Interpretation of Results: The second module or the second experiment deals with systems generation, retrieval and interconnection.

The objective of the experiment is to be able to characterize systems using different forms of systems representation, systems transformation and also, systems interconnection. As stated on the first module/experiment, linear differential equations can be converted into another form using Laplace Transformation. In addition to the experiment performed last time, from this equation, we may be able to derive the transfer function of the equation. A transfer function which also known as the system function and network function when plotted as a graph, transfer curve is a mathematical representation that is being expressed in terms of frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear timeinvariant system with zero initial conditions and zero-point equilibrium. The transfer function was written where the gain were multiplied with polynomials with the roots of zeroes as the numerators while on its denominator was a polynomial where the roots were the location of the poles of the equation. The representation of these control systems in the modern times were in time domain. It was also called then as the statespace representation. Again, the experiment was held successfully with the help of the numerical environment program MATLAB and its distinct functions. During the use of the MATLAB at the said experiment, a system can be entered using four ways. The first way is using the transfer function directly. Using the code tf(NUM,DEN) where NUM and DEN were the polynomials written in matrix form, it is possible to create the said transfer function. The next way is using the Zeroes, Poles and the gain of the equation. At this point, the code used is the zpk(Z,P,K) where Z, P and K were the zeroes, poles and gain respectively. It can also be observed that the Z and P can be written in a one row matrix to identify the unique roots of the zeroes and poles. On the other hand, the third one is the frequency response data or also known as FRD simply. These models were useful on storing the frequency responses of the LTI systems, even with the experimental response data. The said method uses the code frd(RESPONSE,FREQS).

The last method known for the said experiment is about the State-Space. It uses ss(A,B,C,D) as it creates a continuous-time state-space model SYS with the matrices of A,B,C and D. The output of the system is a state space object. On the other hand, while we can get the transfer equations from the given numerators, denominators, zeroes, poles, gains, frequency responses and state spaces, it is also possible to extract the data we have gathered from the originating transfer equation. This shows the flexibility and versatility of the said software as it can reverse the functions it has done. Using the function tfdata(SYS,v), it is possible to extract the numerator and denominator coefficients of the transfer function SYS. On the other hand, getting the zeroes, poles and gains were not also impossible by the zpkdata(SYS,v) code. Just like the two, it is possible to retrieve the matrix data A,B,C,D from the state-space model system. While using this, the code ssdata(SYS) is being used. Lastly, the response data and frequency samles of the frequency response data model system can be also decoded using the code frdata(SYS). The users shold be reminded that this can be applied only if the input is a FRD data. Conversely, MATLAB is also capable of converting one system to another system. The transfer function can be converted state-space and also vice versa. Converting the transfer function to a ZPK Function is also possible and also, vice versa too so as the zero pole to the state-space and state-space to ZPK. On the other hand, the systems can be connected in various ways. One may connect them in series or even in parallel. On the other hand, feedback systems can be also applied. To connect the systems in series, the code series(System1,System2) can be entered while connecting them as parallel can be done by typing parallel(System1,System2). On the other hand, the feedback systems can be used as additions or subtracting. The said feedback function can be done by feedback(System1,System2,+/-1).

Conclusion: The objective of the experiment was successfully met. We were able to characterize systems using differential forms of systems representation, systems transformation and systems interconnection. Also, the following were been able to be concluded: A transfer function is the ratio of the output of a system to the input of a system, in the Laplace domain considering its initial conditions and equilibrium point to be zero. The transfer function can be described in different forms using o numerators and denominators o zeroes, poles and gain o frequency response o state-space Using MATLAB, it is possible to generate the transfer function while knowing one of these: o Input and output functions o Zeroes, poles and gain o Frequency Response o A,B,C,D matrices Using MATLAB, it is also possible to retrieve the said data above when the transfer equation is given with some limitations for the frequency response. Using MATLAB, it is possible to convert a transfer function described from one form to another form. MATLAB is capable of connecting systems, whether in series, parallel or feedback.

Mapua Institute of Technology

School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

CONTROL SYSTEMS
System Generation, Retrieval and Interconnection Module No. 2

Name: Carpio, Ivan Jonah A. Prog./Year: ECE-4

SCORE

Engr. Ernesto Vergara Instructor