International Islamic University, Islamabad

Electrical Machines LAB

EXPERIMENT # 03: Testing of Single Phase Transformers (Turn Ratio and Polarity Test)

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Experiment 3 Testing of Single Phase Transformer and Equivalent Circuit Determination

Turn Ratio Test Apparatus

Theory The induced emf in primary and secondary winding in transformer is given by following equations:

V1 4.44 fN1max

V2 4.44 fN 2max
Taking ratio of these equations, we would have

V2 E2 N 2 K V1 E1 N1
If the secondary and primary voltages are measured on no-load, their ratio is very nearly equal to the true value. Measurement of primary and secondary currents in short circuit test also gives fairly accurate results, especially if the transformer has little leakage flux and low core reluctance.

Procedure
1. Make the connections as shown in figure. 2. Now connect the primary winding of the transformer to the variable AC supply, connect a voltmeter on the secondary winding at no-load. 3. Make sure that for various voltages the turn ratio comes out to be

V2 N 2 50 0.394 V1 N1 127
Circuit Diagram

Readings and Observations Primary Voltage ( V1 ) 20V 40V 60V 80V 100V 115V 127V Secondary Voltage ( V2 )

S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

V2 V1

S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Primary Current ( I 1 )

Secondary Current ( I 2 )

I1 I2

Polarity Test Apparatus

Theory On the primary side of a two winding transformer, one terminal is positive with respect to the other one at any instant. At the same instant, one terminal of the secondary winding is positive with respect to the other one. Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals having the same instantaneous polarity (assuming that the terminals are not marked). The relative polarities of the primary and secondary terminals at any instant must be known for connecting windings of the same transformer in parallel, or series, or for interconnecting two or more transformers in parallel, or for connecting single phase transformers for polyphase transformation of voltages. For determination of relative polarity of the two windings of a transformer the two windings are connected in series across a voltmeter, while one of the windings (preferably HV winding) is excited from a suitable AC voltage source. IF the polarities of the windings are as marked on the diagram i.e., when the transformer has subtractive polarity the voltmeter will read the difference of E1 and E 2 . If the voltmeter reads E1 E 2 , the polarity markings of one of the windings must be interchanged. In subtractive polarity, the voltage between A1 and a1 is reduced. The leads connected to these terminals and the two windings are, therefore, not subjected to high voltage stress. On the other hand in additive polarity the two windings and leads connected to A1 , A2 , a1 & a 2 are subjected to high voltage stress. This is the reason that subtractive polarity is preferred over additive polarity.

Procedure
1. Make the connections as shown in figure. 2. Now apply some voltage on the primary from variable AC voltage source. 3. If the polarities of the windings are as marked on the diagram, the voltmeter should read the difference of E1 and E 2 (subtractive polarity). 4. If it reads E1 E2 , the polarity marking of one of the windings must be interchanged.

Circuit Diagram

Subtractive Polarity

Sr. 1 2

V1 (Primary)
20 40

V2 (Secondary)

V (Voltmeter)

Additive Polarity Sr. 1 2

V1 (Primary)
10 20

V2 (Secondary)

V (Voltmeter)