PHD Proposals

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories
PhD proposals in Physics of dilute and condensed matter in the ParisSaclay Campus laboratories
A mesoscopic electrometer at the quantum limit .......................................................................................... 17 Keywords: mesoscopic superconductivity, single charge device ................................................................ 17 Laboratory: Centre de Sciences Nuclaires et des Sciences de la Matire (CSNSM) .............................. 17 Creation and control of two-dimensonal correlated-electron systems .......................................................... 18 Keywords: Condensed-matter physics; correlated electrons; oxyde electronics; electrons in low dimensions; angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ......................................................................... 18 Laboratory: Centre des Sciences Nuclaires et de Sciences de la Matire (CSNSM) .............................. 18 Electronic structure of classical and quantum phase transitions in heavy-fermion systems ......................... 19 Keywords: Condensed-matter physics; quantum phase transitions; heavy fermions; new electronic states of matter; angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy............................................................................. 19 Laboratory: Centre des Sciences Nuclaires et de Sciences de la Matire (CSNSM) .............................. 19 Analyse des techniques 3D radar - comparaison avec le LIDAR...................................................................... 20 Keywords: Synthetic aperture radar- earth observation - vegetation - interferometry - polarimetry tomography ................................................................................................................................................. 20 Laboratory: DEMR (ONERA) .................................................................................................................... 20 Complex AO systems for the E-ELT: modelling and control ............................................................................ 21 Keywords: Adaptive Optics, Control, Numerical simulation, System Design .............................................. 21 Laboratory: Dpartement d'Optique Thorique et applique - Haute Rsolution Angulaire (ONERA, DOTA) ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 Antenna diversity for GNSS integrity performance assessment ..................................................................... 22 Keywords: GNSS, Integrity, Estimation, Antenna, Diversity ........................................................................ 22 Laboratory: Electromagnetism & Radar Department (ONERA) .............................................................. 22 Modlisation statistique de la diversit multi-site aux frquences comprises entre 20 et 50 GHz................ 23 Keywords: Ka, Q/V bands, feeder link, propagation, attenuation, site diversity ........................................ 23 Laboratory: Electromagnetism & Radar Department (ONERA) .............................................................. 23 Impact Assessment of Wind Parks on the Performance of Radars ................................................................. 24 Keywords: Radar, WindTurbine, Radar Cross Section, Electromagnetic Simulation .................................. 24 Laboratory: Electromagnetism and Radar Department of the French Aerospace Lab (ONERA-DEMR) . 24 Self-patterning of polymer or colloid deposits obtained by drying a dilute solution or dispersion. .............. 25 Keywords: hydrodynamics in thin films - heat and mass transfer - drying - polymer solution - colloidal dispersion .................................................................................................................................................... 25
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Laboratory: FAST, UMR 7608 (University Paris-Sud, CNRS) (FAST) ......................................................... 25 Dynamics of intrusions in complex fluids: from viscous flow to fracture ....................................................... 26 Keywords: Complex fluids, rheology, viscous flow, magma transport, fracture ......................................... 26 Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) ....................................................... 26 Experimental study of the mode I+III crack morphology instability. .............................................................. 27 Keywords: Fracture mechanics, instability .................................................................................................. 27 Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) ....................................................... 27 Selection of 3D contraction cracks patterns: an experimental and numerical study on a model system involving the directional drying of a colloidal suspension .............................................................................. 28 Keywords: Fracture mechanics, instability, soft matter .............................................................................. 28 Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) ....................................................... 28 Torricellis curtain: Morphology of horizontal laminar jets under gravity ...................................................... 29 Keywords: Laminar jets, Dean vortices, fluid chains, surface tension ........................................................ 29 Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) ....................................................... 29 Development of THz detectors, amplifiers and sources based on plasmon polariton ................................... 30 Keywords: plasmon, electromagnetism, Time domain modelling of THz devices, non local effects ......... 30 Laboratory: Institut dElectronique Fondamentale (IEF) ......................................................................... 30 Schottky diode optimization for THz applications........................................................................................... 31 Keywords: .................................................................................................................................................... 31 Laboratory: Institut dElectronique Fondamentale (IEF) ......................................................................... 31 Theoretical study of electronic and thermoelectric properties of Ge nanowires polytypes .......................... 32 Keywords: Simulation, DFT, transport, nanowire, phonon ......................................................................... 32 Laboratory: Institut dElectronique Fondamentale (IEF) ......................................................................... 32 Consistency tests of the universe and cosmic fossils ...................................................................................... 33 Keywords: Cosmology, large scale structures, relativistic effects ............................................................... 33 Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) .............................................................. 33 Formation of large-scale structures in the Universe in various cosmological scenarios ................................ 34 Keywords: Cosmology, large scale structures, dark energy ........................................................................ 34 Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) .............................................................. 34 Nonequilibrium dynamics of directed spin models......................................................................................... 35 Keywords: Out of equilibrium statistical mechanics ................................................................................... 35 Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) .............................................................. 35 Phase transitions in the integer quantum Hall effect ..................................................................................... 36 Keywords: Quantum Hall Effect, integrable systems, conformal field theory ............................................ 36
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Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) .............................................................. 36 String dualities and flux compactifications...................................................................................................... 37 Keywords: String theory, flux compactification, generalized complex geometry....................................... 37 Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) .............................................................. 37 Theoretical analysis of edge states in topological superconductors: Majorana fermions.............................. 38 Keywords: Majorana fermions, quantum wires, cold atoms, graphene ..................................................... 38 Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) .............................................................. 38 Does strain limit the superconductivity in ultra doped silicon? ...................................................................... 39 Keywords: Laser Doping, Superconductivity, Silicon, Micro/Nano technologies........................................ 39 Laboratory: Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale (IEF) ......................................................................... 39 Magneto-electric coupling in hybrid heterostructures based on functional oxides ....................................... 40 Keywords: Solid state physics, ferroelectricity, magnetoresistance, functional oxides, thin films. ........... 40 Laboratory: Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale (IEF) ......................................................................... 40 Growth and Functionalization of Silicene on insulating thin films .................................................................. 41 Keywords: Silicene, STM, nc-AFM, HR-PES, Nanostructures ....................................................................... 41 Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) ............................................................. 41 Hybrid arrays of molecules and nanoparticles : realization, optical properties, electron dynamics .............. 42 Keywords: nanoparticles at surfaces, hybrid layers, non linear optics, pump-probe ................................. 42 Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) ............................................................. 42 La diffraction datomes rapides pour le contrle de la croissance de couches minces .................................. 43 Keywords: Couches minces, MBE EJM, Diffraction atomique, Contrle qualit de surface. ...................... 43 Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) ............................................................. 43 Physical methods for monitoring biocontamination of surfaces at the molecular level: towards the development of new bioactive substrates. ..................................................................................................... 44 Keywords: Biocontamination; Bacterial adhesion; Non-linear vibrational spectroscopy; Scanning Force Microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy........................................................................................................ 44 Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) ............................................................. 44 Probing the time-resolved vibrational dynamics at the femtosecond timescale of metal carbonyls in cryogenic solid ................................................................................................................................................. 45 Keywords: vibrational dynamics, nonlinear IR spectroscopy, photon echo, cryogenic matrix................... 45 Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) ............................................................. 45 Development of a Polarisable Ion Model for nanostructured ferroelectric compounds ............................... 46 Keywords: Molecular dynamics, DFT calculations, Ferroelectric materials, ............................................... 46 Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS)......................................... 46 Ferroelectricity and ion conduction ................................................................................................................ 47
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Keywords: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, proton conduction, oxygen ion conduction .......................................... 47 Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS)......................................... 47 Modelling of microstructural effects in ion conductors .................................................................................. 48 Keywords: Molecular dynamics, DFT calculations, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, proton conduction .................. 48 Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS)......................................... 48 New Molecular Dynamics simulations applied to proton conductors. ........................................................... 49 Keywords: Molecular dynamics, DFT calculations, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, proton conduction .................. 49 Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS)......................................... 49 Circuits for thermal light.................................................................................................................................. 50 Keywords: Near-field heat transfer, fluctuational electrodynamics, mesoscopic physics, complex systems ..................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) ........................................................................................... 50 Collective scattering of light by a small number of cold interacting atoms .................................................... 51 Keywords: Light scattering, dipole-dipole interaction, super-radiance, sub-radiance, cold atoms............ 51 Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) ........................................................................................... 51 Disordered quantum gases : Anderson localization and superfluid-insulating phase transitions .................. 52 Keywords: Atomes ultrafroids, dsordre, localisation de Anderson, transition de phase superfluideisolant .......................................................................................................................................................... 52 Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) ........................................................................................... 52 Non linear optic in hybrid nanofibers.............................................................................................................. 53 Keywords: .................................................................................................................................................... 53 Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) ........................................................................................... 53 Smart infrared sources .................................................................................................................................... 54 Keywords: .................................................................................................................................................... 54 Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) ........................................................................................... 54 Study of wavelength conversion of single photons in liquid filled hollow core photonic crystal fibers ......... 55 Keywords: .................................................................................................................................................... 55 Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) ........................................................................................... 55 Surface-plasmons electroluminescence using nanoantennas ........................................................................ 56 Keywords: .................................................................................................................................................... 56 Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) ........................................................................................... 56 Atomic scale Spintronics: single spin control by STM ..................................................................................... 57 Keywords: STM, spintronics, nanomagnetism, single atoms. ..................................................................... 57 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructure (LPN)....................................................... 57
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Study of the concentration polarization effect in nanofluidics: towards fast detection of pathogenic agents based on selective electropreconcentration ................................................................................................... 58 Keywords: micro/nanofluidics, bioanalysis, molecular biology, hardware interfacing, fluorescence microscopy .................................................................................................................................................. 58 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN) ..................................................... 58 Study of the surface charge modulation in a fluidic transistor: toward a better understanding of transport in microfluidic chips............................................................................................................................................. 59 Keywords: micro/nanofluidics, bioanalysis, molecular biology, hardware interfacing, fluorescence microscopy .................................................................................................................................................. 59 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN) ..................................................... 59 Ultrafast study of Dirac fermions in topological insulators ............................................................................. 60 Keywords: topological insulators - ultrafast spectroscopy - ARPES ............................................................ 60 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides / SOLEIL synchrotron (LPS/SOLEIL) ........................... 60 ARPES studies of the impact of strong spin- ................................................................................................... 61 orbit coupling on the electronic properties of correlated systems................................................................. 61 Keywords: electronic correlations, spin-orbit coupling, band structure, magnetism, superconductivity .. 61 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 61 Competition between dewetting and debonding at a curved interface......................................................... 62 Keywords: wetting, soft matter, dewetting, viscoelastic materials, rheology, adhesion ........................... 62 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 62 Connectivity in biofilms ................................................................................................................................... 63 Keywords: biofilms, bacteria, biophysics, mechanics and conduction ....................................................... 63 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 63 Correlations in Dirac Matter ............................................................................................................................ 64 Keywords: Dirac fermions, graphene, electronic correlations, organic crystals ......................................... 64 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 64 Dynamics of confined polymers ...................................................................................................................... 65 Keywords: soft condensed matter, polymer, statistical physics, physics ................................................... 65 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 65 Electron dynamics at photovoltaic interfaces ................................................................................................. 66 Keywords: Ultra-fast dynamics, photovoltaics, interface, electronic properties, structure ....................... 66 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 66 Electronic properties of quasicrystals ............................................................................................................. 67 Keywords: Electronic properties, quasiperiodicity, tight-binding models .................................................. 67 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 67
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Experimental detection of orbital magnetism of Dirac Fermions ................................................................... 68 Keywords: 2D quantum transport, Orbital magnetism ............................................................................... 68 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 68 How slides a charge density wave ? Study by coherent X-ray diffraction....................................................... 69 Keywords: CDW, Coherent diffraction ........................................................................................................ 69 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 69 Magneto electric coupling in the multiferroic RMn2O5 ................................................................................. 70 Keywords: Multiferroics, neutron and X-ray scattering, phase transitions ................................................ 70 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 70 Majorana fermions in topological superconductors ....................................................................................... 71 Keywords: Topological matter, edge states, Majorana fermions ............................................................... 71 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 71 Nanoplasmonique hybride dans l'ultra-violet ................................................................................................. 72 Keywords: Nanoplasmonique UV, metteurs quantiques UV, plasmonique hybride ................................ 72 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 72 Quantification de l'effet velours : nanostructuration de surface, friction et mouillage dynamique .............. 73 Keywords: wetting, surfaces, capillarity, pinning, lithography, microfluidics ............................................. 73 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 73 Spin transfer torque in extended geometry .................................................................................................... 74 Keywords: Condensed-matter physics; magnetism ; spintronic ................................................................. 74 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 74 Study of spin-orbit effects in the Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition .................................................. 75 Keywords: Correlations, Mott transition, Hubbard model. DMFT .............................................................. 75 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 75 The physics of foaming silicone oils ................................................................................................................ 76 Keywords: Liquid foams, polymers, interfaces............................................................................................ 76 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 76 Universality of magnetic domain wall dynamics ............................................................................................. 77 Keywords: condensed-matter physics, magnetism, spintronic, magneto-optics ....................................... 77 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 77 Wetting on anisotropic patterned surfaces .................................................................................................... 78 Keywords: wetting, surfaces, capillarity, pinning, lithography, microfluidics ............................................. 78 Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) ......................................................... 78 Ab initio calculation of Photo-emission and Coherent Inelastic X-ray Scattering Spectroscopies.................. 79
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Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, excitons, photoemission, Inelastic X-ray scattering ........................ 79 Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) ................................................................................... 79 Dynamics of the electronic gap in the high temperature superconductors ................................................... 81 Keywords: Angle resolved photoemission, ultrafast dynamics, high temperature superconductors ........ 81 Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) ................................................................................... 81 Electron-phonon coupling in low dimensional graphene-based systems:...................................................... 82 Theory and numerical simulation .................................................................................................................... 82 Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, graphene, electron-phonon ............................................................. 82 Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) ................................................................................... 82 Optical nonlinear properties for solids and nanostructures: .......................................................................... 83 theory and numerical simulations ................................................................................................................... 83 Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, laser, non-linear optics, tddft .......................................................... 83 Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) ................................................................................... 83 Spin-orbital excitations in correlated materials: a theoretical spectroscopy approach ................................. 84 Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, electronic and optical properties, strongly correlated materials, Green's functions......................................................................................................................................... 84 Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) ................................................................................... 84 Theory of electronic excitations: beyond the state-of-the-art........................................................................ 85 Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, analytical developments, models, Green's functions ...................... 85 Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) ................................................................................... 85 laser plasma accelerator of protons ................................................................................................................ 86 Keywords: Laser, plasmas, accelerators, relativistic interaction ................................................................. 86 Laboratory: Laboratoire d'Optique Applique (LOA) .............................................................................. 86 Modelling ot the laser plasma acceleration of electrons ................................................................................ 87 Keywords: Laser-plasma accelerators, relativistic interaction, numerical modelling ................................. 87 Laboratory: Laboratoire d'Optique Applique (LOA) .............................................................................. 87 Toward a free electron laser based on laser-plasma acceleration.................................................................. 88 Keywords: Laser, plasmas, electron accelerators, relativistic interaction, free electron laser, X/XUV sources......................................................................................................................................................... 88 Laboratory: Laboratoire d'Optique Applique (LOA) .............................................................................. 88 Electronic relaxation dynamics of metal-cluster systems ............................................................................... 89 Keywords: Reaction dynamics - Theoretical Chemistry - Physical chemistry - atomic and molecular clusters ........................................................................................................................................................ 89 Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP)........................................................................................... 89
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Femtosecond infrared luminescence spectroscopy for studying systems used in photoconversion of solar energy .............................................................................................................................................................. 90 Keywords: .................................................................................................................................................... 90 Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP)........................................................................................... 90 Isolated Reactions in Rare Gas Clusters and Helium Nanodroplets ................................................................ 91 Keywords: Reaction dynamics - Physical chemistry - Atomic and molecular clusters ................................ 91 Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP)........................................................................................... 91 Multiscale dynamics of drugs/G-quadruplex DNA interactions: from femtoseconds aux milliseconds ......... 92 Keywords: DNA, G-quadruplexes, fluorescence, femtosecond, circular dichroism .................................... 92 Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP)........................................................................................... 92 Thermodynamic study of Iron/Carbon clusters by means of a Monte Carlo method and a reactive potential. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 93 Keywords: Computational Physics - Reaction dynamics - Theoretical Chemistry - Physical chemistry atomic and molecular clusters .................................................................................................................... 93 Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP)........................................................................................... 93 A green process to make membranes by phase separation of water-soluble polymers ................................ 94 Keywords: Polymer solutions, membranes, phase separation, green process ........................................... 94 Laboratory: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanomtrique et Supramolculaire (LIONS) (LIONS) ........................................................................................................................................ 94 New hybrid inorganic nanotubes. Synthesis and self assembly toward new functional materials. ............... 95 Keywords: Nanoparticles, nanotubes, synthesis, SAXS, self-assembly, nanofluidic ................................... 95 Laboratory: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanomtrique et Supramolculaire (LIONS) (LIONS) ........................................................................................................................................ 95 Towards metamaterials by self-assembly of block copolymers ...................................................................... 96 Keywords: Block copolymers, oriented nanostructures, gold nanoparticles, metamaterials .................... 96 Laboratory: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanomtrique et Supramolculaire (LIONS) (LIONS) ........................................................................................................................................ 96 Amplifying at high energy short laser pulses using plasma based amplifiers ................................................. 97 Keywords: short-pulse lasers, plasmas physics ........................................................................................... 97 Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) ...................................................... 97 Fiber amplification by crystal photonics fibers and coherent combining for nanosecond and femtosecond pulse generation .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Keywords: 1053 nm fiber laser, electro-optic modulator, coherent beam combining, photonic crystal fiber, CPA system, arbitrary waveform generator, Brillouin effect, laser pulse shaping ............................ 98 Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) ...................................................... 98 Ion beam interactions with matter ................................................................................................................. 99
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Keywords: ion beams, short-pulse lasers, dense plasmas, ion stopping .................................................... 99 Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) ...................................................... 99 Laboratory astrophysics: radiative processes in born and death of stars..................................................... 100 Keywords: laser,plasma,astrophysics,simulation ...................................................................................... 100 Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) .................................................... 100 Magnetized laboratory astrophysics ............................................................................................................. 101 Keywords: astrophysics, magnetic field, plasma physics .......................................................................... 101 Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) .................................................... 101 Study of the Warm Dense Matter with applications to planetology ............................................................ 102 Keywords: Warm Dence Matter, Laser, XFEL, simulation, experiment .................................................... 102 Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) .................................................... 102 High average power low temperature operated Diode pumped Yb:YAG laser amplifier ............................. 103 Keywords: Diode Pumped Solid State Laser (DPSSL), Yb:YAG, Active mirror............................................ 103 Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) .................................................... 103 Materials and devices for potential application to non-volatile resistive memories (ReRAM) .................... 104 Keywords: thin films, non-volatile memories, resistive switching ............................................................ 104 Laboratory: Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Paris (LGEP) ......................................................... 104 Multi-stage Laser plasma acceleration to ultra-relativistic energies ............................................................ 105 Keywords: Laser plasma interaction at ultra-high laser intensity, high energy density plasma physics, laser plasma acceleration of electrons to relativistic energy............................................................................. 105 Laboratory: Laboratory of Physics of Gases and Plasmas (LPGP).......................................................... 105 Nanosecond diffuse discharges generated under extreme electric fields. ................................................... 106 Keywords: electrical discharges, non-equilibrium plasmas, nanosecond pulses, intense electric field, fast electrons, fast imaging, emission spectroscopy, Laser diagnostics........................................................... 106 Laboratory: Laboratory of Physics of Gases and Plasmas (LPGP).......................................................... 106 Avalanche dynamics in amorphous systems ................................................................................................. 108 Keywords: critical phenomena - out of equilibrium- avalanches .............................................................. 108 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 108 Classicality and extreme quantum states for quantum information ............................................................ 109 Keywords: Quantum information, coherent spin states, classical states, quantum entanglement ......... 109 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 109 Conformal field theory and applications in critical statistical systems and quantum integrable models .... 110 Keywords: Conformal field theory, critical statistical systems, random fractals, integrable model......... 110 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 110 Contractility of disordered biological gels, a new paradigm ......................................................................... 111
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Keywords: Biophysics - Soft condensed matter Cytoskeleton - Cell motility ......................................... 111 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 111 Correlation functions of the eight-vertex model .......................................................................................... 112 Keywords: Integrable models, Yang-Baxter algebra, form factors, correlation functions ........................ 112 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 112 Fluctuations in non-linear quantum fluids .................................................................................................... 113 Keywords: Quantum fluids, Quantum fluctuations, Nonlinear waves ...................................................... 113 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 113 Fractional quantum Hall States in multicomponent systems ....................................................................... 114 Keywords: Fractional Hall quantum Hall effect, Graphene, Landau levels ............................................... 114 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 114 Wigner time delay in mesoscopic chaotic cavities and random matrix theory ............................................ 115 Keywords: Statistical physics, mesoscopic physics, random matrix theory, Coulomb gas method, freezing transition, large deviations ........................................................................................................................ 115 Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) ................................... 115 High rate thermometry by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering in the femtosecond regime ............... 116 Keywords: Raman, femtosecond, spectroscopy, optics ............................................................................ 116 Laboratory: Laser Source and Metrology Unit (ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab) ........................... 116 Ionospheric propagation effects in equatorial areas - Prediction and correction techniques for GNSS satellite navigation receivers ......................................................................................................................... 117 Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) - Ionosphere - Equatorial Zones......................... 117 Laboratory: Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Arospatiales - Dpartement Electromagntisme et Radar (ONERA DEMR) ....................................................................................... 117 Around-the-corner detection and localisation in urban area ....................................................................... 118 Keywords: around-the-corner radar, detection, localisation .................................................................... 118 Laboratory: ONERA (ONERA) ................................................................................................................. 118 Prediction of the radiation belts intensity in relation to the magnetospheric activity ................................. 119 Keywords: magnetosphere, solar wind, space weather ........................................................................... 119 Laboratory: Onera (ONERA/DESP/MEM) .............................................................................................. 119 Taking into account the magnetic local time in the modelling of the Earth's radiation belts ...................... 120 Keywords: Radiation belt, numerical scheme, diffusion equation, magnetosphere ................................ 120 Laboratory: Onera (ONERA/DESP/MEM) .............................................................................................. 120 High-performance control for wide-field adaptive optics............................................................................. 121 Keywords: Classical and wide-field adaptive optics, state space representation, minimum variance control, Kalman filtering, model identification ......................................................................................... 121
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Laboratory: Onera - Dpartement d'Optique Thorique et Applique - (LCF and ONERA-DOTA) ....... 121 Ionospheric inversion using sparse data ....................................................................................................... 122 Keywords: Ionosphere, Radar, HF, OTHR, Compressive sensing .............................................................. 122 Laboratory: ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab / Low Frequency Unit (ONERA)................................ 122 Propagation through ionosphere in presence of turbulences ...................................................................... 123 Keywords: Ionosphere, Radar, HF, OTHR, Propagation ............................................................................ 123 Laboratory: ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab / Low Frequency Unit (ONERA)................................ 123 Analysis of the performances of a P band spaceborne SAR for the inversion of the bio-geophysical parameters of the forest. Application to the detection of targets under foliage ......................................... 124 Keywords: P band - Forest scattering - Fopen - Synthetic aperture Radar ............................................... 124 Laboratory: ONERA - Toulouse center (DEMR) ..................................................................................... 124 Microwave backscatter from the ocean surface at grazing angle ................................................................ 125 Keywords: Radar, Remote sensing, EM modeling Hydrodynamic modeling Ocean surface, Grazing angle ................................................................................................................................................................... 125 Laboratory: ONERA : the French Aerospace Lab (Salon-de-Provence - France) MIO : Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (ONERA and MIO) ....................................................................................... 125 Nowcasting of Earth-space propagation channel for Q/V band gateways of Satcom systems .................... 126 Keywords: Propagation, Weather forecast model, Satellite communication, weather radar .................. 126 Laboratory: ONERA Electromagnetism and Radar department (ONERA-DEMR).................................. 126 Coherent combining of frequency converters and optical parametric oscillators........................................ 127 Keywords: Optical parametric oscillators, coherent combining, lasers, nonlinear optics, optics............. 127 Laboratory: ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab - Theoretical and Applied Optics Department - Lasers and Lidars laboratory (ONERA/DOTA) ................................................................................................... 127 Development of a compact optical frequency comb spectrometer to probe fast dynamics in gas flows. .. 128 Keywords: Frequency comb, microresonators, waveguides, mid infrared, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy ................................................................................................................................................................... 128 Laboratory: ONERA, the French Aerospace Lab, Physics and Instrumentation Department, Laser Sources and Metrology Unit (ONERA) ................................................................................................... 128 Are the correlations universal close to the glass transition ? The interest of the various cubic susceptibilities. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 129 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 129 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) ................................................... 129 Conversion thermolectrique dans des nanofils avec grille.......................................................................... 130 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 130 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GMT) ........................................................ 130 Dipolar superferromagnetism in supracrystals of nanoparticles .................................................................. 131
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Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 131 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) ................................................... 131 Electroluminescence, photocurrent and charge/energy transfer in functionalized carbon nanostructures complexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 132 Keywords: .................................................................................................................................................. 132 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LEM)......................................................... 132 Emission of Sub-Poissonian Photons by a Josphson junction ....................................................................... 133 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 133 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GNE)......................................................... 133 Experimental studies of the interactions between surface waves and flows ............................................... 134 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 134 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) ................................................... 134 Ferromagnetic resonance and spin dependent electrical transport at the atomic scale ............................. 135 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 135 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) ......................................................... 135 Finite energy Coherence in quantum electronics ......................................................................................... 136 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 136 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GNE)......................................................... 136 Graphene THz detectors based on Photo-assisted Shot Noise ..................................................................... 137 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 137 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GNE)......................................................... 137 Local Magnetic detection and stimulation of the neuronal activity ............................................................. 138 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 138 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) ......................................................... 138 Magnetometry and dynamics of an individual magnetic nanoparticle ........................................................ 139 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 139 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) ......................................................... 139 Magneto-thermoelectric effect in ferrofluids ............................................................................................... 140 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 140 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) ................................................... 140 Majorana and Andreev States in Hybrid Superconducting Circuits .............................................................. 141 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 141 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GQ) .......................................................... 141 Novel quantum circuits using high-reactance materials; Quantum phase slip junctions ............................. 143
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Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 143 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GQ) .......................................................... 143 Optical measurements of dissipation and energy fluxes in turbulent flows................................................. 144 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 144 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) ................................................... 144 Precise measurement of relaxation in a magnetic memory ......................................................................... 145 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 145 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) ......................................................... 145 Rayonnement de collision dans des gaz atomiques temprature ambiante ............................................. 146 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 146 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) ................................................... 146 Realization of efficient and innovative functionalization of graphene and carbon nanotubes for energy and material science............................................................................................................................................. 147 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 147 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LEM)......................................................... 147 Realizing a spin-ensemble quantum memory for superconducting qubits .................................................. 148 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 148 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GQ) .......................................................... 148 Spin currents in an insulating ferromagnet ................................................................................................... 149 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 149 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) ......................................................... 149 Study of the dissipation anomaly in a turbulent flow ................................................................................... 150 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 150 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) ................................................... 150 Synthesis of graphene nanoparticles ............................................................................................................ 151 Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences ........................................................... 151 Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LEM)......................................................... 151 Atomistic modeling of the aging of ferritic steels under irradiation ............................................................. 152 Keywords: precipitation, segregation, Monte Carlo simulations, irradiation effects ............................... 152 Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) .................................................. 152 Cluster dynamics simulation of the influence of alloying elements on the point defect cluster growth ..... 153 Keywords: Cluster dynamics; Diffusion at atomic scale; Thermodynamics of irreversible processes. ..... 153 Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) .................................................. 153 Ion beam simulation of neutron irradiation: Flux effect on radiation damage in ferritic alloys................... 154
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Keywords: Irradiation, TEM, APT, RPV steels, Radiation-induced segregation......................................... 154 Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) .................................................. 154 Stability and temperature evolution of voids formed in irradiated isotropic metals ................................... 155 Keywords: Irradiation, TEM, Voids, Metals ............................................................................................... 155 Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) .................................................. 155 Experimental study of electron bunches production in high intensity laser-matter interaction ................. 156 Keywords: plasma physics; high intensity laser matter interaction; surface waves ................................. 156 Laboratory: Service des Photons Atomes et Molecules (CEA/IRAMIS/SPAM/PHI)............................... 156 High energy laser-driven proton acceleration using engineered targets...................................................... 157 Keywords: plasma physics; laser driven proton acceleration; high intensity laser matter interaction .... 157 Laboratory: Service des Photons Atomes et Molecules (CEA/IRAMIS/SPAM/PHI)............................... 157 Generation of attosecond pulses of exotic polarizations .............................................................................. 158 Keywords: Attosecond, High harmonic generation, Ultrafast physics, Femtosecond, Atomic and molecular physics ....................................................................................................................................................... 158 Laboratory: Service des photons atomes et molcules, CEA-Saclay (SPAM) ........................................ 158 An injector for the future 2-stage laser plasma accelerators........................................................................ 160 Keywords: Plasma physics and laser-matter interactions, charged particle acceleration in plasma........ 160 Laboratory: Service des Photons, Atomes et Molcules - Physique Haute Intensit (SPAM PHI) ..... 160 Formation of nanoparticles in water: role of the intermediate liquid and dense phases ............................ 161 Keywords: Nanoparticles, nucleation, luminescence................................................................................ 161 Laboratory: Service Interdisciplinaire sur les Systmes Molculaires et les Matriaux (SIS2M) .......... 161 Solidified microemulsions: a new path for proton conductors? ................................................................... 162 Keywords: Microemulsions, nanomaterials, proton conductivity, fuel cells ............................................ 162 Laboratory: Service Interdisciplinaire sur les Systmes Molculaires et les Matriaux (SIS2M) .......... 162 Investigation of Individual Nanowires of Topological Insulator Materials by NanoARPES at ANTARES ....... 163 Keywords: graphene - nano-ARPES ........................................................................................................... 163 Laboratory: SOLEIL synchrotron (SOLEIL) .............................................................................................. 163 Nanomaterials with application in oncology by Magnetic Hyperthermia therapy ....................................... 165 Keywords: NP, XAS, nano-ARPES ............................................................................................................... 165 Laboratory: SOLEIL synchrotron (SOLEIL) .............................................................................................. 165 Antibacterial polymer and hybrid surfaces ................................................................................................... 166 Keywords: surface chemistry, polymers, thin films, biochemistry............................................................ 166 Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) ................................................................. 166 Covalent and nano-structured hybrid multilayers ........................................................................................ 167
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Keywords: surface chemistry, polymers, thin films................................................................................... 167 Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) ................................................................. 167 Electrical contact of organic thin-films made by micro-contact printing for nano-device development. .... 168 Keywords: molecular electronics, soft lithography ................................................................................... 168 Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) ................................................................. 168 P-type materials structured and doped for efficient energy conversion. ..................................................... 169 Keywords: photovoltaics, electronics ........................................................................................................ 169 Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) ................................................................. 169 Physical aspects of quasibrittle fracture: how to predict (micro)damaging in heterogeneous solids .......... 170 Keywords: mechanics, fracture, statistical physics ................................................................................... 170 Laboratory: SPCSI/Fracture et Systmes complexes (LNOSC) ............................................................... 170 Understanding how dynamic fracture properties emerge from microstructural texture in brittle materials ....................................................................................................................................................................... 171 Keywords: mechanics, fracture, statistical physics ................................................................................... 171 Laboratory: SPCSI/Fracture et Systmes complexes (LNOSC) ............................................................... 171 Understanding the evolution of mechanical properties under irradiation in glasses via experiments ........ 172 Keywords: mechanics, glass, irradiation, damage..................................................................................... 172 Laboratory: SPCSI/Fracture et Systmes complexes (LNOSC) ............................................................... 172 Molecular synthesis for tunable magnetic supramolecular self-assembly ................................................... 173 Keywords: organic synthesis, self-assembly.............................................................................................. 173 Laboratory: SPCSI/HyMN (LEPO) ........................................................................................................... 173 Tunable multicomponent supramolecular magnetic self-assembly for spintronics ..................................... 174 Keywords: nanomagnetism, self-assembly, spin-polarized STM .............................................................. 174 Laboratory: SPCSI/HyMN (LEPO) ........................................................................................................... 174 Electronic structure and transport in the graphene/MoS2 heterostructure for the design of a field-effect transistor ....................................................................................................................................................... 175 Keywords: graphene, modelization , DFT, van der Waals ......................................................................... 175 Laboratory: SPCSI/Nanomagntisme (LNOSC) ...................................................................................... 175 Molecular self-assembly for plasmonic stimulated emission ....................................................................... 176 Keywords: Plasmonics, light-matter interactions, nano-objects............................................................... 176 Laboratory: SPCSI/nanoPhotonique (LEPO) .......................................................................................... 176 Plasmonics, a tool for the engineering of the near optical field at the nanometer scale ............................. 177 Keywords: Plasmonics, light-matter interactions, nano-objects............................................................... 177 Laboratory: SPCSI/nanoPhotonique (LEPO) .......................................................................................... 177 Development of New Crystalline Magnetic Tunnel Junctions for Spintronics .............................................. 178
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Keywords: spintronics, MBE ...................................................................................................................... 178 Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) ........................................................................................................... 178 Single and double ferrite spin-filters for spintronics devices ........................................................................ 179 Keywords: spintronics, ferroelectricity, oxides ......................................................................................... 179 Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) ........................................................................................................... 179 Spin Injection and Transport in Hybrid Ferromagnetic/Organic semiconductor Heterostructures ............. 180 Keywords: spintronics, oxides, tunneling junctions .................................................................................. 180 Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) ........................................................................................................... 180 Tunable multicomponent supramolecular magnetic self-assembly for spintronics ..................................... 181 Keywords: spintronics, phootelectrolysis, ferroelectricity ........................................................................ 181 Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) ........................................................................................................... 181 Combined thermal-electric-EMC modeling of aircraft electrical harnesses ................................................. 182 Keywords: EMC - Thermal constraints - Electrical Harnesses - Model ...................................................... 182 Laboratory: The French Aerospace Lab (ONERA) .................................................................................. 182 Combined effects of ion irradiation in refractory ceramics .......................................................................... 183 Keywords: Irradiation, Nuclear ceramics, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy. ............................................................................................................................................... 183 Laboratory: (JANNUS) ............................................................................................................................ 183
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A MESOSCOPIC ELECTROMETER AT THE QUANTUM LIMIT

Keywords: mesoscopic superconductivity, single charge device
Laboratory: Centre de Sciences Nuclaires et des Sciences de la Matire (CSNSM) Bat 108, Orsay Campus Mesoscopic components are most valuable candidates to realize cryogenic electronics able to reach the ultimate detection limits set by quantum mechanics. The goal of the present project is first to develop an ultra sensitive electrometer. The considered circuit is a superconducting device, composed of a Cooper pair box, inserted in a microwave resonator. This circuit allows a fine charge detection, by measuring dispersively its quantum capacitance. We will use it to amplify signals from cryogenic detectors used in the EDELWEISS experiment for dark matter search. We will also study a strongly disordered superconductor for use in a device dual to the Cooper pair box, based on quantum phase slips junctions (dual to Josephson junctions). Such device should be less sensitive to charge noise issues. The regime of quantum phase slips, very fundamental and poorly studied, opens numerous paths in the engineering of quantum electrodynamics, as well as for ultimate instrumentation. Desire profile or skills: condensed matter, quantum physics, experimentalist Remarks: The student will be working in the cryogenic detectors team in the CSNSM, in strong collaboration with the quantronics group in the SPEC (CEA). A permanent researcher will manage the internship and the thesis, together with a post-doc. The student will participate in the elaboration of the mesoscopic electrometer, to measurements and their interpretation. He / she will learn fabrication in clean room, high frequency measurements, quantum design of mesoscopic devices and simulation of microwave circuits. PhD advisor: Hlne le Sueur Contact: helene.le-sueur@csnsm.in2p3.fr Website: http://www.csnsm.in2p3.fr/-Physique-des-solides-
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CREATION AND CONTROL OF TWO-DIMENSONAL CORRELATEDELECTRON SYSTEMS

Keywords: Condensed-matter physics; correlated electrons; oxyde electronics; electrons in low dimensions; angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Laboratory: Centre des Sciences Nuclaires et de Sciences de la Matire (CSNSM) CSNSM - Universit Paris Sud, Btiments 104 et 108, 91405 Orsay cedex, France In solids, the breaking of symmetry at surfaces or interfaces can lead to a reconstruction of the quantum band-structure and the emergence of novel phenomena of fundamental and applied importance. Paradigmatic examples are the quantum Hall effect, the spin-polarized surface states in topological insulators, or the two-dimensional electron gases at semiconductor interfaces, at the basis of modern electronics. Recently, we discovered that metallic 2D electron states can be created at the surface of transparent insulating transition-metal oxides [Nature 2011, Phys. Rev. B(R) 2012]. Many of these oxydes present strong electron correlations and remarkable macroscopic behavior, such as high-temperture superconductivity or colossal magnetoresistance. During your thesis work, you will explore the in-situ creation and control of 2D electron states at the surface of different correlated-electron oxides. You will study these systems using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), a technique that allows imaging the band structure of solids. You will participate to the assembly and operation of a lab-based ARPES setup coupled to a chamber for thin-film growth. Complementary experiments will be performed at various synchrotron facilities around the world. Desire profile or skills: Excellent academic grades in Physics. Passion for experimental work. Good communication skills either in English or French. PhD advisor: Andrs F. Santander-Syro Contact: andres.santander@csnsm.in2p3.fr Website: http://www.csnsm.in2p3.fr/-SCES-
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ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM PHASE TRANSITIONS IN HEAVY-FERMION SYSTEMS

Keywords: Condensed-matter physics; quantum phase transitions; heavy fermions; new electronic states of matter; angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Laboratory: Centre des Sciences Nuclaires et de Sciences de la Matire (CSNSM) CSNSM - Universit Paris Sud, Btiments 104 et 108, 91405 Orsay cedex, France Due to strong electron interactions, heavy-fermion materials display numerous exotic classical and quantum phase transitions. The resulting broken symmetries and collective phenomena are, often, fundamental open questions in condensed-matter physics. In our team, we employ high-resolution low-temperature angleresolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) to explore the microscopic origin of those phase transitions (Nature Physics 2009, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013). This technique allows imaging directly the band-structure and electron interactions in a solid. Your research work will focus on the study, using ARPES, of several phase transitions and new electronic states of matter in various heavy-fermion systems. You will also participate to the assembly and operation, in our laboratory, of a high-resolution low-temperature ARPES system. The experiments will be done using this lab setup and synchrotron facilities around the world. Desire profile or skills: Excellent academic grades in Physics. Passion for experimental work. Good communication skills either in English or French. PhD advisor: Andrs F. Santander-Syro Contact: andres.santander@csnsm.in2p3.fr Website: http://www.csnsm.in2p3.fr/-SCES-
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ANALYSE DES TECHNIQUES 3D RADAR - COMPARAISON AVEC LE LIDAR

Keywords: Synthetic aperture radar- earth observation - vegetation - interferometry polarimetry - tomography
Laboratory: DEMR (ONERA) Salon de Provence The Europeen spaceborne mission consists in an imaging radar at low frequency dedicated to the monitoring of the earth biomass at a global scale. The electromagnetic wave of longer wavelength can penetrate inside the vegetation allowing a better characterisation of the medium than conventional earth observation technique. In this thesis, the activities will concentrate on the PolInSAR and the tomographic techniques; The PolInSAR (polarimetric interferometry) is based on the simultaneous analysis of 2 polarimetric images acquired in interferometric modes. The PolInSAR inversion relies heavily on linear algebra. Tomography requires half a dozen images acquired in single polarimetric mode, tackled with Capon or Musiac type of algorithms. The research will explore datasets acquired with an airborne platform in French Guiana and Gabon. Several aspects will be covered:Multibaseline PolInSAR, for which we will need to develop an estimation technique, Temporal decorelation and spatial inhomogeneities, comparison with LIDAR approach and transposition of the techniques to the spaceborne cases. Desire profile or skills: Mathematics - linear algebra - statistics - programming skills PhD advisor: P Dubois-Fernandez Contact: pdubois@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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COMPLEX AO SYSTEMS FOR THE E-ELT: MODELLING AND

CONTROL
Keywords: Adaptive Optics, Control, Numerical simulation, System Design
Laboratory: Dpartement d'Optique Thorique et applique - Haute Rsolution Angulaire (ONERA, DOTA) Onera, Chtillon, 92320 Europe has proposed to develop an Extremely Large Telescope of 39m diameter to offer the astronomical community a revolutionary instrument. It will be equipped with classical Adaptive Optics (AO) and more sophisticated AO concepts. A major challenge is then the number of degrees of freedom to control in these AO systems, millions per second. AO systems design, in particular at control level, is impacted as simulation tools and current control algorithms are not adapted. This PhD aims at optimizing existing models and numerical simulation tools to face the complexity and then addressing the implementation of smart control algorithms to provide optimal control under constraint of complexity. Final purpose is, based on the simulation tools and the control algorithms, to be able to refine the E-ELT AO systems designs and propose new architectures.
Desire profile or skills: Generalist Engineer or Optics Engineer, skills in optics, control, signal processing, programming PhD advisor: M. Ferrari (LAM) Contact: cyril.petit@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-dota
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ANTENNA DIVERSITY FOR GNSS INTEGRITY PERFORMANCE

ASSESSMENT
Keywords: GNSS, Integrity, Estimation, Antenna, Diversity
Laboratory: Electromagnetism & Radar Department (ONERA) 2 avenue Edouard Belin - FR-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4 In Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications, multipath (MP) errors are still one of the major error sources in conventional receivers. The additional signal replicas due to reflections introduce a bias in Delay Lock Loops (DLL), which finally leads to a positioning error. In the space domain, the redundant parameters which are estimated are the time of arrival and the Doppler of the echoes and the diversity lies in the phase delays between antennas of an array. Actually, antenna array perform a spatial sampling of the wave front which makes possible the discrimination of the sources in the space domain (azimuth and elevation). Accurate estimation algorithms based on antenna diversity (e.g. SAGE / STAP) have been developped previously but the integrity gain is still unknown. The major goals of this PhD is to assess the integrity of current antenna diversity based algorithms and to improve and developp new ones that should be accurate as well as reliable. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 Research Or Engineer school Remarks: PhD in collaboration with CNES and THALES ALENIA Space. PhD advisor: Jonathan ISRAEL Contact: jonathan.israel@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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MODLISATION STATISTIQUE DE LA DIVERSIT MULTI-SITE AUX FRQUENCES COMPRISES ENTRE 20 ET 50 GHZ

Keywords: Ka, Q/V bands, feeder link, propagation, attenuation, site diversity
Laboratory: Electromagnetism & Radar Department (ONERA) 2 avenue Edouard Belin - FR-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4 Satellite communication systems are currently developed at Ka-band (20-30 GHz) for broadband multimedia applications. In order to avoid to spend a part of the frequency band allocated to the user links, Q/V band (40-50 GHz) is envisaged for the feeder links. However, this frequency band is affected by propagation effects such as attenuation due to rain, clouds, water vapour and oxygen, as well by scintillation. In order to offer a suffcient link availability, site diversity is envisaged for the gateways. To characterise the propagation channel in these frequncy bands and to assess the performances offered by site diversity, ONERA and CNES are currently operating a network of 5 Earth stations located in Toulouse, Aussaguel and Le fauga-Mauzac (short distances between 15 and 25 km), Aire sur l'Adour and Salon de Provence (located at respectively 150 and 250 km from Toulouse). The objective of this PhD is to exploit the results obtained in the framework of this multi-site diversity experiment, and to test and improve existing models or to develop new models. These models can be statistical prediction method of attenuation and site diversity, as well as channel models allowing time series of joint attenuation to be synthesised. Meteorological models (such as those used at ONERA) can be used too in order to extrapolate the results to other climatic areas. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 Research or Engineer school Remarks: PhD in collaboration with CNES. PhD advisor: Laurent CASTANET Contact: Laurent.Castanet@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WIND PARKS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RADARS

Keywords: Radar, WindTurbine, Radar Cross Section, Electromagnetic Simulation
Laboratory: Electromagnetism and Radar Department of the French Aerospace Lab (ONERADEMR) Chemin de la Hunire 91123 PALAISEAU The number of wind parks in France has significantly increased owing to a strong political support in favour of wind energy. However the multiplication of wind parks is introducing new interferences for radars often located in the same area (weather forecast, defence, air control...). Interferences introduced by wind parks are multiple and several factors need to be taken into account: echoes on static and rotating components, multi-trip/multi-path returns, masking effects, geographical constraints, number of turbines... In addition, the interferences will have a different impact depending on the type of radars targeted (weather forecast, surveillance, air control...). The objectives of this thesis are to carry out a thorough analysis of the various interference mechanisms introduced by wind parks, and to quantitatively assess their consequences on radar outputs for different types of radar. The analysis of the interferences will be based on electromagnetic calculations. The assessment of the consequences will require radar behaviour models and statistical approaches. Desire profile or skills: Strong scientific background, especially in electromagnetism, solid analytical skills PhD advisor: Gerard Bobillot Contact: gerard.bobillot@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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SELF-PATTERNING OF POLYMER OR COLLOID DEPOSITS

OBTAINED BY DRYING A DILUTE SOLUTION OR DISPERSION.
Keywords: hydrodynamics in thin films - heat and mass transfer - drying - polymer solution - colloidal dispersion
Laboratory: FAST, UMR 7608 (University Paris-Sud, CNRS) (FAST) Btiment 502, Campus Universitaire, 91405, Orsay, France The purpose of the study is to develop a physical model to arrive at an in-depth understanding of the phenomena involved for geometries with a contact line or a meniscus. We are interested in understanding conditions required to get self-patterning, the selection of the wavelength and the shape of the dried deposit. Desire profile or skills: Fluid mechanics, heat/mass transfer, (soft matter) PhD advisor: Doumenc Frdric, Guerrier Batrice Contact: guerrier@fast.u-psud.fr Website: http://www.fast.upsud.fr/themes/themes.php?theme=4&lang=en
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DYNAMICS OF INTRUSIONS IN COMPLEX FLUIDS: FROM VISCOUS

FLOW TO FRACTURE
Keywords: Complex fluids, rheology, viscous flow, magma transport, fracture
Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) Bt 502, Campus universitaire, 91405 Orsay The rheology of many complex non-Newtonian fluids combines viscous, plastic, and elastic aspects, allowing them to deform by both flow and fracture. This thesis will investigate the dynamics of intrusions in complex fluids using laboratory experiments (sheets of sugar syrup injected into polymer gels) and numerical and analytical modeling. The results will be applied to the transport of magma in the Earth's lithosphere. Desire profile or skills: Strong background in physics and fluid mechanics. Knowledge of Earth science is welcome but not essential. PhD advisor: A. Davaille Contact: davaille@fast.u-psud.fr Website: http://www.fast.upsud.fr/~davaille/Telecharger/intrusion2014.pdf
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE MODE I+III CRACK MORPHOLOGY INSTABILITY.

Keywords: Fracture mechanics, instability
Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) Bt 502, Campus universitaire, 91405 Orsay A crack undergoing some mode I+III (antiplane shear) loading is unstable versus a straight propagation path. The aim of this project is to perform an extensive experimental study of this instability. The results will be compared to recent theoretical ones obtained recently by our team.Additional information on http://www.fast.u-psud.fr/~lazarus/Telecharger/modeIII.pdf Desire profile or skills: Fundamental research, continuum mechanics Remarks: Depending on the student skills (experimental/theoretical/numerical, physics/mechanics), several related subjects can be proposed PhD advisor: V. Lazarus Contact: veronique.lazarus@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.fast.u-psud.fr/~lazarus/
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SELECTION OF 3D CONTRACTION CRACKS PATTERNS: AN

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON A MODEL SYSTEM INVOLVING THE DIRECTIONAL DRYING OF A COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION
Keywords: Fracture mechanics, instability, soft matter
Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) Bt 502, Campus universitaire, 91405 Orsay Tensile contraction cracks, e.g those leading to basalt columns, form complex and various patterns. How those patterns are selected remains an open question. We aim at helping to meet the challenge by studying, both experimentally and numerically, some model system, namely the directional drying of a colloidal suspension. Additional information on http://www.fast.u-psud.fr/~lazarus/Telecharger/Pipette2014.pdf. Desire profile or skills: Fundamental research, continuum mechanics Remarks: Depending on the student skills (experimental/theoretical/numerical, physics/mechanics), several related subjects can be proposed PhD advisor: V. Lazarus Contact: veronique.lazarus@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.fast.u-psud.fr/~lazarus/
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TORRICELLIS CURTAIN: MORPHOLOGY OF HORIZONTAL LAMINAR

JETS UNDER GRAVITY
Keywords: Laminar jets, Dean vortices, fluid chains, surface tension
Laboratory: Fluides, Automatique et Systmes Thermiques (FAST) Bt 502, Campus universitaire, 91405 Orsay Contrary to the common notion that liquid jets describe parabolic trajectories, recent experiments at FAST show that a laminar jet issuing from a round horizontal tube evolves into a thin vertical curtain bounded above and below by diverging primary and secondary jets, with a recirculating (Dean) flow inside the primary jet. Further downstream, the two jets reapproach each other and collide to form a "fluid chain". We call this whole complex phenomenon "Torricelli's curtain" in honor of Torricelli's seminal work on liquid jets , published in 1644. The aim of this PhD project is to understand the dynamics of Torricelli's curtain using a combination of numerical, analytical, and experimental approaches Desire profile or skills: Strong background in partial differential equations and the mechanics of laminar flows. PhD advisor: N. Ribe Contact: ribe@fast.u-psud.fr Website: http://www.fast.upsud.fr/~ribe/Telecharger/curtain2014.pdf
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29
DEVELOPMENT OF THZ DETECTORS, AMPLIFIERS AND SOURCES

BASED ON PLASMON POLARITON
Keywords: plasmon, electromagnetism, Time domain modelling of THz devices, non local effects
Laboratory: Institut dElectronique Fondamentale (IEF) Universit Paris Sud Bt. 220 - Centre Scientifique d'Orsay - F 91405 Orsay cedex The target of the study is to optimize in the [0.3-3] THz frequency range, detector, amplifiers and sources compact, electrically tunable, low power, low-cost and the most efficient possible (losses decrease, use of plasmonic properties in metals and semiconductors quantum wells. This work aims to design and realize these devices based on III-V and Si semiconductors and to numerically model them with a 3D MaxwellBoltzmann solver via a focus on non local effects in quantum structures. Desire profile or skills: Relevant knowledge in electronics and physics PhD advisor: Frederic Aniel Contact: frederic.aniel@u-psud.fr Website: http://hebergement.u-psud.fr/nanoelec-thz-team/
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SCHOTTKY DIODE OPTIMIZATION FOR THZ APPLICATIONS

Keywords:
Laboratory: Institut dElectronique Fondamentale (IEF) Universit Paris Sud Bt. 220 - Centre Scientifique d'Orsay - F 91405 Orsay cedex As part of the (Jupiter Icy moons Explorer) exploration JUICE ESA mission, a submillimeter heterodyne instrument has been proposed by an international consortium that includes LERMA (UPMC) and LESIA (Observatoire de Paris). One of its features is that it should have two channels covering the frequency bands respectively [530-601] GHz and [1082-1271] GHz with a resolution of 100 kHz. The launch of the instrument is built in 2022 on a journey to Jupiter for a period of 7 years. Schottky diodes are the cornerstone of this instrument. The geometry of Schottky structures on semiconductor GaAs is optimized to reduce parasitic elements likely to limit their operating frequency. The subject proposed by IEF consists in the modelling of the Schottky junction and its environment. This numerical study will be led with 3D modeling coupling Maxwell's equations and the equations of transport in semiconductors through the use of a system based on FDTD (3D MAXTRA ) method code to understand the conditions that allow maximize coupling of the diode with the electromagnetic field induced by the waveguide and the study of various heterostructures Metal / Semiconductors for improving the functions of mixtures and detection Schottky diodes. Experimental work based on measurements of frequency noise, and numerical modeling tools using electronic structure calculations will be also carried out. Noise reduction in the nonlinear function is considered. The delay due to dielectric relaxation process in which the Schottky diode becomes large beyond the THz be analyzed .This work will be led in close collaboration with technologists who perform the diodes and circuit designers that incorporate LEDs in the instrument of detection. Desire profile or skills: Relevant knowledge in electronics and physics an d microwave technology PhD advisor: Frederic Aniel Contact: frederic.aniel@u-psud.fr Website: http://hebergement.u-psud.fr/nanoelec-thz-team/
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31
THEORETICAL STUDY OF ELECTRONIC AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF GE NANOWIRES POLYTYPES

Keywords: Simulation, DFT, transport, nanowire, phonon
Laboratory: Institut dElectronique Fondamentale (IEF) Rue Ampere Bat 220 UMR8622, ORSAY, France. The PhD position is aimed to investigate theoretically the electronic and phononic structures of Ge nanowires polytypes by applying a powerful combination of quantum-mechanical theory and computer simulation (DFT, TB, NEGF). The work will be carried out in strong collaboration with experimentalists Desire profile or skills: MSc in Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science or related disciplines PhD advisor: Jrme Saint Martin / Michele Amato Contact: jerome.saint-martin@u-psud.fr Website: http://computational-electronics.ief.u-psud.fr
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32
CONSISTENCY TESTS OF THE UNIVERSE AND COSMIC FOSSILS

Keywords: Cosmology, large scale structures, relativistic effects
Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif0sur-Yvette Forthcoming large scale structure surveys will become the next leading observational window into the physics of the early and late-time universe, potentially improving what we have already learned from the cosmic microwave background with the beautiful results of the Planck mission. In this thesis we will derive predictions for observables in the large scale structure. The goal is to learn about the two known stages of acceleration in the universe, namely inflation and the current acceleration due to dark energy. Our focus will be on general relativistic effects, that become relevant on very large scales that future surveys will probe. Moreover, a key role will be given to consistency relations - relations between correlation functions of the cosmic fields and consequences of symmetries in the universe - and/or to their violations. In particular, we will try to identify possible cosmic fossils, i.e. signatures of early universe physics in the large scale structure. The expected research work will be theoretical and mainly analytical; some light numerical computation (e.g. with Mathematica) may be required. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 in theoretical physics or astrophysics PhD advisor: Filippo Vernizzi Contact: filippo.vernizzi@cea.fr Website: http://ipht.cea.fr/PhoceaSPhT/ast_visu_spht.php?id_ast=726
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33
FORMATION OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES IN THE UNIVERSE IN

VARIOUS COSMOLOGICAL SCENARIOS
Keywords: Cosmology, large scale structures, dark energy
Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif0sur-Yvette Since the discovery in 1998 of the acceleration of the cosmic expansion, a key problem in cosmology is to understand the nature of the substance (called dark energy") that drives this dynamics. Thus, several experiments are under way or being planned (such as the Euclid satellite) to constrain its properties, through the measure of large-scale structures (such as the distribution of galaxies or clusters of galaxies). This goal also requires accurate theoretical predictions for a broad range of cosmological models, including modifications of General Relativity. The aim of this research project is to develop analytic methods to predict the statistical properties of largescale structures for various scenarios. Then, how well observations can discriminate among these darkenergy models should be investigated. In the case of the standard" cosmological scenario, the goal is to improve the accuracy and validity range of current methods, and possibly to develop new approaches. This involves both systematic analytic methods (perturbation theory) and phenomenological modeling. Thus, this is a theoretical project with a direct link to observations. This work will require both analytic skills and programming tasks (Fortran 90 and some Mathematica). Desire profile or skills: Master 2 in theoretical physics or astrophysics Remarks: This PhD project is funded by a grant from the ANR. PhD advisor: Patrick Valageas Contact: patrick.valageas@cea.fr Website: http://ipht.cea.fr/PhoceaSPhT/ast_visu_spht.php?id_ast=663
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34
NONEQUILIBRIUM DYNAMICS OF DIRECTED SPIN MODELS

Keywords: Out of equilibrium statistical mechanics
Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif0sur-Yvette For a system of Ising spins, a generic choice of the flipping rate of a spin (Glauber dynamics) corresponds to an irreversible process. Reversibility is ensured by restricting this choice by the constraint of detailed balance. A weaker constraint is to impose global balance, that is to say the satisfaction of the stationary master equation for the equilibrium Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution. These dynamics are midway between reversible systems (satisfying detailed balance) that lead to equilibrium, and irreversible systems whose generic stationary measure is unknown a priori. The aim of the thesis is to explore the physical properties of these "Gibbsian" dynamics on discrete spin models (Ising) or continuous (spherical model). This research requires a questioning of known properties for systems whose dynamics is reversible (relaxation to the steady state, fluctuations in the steady state, fluctuation-dissipation relations, ...) both at high and low temperature. This thesis is theoretical in nature. It requires analytical calculations but also the use of formal computations and simulations. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 in theoretical physics PhD advisor: Claude Godrche Contact: claude.godrche@cea.fr Website: http://ipht.cea.fr/PhoceaSPhT/ast_visu_spht.php?id_ast=735
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35
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE INTEGER QUANTUM HALL EFFECT

Keywords: Quantum Hall Effect, integrable systems, conformal field theory
Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif0sur-Yvette The study of quantum systems in the presence of disorder plays a paramount role in modern condensed matter and statistical physics. Within this realm the Quantum Hall Effect (QHE), which describes the localization and transport properties of a electron gas within an ultra-thin sample of material comprising impurities, is of central importance. After the initial discoveries in the early 1980's of the Integer QHE (IQHE) and the Fractional QHE (FQHE), several variants of the QHE have been considered and classified, among which the Spin Quantum Hall Effect (SQHE) in semiconductors, for which the spin current, rather than the charge current, is quantized. The main purpose of this PhD is to study the localization/delocalization transition between plateaux in the IQHE using the tools of integrability and conformal field theory. More specifically, the problem will be tackled starting from quantum spin chain and loop models formulations, using numerical diagonalizations, Bethe ansatz and representation theory. Results will then be analyzed in the light of recent progress in (logarithmic) conformal field theory, with the ultimate goal of building the full universality class of the IQHE phase transition, or at least furthering our understanding thereof. Additional aspects such as entanglement and transport could also be studied, depending on the student's rate of progress. The proposed work will be entirely theoretical, and will potentially involve collaborations with colleagues in Germany, the Netherlands and the USA. The work will be rather interdisciplinary, and use concepts of solid state physics, statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 in theoretical physics PhD advisor: Hubert Saleur & Jesper Jacobsen (LPTENS) Contact: hubert.saleur@cea.fr Website: http://ipht.cea.fr/PhoceaSPhT/ast_visu_spht.php?id_ast=729
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36
STRING DUALITIES AND FLUX COMPACTIFICATIONS

Keywords: String theory, flux compactification, generalized complex geometry
Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif0sur-Yvette String theory relates the laws of particle physics to the microscopic physics of spacetime. An early prediction of the theory was that spacetime is microscopically ten-dimensional, with six of the dimensions curled into a compact geometry whose shape and size determine the particles and forces we observe in four dimensions. In string compactifications, the space-time is a product of the usual four dimensional Minkowski space-time and of an internal, compact manifold. The four-dimensional effective action, which describes the interactions of fields with mass lower than the compactification scale, depends on the geometry of the internal space. The classical and (to a great extend) the quantum geometry of compactifications without fluxes is well studied. In addition to standard string-theoretic and mathematical techniques, dualities, which relate different string theories on distinct internal spaces, provide very powerful tools by relating "hard" calculations in one theory to an "easy" ones in another. Unfortunately, for backgrounds with nontrivial fluxes, the situation is much more complicated. The mathematical tools of generalised complex geometry were very important for the recent progress in understanding (classically) supersymmetric compactifications of type II strings. However we are still far from a complete understanding of the structure of the classical effective action and of its quantum corrections. Flux backgrounds of the heterotic strings and their duals are still largely unexplored. The emphasis of the thesis will be on extending the dualities to backgrounds with fluxes (including the non-supersymmetric ones) and developing methods for studying flux compactifications at the quantum level. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 in theoretical physics PhD advisor: Ruben Minasian Contact: ruben.minasian@cea.fr Website: http://ipht.cea.fr/PhoceaSPhT/ast_visu_spht.php?id_ast=737
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF EDGE STATES IN TOPOLOGICAL SUPERCONDUCTORS: MAJORANA FERMIONS

Keywords: Majorana fermions, quantum wires, cold atoms, graphene
Laboratory: Institut de Physique Thorique, CEA-Saclay (IPhT) Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif0sur-Yvette Majorana fermions were predicted by Majorana in 1937. These are fermions whose wavefunction is real, they are therefore their own anti-particle. Until recently, no elementary particle has been proved to be a Majorana fermion. In condensed matter physics, there have been several new proposals to realise Majorana fermionic excitations. Thus it was shown that they can emerge as excitations inside the gap of some exotic topological superconductors or in a semiconductor with a strong spin orbit coupling in the presence of a Zeeman field in proximity of a normal superconductor. Recently some experimental observations seem to indicate also the formation such non-trivial excitations. The goal of this project is first to study the stability of these Majorana quasi-particules in different realistic systems such as semiconducting quantum wires, cold atom systems, and graphene, by taking into account the effects of interactions and disorder. Second, we are interested to find theoretically the appropriate ways to unambiguously detect these exotic excitations. Tunnel spectroscopy has been proposed as one possible scheme. Although this proposal is widely admitted, a proper description of it is still required. We would like to establish and analyze more carefully a microscopic model allowing to put this proposal on a firmer ground by including for instance the invasive effects of the probe. We would also like to study the possibility of detecting Majorana particles in spin-polarized tunnel spectroscopy measurements. A particular attention will be given to the magnetization of the Majorana edge states since this could provide an indirect way to detect these exotic particles in such experiments. These studies concern mainly the equilibrium properties of the Majorana edge states. Although the unambiguous detection of these quasi-particles would already constitute a considerable advance, another more ambitious objective is to be able to manipulate these excitations in order to use them for example as qubits. For this one needs to ask the question of the decoherence of these excitations, for example during an exchange operation. We plan to study this question by taking into account the coupling of the Majorana particles with various baths. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 in theoretical or condensed matter physics PhD advisor: Cristina Bena & Pascal Simon (LPS) Contact: Cristina Bena Website: http://ipht.cea.fr/en/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/Ast/ast_visu.php? id_ast=732
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DOES STRAIN LIMIT THE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN ULTRA DOPED SILICON?

Keywords: Laser Doping, Superconductivity, Silicon, Micro/Nano technologies
Laboratory: Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale (IEF) Bat 220, Universit Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Even though silicon is one of the most studied materials, superconductivity at ambient pressure in boron doped silicon has only been discovered in 2006. This is due to the extreme doping concentration required to trigger superconductivity in this system, more than three times the boron solubility limit in silicon. This concentration is impossible to reach using conventional micro-electronic techniques and, up to now, 'Epla' group at IEF is the only one capable to fabricate epitaxial superconducting Si:B thin films, using Gas Immersion Laser Doping. The group has acquired a fine control over the material structure, and has obtained an homogeneous, box-like doping where the doping depth is extremely well controlled and the density of active substitutional dopants can be as high as 10 at. %. The fine control over the structural properties of the doped layers is reflected on the fine control over the superconducting properties. Indeed, the superconducting critical temperature Tc could be improved by increasing the doping thickness and concentration, up to a saturation value. The cause of the saturation is not understood, but may be related to the internal strain due to the smaller size of boron atoms compared to silicon ones. Indeed, the strain is observed to partially relax in the same concentration range as the Tc saturation. We thus plan to study and model the influence of the strain on the superconductivity, separating its effects from those of the concentration, thanks to the flexibility authorized by the silicon technology and the laser doping technique. For that, we plan to relax suspended structures in pre-doped Si:B crystals and vary the concentration of additional atoms with different sizes, electrically active or not. Desire profile or skills: Experimentalist, Solid State Physics or Optics background PhD advisor: Dominique Dbarre Contact: debarre@ief.u-psud.fr francesca.chiodi@u-psud.fr Website: http://sisupra.ief.u-psud.fr/
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39
MAGNETO-ELECTRIC COUPLING IN HYBRID HETEROSTRUCTURES

BASED ON FUNCTIONAL OXIDES
Keywords: Solid state physics, ferroelectricity, magnetoresistance, functional oxides, thin films.
Laboratory: Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale (IEF) Universit Paris-Sud, Centre scientifique d'Orsay, Btiment 220 In order to integrate new functionalities in electronic devices, and to reduce their overall power consumption, new combinations of materials in so-called hybrid heterostructures are currently being explored for example in the fields of spintronics and sensors. The principle is to associate several physical properties such as piezoelectricity and ferromagnetism in the same structure comprised of a stack of thin films. The behavior of the whole heterostructure is then dependent upon the couplings between the different layers. The proposed study is focused on the use of oxides to exploit the magneto-electric coupling between ferromagnetic and piezoelectric / ferroelectric layers. Interface and strain engineering will be the main tools to tune the physical properties, with emphasis on the interplay between magnetoresistance and ferroelectric response of the structure. Desire profile or skills: Master degree in condensed matter physics, no allergy to experiments and open to teamwork. Remarks: The subject can span the whole chain from materials deposition to device fabrication and characterization, with theoretical support from phase stability calculations and multiphysics simulations. PhD advisor: P. Lecoeur / T. Maroutian Contact: thomas.maroutian@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.ief.u-psud.fr/
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40
GROWTH AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICENE ON INSULATING

THIN FILMS
Keywords: Silicene, STM, nc-AFM, HR-PES, Nanostructures
Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bt. 210, Universit Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay-France The aim of this thesis is the growth, the characterization and the functionalization of silicene on insulating thin films. We have shown, for the first time experimentally, the formation of a new structure - Silicene, as nanoribbons or sheets on silver substrates. Silicene, the silicon counterpart of the graphene, is considered to be a promising novel material for nano-electronics as it naturally will benefits from the vast Si-based R&D (Research and Development) infrastructure. For instance, the fabrication of the electrical contacts, which is an important task in nanotechnology, will be much facilitated in the case of silicene by using silicides (i.e., NiSi2, ). In this thesis, we propose to extend our studies to grow silicene on insulating thin films (AlN, NiO, NaCl). The functionalization of silicene will be obtained initially by doping with hydrogen or oxygen (atomic or molecular) in order to tune the band gap. A combined experimental investigation of the self-assembly of silicene on insulating thin films will be performed at ISMO using surface science techniques (STM, STS, ncAFM, AES, LEED).
Desire profile or skills: The student is expeted to have a degree in physics PhD advisor: Prof. H. OUGHADDOU Contact: Hamid.oughaddou@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.ismo.u-psud.fr/spip.php?rubrique198
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41
HYBRID ARRAYS OF MOLECULES AND NANOPARTICLES : REALIZATION, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, ELECTRON DYNAMICS
Keywords: nanoparticles at surfaces, hybrid layers, non linear optics, pump-probe
Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bat 210 University of Paris-Sud 91405 Orsay cedex France Molecules have promising properties that might be used in the electronics of the future : conduction through conjugated bonds, light absorption and emission, motion triggered by e. g. isomerization induced by electronic excitation : they may exchange electrons and light, and produce motion upon suitable conditions. To use them in nanoelectronics, they must be adsorbed on nanoscale structures, with strong enough bonding to ensure stability. The coupling of the molecules with the electronic band structure of the nanostructures and of the substrate will affect the molecular properties, with the advantage of opening the way to tailor the properties of the hybrid structure by adjusting the molecular structure and / or the nanostructure size and chemical nature. Therefore, learning how molecules adsorb on nanostructures, how electrons flow between molecules and nanostructures, and probing the optical properties of the hybrid structure, are essential before hybrid structures can be exploited in actual devices. We propose to grow ordered array of nanoparticles (NPs) and study electron transfer from NPs to adsorbed molecules (pump probe) using femtosecond sum frequency generation spectroscopy. Desire profile or skills: Interest in one or two of the following items : surface structure : builiding nanostructured layers ; in femtosecond laser spectroscopy ; in the dynamics of electrons at surfaces PhD advisor: Bernard Bourguignon Contact: bernard.bourguignon@u-psud.fr Website: www.ismo.u-psud.fr
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42
LA DIFFRACTION DATOMES RAPIDES POUR LE CONTRLE DE LA

CROISSANCE DE COUCHES MINCES
Keywords: Couches minces, MBE EJM, Diffraction atomique, Contrle qualit de surface.
Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Bt. 351 Universit Paris Sud Orsay Cedex Lorsquun atome dhlium d'nergie thermique rebondi sur une surface cristalline, il est diffus dans presque tout lespace recouvrant cette surface et les interfrences entre tous les chemins possibles produisent un motif dinterfrence qui permet de mesurer la topologie de la surface avec une prcision ingale. Cette technique d'analyse de surface peut tre vue comme une sorte dAFM (microscope force atomique) dans le rseau rciproque. En dcouvrant un nouveau rgime de diffraction avec des atomes rapides (nergie de l'ordre du keV) nous avons rvolutionn cette approche; un nouvel outil, baptis GIFAD et brevet. GIFAD fonctionne haute temprature et quelques secondes suffisent enregistrer un diagramme de diffraction. Nous avons construit deux dispositifs correspondant deux axes de recherche. Lun est install auprs dun bti dpitaxie lINSP (Paris), pour raliser le suivi en temps rel de la croissance de couches minces. Lobjectif est de montrer tout lintrt de GIFAD pour le contrle couche par couche ultime , cest--dire la fois quantitatif et qualitatif, des structures sandwichs de llectronique ou de lopto-lectronique de demain. Lautre dispositif situ lISMO (Orsay) est ddi aux tudes fondamentales sur les performances de GIFAD, cela va de lanalyse des dfauts de surface, des sources de dcohrence et tout ce que lon peut en tirer jusquaux tudes sur les rsonnances dtats pigs qui voyagent sur des microns dans le puits de van der Waals sur la surface. Desire profile or skills: Physique quantique, instrumentation, physique des surfaces PhD advisor: Philippe Roncin Contact: philippe.roncin@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.ismo.u-psud.fr/
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43
PHYSICAL METHODS FOR MONITORING BIOCONTAMINATION OF SURFACES AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL: TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BIOACTIVE SUBSTRATES.
Keywords: Biocontamination; Bacterial adhesion; Non-linear vibrational spectroscopy; Scanning Force Microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy
Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) Universit Paris Sud 11, Orsay, Btiment 350 The scientific aim of this internship is to further improve the fundamental understanding of the processes of bacterial adhesion to surfaces in order to develop new and really efficient anti-biocontamination surfaces. For this purpose, several experimental approaches are proposed: (1) Vibrational spectroscopy by Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) to probe (i) the substrate surface, (ii) the amide function of adsorbed proteins to identify their conformational changes between the two cases: with or without of bacteria, and (iii) the presence, structure and role of an interfacial film of water between the support and the biomolecules; (2) Scanning probe microscopy (AFM,...) technics to quantify forces of adhesion of bacteria to surfaces with or without the presence of proteins; and (3) up-to-date fluorescence imaging techniques with high spatial and temporal resolutions for an improved imaging and quantification of bioadhesion to surfaces. This multidisciplinary research (molecular physics, ultrafast optics, chemistry, photobiology, microbiology) will be done through strong interactions between Biophysics/Biophotonics and Femtophysics groups at ISMO and the laboratory Bioadhesion Biofilms and Hygiene of Materials at INRA-AgroParisTech. Remarks: 01 69 15 75 11 / 06 70 53 21 90 PhD advisor: Dr. Christian Marlire Contact: christian.marliere@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.ismo.u-psud.fr/
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44
PROBING THE TIME-RESOLVED VIBRATIONAL DYNAMICS AT THE

FEMTOSECOND TIMESCALE OF METAL CARBONYLS IN CRYOGENIC SOLID
Keywords: vibrational dynamics, nonlinear IR spectroscopy, photon echo, cryogenic matrix
Laboratory: Institut des Sciences Molculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) ISMO Universit Paris Sud Orsay, btiment 350-210 By exploring the potential energy surfaces of complex molecular assemblies the vibrational dynamics enables a detailed study of the interactions between a molecule and its surrounding or within its vibrators. A deep understanding of these interactions is of most importance in processes such as solvation, chemical reactivity, etc. The study of the vibrational coherence and the population relaxation at the femtosecond timescale will be performed using degenerate-four-wave-mixing IR photon echo technique. "Fluxionality" motions of Fe(CO)5 metal carbonyl has been observed in solution -involving the permutation of one C=O mode to another through dynamical modification of the molecular structure- but this effect may not be at play in matrices. The dynamics of Fe(CO)5 will thus be investigated in cryogenic matrices. Other metal carbonyls with more than one C=O IR active mode will be examined for comparison. The applicant will also get familiar with linear IR spectroscopy for sample characterisation. The project will also involve instrumental development towards a two-dimensional IR spectroscopy setup. Desire profile or skills: optics, quantum physics, spectroscopy PhD advisor: Claudine Crpin Contact: claudine.crepin-gilbert@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.ismo.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article291
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45
DEVELOPMENT OF A POLARISABLE ION MODEL FOR

NANOSTRUCTURED FERROELECTRIC COMPOUNDS
Keywords: Molecular dynamics, DFT calculations, Ferroelectric materials,
Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS) Grande voie des vignes Ecole Centrale Paris 92295 CHATENAY-MALABRY CEDEX Nanostructured materials for electronic or energy applications are gaining more importance in a context of downsizing of systems and devices. The properties of nanosystems can hardly be anticipated through Density functional Theory, since the calculated systems are limited to few tens of atoms. Recently, it has become possible to develop advanced classical potentials fitted on DFT calculations. In this case, the calculations keep the validity of the DFT approach but can be extended to much bigger systems (even with millions of atoms). We propose to apply the recently presented Polarisable Ion Model to the case of ferroelectric compounds, with the objective to be capable to describe very well the ferroelectric properties (TC, Ps,...) of perfect materials and those of materials with defects (vacancies, impurities) or nanostructures. We consider this new model as a strong improvement compared to the classical shell model since ions can have a formal charge and since dipoles are treated explicitly. Desire profile or skills: Materials science, Computational science Remarks: in colaboration with Dr. M. Sallane, Universit Pierre-et-Marie Curie PhD advisor: G. Dezanneau Contact: guilhem.dezanneau@ecp.fr
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46
FERROELECTRICITY AND ION CONDUCTION

Keywords: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, proton conduction, oxygen ion conduction
Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS) Grande voie des vignes Ecole Centrale Paris 92295 CHATENAY-MALABRY CEDEX Electrochemical devices are gaining more and more importance in a context of limited Energy resources. These devices, for instance fuel cells, either produce electricity from chemical energy (H2), or produce hydrogen from electricity. Now, their main limitation lies in their fast degradation due to a too high working temperature. In this context, assisted-transport properties appear as a promising solution to improve the performance of these devices.We propose here to develop a systematic experimental study of the coupling between ferro-electricity and ion conduction. Ferroelectric materials with high Curie temperature will be studied and designed so as to present a significant concentration of mobiles species. Equilibrium and out-ofequilibrium studies will be then realised in order to quantify the reciprocal influence between the polarisation and the mobility of species. These measurements will be realised by impedance spectroscopy coupled to a fine tuning of oxygen partial pressure. Molecular dynamics modelling is also envisaged to go deep inside the coupling mechanism Desire profile or skills: Materials science PhD advisor: G. Dezanneau Contact: guilhem.dezanneau@ecp.fr
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47
MODELLING OF MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS IN ION

CONDUCTORS
Keywords: Molecular dynamics, DFT calculations, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, proton conduction
Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS) Grande voie des vignes Ecole Centrale Paris 92295 CHATENAY-MALABRY CEDEX Solid Oxide Fuel or electrolysis cells are expected to play an important role in a near future, in the field of energy. The main actual limitations of these systems lie in their short life, due to a fast degradation at a very high working temperature. Among the problems encountered, the polycristalline character of ceramic membranes appear as essential since grain boundaries are ion blocking and are at the origin of cell failure. The reasons why these grain boundaries are more resistive are still debated even if the appearanc eof a space charge region seems more largely accepted. The objective of this thesis is to build and model polycristalline materials and study their ionic (O2-, H+) conduction properties. Another objective is to create the tools to visualise and identify the relative contributions of grain boundaries and bulk to the total conductivity. Desire profile or skills: Materials science, Computational science PhD advisor: G. Dezanneau Contact: guilhem.dezanneau@ecp.fr
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48
NEW MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS APPLIED TO PROTON CONDUCTORS.

Keywords: Molecular dynamics, DFT calculations, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, proton conduction
Laboratory: Lab. Structures, Proprits et Modlisation des Solides (SPMS) Grande voie des vignes Ecole Centrale Paris 92295 CHATENAY-MALABRY CEDEX Solid Oxide Fuel or electrolysis cells are expected to play an important role in a near future, in the field of energy. The main actual limitations of these systems lie in their short life, due to a fast degradation at a very high working temperature. One strategy to avoid such degradation consists in using proton conductors that work at lower temperature. For now, the modeling of these materials was complex since only very small systems could be described at the atomic scale. Recently, a new approach has been proposed based on semiempirical potentials, that allows extending the size of the system by orders of magnitude. It is now possible to determine a macroscopic proton diffusion coefficient from a Molecular dynamics simulation. The objective o the present PhD thesis is to apply this novel MD method to proton conductors in form of bulk and nanostructured materials (nanoparticles, nanowires, surfaces). The subject is extremely open since such calculations were not possible until very recently. Desire profile or skills: Materials science, Computational science Remarks: in colaboration with Prof. J. Gale, University of Perth, Australia PhD advisor: G. Dezanneau Contact: guilhem.dezanneau@ecp.fr Website: http://www.spms.ecp.fr/emploi/sujet3.pdf
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49
CIRCUITS FOR THERMAL LIGHT

Keywords: Near-field heat transfer, fluctuational electrodynamics, mesoscopic physics, complex systems
Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) Institut d'Optique 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel 91127 Palaiseau Cedex If electronic technology via the transistor and other electronic devices has enabled a revolution in our current lives by allowing the control of electronic flow in solids, no thermal counterpart of electric circuits is able to manipulate the heat flux exchanged throughout thermal photons between hot bodies. This PHD work aims precisely to develop circuits for thermal light. This breakthrough technology based on elementary components (radiative thermal diode and transitor) is dedicated to a rational management (switching, manipulation, amplification) of radiative heat flux in energetic systems from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Three objectives will be pursued: 1) establishment of an experimental proof of concept of a radiative thermal diode and radiative transistor; 2) combining those basic elements to realize new thermal functionalities (thermal memory, thermal repeaters); and 3) study of the basic physical mechanisms (many body effects, anomalous transport regimes) during the radiative heat transfer in complex architectures. Desire profile or skills: Physicist with a background in optics. PhD advisor: Philippe Ben-Abdallah Contact: pba@institutoptique.fr Website: http://www.institutoptique.fr/
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50
COLLECTIVE SCATTERING OF LIGHT BY A SMALL NUMBER OF

COLD INTERACTING ATOMS
Keywords: Light scattering, dipole-dipole interaction, super-radiance, sub-radiance, cold atoms
Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) Institut d'Optique 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel 91127 Palaiseau Cedex The scattering of light by an atomic sample becomes a cooperative process when the size of the sample is less than the wavelength l of the incident light. In this configuration the response of the system is not N times the response of a single atom. Moreover, when the frequency of the incident light approaches the atomic resonance, the induced dipoles become large and interact via long-range dipole-dipole interactions (1/R3, 1/R2 et 1/R). The interplay between scattering and interactions makes the theoretical description of this open many-body quantum system very hard and one needs experimental results to guide the theory. This PhD project proposes to study experimentally the scattering of light by an ensemble containing from exactly one to a few hundred laser cooled atoms held in a microscopic dipole trap. We will look for signature of the blockade of the excitation due to dipole-dipole interactions and look for sub-radiance, predicted 60 years ago but never clearly observed. Desire profile or skills: Experimentalist, with reasonnable knowledge of quantum physics. PhD advisor: Antoine Browaeys Contact: antoine.browaeys@institutoptique.fr Website: http://www.lcf.institutoptique.fr/Groupes-derecherche/Optique-quantique/Sujets-de-rechercheactuels/Nano-nuages-d-atomes-froids
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51
DISORDERED QUANTUM GASES : ANDERSON LOCALIZATION AND SUPERFLUID-INSULATING PHASE TRANSITIONS

Keywords: Atomes ultrafroids, dsordre, localisation de Anderson, transition de phase superfluide-isolant
Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) Institut d'Optique 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel 91127 Palaiseau Cedex Ultracold quantum gases are extremely clean and versatile many-body systems. They allow us to simulate condensed-matter problems in a controlled environnement. We propose to study disorder related phenomena in these systems. Our group has pionneered this research topic and we benefit from a close collaboration with our theory team. Without interaction, we will study Anderson localization, i.e. the absence of diffusion due to destructive quantum interfrence. With interaction, we will study the competition between disorder and superfluidity. This complex and rich physics is for example linked to the physics of superconductors, for which many open questions remain.
PhD advisor: Thomas Bourdel Contact: thomas.bourdel@institutoptique.fr Website: http://www.lcf.institutoptique.fr
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52
NON LINEAR OPTIC IN HYBRID NANOFIBERS

Keywords:
Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) Institut d'Optique 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel 91127 Palaiseau Cedex We have developed a computer-controlled drawing platform in our group. This machine enables to draw optical fibers until their diameter become smaller than the optical wavelength, typically a few hundreds of nm over several cm, in a reproducible way. These nanofibers are very interesting objects for non linear optics, for many reasons. The confinement of the light in these small dimensions enhances the nonlinearities by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, at these small diameters the strong evanescent field of the guided mode enables to probe the medium that surrounds the nanofiber and can create evanescent nonlinearities. We have already observed very spectacular effects with a simple pulsed laser emitting microjoule energies : creation of supercontiuums, first experimental demonstrations of these evanescent nonlinearities with the stimulated Raman diffusion in a liquid immersing the nanofiber At present, wed like to pursue these investigations. Wed like to demonstrate and optimize the second harmonic generation that is made possible in this isotropic silica medium thanks to the surface of the nanofiber which is probed by the evanescent field. We expect this generation to be very sensitive to the dimensions of the nanofiber, which will probably imply a better control of the drawing platform. This internship/PhD will be mostly an experimental one, the results will be compared to the theoretical models developed in the group.
Desire profile or skills: Physicist with a background in optics. PhD advisor: Sylvie Lebrun Contact: sylvie.lebrun@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.institutoptique.fr/
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53
SMART INFRARED SOURCES

Keywords:
Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) Institut d'Optique 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel 91127 Palaiseau Cedex
Spontaneous emission can be controlled using nanophotonics. We propose to take advantage of the possibilities offered by nanotechnologies to design, fabricate and characterize new infrared thermal sources. Spontaneous emission rate in a light emitting diode varies as en 3 ( is the e and far infared, this rate decreases dramatically, compared to other losses mechanisms. It is thus extremely difficult to find sources in this range of wavelength. If quantum cascade lasers are available in this range, they are also very expensive. Thermal sources could be an alternative. These sources has been known for years to be broadband, isotropic as well as slow in their dynamics. However there is no fundamental reason to this. Actually, it is now possible to control the emission to have coherent thermal sources: monochromatic and directional. Our group demonstrated in 2002 the possibility of designing a thermal source that were directional for a given wavelength [Greffet,2002]. The emissivity acts as a spatial and frequency filter for the blackbody radiation allowing here the directional properties. A periodic shape of the surface in this case controls the emissivity. It is also possible to fast modulate the emissivity [Vassant,2012], up to the GHz. Using graphene could also allow to electrically control the emission wavelength. The aim of the project is to explore the physics behind these effects, as well as to design and experimentally characterize such sources.
Desire profile or skills: Physicist with a background in optics. Remarks: JJ Greffet et al., Nature 416, p 61 (2002) S. Vassant et al. Phys.Rev.Lett. 109, 237401 (2012
PhD advisor: Jean-Jacques Greffet et Franois Marquier Contact: jean-jacques.greffet@institutoptique.fr ET francois.marquier@institutoptique.fr Website: http://www.institutoptique.fr/
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54
STUDY OF WAVELENGTH CONVERSION OF SINGLE PHOTONS IN

LIQUID FILLED HOLLOW CORE PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS
Keywords:
Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) Institut d'Optique 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel 91127 Palaiseau Cedex The thesis work goal will be to study new non frequency degenerated or "Bragg scattering" four wave mixing architectures allowing for the generation of pairs of entangled photons or noiseless wavelength conversion of single photons, using liquid core photonic crystal fibers which interest has already been demonstrated by the MANOLIA group. We use an original architecture of hollow core photonic crystal fibers filled with a liquid or a gas. The photonic crystal structure allows wave guidance, and then the long interaction length and high light confinement in a core of small dimensions, that favor nonlinear interactions. That structure also allows the control of the fiber dispersion necessary to realize phase matching that governs the implementation of the expected four wave mixing mechanism. Moreover due to the use of liquids and gases, the generation of pairs of correlated photons will be exempt of the pollution of the non correlated Raman photons, usually seen in silica and glass fibers, that will here be emitted outside the bands of interest. The thesis project is based on a collaboration that just began between LCF and LTCI and XLIM on the experimental implementation of the generation and the conversion of pairs of correlated photons in liquid and gas filled photonic crystal fibers. Desire profile or skills: Physicist with a background in optics. PhD advisor: Philippe Delaye Contact: philippe.delaye@institutoptique.fr Website: http://www.institutoptique.fr/
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55
SURFACE-PLASMONS ELECTROLUMINESCENCE USING

NANOANTENNAS
Keywords:
Laboratory: Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF) Institut d'Optique 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel 91127 Palaiseau Cedex Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metallic surfaces. The dispersion relation of these modes allows the field to be highly confined at subwavelength scales. Such a property paves the way to applications as super-resolution, energy concentration for non-linear effects, ultra compact devices for information processing. Most of the time surface waves are however generated using focused light beams, whose dimensions are limited by diffraction, so that the confinement properties are useless. Electrical generation of surface plasmons could circumvent this issue. It is possible to use quantum wells inside a surface plasmons resonant cavity. The first demonstration of a Tamm Plasmons laser, currently optically pumped, has been done by the Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructure near Paris and the Institut Lumire Matire in Lyon. The project proposed here will deal firstly with the theoretical and numerical design of an efficient electrical plasmon source using these concepts. A second part of the project is related to a study of surface plasmons emission using a scanning tunneling microscope. It has been known for years that the current between the tip and the surface could emit light. However the efficiency is very low (1 photon for 100000 electrons passing through the gap). We propose to design a plasmonic nanoantenna to increase the emission rate by 2 orders of magnitude.
Desire profile or skills: Physicist with a background in optics. PhD advisor: Jean-Jacques Greffet et Franois Marquier Contact: jean-jacques.greffet@institutoptique.fr ET francois.marquier@institutoptique.fr Website: http://www.institutoptique.fr/
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56
ATOMIC SCALE SPINTRONICS: SINGLE SPIN CONTROL BY STM

Keywords: STM, spintronics, nanomagnetism, single atoms.
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructure (LPN) CNRS UPR20 Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis
The size of Spintronics devices has always decreased and reach today the nanolithography limit of few nanometers. If we want to go beyond this limits, it will be crucial to control at the atomic scale defects and interfaces which modify the functionality of the devices. Nowadays, Spintronics use more and more new type of materials. At the early age of spintronics, ferromagnetic transition metals were mainly used; today it explores innovative materials as magnetic semiconductors, complex oxides and carbon based materials (graphene, nanotubes). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) is the perfect tool to probe materials at the scale of single atoms. In this internship, and later in thesis, it will be possible to use powerful STM techniques as tip atomic manipulation, spin-polarized STM (SP-STM) and inelastic tunnel spectroscopy (IETS) to explore structures composed of few magnetic atoms (Co, Fe, Cr, Mn) deposited on innovative materials. This will gives access to properties of individual spins that are nowadays very rarely studied on surface as semiconductors (GaAs(110)): anisotropy, inter-spin coupling, interaction with the substrate.
Desire profile or skills: Experimental physics, semi-conductors and magnetism physics. Remarks: This thesis proposal will be funded by an ANR grant PhD advisor: Guillemin RODARY Contact: guillemin.rodary@lpn.crns.fr Website: http://www.lpn.cnrs.fr/fr/PHYNANO/LT-STM.php
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57
STUDY OF THE CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION EFFECT IN NANOFLUIDICS: TOWARDS FAST DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC
AGENTS BASED ON SELECTIVE ELECTROPRECONCENTRATION
Keywords: micro/nanofluidics, bioanalysis, molecular biology, hardware interfacing, fluorescence microscopy
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN) route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis One of the most challenging problems in immunoassays is to detect low abundance analytes in complex samples. Nanofluidics appears as a very promising route for studying the preconcentration of pathogenic agents in the field of bio-risk. Our group has developed a double theoretical and experimental expertise on the mechanisms of preconcentration in such a nanofluidic device. We recently demonstrate the ability of selectively preconcentrate biomolecules by spatially isolating the low abundant protein in the vicinity of the nanoslit entrance (http://www.lpn.cnrs.fr/en/NANOFLU/DIMIPOLE/index.php?page=highlights). This PhD aims in designing and studying an innovative immunoassay based on this new pressure-assisted preconcentration method. Developing fast and very sensitive analytical methods for the detection of very diluted antibody/pathogenic agents is the main goal of this project [ANR ASTRID 2013 project DIFLUSEL] in collaboration with the start-up ELVESYS (www.elvesys.com)
Desire profile or skills: Master in Physics or Materials Science PhD advisor: Anne-Marie Haghiri-Gosnet Contact: anne-marie.haghiri-gosnet@lpn.cnrs.fr Website: http://www.lpn.cnrs.fr/en/NANOFLU/NANOFLU.php
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58
STUDY OF THE SURFACE CHARGE MODULATION IN A FLUIDIC TRANSISTOR: TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF
TRANSPORT IN MICROFLUIDIC CHIPS
Keywords: micro/nanofluidics, bioanalysis, molecular biology, hardware interfacing, fluorescence microscopy
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN) route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis The shape and the surface charge of microchannels are critical parameters for ionic and mass transport in microfluidic systems. A great number of studies and developments have been carried out in order to optimize these features. Our method is based on the use of flow field effect transistor. Our latest measurements underline that we are able to control the zeta potential in microchannels using electrically polarisable interfaces in direct contact with the electrolyte. This approach is based on the use of nanometric layers exhibiting minimal electrochemical reactions with aqueous electrolytes but a large potential window (typically from -2 V to +2 V) enabling tuning their zeta potential without detrimental faradic reactions. The effect of the zeta potential control will be monitored by measuring the electroosmotic flow using a microfluidic Wheatstone Bridge (http://www.lpn.cnrs.fr/en/NANOFLU/Bioanalysis.php). Desire profile or skills: Master in Physics or Materials Science PhD advisor: Anne-Marie Haghiri-Gosnet and Antoine Pallandre Contact: anne-marie.haghiri-gosnet@lpn.cnrs.fr Website: http://www.lpn.cnrs.fr/en/NANOFLU/NANOFLU.php
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59
ULTRAFAST STUDY OF DIRAC FERMIONS IN TOPOLOGICAL

INSULATORS
Keywords: topological insulators - ultrafast spectroscopy - ARPES
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides / SOLEIL synchrotron (LPS/SOLEIL) Orsay The recent discovery of the spin quantum Hall effect has triggered an intense worldwide interest in a new class of materials called topological insulators. These materials are characterized by conducting, gapless surface states, while their bulk is insulating. These topologically protected surface states constitute a Dirac cone similar to graphene, but with an additional chiral texture in their electron spin distribution. One of the most exciting opportunities is the combined use of these materials and femtosecond lasers to develop ultrafast topological devices. A fellowship is available for a doctoral thesis at the Universit de ParisSud on the study of photoexcited topological insulators with time-resolved ARPES. The main points that will be investigated are the empty electronic states, their lifetime and recombination mechanisms, and in general all the phenomena that drive the relaxation of hot Dirac fermions in these systems. Examples of this kind of studies can be found on arXiv:1206.4561 and arXiv:1311.6171. The thesis project involves strong collaborations with other groups in France and in the United States. Desire profile or skills: Master degree or equivalent in physics/materials science Remarks: Fellowship available. PhD advisor: M. Marsi / A. Taleb Contact: marino.marsi@u-psud.fr Website: www.synchrotron-soleil.fr
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60
ARPES STUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF STRONG SPINORBIT COUPLING ON THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF CORRELATED SYSTEMS
Keywords: electronic correlations, spin-orbit coupling, band structure, magnetism, superconductivity
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2314 Desire profile or skills: good background in fundamental solid state physics. PhD advisor: BROUET Vronique Contact: veronique.brouet@u-psud.fr Website: http://hebergement.u-psud.fr/rmn/
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
61
COMPETITION BETWEEN DEWETTING AND DEBONDING AT A

CURVED INTERFACE
Keywords: wetting, soft matter, dewetting, viscoelastic materials, rheology, adhesion
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2328 Desire profile or skills: The candidate need to be a physicist and will have to like experimental work PhD advisor: RESTAGNO Frdric et POULARD Christophe Contact: frederic.restagno@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
62
CONNECTIVITY IN BIOFILMS
Keywords: biofilms, bacteria, biophysics, mechanics and conduction
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2333 Desire profile or skills: motivation. PhD advisor: RASPAUD Eric et DOUARCHE Carine Contact: eric.raspaud@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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63
CORRELATIONS IN DIRAC MATTER

Keywords: Dirac fermions, graphene, electronic correlations, organic crystals
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2331 Desire profile or skills: Strong background in quantum physics, theoretical physics and/or condensedmatter physics, numerical competences PhD advisor: CIVELLI Marcello et GOERBIG Mark-Oliver Contact: civelli@lps.u-psud.fr goerbig@lps.u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
64
DYNAMICS OF CONFINED POLYMERS

Keywords: soft condensed matter, polymer, statistical physics, physics
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2329 Desire profile or skills: The candidate need to be a physicist and will have to like experimental work. PhD advisor: POULARD Christophe et RESTAGNO Frdric Contact: frederic.restagno@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
65
ELECTRON DYNAMICS AT PHOTOVOLTAIC INTERFACES

Keywords: Ultra-fast dynamics, photovoltaics, interface, electronic properties, structure
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2326 Desire profile or skills: good background in solid state physics PhD advisor: TEJEDA Antonio et MARSI Marino Contact: antonio.tejeda@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
66
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF QUASICRYSTALS

Keywords: Electronic properties, quasiperiodicity, tight-binding models
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2319 Desire profile or skills: Working background in theoretical condensed matter (solid state) physics, quantum statistical physics, and mathematical methods PhD advisor: JAGANNATHAN Anuradha Contact: anuradha.jagannathan@ u-psud.fr Website: https://www.equipes.lps.u-psud.fr/theorie/groupe
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67
EXPERIMENTAL DETECTION OF ORBITAL MAGNETISM OF DIRAC FERMIONS

Keywords: 2D quantum transport, Orbital magnetism
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2316 Desire profile or skills: Quantum mechanics, statistical physics, electronic properties of solids, experiments at low temperature PhD advisor: BOUCHIAT Hlne et GUERON Sophie Contact: sophie.gueron@u-psud.fr Website: http://chercheurs.lps.upsud.fr/Spm/spip.php?rubrique1
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68
HOW SLIDES A CHARGE DENSITY WAVE ? STUDY BY COHERENT X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Keywords: CDW, Coherent diffraction
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2312 Desire profile or skills: Master 2 in condensed matter PhD advisor: LE BOLLOC'H David, JACQUES Vincent Contact: david.lebolloch@u-psud.fr Website: http://chercheurs.lps.u-psud.fr/lebolloch/
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
69
MAGNETO ELECTRIC COUPLING IN THE MULTIFERROIC RMN2O5

Keywords: Multiferroics, neutron and X-ray scattering, phase transitions
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2313 Desire profile or skills: Competence in condensed matter, phase transitions, interaction radiation-matter PhD advisor: FOURY Pascale, BALEDENT Victor Contact: pascale.foury@u-psud.fr Website: http://chercheurs.lps.u-psud.fr/srix/
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
70
MAJORANA FERMIONS IN TOPOLOGICAL SUPERCONDUCTORS

Keywords: Topological matter, edge states, Majorana fermions
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2318 Desire profile or skills: Condensed matter theory, mesoscopy physics, quantum field theory PhD advisor: BENA Cristina et SIMON Pascal Contact: pascal.simon@u-psud.fr Website: http://chercheurs.lps.u-psud.fr/simon/
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
71
NANOPLASMONIQUE HYBRIDE DANS L'ULTRA-VIOLET

Keywords: Nanoplasmonique UV, metteurs quantiques UV, plasmonique hybride
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2340 Desire profile or skills: candidat curieux aimant l'exprimentation et la modlisation PhD advisor: KOCIAK Mathieu Contact: mathieu.kociak@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.stem.lps.u-psud.fr
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
72
QUANTIFICATION DE L'EFFET VELOURS : NANOSTRUCTURATION DE SURFACE, FRICTION ET MOUILLAGE DYNAMIQUE

Keywords: wetting, surfaces, capillarity, pinning, lithography, microfluidics
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?rubrique77 Desire profile or skills: The candidate need to be a physicist with some knwowledge in fluid mechanics or statistical physics or complex system studies. Some ideas in nanofabrication techniques will be an advantage PhD advisor: POULARD Christophe Contact: christophe.poulard@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.upsud.fr/spip.php?rubrique196&lang=fr
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
73
SPIN TRANSFER TORQUE IN EXTENDED GEOMETRY

Keywords: Condensed-matter physics; magnetism ; spintronic
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2320 Desire profile or skills: condensed matter, experimental physics, open to teamwork with experimentalists and theoreticians PhD advisor: JEUDY Vincent Contact: vincent.jeudy@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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74
STUDY OF SPIN-ORBIT EFFECTS IN THE MOTT-HUBBARD METALINSULATOR TRANSITION

Keywords: Correlations, Mott transition, Hubbard model. DMFT
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2317 Desire profile or skills: Enjoy doing numerics (but not only) PhD advisor: ROZENBERG Marcelo Contact: marcelo.rozenberg@u-psud.fr Website: https://www.equipes.lps.u-psud.fr/theorie/groupe
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
75
THE PHYSICS OF FOAMING SILICONE OILS

Keywords: Liquid foams, polymers, interfaces
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2327 Desire profile or skills: motivation, independance and willingness to work at the interface between physics and chemistry PhD advisor: DRENCKHAN Wiebke Contact: drenckhan@lps.u-psud.fr Website: http://chercheurs.lps.u-psud.fr/Sil/
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
76
UNIVERSALITY OF MAGNETIC DOMAIN WALL DYNAMICS

Keywords: condensed-matter physics, magnetism, spintronic, magneto-optics
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2339 Desire profile or skills: condensed matter, experimental physics, open to teamwork with experimentalists and theoreticians PhD advisor: MOUGIN Alexandra Contact: alexandra.mougin@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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77
WETTING ON ANISOTROPIC PATTERNED SURFACES

Keywords: wetting, surfaces, capillarity, pinning, lithography, microfluidics
Laboratory: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides UMR8502 (LPS) Universit Paris Sud, Btiment 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex http://www.lps.u-psud.fr/spip.php?article2330 Desire profile or skills: The candidate need to be a physicist with some knwowledge in fluid mechanics or statistical physics or complex system studies. Some ideas in nanofabrication techniques will be an advantage PhD advisor: POULARD Christophe et RESTAGNO Frdric Contact: christophe.poulard@u-psud.fr frederic.restagno@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lps.u-psud.fr
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78
AB INITIO CALCULATION OF PHOTO-EMISSION AND COHERENT INELASTIC X-RAY SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPIES

Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, excitons, photoemission, Inelastic X-ray scattering
Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) Ecole Polytechnique Spectroscopy, by probing the response of materials to those perturbations, allows the analysis of the induced elementary excitations and hence the characterisation of the material properties. Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) [1] is the standard tool for studying the electronic structure of materials, measuring the electron addition and removal energies that define the band structures (including the band gap of semiconductors and insulators). Alternatively, scattering experiments like inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS), both in its non-resonant (NIXS) and coherent (CIXS) versions, are techniques able to probe neutral elementary electronic excitations, including their energy and momentum dependence [2-4]. These experimental techniques are rapidly developing, and benefit from the last-generation synchrotron light sources. The accuracy and resolution (in energy, space, and momentum) achieved today are so high that many-body effects are strongly enhanced in experimental spectra making their interpretation far from being trivial. Therefore, a combined experimental and theoretical effort clearly is a very promising strategy in order to foster the design of material properties. However, concerning theory and especially the numerical implementation, ab initio simulations of PES or IXS spectra often lie a long way behind experiments. This doctorate work rightly aims at closing this gap with experiment, thanks to the help of cutting edge numerical implementation, optimization and parallelization. In order to tackle this ambitious plan, we have been working in the last couple of years on both the theoretical and numerical levels: i) on one side we have recently developed a method to evaluate the microscopic screened Coulomb interaction W for a wide range of momentum transfers, including excitonic effects [5]. This method permits the ab initio description of IXS of materials (also complex ones [6]), and opens the way to a whole series of spectroscopies that contains the physics described by W ; ii) on the other side, a collaboration with the Maison de la Simulation has been already established, with a two year project that lead to the massive parallelization of the DP code, a Time Dependent DFT (TDDFT) open source code for the determination of the dielectric function. The DP code runs today over more than 1000 procs and has been the objective of a successful PRACE preparatory access that has ported the code to run over multiple GPUs. It is timely to propose the next step: thanks to the newly developed description of the dielectric function including excitonic effects for the whole range of momentum transfers, we propose to: investigate, beyond today state-of-the-art, the role of excitonic effects in the screening of the Coulomb interaction W=v/epsilon on spectral functions, band structures and band gaps (quantities to be experimentally measured via PES). In particular, we predict the possibility to observe what we call excitonic satellites, and we will propose the pertinent experiment to Synchrotron SOLEIL; extend the target of the IXS, to non-diagonal response. CIXS is on one side a challenge for numerical calculation (instead of one, many element of the final dielectric matrix have to be calculated) and experiment (corresponding to particularly low signal/noise setup), but on the other side it is very rich for not only gives a complementary description of the material, but will also permit to construct the visualization of the excitations in real space.
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[1] S. Hufner, Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications (Springer, Berlin, 2003) [2] W. Schulke, Electron Dynamics by Inelastic X-ray Scattering (Oxford University Press, 2007) [3] F. J. Garcia de Abajo, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 209 (2010) [4] L. J. P. Ament et al. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 705 (2011) [5] F. Sottile and M.Gatti, Phys. Rev. B 88, 155113 (2013) Desire profile or skills: Background in condensed matter physics PhD advisor: Francesco Sottile Contact: francesco.sottile@polytechnique.fr Website: http://etsf.polytechnique.fr
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80
DYNAMICS OF THE ELECTRONIC GAP IN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE

SUPERCONDUCTORS
Keywords: Angle resolved photoemission, ultrafast dynamics, high temperature superconductors
Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) Ecole Polytechnique - 91128 PALAISEAU CEDEX This thesis deals with the dynamics of the order parameter in high temperature superconductors. The experiments will be performed by time resolved photoemission with the setup FemtoARPES in Soleil Synchrotron. This stroboscopic technique employs a laser pulse (30 fs) to photoexcite the sample and a retarded ultraviolet pulse to induce the photoelectrons emission. By detecting the energy and emission angle of the photoelectrons, it is possible to follow the temporal evolution of the superconducting gap just after photoexcitation. The planned measurements open new perspectives on one of the most fascinating phenomenon of condensed matter. In particularly, we would like to indentify the interaction leading to the Cooper pairs by monitoring their recovery time. We will also investigate strongly under-doped films in order to compare the dynamics of the superconducting gap with the one of the pseudogap. By these means we aim to understand if the latter is a precursor of superconductivity or if it arises from a competing instability. Desire profile or skills: background in condensed matter physics, and/or optics Remarks: collaboration with LPS; Laboratoire des Physique des Solides, Orsay, and synchrotron SOLEIL PhD advisor: Luca Perfetti Contact: luca.perfetti@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.lsi.polytechnique.fr/accueil/equipementsinternes/equipement-femtoARPES
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81
ELECTRON-PHONON COUPLING IN LOW DIMENSIONAL GRAPHENEBASED SYSTEMS: THEORY AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, graphene, electron-phonon
Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) Ecole Polytechnique The design of new opto-electronic devices requires understanding of the properties of valence electrons. In nano-objects, these properties are unique due to the electronic confinement in low dimensional systems. They can be studied by the simulation of electronic excitations via the dielectric function. The approaches we develop and use are ab-initio theories and calculations, which means without adjustable parameter, making them extremely reliable and flexible. They are based on the use of the Bethe-Salpeter equation, which takes into account the electron-hole interaction. Graphene and carbon nanotubes exhibit exceptional electronic properties, due to the linearly dispersing bands at the Fermi level (Dirac electrons). For this reason, such materials exhibit very low energy excitations, for which the question of the influence of phonons arises. The formalism used and developed in our ab initio calculations is based on the electron-boson coupling, where the boson is the electron-hole pair. In this thesis, we propose to generalize the formalism to electron-phonon coupling, where the boson describes the phonon. Desire profile or skills: Background in condensed matter physics PhD advisor: Christine Giorgetti Contact: christine.giorgetti@polytechnique.edu Website: http://etsf.polytechnique.fr
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82
OPTICAL NONLINEAR PROPERTIES FOR SOLIDS AND NANOSTRUCTURES:

THEORY AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, laser, non-linear optics, tddft
Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) Ecole Polytechnique A comprehensive understanding of the optical properties of solids is crucial for the improvement of nonlinear materials and devices. It offers the opportunity to search for new materials with very specific properties. One particularly important process is second harmonic generation, where two photons are absorbed by the material and a photon, at twice the energy of the incoming photon, is emitted. This process, due to its sensitivity to the symmetry of the system is often used as a probe for studying surfaces and interfaces. However, the presence of a static electric field inside a material also enables second harmonic generation, through a third order process, named EFISH (Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic). The second harmonic spectroscopy in structures where electric fields are present becomes tricky, since we have to separate the contributions of the second order from those of the EFISH. In this thesis, we will develop theoretical approaches to study this type of non-linear properties in the context of Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) and associated numerical tools for the calculation of second harmonic in the presence of a static electric field (EFISH). We will focus on the case of surfaces, interfaces to study the appearance of electric fields near the surfaces of semiconductors, as well as on non-linear properties of carbon nanotubes. Desire profile or skills: Background in condensed matter physics PhD advisor: Valrie Vniard Contact: valerie.veniard@polytechnique.fr Website: http://etsf.polytechnique.fr
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83
SPIN-ORBITAL EXCITATIONS IN CORRELATED MATERIALS: A

THEORETICAL SPECTROSCOPY APPROACH
Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, electronic and optical properties, strongly correlated materials, Green's functions
Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) Ecole Polytechnique Strongly correlated materials display remarkable properties, such as metal-insulator transitions or superconductivity with high critical temperatures, that make them very attractive for new technological applications. On the fundamental level, understanding the electronic properties of these materials is still today a great challenge for both theory and experiments. Concerning theory, very promising methods are based on Green's functions within ab initio many-body perturbation theory. Green's-functions methods allow an analysis in direct contact with experiments, giving the possibility to work in direct collaboration with experimentalists. The goal of this thesis is to address the role played by the spin and orbital degrees of freedom in the determination of the electronic and optical properties of strongly correlated materials. Prototypical compounds will be studied using Green's-functions methods and the calculated spectra will be compared with measurements that will be done by our experimental colleagues. A tight collaboration with experimentalists from the synchrotron Soleil and other theoreticians from the European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (see http://www.etsf.eu) is an important aspect of the thesis work. Desire profile or skills: Background in condensed matter physics, motivation to work in collaboration with experimentalists PhD advisor: Matteo Gatti Contact: matteo.gatti@polytechnique.fr Website: http://etsf.polytechnique.fr
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84
THEORY OF ELECTRONIC EXCITATIONS: BEYOND THE STATE-OFTHE-ART

Keywords: theoretical spectroscopy, analytical developments, models, Green's functions
Laboratory: Laboratoire des Solides Irradis (LSI) Ecole Polytechnique This thesis is part of a research line that has the scope to build a new theoretical approach for describing electronic excitations. The general aim is to understand and predict spectroscopic properties of a wide range of materials, including the so-called strongly correlated ones: for these materials, the effects of the Coulomb interaction between electrons are particularly strong, and perturbative approaches may fail to describe excitations, even qualitatively. The PhD student will combine mathematical tools and physical intuition in order to progress along some promising lines of development, in the framework of Green's functions theory. In particular, a non-perturbative approach for the calculation of many-body Green's functions has been proposed by us recently [1,2], and the PhD student will work on bringing this approach from the stage of modelling to the description of realistic systems. Combining analytical work and computer coding, he/she will test and improve the approach. According to the results, an ambitious application will be chosen, of technological and/or fundamental interest for experimentalists; such an application might for example be the calculation of electronic excitations in a nanostructure made of a transition metal oxide. [1] Reining, Lucia, Approximations for many-body Green's functions: insights from the fundamental equations , New J. Phys. 14, 013056 (2012) [2] Reining, Lucia, Valence Electron Photoemission Spectrum of Semiconductors: Ab Initio Description of Multiple Satellites , Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 166401 (2011) This thesis is supported by the ERC advanced grant SEED, and therefore part of a larger collaboration. Desire profile or skills: Background in condensed matter physics, motivation to work in analytical models PhD advisor: Lucia Reining Contact: lucia.reining@polytechnique.fr Website: http://etsf.polytechnique.fr
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85
LASER PLASMA ACCELERATOR OF PROTONS

Keywords: Laser, plasmas, accelerators, relativistic interaction
Laboratory: Laboratoire d'Optique Applique (LOA) LOA, ENSTA 91761 Palaiseau The thesis deals with the study of the production of energetic protons by laser. These particles are produced during the interaction of an ultra-short laser beam (30fs) high power (100 TW) focused on a thin foil target. The irradiated surface melts suddenly and goes to the state of hot plasmas. Electrons subjected to the laser potential gain relativistic speeds. This high current of hot electrons propagates through the target and ionizes its rear surface. The plasma expansion that appears on the back of the target then accelerates protons up to energies of about 10 MeV over distances micrometer showing extreme electric fields of the order of TV / m. The recent development of gas jets system delivering very High gas density open the way to a new approach where almost all the laser energy is transferred to hot electrons. New aspects of the interaction are expected such as soliton and vortex formation, filamentation and generation of intense magnetic fields. The subject of the thesis is focused on the study of this interaction and on the optimization of the coupling between the laser beam and the target in order to obtain a proton beam of medical interest. The work is part of an ambitious research project partly funded by OSEO project called SAPHIR whose purpose is to study the feasibility of a laser plasma accelerator for proton therapy.
Desire profile or skills: Master in Physiscs with background in plasma physics PhD advisor: V. Malka Contact: victor.malka@ensta.fr Website: http://loa.ensta-paristech.fr/SPL_group_4.php
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86
MODELLING OT THE LASER PLASMA ACCELERATION OF

ELECTRONS
Keywords: Laser-plasma accelerators, relativistic interaction, numerical modelling
Laboratory: Laboratoire d'Optique Applique (LOA) LOA, ENSTA 91761 Palaiseau Numerous studies performed these last years have shown the ability to produce electron beams that result from the interaction of ultrashort and ultraintense laser with a plasma. We have shown at Laboratory of Applied Optics, that it is now possible to obtain beams of relativistic electrons adjustable 10 MeV to 300 MeV with a high repetition compact lasers. These sources of particles offer promising perspectives, as gamma radiography, generation of femtosecond X-ray sources, electron and X-ray diffraction, and in the fields of chemistry, biology and medicine (radiotherapy). The injection of electrons in this new type of accelerator constitutes a crucial step since it determines to a large extent the quality of the obtained beams. In particular, the project under construction at LOA of a Free Electron Laser based on a laser-plasma accelerator requires a beam quality that is at the very limits of the current state-of-the-art. The thesis proposal is on the theoretical and numerical research of new injection schemes, which will allow an improved control over the beam properties. These works will be performed in close link with experiments that will be carried out at the "Salle Jaune" laser system at LOA. Several numerical tools best suited to perform this thesis work are available in the group, including notably electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell codes.
Desire profile or skills: Master in Physiscs with background in plasma physics PhD advisor: A. Lifschitz Contact: agustin.lifschitz@ensta.fr Website: http://loa.ensta-paristech.fr/SPL_group_4.php
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87
TOWARD A FREE ELECTRON LASER BASED ON LASER-PLASMA

ACCELERATION
Keywords: Laser, plasmas, electron accelerators, relativistic interaction, free electron laser, X/XUV sources
Laboratory: Laboratoire d'Optique Applique (LOA) LOA, ENSTA 91761 Palaiseau For a decade, impressive progress has been made in the field of laser-plasma acceleration. This new kind of accelerators can produce relativistic electron beams, in few millimeters, from the interaction of an ultrashort and ultra-intense laser with a plasma. They offer important perspectives in many fields; in physics : gamma radiography, femtosecond X-ray sources, electron diffraction; in chemistry; in radiation biology and in medicine (radiotherapy). The development of free electron lasers is one of the most promising applications of plasma accelerators. These sources, which produce coherent and intense radiation in the X or XUV domains, are used to study the matter with incomparable spatial and temporal resolutions. They have been demonstrated using conventional accelerators, but due to the cost and size of these accelerators (several hundred meters), only a few units exist in the world. Replacing conventional accelerator by laser-plasma accelerators would very significantly reduce this cost, and so help to spread the technology. It is therefore a major challenge for a large community. The main objective of this thesis is to improve the properties of the electron beams produced in plasma accelerators, in order to make them suitable for driving a free electron laser. The work will focus on the study of new injection techniques and of an innovative method for focusing electron beams in a plasma. After this optimization, the demonstration of a free electron laser will be undertaken in collaboration with a team from SOLEIL, the french national synchrotron facility. In this experiment, a conventional magnetic wiggler of few meters will be used. Innovative, all-plasma and ultra-compact schemes of free-electron will also be explored. The thesis can be either theoretical or experimental or mix theory and experiment depending on the candidates profile. The work will be performed primarily at LOA, but experiments may also be conducted in international collaborations, including Canada and Korea.
Desire profile or skills: Master in Physiscs with background in plasma physics PhD advisor: V. Malka Contact: victor.malka@ensta.fr Website: http://loa.ensta-paristech.fr/SPL_group_4.php
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88
ELECTRONIC RELAXATION DYNAMICS OF METAL-CLUSTER

SYSTEMS
Keywords: Reaction dynamics - Theoretical Chemistry - Physical chemistry - atomic and molecular clusters
Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP) CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/SPAM - CNRS URA 2453 - Bt 522 - 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX France The PhD work will be conducted in the Reaction Dynamics group at laboratory Francis Perrin. It will be both theoretical and experimental and will focus on systems which associate a metal-atom with an atomic or molecular cluster in which electronic excitation located on metal initiates the relaxation of the initial excitation toward the deformation degrees of freedom of the cluster. The motivation for this work is theoretical. Such photoinduced dynamics has indeed the double advantage of : - being simple enough for quantitative comparison between calculation results and experimental results to be expected and - being complex enough to require methodological developments. This situation is extremely favorable for stimulating theoretical advances when describing in their full complexity the effects of coupling a system with many electronic degrees freedom (the metal atom) with a floppy multidimensional environment (the cluster). Desire profile or skills: Molecular physico-chemistry PhD advisor: Jean-Michel Mestdagh Lionel Poisson Contact: lionel.poisson@cea.fr Website: http://www-lfp.cea.fr
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89
FEMTOSECOND INFRARED LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR

STUDYING SYSTEMS USED IN PHOTOCONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY
Keywords:
Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP) CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/SPAM - CNRS URA 2453 - Bt 522 - 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX - FRANCE The aim of the thesis is to develop a setup for time-resolved visible/infrared photoluminescence measurements, based on the sum-frequency generation technique, ranging from hundreds of femtoseconds to nanoseconds. The setup will be used to study various new systems conceived for solar energy conversion such as photovoltaics, artificial photosynthesis or photocatalysis. It will allow the monitoring of the temporal evolution of the excited states of the photoactive system with a high accuracy and thus characterize non-radiative dissipation processes, such as the coupling with the environment. This will help to identify and understand the bottlenecks of the studied systems, which will certainly contribute to their improvement.
PhD advisor: Thomas Gustavsson Contact: thomas.gustavsson@cea.fr Website: http://www-lfp.cea.fr
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90
ISOLATED REACTIONS IN RARE GAS CLUSTERS AND HELIUM NANODROPLETS

Keywords: Reaction dynamics - Physical chemistry - Atomic and molecular clusters
Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP) CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/SPAM - CNRS URA 2453 - Bt 522 - 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX - FRANCE The present PhD project is linked to fundamental physical chemistry issues. Its scientific background is to identify and model the processes that affect a chemical reaction when it takes place in a solvent at an atomic scale. This is a basic, mainly experimental, research project which considers the dynamics of model systems. To this end, a beam of helium superfluid nanodroplets or rare gas clusters will be used to generate systems consisting of a pair of reagents surrounded by a variable (and known) number of solvent molecules. The aim will be to observe a reactive process within the droplet and to study its dynamics, that is to say, to obtain information on the set of forces which is at play during the reaction. The experiments will be conducted in our lab using set-ups which already exist. Some theoretical approaches could be conducted in collaborations to which the candidate could be associated if he wishes. Nevertheless, the work of the PhD student will be experimental, essentially. Desire profile or skills: Molecular physico-chemistry PhD advisor: Marc Briant & Michel Mons Contact: marc.briant@cea.fr Website: http://www-lfp.cea.fr
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91
MULTISCALE DYNAMICS OF DRUGS/G-QUADRUPLEX DNA INTERACTIONS: FROM FEMTOSECONDS AUX MILLISECONDS

Keywords: DNA, G-quadruplexes, fluorescence, femtosecond, circular dichroism
Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP) CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/SPAM - CNRS URA 2453 - Bt 522 - 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX - FRANCE Many guanine-rich regions of the human genome can in vitro adopt specific four-stranded structures called G-quadruplexes (G4). There is today an increasing amount of experimental evidence showing the in vivo formation of G4 and their role in various biological functions. Many past experimental studies of G4 have focused on the characterization of their structure, thereby highlighting the high conformational diversity.However, few studies have addressed the dynamical aspects of G4 formation. In particular, a detailed characterization of this mechanism is crucial in order to gain a better understanding of their biological functions and possible therapeutic applications. The goal of this thesis will therefore be to characterize the nature of the interactions of different ligands (potential drugs) with biologically relevant DNA structures and to assess their effects on the dynamics of G4 formation. The study of the ligand-DNA interaction will be performed using a combination of steady-state spectroscopic methods (absorption, circular dichroism and fluorescence) and femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy . The folding dynamics of G-quadruplex structures will be carried out in collaboration with the Laboratory of Optics and Biosciences at Ecole Polytechnique using time-resolved circular dichroism experiments in the nano- to milli-second time range. Desire profile or skills: A good knowledge in photophysics and photochemistry as well as some notions in optics is recommended PhD advisor: Pascale Changenet-Barret Contact: Pascale.Changenet-Barret@cea.fr Website: http://wwwlfp.cea.fr/ast_visu.php?num=101&keyw=Biomolecules&lang=fr
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92
THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF IRON/CARBON CLUSTERS BY MEANS OF A MONTE CARLO METHOD AND A REACTIVE POTENTIAL.
Keywords: Computational Physics - Reaction dynamics - Theoretical Chemistry - Physical chemistry - atomic and molecular clusters
Laboratory: Laboratoire Francis Perrin (LFP) CEA/DSM/IRAMIS/SPAM - CNRS URA 2453 - Bt 522 - 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX - FRANCE A simple observation has sparked off the present PhD project: the lack of control in producing single wall carbon nanotubes is due to a large extent to the complexity and poor knowledge of the cluster thermodynamics and of the growth mechanism at its surface. A theoretical work has been initiated on this question in the Reaction Dynamics Group of the SPAM-LFP Laboratory and a new Monte Carlo (MC) method has been developed. It is based on flat histograms and allows to compute all thermodynamic quantities of a system. It includes now a high level potential, which is able to describe the Iron/Carbon system in reactive situations. Within this context, the PhD project will tackle specific features of finite system thermodynamics (nanothermodynamics) for which extensivity is no more valid. The first part of the PhD will be an exhaustive thermodynamic study of the Fe/C system formed by the Fe catalyst and the carbon dissolved in it, using the theoretical tools mentionned above. Nevertheless, important developments of methodology are still need such as other advanced MC techniques: replica exchanges, nested potentials, ... In a second part of the PhD project, implementation of the magnetism in the iron potential will be performed. Finally, this reallistic potential combining iron and carbon will be used to treat dynamical phenomenon by using kinetic Monte Carlo methods.
Desire profile or skills: Molecular physico-chemistry PhD advisor: Christian Angeli Contact: christian.angelie@cea.fr Website: http://www-lfp.cea.fr
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93
A GREEN PROCESS TO MAKE MEMBRANES BY PHASE SEPARATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS

Keywords: Polymer solutions, membranes, phase separation, green process
Laboratory: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanomtrique et Supramolculaire (LIONS) (LIONS) CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, Bat. 125 When heating up an aqueous solution of several water-soluble polymers, a phase separation into two phases, one rich in polymer and the other much more diluted, is induced. If the latter phase is evaporated and the concentrated phase is reinforced, we have shown that membranes can be formed under particularly mild conditions. To optimize the membranes formed or simply varying their structure, the dynamic path of separation must be determined. This path is followed experimentally by light scattering and microscopy to determine the phase diagram, the growth laws and the structure of the phases. In collaboration with the European Institute of Membranes (Montpellier) such a study has been carried out on several polymers whose behaviors are very different: only certain polymers reach two macroscopic phases and the growth laws, though they can often be expressed in power laws of time, also depend on the polymers selected. We propose a thesis which will study experimentally the previous mechanisms while confronting to a theoretical analysis to determine the growth laws with the partial help of dedicated software. The issues are to determine the growth laws at different temperatures and final concentrations and to relate them to the nature of the polymer and its interactions with the aqueous solvent. Quantitative models will be proposed to rationalize the phase separation processes in order to provide roadmaps for membrane manufacturing. Desire profile or skills: physics of polymers, materials science Remarks: In collaboration with Institut Europen des Membranes (IEM) Montpellier, co-advisor Denis Bouyer PhD advisor: Patrick Guenoun Contact: patrick.guenoun@cea.fr Website: http://iramisi.cea.fr/Pisp/patrick.guenoun/index.html
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NEW HYBRID INORGANIC NANOTUBES. SYNTHESIS AND SELF ASSEMBLY TOWARD NEW FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, nanotubes, synthesis, SAXS, self-assembly, nanofluidic
Laboratory: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanomtrique et Supramolculaire (LIONS) (LIONS) CEA/CNRS, DSM UMR 3299 Imogolite are natural inorganic nanotubes having the same morphology as carbone nanotubes ie a diameter of about 2 nm and a length up to microns. The recent years have witnessed tremendous progress in the understanding of their synthesis and their functionalization. These progress open the route toward new functional materials. A phD position is open for a motivated candidate for the exploration and optimization of the very recent synthesis strategies. The developed nanotubes will be used through selfassembly strategy in the design of new functional materials. Desire profile or skills: nanosciences, chemistry, materials science PhD advisor: Antoine Thill Contact: antoine.thill@cea.fr
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95
TOWARDS METAMATERIALS BY SELF-ASSEMBLY OF BLOCK

COPOLYMERS
Keywords: Block copolymers, oriented nanostructures, gold nanoparticles, metamaterials
Laboratory: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire sur l'Organisation Nanomtrique et Supramolculaire (LIONS) (LIONS) CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, Bat. 125 Metamaterials are materials whose structuration at a precise scale, smaller than the wavelength of the wave that is investigated, brings very original effective propagation properties (index, absorption). It was proposed, and partially verified experimentally, that very unusual electromagnetic propagation could be induced in such materials : for instance invisibility properties or the obtention of sub-wavelength resolutions. However, it is still very difficult to build three-dimensional metamaterials with such properties. This is all the more in the optical visible range where a nanostructuration is required. In this experimental PhD project, we propose to tackle such challenges through a collaboration between the CRPP (Bordeaux) and the LIONS at CEA Saclay. The idea is to use block copolymer self-assembly to provide a nanostructuration, possibly anisotropic, without requiring tedious steps of extensive lithography. Index properties are then modulated within the polymer by inclusion of metallic nanoparticles which provide large local index variations because of their plasmonic resonances. Polymer films need to be oriented (typical thicknesses in between 50 to 500 nm) with a precise three-dimensional geometry with respect to a reference substrate. Several of these steps have been already made in our two labs and we propose a PhD project to put in common our expertise concerning the orientation of thick phases of copolymer on substrates, the synhtesis of gold nanoparticles with dedicated ligands for polymer inclusion, the determination of the copolymer phases by atomic force microscopy and x-ray scattering on synchrotron and the optical diagnostic of the mixed phases.
Desire profile or skills: Materials science, surface science, polymer physics, optics Remarks: In collaboration with Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (Bordeaux), co-advisor Virginie Ponsinet PhD advisor: Patrick Guenoun Contact: patrick.guenoun@cea.fr Website: http://iramisi.cea.fr/Pisp/patrick.guenoun/index.html
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96
AMPLIFYING AT HIGH ENERGY SHORT LASER PULSES USING

PLASMA BASED AMPLIFIERS
Keywords: short-pulse lasers, plasmas physics
Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France The goal of the PhD project is to develop plasma-optics, i.e. to use plasmas to manipulate ultrashort and intense laser pulses. Developing plasma optics is a potentially groundbreaking approach to obtain new light sources of shorter durations and higher intensities than previously available. The project will experimentally study plasma amplification of ultrashort light pulses. This is done by achieving energy transfer between a short, low-energy seed laser pulse and a much longer, high-energy pump laser pulse. We will also investigate the possibility of focusing high-power light pulses using reflective plasmas. An important part of the experimental investigations will be devoted to characterizing the increased power laser pulses. The project, mixing both experiments and modeling, will use two major up-to-date laser systems, namely Dacturus at the university of Dusseldorf (Germany) and ELFIE based in Ecole Polytechnique (France). These two facilities offer complementary characteristics: ultra-short pulse duration, low energy (25fs/2.5J) on the one hand for Darcturus and energetic, long duration (400 fs/15J) for ELFIE on the other hand. This project could be key to continue opening possibilities in fundamental and applied physics beyond the presently existing high-power-ultra-short lasers. Desire profile or skills: experimental physics, plasma physics, optics Remarks: Candidates must be from the EU, the US, South America, Japan or Korea. PhD advisor: Julien Fuchs Contact: julien.fuchs@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.luli.polytechnique.fr/accueil/lepersonnel/equipes-de-recherche/sources-de-particules-derayonnement-intenses/
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97
FIBER AMPLIFICATION BY CRYSTAL PHOTONICS FIBERS AND

COHERENT COMBINING FOR NANOSECOND AND FEMTOSECOND PULSE GENERATION
Keywords: 1053 nm fiber laser, electro-optic modulator, coherent beam combining, photonic crystal fiber, CPA system, arbitrary waveform generator, Brillouin effect, laser pulse shaping
Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France LULI2000 is a high intensity laser facility at LULI dedicated at laser matter interaction physics. The subject will focus on crystal photonics fiber laser amplifiers for nanosecond and femtosecond (CPA) systems operated in the kHz regime. The student will have to study coherent combination of crystal photonic fiber amplifier based on classical fiber or rod type. This work will contribute to improve LULI2000 front end capabilities.
Desire profile or skills: laser physics, optics, nonlinear optics, Matlab PhD advisor: Loc Meignien & Jean-Christophe Chanteloup Contact: loic.meignien@polytechnique.edu & jeanchristophe.chanteloup@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.luli.polytechnique.fr/accueil/lesinstallations/luli2000/
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ION BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER

Keywords: ion beams, short-pulse lasers, dense plasmas, ion stopping
Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France The characteristics of charged particles interacting with other materials have been studied since the discovery of their existence and vast amounts of experimental data has been accumulated on this topic. However, ion interactions with dense plasmas are still untouched. The main reason is that the bunch length of existing particle sources produced by conventional accelerator (typically ns) are too long to probe such dense plasmas before they disassemble. However, many theories exist for ion interaction in warm plasmas, although unchecked. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed for several years a new, compact, lowcost, experimental platform that utilizes short pulse laser produced ion beams which have different, but complementary, characteristics compared to conventional accelerators. Such laser-based platform, by producing very short ion bunches, presents the potential to finally breakthrough in studying the temporal dynamics and interactions with plasmas. The project will focus on performing measurements of the energy loss of protons and alpha particles after passing through several types of un-heated and heated low-Z, dense gases, using a new technology that we have recently developed. We expect such data to finally allow us to benchmarking the codes and semi-empirical theories that specialize in this regime. Desire profile or skills: experimental physics, plasma physics, optics, particle beams Remarks: Candidates must be from the EU, the US, South America, Japan or Korea. PhD advisor: Julien Fuchs Contact: julien.fuchs@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.luli.polytechnique.fr/accueil/lepersonnel/equipes-de-recherche/sources-de-particules-derayonnement-intenses/
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LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS: RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN BORN

AND DEATH OF STARS
Keywords: laser,plasma,astrophysics,simulation
Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France High energy density physics (HEDP) in the laboratory is a new field that emerged in the last two decades thanks to the development of pulsed, high-energy/high power laser facilities. On high power laser facilities, macroscopic volumes of matter can be created under astrophysically relevant conditions and their properties measured. Examples of processes and issues that can be experimentally addressed include strong shocks, radiative flows, hydrodynamic instabilities, magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, radiative shocks, high Mach number jets and outflows, equations of state of highly compressed matter, complex opacities, photoionized plasmas etc. In this context, the PHYHDEL group from LULI is a world pioneer as proved by recent awards of previous of its PhD students (EPS plasma, SFP Plasma, ). We opened several new topics such as radiative shocks in supernovae, young star jets collimation, accretion phenomena in binary systems, magnetic field generation in protogalatic systems, In this PhD project, a detailed study of dedicated astrophysical situations where strong radiation occurs, which concerns all processes occurring in the born and death of stars, will be performed. In particular it will concern two aspects: one on the hydrodynamics point of view, one on direct interaction of radiation with matter. Regarding hydrodynamics, the " violent " flows such as radiative shocks, accretion of two binary stars shocks (cataclysmic variables) or young star jets will betackled. Understanding these objects is crucial for stellar evolution: radiation play a fundamental role in the evolution of stars from birth until the supernova phase, the accretion shocks are strongly associated with binary systems, jets to the young star formation. Regarding photionized plasmas, observations of massive and compact objects (neutron, black holes) are extremely tricky and only indirect ones can be performed. Studying photoionized plasma, generated nearby these objects, is a one of the key way to infer properties of compact stars. Desire profile or skills: experimental physics, plasma physics, astrophysics Remarks: The student will have to deal with many concepts from the drive of experiments on many laser facilities
among the world (France, UK, japan, US), to the modelling of both the laboratory case and the astrophysical one. For the experimental part of the PhD, the complete design, development of new diagnostics and experiment completion are the main tasks that the student will take in charge. Regarding modelling, to analyse the data the student will use existing tools at LULI or developing new ones if necessary. Moreover, a strong component of the research will also concern radiative 2D-3D hydrodynamic simulations to reproduce not only laser experiments but also are dedicated astrophysical situations. To this end, the student will use a widely developed code, in the astrophysics community, (FLASH) from U. of Chicago that can combine perfectly both aspects. This project is also part of a large consortium that will soon come out with expected experiments on the OMEGA laser (Rochester) to prepare full energy NIF or LMJ shots.
PhD advisor: Michel Koenig Contact: michel.koenig@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.luli.polytechnique.fr

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MAGNETIZED LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS

Keywords: astrophysics, magnetic field, plasma physics
Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France The overall project aims at addressing astronomy-relevant issues related to the coupling of expanding and colliding plasmas with dynamically important magnetic field. In particular (1) the collimation of compressible, magnetohydrodynamic flows by a magnetic field, and (2) the production of energetic particles and radiation by collisionless shocks, will be tackled. The possibility to study all these effects in the laboratory is a great opportunity to bring significant new results to compare with existing observations and to simulations of these phenomena. For this, the project will take advantage of newly available experimental capabilities (high-power lasers coupled to pulsed strong magnetic fields) and exploit the results using 2D and 3D hydrodynamic, MHD and kinetic numerical simulations to get a complete picture of the phenomena. Desire profile or skills: experimental physics, plasma physics, optics, particle beams Remarks: Candidates must be from the EU, the US, South America, Japan or Korea. PhD advisor: Julien Fuchs Contact: julien.fuchs@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.luli.polytechnique.fr/accueil/les-themesde-recherche/silampa/
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101
STUDY OF THE WARM DENSE MATTER WITH APPLICATIONS TO

PLANETOLOGY
Keywords: Warm Dence Matter, Laser, XFEL, simulation, experiment
Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Warm Dense Matte (WDM) covers the range between 0.1 and 100 times the solid density of a material with temperatures between 0.1 and 100eV. It is located in at the frontier between condensed matter physics and plasma physics. This region is critical because standard theories for condensed matter and statistical physics of plasmas are no more valid. In this regime, matter (or plasma) is weakly ionized, strongly coupled and partially degenerated. No easy approximation can be performed, theoretical studies becomes quickly complicated (i.e. heavy numerical simulations are necessary) and experiments necessary. The knowledge of the properties of this matter is extremely important for planetology (planetary interior models and evolution) and laser drive Inertial Confinement Fusion scheme. The subject of the thesis is to perform experiments in the context of planetology. Experiments will be performed in different facilities like LULI, LCLS (USA), GekkoXII (Japan), SACLA (Japan), Livermore(USA). The student will be in charge of experiment preparation, diagnostic development; he will participate to the experiments, analysis of the data, interpretation. Besides experiments, part of this work will need concern to pre and post simulate the experiment using hydrodynamic codes and/or comparison with ab/-initio calculations. The student will benefit from discussions and collaboration with all the partners involved in the ANR project Planetlab (LUTH, LULI, IMPMC and CEA). Desire profile or skills: A previous experience in experimental physics is preferred. Programming language skills PhD advisor: Alssandra Benuzzi-Mounaix Tommaso Vinci Contact: tommaso.vinci@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/projetanr/?tx_lwmsuivibilan_pi2[CODE]=ANR-12-BS04-0015
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102
HIGH AVERAGE POWER LOW TEMPERATURE OPERATED DIODE PUMPED YB:YAG LASER AMPLIFIER
Keywords: Diode Pumped Solid State Laser (DPSSL), Yb:YAG, Active mirror
Laboratory: Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France The general context of this research is the LULI Lucia program, a Diode Pumped Solid State Laser (DPSSL) relying on Yb:YAG as a gain medium. As of today, this laser chain delivers 8ns/14J pulse at 2 Hz [1]. In order to reach a 30 J milestone, a low temperature (~170K) operated amplifier has recently been implemented. It will also allow improving the wall-plug efficiency from 3% to 9%. The first objective of this PhD work will be to identify the optimum extraction scheme to maximize the extractible energy from both room temperature (water cooled) and low temperature (liquid nitrogen cooled) amplifiers. Considering the complexity of the experimental set up, this phase will be performed with specifically developed codes. In order to benchmark these codes, experiments with the low temperature amplifier alone will be required. Then only, experimental coupling of both amplifiers will take place. Besides extraction at the fundamental wavelength (1030 nm for Yb:YAG), model and experimental dedicated at frequency conversion at 515 nm will also need to be performed. The goal would be to reach a 80% frequency conversion efficiency at 10 Hz [1] T. Gonalvs-Novo, D. Albach, B. Vincent, M. Arzakantsyan and J.-C. Chanteloup, "14 J / 2 Hz Yb3+:YAG Diode Pumped Solid State Laser chain", Optics Express, Vol.21, No.1, pp. 855-866 (2013)
Desire profile or skills: laser physics, optics, nonlinear optics, matlab PhD advisor: Jean-Christophe Chanteloup Contact: jean-christophe.chanteloup@polytechnique.edu Website: http://www.luli.polytechnique.fr/accueil/lesprojets/lucia/
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103
MATERIALS AND DEVICES FOR POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO NONVOLATILE RESISTIVE MEMORIES (RERAM)
Keywords: thin films, non-volatile memories, resistive switching
Laboratory: Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Paris (LGEP) 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif Sur Yvette, FRANCE In the current development of Nanotechnology, local probe microscopes (such as a Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscope : CP-AFM) appear as very convenient tools, allowing not only to characterize materials, but also to modify them at the nanometer scale. Applying a bias voltage between the tip of such a microscope and a given material causes a current flow, the density of which is considerable at the tip/sample interface. The thermal or electrochemical process may lead to very local changes (usually irreversible) of the material in contact with the tip. However, it has been recently observed that some of these nanomodifications can be made reversible, as a function of various parameters. Very promising results have already been published in high impact factor journals. The objective of the thesis is to better understand the process leading to such reversible local electrical conductivity modifications, and therefore to open the way to applications such as a new kind of mass information storage in the field of Re-RAM memories. Desire profile or skills: Knowledge in atomic force microscopy, Re-RAM PhD advisor: Olivier SCHNEEGANS Contact: olivier.schneegans@lgep.supelec.fr Website: http://www.lgep.supelec.fr/index.php?page=Modifications-demateriaux-et-de-leurs-interfaces
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104
MULTI-STAGE LASER PLASMA ACCELERATION TO ULTRARELATIVISTIC ENERGIES

Keywords: Laser plasma interaction at ultra-high laser intensity, high energy density plasma physics, laser plasma acceleration of electrons to relativistic energy
Laboratory: Laboratory of Physics of Gases and Plasmas (LPGP) LPGP, bat.210, Universit Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France A new generation of extremely high power (larger than Peta Watt, (PW)) laser facilities is under development at different research centers worldwide, particularly in Europe with the ELI project (http://www.extreme-light-infrastructure.eu/) and in France on the plateau de Saclay in the frame of the project Centre Interdisciplinaire de Lumire EXtrme (CILEX : http://cilexsaclay.fr/). One of the main applications of these laser beams interacting with plasmas is to accelerate particles to ultra-relativistic energies for high energy physics studies. The group ITFIP at LPGP (http://www.lpgp.upsud.fr/lpgplone/externe/www/operations/itfip/equipe), is a partner of the CILEX project, particularly involved in the development of new accelerator concepts, scalable for applications to high energy physics and using high power lasers. A target area, where two multi-PW laser beams of CILEX will be delivered, is specifically dedicated to experimental research in this field. A major goal of the scientific programme on this facility is to study the coupling of two laser-plasma acceleration stages to reach energies in the 10 GeV range. In the frame of the proposed thesis subject, the student will be able to contribute to modelling and/or experimental studies related to the implementation of the programme on CILEX. Preparatory experimental development will take place at the UHI100 laser facility (power 100 TW) of CEA-Saclay. Experimental developments are related to the first stage of a laser plasma accelerator and the coupling to the next stage. As the underlying physics is highly non linear and involves a large number of parameters, modelling plays a key role in this study and will constitute a large fraction of the thesis work. The student will be able to use existing codes available to the ITFIP group members and contribute to their development. The main objective of modelling is to achieve a start-to-end description of the laser plasma accelerator, including description of the plasma, laser beam transport, electron trapping, positrons generation, acceleration and transport of electrons or positrons. Desire profile or skills: Solids grounds in physics. Some knowledge in plasmas and laser-plasma interaction will be useful. Skills in numerical modelling. PhD advisor: Brigitte Cros Contact: Brigitte.Cros@u-psud.fr Website: www.lpgp.u-psud.fr
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105
NANOSECOND DIFFUSE DISCHARGES GENERATED UNDER EXTREME ELECTRIC FIELDS.

Keywords: electrical discharges, non-equilibrium plasmas, nanosecond pulses, intense electric field, fast electrons, fast imaging, emission spectroscopy, Laser diagnostics
Laboratory: Laboratory of Physics of Gases and Plasmas (LPGP) LPGP, bat.210, Universit Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France The thesis has for ambition to investigate a physics still not described this day, that of non equilibrium electrical discharges created by extremely transient and intense fields in standard conditions of pressure and temperature. The experimental work to be carried out will focus on a point-to-plane asymmetric configuration of electrodes very suitable for fundamental studies. Discharges will be created in air and atmospheric gases mixtures of nitrogen, oxygen and water vapor, to which will come to be added, in low concentration, acetone, representative of a polluting molecule, or some propane, representative of a flammable gas. The objectives of the thesis will be at first to identify and characterize the specific effects induced by the very strong values of the electric field on the dynamics of the discharge (electrical diagnostics, fast imaging, emission spectroscopy,). The application of extreme overvoltages (> 400 %) over less than a few nanoseconds has to bring us to reconsider the classical physics of the streamer used to describe discharges at atmospheric pressure, by analyzing the new mechanisms which could be associated there (diffuse regime, generation of " runaway " electrons and X radiation, invalidity of the local field equilibrium hypothesis). The recent marketing of reliable, compact and adjustable generators, allowing to reach extremely brief fronts of rise of the order of nanosecond and voltage pulses of hundred of kilovolts on about ten nanoseconds, opens very interesting possibilities for the experimental study of these discharges. In a second step, the elementary point-to-plane configuration of electrodes will allow a very precise experimental characterization, resolved in time and space, of the plasma induced by the discharge. Absorption Laser and Fluorescence Induced Laser (LIF, PLIF, TALIF) diagnostics, Raman scattering and an innovative strioscopy method (BOS) will be carried out at LPGP and CORIA (Rouen, France) in order to identify and to map the reactive species and the different temperatures of the plasma. All these studies will allow considering the ability of discharges induced by extreme electric fields to be used efficiently for topical environmental applications such as air treatment or gas synthesis and for energy field applications such as ignition or flow control. This thesis is part of a research program supported by ANR since February 2014 and in collaboration with a group of LAPLACE (Toulouse) for the modelling of the discharge, of GREMI (Orleans) and of LNHB (CEA Saclay) for the detailed investigation of the X radiation induced by the discharge, and of CORIA (Rouen) for the measurements of temperatures and pressure in the post-discharge. The PhD student will be actively involved in this collaboration and will work in connection with the simulation group of LAPLACE and participate to the experimental studies to be done at GREMI.
PhD advisor: Pierre Tardiveau Contact: pierre.tardiveau@u-psud.fr Website: http://www.lpgp.u-psud.fr/modeles/ind.php

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AVALANCHE DYNAMICS IN AMORPHOUS SYSTEMS

Keywords: critical phenomena - out of equilibrium- avalanches
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France Many complex systems respond to continuous input of energy by accumulation of stress over time and sudden energy release in the form of avalanches. Avalanches are paradigmatic out-ofequilibrium phenomena since they involve all the length scales in the system and the time of their occurrence cannot be predicted. For almost 20 years, several models have been proposed to describe avalanches within the framework of critical and collective phenomena. This class of models captures well the observed scale-free statistics, but fails to explain basic observations such as the presence of aftershocks after the main earthquake event, the existence of a critical stress, or the yield stress which characterizes the rheology of amorphous materials under shear. In this internship, we will design a model which includes the effects of non-monotonous interactions in amorphous materials usually neglected in traditional approaches. Using the techniques developed for disordered systems, we will characterize numerically and also analytically, if possible, the dynamics of the model. Desire profile or skills: The successful applicant will have a strong academic record in graduate-level Statistical Mechanics and/or Soft Condensed Matter Physics. Previous knowledge of Biophysics is welcome but not mandatory. An open-minded attitude towards Physics is expected, w PhD advisor: Alberto Rosso Contact: alberto.rosso@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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108
CLASSICALITY AND EXTREME QUANTUM STATES FOR QUANTUM

INFORMATION
Keywords: Quantum information, coherent spin states, classical states, quantum entanglement
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France Recent developments in the domain of quantum information had led to a renewed interest in fundamental issues pertaining to properties of quantum states. As various implementations of systems with small number of qubits are now available to experimentalists (supraconducting devices, atoms, ions...), the theory of quantum information is interested in the optimal way in which quantum states can be manipulated by exploiting their specific properties. In this domain, characterizing, detecting and measuring quantum entanglement is the source of many open problems. In this thesis we will consider questions related with classicality of quantum state. This study has two sides. The first goal is to understand what are the 'most quantum' states, and what is their interest for quantum information. The second one is to describe 'almost classical states'. This notion of classicality (or of quantumness) remains unclear. The present project aims at establishing precise classicality criteria, by developing mathematical tools in order to better understand the structure of the set of quantum states that can be considered 'almost classical'. Besides, it will deal with the description and physical properties of the most quantum states, and more generally problems of classification and measure of multipartite entanglement. A related aspect of this work will be to offer to experimentalists concrete ways of measuring the degree of classicality of their quantum states. References: - O. Giraud, P. Braun, and D. Braun, Quantifying Quantumness and the Quest for Queens of Quantum, New J. Phys. 12, 063005 (2010). - O. Giraud, P. Braun, and D. Braun, Parametrization of spin-1 classical states, Phys. Rev. A 85, 032101 (2012).
PhD advisor: Olivier Giraud Contact: olivier.giraud@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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109
CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY AND APPLICATIONS IN CRITICAL

STATISTICAL SYSTEMS AND QUANTUM INTEGRABLE MODELS
Keywords: Conformal field theory, critical statistical systems, random fractals, integrable model
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France We propose to use techniques from Conformal Field Theory for theoretically predicting the behaviour of critical statistical systems with random fractal structures, and for solving quantum integrable models. On the one hand, recent numerical results on random fractals provide motivation and guidance for solving long-standing puzzles in Conformal Field Theory. On the other hand, recent breakthroughs in the relation between Random Matrix Theory, the Calogero integrable model, and Macdonald polynomials, beg for generalizations whose implications could extend as far as supersymmetric gauge theories.
PhD advisor: Raoul Santachiara Contact: raoul.santachiara@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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110
CONTRACTILITY OF DISORDERED BIOLOGICAL GELS, A NEW

PARADIGM
Keywords: Biophysics - Soft condensed matter Cytoskeleton - Cell motility
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France The motion of living cells is in large part due to the interaction of cable-like, semi-flexible actin filaments and myosin molecular motors, which induce the relative sliding of the actin cables. According to a common preconception inspired by the organization of our striated muscle, this simple sliding would be sufficient to account for all actin-myosin based motion. We question the application of this dogma to disordered actomyosin systems, which could lead us to redefine a cornerstone of our understanding of cellular motion. This project explores contraction mechanisms at work in disordered actomyosin networks in strong interaction with the experimental groups of Margaret Gardel (U. of Chicago) and Michael Murrell (U. of Wisconsin Madison). Since our previous work suggests that the nonlinear mechanical response (buckling) of actin generates contractility, the intern will develop a continuum theory allowing us to translate our predictions into the experimental context. He or she will then extend this generalized hydrodynamics formalism to regimes of strongly nonlinear deformations. On the long term (Ph.D.), this project will be extended to the study of collective effects - in particular, we suspect that the presence of numerous motors favors contractility by pushing the semiflexible filament network towards its rigidity percolation critical point.
PhD advisor: Martin Lenz Contact: martin.lenz@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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111
CORRELATION FUNCTIONS OF THE EIGHT-VERTEX MODEL

Keywords: Integrable models, Yang-Baxter algebra, form factors, correlation functions
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France In the class of quantum integrable systems solvable by Bethe Ansatz, one of the simplest models is the XXZ Heisenberg spin-1/2 chain. This model has been widely studied. In particular, several methods have been developed for the computation of its correlation functions. One of these approaches, initiated in 1998 in Lyon, is based on the study of the finite-size model in the algebraic Bethe Ansatz framework together with the solution of the so-called quantum inverse problem. This approach has led to exact representations for the form factors and the correlation functions in finite volume, and to the determination of their largedistance asymptotic behavior at the thermodynamic limit. The XYZ quantum spin chain, which is related to the two-dimensional eight-vertex model of statistical physics, is a generalization of the XXZ spin chain. This model is still integrable, but its solution is more complicated. It uses the correspondence of the model with another exactly solvable lattice model, the SOS model, describing interactions of a height variable around faces of a square lattice. The transformation relating the eight-vertex and SOS models is called vertex-face transformation. Due to the combinatorial complexity of this transformation, the exact computation of correlation functions in the eight-vertex model is still a widely open problem. The algebraic Bethe Ansatz approach has been recently generalized to the computation of the correlation functions of the SOS model. This problem has also been studied by means of another approach, the Separation of Variable method. The PhD project will consist in implementing the vertex-face transformation so as to apply these two methods to the exact computation of form factors and correlation functions of the XYZ/eight-vertex model.
PhD advisor: Vronique Terras Contact: veronique.terras@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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112
FLUCTUATIONS IN NON-LINEAR QUANTUM FLUIDS

Keywords: Quantum fluids, Quantum fluctuations, Nonlinear waves
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France Several systems having a strong quantal behavior host non-linear phenomena: Solitons, vortices, domain walls and shock waves have been observed in Bose-Einstein condensates formed by ultracold atomic vapors, in micro-cavity polaritons, in non-linear optic fibers... These quantum and nonlinear properties make such systems excellent candidates for observing subtile quantum effects such as the Hawking radiation or the dynamical Casimir effect. In this type of configurations, the quantum fluctuations are non trivial because the ground state (the "vacuum of the theory") is non homogeneous, which is only possible thanks to the nonlinearity of the wave equation describing the system. The thesis project will consist in a first stage in studying specific nonlinear configurations in bi-refringent nonlinear optic fibers, where the two polarization components can be described as two mutually interacting quantum gases (thanks to the effect of crossed phase modulations). The goal is to propose new configurations in which the two fluids are in relative "superfluid" motion and to understand under which circumstances this effective superfluidity will break down. In a second stage one will try to suggest new means to form sonic horizons and study the associated quantum fluctuations. The thesis project is theoretical, but aims at describing realistic configurations of experimental interest. The thesis work will contain a numerical part, the amount of which will depend on the student's skills. The general framework is the one of nonlinear partial differential equations (describing the classical dynamics of the system) and of quantum optics (for the study of quantum fluctuations).
PhD advisor: Nicolas Pavloff Contact: nicolas.pavloff@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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113
FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL STATES IN MULTICOMPONENT

SYSTEMS
Keywords: Fractional Hall quantum Hall effect, Graphene, Landau levels
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France The aim of this proposed wrok is the study in the fractional Quantum hall effect when several degrees of freddom are available beyond the spin. The FQHE which is a well-known physical effect in the realm of twodiemsnional electron gases can be loosely characterized by the formation of a liquid state which is fully gapped towards alll kinds of excitations contrary to ordinary Fermi liquids and their ubiquitous particle-hole excitations. Many FQHE states have been discovered and studied in the last 20 years. It is very common in real-world experiments that the elctrons are not fully spin-polarized. The wavefunctions describing these states are thus necessarily multicomponent. While 2DEGs involve only the additional spin degree of freedom, other materials like AlAs involve valley degrees of freedom. At the heart of this projetc is the graphene system. In the single-layer case there is a fourfold degeneracy which is weakly lifted by small effects. Recent experimental progress in suspended samples of monolayer graphene have given a new impetus to FQHE studies in graphene. There are many pending questions that can be attacked by exact diagonalization of small systems. In the case of FQHE, the landau level degeneracy is a very useful circumstance. Indeed if the area of the sample is bounded then thelowest Landau level is finitedimensional without any ad-hoc truncation procedure. The PhD work will attack several problems in the field by use of the toroidal geometry. Use of the so-called magnetic translations allows to reduce the size of the Hilbert space and to study large systems for commensurate filling factors.
PhD advisor: Thierry Jolicoeur Contact: thierry.jolicoeur@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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114
WIGNER TIME DELAY IN MESOSCOPIC CHAOTIC CAVITIES AND

RANDOM MATRIX THEORY
Keywords: Statistical physics, mesoscopic physics, random matrix theory, Coulomb gas method, freezing transition, large deviations
Laboratory: Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models (LPTMS) Universit Paris Sud - Btiment 100, 15 rue Georges Clmenceau 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France This study is at the interface between statistical physics and mesoscopic physics. The aim is to study certain electronic properties of mesoscopic chaotic cavities by random matrix technics. Many electronic properties of (mesoscopic) coherent conductors may be studied by the scattering approach . The complexity of the dynamics (due to chaos or disorder) naturally leads to use a random matrix description for the scattering matrix. An interesting quantity characterizing scattering is the Wigner time delay, giving information on the time spent by a wavepacket in the system ; more importantly it provides a measure of the density of states of the open system, what explains its central role in the analysis of charging effects (mesoscopic capacitance, relaxation resistance,...) In a recent work [2], we have been able to obtain the full distribution of the Wigner time delay (sum of proper times) by a Coulomb gas method. We have shown that the power law tail characterizing the large deviations is related to the occurence of a freezing second order phase transition in the Coulomb gas. Several open questions remain : * The analysis of the statistical properties of partial sums of proper times would be of interest for multiterminal out-of-equilibrium quantum dots. * The control of the coupling between the contacts and the cavity through tunnel barriers is a question relevant for experimental purposes. Moreover we expect some interesting transition on the time delay distribution. * The interest in new symmetry classes of disordered systems has been a subject of intense work for twenty years, motivated by several physical contexts (lattice chromodynamics, supra with d-symmetry, graphene, topological insulators). The study of Wigner time delay in this context is still an open question (noticing however the work by Fyodorov & Ossipov, PRL 2004 providing a one-channel result in the ch-GUE ensemble). Rfs. : [1] Review article : T. Kottos, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 38, 1076110786 (2005). [2] Christophe Texier & Satya N. Majumdar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 250602 (2013).
PhD advisor: Christophe Texier Contact: christophe.texier@lptms.u-psud.fr Website: http://lptms.u-psud.fr/fr/theses/
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115
HIGH RATE THERMOMETRY BY COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING IN THE FEMTOSECOND REGIME
Keywords: Raman, femtosecond, spectroscopy, optics
Laboratory: Laser Source and Metrology Unit (ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab) BP80100 - Chemin de la Hunire, 91123 Palaiseau Cedex A new generationof optical diagnostics based on ultrafast pulsed laser technology is developped at ONERA. The thesis deals with the developpement of a new ultra-fast thermometry experiment that uses Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) spectroscopy technique in a hybride pico/femtosecond regime. The student's goal will be to build the experiment. In a first time, a strong exprimental investment will be necessary in order to build a robust and dplacable system. Then a theoretical study will have to be realised in order to simulate properly the third-order non-linear response of the medium and compare it with the experimental data in order to retrieve the temperature of the medium. Finally, an evaluation of the performances of the temperature measurement will have to be done : absolute and relative precision, robustness over various conditions. The PhD will deal with various innovating subjects such as pulse shaping, spectral compression using non linear cristal optics. Spectroscopic studies will be lead, for instance N2 and C2H2, in order to prepare futur measurement campaigns in ONERA's combustion test facilities.
Desire profile or skills: Master 2 or 3rd year of Ingeneer school PhD advisor: Michael Scherman Contact: michael.Scherman@onera.fr Website: www.onera.fr
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116
IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION EFFECTS IN EQUATORIAL AREAS PREDICTION AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES FOR GNSS
SATELLITE NAVIGATION RECEIVERS
Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) - Ionosphere - Equatorial Zones
Laboratory: Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Arospatiales - Dpartement Electromagntisme et Radar (ONERA DEMR) 2 avenue Edouard Belin 31055 TOULOUSE The objective of this thesis is to model the main ionospheric propagation effects (delays, scintillation) on GNSS signals in the equatorial zone, to characterize these effects on a broad area at equatorial coverage and to develop techniques that can provide information for the correction of these effects to GNSS receivers at low latitudes. The activity will concern on one hand the use of models for radiowave propagation (ray tracing, parabolic equation with multiple phase screens), that must be specifically adapted or parametrised for ionospheric equatorial zone (including F layer irregularities and plasma bubbles), and validated from available measurements at CNES and Thales Alenia Space (SAGAIE campaign , MONITOR and PRIS campaigns). On the other hand, the impact of these disturbances on GNSS receiver will be analysed, especially in terms of propagation delay, and efficient correction techniques of these delays will be developed to improve the accuracy of GNSS localisation in the equatorial zone. The expected results are the ability to model the propagation channel in equatorial ionosphere and its effects on GNSS receivers, and the development of new procedures for these effects in order to ensure optimal performance of a GNSS system in these areas . Desire profile or skills: Engineering school or Master degree in University - Signal Processing, Radiowave Propagation, GNSS applications
PhD advisor: To be defined Contact: joel.lemorton@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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117
AROUND-THE-CORNER DETECTION AND LOCALISATION IN URBAN

AREA
Keywords: around-the-corner radar, detection, localisation
Laboratory: ONERA (ONERA) ONERA - Chemin de la hunire - BP 80100 - 91123 Palaiseau Cedex Radar applications in urban area face a complex propagation medium, with many multipaths backscattered by the surrounding buildings, and shadow areas with no line of sight. Fortunately, multipaths may be exploited to detect and localise targets located in these shadow areas, for instance around the corner in a street. The aim of this PhD proposal is to study the feasibility of such an around-the-corner radar. The work will first focus on the detection problem, considering different solutions to separate contributions from the target and contributions from the environment alone. This will also require a specific study on the type of signal to use to best manage this separation. Then the work will study the localisation problem. This specific problem will require the use of a propagation model as well as a minimum knowledge of the geometry of the observed scene. Different solutions may be considered here, from information fusion to multipath channel deconvolution. Desire profile or skills: student from engineering school with skills in signal processing and statistics PhD advisor: Olivier Rabaste Contact: olivier.rabaste@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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118
PREDICTION OF THE RADIATION BELTS INTENSITY IN RELATION TO

THE MAGNETOSPHERIC ACTIVITY
Keywords: magnetosphere, solar wind, space weather
Laboratory: Onera (ONERA/DESP/MEM) 2 av. E. Belin - 31400 Toulouse The terrestrial magnetosphere changes when the solar wind parameters change. Particles and energy from the solar wind penetrate inside the magnetosphere disturbing the solar wind / magnetosphere equilibrium, being responsible of wave generations, variations of the current sheets and radiation belts intensities. As the scientific and business satellites travel in the radiation belts region, and as the radiation belts are responsible of hazards, it's very important to understand and predict the evolution of the radiation belts. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the solar wind impact in the magnetosphere and in the radiation belts, and, then, to modify the Salammb model in consequence. Desire profile or skills: physicist PhD advisor: D Boscher and S Rochel Contact: Sandrine.Rochel@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-desp
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119
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE MAGNETIC LOCAL TIME IN THE MODELLING OF THE EARTH'S RADIATION BELTS
Keywords: Radiation belt, numerical scheme, diffusion equation, magnetosphere
Laboratory: Onera (ONERA/DESP/MEM) 2 av. E. Belin - 31400 Toulouse The dynamics of the Earths radiation belts are generally modeled using a Fokker-Planck equation. Such a model takes into account the different components of the motion of magnetically trapped particles (gyration, rebound and drift). Simplifications are often made in order to minimize the number of dimensions. Thus, the magnetic local time dependency is quite never taken into account. At ONERA, such a model has been developed and has been validated against data for more than 10 years now. However, without taking into account the magnetic local time, the temporal resolution of the model is limited to the hour timescale which is a strong constraint to correctly model the evolution of fluxes in the inner magnetosphere during a magnetic storm. In particular, strong spatial and temporal variations of flux are observed by satellites during a magnetic storm, variations which are strongly inhomogeneous in magnetic local time, and very fast. The purpose of this work is to develop a new model of the dynamics of the radiation belts that takes into account the magnetic time. To achieve this, the student will base its work on the already developed model that does not take into account the magnetic local time and on the recent development achieved in the team during the preceding years. Desire profile or skills: Plasma physics Numerical modelling Magnetosphere science PhD advisor: V. MAGET Contact: Vincent.Maget@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-desp
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120
HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONTROL FOR WIDE-FIELD ADAPTIVE

OPTICS
Keywords: Classical and wide-field adaptive optics, state space representation, minimum variance control, Kalman filtering, model identification
Laboratory: Onera - Dpartement d'Optique Thorique et Applique - (LCF and ONERA-DOTA) 29 avenue Div. Leclerc - BP 72 92322 - Chtillon Cedex Adaptive Optics (AO) enables to correct in real time wavefront deformation induced by atmospheric turbulence. However, it faces a fundamental limitation: anisoplanatism. To counter it, the concept of WideField AO (WFAO) has been proposed. Turbulence is measured in several directions of the field of view, using natural and laser guide stars, and its impact on images is mitigated by a control based on tomographic reconstruction. The PhD subject aims at developing and testing on a real instrument new strategies in view of new generation instruments for the future Extremely Large Telescopes. The originality of the strategies developed so far in the team is to account for an explicit modeling of the perturbations' dynamics (turbulence, vibrations affecting the telescope's structure, etc). This includes theoretical developments (modeling, estimation, optimal control) together with on-sky demonstrations on the instrument Canary located at the William Herschell Telescope (La Palma, Canaries Islands). Desire profile or skills: High level in optics/physics and/or control/signal processing. Remarks: Thesis in collaboration with Obs. Paris-Meudon (Eric Gendron, LESIA) and Durham University (UK) PhD advisor: Prof. Caroline Kulcsr and Dr Jean-Marc Conan Contact: conan@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-dota
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121
IONOSPHERIC INVERSION USING SPARSE DATA

Keywords: Ionosphere, Radar, HF, OTHR, Compressive sensing
Laboratory: ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab / Low Frequency Unit (ONERA) Chemin de la Hunire, 91120 Palaiseau Propagation using the ionospheric refraction has been extensively studied for many decades . Despite this accumulation of knowledge, the operational use of the long range radars (i.e. more than 1000 km of coverage) requires that Over The Horizon Radars monitors the ionosphere. Among others, a constraint is related to the deployment of numerous sensors to ensure an accurate inversion. Emergence of digital radio services may provide a solution to this survey. Indeed , the use of numerous opportunity transmitters could replace the sensor network mentionned above. Nevertheless, the number of transmissions used in the vicinity of the point of interest remains limited. Hence, the inversion scheme will use a limited set of data. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the feasibility of such an inversion feeded by sparse data. Starting from available propagation models, the complexity and the meshing should be modified to be representative of a realistic configuration with missing data. The assessment of inversion methods efficiency could be done using compressive sensing or other aproach dealing with sparse data processing . Measurements are also planned for the second part of the resaerch work. Desire profile or skills: Master student or Grande Ecole. Knowledge of signal processing and elegtromagnetic propagation. Remarks: Marc Lesturgie will be assisted by Silvain Azarian (ONERA) and Florent Jangal (ONERA) PhD advisor: Marc Lesturgie (ONERA) Contact: florent.jangal@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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122
PROPAGATION THROUGH IONOSPHERE IN PRESENCE OF

TURBULENCES
Keywords: Ionosphere, Radar, HF, OTHR, Propagation
Laboratory: ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab / Low Frequency Unit (ONERA) Chemin de la Hunire, 91120 Palaiseau The long-range radars (i.e. coverage over 1,000 km) allow the detection of air and sea targets using refraction in the ionosphere.For fast targets, the ionosphere can be regarded as a classical propagation medium which is not varying in time and usual approximations can be done (i.e wave reflection at half path, variation of refractive index only in altitude).For small and slow targets (such as vessels) spatial and temporal variation of the refractive index must be taken into account : the observation time is quite long and the fluctuation of the refractive index is significant. As a result the position and the speed of the target are distorted. Seen from radar ionosphere becomes a distorting mirror.The objective of this thesis is to propose and test a solution to take into account the fluctuations of the ionosphere in the propagation models and to correct distortions of the position and the velocity. A first step is to define a way to take account of the turbulences in the calculation of the radar signal. Then the implementation and the tests should be done to evaluate the choices made . At last, the effects of ionospheric fluctuations in the radar signal could be quantified and the signal correction could be studied. Desire profile or skills: Master student or Grande Ecole. Knowledge of signal processing and elegtromagnetic propagation. Remarks: Marc Hlier will be assisted by Muriel Darces (UPMC) and Floren Jangal (ONERA) PhD advisor: Marc Hlier (UPMC) Contact: florent.jangal@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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123
ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCES OF A P BAND SPACEBORNE SAR FOR THE INVERSION OF THE BIO-GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE FOREST. APPLICATION TO THE DETECTION
OF TARGETS UNDER FOLIAGE
Keywords: P band - Forest scattering - Fopen - Synthetic aperture Radar
Laboratory: ONERA - Toulouse center (DEMR) 2 - Avenue Edouard Belin 31055-Toulouse - Cedex BIOMASS mission has just been selected for the ESA 7th earth explorer mission. This innovative mission is made of an imaging polarimetric radar in P band aiming at the measurement of the global forest biomass. Forest scattering in P band has aroused several studies and experimental campaigns, including an airborne one and a ground based one, still running, aiming at temporal observation. These campaigns have generated a large data base at the same time polarimetric, inerferometric and tomographic (vertical imaging). Using recent studies and results, the candidate will tackle the analysis of the mission performances, taking into account in the inversion algorithms the constraints of both the radar and the satellite. This analysis will be extended to L Band. A particular objective will be the adaptation of the inversion algorithms to the changes of the bio-geophysical parameters, especially moisture content in both soil and vegetation. The various algorithms studied will be applied to the problem of detection and characterization of targets and particular scenes under foliage. Desire profile or skills: electrical engineering - microwaves - signal processing - remote sensing - taste for experiments PhD advisor: Piere Borderies (ONERA) + University professor (IETR) Contact: pierre.borderies@onecert.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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124
MICROWAVE BACKSCATTER FROM THE OCEAN SURFACE AT

GRAZING ANGLE
Keywords: Radar, Remote sensing, EM modeling Hydrodynamic modeling Ocean surface, Grazing angle
Laboratory: ONERA : the French Aerospace Lab (Salon-de-Provence - France) MIO : Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (ONERA and MIO) ONERA : Base Arienne 701, 13661 SALON AIR MIO : Universit du Sud-Toulon-Var Avenue de l'Universit, BP 20132 - F-83957 La Garde cedex
The knowledge of the radar signal backscattered from the sea is essential in many applications such as maritime targets detection, oil spill identification or extraction of meteo-oceanic parameters. Today one of the latest scientific obstacles in the field of radar remote sensing of ocean surfaces is the case of grazing angle (less than 10 ) . Although advances have recently been obtained on the modeling of EM interaction with surfaces at grazing angles, some phenomena are not yet fully understand or easily interpretable: the azimuthal distribution of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) in HH does not follow the angular variation commonly observed and the time series of the RCS has very strong fluctuations ( "sea spikes " ), which doesn't correspond to the usual statistics. The purpose of this thesis is to advance understanding and modeling of these phenomena. Desire profile or skills: Master degree or engineering school. Knowledge of radar remote sensing and/or EM modeling and/or oceanography PhD advisor: Charles-Antoine Gurin Contact: Sebastien.Angelliaume@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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125
NOWCASTING OF EARTH-SPACE PROPAGATION CHANNEL FOR Q/V BAND GATEWAYS OF SATCOM SYSTEMS
Keywords: Propagation, Weather forecast model, Satellite communication, weather radar
Laboratory: ONERA Electromagnetism and Radar department (ONERA-DEMR) 2 Avenue Edouard Belin 31055 Toulouse CEDEX 4 Due to the request for larger bandwidth, Q/V ban (40-50 GHz) is now considered for use for feeder links of satellite communication systems. At those frequency bands, the magnitude of the propagation impairments in the troposphere is too high for instance in presence of rain to be compensated by power or waveform adaptation and a redundancy between the feeder links has to be implemented. The control of the swithcing between the various feeder links has to be anticipated to perform seemless handover from an user perspective. The aim of the Ph'D will be to assess the possible forecast mechanism to control the switch based on high resolution numerical weather forecast models. Desire profile or skills: Enngineering degree or MSc in meteorology or satellite communications or remote sensing PhD advisor: P. Arbogast (Mto-France)/ N. Jeannin (ONERA) Contact: nicolas.jeannin@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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126
COHERENT COMBINING OF FREQUENCY CONVERTERS AND

OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS
Keywords: Optical parametric oscillators, coherent combining, lasers, nonlinear optics, optics.
Laboratory: ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab - Theoretical and Applied Optics Department Lasers and Lidars laboratory (ONERA/DOTA) ONERA/DOTA - BP 80100 - 91123 PALAISEAU CEDEX France Coherent beam combining through active phase control is an efficient way to power scale laser sources. It has been successfully used many times to power-scale fiber and solid-state lasers. This PhD thesis is dedicated to the challenge of CBC applied to nonlinear laser sources, more specifically OPOs. As high-quality phase modulators at exotic wavelengths (such as those emitted by OPOs) are rarely available, it has not been considered, up to now, to coherently combine OPOs through active phase control. The PhD student will contribute to the demonstration and application of a new idea allowing to use phase modulators at standard wavelengths to control the phase of nonlinear sources (SHG, DFG and OPOs) in order to coherently combine them. The thesis will involve both experimental and numerical modelling work adn require solid knowledge in optics, lasers and nonlinear optics. The main goal is to succeed in demonstrating experimentally combination of cw OPOs. An extended goal is to progress towards the capability to combine pulsed OPOs. Desire profile or skills: Solid knowledge in laser optics, nonlinear optics. Taste for experimental work. PhD advisor: Pierre BOURDON Contact: pierre.bourdon@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-dota
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127
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPACT OPTICAL FREQUENCY COMB SPECTROMETER TO PROBE FAST DYNAMICS IN GAS FLOWS.
Keywords: Frequency comb, microresonators, waveguides, mid infrared, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Laboratory: ONERA, the French Aerospace Lab, Physics and Instrumentation Department, Laser Sources and Metrology Unit (ONERA) Chemin de la Hunire, 91120 Palaiseau Recent developments in optical femtosecond Frequency Combs (FC) now allows elegant perspectives in terms of wide spectral coverage associated with high speed and high spectral resolution to probe aerodynamic flows studied at ONERA, particularly those exhibiting transient and non-equilibrium features as encountered in plasma, combustion and atmospheric reentry applications. The work will start with a survey and modelisation of the different technological bricks needed to produce optical frequency combs from microresonators in the NIR and MIR spectral domains containing absorption lines of molecules of interest to aerodynamics and combustion (CO, CO2, NO, OH, CxHy). In particular, a common study with Institut Electronique Fondamental (Orsay) on silicon micro-rings and waveguides on a chip will be investigated. The candidate will also participate in the building of a Fourier Transform spectrometer exploiting optical beating between two frequency combs eventually assisted by resonant cavities to enhance sensibility. The instrument will be validated in the laboratory in reference gas cells for measurements of molecular density and temperatures and eventually in a high speed windtunnel and/or a combustion chamber for field validation. Desire profile or skills: Master degree in optics and photonics with knowledge in spectroscop PhD advisor: Ajmal Mohamed /ONERA Contact: ajmal_khan.mohamed@onera.fr Website: www.onera.fr
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128
ARE THE CORRELATIONS UNIVERSAL CLOSE TO THE GLASS TRANSITION ? THE INTEREST OF THE VARIOUS CUBIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES.
Keywords: Physique de l'Etat Condens, Chimie et Nanosciences
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Upon fast enough cooling, most liquids do not cristallise but enter into a supercooled liquid state, where the relaxation time tau increases very fast when decreasing T towards the glass transition temperature Tg. The existence of growing spatial correlations, associated to the increase of tau when approaching Tg, is a subject of high interest nowadays. Some very general arguments have been used recently to predict that the third order alternative nonlinear susceptibility should be directly proportional to the mean number <Ncorr> of dynamically correlated molecules. We have built a specially designed experimental setup to test this prediction and we have shown recently its relevance close to Tg. We have found that <Ncorr> does indeed increase when lowering T towards Tg (for Glycerol). We now aim at: a) extending this study to other glass forming liquids of various fragilities, so as to test the universality of the increase of glassy correlations when one decreases the temperature towards the glass transition temperature; b) evaluate the effect that a static field has on a glass former, by measuring the non linear response produced by such a static field: our extremely recent results show that this opens new perspectives, which give complementary informations with respect to what can be drawn from pure ac field experiments. Finally, these two complementary experiments aim at evaluating the scenario point according to which a critical point is "hidden somewhere in the glass transition", which would account for the ubiquitous character of the glass transition in Nature. Desire profile or skills: Master de physique de la matire condense PhD advisor: LADIEU Franois
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129
CONVERSION THERMOLECTRIQUE DANS DES NANOFILS AVEC

GRILLE
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GMT) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France The Seebeck and Peltier thermoelectric effects allow to convert thermal energy into electrical energy and vice-versa. Those effects are so far limited by relatively low efficiencies, but the progresses in nanofabrication have revived research activity in that area, notably for understanding the basic quantum mechanisms governing these effects in low dimensional systems (nanostructures). We propose to study analytically and numerically the thermoelectric conversion in doped nanowires where a gate allows us to vary the carrier density(field effect transistor device configuration). The coherent regime, at low temperature, has just been studied in the group. The problem has also been studied at higher temperature, in the "variable range hopping" regime, where electron transport can be thermally activated by phonons. A large enhancement of the thermopower has been obtained when the gate allows us to probe the band edge of the impurity band of the nanowire. If the interaction of the electrons with the random potentials created by the dopants have been considered, the electron-electron interactions have been so far neglected. In this thesis, we propose to study the effect of electron-electron interactions upon the nanowire thermopower. We propose also to study the phonons, and the energy exchange between the phonons and the electrons.
Desire profile or skills: Master 2 concepts fondamentaux pour la physique, physique de la matire condense ou analogue PhD advisor: PICHARD Jean-Louis
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130
DIPOLAR SUPERFERROMAGNETISM IN SUPRACRYSTALS OF

NANOPARTICLES
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Les interactions entre nanoparticules magntiques entranent une grande varit de comportements magntiques dont l'tude elle seule, constitue un domaine mergent de la physique :le supermagntisme . Nous proposons une tude exprimentale de transition supermagntique contrls par les contraintes structurales; il sagit du superferromagntisme (SFM) dipolaire, dans les super-rseaux 3D aussi appels supracristaux de nanoparticules de cobalt. Les supracristaux sont des solides artificiels dont la brique lmentaire est non plus l'atome mais le nanocristal. Comme dans les solides atomiques, les nanocristaux y sont organiss dans une structure spcifique telle que la structure compacte cubique faces centres. La simplicit gomtrique de ces supracristaux, dans lesquels les moments dipolaires sont sur les sites dun rseau bien rgulier et interagissent par des interactions dipolaires, offre un systme "rel" simple et riche denseignements, qui peut tre modlis numriquement et thoriquement. Ltude propose comporte deux parties exprimentales relatives d'une part la synthse les nanocristaux de cobalt ( lUPMC, Paris) et d'autre part l'tude magntique (au CEA-Saclay) par magntomtrie SQUID et par micro-sondes de Hall. Nous esprons rpondre certaines questions fondamentales dans le domaine du supermagntisme telles que : quels sont des degrs dordres structuraux pour produire ltat SFM au lieu du SSG ? Est-ce que les dynamiques de relaxation des parois de domaines SFM peuvent sinscrire dans une mme classe duniversalit que les SSG ? Les expriences projetes feront appel aux techniques de physico-chimie (synthses en micelles inverses, microscopies lectronique transmission et balayage en haute rsolution, diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles en incidence rasante), la magntomtrie ultra-sensible intgrant des mesures faible niveau, une acquisition automatise, des analyses statistiques et l'interprtation de donnes.
PhD advisor: NAKAMAE SAWAKO
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131
ELECTROLUMINESCENCE, PHOTOCURRENT AND CHARGE/ENERGY TRANSFER IN FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON

NANOSTRUCTURES COMPLEXES
Keywords:
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LEM) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France In this work we will consider carbon nanostructures (carbon nanotubes, graphene or graphene oxide) functionalized by organics molecules. The objective is to understand how the transport, optical and optoelectronic properties of such nanostructures can be modified by the functionalization. The motivation of this work is the exploration of their use in optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Thanks to their outstanding electrical, mechanical and chemical characteristics, carbon nanotubes and graphene have been already demonstrated to be very promising building blocks for future nanoelectronic technologies. However, for photovoltaic applications the demonstration of performance is still under expectation, even if some intrinsic features strongly support the interest and feasibility. Indeed, for electronic transport the SWNTs offer the required characteristics while a "band engineering" approach of the material is needed to achieve an effective charge separation. Conversely, when considering electroluminescence the carrier injection and the mechanisms leading to of radiative recombination are to be considered. To conduct such studies we will take advantage of our in-house expertise on the electronic transport, on the optical spectroscopies techniques and on the carbon nanostructures functionalization (both by covalent and non-covalent methods). Desire profile or skills: physique, physique-chimie PhD advisor: FILORAMO Arianna
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132
EMISSION OF SUB-POISSONIAN PHOTONS BY A JOSPHSON

JUNCTION
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GNE) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Our laboratory has developed a strong expertise in the design, fabrication and measurement of electrical circuits based on Josephson junctions (tunnel junction between two superconducting electrodes) which, placed in an ad - hoc microwave environment can emit non-classical radiation. We recently demonstrated by the combined measurement of DC currentand microwave power as the current through a dc voltage biased junction and embedded in a microwave resonator results from the tunneling of Cooper pairs, associated with the simultaneous emission of photons in the resonator. Each Cooper pair transfered from one superconducting electrode to the other releases an energy equal to its charge multiplide by the voltage across the junction. This energy is converted into electromagnetic energy. In particular, if it is equal to the energy of a photon at the resonator frequency, each Cooper pair transmitted through the junction emits a photon. It was recently predicted that if the impedance of the resonator is high enough, the presence of a photon in the resonator inhibits the emission of another one, so that the emitted radiation shows nonclassical fluctuations, characterized by an ' antibunching ' of the emitted photons. A is similar effect is observed in cavity Quantum electrodynamics with trapped ions when the Lamb- Dicke parameter is not negligible. However, superconducting resonators allow higher values ??of the corresponding "Lamb- Dicke parameter" and increase the effect. We have recently developed and characterized such resonators, themselves prepared with Josephson junctions, which gives them an inductance related to the inertia of the Cooper pairs 100 times the electromagnetic inductance , thereby achieving impedance characteristics required for the emission of non-classical photons. The next step of our work is to couple an emitting Josephson junction to these resonators and study the properties of the radiation emitted by measurements of photon number fluctuations, which our group has developed over several years. Desire profile or skills: Master Concepts fondamentaux de la Physique, Nanosciences, Dispositifs quantiques PhD advisor: Portier Fabien
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133
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN

SURFACE WAVES AND FLOWS
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France We would like to perform an experimental study of the interactions between surfaces waves and a flow generated by an electromagnetic forcing. We will focus on the non-linear interaction and the propagation of dispersive waves on the random media induced by a turbulent flow, the scattering of the surface waves by vortex and vortex sheet and the respective role of the flow and the wave on the scattering of floaters.
PhD advisor: AUMATRE Sbastien
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134
FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE AND SPIN DEPENDENT

ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT AT THE ATOMIC SCALE
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Magnetoresistance, giant or tunnel, is at the heart of several spintronic components, a new branch of electronics based on the spin of the electron. Applications for these devices are mainly in information technology and more precisely in computers. More fundamentally, spin dependent transport is still not completely understood. Moreover, because of the never ending drive for miniaturization, spintronis is about to reach the ballistic regime of electronic transport or even to be controlled by phenomena associated with the low-dimension of the magnetism of some systems. This is the case for transport in atomic contacts. These contacts are made by the break junction technique where a nanostructure is slowly stretched in a sensitively controlled manner. Until now, measurements on these contacts have been carried out in the static regime. We have very recently started to study the dynamical properties of ferromagnetic resonance (the magnetization precession induced by a radio-frequency magnetic field) in ferromagnetic contacts of atomic size. After a strong experimental effort, the experimental setup allows us to electrically detect the ferromagnetic resonance. This has to be pursued in order to study the resonance properties of atoms in a low-dimension configuration, allowing even to demonstrate that some metals like platinum may become magnetic in these atomic contacts. Desire profile or skills: M2 en physique PhD advisor: VIRET Michel
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135
FINITE ENERGY COHERENCE IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GNE) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Since a decade, it is possible to realize in condensed matter, quantum optic like experiment with electrons instead of photons. The ballistic beam like motion of the electrons is obtained in the integer quantum Hall regime when applying a high magnetic field perpendicular to a high mobility two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs/GaAlAs. In such a regime the charge transport occurs through one dimensional chiral wires localized one the edge of the sample: the edge states. The beam splitters used in optic are replaced here by split-gates allowing the control of the tunnelling between two counter propagating edge states. With these systems, quantum interferences with a visibility (the relative amplitude of the interference pattern) as high as 90 % have been obtained with electronic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI). One important parameter in quantum experiments is the so-called coherence length. This length is the typical length on which a particle is probed by the environment. This length sets the limitations of every quantum systems. It is at the heart of a central question always raised in condensed matter physics: how far one can treat quasi-particles as free non-interacting particles? In recent experiments we have determined the coherence length in these edge sates using an electronic MZI and have identified the process responsible for the de-coherence [1,2]. We have then modified our setup to increase the coherence by decoupling the edge states from their environment [3]. The next question that we are addressing concerns the finite energy coherence, or in other words, the coherence of quasi-particles injected above the Fermi sea. For that purpose we have designed an electronic MZI embedded in between two quantum dots. The quantum dots allow the selection of the energy at which quasi-particles will be injected and the MZI. In 2013 one has shown that quasi particles injected above the Fermi have an unexpectedly long coherence length at energies up to hundreds of eV [4]. The next step will be to perform the spectroscopy of electrons injected above the Fermi sea, using a second dot as a probe or an unbalanced MZI. [1] P. Roulleau et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 126802 (2008) [2] P. Roulleau et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 186803 (2008) [3] P-A Huynh et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 256802 (2012) [4] S. Tewari et al., in preparation
Desire profile or skills: Master CFP / Master dispositif quantique PhD advisor: ROCHE Patrice
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136
GRAPHENE THZ DETECTORS BASED ON PHOTO-ASSISTED SHOT NOISE

Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GNE) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Photo-assisted shot noise (PASN) is a universal phenomenon which applies to all quantum conductors. It was observed in metallic conductors [1] and 2D conductors with Quantum Point Contacts [2]. We propose to exploit PASN to realize detectors sensitive to THz radiation and working above 4K. The PASN mechanism is the photo-creation of electron-hole pairs which randomly scatter in the conductor and generate current shot noise. The relationship between current noise and radiation power is universal and does not depend on the nature of the conductor nor of on its geometry. This gives metrological property to THz PASN detectors [3]. During the thesis Graphene nanoribbons coupled to antenna will be irradiated by THz radiation source. Also the rich and almost unexplored Graphene physics at THz frequency will be investigated while detectors will be optimized. [1] A. A. Kozhevnikov et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3398 (2000). [2] L.H. Reydellet, P.Roche, D.C. Glattli, Y. Jin, and B. Etienne, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 176803 (2003). [3] Y. Jompol, P. Roulleau, T. Jullien, B. Roche, D.C. Glattli, I. Farrer, and D.A. Ritchie (submitted) Desire profile or skills: Condensed matter, quantum physics, nanoscience PhD advisor: Roulleau Preden
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137
LOCAL MAGNETIC DETECTION AND STIMULATION OF THE

NEURONAL ACTIVITY
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Nowadays, neuronal activity is detected locally by means of electrophysiology, optical or chemical techniques. Electrical detection allows very good information on the temporal dynamics of the information flow, but requires a physical contact between the electrodes and the neuron or neuronal array. We target to detect the neuronal activity through its magnetic signature, with miniaturized magnetic field sensors, which would permit to access the information without physical contact to the neurons. For this purpose, we will use the very high sensitivity of magnetoresistive sensors (as Giant Magnetoresistance or Tunnel Magnetoresistance) and their small size to develop sensors to probe the neuronal currents at the neuron scale, which will bring a quantitative information on currents circulation inside of the neurons but also in the extracellular space. The second goal of the thesis will be to use a local magnetic stimulation to modify the neuronal behavior and to study the response of the stimulated neuron and neuron network, which only be realized so far at the whole brain scale. The thesis will have an experimental part, using the microfabrication techniques available in our lab, and a part of training to electromagnetism and electrophysiology, as well as measurements on real systems with collaborating teams. The probes developed during this thesis will be used to record and stimulate the activity of in-vitro cells, in collaboration with Alain Destexhe and Thierry Bals group at lUnit de Neurosciences, Information et Complexit du CNRS (UPR-3293) at Gif-sur-Yvette.
Desire profile or skills: Physique de la Matire condense ou Ingnierie Mdicale PhD advisor: PANNETIER-LECOEUR Myriam
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138
MAGNETOMETRY AND DYNAMICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL MAGNETIC

NANOPARTICLE
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France The mechanical detection of magnetic resonance is a very sensitive near field technique [1] which enables to study the high frequency dynamics in individual ferromagnetic nanostructures, such as a magnetic vortex core [2]. A new method of nanofabrication in a scanning electron microscope [3] make it possible to grow a magnetic nanosphere directly at the apex of a very soft cantilever. Depending on their geometrical and magnetic characteristics, such nanoparticles can exhibit very interesting properties due to the appearance of topological singularities in their micromagnetic configurations, such as a vortex or a Bloch point [4]. The interest of these singularities is both fundamental, since they are widely recognized as a key for understanding the behavior of a wide variety of condensed matter systems, and applicative, since they can be considered as elementary entities for information recording. A very sensitive method to characterize an individual nanoparticle attached at the free end of a cantilever consists of probing its mechanical frequency shift as the applied magnetic field is scanned [5]. This is precisely what is proposed in this project, where the goal will be to stabilize these topological singulairities in Cobalt nanospheres of a few hundreds of nanometers and to study their dynamics under microwave excitation.
[1] D. Rugar, et al., Single spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy, Nature 430, 329 (2004). [2] G. de Loubens, et al., Bistability of vortex core dynamics in a single perpendicularly magnetized nanodisk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 177602 (2009). [3] R. Cordoba et al., High-purity cobalt nanostructures grown by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition at low current. Microelectronic Engineering 87, 1550 (2010). [4] O. Pylypovskyi, et al., Bloch point structure in a magnetic nanosphere. Phys. Rev. B 85, 224401 (2012). [5] B. C. Stipe, et al., Magnetic dissipation and fluctuations in individual nanomagnets measured by ultrasensitive cantilever magnetometry. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2874 (2001).
Desire profile or skills: Master 2 Nanosciences (nanophysique), Physique de la Matire Condense PhD advisor: de Loubens Grgoire
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139
MAGNETO-THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT IN FERROFLUIDS

Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France The application of a temperature difference T across a solid conductor causes mobile charge carriers to diffuse from hot to cold regions, giving rise to a thermoelectric voltage \Delta V=-S\Delta T. The prefactor S is called the thermopower or Seebeck coefficient and describes how electrical energy can be generated from the thermal energy. The efficiency of a thermoelectric material is given by the figure of merit ZT= (TS^2\sigma)/k where \sigma and k are electrical conductivity and total thermal conductivity. In this thesis project, we will study a novel thermoelectric material; namely, ferrofluids - a colloidal suspension of magnetic nanoparticles. The goal of this project is two-fold. First, we will experimentally investigate the hitherto unexplored phenomenon in ferrofluids, i.e., the magneto-thermoelectric effect due to the thermodiffusion of magnetic nanoparticles (electrically charged) under a temperature gradient. Second, we intend to identify new liquid-based thermoelectric material for waste-heat recovery applications. Our motivation to seek for enhanced thermal-to-electric energy conversion capacity in liquid systems is very straight forward. The thermoelectric effect is proportional to the transport entropy carried by the diffused (charged) particles. Thus, an enhanced thermoelectric effect is expected in electrolytes containing nanoparticles with a high internal degree of freedom. In addition, the application of magnetic field should also influence the movement of magnetic nanoparticles, possibly increasing the fluids Seebeck coefficient even further. Such an experimental demonstration of magneto-thermoelectric effect in ferrofluids will offer new and original direction in thermoelectric energy materials research using colloidal solutions and magnetic nanoparticles. The experimental work will involve electrical, thermal and thermoelectrical transport measurements, implementation of automated data acquisition techniques and analysis of the resulting data obtained.
Desire profile or skills: Connaissances en physique de la matire condense, physico-chimie PhD advisor: NAKAMAE SAWAKO
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140
MAJORANA AND ANDREEV STATES IN HYBRID SUPERCONDUCTING CIRCUITS

Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GQ) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France It is nowadays possible to fabricate hybrid nano-circuits that combine materials having very different electronic properties: semiconductors, insulators, ferromagnets, carbon nanotubes and superconductors. Coexistence and interaction between these different materials lead to rich new electronic orders with a number of unexpected phenomena resulting from the emergence of new "quasi-particles". For example, our group recently performed tunneling spectroscopy of a carbon nanotube connected to superconducting electrodes [1] as well as microwave spectroscopy in an atomic contact [2] which both revealed the discrete electronic states that carry the supercurrent, the so-called Andreev Bound States (ABS). The concept of ABS is universal, allowing us to understand a large class of superconducting hybrid circuits. Usually Andreev states occur in spin-degenerate pairs, but it is in principle possible to lift this degeneracy in a so-called topological superconductor that can be achieved in a hybrid structure by combining three ingredients: a magnetic field, a coherent spin-active material, and a conventional superconductor. Such systems, at the frontier between spintronics and superconducting electronics, open a promising field of research. For instance it is predicted that topological superconductors could host composite Majorana fermions [3], a new type of "particle" which is its own antiparticle and which remains elusive in high energy physics. Mastering such Majorana fermions could have an important impact in quantum computation. Several groups around the world have already claimed their discovery [4]. However a most specialists believe that they have only observed a form of Kondo effect [5] and that more elaborate experiments are needed to prove that Majorana Fermions can indeed be created in these structures. The present subject proposes to use our spectroscopic techniques [1,2] to probe the role of spin in Andreev bound states in hybrid structures combining superconductors and Indium Arsenide (InAs) semiconductors which has strong spin-orbit coupling suitable to produce Majorana fermions. The specificity of our project is to use a 2D electron gas in InAs instead of nanowires in most others labs. This brings more flexibility in the design and the control of the experiments we envision. The work will be carried out in the Quantronics Group, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens, CEA-Saclay.
[1] J-D Pillet, et al., Andreev bound states in supercurrent-carrying carbon nanotubes revealed, Nature Physics 6, 965 (2010). [2] L. Bretheau, et al, Exciting Andreev pairs in a superconducting atomic contact, Nature 499, 312 (2013). [3] Lutchyn, et al., Majorana Fermions and a Topological Phase Transition in Semiconductor-Superconductor Heterostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 077001 (2010). Oreg, et al.. Helical Liquids and Majorana Bound States in Quantum Wires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 177002 (2010). [4] Mourik, V. et al. Signatures of Majorana Fermions in Hybrid Superconductor-Semiconductor Nanowire Devices. Science 336, 10031007 (2012). Deng, M. T. et al. Anomalous zero-bias conductance peak in a Nb-InSb nanowire-Nb hybrid device. Nano Lett. 12, 64146419 (2012). Das, A et al. Zero-bias peaks and splitting in an Al-InAs nanowire topological superconductor as a signature of Majorana fermions. Nature Phys. 8, 887895 (2012). Finck et al.. Anomalous modulation of a zero-bias peak in a hybrid nanowire-superconductor device. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 126406
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(2012), Churchill, H. O. H. et al. Superconductor-nanowire devices from tunelling to multi-channel regime: zero-bias oscillations and magnetoconductance crossover. arXiv:1303.2407 (2013) [5] Lee et al., Probing the spin texture of sub-gap states in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor nanostructures, arXiv:1302.2611 (2013).
Desire profile or skills: Master 2 Physique du Solide ou Physique Quantique PhD advisor: GOFFMAN Marcelo Contact: marcelo.goffman@cea.fr or philippe.joyez@cea.fr
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142
NOVEL QUANTUM CIRCUITS USING HIGH-REACTANCE MATERIALS; QUANTUM PHASE SLIP JUNCTIONS
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GQ) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France The domain of quantum electrodynamics coupled to quantum circuits is developing rapidly and has opened in the recent years the investigation of complex quantum states (e.g. "Schrdinger cats", "squeezed" states, ...) that were previously hardly addressed. By construction, in such systems the quantum fluctuations of the electric and magnetic fields are directly coupled to the quantum fluctuations of their respective sources (charges and fluxes) in the conductors. However the "low" impedance of vacuum implies that in most circuits the charge fluctuates more than its quantum-conjugate flux, which in turn imposes a number of limitations on what quantum electronic states can be realized, how large the coupling can be, etc. Our project is to overcome this limitation (i.e. to push circuits deeper in the quantum regime) by tailoring the coupling to the electromagnetic field with the use of the high reactance materials such as highly disordered superconductors. In particular it was proposed a few years ago [1] that with a very small wire made of such a material one could implement a new type of quantum component, the Quantum Phase Slip Junction (QPSJ) which would be the exact quantum-mechanical dual circuit of the well-known Josephson junction. Our main short-term objective is to observe the striking prediction that the charge of a small superconducting electrode connected by a QPSJ is quantized in units of 2e, realizing the dual of an RFSQUID. Finally, the peculiar properties of these disordered superconductors (high impedance, non-linearity, ...) can be used to develop new instrumentation devices such as photon detectors with high quantum efficiency or wideband parametric amplifiers operating at the quantum limit that could in turn be applied in astronomy or other fields.
Desire profile or skills: Master CFP, parcours matire condense PhD advisor: JOYEZ Philippe
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143
OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF DISSIPATION AND ENERGY FLUXES

IN TURBULENT FLOWS
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France The properties of turbulent flows are still not well understood from a fundamental point of view. They imply a wide range of space and time scales so numerical simulations are difficult. Experimental investigation of ocal and global dissipation are still necessary to understand and model the energy transfer phenomena predicted by Kolmogorov's theory. For this purpose we plan to use different optical techniques to probe locally and globally a confined turbulent flow.One will rely on light scattering from particles placed in thefluid, which gives insight on the dissipated power fluctuations. The other one will use thermosensitive particles in order to probe the local temperature field. These original techniques will be coupled with more usual ones (velocimetry, torque, etc.) Desire profile or skills: Tout M2 recherche de physique PhD advisor: AUMATRE Sbastien
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144
PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF RELAXATION IN A MAGNETIC

MEMORY
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Thanks to spin transfer torque (STT) [1], it is now possible to manipulate the magnetization of ferromagnetic nanostructures through spin polarized currents. Two main types of applications based on this particular effect of spintronics are envisioned. Non volatile magnetic memories controlled by spin transfer (STTMRAM) are currently in the pre-industrial stage. Still, they require a better understanding of the relaxation mechanisms in nanostructures. Similar spintronic devices can also emit in the microwave range (100 MHz 100 GHz [2]) and are very promising for frequency generation and detection, as well as for signal processing. The emission power and spectral purity of these spin transfer nano-oscillators (STNOs) are very weak, but synchronization strategies might improve their performance. Moreover, arrays of synchronized STNOs are interesting candidates for associative memories (memories which can retrieve data from partial information). In this thesis, it is proposed to measure and understand the relaxation of STT-MRAM prototypes and to study and control synchronization between neighboring STNOs. The student will use an original experimental technique to study magnetization dynamics in nanostructures, which has been developed by the host laboratory: magnetic resonance force microscopy [3,4]. [1] D. C. Ralph & M. D. Stiles, Spin transfer torques, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 1190 (2008). [2] A. Slavin & V. Tiberkevich, Nonlinear Auto-Oscillator Theory of Microwave Generation by Spin-Polarized Current. IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 1875 -1918 (2009). [3] O. Klein, et al., Ferromagnetic resonance force spectroscopy of individual submicron-size samples. Phys. Rev. B 78, 144410 (2008). [4] A. Hamadeh, et al., Autonomous and forced dynamics in a spin-transfer nano-oscillator: Quantitative magnetic resonance force microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 85, 140408(R) (2012). Desire profile or skills: Master 2 Nanosciences (nanophysique), Physique de la Matire Condense PhD advisor: de Loubens Grgoire
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145
RAYONNEMENT DE COLLISION DANS DES GAZ ATOMIQUES

TEMPRATURE AMBIANTE
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Le dfi dune nergie abondante et durable exige une amlioration de la connaissance des phnomnes de conversion dnergie. Ici nous nous intressons la conversion entre nergie de mouvement et nergie de rayonnement lectromagntique, transformation qui contribue la production dentropie. Llectrodynamique quantique considre la matire atomique comme plonge dans un champ lectromagntique quantique dont le niveau zro est dote dune nergie non nulle. Cette thorie a prdit avec succs et grande prcision de nombreux phnomnes lchelle atomiques et sub-atomiques ; elle permet galement de calculer correctement la dpendance spatiale des forces de van der Waals et linteraction entre plans dite de Casimir. Considrant la matire en mouvement en prsence du champ lectromagntique de point zro, on prvoit thoriquement un effet Casimir dynamique ou de friction du vide dont lexistence et la pertinence reste dmontrer. Plusieurs auteurs prdisent un effet lchelle atomique. Lors de linteraction entre deux atomes identiques, une mission lumineuse pourrait se produire entrainant un freinage du mouvement relatif des atomes. Dans un premier temps, une tude thorique permettra de donner un encadrement de lintensit de lmission observable, ainsi quune premire ide du spectre lumineux. Dans un deuxime temps, une exprience de jets atomiques croiss sera monte pour tester les prdictions.
Desire profile or skills: physique quantique et statistique, physique thorique, matire condense PhD advisor: BERCEGOL Herv
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146
REALIZATION OF EFFICIENT AND INNOVATIVE FUNCTIONALIZATION

OF GRAPHENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES FOR ENERGY AND MATERIAL SCIENCE
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LEM) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France The aim of this project is the development of new functional carbon nanotubes and graphene derivatives. So far, functionalization of carbon-based nano-objects is based either on the covalent grafting or on the noncovalent adsorption of molecules on the nanotube/graphene surfaces. It is well established that the covalent grafting of molecules give rise to robust conjugates since the nano-objects and the addends are linked through covalent bonds; however, the transformation of carbon atoms hybridized sp2 into sp3 in the nanotube framework induces a sizeable loss of their electronic properties. On the contrary, the non-covalent functionalization permits to better preserve the electronic properties of the nanotubes. So, for a number of applications, the non-covalent functionalization should be preferred. However, this approach suffers from a major drawback which is the lack of stability of the resulting assemblies. Indeed, molecules adsorbed onto the nanotube sidewall can desorb, more or less easily, when for example the solvent changes or the nanotubes are filtered and redispersed. Recently we developed a method combining most advantages of these two techniques without their major drawbacks. From the applicative point of view, this method can be used to create new carbon-based nanomaterials for photovoltaic, catalytic and electronic applications. Desire profile or skills: M2 Chimie Organique ou Chimie-Physique PhD advisor: CAMPIDELLI Stphane
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147
REALIZING A SPIN-ENSEMBLE QUANTUM MEMORY FOR

SUPERCONDUCTING QUBITS
Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-GQ) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France In our laboratory, we design, fabricate, and measure electrical circuits based on Josephson junctions (tunnel junction between two superconducting electrodes) which behave as artificial atoms when they are cooled down to very low temperatures (20mK). We are using these circuits to realize elementary quantum processors. Superconducting qubits however have rather short coherence times, typically 10 microseconds, which limits the time during which the quantum processor can operate. Since few years we explore a completely new path, which consists in coupling these superconducting qubits to more microscopic systems having much longer coherence times, up to a second at liquid nitrogen temperature. This results in hybrid quantum circuits combining the advantages of artificial atoms (macroscopic character, flexibility, strong coupling to external fields) with those of microscopic systems. We have recently performed a pioneering experiment demonstrating the feasability of this approach, by storing reversibly a single microwave photon emitted by a superconducting qubit into an ensemble of 1011 electronic spins trapped in a diamond crystal (so-called NV centers in diamond). The storage time was unfortunately limited to 100ns due to inhomogeneous broadening of the spin ensemble. Our goal now is to increase the storage time by several orders of magnitude, by using dynamical control techniques borrowed from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, which consist in applying additional microwave pulses to the spins in order to restore their coherence. This should enable to realize a genuine quantum memory, able to store over long durations (up to seconds) the quantum state of several superconducting qubits. This would constitute a major step for quantum information science. [1] Y. Kubo et al., PRL 107, 220501 (2011)
Desire profile or skills: M2 de Physique PhD advisor: BERTET Patrice
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148
SPIN CURRENTS IN AN INSULATING FERROMAGNET

Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LNO) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France The recent discovery that spin angular momentum can be exchanged between the magnetization of an insulating ferromagnet and the conduction electrons of a normal metal layer has opened new perspectives [1]. In particular, it is now possible to incorporate materials such as YIG (Yttrium Iron Garnet, well known for its unsurpassed microwave properties) in innovative spintronic devices. Thanks to the recent progress in the growth of high quality, ultra-thin YIG films [2], electronic control of their relaxation obtained through pure spin currents generated by the spin Hall effect at the interface between a strong spin-orbit metal (e.g., Pt) and YIG might be possible. Conversely, the spin current emitted by the magnetization precession can be used to probe the YIG dynamics [3, 4]. The proposed project is part of a new fruitful axis of research, magnonics : the use spin waves (magnons) instead of electrons to transmit and process information. The idea is to nanopattern ultra-thin YIG films to take advantage of the specific properties of spin wave propagation in confined geometries and to propose new electronically controlled microwave devices.
[1] Y. Kajiwara, et al., Transmission of electrical signals by spin-wave interconversion in a magnetic insulator. Nature 464, 262 (2010). [2] O. d'Allivy Kelly, et al., Inverse spin Hall effect in nanometer-thick Yttrium Iron Garnet/Pt system. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 082408 (2013). [3] C. Hahn, et al., Comparative measurements of inverse spin Hall effects and magnetoresistance in YIG/Pt and YIG/Ta. Phys. Rev. B 87, 174417 (2013). [4] C. Hahn, et al., Detection of the microwave spin pumping using the inverse spin Hall effect. ArXiv:1308.3433, to be published in Phys. Rev. Lett.
Desire profile or skills: Master 2 Nanosciences (nanophysique), Physique de la Matire Condense PhD advisor: de Loubens Grgoire
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149
STUDY OF THE DISSIPATION ANOMALY IN A TURBULENT FLOW

Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-SPHYNX) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Turbulence represents a significant challenge for energy. Actually, the energy dissipation does not vanish as one decreases viscosity or increases turbulence, but instead asymptotes to a constant, a priori non universal value. This is this property, named dissipative anomaly, which we plan to study in this thesis with a model turbulent flow, forced by different types of impellers, in particular fractal impellers. The goal of the thesis is to obtain direct measurements of the velocity fields, to track in the scale space the different structures responsible for the dissipative anomaly, in different forcing conditions and at different Reynolds numbers. We plan to use 2D and 3D PIV measurements and a novel multi-scale analysis based upon analog of wavelet transforms. Desire profile or skills: M2 physique PhD advisor: DAVIAUD Franois
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150
SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE NANOPARTICLES

Laboratory: Service de Physique de l'Etat Condens (SPEC-LEM) CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Graphene as a constituent of graphite was close to us for almost 500 years. However, it is only in 2005 that Geim and Novoselov (Nobel Prize in 2010) reported for the first time the obtaining of a nanostructure composed by a single layer of carbon atom. The exceptional electronic properties of graphene make it a very promising material for applications in electronic and renewable energies. For many applications, one should be able to modify and control precisely the electronic properties of graphene. In this context, we propose to synthesize graphene nanoparticles and study their optical and electronic properties. The synthesis will be based on polycondensation reactions of aromatic molecules, it will be limited in the early stage of the project to the synthesis of small nanoparticles and will be extend to the formation of two dimensional network. Desire profile or skills: Master Chimie organique PhD advisor: CAMPIDELLI Stphane
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151
ATOMISTIC MODELING OF THE AGING OF FERRITIC STEELS UNDER

IRRADIATION
Keywords: precipitation, segregation, Monte Carlo simulations, irradiation effects
Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) CEA, DEN, Service de Recherches de Metallurgie Physique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France High Cr ferritic steels are candidate materials for future generation IV and fusion reactors. Irradiation may change the microstructure of these alloys, by accelerating their decomposition into an iron-rich and a chromium-rich phases; or by inducing a local change of composition in the vicinity of grain boundaries or dislocation loops. These phenomena can considerably affect the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance of these materials. The objective of the thesis is to model, at the atomic scale, the behavior of FeCr-C model alloys, by combining ab initio calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. One will especially focus on the effect of magnetic properties on the evolution of the alloys and on the effect of carbon on the chromium segregation. Desire profile or skills: Master in materials science or statisticalphysics PhD advisor: Frdric Soisson Contact: frederic.soisson@cea.fr
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152
CLUSTER DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF

ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON THE POINT DEFECT CLUSTER GROWTH
Keywords: Cluster dynamics; Diffusion at atomic scale; Thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) CEA, DEN, Service de Recherches de Metallurgie Physique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France In a metal under irradiation, self-defects (vacancies and self-interstitials) are created. These defects diffuse in the matrix and form clusters (cavities and dislocation loops), which can significantly alter the macroscopic properties of the material. It is therefore important to understand the kinetics of growth of clusters by absorption of self-defects. This kinetics is relatively well known and modelled for pure metals, but it is still badly simulated in the case of alloys. Indeed, alloying elements can couple with self-defects and modify their flux to the clusters. The simulation of cluster formation over long time scales, which can be compared to experiments, is usually performed by cluster dynamics. This method considers the evolution of a cluster population due to the absorption and emission of self-defects. However at the present time it can only partially reproduce the coupling effects between alloying elements and self-defects. Conversely, the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, applied to the diffusion of matter, gives the coupling between species in a rigorous way. It requires the jump frequencies at the atomic scale that can be computed by first principles calculations. However this method does not give the evolution of point defect clusters. The goal of this thesis is to introduce the coupling between self-defects and alloying elements in a cluster dynamics code, using the theory of diffusion at the atomic scale. As a first step the growth of a single cavity will be considered, which will permit us to justify the model by comparing the results to atomic scale calculations. The simulation of a full population of cavities will then be envisaged. The aim is to predict the effect of the coupling between self-defects and alloying elements on the kinetics of growth in dilute binary alloys, for which data at the atomic scale are available. Desire profile or skills: Master in Material Science or Condensed Matter. PhD advisor: Thomas Jourdan Contact: thomas.jourdan@cea.fr Website: http://thomas.jourdan.pagesperso-orange.fr/
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153
ION BEAM SIMULATION OF NEUTRON IRRADIATION: FLUX EFFECT

ON RADIATION DAMAGE IN FERRITIC ALLOYS
Keywords: Irradiation, TEM, APT, RPV steels, Radiation-induced segregation
Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) CEA, DEN, Service de Recherches de Metallurgie Physique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Ion accelerators are used in nuclear industry to understand the neutron-induced embrittlement of the structural material of nuclear power plants. They reduce significantly the exposure time of materials by increasing the flux of particles by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the irradiation parameters (temperature, dose and dose rate) are well-controlled. The neutron-induced embrittlement of the vessel, made of low-alloyed steel, is for instance one on the main limitation of the lifetime of the current reactor pressure vessel (REP). It is partly linked to the formation of diffuse solute clusters [1, 2, 3], enriched in Cu, Si, Mn, Ni and P, as well as small points defects (PD clusters) (interstitials and vacancies). Many work was done in recent decades in order to understand the formation mechanism of these clusters [4, 5, 6, 7]. Especially, in the Fe-1 wt.% Mn ferritic alloy, the Mn segregation was showed to be induced by irradiation, by flux coupling between the point defects (PD) (vacancies and interstitials) and the solute atoms [8]. PD flux drag the solute atoms towards the PD sinks such as PD clusters or grain boundaries. However, all this studies were done on materials irradiated with charges particles (ions or electrons with a flux 1 million to 10 million times higher than operating reactors) or with test reactors (neutrons with a flux 10 to 100 times higher than operating reactors). It may thus lead to problems of transferability between charged particles and neutrons. Previous studies by G. Was in austenitic steels irradiated with neutrons, protons and heavy ions show that the flux effect can be partly taken into account by a simple temperature shift [9 , 10]. However, they also point out that this shift does not reproduce all the radiation effects (matrix damage, radiation induced segregation-RIS) with the same kinetic. This work will be realized in collaboration with the simulation team of the SRMP. Indeed, the experimental data obtained will be used to validate the kinetic radiation damage modelling tools, such as kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) or RT simulations developed at the laboratory. It will be also in collaboration with B. Radiguet from the University of Rouen, J. Henry from DMN/SRMA and A. Legrand-Lopez from DMN/SEMI. Desire profile or skills: Material science PhD advisor: Estelle MESLIN Contact: estelle.meslin@cea.fr
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STABILITY AND TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION OF VOIDS FORMED IN

IRRADIATED ISOTROPIC METALS
Keywords: Irradiation, TEM, Voids, Metals
Laboratory: Service de Recherches de Mtallurgie Physique (SRMP) CEA, DEN, Service de Recherches de Metallurgie Physique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Irradiation can deteriorate the physical properties of irradiated materials. In particular, void formation degrades the mechanical properties of reactor components because it creates voids [1] which can lead to failure. Voids nucleate via the agglomeration of mobile vacancies, and evolve by absorption or emission of vacancies or self-interstitials at the void/metal interface. Most of the previous experimental investigations have concentrated on void growth behaviour, such as void growth rate, size and spatial distribution, but very few were interested in their equilibrium shape or their temperature evolution. These data are essential to validate atomic scale models and to predict void evolution under irradiation. A study on cavity stability was published recently in an anisotropic hexagonal close-packed material: Mg [3]. Our study will involve 3 isotropic cubic metals (body centered and face centered) will be investigated: aluminum, iron, and tungsten. This will provide information about the anisotropy effect on the void formation. Al-based alloys are candidate materials for the cladding of the future research reactor Jules Horowitz (RJH). Steels are present in the actual and future generations of nuclear reactors and W is considered for the divertor of the next fusion reactor (ITER and DEMO). The samples will be irradiated with electrons in order to follow in-situ the formation of cavities. They will be also irradiated with ions in the Jannus platform (Saclay and Orsay) to reach not only higher doses but also to add simultaneously controlled amounts of gas (He) to stabilize the cavities. The He pressure within the cavities will be obtained by STEM/EELS in collaboration with LPS, at Orsay University, with the Nion UltraSTEM using in-house developed procedures [3]. The temperature evolution of empty and He-stabilized cavities (mobility and/or thermal dissolution), will be followed in-situ in a TEM. This experimental work, integrated within the European fusion development agreement project (EFDA), will be realized in close collaboration with the simulation team of the SRMP. Indeed, the experimental data will be used to validate the kinetic radiation damage modelling tools, such as kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) or Rate Theory (RT) simulations developed in the laboratory.
[1] D. Brimbal, E. Meslin, J.Henry, B. Dcamps and A.Barbu, Acta Mat., 61, 4757-4764 (2013). [2] W. Xu et al, Nature Communications 4, 2288 (2013). [3] S. Frchard et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials 393 102107 (2009).
Desire profile or skills: Material science PhD advisor: Estelle MESLIN Contact: estelle.meslin@cea.fr
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ELECTRON BUNCHES PRODUCTION IN HIGH INTENSITY LASER-MATTER INTERACTION

Keywords: plasma physics; high intensity laser matter interaction; surface waves
Laboratory: Service des Photons Atomes et Molecules (CEA/IRAMIS/SPAM/PHI) CEA de Saclay, Route de Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette The thesis we propose is devoted to the study of the electron bunches issued by the interaction of a laser beam and a solid target in the relativistic regime (laser intensity> 10E18 W/cm2), as well as their characterization and shaping for particular applications. The candidate will participate in the design, implementation and ralisation of the experimental campaigns and related needed diagnostics. This work will be accompanied by a numerical simulation activity too. Desire profile or skills: Plasma physics PhD advisor: Tiberio Ceccotti Contact: tiberio.ceccotti@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spam/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/Ast/ast_grou pe.php?id_groupe=1255
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HIGH ENERGY LASER-DRIVEN PROTON ACCELERATION USING

ENGINEERED TARGETS
Keywords: plasma physics; laser driven proton acceleration; high intensity laser matter interaction
Laboratory: Service des Photons Atomes et Molecules (CEA/IRAMIS/SPAM/PHI) CEA de Saclay, Route de Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette Laser accelerated proton energy is a primary importance parameter for a large part of the applications involving them (imaging and proton therapy, for example) as well as for the future challenges of producing fast particles on the nextcoming high intensity laser infrastructures (> 10E22 W/cm2) developed on the Saclay plateau. In this context, the proposed subject concerns the experimental study of the effectiveness of different types of structured targets to increase such an energy through a much better absorption of the laser pulse. Desire profile or skills: Plasma Physics PhD advisor: Tiberio Ceccotti Contact: tiberio.ceccotti@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spam/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/Ast/ast_grou pe.php?id_groupe=1255
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GENERATION OF ATTOSECOND PULSES OF EXOTIC

POLARIZATIONS
Keywords: Attosecond, High harmonic generation, Ultrafast physics, Femtosecond, Atomic and molecular physics
Laboratory: Service des photons atomes et molcules, CEA-Saclay (SPAM) 91191 Gif sur Yvette In recent years, the generation of sub- femtosecond pulses, called attosecond ( 1as = 10 - 18s ) , has shown dramatic progress. These ultrashort pulses open new avenues for the exploration of matter at unprecedented time scales. Their generation relies on the interaction of a strong nonlinear short laser pulse (10 to 50 femtoseconds) with atomic or molecular gases. Thereby high order harmonics of the fundamental frequency are produced over a wide spectral range (160-10nm) covering the extreme ultraviolet domain (XUV). In the time domain, this coherent radiation appears as a train of pulses, each pulse lasting a few hundred attoseconds [1]. Our group has pioneered both the synthesis and characterization of attosecond pulses [1], as their use [2-4]. One way to use these pulses is through pump-probe schemes. A gas sample is excited by a first pulse and a second pulse the attosecond probe, comes at an adjustable delay, less than a femtosecond later. The attosecond pulse having a spectrum lying in the XUV, it photoionises the sample. There are two ways to "read out" the interaction: analyzing the lack of photons transmitted or the emitted photoelectrons. So far, this technique has been used probing the samples with a linearly polarized attosecond radiation. We propose in this thesis to develop the tools to extend these opportunities to circularly polarized radiation. The synthesis of circularly polarized attosecond pulse constitutes one of the two main difficulties of this project. We will put in place mechanisms acting on the generation itself (multicolor fields, aligned molecules) and on the HHG radiation (XUV polarizers) to modulate at will the polarization state of light. The ultimate goal is to have a source with a high speed of polarization modulation so as to exceed the specifications of other XUV sources, especially synchrotrons. The second main challenge will be the development of adhoc schemes to explore birefringence and transient dichroisms. This, combined with usual photoelectron spectroscopy, will give unique tools to explore the processes at work in the complex molecules, especially chiral, at attosecond time scales. A second route for the application of attosecond pulses is the synthesis of light with exotic polarization. With high-order harmonic generation, we drive a mechanism which may transfer the properties of an XUV laser excitation. Thus, the frequency of the emitted photons is a multiple of the excitation frequency, polarization is partially transmitted, the laser duration as well... But as for the transfer of orbital angular momentum very little reports are available so far. In addition, the only published results show complete disagreement between theory and experiment: the formers predict a multiplication by the harmonic order; the latter observed its conservation. We propose to study in more details the transfer by developing specific analysis tools based on diffraction and interference in the XUV. Besides the fundamental aspect, this will open the door to important theoretical developments, extending the usual electric dipole approximation. It will also be a single source to extend quantum entanglement to the XUV domain, or to study photoionization through usually forbidden channels. Bibliography:
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[1] Mairesse Y. et al., Science, 302, 1540 (2003). [2] Boutu, W. et al., Nature Phys 4, 545 (2008). [3] Haessler, S. et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 011404 (2009) [4] Haessler, S. et al., Nat. Phys. 6, 200 (2010).
Desire profile or skills: Master in optics or atomic and molecular physics, Good experimental skills. Dedication. Ability for team working. PhD advisor: Thierry Ruchon Contact: thierry.ruchon@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spam/MEC/ATTO.php
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AN INJECTOR FOR THE FUTURE 2-STAGE LASER PLASMA

ACCELERATORS
Keywords: Plasma physics and laser-matter interactions, charged particle acceleration in plasma
Laboratory: Service des Photons, Atomes et Molcules - Physique Haute Intensit (SPAM PHI) CEA-Saclay Bd 522 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France These last years, numerous progresses have been done in the domain of laser accelerated electrons. Electron beams with energy up the GeV level, requiring usually conventional 100s meter long accelerators, have been obtained after acceleration in a plasma of only several centimeters. The actual researches are mainly focused on the control of the trapping process to optimize and stabilize the electron source and the effects of the different parameters (laser-accelerating medium) on the electron beam parameters. Their total control should lead to reduce the actual difficulties about the reproducibility, or energy dispersion.We propose to study in details the physical processes governing the coupling between the intense and short laser pulse and the plasma medium, working on innovative schemes and creating a stable electron source, quasi-monocinetic with two objectives different but close in term of performance: the first stage (electron source) for a 2-stage acceleration scheme to reach higher electron energy / a stable and tunable electron source for medical applications. The work will be a combination of experimental work with numerical simulations to predict and analyze the results that will be obtained with UHI100 laser facility from CEASaclay (100TW, 25fs, 2.5J, 10Hz). Desire profile or skills: Master in optics, plasma physics, experimental skills PhD advisor: Sandrine Dobosz Dufrnoy Contact: sandrine.dobosz@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spam/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/Ast/ast_visu. php?id_ast=2159&id_unit=7&id_groupe=1255
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FORMATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN WATER: ROLE OF THE

INTERMEDIATE LIQUID AND DENSE PHASES
Keywords: Nanoparticles, nucleation, luminescence
Laboratory: Service Interdisciplinaire sur les Systmes Molculaires et les Matriaux (SIS2M) CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex Utilizing the full potential of oxide nanoparticles synthesized at room temperature in water requires perfect control of their crystalline state and nanostructure. However, current approaches (the classical theory of nucleation) are inherently unable to describe the multi-step mechanisms involved in "soft" chemistry processes. The more modern multi-step nucleation theories invoke dense intermediate disordered phases (prenucleation clusters, liquid-liquid separations or amorphous phases). The purpose of this thesis is to make progress in these universal concepts by studying syntheses of luminescent nanoparticles which are also interesting for applications (biological probes, thin phosphors films). In addition to the development of synthesis of luminescent nanoparticles in solution, the thesis will focus on their characterization by timeresolved techniques during the reaction, in laboratory or in synchrotron, coupled with microfluidic tools : fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray scattering at small angles, X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This thesis will be conducted in collaboration with the laboratoire de Physique de la Matire Condense at Ecole polytechnique. Desire profile or skills: Materials science, nanoscience, physics of liquids, solid-state physics Remarks: PhD co-advised by Dr Thierry Gacoin, Ecole polytechnique, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matire Condense PhD advisor: David Carrire Contact: david.carriere@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/Pisp/68/david.carriere.html
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SOLIDIFIED MICROEMULSIONS: A NEW PATH FOR PROTON CONDUCTORS?

Keywords: Microemulsions, nanomaterials, proton conductivity, fuel cells
Laboratory: Service Interdisciplinaire sur les Systmes Molculaires et les Matriaux (SIS2M) CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex This thesis deals with the exploration of a new class of nanostructured nanomaterials in order to develop proton conductors for low temperature fuel cells (<150 C). These materials are formed from mixtures of nanostructured liquid (microemulsions), with either liquid becoming solid at room temperature . This allows obtaining a solid and transparent nanostructured bulk material, although containing typically 50% of liquid. These solidifying microemulsions are still rare and poorly characterized, but open up a whole field of fundamental studies and potential applications, especially for proton conductors where the control over nanostructure and the nature of the solid interface is critical. This thesis will explore the properties of nanostructure and ion transport in solidified microemulsions formed simple oil / water / surfactant systems, but carefully combined to provide interesting proton conduction at low relative humidity. Desire profile or skills: Materials science, nanoscience, physics of liquids, solid-state physics PhD advisor: David Carrire Contact: david.carriere@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/Pisp/68/david.carriere.html
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INVESTIGATION OF INDIVIDUAL NANOWIRES OF TOPOLOGICAL INSULATOR MATERIALS BY NANOARPES AT ANTARES

Keywords: graphene - nano-ARPES
Laboratory: SOLEIL synchrotron (SOLEIL) Gif sur Yvette Topological insulators (TI) are an emergent new class of electronic materials characterized for having a bulk bandgap like an insulator but exhibiting protected conducting states on their edge or surface. TIs were characterized first theoretically and later on experimentally. First, 3D topological insulators with the simplest possible surface states consisting of a single Dirac cone were proposed theoretically in stoichiometric Bi2Se3, Sb2Te3, and Bi2Te3 compounds. Experimentally, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) enabled the experimental observation of topological surface states in Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 [1-3]. A major challenge for 3D topological insulators is to reduce the large concentration of residual bulk carriers responsible for hiding the properties of surface states during electron transport measurements. Investigation of topological insulator materials in the form of nanowires (NWs) with controlled geometry and reduced dimensions is expected to shed new light on the physics of these novel solid materials. As the diameter of the wires decreases, e.g. from 500 down to 10 nm, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, and the manifestation of surface states and the electronic and optical properties of the wire can be studied in a systematic manner. MAIN OBJECTIVES: Our objective is to investigate for the first time the electronic band structure of nanowires of TI material Bi2Te3 as a function of diameter. Particular characteristics such as effective mass, Fermi velocity and electron-phonon correlation will be investigated as a function of nanowire diameter, and compared to those previously reported for bulk samples. By electrodeposition in etched ion-track membranes, we fabricate Bi and Bi2Te3 nanowires with wellcontrolled morphology, composition and crystallographic orientation. [4-6] Using the Nano-ARPES state-ofthe-art set up available at the ANTARES beamline, we will perform scanning photoemission microscopy and angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) on individual Bi2Te3 nanowires with very high spatial resolution (few tens of nm). REFERENCES: [1] Y. Xia et al. Nat. Phys. 5 (2009) 398-402. [2] Y. Zhang et al. Nat. Phys. 6 (2010) 584-588. [3] Y. L. Chen et al. Science 325 (2009) 178-181.[4] S. Mller et. al. Crystal Growth and Design, 12 (2012) 615621. [5] O. Picht et al. Journal of Phys. Chem. C 116 (2012) 5367. [6] T.W. Cornelius et al., INTECH Nanowires Book ISBN: 978-953-7619-79-4. Desire profile or skills: Master degree or equivalent in physics/materials science Remarks: Fellowship available. PhD advisor: M.C.Asensio Contact: asensio@synchrotron-soleil.fr Website: www.synchrotron-soleil.fr
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NANOMATERIALS WITH APPLICATION IN ONCOLOGY BY MAGNETIC HYPERTHERMIA THERAPY

Keywords: NP, XAS, nano-ARPES
Laboratory: SOLEIL synchrotron (SOLEIL) Gif sur Yvette The magnetic hyperthermia therapy model (MH) relays on the absorption of power by the NPs from a radiofrequency (RF) field and its subsequentdissipation to the environment, leading to a local temperature increase of the order of 5 to 8 degrees, called hyperthermia. When NPs have been localized in a tumor, hyperthermia induces selective apoptosis of cancer cells. Some tumor presents severe difficulties to be surgical treated, like brain glioma and prostate cancer. These cases open very good perspectives for HM therapy.The project is focused on an exhaustive characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) designed for Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH). Determination of the electronic environment of Mn and Fe atoms in the NPs investigated by using PES and XAS will be carried on. The role of NPs size on the magnetic and chemical composition of the NPs will be investigated by using Nano-PES and Nano-XAS. Experimental learning about the heterogeneity of the NP designed for MH is a key step to ensure their application in oncologic treatments. Simulations suggest that a NP should not be homogeneous, neither structurally nor chemically, due to increasing surface effects as NP become smaller. We expect to gain quantitative information on this as it is crucial for the understanding of NP and their interactions with living entities. Knowledge on Magnetic relaxation mechanisms as well as their influence on Magnetic NPs performance will be relevantly improved by the spectroscopic and microscopic studies at Antares beamline. Desire profile or skills: Master degree or equivalent in physics/materials science PhD advisor: J.Avila/M.C.Asensio Contact: asensio@synchrotron-soleil.fr Website: www.synchrotron-soleil.fr
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ANTIBACTERIAL POLYMER AND HYBRID SURFACES

Keywords: surface chemistry, polymers, thin films, biochemistry
Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Microbial infection is one of the most serious concerns for many commercial applications such as medical devices, food packaging, and marine equipement. Some cationic polymers have shown to be effective in killing bacteria because of their unique structural and hydrophobic properties. We propose here to synthesize cationic polymer systems (based on quaternary ammonium groups) on a surface where the two key parameters (hydrophobicity and charge) can be easily tuned. The synthesis techniques will be those generally used and/or developed in our Laboratory, i.e., diazonium chemistry, surface-ATRP, GraftFast, polycondensation The objective will be to form various well-defined 2D structures (films, cross-linked layers) and to compare them. Antibacterial properties will be studied in collaboration with biologist researchers. When those structures will be well controlled and characterized, ZnO or CuO nanoparticles will be incorporated to the films to improve the biocide activity and stability Desire profile or skills: Surface chemistry, polymers, thin films, biochemistry PhD advisor: Carrot Geraldine Contact: geraldine.carrot@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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COVALENT AND NANO-STRUCTURED HYBRID MULTILAYERS

Keywords: surface chemistry, polymers, thin films
Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex This research proposal consists in the development of an innovative and efficient methodology for the elaboration of hybrid multilayers from inorganic nanoparticles and chargeless macromolecular architectures covalently and sequentially assembled, both in 3D (i.e. in solution) and in 2D (onto surfaces). This project involves mainly the use of different covalent grafting and coupling techniques (clickchemistry, nitrnes, surface-ATRP, diazonium salts...) to link together the different components. Compared to the other methods recently developed to create such architectures, involving essentially electrostatic interactions, our system will permit to increase the possibilities regarding the chemical nature of the components, together with a higher stability of the overall architecture, towards external conditions (pH, solvents, temperature). These architectures will be studied in details using all the techniques available at SPCSI (ellipsometry, TGA, XPS...) and more generally inside the department IRAMIS (light scattering and neutron reflectivity..). This project is based on the collaboration and experiences of the partners involved: the IRAMIS department at CEA, for the synthesis and the functionalization of the inorganic nano-objects, and the grafting of polymers onto surfaces, and the IMP Laboratory from the University of Lyon 1, for the click chemistry and general macromolecular synthesis. Desire profile or skills: physical chemistry, polymer chemistry PhD advisor: PALACIN Serge Contact: serge.palacin@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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ELECTRICAL CONTACT OF ORGANIC THIN-FILMS MADE BY MICROCONTACT PRINTING FOR NANO-DEVICE DEVELOPMENT.
Keywords: molecular electronics, soft lithography
Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex The development and the optimization of organic compounds for molecular electronics (diodes, memories, switches, insulators, ... ) require a rapid assessment of electronic properties by electrical tests. The objective of this thesis is to develop a generic method for the electrical testing of assembled monolayers or thin films of molecules (less than 10 nm thick). The main goal is to produce crossbars devices having electrodes of a hundred nanometers wide by using the method of "micro- or nano- Transfer Printing". The development of such system should make it possible to run some quick test of the electrical properties of different organics compounds, make statistics of several nano-size devices that present a configuration with high industrial potential. Desire profile or skills: physical chemistry, nanosciences PhD advisor: Jousselme Bruno Contact: bruno.jousselme@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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P-TYPE MATERIALS STRUCTURED AND DOPED FOR EFFICIENT ENERGY CONVERSION.

Keywords: photovoltaics, electronics
Laboratory: SPCSI/Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (LCSI) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex N-type transparent conductive oxides have excellent conductivity of electrons in contrast to p-type materials that show lower mobility of holes (two to three orders of magnitude). The main objective of this thesis is to significantly improve the conductive properties of these materials to give them the viable properties to be used in photo-conversion devices such as p-type or tandem dye solar cells to produce efficiently electricity or photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting and hydrogen evolution. For this purpose, p-type materials will be mixed with conducting materials to increase the mobility of charges and structured to promote the dissociation of excitons. The conductivity improvement of these mixed and structured oxides will be assessed via conventional transport characterization methods, but also through the production of p-type dye photovoltaic solar cells. Desire profile or skills: nanosciences, chemistry, materials science PhD advisor: Jousselme Bruno Contact: bruno.jousselme@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF QUASIBRITTLE FRACTURE: HOW TO PREDICT (MICRO)DAMAGING IN HETEROGENEOUS SOLIDS

Keywords: mechanics, fracture, statistical physics
Laboratory: SPCSI/Fracture et Systmes complexes (LNOSC) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Being able to predict the where, the when and the how of material failure is of uttermost importance in many fields, from civil engineering to material science, from wear assessment to seismology. This is not an easy task: Ceramics, composites, rocks, mortar, and more generally the so-called quasi-brittle materials indeed start by accumulating diffuse damage through barely perceptible microfracturing events before collapsing abruptly, without much warning. This translates into non-trivial size-dependencies and statistical aspects, which makes difficult the assessment and control of mechanical durability in many nanocomponents, and, at much larger scale, the mitigation of earthquakes hazards. The PhD topic we propose here lies within this context. Recent concepts and methods issued from statistical and non-linear physics were found to be promising and (may) allow predicting statistically, or even deterministically, the occurrence of microfracturing events and the subsequent breakdown of quasibrittle solids. Still, these developments remain theoretical and numerical, confined to very simple situations far from the real materials of engineering interests. Hence, we propose to develop highly controlled fracture experiments on model transparent materials with tuneable microstructure in order (i) to image in real time microfracturing events and (ii) to characterize the multiscale processes that drive their self-organization up to ultimate failure. These experiments will permit to fill the gap between the theoretical approaches on one hand, and the real materials of engineering and geological interest on the other hand. This Ph.D. thesis takes place astride Statistical Physics, Continuum Mechanics and Materials Science. The candidate will have the opportunity to use, - and to familiarize himself with -, both the theoretical and experimental techniques developed in these three fields. Desire profile or skills: materials science, statistical physics PhD advisor: BONAMY Daniel Contact: daniel.bonamy@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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UNDERSTANDING HOW DYNAMIC FRACTURE PROPERTIES

EMERGE FROM MICROSTRUCTURAL TEXTURE IN BRITTLE MATERIALS
Keywords: mechanics, fracture, statistical physics
Laboratory: SPCSI/Fracture et Systmes complexes (LNOSC) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Dynamic crack growth (failure velocity of the order of the sound speed) is the fundamental mechanism responsible for catastrophic breakdown in brittle materials. Yet, a deep understanding of the underlying fast scale phenomena is still missing -- Stress enhancement at crack tip, together with the dynamic stress redistribution during failure, indeed, yield complex couplings between many time and length scales, from specimen size down to structural scale, that are difficult to probe experimentally. In practical terms, the failure behavior is characterized by few quantities (mainly toughness or fracture energy) that are assumed to be material constants to be determined experimentally. Actually, the yet important -- variations of these quantities with the crack speed and the material texture is not taken into account in the various modeling approaches developed to design structures and components, and to assess their mechanical resistance. This PhD aims at filling this gap. The objectives are: (i) To identify the various dissipation mechanisms and their subsequent activation as failure speed increases in both oxide and polymer glasses; (ii) To characterize the modification induced by a material texturation, as e.g. when one goes from an homogeneous glass to a ceramics made of the same material; and (iii) To further rationalize how microstructural texture selects fracture energy at the macroscopic scale, and its subsequent variation with crack speed. In this context, we will adapt some of the experimental setups and fractography methods that were developed over the past five years in CEA to probe the dissipation and damaging processes that develop during rapid failure over all relevant space and time scales. This Ph.D. thesis takes place astride Statistical Physics, Continuum Mechanics and Materials Science. The candidate will have the opportunity to use, - and to familiarize himself with -, both the theoretical and experimental techniques developed in these three fields. It falls in with an international context collaboration with the department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at University of Texas (Austin, USA) is being currently developed. Desire profile or skills: statistical physics, mechanics, materials science PhD advisor: BONAMY Daniel Contact: daniel.bonamy@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

UNDER IRRADIATION IN GLASSES VIA EXPERIMENTS
Keywords: mechanics, glass, irradiation, damage
Laboratory: SPCSI/Fracture et Systmes complexes (LNOSC) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Glasses are integral parts of various systems involving (external or self-generated) irradiation (satellites, glass packages of radioactive waste...) which gradually alters the atomic arrangement at the microscale. Structural variations can lead to enhanced macroscale properties including modifications in Youngs modulus, hardness, fracture toughness. Yet, a precise link between the multiscale variations due to irradiation has yet to be uncovered. The aim of the thesis is to identify the structural changes of glassy materials induced by irradiation (elastic or inelastic) and to explore of how these atomic scale structural variations are linked to macro-scale mechanical, fracture and stress corrosion cracking properties. In the long-term, an understanding of how to connect the micro- to the macro-structure will help scientist and engineers build the glasses of the future.The aim of this thesis is the comprehension of how the stress corrosion cracking properties are affected by structural changes in simplified glasses under irradiation. The Ph.D. candidate will have the opportunity to synthesize the glasses. The glasses will subsequently be analyzed via an atomic force microscope (AFM). This study will be dedicated to observations of stress corrosion crack propagation in situ and the analysis of fracture surfaces in several simplified glasses. Hence, providing information on mechanical properties (for example: fracture toughness). This method was previously used in our group to study the process zone size versus the crack front velocity in pure silica (SiO2). Repeating this study for several glasses compositions (SiO2 Na2O B2O3 Al2O3 CaO ZrO2 Ce2O3 Li2O) will aid in the understanding of how the chemical composition of glasses alters mechanical properties. Finally, the candidate will have the occasion to characterize nano-scale elastic properties via a state-of-the-art Bruker FastScan atomic force microscope. Other material features will be characterized via Raman, NMR spectroscopy, X-ray absorption with various collaborators. This will allow for a comparison of the fracture behavior of glasses with other macroscopic and microscopic properties In conclusion the theme of this project is the comprehension of the source of the changes in the macroscopic property, and in particular the stress corrosion cracking properties, of glasses when subjected to irradiation by heavy projectiles. Desire profile or skills: Materials science, nuclear physics, engineering or statistical physics PhD advisor: BONAMY Daniel Contact: daniel.bonamy@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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[Last update : 2014.02.20]
172
MOLECULAR SYNTHESIS FOR TUNABLE MAGNETIC SUPRAMOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY

Keywords: organic synthesis, self-assembly
Laboratory: SPCSI/HyMN (LEPO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex In this projet, we will synthesis non-magnetic and magnetic molecules to form two-dimensional magnetic nanoarchitectures. The non magnetic molecules will be used to form a host network and the magnetic molecules will be the guest. The magnetic molecules will be derivative of phtalocyanine et porphyrine molecule. These molecules can accept a magnetic atom in their squeleton center. The non-magnetic molecules will be prepared from perylene and melamine derivatives. O, H, N, Cl substituant will be added to the molecules in order they self-assemble into open-networks through hydrogen bonds. Molecular selfassembly and stability (with molecular ratio and temperature) will be investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. This molecular system is a model system for organic spintronics. Desire profile or skills: chemistry, physical-chemistry PhD advisor: SILLY Fabien Contact: fabien.silly@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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173
TUNABLE MULTICOMPONENT SUPRAMOLECULAR MAGNETIC SELFASSEMBLY FOR SPINTRONICS

Keywords: nanomagnetism, self-assembly, spin-polarized STM
Laboratory: SPCSI/HyMN (LEPO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex The autonomous ordering and assembly of molecules on atomically well-defined surfaces is an important technique for evolving applications in nanotechnology. The objective of this PhD project is to create tunable open molecular architectures to control the ordering of magnetic nanoobjects on metal surfaces. The idea is to use experimental parameters to switch to one magnetic structure to another. These structures will be characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy in ultra high vacuum and spin polarised scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. Theses tunable nanostructures are model candidates to study magnetism at the nanometer scale. This research project is supported by a prestigious ERC grant Desire profile or skills: physics, nanosciences, physical chemistry PhD advisor: SILLY Fabien Contact: fabien.silly@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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174
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT IN THE GRAPHENE/MOS2 HETEROSTRUCTURE FOR THE DESIGN OF A FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR
Keywords: graphene, modelization , DFT, van der Waals
Laboratory: SPCSI/Nanomagntisme (LNOSC) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Graphene is one of the most promising materials for future electronics. Due to its specific bandstructure, its charge carrier mobility is very important, in addition to its thermal conductivity and its high mechanical resistance. Therefore, these properties open the way to the elaboration of graphene based electronic devices like field-effect transistors (FET). The design of graphene-based FET goes through the elaboration of heterostructures where graphene is associated to other materials in order to create interface Schottky barrier. For example, MoS2 represents an interesting candidate for the creation of such new heterostructure. However, this heterostructure equilibrium is ruled by van der Waals interactions, as there exist in supramolecular chemistry, graphitic materials (graphene, carbon nanotubes, ) or biological membranes for example. The modeling of such interactions is of high fundamental interest to determine the interface electronic properties. From the last numerical developments to describe van der Waals interactions in the frame of Density Functional Theory (DFT), this PhD aims at studying different possible configurations of graphene/MoS2 heterostructures. To characterize these properties, we will proceed to electronic density (DOS) and charge transfer calculations as well as current determination perpendicular to the interface from a Keldysh-Green formalism implemented in DFT. Moreover, this system could be refined or modulated by considering graphene/MoS2 multilayers (sandwichlike systems) or atom or molecules intercalation to modulate the graphene electronic properties. This PhD lies in the fields of Quantum Mechanics, Solid State and electronic transport, and deals with hot topics like the description of van der Waals interaction at the microscopic level, electronic transport calculation at the interfaces and graphene electronics. These topics are very promising, and the development and use of competitive numerical tools will ensure a strong background for future career to the candidate. Finally, the group where we propose the PhD has a well established knowledge in such theoretical methods, and works in strong collaboration with experimentalists from the laboratory, which creates an ideal frame for the development of this work. The group is also involved in many international collaborations.
Desire profile or skills: physics, simulation PhD advisor: DAPPE Yannick Contact: yannick.dappe@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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175
MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY FOR PLASMONIC STIMULATED

EMISSION
Keywords: Plasmonics, light-matter interactions, nano-objects
Laboratory: SPCSI/nanoPhotonique (LEPO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Nanophotonics consists in miniaturizing optical components (LEDs , lasers, guides , detectors, light modulators ) down to dimensions well below the optical wavelength (between 400 and 800 nm in the visible). Some metal structures behave as nanoscale analogs to lenses, optical fibers, laser cavities, etc. These so-called plasmonic techniques are beginning to be understood and mastered. The next challenge is to associate these passive components to active photonic media in order to achieve the building blocks of a future integrated nanophotonic technology. The aim of the thesis is to provide a first step in this direction, by combining plasmonic cavities with a fluorescent medium, organized at the molecular level, in order to generate plasmonic waves and possibly amplify them. The Phd student will optimize the structure and the growth of the molecular medium, notably based on self -assembly techniques, and probe the achieved photonic properties. It will be conducted in collaboration with molecular chemists and specialists in integrated optics, in the framework of SAMPLE, a national ANR project (see link). Desire profile or skills: nanotechnology, photonics, materials sciences PhD advisor: CHARRA Fabrice Contact: fabrice.charra@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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176
PLASMONICS, A TOOL FOR THE ENGINEERING OF THE NEAR

OPTICAL FIELD AT THE NANOMETER SCALE
Keywords: Plasmonics, light-matter interactions, nano-objects
Laboratory: SPCSI/nanoPhotonique (LEPO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Light-matter interaction at the ultimate scale, nowadays object of the nanophotonics, can exhibit a physical behaviour at variance with what is commonly encountered at the macroscopic scale. Plasmonics, a major part of nanophotonics, deals with the subwavelength interaction of an electromagnetic wave with conduction electrons at a metallic / dielectric interface and targets innovative applications in line with low power and sustainable economy. The main scientific objective of the proposed Ph.D is the investigation and subwavelength engineering of the electromagnetic field (plasmonics). Research efforts will focus particularly on: (i) the plasmon modes in random metal films, (ii) systems of high enhancement factors and innovative nanoantennas, (iii) optical metamaterials, i.e. a new class of artificial materials of original optical properties, (iv) hot plasmonic carrier sources in line with new photon harvesting architecture taking benefit from the plasmonic losses to yield a photocurrent. Recent progresses in plasmonics are concomitant with the convergence of several technical advances, namely the improvement of nanofabrication methods, the access to high resolution subwavelength optical imaging techniques and the development of efficient electromagnetic numerical simulations. Accordingly, the proposed work will be conducted on a collaborative basis between theoretical and experimental French groups of recognized skills in such domains. Within the CEA IRAMIS group, this work will benefit from the day to day experience acquired in low energy electron / photoemission electron microscopy (LEEM / PEEM), a non-intrusive method of choice for the spatial and spectrometric investigations of the near optical field at the subwavelength length scale. Beside its fundamental interests, the proposed work will establish connections to numerous promising technological applications spanning energy (photovoltaics, displaying, lighting), information technology (storage, nanooptic devices) and health (biotechnology, cancer therapy). Desire profile or skills: Nanosciences, optics, photonics PhD advisor: DOUILLARD Ludovic Contact: ludovic.douillard@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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177
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CRYSTALLINE MAGNETIC TUNNEL JUNCTIONS FOR SPINTRONICS

Keywords: spintronics, MBE
Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex We propose to develop new single crystal magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) based on the integration of crystalline and insulating NaCl ultra-thin films as an alternative to MgO tunnel barriers. Indeed, monocrystalline Fe/MgO/Fe MTJs are difficult to develop and stoichiometry at the interfaces is difficult to control. In this Ph.D. thesis, we will study the epitaxial growth of NaCl thin films on magnetic surfaces (iron, cobalt, Fe3O4...) and explore the magnetic properties and magneto-transport of magnetic tunnel junctions. Recent band structure calculations predict strong TMR effects in Fe/NaCl/Fe(001) MTJs up to several thousand percent. The SPCSI has a long experience in the crystal growth of magnetic thin films under ultrahigh vacuum (metal, oxide) and related heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and in the analysis of thin film morphology (scanning tunneling microscopy), measurements of physical properties (magnetism, transport) and modeling. The objective of this thesis is therefore to develop single-crystal magnetic tunnel junctions with NaCl tunnel barriers whose performance exceeds that of MgO-based tunnel junctions. This work will consist to control the crystal growth of the different electrodes and barrier tunnel and then to study the magneto-transport properties of the devices. Electronic band structure calculations will be associated to the different transport and magneto-transport measurements.
Desire profile or skills: materials sciences, solid-state physics, nanosciences PhD advisor: moussy jean-baptiste Contact: jean-baptiste.moussy@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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178
SINGLE AND DOUBLE FERRITE SPIN-FILTERS FOR SPINTRONICS

DEVICES
Keywords: spintronics, ferroelectricity, oxides
Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex We plan to study the growth and the magnetotransport properties of spintronics devices based on ferrite. The insulating ferrites are a family of mixed oxides with the general formula AFe2O4 (A= Co, Ni, Mn ). These ferromagnetic oxides are very attractive for applications in spintronics because these materials have a high Curie temperature with the capability of spin filtering effect at room temperature. So a strongly spinpolarized current can be create and the use of ferrites in magnetic tunnel junctions can lead to high tunnelling magnetoresistance effects (TMR). The SPCSI team is specialized in the epitaxial growth of oxide based magnetic heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and we have recently obtained promising results in CoFe2O4 or MnFe2O4-based magnetic tunnel junctions. The aim of this thesis will consist to perform the growth of high quality ultra-thin ferrite layers by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), as well the demonstration of their spin filtering capabilities and to develop a new variant of ferrite-based spin-filters, the so called double spin-filters. In these heterostructures, constituted of two ferromagnetic barriers, AFe2O4/BFe2O4, the amplitude of the TMR depends only on the intrinsic characteristics of the two barriers and resistance variation as large as 10^5% can be expected.
Desire profile or skills: materials sciences, solid-state physics, nanosciences PhD advisor: moussy jean-baptiste Contact: jean-baptiste.moussy@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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179
SPIN INJECTION AND TRANSPORT IN HYBRID FERROMAGNETIC/ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES

Keywords: spintronics, oxides, tunneling junctions
Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex In this thesis work, we plan to study the spin injection via ferromagnetic electrodes and transport through organic materials in the form of thin layers, small molecules or even a single molecule. In order to achieve this, two original devices will be investigated: - Systems based on break junctions, which consist in breaking a suspended bridge of a few 100 nm in widthand micrometer in length covered with a thin layer of organic materials. These nanostructures are defined on Kapton substrates which can be bent in order to generate a large strain in the bridge leading to breakage. We have recently proved that the system can be scaled down to a small number of polymers (providing a very diluted layer of polymers is deposited) and even possibly to a single organic molecule. - Ferrite-based magnetic tunnel junctions consisted by two ferromagnetic electrodes separated by an organic thin layer: AFe2O4/organique/(Co, Fe). Ferrites (Fe3O4, CoFe2O4) are very attractive oxides for the generation of a highly spin-polarized current at room temperature. Concerning the organic layers, we will study semi-conducting (Alq3, pentacene, rubrene) or insulating molecules. In the second case, non-functionalized molecules such as polymers (PMMA) or short molecules with a functionalization at the termination will be investigated.
Desire profile or skills: solid-state physics, materials science PhD advisor: moussy jean-baptiste Contact: jean-baptiste.moussy@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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180
TUNABLE MULTICOMPONENT SUPRAMOLECULAR MAGNETIC SELFASSEMBLY FOR SPINTRONICS

Keywords: spintronics, phootelectrolysis, ferroelectricity
Laboratory: SPCSI/Oxydes (LISO) CEA/IRAMIS/SPCSI - Bt 462 CEA Saclay - 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex Photo-electrolysis is a very seductive solution to produce hydrogen using solar energy. Metal oxides are promising candidates for photoanode but simple oxides present some limiting factors which can explain a relatively low efficiency. In this experimental thesis, we propose to improve the properties of simple oxides (Fe2O3 or TiO2) through inclusion in heterojunctions. The idea is to increase the optical absorption , to increase charge separation thanks to band offset, to adjust the band position and to obtain a kinetic enhancement. For example we will use a polarized ferroelectric layer. For this study, we will explore model samples prepared by MBE , we will measure their efficiency for photoelectrolysis and we will study their electronic properties using synchrotron radiation Desire profile or skills: materials science PhD advisor: BARBIER Antoine Contact: antoine.barbier@cea.fr Website: http://iramis.cea.fr/spcsi/
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181
COMBINED THERMAL-ELECTRIC-EMC MODELING OF AIRCRAFT

ELECTRICAL HARNESSES
Keywords: EMC - Thermal constraints - Electrical Harnesses - Model
Laboratory: The French Aerospace Lab (ONERA) 2 avenue Edouard Belin - 31000 Toulouse The prospect of developing an electric aircraft leads to consider the deployment of increasingly complex systems and electrical architectures. Thereby the main physical constraints that represent the integrity of the electrical network (voltage drop / network stability), EMC (conducted emissions) and thermics (heating of cables) need to be mastered to an acceptable integration level in the aircraft. From the physics point of view these constraints are closely related. Indeed thermal constraints impose some cable specifications (for example the value of the gauge) which will then impose other specifications for electrical and EMC constraints. Nowadays, each constraint is evaluated individually and not in a global process. This suggests that optimizations could lead to better harness performance in terms of weight. In this thesis, we propose firstly to define and to implement methods and tools to evaluate the thermal aspects in electrical harnesses from cable-manufacturer data and cable geometric cross-sections (coming from EMC models). In parallel, new EMC models which will take into account specific HF losses (such as Litz losses) will be defined and implemented in ONERAs CRIPTE computer code (EMC on cable harnesses). Thus it will be possible to evaluate the response of an electrical harness for the various multi-physical acceptance criteria represented by thermal, EMC and electrical integrity constraints. All models will have to be experimentally validated. Desire profile or skills: Physics (Thermics, Electricity, Electromagnetics), experimental and numerical skills PhD advisor: P. Millan Contact: michael.ridel@onera.fr Website: http://sites.onera.fr/formationparlarecherche/theses-demr
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182
COMBINED EFFECTS OF ION IRRADIATION IN REFRACTORY

CERAMICS
Keywords: Irradiation, Nuclear ceramics, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy.
Laboratory: (JANNUS) CEA, DEN, Service de Recherches de Metallurgie Physique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France During irradiation in reactor, nuclear materials are exposed to combined effects resulting from the creation of point defects or extended defects, accumulation of gas, electronic or ballistic energy transfers or temperature increase. A way to reproduce damage effects in laboratory is to irradiate materials with energetic ions (a few MeV) produced by particle accelerators. The PhD student will be in charge of irradiation experiments at the JANNUS platform for non-metallic materials such as carbides, oxides or nitrides considered for nuclear applications. The induced damages will be measured by various techniques like Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. Desire profile or skills: Master 2 Physics PhD advisor: Sandrine Miro Contact: sandrine.miro@cea.fr
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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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PhD proposals in Physics in the Paris-Saclay Campus laboratories

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