Ethiopia and the Origin of Civilization

A Critical Review of the Evidence of Archaeology, Anthropology, History and Comparative Religion: According to the Most Reliable o!rces and A!thorities
"y #ohn $% #ac&son '()*)+
"It is pretty well settled that the city is the Negro's great contribution to civilization, for it was in Africa where the first cities grew up." E. Haldeman-Julius "Those piles of ruins which you see in that narrow valley watered by the Nile, are the remains of opulent cities, the pride of the ancient ingdom of !thiopia. " There a people, now forgotten, discovered while others were yet barbarians, the elements of the arts and sciences. A race of men now re#ected from society for their sable s in and frizzled hair, founded on the study of the laws of nature, those civil and religious systems which still govern the universe." Count Volney "The accident of the predominance of white men in modern times should not give us supercilious ideas about color or persuade us to listen to superficial theories about the innate superiority of the white$s inned man. %our thousand years ago, when civilization was already one or two thousand years old, white men were #ust a bunch of semi$savages on the outs irts of the civilized world. If there had been anthropologists in &rete, !gypt, and 'abylonia, they would have pronounced the white race obviously inferior, and might have discoursed learnedly on the superior germ$plasm or glands of colored fol ." Joseph McCabe

The late Professor George A. Dorsey noted that "H. G. Wells' heart beats faster in nearly every chapter of his Outline of History, because he cannot forget that he is ordic, Aryan, !nglish "ritish, #hite, civili$ed." %Why We Behave Like Human Beings, p. &'.( This patriotic $eal of )r. Wells' has, in truth, caused hi* to suppress certain facts that do not fit into his pet theories. +n the latest edition of his Outline of History, )r. Wells ends his chapter on The !arly !*pires #ith the follo#ing re*ar,s- " o less an authority than .ir /linders Petrie gives countenance to the idea that there #as so*e very early connection bet#een 0olchis %the country to the south of the 0aucasus( and prehistoric !gypt. Herodotus re*ar,ed upon a series of rese*blances bet#een the 0olchians and the !gyptians." %Wells' New and Revised Outline of History, p. 12&, Garden 0ity, 1341.( +t #ould have been proper for Wells to have 5uoted the re*ar,s of Herodotus, so as to give us precise infor*ation on the series of rese*blances bet#een the 0holchians and the !gyptians. Why he did not do so #e shall no# see. +n "oo, ++, .ection61'&, of his celebrated History, Herodotus states- "/or *y part + believe the 0olchi to be a colony of !gyptians, because li,e the* they have blac, s,ins and fri$$led hair." %.ee any !nglish translation of The History of Herodotus. The translation by Professor George 7a#linson is the best. .ee also W.!.". Du"ois, The Negro, p. 41, and 0ount 8olney's Travels in Egypt and Syria, 8ol. +. pp. 2'921.( After discussing the civili$ations of !gypt, "abylonia and +ndia, Wells had already referred to the* as a "triple syste* of #hite *an civili$ations." %Outline of History, 0hap. :+++, .ect. ;, p. 1<;( =n concluding that the

civili$ation of !gypt #as a #hite *an civili$ation, he naturally #ould be careful not to 5uote the above passage fro* Herodotus. )ost history te>ts, especially the ones on ancient history, start off by telling us that there are either three, four or five races of *an, but that of those races only one has been responsible for civili$ation, culture, progress and all other good things. The one race is of course the #hite race, and particularly that branch of said race ,no#n as the ordic or Aryan. The reason for this is obvious? the #riters of these te>tboo,s are as a rule ordics, or so consider the*selves. Ho#ever, pre@udice alone #ill not account for this sort of thing. There is a confusion a*ong historians and anthropologists concerning the proper classification of races, and this confusion is used by biased #riters to bolster up their preconceptions. +t is therefore necessary that #e discuss the sub@ect of race classification in a rational *anner before proceeding further. The early scientific classifications of the varieties of the hu*an species #ere geographical in nature. The celebrated naturalist, Ainneaus %1<'291<<2(, for instance, listed four races, according to continent, na*ely- %1( !uropean %#hite(, %B( African %blac,(, %4( Asiatic %yello#(, and %&( A*erican %red(. "lu*enbac,, in 1<<;, added a fifth type, the =cieanic or bro#n race. This classification is still used in so*e gra**ar school Geographies, #here the races of *an are tabulated as- !thiopian %blac,(, 0aucasian %#hite(, A*erican %red(, )ongolian %yello#( and )alayan %bro#n(. During the year 12'', the /rench naturalist, 0uvier, announced the hypothesis that all ethnic types #ere traceable to Ha*, 0he* and Caphet, the three sons of oah. After that date race classification developed into an a*a$ing contest? a struggle #hich still rages. "y 12<4, Haec,el had found no less than t#elve distinct races of *an,ind? and to sho# the indefatigable nature of his researches, he anne>ed t#enty6t#o *ore races a fe# years later, bringing the grand total of hu*an types up to thirty6four. Deni,er, in 13'', presented to the #orld a very i*posing syste* of race classification. He conceived of the hu*an species e>isting in the for* of si> grand divisions, seventeen divisions and t#enty6nine races. And despite all this industry a*ong anthropologists, ethnologists and the li,e, there is yet no agree*ent on the classification of races. Where one anthropologist finds three racial types, another can spot thirty6three #ithout the least difficulty. The 0lassifiers of race, ho#ever, regardless of ho# abundantly they disagreed #ith each other as to the correct groupings of hu*an types, #ere of unani*ous accord in the belief that the #hite peoples of the #orld #ere far superior to the dar,er races. This opinion in still very popular, but *odern science is *a,ing it hard for intelligent people to accept the fallacy. )any years ago the Ger*an philosopher, .chopenhauer, re*ar,ed that, "there is no such thing as a #hite race, *uch as this is tal,ed of, but every #hite *an is a faded or bleached one." .chopenhauer possessed ,een and sagacious foresight on this point. /or e>a*ple, the !nglish scholar, Coseph )c0abe, e>presses the follo#ing vie# as the consensus of opinion a*ong *odern anthropologists- "There is strong reason to thin, that *an #as at first very dar, of s,in, #oolly6haired and flat6nosed, and, as he #andered into different cli*ates, the branches of the race diverged and developed their characteristics." % ey to !ulture, o. 11, p. 1'.(

Professor /ran$ "oas, the nestor of A*erican anthropologists, has divided the #hole hu*an race into only t#o divisions. This classification of "oas' is ad*irably e>plained by Professor George A. Dorsey=pen your atlas to a *ap of the #orld. Aoo, at the +ndian =cean- on the #est, Africa? on the north, the three great southern peninsulas of Asia- on the east, a chain of great islands ter*inating in Australia. Wherever that +ndian =cean touches land, it finds dar,6s,inned people #ith strongly developed @a#s, relatively long ar*s and ,in,y or fri$$ly hair. 0all that the +ndian =cean or egroid division of the hu*an race. o# loo, at the Pacific =cean- on one side, the t#o A*ericas? on the other, Asia. %Geographically, !urope is a tail to the Asiatic ,ite.( The aboriginal population of the A*ericas and of Asia north of its southern peninsula #as a light6s,inned people #ith straight hair, relatively short ar*s, and a face #ithout pro*inent @a#s. 0all that the Pacific =cean or )ongoloid division. %Why We Behave Like Human Beings, pp. &&9&;.( Professors A. A. Droeber and /ay60ooper 0ole are of the opinion that the peoples of !urope have %been( bleached out enough to *erit classification as a distinct race. This #ould add a !uropean or 0aucasoid division to the egroid and )ongoloid races of the classification proposed by Professor "oas. +f #e accept this three6fold division of the hu*an species, our classification ought to read as follo#s- the races of *an are three in nu*ber? %1( the egroid, or !thiopian or blac, race? %B( the )ongoloid, or )ongolian or yello# race? and %4( the 0aucasoid or !uropean or #hite race. This is the very latest sche*e of race classification. o# that #e have straightened out ourselves on the issue of the classification of races, #e *ay property turn to the *ain sub@ect *atter of this essay, i.e., the ancient !thiopians and their #idespread influence on the early history of civili$ation. +n discussing the origin of civili$ation in the ancient ear !ast, Professor 0harles .eignobos in his History of "n#ient !ivili$ation, notes that the first civili$ed inhabitants of the ile and Tigris6 !uphrates valleys, #ere a dar,6s,inned people #ith short hair and pro*inent lips? and that they are referred to by so*e scholars as 0ushites %!thiopians(, and as Ha*ites by others. This ancient civili$ation of the 0ushites, out of #hich the earliest cultures of !gypt and )esopota*ia gre#, #as not confined to the ear !ast. Traces of it have been found all over the #orld. Dr. W. C. Perry refers to it as the Archaic 0ivili$ation. .ir Grafton !lliot .*ith ter*s it the eolithic Heliolithic 0ulture of the "runet6"ro#ns. )r. Wells alludes to this early civili$ation in his Outline of History, and dates its beginnings as far bac, as 1;,''' years ".0. "This peculiar develop*ent of the eolithic culture," says )r. Wells, "#hich !lliot .*ith called the Heliolithic %sun6stone( culture, included *any or all of the follo#ing odd practices- %1( 0ircu*cision, %B( the 5ueer custo* of sending the father to bed #hen a child is born, ,no#n as 0ouvade, %4( the practice of )assage, %&( the *a,ing of )u**ies, %;( )egalithic *onu*ents %i.e. .tonehenge(, %E( artificial defor*ation of the heads of the young by bandages, %<( Tattooing, %2( religious association of the .un and the .erpent, and %3( the use of the sy*bol ,no#n as the

.#asti,a for good luc,. F !lliot .*ith traces these associated practices in a sort of constellation all over this great )editerranean G +ndian =cean6Pacific area. Where one occurs, *ost of the others occur. They lin, "rittany #ith "orneo and Peru. "ut this constellation of practices does not crop up in the pri*itive ho*e of ordic or )ongolian peoples, nor does it e>tend south#ard *uch beyond e5uatorial Africa. F The first civili$ations in !gypt and the !uphrates6Tigris valley probably developed directly out of this #idespread culture." %Outline of History, pp. 1&191&4(. This ancient civili$ation is called !=A+TH+0 by Wells. This is a *ista,e? for #e have over#hel*ing evidence that these ancient peoples had long passed out of the e# .tone Age stage of culture, and #ere erecting edifices #hich could only have been constructed by *eans of hard *etal tools. +ron is the very bac,bone of civili$ation, and the +ron Age began very anciently in Africa. The researches of scholars li,e "oas, Torday and Du"ois #ould lead us to believe that the art of *ining iron #as first developed in the interior of Africa, and that the ,no#ledge of it passed through !gypt to the rest of the #orld. %.ee W.!.". Du"ois, The Negro, pp. 11&911E, Ho*e Hniversity Aibrary, e# Ior, and Aondon, 131;.( +n *odern geography the na*e !thiopia is confined to the country ,no#n as Abyssinia, an e>tensive territory in !ast Africa. +n ancient ti*es !thiopia e>tended over vast do*ains in both Africa and Asia. "+t see*s certain," declares .ir !. A. Wallis "udge, "that classical historians and geographers called the #hole region fro* +ndia to !gypt, both countries inclusive, by the na*e of !thiopia, and in conse5uence they regarded all the dar,6s,inned and blac, peoples #ho inhabited it as !thiopians. )ention is *ade of !astern and Western !thiopians and it is probable that the !asterners #ere Asiatics and the Westerners Africans." %History of Ethiopia, 8ol. +., Preface, by .ir !. A. Wallis "udge.( +n addition "udge notes that, "Ho*er and Herodotus call all the peoples of the .udan, !gypt, Arabia, Palestine and Western Asia and +ndia !thiopians." %+bid., p. B.( Herodotus #rote in his celebrated History that both the Western !thiopians, #ho lived in Africa, and the !astern !thiopians #ho d#elled in +ndia, #ere blac, in co*ple>ion, but that the Africans had curly hair, #hile the +ndians #ere straight6haired. %The aboriginal blac, inhabitants of +ndia are generally referred to as the Dravidians, of #ho* *ore #ill be said as #e proceed.( Another classical historian #ho #rote about the !thiopians #as .trabo, fro* #ho* #e 5uote the follo#ing- "+ assert that the ancient Gree,s, in the sa*e #ay as they classed all the northern nations #ith #hich they #ere fa*iliar as .cythians, etc., so, + affir*, they designated as !thiopia the #hole of the southern countries to#ard the ocean." .trabo adds that "if the *oderns have confined the appellation !thiopians to those only #ho d#ell near !gypt, this *ust not be allo#ed to interfere #ith the *eaning of the ancients." !phorus says that- "The !thiopians #ere considered as occupying all the south coasts of both Asia and Africa," and adds that "this is an ancient opinion of the of the Gree,s." Then #e have the vie# of .tephanus of "y$antiu*, that- "!thiopia #as the first established country on earth? and the !thiopians #ere the first #ho introduced the #orship of the gods, and #ho established la#s." The vestiges of this early civili$ation have been found in ubia, the !gyptian .udan, West Africa, !gypt, )ashonaland, +ndia, Persia, )esopota*ia, Arabia, .outh A*erica, 0entral A*erica, )e>ico, and the Hnited .tates. Any student #ho doubts this #ill find a*ple evidence in such #or,s as The %oi#e

of "fri#a, by Dr. Aeo /roebenius? &rehistori# Nations, and "n#ient "meri#a, by Cohn D. "ald#in? Rivers of Life, by )a@or6General C. G. 7. /orlong? " Book of the Beginnings by Gerald )assey? !hildren of the Sun and The 'rowth of !ivili$ation, by W. C. Perry? The Negro by Professor W.!.". Du"ois? The "na#alypsis, by .ir Godfrey Higgins? (sis )nveiled by )ada* H. P. "lavats,y? The *iffusion of !ulture, by .ir Grafton !lliot .*ith? The +editerranean Ra#e, by Professor .ergi? The Ruins of Empires, by 0ount 8olney? The Ra#es of Europe, by Professor Willia* J. 7ipley? and last but not least, the brilliant *onographs of )r. )aynard .hipley- New Light on &rehistori# !ultures and "meri#ans of a +illion ,ears "ge. %.ee also .hipley's Se- and the 'arden of Eden +yth, a collection of essays, the best of the lot being one entitled- !hristian *o#trines (n &re. !hristian "meri#a.( These productions of )r. .hipley, have been issued in pa*phlet for* in the Aittle "lue "oo, .eries, published by )r. !. Halde*an6Culius, of Girard, Dansas. The efforts of certain historians to classify these ancient 0ushites as 0aucasoids does not deceive honest historical students any longer. This *ay #ell be illustrated by a passage fro* the pen of our scholarly friend "ishop Willia* )ontgo*ery "ro#n- "/or the first t#o or three thousand years of civili$ation, there #as not a civili$ed #hite *an on the earth. 0ivili$ation #as founded and developed by the s#arthy races of )esopota*ia, .yria and !gypt, and the #hite race re*ained so barbaric that in those days an !gyptian or a "abylonian priest #ould have said that the riffraff of #hite tribes a fe# hundred *iles to the north of their civili$ation #ere hopelessly incapable of ac5uiring the ,no#ledge re5uisite to progress. +t #as southern colored peoples every#here, in 0hina, in 0entral A*erica, in +ndia, )esopota*ia, .yria, !gypt and 0rete #ho gave the northern #hite peoples civili$ation." %The Bankrupt#y of !hristian Supernaturalism, 8ol., p. 13B.( Kuite a fe# !gyptologists have defended the idea that the ancient !gyptians originally ca*e fro* Asia. There never #as any evidence to bac, up this vie#? and the only reason it #as adopted, #as because it #as fashionable to believe that no African people #as capable of developing a great civili$ation. Geoffrey Parsons refers to !gyptian civili$ation in his Stream of History, p. 1;&, e# Ior, L Aondon, 134B, as "genuinely African in its origin and develop*ent." Herodotus ca*e to the sa*e conclusion over B,''' years ago, but he is not ta,en seriously by the *a@ority of *odern historians, e>cept #here his facts agree #ith certain theories of said historians. Theories are *ore precious to so*e scholars than facts, even #hen the facts flatly contradict their theories. Dr. /roebenious, the great Ger*an anthropologist, has e>a*ined the ruins of ancient cultures in southern, eastern and #estern Africa, of an anti5uity rivaling those of !gypt and .u*er. .ir Cohn )arshall and Dr. !. )ac,ay have uncovered the re*ains of a great Dravidian civili$ation in +ndia, #hich rose to its pea, over ;,''' years ago. The ne#spaper generally report these discoveries as startling and une>pected. They tell us that nobody ever drea*ed that these ancient nations ever e>isted. This novelty, ho#ever, does not e>ist for real students. Anyone fa*iliar #ith the #or,s of G. !lliot .*ith, W. C. Perry, .ir Godfrey Higgins, Dr. H.7. Hall, .ir Henry 7a#linson, Cohn D. "ald#in, Gerald )assey and General /orlong, #ill not be surprised at the very novel archaeological discoveries announced by the press. .ince #e are dealing #ith historical sources and authorities, a study of the researches of .ir Henry 7a#linson, the /ather of Assyriology,

on the !thiopians in the ancient !ast, is in order. The follo#ing e>tract is condensed fro* an essay entitled- =n the !arly History of "abylonia1. The syste* of #riting #hich they brought #ith the* has the closest affinity #ith that of !gyptMin *any cases indeed, there is an absolute identity bet#een the t#o alphabets. B. +n the "iblical genealogies, 0ush %!thiopia( and )i$rai* %!gypt( are brothers, #hile fro* the for*er sprang i*rod %"abylonia.( 4. +n regard to the language of the pri*itive "abylonians, the vocabulary is undoubtedly 0ushite or !thiopian, belonging to that stoc, of tongues #hich in the se5uel #ere every#here *ore or less *i>ed up #ith the .e*itic languages, but of #hich #e have probably the purest *odern speci*ens in the )ahra of .outhern Arabia and the Galla of Abyssinia. &. All the traditions of "abylonia and Assyria point to a connection in very early ti*es bet#een !thiopia, .outhern Arabia and the cities on the lo#er !uphrates. ;. +n further proof of the connection bet#een !thiopia and 0haldea, #e *ust re*e*ber the Gree, tradition both of 0epheus and )e*non, #hich so*eti*es applied to Africa, and so*eti*es to the countries at the *outh of the !uphrates? and #e *ust also consider the geographical na*es of 0ush and Phut, #hich, although of African origin, are applied to races bordering on 0haldea, both in the "ible and in the +nscriptions of Darius. %!ssay68+, Appendi>, "oo,6+, History of Herodotus, translated by Professor George 7a#linson, #ith essays and notes by .ir Henry 7a#linson and .ir C. G. Wil,inson.( The opinions of .ir Henry 7a#linson are reinforced by the researches of his e5ually distinguished brother, Professor George 7a#linson, in his essay =n the !thnic Affinities of the 7aces of Western Asia, #hich directs our attention to- "the unifor* voice of pri*itive anti5uity, #hich spo,e of the !thiopians as a single race, d#elling along the shores of the .outhern =cean fro* +ndia to the Pillars of Hercules." %Herodotus, 8ol. +., "oo,. +., Appendi>, !ssay :+., .ection6;.( 7a#linson adds an e>planatory note to this section of his essay, #hich #e here reproduce- "7ecent linguistic discovery tends to sho# that a 0ushite or !thiopian race did in the earliest ti*es e>tend itself along the shores of the .outhern =cean fro* Abyssinia to +ndia. The #hole peninsula of +ndia #as peopled by a race of their character before the influ> of the Aryans? it e>tended fro* the +ndus along the seacoast through the *odern "eluchistan and Der*an, #hich #as the proper country of the Asiatic !thiopians? the cities on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf are sho#n by the bric, inscriptions found a*ong their ruins to have belonged to this race? it #as do*inant in .usiana and "abylonia, until overpo#ered in the one country by Aryan, in the other by .e*itic intrusion? it can be traced both by dialect and tradition throughout the #hole south coast of the Arabian peninsula." +n the study of ancient affairs, fol,lore and tradition thro# an invaluable light on historical records. +n Gree, *ythology #e read of the great !thiopian ,ing, 0epheus, #hose fa*e #as so great that he and his fa*ily #ere i**ortali$ed in the stars. The #ife

of Ding 0epheus #as Kueen 0assiopeia, and his daughter, Princess Andro*eda. The star groups of the celestial sphere, #hich are na*ed after the* are called the 7=IAA /A)+AI M%the constellations- 0!PH!H., 0A..+=P!+A and A D7=)!DA.( +t *ay see* strange that legendary rulers of ancient !thiopia should still have their na*es graven on our star *aps, but the voice of history gives us a clue. A boo, on astrology attributed to Aucian declares that- "The !thiopians #ere the first #ho invented the science of stars, and gave na*es to the planets, not at rando* and #ithout *eaning, but descriptive of the 5ualities #hich they conceived the* to possess? and it #as fro* the* that this art passed, still in an i*perfect state, to the !gyptians." The !thiopian origin of astrono*y is beautifully e>plained by 0ount 8olney in a passage in his Ruins of Empires, #hich is one of the glories of *odern literature, and his argu*ent is not based on guesses. He invo,es the #eighty authority of 0harles /. Dupuis, #hose three *onu*ental #or,s, The Origin of !onstellations/ The Origin of Worship and The !hronologi#al 0odia#, are *arvels of *eticulous research. Dupuis placed the origin of the $odiac as far bac, as 1;,''' ".0., #hich #ould give the #orld's oldest picture boo, an anti5uity of 1<,''' years. %This esti*ate is not as e>cessive as it *ight at first appear, since the A*erican ast;rono*er and *athe*atician, Professor Arthur ). Harding, traces bac, the origin of the $odiac to about BE,''' ".0( +n discussing star #orship and idolatry, 8olney gives the follo#ing glo#ing description of the scientific achieve*ents of the ancient !thiopians, and of ho# they *apped out the signs of the $odiac on the star6spangled do*e of the heavens.hould it be as,ed at #hat epoch this syste* too, its birth, #e shall ans#er on the testi*ony of the *onu*ents of astrono*y itself, that its principles appear #ith certainty to have been established about seventeen thousand years ago, and if it be as,ed to #hat people it is to be attributed, #e shall ans#er that the sa*e *onu*ents, supported by unani*ous traditions, attribute it to the first tribes of !gypt? and reason finds in that country all the circu*stances #hich could lead to such a syste*? #hen it finds there a $one of s,y, bordering on the tropic, e5ually free fro* the rains of the e5uator and the fogs of the north? #hen it finds there a central point of the sphere of the ancients, a salubrious cli*ate, a great but *anageable river, a soil fertile #ithout art or labor, inundated #ithout *orbid e>halations, and placed bet#een t#o seas #hich co**unicate #ith the richest countries? it conceives that the inhabitant of the ile, addicted to agriculture fro* the facility of co**unications, to astrono*y fro* the state of his s,y, al#ays open to observation, *ust have been the first to pass fro* the savage to the social state? and conse5uently to attain the physical and *oral sciences necessary to civili$ed life. +t #as, then, on the borders of the upper ile, a*ong a blac, race of *en, that #as organi$ed the co*plicated syste* of the #orship of the stars, considered in relation to the productions of the earth and the labors of agriculture. F Thus the !thiopian of Thebes na*ed stars of inundation, or A5uarius, those stars under #hich the ile began to overflo#? stars of the o> or bull, those under #hich they began to plo#, stars of the lion, those under #hich that ani*al, driven fro* the desert by thirst, appeared on the

ban,s of the ile? stars of the sheaf, or of the harvest virgin, those of the reaping season? stars of the la*b, stars of the t#o ,ids, those under #hich these precious ani*als #ere brought forth. F Thus the sa*e !thiopian having observed that the return of the inundation al#ays corresponded #ith the rising of a beautiful star #hich appeared to#ards the source of the ile, and see*ed to #arn the husband*an against the co*ing #aters, he co*pared this action to that of the ani*al #ho, by his bar,ing, gives notice of danger, and he called this star the dog, the bar,er %.irius(. +n the sa*e *anner he na*ed the stars of the crab, those #here the sun, having arrived at the tropic, retreated by a slo# retrograde *otion li,e the crab of 0ancer. He na*ed stars of the #ild goat, or 0apricorn, those #here the sun, having reached the highest point in his annuary tract, F i*itates the goat, #ho delights to cli*b to the su**it of the roc,s. He na*ed stars of the balance, or Aibra, those #here the days and nights being e5ual, see*ed in e5uilibriu*, li,e that instru*ent? and stars of the scorpion, those #here certain periodical #inds bring vapors, burning li,e the veno* of the scorpion. %8olney's Ruins of Empires, pp. 1B'91BB, e# Ior,, 13BE( The traditions concerning )e*non are interesting as #ell as instructive. He #as clai*ed as a ,ing by the !thiopians, and identified #ith the Pharaoh A*unoph or A*enhotep, by the !gyptians. A fine statue of hi* is located in the "ritish )useu*, in Aondon. 0harles Dar#in *a,es a reference to this statue on his *es#ent of +an #hich is #ell #orth reproducing- "When + loo,ed at the statue of A*unoph +++, + agreed #ith t#o officers of the establish*ent, both co*petent @udges, that he had a strongly *ar,ed egro type of features." The features of A,hnaton %A*ennhotep +8(, are even *ore egroid than those of his illustrious predecessor. That the earliest !gyptians #ere African !thiopians % ilotic egroes(, is obvious to all unbiased students of oriental history. "reasted's clai* that the early civili$ed inhabitants of the ile 8alley and Western Asia #ere *e*bers of a Great White 7ace, is utterly false, and is supported by no facts #hatsoever. A si*ilar racial bias is sho#n by !lliot .*ith in his #or,, The "n#ient Egyptians and Their (nfluen#e )pon the !ivili$ation of Europe, p. 4', e# Ior, L Aondon, 1311. " ot a fe# #riters," says he, "li,e the traveler 8olney in the 12th century, have e>pressed the belief that the ancient !gyptians #ere egroes, or at any rate strongly egroid. +n recent ti*es even a #riter so discri*inating as 7ipley usually is has given his adhesion to this vie#." %The #riters referred to here, are 0ount 8olney, the /rench =rientalist and Professor Willia* J. 7ipley, of Harvard Hniversity, an e*inent A*erican Anthropologist.( Professor .*ith is convinced that these *en are #rong, because he holds that there is a "profound gap that separates the egro fro* the rest of *an,ind, including the !gyptian." %"n#ient Egyptians, p. <&.( Another !nglish scholar, Philip .*ith, is far *ore rational in discussing this pointo people have be5ueathed to us so *any *e*orials of its for* co*ple>ion and physiogno*y as the !gyptians. F +f #e #ere left to for* an opinion on the sub@ect by the description of the !gyptians left by the Gree, #riters #e should conclude that they #ere, if not egroes, at least closely a,in to the egro race. That they #ere *uch dar,er in coloring

than the neighboring Asiatics? that they had their fri$$led either by nature or art? that their lips #ere thic, and pro@ecting, and their li*bs slender, rests upon the authority of eye6#itnesses #ho had traveled in the country and #ho could have had no *otive to deceive. F The fullness of the lips seen in the .phin> of the Pyra*ids and in the portraits of the ,ings is characteristic of the egro. %The "n#ient History of the East, pp. B;6BE, Aondon, 1221.( We read of )e*non, Ding of !thiopia, in Gree, *ythology, to be e>act in Ho*er's (liad, #here he leads an ar*y of !la*ites and !thiopians to the assistance of Ding Pria* in the Tro@an War. His e>pedition is said to have started fro* the African !thiopia and to have passed through !gypt on the #ay to Troy. According to Herodotus, )e*non #as the founder of .usa, the chief city of the !la*ites. "There #ere places called )e*nonia," asserts Professor 7a#linson, "supposed to have been built by hi* both in !gypt and at .usa? and there #as a tribe called )e*nones at )oroe. )e*non thus unites the eastern #ith the #estern !thiopians, and the less #e regard hi* as an historical personage the *ore *ust #e vie# hi* as personifying the ethnic identity of the t#o races." %"n#ient +onar#hies, 8ol. +, 0hap. 4.( The ancient peoples of )esopota*ia are so*eti*es called the 0haldeans, but this is inaccurate and confusing. "efore the 0haldean rule in )esopota*ia, there #ere the e*pires of the .u*erians, A,,adians, "abylonians and Assyrians. The earliest civili$ation of )esopota*ia #as that of the .u*erians. They are designated in the Assyrio6"abylonian inscriptions as the blac,6heads or blac,6faced people, and they are sho#n on the *onu*ents as beardless and #ith shaven heads. This easily distinguishes the* fro* the .e*itic "abylonians, #ho are sho#n #ith beards and long hair. /ro* the *yths and traditions of the "abylonians #e learn that their culture ca*e originally fro* the south. .ir Henry 7a#linson concluded fro* this and other evidence that the first civili$ed inhabitants of .u*er and A,,ad #ere i**igrants fro* the African !thiopia. Cohn D. "ald#in, the A*erican =rientalist, on the other hand, clai*s that since ancient Arabia #as also ,no#n as !thiopia, they could have @ust as #ell co*e fro* that country. These theories are re@ected by Dr. ++. 7. Hall, of the Dept. =f !gyptian L Assyrian Anti5uities of the "ritish )useu*, #ho contends that )esopota*ia #as civili$ed by a *igration fro* +ndia. "The ethnic type of the .u*erians, so strongly *ar,ed in their statues and reliefs," says Dr. Hall, "#as as different fro* those of the races #hich surrounded the* as #as their language fro* those of the .e*ites, Aryans, or others? they #ere decidedly +ndian in type. The face6type of the average +ndian of today is no doubt *uch the sa*e as that of his Dravidian race ancestors thousands of years ago. F And it is to this Dravidian ethnic type of +ndia that the ancient .u*erian bears *ost rese*blance, so far as #e can @udge fro* his *onu*ents. F And it is by no *eans i*probable that the .u*erians #ere an +ndian race #hich passed, certainly by land, perhaps also by sea, through Persia to the valley of the T#o 7ivers. +t #as in the +ndian ho*e %perhaps the +ndus valley( that #e suppose for the* that their culture developed. F =n the #ay they left the seeds of their culture in !la*. F There is little doubt that +ndia *ust have been one of the earliest centers of hu*an civili$ation, and it see*s natural to suppose that the strange un6.e*itic, un6Aryan people #ho ca*e fro* the !ast to civili$e the West #ere of +ndian origin, especially #hen #e see #ith our o#n eyes ho# very +ndian the .u*erians #ere in type." %The "n#ient History of the Near East, pp. 1<491<&,

Aondon, 131E.( Hall is opposed in his theory of .u*erian origins by Dr. W. C. Perry, the great anthropologist, of the Hniversity of Aondon. "The .u*erian stories or origins the*selves tell a very different tale," Perry points out, "for fro* their beginnings the .u*erians see* to have been in touch #ith !gypt. .o*e of their early te>ts *ention Dil*un, )agan and )eluhha. F Dil*un #as the first settle*ent that #as *ade by the god !n,i, #ho #as the founder of .u*erian civili$ation. F )agan #as fa*ous a*ong the .u*erians as a place #hence they got diorite and copper, )eluhha as a place #hence they got gold. Dil*un has been identified #ith so*e place or other in the Persian Gulf, perhaps the "ahrein +slands, perhaps a land on the eastern shore of the Gulf. F +n a late inscription of the Assyrians it is said that )agan and )eluhha #ere the archaic na*es for !gypt and !thiopia, the latter being the south6#estern part of .o*aliand that lay opposite." %The 'rowth of !ivili$ation, pp. E'9E1, Bnd !dition, Har*onds#orth, )iddlese>, !ngland, 134<, Published by Penguin "oo,s, Atd.( Another great nation of !thiopian origin #as !la*, a country #hich stretched fro* the Tigris 7iver to the Jagros )ountains of Persia. +ts capital #as the fa*ous city of .usa, #hich #as founded about &,''' ".0., and flourished fro* that date to its destruction by )osle* invaders about the year E;' 0.!. %0hristian !ra(. +n spea,ing of the !la*ites, H. G. Wells H. H. Cohnston, to have been egroid in type. There is a strong egroid strain in the *odern people of !la*." %Outline of History, p. 1EE.( Archaeological evidence favors this vie#. 7eginald .. Poole, the !nglish !gyptologist noted that- "There is one portrait of an !la*ite %0ushite( ,ing on a vase found at .usa? he is painted blac, and thus belongs to the 0ushite race." %Kuoted by Professor Alfred 0. Haddon, in his History of "nthropology, p. E, Aondon, 134&. Thin,er's Aibrary !dition, published by Watts L 0o., ; L E Cohnson's 0ourt, /leet .t., Aondon, !. c.6&, !ngland.( We cannot devote *uch space to the early inhabitants of +ndia, though they #ere beyond all doubt an !thiopic ethnic type. They are described by Professor Aynn Thorndi,e as "short blac, *en #ith al*ost egro noses." %Short History of !ivili$ation, p. BB<, e# Ior,, 134E.( Dr. Will Durant pictures these early Hindus as "a dar,6s,inned, broad6nosed people #ho*, #ithout ,no#ing the origin or the #ord, #e call Dravidians." %Short History of !ivili$ation, Part +, p. 43E, e# Ior,, 134;.( The student is advised to consult pp. E;'9EEE, of the ne# edition of .ir Cohn A. Ha**erton's Wonders of the &ast, in #hich there is an instructive article, #ith fine illustrations, by .. G. "la>land .tubbs, entitled- Wonder !ities of +ost "n#ient (ndia. That )r. .tubbs is a candid #riter *ay be seen fro* the follo#ing e>cerptThe early Aryan literature of +ndia, the Hy*ns of the 7igveda, #hich, it is co**only agreed, date fro* about 1,''' ".0., spea, of the people #ho* the proud Aryan invaders found in +ndia as blac,6s,inned barbarians, Dasas or slaves. "ut Aryan pride of race has received so*ething of a shoc, fro* archaeological investigations carried out by .ir Cohn )arshall and, *ore recently, by Dr. !. )ac,ay in the valley of the +ndus. Here a*ple evidence has been found of a race #hose co*ple> civili$ation and high culture #ere e5ual, and in so*e respects superior to those of early )esopota*ia and !gypt.

These Asiatic blac, *en #ere not confined to the *ainland, for #e are infor*ed by no less an authority than .ir Harry H. Cohnston, that+n for*er ti*es this Asiatic egro spread, #e can scarcely e>plain ho#, unless the land connections of those days #ere *ore e>tended, through !astern Australia to Tas*ania, and fro* the .olo*on +sland to e# 0aledonia and even e# Jealand, to /i@i and Ha#aii. The egroid ele*ent in "ur*a and Anna* is, therefore, easily to be e>plained by supposing that in ancient ti*es .outhern Asia had a egro population ranging fro* the Persian Gulf to +ndo60hina and the )alay Archipelago. %.ee "n (ntrodu#tion to "fri#an !ivili$ations, by Willis . Huggins. Ph.D. and Cohn G. Cac,son, pp. 122913', e# Ior,, 134<.( )ost readers of history ,no# about the 0elts, ancient inhabitants of !urope, #hose priests #ere ,no#n as the Druids. +t is generally thought that these 0elts #ere 0aucasoids, but .ir Godfrey Higgins, after *uch study ca*e to the conclusion that they #ere a egroid people. Higgins #rote a ponderous volu*e entitled The !elti# *ruids. +n the follo#ing passage fro* his "na#alypsis he *odestly refers to it as an essay- "+n *y essay on the 0eltic Druids, + have sho#n that a great nation called 0eltae, of #ho* the Druids #ere the priests, spread the*selves al*ost over the #hole earth, and are to be traced in their rude gigantic *onu*ents fro* +ndia to the e>tre*ity of "ritain. The religion of "uddha of +ndia is #ell ,no#n to have been very ancient." %Higgins is here referring to the first "uddha, #ho is supposed to have lived bet#een ;,''' and E,''' years ago, and not to Gauta*a "uddha #ho lived about E'' years ".0. There #ere at least ten "uddhas *entioned in the sacred boo,s of +ndia.( "Who these can have been but the early individuals of the 1la#k nation of #ho* #e have been treating + ,no# not, and in this opinion + a* not singular. The learned )aurice says 0uthies %0ushites(, i.e. 0elts, built the great te*ples in +ndia and "ritain, and e>cavated the caves of the for*er? and the learned *athe*atician, 7euben "urro#, has no hesitation in pronouncing .tonehenge to be a te*ple of the blac, curly6headed "uddha." %"na#alypsis, 8ol. +, "oo, +, 0hap. +8, e# Ior,, 13B<.( Though it is generally believed that 0olu*bus discovered A*erica, it is no# definitely ,no#n to students of A*erican archaeology that 0olu*bus ca*e late. Professor Aeo Weiner has #ritten a three volu*e #or,, "fri#a and the *is#overy of "meri#a, in #hich he argues that the e# World #as discovered by Africans long before the ti*e of 0olu*bus. Professor Weiner #as led to this conclusion partly fro* the follo#ing evidence1. African #or,s in A*erican +ndian languages. B. 8ases and pipe6bo#ls found in the ruins of the )ound6"uilders, sho#ing egro faces on their surfaces. 4. The presence of African foods in A*erica, such the peanut and the ya*. &. The tote*ic organi$ation of the A*erindians tribes, very si*ilar to African tote*is*. %Tote*is* is a sort of pri*itive theory of evolution. /or instance, certain tribes are divided into clans, and each clan is, as a

rule na*ed after so*e species of ani*al. Aet us suppose a tribe is divided into four clans, bearing the follo#ing na*es- %1( eagle, %B( "ear, %4( 0ro# and %&( Wolf. A *e*ber of the "ear 0lan #ill consider hi*self as descended fro* bears, a *e*ber of the Wolf 0lan #ill tell you that he is a #olf and that all of his ancestors #ere #olves, and so on? this clan ancestor being ,no#n as the Tote*. There are nu*erous definitions of tote*is*, the best + have co*e across being the follo#ing one by Professor A. 8". Haddon- "Tote*is*, as Dr. /ra$er and + understand it in its fully developed condition, i*plies the division of a people into several tote* ,ins, or as they are usually ter*ed, tote* clans, each of #hich has one or so*eti*es *ore that one tote*. The tote* is usually a species of ani*al, so*eti*es a species of plant, occasionally a natural ob@ect or pheno*enon, very rarely a *anufactured article. F The tote*s are regarded as ,insfol, or protectors of the ,ins*en, #ho respect the* and refrain fro* ,illing and eating the*. There is thus a recognition of *utual rights and obligations bet#een the *e*bers of the ,in and their tote*. The tote* is the crest of sy*bol of the Din." We see vestiges of tote*is* in our political organi$ations? for e>a*ple, the De*ocratic D= D!I and the republican !A!PHA T. "aseball clubs present an even better e>a*ple of tote*istic atavis*? for instance, #ho has not heard of baseball tea*s bearing such na*es as- T+G!7., 0A7D+ AA., "!A7., "!!., "+.= ., etc.( Weiner's theories have not been ,indly received by his colleagues. Professor H. C. .pinden sneers sarcastically in the follo#ing condensed e>tract fro* !ulture/ the *iffusion !ontroversy, pp. ;49;&, e# Ior,, 13B<"Professor Weiner solves the riddle of old A*erican civili$ations #ith an Arabico6)andingo le>icon and derives everything of i*portance in the e# World fro* the highly civili$ed coast of Ga*bia and .ierra Aeone. /ro* brightest Africa ca*e the principal A*erican food plants, the )ayan calendar and the )e>ican religion. +t *ay be added that Professor Weiner s#ar*s his egroes across the Atlantic in no less than fifty voyages before 0olu*bus." The +ndian #as not the original A*erican. Professor Ales Hrdlic,a of the .*ithsonian +nstitution, as authority on the A*erinds, contends that the ancestors of the +ndians ca*e fro* Asia via "ering .trait 1',''' years ago. A*erican civili$ation is older than that. The ruins of Tiahuanaco, in "olivia, according to Dr. 7udolph )uller, a noted Ger*an astrono*er, are bet#een 1',''' and 1&,''' years old. The re*ains of this ancient city sho# that it #as inhabited by a highly civili$ed people. %.ee an article entitled "The =ldest 0ity in the World," by A. H. 8errill, in the . I. Herald6Tribune )aga$ine, Culy 41, 134B.( !>cavations in )e>ico have produced e5ually startling results. Dr. )a>i*us eu*ayer, a distinguished "ra$ilian archaeologist, in cooperation #ith a group of )e>ican archaeologists, has *ade a very thorough study of the pyra*ids and *onu*ents in the vicinity of )e>ico 0ity. He esti*ates the *onu*ent of 0uicuilco to be about

14,''' years old. An interesting feature of this structure is that it rese*bles the Assyrio6 "abylonian type of architecture, bearing a stri,ing rese*blance to the To#er of "abel as it has been restored by the Assyriologists. Dr. eu*ayer also e>a*ined the pyra*ids of Teotihuacan, #hich he esti*ates to be &,;'' years of age. He thin,s that these pyra*ids #ere built by a people a,in to the !gyptians? and fro* their arrange*ent, suggests that they for* a sort of *odel of the solar syste*, #ith a pedestal in the center, representing the sun. We *ust also *ention the discoveries of Professor 7a*on )ena, 0urator of the Depart*ent of Archaeology of the )e>ican Govern*ent. This scientist e>plored the ruins of the great city of Palen5ue, and concluded that the ancient *etropolis #as built over 1',''' years ago. He also found that the inhabitants of the city #ere fa*iliar #ith the *anufacture and use of .tucco. The celebrated /rench archaeologist, Desiree 0harnay, unearthed statues around )e>ico 0ity, *ore than fifty years ago, #ith faces sho#ing egroid features. Pictures of so*e of the* *ay be seen in +gnatius Donelley's "tlantis, pp. 1<&61<;. Donnelly also has illustrations of t#o si*ilar statues, one fro* Palen5ue and the other fro* 8era 0ru$. /inding that the +ndians sho# both )ongoloid and egroid ethnic traces, 0harnay @ustly concluded that the A*erinds #ere a *i>ed race of both Asiatic and African ancestry. %.ee The "n#ient !ities of the New World, by Desiree 0harnay.( We have perfectly reliable proof of the presence of *en of the !thiopian race in pre60olu*bian A*erica. /ather 7o*an, one of he first 0atholic *issionaries to arrive in the e# World, records that a tribe of blac, *en ca*e fro* the south and landed in Haiti, and that they #ere ar*ed #ith darts of guanin %a co*position of gold, silver and copper(, and #ere ,no#n as the blac, Guaninis. "These *ight have been the egroes of Kuareca, *entioned by Peter )artyr d'Angleria, or so*e other A*erican egro nation," asserts De 7oo, "the li,e of #hich there #ere *any, as #e *ay see in 7afines5ue's "##ount of the "n#ient Bla#k Nations of "meri#a. .uch are the 0harruas of "ra$il, the blac, 0arabees of .t. 8incent in the Gulf of )e>ico, the Ca*assi of /lorida, the dar, co*ple>ioned 0alifornians #ho are perhaps the dar, *en *entioned in the Kuiche traditions and by so*e old .panish adventures. .uch, again, is the tribe of #hich "alboa sa# so*e representatives in his passage of the +sth*us of Darien in the year 1;14. +t #ould see* fro* the e>pressions *ade use of by Go*ara, that these #ere egroes." %History of "meri#a Before !olum1us, pp.4'E94'<, by P. De 7oo, Philadelphia and Aondon, 13''.( .panish and Portugese e>plorers found colonies of blac, *en on the eastern coasts of .outh and 0entral A*erica, and in Iucatan and icaragua. De 7oo 5uotes Cohn T. .hort, author of The North "meri#ans of "nti2uity, e# Ior,, 122', on the si*ilarity of African and A*erican languages, as follo#sM"+t is #orthy of note that several e*inent scholars have observed the re*ar,able si*ilarity of gra**atical structure bet#een the 0entral A*erican and certain transatlantic languages, especially the "as5ue and so*e of the languages of Western Africa." %History of "meri#a Before !olum1us, pp. 1E&91E;.( )ost of us are fa*iliar #ith the )ayan civili$ation of Iucatan and 0entral A*erica, since A*erican archaeologists have devoted *any years of intensive research to these territories. A*ong the speculations concerning the origin of this culture, those of AePlongeon and 7a5uena are the *ost valuable. Professor 7afael 7e5uena, a 8ene$uelan archaeologist, holds that there #as once an island in the Atlantic =cean, of continental di*ensions, ,no#n to the ancients as Atlantis, that this island #as settled by !gyptians,

#ho in turn established colonies in A*erica before the sub*ergence of Atlantis. The findings of Professor Augustus AePlongeon are of great interest. This /ranco6A*erican archaeologist discovered the ruins of a palace in 0hichen +t$a in 12<&. He found in this structure, ,no#n as Prince 0oh's Palace, pictographs and inscriptions #hich he #as able to decipher. The story, as unraveled by AePlongeon, *ay be read by the student in 3ueen +oo and the Egyptian Sphin-, #here the professor gives his interpretation of the inscriptions and reproductions of the pictographs. )rs. AePlongeon's #or,, 3ueen +oo4s Talisman, *ight also be consulted. The story runs roughly as follo#sAbout 11,''' years ago, t#o brothers Princes of Iucatan, sought the hand of the ruling *onarch of the land, Kueen )oo, in *arriage. The brothers #ere na*ed 0oh and Aac, respectively. Prince 0oh #as the successful suitor? #hich so enraged Prince Aac that he stabbed his brother through the heart #ith a stone ,nife, #hich, needless to say, caused his death. Then Aac atte*pted to force Kueen )oo to #ed hi*. The Kueen, rather than sub*it, decided to flee to Atlantis. =n reaching the coast she learned that great earth5ua,es had sub*erged Atlantis beneath the sea? so she sailed for Africa instead, and ended her @ourney in !gypt. There she #as hailed as Kueen, and erected the .phin> as a *e*orial to her slain husband. The foregoing story sounds li,e a fable, but there is probably a core of fact in it. +f the .phin>, #ith its !thiopian face, is a *e*orial to an ancient )ayan prince, it sho#s that the )ayas #ere of African origin. Where flo#s the river ile, The 5ueen found rest? There once again her days With peace #ere blessed. Did )oo a giant .phin> fro* =ut of the ground 0ause to arise, and Thus 0oh's fa*e rene#N Did she i**ortali$e Her consort trueN" %3ueen +oo4s Talisman, p. E;, by Alice D. AePlongeon.( That Atlantis #as connected #ith the history of ancient !thiopia there can be little doubt. The Gree, philosopher, Proclus, stated in his #or,s that he could present evidence that Atlantis at one ti*e actually e>isted. He cited as his authority The Ethiopian History of +ar#ellus. +n referring to !thiopian history to prove the e>istence of Atlantis, Proclus plainly infers that Atlantis #as a part of !thiopia. %.ee 0ory's "n#ient 5ragments of the &hoeni#ian/ !arthaginian/ Ba1ylonian/ Egyptian and Other "uthors, Aondon, 12<E. .ee also, )aynard .hipley's New Light on &rehistori# !ultures and "ra*#ell's Lost "tlantis.( Although there is scientific evidence that an island of continental di*ensions once e>isted in #hat is no# the *iddle of the Atlantic =cean, *any students of the proble* of Atlantis have located it in other parts of the globe, particularly in 0entral A*erica and

Africa. 0ount deProro, #ays that Atlantis, in the di*ness of anti5uity, covered the region no# occupied by the .ahara Desert. Dirch*aier placed it in .outh Africa and /roebenius in West Africa. +n revie#ing Ca*es "ra*#ell's Lost "tlantis, )r. Ae#is Gannett states that- "The Ger*an anthropologist /robenius definitely locates it in igeria, #hose ancient civili$ation he relates to that of the !truscans and the Assyrians." %New ,ork Herald.Tri1une, )ar. 4, 1342.( Doctor /roebenius found ruins of palaces, terra cotta frag*ents and beautiful statuary in Corubaland, a district in igeria bet#een the iger 7iver and the Atlantic =cean? and he heard a*ong the Corubians legends of an ancient royal city and its palace #ith #alls of gold, #hich in the long ago had sun, beneath the #aves. The Ger*an scholar, !ugen Georg, is a ,een student of the Atlantis 5uestion, and the follo#ing re*ar,s of his are #orthy of our attentionThe ne# age that began after the disappearance of Atlantis #as *ar,ed at first by the #orld6#ide do*inance of !thiopian representatives of the blac, race. They #ere supre*e in Africa and Asia F and they even infiltrated through .outhern !urope. F During the present eraMthat is the last 1',''' yearsMthe #hite raceFhas co*e to possess the #orld. According to the occult tradition, .e*itic peoples developed #herever the i**igrating #hite colonists fro* the north #ere sub@ugated by the blac, ruling class, and inter6*i>ture occurred, as in oldest !gypt, 0haldea, Arabia and Phoenicia." %The "dventure of +ankind, by !ugen Georg, pp. 1B191BB, e# Ior,, 1341.( .o far #e have given little or no attention to the evidence of co*parative religion. The study of ancient religious history is i*portant, for religion, li,e philosophy, changes but slo#ly. +nstitutional religion, being conservative and static in its outloo,, has preserved *uch ancient lore that #ould have other#ise been lost to the *odern student. The Gree, philosopher :enophanes %;<B9&2' ".0.(, pointed out a profound truth #hen he observed that the gods *en #orship very closely rese*ble the #orshippers. +n the #ords of this ancient sage- "!ach *an represents the gods as he hi*self is. The !thiopian as blac, and flat6nosed the Thracian as red6haired and blue6eyed? and if horses and o>en could paint, they #ould no doubt depict the gods as horses and o>en." This being the case? #hen #e find the great nations of the #orld, both past and present, #orshipping blac, gods, then #e logically conclude that these peoples are either *e*bers of the blac, race, or that they originally received their religion in toto or in part fro* blac, people. The proofs are abundant. The ancient gods of +ndia are sho#n #ith !thiopian cro#ns on their heads. According to the =ld Testa*ent, )oses first *et Cehovah during his so@ourn a*ong the )idianites, #ho #ere an !thiopian tribe. We learn fro* Hellenic tradition that Jeus, ,ing of the Grecian gods, so cherished the friendship of the !thiopians that he traveled to their country t#ice a year to attend ban5uets. "All the gods and goddesses of Greece #ere blac,," asserts .ir Godfrey Higgins, "at least this #as the case #ith Cupiter, "accus, Hercules, Apollo, A**on. The goddesses "enu*, +sis, Hecate, Diana, Cuno, )etis, 0eres, 0ybele #ere blac,." %"na#alypsis, 8ol. +, "oo, +8, 0hap. +.( !ven the 7o*ans, #ho received their religion *ainly fro* the Gree,s, ad*itted their debt to !gypt and !thiopia. This *ay be #ell illustrated by the follo#ing passage fro* The 'olden "ss or +etamorphosis, by Apuleius. The author, as an initiate of the +sis cult is represented as

being addressed by that goddess- "+ a* present? + #ho a* ature, the parent of things, 5ueen of all the ele*ents F the pri*itive Phrygians called *e Pressi*unitica, the *other or the gods? the native Athenians, 0eropian )inerva? the floating 0yprians, Paphian 8enus F the inhabitants of !leusis, the ancient goddess 0eres. .o*e again have invo,ed *e as Cuno, others as "ellona, others as Hecate, and others 7ha*nusia? and those #ho are enlightened by the e*erging rays of the rising sun, the !thiopians, Ariians and !gyptians, po#erful in ancient learning, #ho reverence by divinity #ith cere*onies perfectly proper, call *e by *y true appellation, Kueen +sis." %Doane's Bi1le +yths, ote, p. &<2.( A study of the i*ages of ancient deities of both the =ld and e# Worlds reveal their !thiopic origin. This is noted by Denneth 7. H. )ac,e$ie in T. A. "uc,ley's !ities of the "n#ient World, p. 12'- "/ro* the #ooly te>ture of the hair, + a* inclined to assign to the "uddha of +ndia, the /uhi of 0hina, the .o**onaco* of the .ia*ese, the Jaha of the Capanese, and the Kuet$alcoatl of the )e>icans, the sa*e, and indeed an African, or rather ubian, origin." )ost of these blac, gods #ere regarded as crucified saviors #ho died to save *an,ind by being nailed to a cross, or tied to a tree #ith ar*s outstretched as if on a cross, or slain violently in so*e other *anner. =f these crucified saviors, the *ost pro*inent #ere =siris and Horus of !gypt, Drishna of +ndia, )ithra of Persia, Kueta$lcoatl of )e>ico, Adonis of "abylonia and Attis of Phrygia. early all of these slain savior6gods have the follo#ing stories related about the*- They are born of a virgin, on or near Dec. B;th %0hrist*as(? their births are heralded by a star? they are born either in a cave or stable? they are slain, co**only by crucifi>ion? they descend into hell, and rise fro* the dead at the beginning of .pring %!aster(, and finally ascend into heaven. The parallels bet#een the legendary lives of these pagan *essiahs and the life of Cesus 0hrist as recorded in the Bi1le are so si*ilar that progressive "ible scholars no# ad*it that stories of these heathen 0hrists have been #oven into the life6story of Cesus. %These re*ar,able parallels are discussed and interpreted in a pa*phlet, !hristianity Before !hrist, by Cohn G. Cac,son, e# Ior,, 1342.( The late )r. )aynard .hipley, President of The .cience Aeague of A*erica, *ade a very scholarly study of the various *ythologies and religions of the #orld, and in the concluding passage of a brilliant essay, 0hristian Doctrines in Pre60hristian A*erica, he offers a profoundly thought6provo,ing state*entThat the ancient pagan creeds, legends and *ythsMpart of the universal *ythosMshould be found e*bodied in the religion of the ancient )e>icans, and that all these again are found to be but the original sources of the *odern orthodo> 0hristian religion, is by no *eans ine>plicable, and need not be attribute to the subtlety of the Hbi5uitous Devil. The e>planation is that all religions and all languages of the civili$ed races of *en had a co**on origin in an older seat of civili$ation. Where that original center of culture #as is another story.

The evidence see*s to sho# that the "original center of culture," referred to by )r. .hipley, #as that vast do*ain ,no#n to the classical geographers and historians as !thiopia. A study of religious i*ages thro#s *uch light on this early civili$ation. The tau %T6shaped( cross is thought by *any 0hristians to be a uni5ue e*ble* of their faith. The fact is that this cross is of ancient !thiopian origin. +n the #ords of an outstanding student of sy*bolis*- "The !thiopic for* of the tau is an e>act prototype of the conventional 0hristian cross? or, to state the fact in its chronological relation, the 0hristian cross is *ade in the e>act i*age of the !thiopian tau." %Se- Sym1olism. P. 3, by Willia* C, /ielding, Aittle "lue "oo, o. 3'&.( The cross #as ,no#n to all the great ancient nations, and #as so*eti*es sho#n #ith the i*age of a *an upon it. The 0hurch /ather, )inucius /eli>, #riting in the early part of the third century, severely rebu,es the Pagans for their adoration of crosses- "+ *ust tell you that #e neither adore crosses nor desire the*? you it is ye Pagans F for #hat else are your ensigns, flags and standards, but crosses gilt and beautiful. Iour victorious trophies not only represent a cross, but a cross #ith a *an upon it." 0o**enting on the preceding e>tract, the A*erican scholar, T. W. Doane, notes that+t is very evident that this celebrated 0hristian /ather alludes to so*e Gentle *ystery, of #hich the prudence of his successors has deprived us. When #e co*pare this #ith the fact that for centuries after the ti*e assigned for the birth of Cesus 0hrist, he #as not represented as a *an on a cross, and that the 0hristians did not have such a thing as a crucifi>, #e are inclined to thin, that the effigies of a blac, or dar,6s,inned crucified *an, #hich #ere to be seen in *any places in +taly even during the last century, *ay have had so*ething to do #ith it. %Bi1le +yths, p. 13<, <th !dition.( The sa*e #riter also refers to "the )e>ican crucified god being so*eti*es represented as blac,," and that "crosses #ere also found in Iucatan, as #ell as )e>ico, #ith a *an upon the*." %+bid., p. B'1.( The nu*erous blac, *adonnas and infants in !uropean cathedrals are discussed in detail by .ir Godfrey Higgins in The "na#alypsis, 8ol. +, "oo, +8, 0hap. +, to #hich the interested student is referred. Ho#ever, the re*ar,s of )r. .hipley on this point are #orthy of our attention8ery suggestive is the fact that representations of the virgin *other and infant savior are often blac,. This is true in the case of the paintings and i*ages of +sis and Horus, of Deva,i and Drishna, and in *any cases of )ary and Cesus. The *ost ancient pictures and statues in +taly and other parts of !urope, #hich are adored by the faithful as representations of the 8irgin )ary and the infant Cesus, reveal the infant draped in #hite, but #ith face blac, and in the ar*s of a blac, *other. F Ho# does it happen that the 8irgin )other of the )e>ican .avior6God so closely rese*bled the "lac& ,irgins of !gypt and !uropeN Had they not all a co**on originN" %Se- and The 'arden of Eden +yth, pp. ;'9;1, by )aynard

.hipley, Aittle "lue "oo, o.1122.( )r. A. H. 8errill, an A*erican archaeologist, visited an +ndian shrine in a s*all to#n in Guate*ala a fe# years ago, and found that on a special festival day +ndians traveled to this little church to bo# do#n to the i*age of a "lac, 0hrist. /ro* the attendant cere*onies, 8errill @udged the rite to be of )ayan origin. %see 8errill's Old !ivili$ations of the New World, e# Ior,, 1342.( The )ayas possessed ,no#ledge of the arts and sciences e5uivalent to that of the ancients of the =ld World, but upon that #e cannot d#ell, since li*itations of space forbid it. The reader is referred to Professor Paul 7adin's fine boo, on the A*erican +ndians, #here after surveying the *arvelous scientific achieve*ents of the )ayas of Iucatan and 0entral A*erica , Dr. 7adin ad*its that- " o e>cavations have ever revealed to us any civili$ation of a si*pler nature fro* #hich this very elaborate culture could possibly have been developed." %The Story of the "meri#an (ndian, p. <<, Garden 0ity, 134<.( !gypt and Western Asia tell the sa*e story. "+n each case #e have a standard or *easuring6rod of authentic historical record," declares .a*uel Aaing, "of certainly not less than 2,''' and *ore probably 3,''' or 1',''' years, fro* the present ti*e? and in each case #e find ourselves at this re*ote date, in the presence, not of rude beginnings, but of a civili$ation already ancient and far advanced. We have populous cities, celebrated te*ples, an organi$ed priesthood, an advanced state of agriculture and of the industrial and fine arts? #riting and boo,s so long ,no#n that their origin is lost in *yth? religions in #hich advanced philosophical and *oral ideas are already developed? astrono*ical syste*s #hich i*ply a long course of accurate observations. Ho# long this prehistoric age *ay have lasted, and ho# *any centuries it *ay have ta,en to develop such a civili$ation, fro* the pri*itive beginnings of eolithic and Paleolithic origins, is a *atter of con@ecture. All #e can infer is, that it *ust have re5uired an i**ense ti*e, *uch longer than that e*braced by the subse5uent period of historical record." %Human Origins, by .a*uel Aaing, p. 4', Aondon, 1314.( )uch *ore could be said on this sub@ect, but since this essay is addressed *ainly to readers #ho have little ti*e for the study of history, it *ust be *ade as concise as possible. The nu*erous citations fro* standard scientific and historical #or,s, it is hoped, #ill be of so*e benefit to students #ho are out of reach of large public libraries, or #ho lac, the leisure ti*e necessary for reading and research along these lines.