Forms icon. 3. Click Create Form in Design View. A new text document opens. Use the Form Controls to insert form controls. Click the Forms icon to access all forms that were created from within the current database window. In addition, you can use the Form Controls icons to add database form controls to any Writer or Calc document, but these documents will not be listed in the database window. Creating Reports A report is a Writer text document that can show your data in an organized order and formatting. In OpenOffice.org Base, you have a choice to create a report either
OFFICE OFFLINE manually using drag-and-drop in the Report Builder window, or semi-automatic by following a series of dialogs in the Report Wizard. The following list gives you some information to decide which method to use for your data: Creating a New Report Manually In Design View 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new report. 2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Reports icon. 3. Click Create Report in Design View. 4. Follow the instructions in the Report Builder guide. Creating a New Report With the Report Wizard 1. Open the database file where you want to create the new report. 2. In the left pane of the database window, click the Reports icon. 3. Click Use Wizard to Create Report. 4. Follow the steps of the Report Wizard to create the report. Importing and Exporting Data in Base An easy method to import and export database tables uses Calc as a "helper application". Exporting data from Base You copy a table from Base to a new Calc sheet, then you can save or export the data to any file format that Calc supports. 1. Open the database file that contains the database table to be exported. Click Tables to view the tables, or click Queries to view the queries. 2. Choose File - New - Spreadsheet. 3. In the Base window, right-click the name of the table to export. Choose Copy from the context menu. 4. Click cell A1 in the new Calc window, then choose Edit - Paste. Now you can save or export the data to many file types. Importing data to Base You can import text files, spreadsheet files, and your system address book in readonly mode only. When you import from a text or spreadsheet file, the file must have a first row of header information. The second row of the file is the first valid data row. The format of every field in the second row determines the format for the entire column. Any format information from a spreadsheet file gets lost when importing to Base. For example, to ensure the first column has a text format, you must make sure
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OFFICE OFFLINE that the first field of the first valid data row contains text. If a field in the first valid data row contains a number, the whole column is set to number format, and only numbers, no text, will be shown in that column. 1. Open a Base file of the database type that you want. Either create a new Base file using the Database Wizard, or open any existing Base file that is not read-only. 2. Open the Calc file that contains the data to be imported to Base. You can open a *.dbf dBASE file or many other file types. 3. Select the data to be copied to Base. You can enter a range reference like A1: X500 in the Name Box if you don't want to scroll. If you copy a dBASE sheet, include the top row that contains the header data. 4. Choose Edit - Copy. 5. In the Base window, click Tables to view the tables. 6. In the Base window, choose Edit - Paste. 7. You see the Copy Table dialog. Most databases need a primary key, so you may want to check the Create primary key box. On Windows systems, you can also use drag-and-drop instead of Copy and Paste. Also, for registered databases, you can open the data source browser (press F4) instead of opening the Base window.
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INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet. Newspaper, book and other print publishing have to adapt to Web sites and blogging. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries. The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s with both private and United States military research into robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by then an international network in the mid 1990s resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population used the services of the Internet. The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a nonprofit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. Internet is a short form of the technical term "internetwork", the result of interconnecting computer networks with special gateways (routers). The Internet is also often referred to as the net.
OFFICE OFFLINE The term the Internet, when referring to the entire global system of IP networks has traditionally been treated as a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. In the media and popular culture a trend has developed to regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the internet", without capitalization. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. In many technical illustrations when the precise location or interrelation of Internet resources is not important, extended networks such as the Internet are often depicted as a cloud. The verbal image has been formalized in the newer concept of cloud computing.
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MODERN USES
The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and web applications. The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and web applications. The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, data cards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a wireless network supporting that device's technology. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and wireless data transmission charges may be significantly higher than other access methods. Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. Examples range from CBeebies, through school and high-school revision guides, virtual universities, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar. In distance education, help with homework and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both formal and informal education. The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software.
OFFICE OFFLINE Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place. An example of this is the free software movement, which has produced, among other programs, Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org. Internet "chat", whether in the form of IRC chat rooms or channels, or via instant messaging systems, allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. Extensions to these systems may allow files to be exchanged, "whiteboard" drawings to be shared or voice and video contact between team members. Version control systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having members wait until they get "sent" documents to be able to make their contributions. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and computer literacy grow. From the flash mob 'events' of the early 2000s to the use of social networking in the 2009 Iranian election protests, the Internet allows people to work together more effectively and in many more ways than was possible without it.
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Depiction of the Internet as a cloud in network diagrams. The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private leased lines would have made many of them
OFFICE OFFLINE infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a remote desktop session into his normal office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection via the Internet. This gives the worker complete access to all of his or her normal files and data, including e-mail and other applications, while away from the office. This concept has been referred to among system administrators as the Virtual Private Nightmare because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees' homes.
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SERVICES INFORMATION
Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is a global set of documents, images and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). URIs allow providers to symbolically identify services and clients to locate and address web servers, file servers, and other databases that store documents and provide resources and access them using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the primary carrier protocol of the Web. HTTP is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the Internet. Web services may also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data. World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, let users navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of computer data, including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, users worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information. The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information to a potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense and time delay. Publishing a web page, a blog, or building a website involves little initial cost and many cost-free services are available. Publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however. Many individuals and some companies and groups use web logs or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to communicate advice in
OFFICE OFFLINE their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work. Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page hosts. Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow. When the Web began in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server, formatted with HTML, ready to be sent to a user's browser in response to a request. Over time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become more automated and more dynamic. Websites are often created using content management or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organization or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.
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COMMUNICATION
E-mail is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Today it can be important to distinguish between internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them. Pictures, documents and other files can be sent as e-mail attachments. Emails can be cc-ed to multiple e-mail addresses. Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation of the Internet. VoIP stands for Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the
OFFICE OFFLINE protocol that underlies all Internet communication. The idea began in the early 1990s with walkie-talkie-like voice applications for personal computers. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a traditional telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL. VoIP is maturing into a competitive alternative to traditional telephone service. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple, inexpensive VoIP network adapters are available that eliminate the need for a personal computer. Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls. Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialing and reliability. Currently, a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service, but it is not universally available. Traditional phones are linepowered and operate during a power failure; VoIP does not do so without a backup power source for the phone equipment and the Internet access devices. VoIP has also become increasingly popular for gaming applications, as a form of communication between players. Popular VoIP clients for gaming include Ventrilo and Teamspeak. Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 also offer VoIP chat features.
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DATA TRANSFER
File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user authentication, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption, and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passedusually fully encryptedacross the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products. Streaming media refers to the act that many existing radio and television broadcasters promote Internet "feeds" of their live audio and video streams (for example, the
OFFICE OFFLINE BBC). They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet "broadcasters" who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internetconnected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of available types of content is much wider, from specialized technical webcasts to on-demand popular multimedia services. Podcasting is a variation on this theme, whereusually audiomaterial is downloaded and played back on a computer or shifted to a portable media player to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material worldwide. Webcams can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture is usually either small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the Panama Canal, traffic at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises, live and in real time. Video chat rooms and video conferencing are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams, with and without two-way sound. YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading website for free streaming video with a vast number of users. It uses a flash-based web player to stream and show video files. Registered users may upload an unlimited amount of video and build their own personal profile. YouTube claims that its users watch hundreds of millions, and upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily.[21]
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ACCESS
Graph of Internet users per 100 inhabitants between 1997 and 2007 by International Telecommunication Union
OFFICE OFFLINE The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English. This may be a result of the origin of the Internet, as well as English's role as a lingua franca. It may also be related to the poor capability of early computers, largely originating in the United States, to handle characters other than those in the English variant of the Latin alphabet. After English (28% of Web visitors) the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese (23%), Spanish (8%), Japanese (5%), Portuguese and German (4% each), Arabic, French and Russian (3% each), and Korean (2%). By region, 42% of the world's Internet users are based in Asia, 24% in Europe, 14% in North America, 10% in Latin America and the Caribbean taken together, 5% in Africa, 3% in the Middle East and 1% in Australia/Oceania. In Asia, South Korea has the biggest internet penetration with 81.1% users (as comparison Japan with 78.2% and USA with 77.3%). The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of Unicode, that good facilities are available for development and communication in the world's widely used languages. However, some glitches such as mojibake (incorrect display of some languages' characters) still remain. Common methods of Internet access in homes include dial-up, landline broadband (over coaxial cable, fiber optic or copper wires), Wi-Fi, satellite and 3G technology cell phones. Public places to use the Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet connections are available. There are also Internet access points in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various terms are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web payphone". Many hotels now also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usages like ticket booking, bank deposit, online payment etc. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi cafes, where wouldbe users need to bring their own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. A whole campus or park, or even an entire city can be enabled. Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Commercial Wi-Fi services covering large city areas are in place in London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench. Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various highspeed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services. Highend mobile phones such as smartphone generally come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used. An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online.
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SOCIAL IMPACT
The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people. Sites like LinkedIn foster commercial and business connections. YouTube and Flickr specialize in users' videos and photographs. In the first decade of the 21st century the first generation is raised with widespread availability of Internet connectivity, bringing consequences and concerns in areas such as personal privacy and identity, and distribution of copyrighted materials. These "digital natives" face a variety of challenges that were not present for prior generations. The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool, leading to Internet censorship by some states. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing in order to carry out their mission, having given rise to Internet activism. Some governments, such as those of Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention. In Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily, possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law, agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret. Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, via the Internet, but do not mandate filtering software. There are many free and commercially available software programs, called content-control software, with which a user can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, in order to limit a child's access to pornographic materials or depiction of violence. The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much traffic. Today,
OFFICE OFFLINE many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas. The pornography and gambling industries have taken advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites. Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity. One main area of leisure activity on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of recreation creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fastpaced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact while spending their free time on the Internet. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as GameSpy and MPlayer. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others. Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to find out more about their interests. People use chat, messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. The Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where users can access their files and settings via the Internet. Cyberslacking can become a drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work, according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services. Internet addiction disorder is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life. Some psychologists believe that Internet use has other effects on individuals for instance interfering with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity. Internet usage has also shown a strong connection to loneliness. Lonely people tend to use the internet for an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with other lonely people, such as in the "I am lonely will anyone speak to me" thread.
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HOW TO SEARCH USING GOOGLE

If youre like me, you probably use Google many times a day. But, chances are, unless you are a technology geek, you probably still use Google in its simplest form. If your current use of Google is limited to typing a few words in, and changing your query until you find what youre looking for, then Im here to tell you that theres a better way and its not hard to learn. On the other hand, if you are a technology geek, and can use Google like the best of them already, then I suggest you bookmark this article of Google search tips. Youll then have the tips on hand when you are ready to pull your hair out in frustration when watching a neophyte repeatedly type in basic queries in a desperate attempt to find something. The following Google search tips are based on my own experience and things that I actually find useful. The list is by no means comprehensive. But, I assure you that by learning and using the 12 tips below, youll rank up there with the best of the Google experts out there. Ive kept the descriptions of the search tips intentionally terse as youre likely to grasp most of these simply by looking at the example from Google anyways.
12 Expert Google Search Tips

1. Explicit Phrase: Lets say you are looking for content about internet marketing. Instead of just typing internet marketing into the Google search box, you will likely be better off searching explicitly for the phrase. To do this, simply enclose the search phrase within double quotes. Example: "internet marketing" 2. Exclude Words: Lets say you want to search for content about internet marketing, but you want to exclude any results that contain the term advertising. To do this, simply use the "-" sign in front of the word you want to exclude. Example Search: internet marketing -advertising 3. Site Specific Search: Often, you want to search a specific website for content that matches a certain phrase. Even if the site doesnt support a built-in search feature, you can use Google to search the site for your term. Simply use the "site:somesite.com" modifier. Example: "internet marketing" site:www.smallbusinesshub.com
OFFICE OFFLINE 4. Similar Words and Synonyms: Lets say you are want to include a word in your search, but want to include results that contain similar words or synonyms. To do this, use the "~" in front of the word. Example: "internet marketing" ~professional 5. Specific Document Types: If youre looking to find results that are of a specific type, you can use the modifier "filetype:". For example, you might want to find only PowerPoint presentations related to internet marketing. Example: "internet marketing" filetype:ppt 6. This OR That: By default, when you do a search, Google will include all the terms specified in the search. If you are looking for any one of one or more terms to match, then you can use the OR operator. (Note: The OR has to be capitalized). Example: internet marketing OR advertising 7. Phone Listing: Lets say someone calls you on your mobile number and you dont know how it is. If all you have is a phone number, you can look it up on Google using the phonebook feature. Example: phonebook:617-555-1212 (note: the provided number does not work youll have to use a real number to get any results). 8. Area Code Lookup: If all you need to do is to look-up the area code for a phone number, just enter the 3-digit area code and Google will tell you where its from. Example: 617 9. Numeric Ranges: This is a rarely used, but highly useful tip. Lets say you want to find results that contain any of a range of numbers. You can do this by using the X..Y modifier (in case this is hard to read, whats between the X and Y are two periods. This type of search is useful for years (as shown below), prices or anywhere where you want to provide a series of numbers. Example: president 1940..1950
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OFFICE OFFLINE 10.Stock (Ticker Symbol): Just enter a valid ticker symbol as your search term and Google will give you the current financials and a quick thumb-nail chart for the stock. Example: GOOG 11.Calculator: The next time you need to do a quick calculation, instead of bringing up the Calculator applet, you can just type your expression in to Google. Example: 48512 * 1.02 12.Word Definitions: If you need to quickly look up the definition of a word or phrase, simply use the "define:" command. Example: define:plethora
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Google search basics: Basic search help

Search is simple: just type whatever comes to mind in the search box, hit Enter or click the Search button, and Google will search the web for content that's relevant to your search. Most of the time, you'll find exactly what you're looking for with just a basic query (the word or phrase you search for). However, the following tips can help you make the most of your searches. Throughout the article, we'll use square brackets [ ] to signal a search query, so [ black and white ] is one query, while [ black ] and [ white ] are two separate queries. Some basic facts Every word matters. Generally, all the words you put in the query will be used. Search is always case insensitive. A search for [ new york times ] is the same as a search for [ New York Times ]. Generally, punctuation is ignored, including @#$%^&*()=+[]\ and other special characters. To make sure that your Google searches return the most relevant results, there are some exceptions to the rules above.
OFFICE OFFLINE Tips for better searches Keep it simple. If you're looking for a particular company, just enter its name, or as much of its name as you can recall. If you're looking for a particular concept, place, or product, start with its name. If you're looking for a pizza restaurant, just enter pizza and the name of your town or your zip code. Most queries do not require advanced operators or unusual syntax. Simple is good. Think how the page you are looking for will be written. A search engine is not a human, it is a program that matches the words you give to pages on the web. Use the words that are most likely to appear on the page. For example, instead of saying [ my head hurts ], say [ headache ], because that's the term a medical page will use. The query [ in what country are bats considered an omen of good luck? ] is very clear to a person, but the document that gives the answer may not have those words. Instead, use the query [ bats are considered good luck in ] or even just [ bats good luck ], because that is probably what the right page will say. Describe what you need with as few terms as possible. The goal of each word in a query is to focus it further. Since all words are used, each additional word limits the results. If you limit too much, you will miss a lot of useful information. The main advantage to starting with fewer keywords is that, if you don't get what you need, the results will likely give you a good indication of what additional words are needed to refine your results on the next search. For example, [ weather cancun ] is a simple way to find the weather and it is likely give better results than the longer [weather report for cancun mexico ]. Choose descriptive words. The more unique the word is the more likely you are to get relevant results. Words that are not very descriptive, like 'document,' 'website,' 'company,' or 'info,' are usually not needed. Keep in mind, however, that even if the word has the correct meaning but it is not the one most people use, it may not match the pages you need. For example, [ celebrity ringtones ] is more descriptive and specific than [ celebrity sounds ].
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OFFICE OFFLINE
175
GENERAL KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day: WINDOWS KEY + R - Run menu
cmd - Command Prompt compmgmt.msc - Computer Management services.msc - Services devmgmt.msc - Device Manager cleanmgr - Disk Cleanup mmc - Microsoft Management Console msaccess - Microsoft Access (If Installed) winword - Microsoft Word (If Installed) notepad - Notepad calc - Calculator mspaint - Microsoft Paint control - Opens the Control Panel iexplore - Internet Explorer control printers - Opens Printers Dialog box eventvwr - Event Viewer msinfo32 - System Information ntbackup - Backup or Restore Wizard excel - Microsoft Excel (If Installed) powerpnt - Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed) frontpg - Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed) wordpad - WordPad msmsgs - Windows Messenger wmplayer - Windows Media Player
OFFICE KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

CTRL + A - Selects all in the current document CTRL + B - Bold text CTRL + C - Copies the item or text CTRL + D - Displays the Font dialogue box. CTRL + E - Centre Alignment CTRL + F - Displays the Find dialog box CTRL + G - Displays the Go to dialog box CTRL + H - Displays the Replace dialogue box. CTRL + I - Italic text CTRL + J - Full Justification CTRL + K - Create Hyperlink CTRL + L - Left Alignment CTRL + M - Tab CTRL + N - Creates a new document CTRL + O - Displays the Open File dialogue box CTRL + P - Displays the Print dialog box F1 key - Get help or use the Office assistant F2 Key - Move text or image F3 Key - Insert an auto text entry F4 Key - Perform last action again F5 Key - Displays the Go to dialogue box F6 Key - Go to the next frame or pane F7 Key - Launch the Spell checker F8 Key - Extend the current selection F9 Key - Update the selected fields F10 Key - Activate the menu bar F11 Key - Go to the next field F12 Key - Save file as SHIFT + F1 - Context sensitive help SHIFT + F2 - Copy Text SHIFT + F3 - Change case of selected text SHIFT + F4 - Perform a Find or Go to action
OFFICE OFFLINE
CTRL + R - Right Alignment CTRL + S - Displays the Save dialog box CTRL + U - Underline text CTRL + V - Pastes the copied item or text CTRL + X - Cuts the item or text CTRL + Y - Redo the last undone action CTRL + Z - Undoes the last action CTRL + F1 - Full View of Document CTRL + F2 - Show Print preview CTRL + F4 - Closes the active document window CTRL + F9 - Prints the open parenthesis CTRL + F10 - Minimize or Maximize the Window CTRL + F12 - Displays the Save As dialog box CTRL + ENTER - Insert Page Break ALT + 1 Displays the Save Dialog box ALT + 2 Displays the Undo Option ALT + 3 Repeat Typing SHIFT + F5 - Move to a previous revision SHIFT + F6 - Go to previous frame or pane SHIFT + F7 - Launch the Thesaurus SHIFT + F8 - Shrink the current selection SHIFT + F9 - Switch between a field code SHIFT + F10 - Display a Shortcut Menu SHIFT + F11 - Go to the previous field SHIFT + F12 - Save document ALT + F - Displays File Menu ALT + H - Displays Home Menu ALT + M - Displays Mailings Menu ALT + N - Displays Insert Menu ALT + P - Displays Page Layout Menu ALT + R - Displays Review Menu ALT + S - Displays References Menu ALT + W - Displays View Menu ALT + X Displays Add-Ins Menu
176
WINDOWS SYSTEM SHORTCUTS

WINDOWS KEY + D - Hide/Display all windows ALT + Tab - Switch between windows WINDOWS KEY + E - Explorer CTRL + Shift + Esc - Task Manager WINDOWS KEY + F - Search ALT + Space + X - Maximize window WINDOWS KEY + L - Log off CTRL + ESC - Open Program Menu WINDOWS KEY + M - Minimize all open windows CTRL + F4 - Close active document WINDOWS KEY + R - Run menu CTRL + C - copy WINDOWS KEY + U - Utility Manager CRTL + X Cut WINDOWS KEY + F1 - Open Windows Help CTRL + V - Paste WINDOWS KEY + TAB - Cycle through the Taskbar buttons WINDOWS KEY + BREAK - Open the System Properties dialog box WINDOWS KEY AND U AND U - Shut Down WINDOWS KEY AND U AND R - Restart. WINDOWS KEY AND U AND S - Standby SHIFT + WINDOWS + M - Undo minimize all open windows END - Display the bottom of the active window HOME - Display the top of the active window

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STORED PROGRAM ARCHITECTURE

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Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

OPTICAL DISC DRIVE

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HARD DISK DRIVE

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Examples of operating systems Microsoft Windows

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Unix and Unix-like operating systems

BSD and its descendants

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Linux and GNU

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The user interface

Graphical user interfaces

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Disk access and file systems

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THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

THAMIRA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE CLASSIFICATION

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o Database management system (DBMS) software algebra

Music sequencer Web Development Software

Hardware Engineering Software Engineering

Financial Software o Banking systems

Compiler Software Debuggers Program testing tools

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